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A Compendium of Every-Day Knowledge 


THE 

Universal Handbook 

OF NECESSARY INFORMATION FOR 

HOME, SCHOOL AND OFFICE 

PRACTICALLY ARRANGED FOR 

READY REFERENCE 


-Edited by-- 

LOGAN MARSHALL 

if 

Assisted by a Corps of Experts 


19 10 EDITION 



r 

> 

v * 

' J n .) 

THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. CHICAGO, ILL 

















COPYRIGHT 1910 BY 
THE JOHN C. WINSTON CO. 

COPYRIGHT igoS 

THE MATERIAL IN THIS WORK 
IS FULLY PROTECTED UNDER 
THE COPYRIGHT LAWS OF THE 
UNITED STATES. ALL PERSONS 
ARE WARNED AGAINST MAKING 
ANY USE OF IT WITHOUT 
PERMISSION. 


This work is sold by subscription only, by duly accredited 

representatives. Information regarding prices, terms of agency, 

etc., can only be obtained by addressing 

♦ • 

UNIVERSAL BOOK: 'AND BIBLE HOUSE 
Philadelphia, Pa. or Chicago, Ill. 

UNION BOOK AND BIBLE HOUSE 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

Address House nearest you. 


©CL A 2 7 530.'. 









PREFACE. 


This Handbook is composed of many parts and the widest 
range of contents, logically and conveniently arranged for easy 
r* reference. Yet it has been prepared with the single aim in view of 
. making it most serviceable and accurate to meet the requirements of 
±; every user whether engaged in business, trade, agriculture, a profession, 
in school or college, or in private life. 

A complete new dictionary is a very prominent feature of this 
work. In these days of practically universal education the dictionary 
has become as necessary for the needs of the mind as bread is for those 
of the body. The dictionary in this' volume has been prepared with 
a special view to convenience in size and fulness in contents. Its 
special features are the following: 

First .—It contains all the words of the English language in 
ordinary use, and includes the many new words that have recently 
come into use. 

Second .—The words are conveniently divided into syllables, in 
the manner employed by the best writers. 

Third .—The proper use of capitals and small letters in writing 
is indicated by the capitalization of all proper nouns. 

Fourth .—The pronunciation of each word is shown by a clear and 
properly accented system of phonetic spelling. 

Fifth .—The definitions are accurate and reliable, and embrace 
all recent distinctions and shades of meaning. 

Sixth .—Each word and its derivatives are specially indexed. 

Seventh .—The synonyms and antonyms are given in connection 
with the words themselves, following the definitions. 

Eighth .—A clear-faced type, alike for words and definitions, is 
employed, to avoid the necessity of close and wearisbme scrutiny. 

A number of supplementary dictionaries follow, containing lists 
of words and phrases not belonging properly within the body of the 
dictionary, together with other interesting and instructive material. 

This list of the leading features of the dictionary will serve to 
show the care with which it has been prepared and its great usefulness. 
Its convenience of size, fulness of contents, and logical arrangement 
especially adapt it to everyday use. 

The remaining contents of this book are not of secondary import¬ 
ance. On the contrary the departments into which this Handbook is 
divided will be found to contain a wealth of useful information which 

(i) 



11 


PREFACE. 


is never published in dictionaries or encyclopedias, yet which is of 
the greatest assistance in every *day life. They have been incorporated 
with the dictionary so that they may be always at hand for ready 
reference. 

Should you wish to write a business or social letter in correct 
form. Here are specimens of the most approved modem styles. 

Are you in doubt about the choice of a particular word or point 
of grammar? Here are hints in correct English which may solve 
your difficulty. 

Are you interested in starting or taking part in any kind of 
association or club in which Parliamentary Law is necessary? Here 
are plans for organizing, and Rules of Order which govern delibera¬ 
tive assemblies. 

Have you a speech to make upon any occasion? Here you will 
find numerous different forms of address to fit the needs for many a 
time or place. 

Does a point of business law confront you? Or have you a legal 
paper to prepare ? Here are forms which may save you many a dollar, 
and plain words on legal questions which may save you much trouble. 

Do you wish to know the day of the week in any year? Or exact 
equivalents of weights and measures? Here are the answers to your 
questions. « 

Have you figuring interest, wages, or other such problems, to be 
done quickly and correctly? Here are tables which give you the 
answer at a glance. 

Do you thoroughly understand the organization of our Govern¬ 
ment? If not, here is a clear explanation of National, State and 
Local Government, its Executive, Legislative and Judicial Branches, 

Are you asked about any President or Vice-President, or the 
figures of past elections ? Here are the answers. 

Accidents and Emergencies, Notable Statistics of the World, 
Events of Historical Importance, Postal and Tariff Rates, and other 
necessary information are to be found within the covers of this volume. 

The facts and figures in this work have been secured from reliable 
sources and prepared with great care to insure accuracy. The tables, 
also, are believed to be free from error, special attention having been 
given to both editing and proofreading throughout. 

In short, this Handbook is a mine of knowledge, a ready reference 
book of convenient size and arrangement, which will prove a good 
friend and the great argument settler in many a tight comer. It is 
intended for practical use in Home, School, Office, or Shop, and on 
the Farm. In the hope and belief that it will be more and more 
appreciated with use, this volume is given to the public. 




TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


COMPRISING TWENTY DEPARTMENTS. 


DEPARTMENT I. PAGE 

Rules for Punctuation .vii 

Dictionary of Prefixes and Affixes.,. ix 

DEPARTMENT II. 

Dictionary of the English Language. i 


Based upon the Solid Foundation Laid by Noah 
Webster and Other Lexicographers. Thoroughly 
Modernized. 

Containing und6r One Alphabetical Arrangement: 
The Definition of Words. 

The Proper Syllabication of Words. 

The Pronunciation of Words. 

The Parts of Speech of Words. 

The Capitalization of Words. 

Synonyms and Antonyms. 


DEPARTMENT III. 

Classified Dictionaries of Every-Day Information. 

Dictionary of Foreign Words, Phrases, Colloquialisms, 

Proverbs and Quotations. 919 

Terms Used in Commerce and Law. 931 

Names of Important Places, Persons, Buildings, Monu¬ 
ments, Periods, etc.; also Significant Phrases and 

Words Frequently Met with in Literature. 948 

English Christian Names of Men and Women with Their 

Derivation and Meaning. 969 

Mythological and Classical Names. 977 

Dictionary of Forms of Address. 983 

Dictionary of Abbreviations.. ... 985 

Popular Titles of American States and Cities, etc. 990 

Dictionary of Simplified Spelling. 993 

DEPARTMENT IV. 

Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World. 999 


Giving the Spelling, Pronunciation, Location, Size, 
and other items of interest of the important 
Towns, Cities, States, Countries, etc., of the vari¬ 
ous nations, with populations of same, in accord¬ 
ance with the latest census reports. 

(iii) 
















IV 


CONTENTS. 


DEPARTMENT V. page 

Correct English. .... 1105 

Hints and Helps—Uses of the Articles—Adjec¬ 
tives—Adverbs — Prepositions — Conjunctions— 
Pronouns—Nouns—Verbs—Errors to be Avoided. 

DEPARTMENT VI. 

Correspondence.mo 

Salutation—Body—Complimentary—Close and Sig¬ 
nature of Letter—Folding and Addressing Letters 
—Diagram of Correct Form for a Letter. 

Forms of Letters. 

Business Letters.1117 

Application for Employment...1118 

Letter of Recommendation.1120 

Letters of Sympathy.1120 

Letters of Congratulation. 1122 

Letters of Introduction.1123 

Letters of Apology.1124 

Letters of Request.1125 

Gift Letters..<.1125 

Social Letters.1126 

DEPARTMENT VII. 

Parliamentary Law. 

Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies.1129 

DEPARTMENT VIII. 

What to Speak and How to Say it. 

Suggested Forms for Speakers on Various Occasions. . . . 1145 

DEPARTMENT IX. 

Business Forms and Laws ....’, .1156 

What Money is—Paper Money—Banks and Bank¬ 
ing—Checks, Notes, Drafts. 

Business Forms.1163 

Business Laws.1166 

The Law of Notes and Checks—Interest Laws and 
Statutes of Limitations—Business Laws in Daily 
Use—Law of Contracts—Points of Criminal 
Law—Partnerships—Agents and Attorneys— 
Landlord and Tenant—Laws Governing Liens— 
Wills. 

DEPARTMENT X. 

Time and Dating.. 1174 

Divisions of Time—Standard Time—Table of Days 
between Two Dates—Difference in Time between 
Principal Cities—Perpetual Calendar—The An¬ 
cient and Modern Year. 





















CONTENTS. 


v 


DEPARTMENT XI. 

Weights and Measures. PAGE 

Metric System of Weights and Measures.1181 

Minimum Weights of Produce.1184 

Measures and Weights of Great Britain.1185 

Domestic Weights and Measures.1185 

Ancient Greek and Roman Weights and Measures.1186 

Electrical Units. 1187 

Specific Gravity of Various Materials ...1188 

Freezing, Fusing and Boiling Points.1189 

Average Height and Weight of Men and Women.1189 

Water Measures.1190 

Tensile Strength of Matex'ials.1191 

Value of Foreign Coins in United States Money.1192 


DEPARTMENT XII. 

Calculating Rules and Tables. 

Weather Whsdorn, Thermometers, Barometers.1194 

Wage Tables.1195 

Cord Wood Tables.1199 

Capacity of Cisterns and Wells.1200 

Interest Tables.1201 

Cotton Calculator.1203 

DEPARTMENT XIII. 

Accidents and Emergencies .1204 


First Aid to the Injured—Antidotes for Poisons— 
Rules in Case of Fire. 

DEPARTMENT XIV. 

Notable Statistics of the World.1206 

Statistics of the Countries of the Earth—Largest 
Cities of the World—Principal Languages of the 
Human Race—Population of the United States 
at Each Census. 

DEPARTMENT XV. 

/ • 

Facts Worth Knowing...1213 

State Flowers—Birth Stones—Wedding Anniver¬ 
saries—Nutritive Value of Foods—Digestibility 
of Foods—Bell-Time on Shipboard—Ceremony of 
the National Flag. 

DEPARTMENT XVI. 

Important Events of History...1216 

Memorable Dates of History—Great Anniversaries— 
Battle Dates of American History—Wars of the 
United States—Legal Holidays in the Various 
States. 

























VI 


CONTENTS. 


DEPARTMENT XVII. page 

Postal and Tariff Rates.1224 

Postal Rates and Information. 

Tariff Rates of 1909 and 1897 Compared.1225 


DEPARTMENT XVIII. 


How We are Governed. 

The Executive Branch.1230 

The Legislative Branch.1240 

The Judicial Branch.1243 

, State Government.1244 

Local Government.1248 


DEPARTMENT XIX. 

Our Great State Papers. 

Declaration of Independence and List of Signers.1250 

Constitution of the United States. I2 53 

Washington’s Farewell Address. 1262 

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Speech. 1264 

The Monroe Doctrine. ..1265 


DEPARTMENT XX. 

Political History of the United States. 

Short Biographies of Our Presidents. 1266 

Vice-Presidents of the United States. 1271 

Voting Qualifications in Each State. 1271 

Naturalization Laws of the United States. 1275 

Presidential Elections .. ,,.1277 





















RULES FOR PUNCTUATION 


Punctuation consists in the 
proper placing of points and marks 
in written or printed language to 
represent correctly the meaning 
and proper pauses in a sentence. 
The punctuation marks are the 
Comma (,), Semicolon (;), Colon 
( :), Period (.), Interrogation (?), 
Exclamation point ( !), Hyphen 
(-), Dash (—), Apostrophe (’)> 
Quotation Marks Paren¬ 

theses ( ), Brackets [ ], and 

Braces j j . 

THE COMMA (,). 

The Comma is used to indicate 
the smallest logical or grammat¬ 
ical divisions of a sentence. It is 
employed after a long nominative 
clause; to set off parenthetic 
phrases: to introduce explanatory 
clauses; to set off a dependent 
clause; to separate repeated 
words; to introduce a brief quo¬ 
tation ; to separate numerals into 
groups of three figures, and in 
various other cases where distinct¬ 
ness of meaning seems to require 
a brief pause. It was formerly 
often used profusely and indis¬ 
criminately, but the tendency now 
is to be sparing in its use. 

THE SEMICOLON (;L 

The Semicolon applies to greater 
breaks in the sense than could be 
properly set off by a comma and 
less than those calling for a colon 
or period. It is used to separate 
clauses of partially complete 
sense, and expressions having a 
common dependence upon each 
other; to mark off the larger di¬ 
visions of a sentence wherein the 
smaller contain commas; to in¬ 
dicate collections of related words 
or expressions in pairs; to precede 
in a sentence the words “namely,” 
“for example,” and like phrases 
used to call attention to a cita¬ 
tion. 

THE COLON (:). 

The Colon is a division of the 
sentence employed when the con¬ 
nection appears not close enough 
for the semicolon and too close 
for the period; as when the sense 


of several clauses culminates in 
a closing remark to follow the last 
of them ; also, to introduce formal 
words; to set off principal and 
subordinate matters, as in a book 
title and its subdivision ; to follow 
the more formal salutation of a 
letter or address; to introduce an 
extended quotation. 

THE PERIOD (.). 

The Period indicates a full stop 
in the sense, and is necessary at 
the end of every complete sentence, 
unless an interrogation or ex¬ 
clamation point is required. It 
is also used after abbreviations; 
as a decimal point; to indicate 
a more or less extended omission ; 
after numerals to number par¬ 
agraphs or other particulars. 

THE INTERROGATION (?). 

The Interrogation Point is the 

mark for any direct question, and 
is used to end a sentence con¬ 
taining a direct question, after a 
question within a declarative sen¬ 
tence, and after each question in 
a succession. It ends a sentence 
declarative in form but interroga¬ 
tive in purpose. An interroga¬ 
tion point inclosed in brackets in¬ 
dicates mistake or doubt, and is 
generally used ironically. 

THE EXCLAMATION (!). 

The Exclamation Point in¬ 
dicates surprise or a note of ex¬ 
clamation, and is used after 
words, phrases or sentences of 
interjection or exclamation, to 
denote impassioned address or sur¬ 
prise. This point can be doubled 
or trebled in repeated or succes¬ 
sive exclamations for the sake of 
emphasis. It is often inserted 
after amusing, surprising or 
doubtful statements for special 
emphasis, and when inserted in 
brackets or placed outside of 
quotation marks it has an iron¬ 
ical meaning. 

THE APOSTROPHE (’)• 

The Apostrophe is the sign of 
the possessive case, and is used 





to indicate an elision, contraction 
or omission of letters from a 
word. Some unusual plurals not 
possessive require the apostrophe, 
and this mark may take the place 
of omitted figures or words in 
dates of a century. 

QUOTATION MARKS (“ ”). 

A Quotation usually requires 
quotation marks, unless the au¬ 
thor’s name or work is appended, 
or if the matter quoted has been 
introduced in a separate para¬ 
graph or paragraphs and in differ¬ 
ent type than the rest. Names 
of books and literary, musical and 
art titles in general, are quoted 
unless they have become so thor¬ 
oughly familiar as to become 
household words, as the Bible, 
the Iliad. The names of news¬ 
papers and other periodicals are 
usually not quoted but given 
in italics. Quotation marks are 
sometimes used in irony or for 
emphasis. A quotation within a 
quotation takes but single marks; 
any quotation within that re¬ 
sumes double marks and so on. 
Often, however, primarv quota¬ 
tions are given with single marks. 

THE HYPHEN (-). 

The Hyphen is a mark of di¬ 
vision, put between compound 
words that have not become by 
usage single words, and where 
words are necessarily divided at 
the end of a line. It indicates 
for some special purpose prefixes 
and suffixes, syllabication, deri¬ 
vation, pronunciation or spelling, 
and is occasionally used to indi¬ 
cate a series. 

THE DASH (—). 

The Dash indicates an abrupt 
break or hiatus in a sentence 


from interruption, explanation, 
emphasis, rhetorical repetition or 
omission of letters within the 
first and the last letters of a word. 

PARENTHESES ( ). 

Parentheses are marks placed at 
the beginning and end of an ex¬ 
planatory or qualifying clause 
thrown into a sentence or para¬ 
graph with which it is not gram¬ 
matically connected. In modern 
usage, however, the parentheses 
are usually replaced by dashes. 

BRACKETS [ ]. 

Brackets are used similarly to 
parentheses, but are restricted to 
interpolations, corrections, notes 
or explanations. 

BRACES { }. 

Braces are used to connect brief 
particulars of one class in a sort 
of diagram. 

CAPITALS. 

Capitals are used to begin the 
first word of a sentence or a line 
of poetry; to begin direct ques¬ 
tions or direct quotations within 
a sentence; to begin a resolution 
or an enactment; to begin all 
proper nouns, names of persons 
and places, and nouns referring 
to certain distinctive locations, as 
North, South. East and West; to 
begin the names of God and those 
pronouns or nouns that refer di¬ 
rectly to deity; to begin all ad¬ 
jectives derived from the names 
of countries or places; to begin 
the names of the months and 
days of the week; to begin the 
titles of books and all important 
words in such title; to begin all 
formal or informal addresses, as 
“Dear Sir,” etc. 







DICTIONARY 

—OF— 

PREFIXES AND AFFIXES 

Prefixes 


A 

a [A.S.] on or in; as abed, ashore, 
afield. 

a f A.S. and] over against; as along, 
a [A.S. a] used as an intensive pre¬ 
fix to verbs; as arise, abide, af¬ 
fright. 

a [A.S.] of or from; as adown, 
anew. 

a [A.S. ge] as aware, 
a, at, old sign of inf.; as ado. 
a, an [G.] without, denoting pri¬ 
vation ; as apathy, without feel¬ 
ing ; anarchy, without govern¬ 
ment. 

a, ab, abs [L.] from or away; as 
avert, abhor, abstain, abstract, 
ad [L.] to, at; with its different 
forms a, ac, af, ag, al', an,- ap; 
ar, as, at; as adhere, ascend, ac¬ 
cept, affect, aggravate, allot, an¬ 
nounce, appear, arrest, assent, at¬ 
tend. 

al [A.S.] all; as almighty, alto¬ 
gether. 

amb, ambi, am [L.] on both 
sides, around; as ambient, ambi¬ 
tion. ambidexter, amputate, 
amphi [G.] both, round about; 

as amphibious, amphitheatre, 
an [F. en, L. in] as anoint, 
ana [G.] through, back, up; as 
anatomy, analyze, 
ante, anti, anci, ant, an [ L.] 
before; as antecedent, anticipate, 
ancient, antique, ancestor, 
anti, ant [G.] opposite to, 
against; as antipathy, antipodes, 
antagonist. 

apo [G.] from; as apostasy, apos¬ 
tate ; aph, in aphelion, 
areb, archi, arche [G.] first, 
chief; as in archangel, architect, 
archetype. 

at [E.] nearness: as in atone, 
auto, auth [G.] self; as autobi¬ 
ography, authentic. 

B 

be [A.S.] causative, as becloud; 
privative, as behead ; intensive, as 
bespatter, bespeak, &c. 
bis, bi, bin [L.] twice, double; 
as biscuit, biennial, binocular. 


by [A.S.] near, beside; as by¬ 
stander, bypath. 

C 

cata, cat, catb [G.] down, 

downwards, according to; as cat¬ 
aract, catechism, catholic, 
circnm, circu [L.] round about; 
as circumscribe, circumfluent, cir¬ 
cumspect, circuit. 

cia [L.] on this side; as cisalpine, 
con [L.] with its forms co, col, 
com, cor, coun, together, with ; 
as connect, cohere, collect, com¬ 
pose, correct, council, 
contra [L.] against; as contra¬ 
dict, controvert. 

counter [F. contre] against; as 
counteract. 


D 

de [L.] down, from, or off; as de¬ 
ject, deter, defend. 

demi [F.] half; as demigod. 

di [G.] double; as dilemma. 

dia [G.] through; as diameter, 
diaphanous. 

dis [L.] with its forms diff and 
di, off, asunder, away, out; as 
dispel, disarm, dishonest, diffuse, 
divert. 

dis [G.] two, twice; as dissylla¬ 
ble. 

dys [G.] ill, difficult; as dysentery. 


E 

Gj S@(5 CX• 

e [A. S. ge] enough. 

e [French phonetic addition] as ill 
esquire. 

ec [G.] out of; as eccentric. 

emb [A.S. yrrib-ryne] a circuit; 
as ember-days. 

en, em, and im [F., L., and G.] 
in or on, also to make; as encir¬ 
cle, encaustic, enfeeble, embark, 
immerge. 

enter [F.] between, among; as 
entertain. 

ep, eph, epi [G.] upon; as epoch, 
ephemeral, epitaph. 

es [F.] out; as escape. 






eso 


x 


pol 


eso [G.] in, into; as esoteric, 
eu, ev [G.] well; as euphony, 
evangelist. 

ex [L.] with its forms e, ef, &c., 
out from; as exclaim, evade, ef¬ 
fuse, effulgence. 

ex [G.] from, out of; as exodus, 
exo [G.] without; as exotic, 
extra [L.] on the outside, beyond; 
as extramural, extraordinary, ex¬ 
tradition, 

F 

for [A.S.] in place of; as foras¬ 
much. 

for [A.S.] from, away, against; 

as forswear, forbid, 
for [F., L.] out of doors, outside; 
foreclose, forfeit. 

fore [A.S.] before; as forerun, 
foretell. 

forth [A.S.] forth; as forthwith, 
fro [Scand.] from; as froward. 

G 

gain [Scand.] against; as gain¬ 
say. 

H 

he mi [G.] half; as hemisphere, 
hetero [G.] other; as heterodox, 
holo [G.] entire; as holograph, 
homoe [G.] same; as homoeopathy, 
hyper [G.] over, above; as hyper¬ 
critical, hyperborean, 
hypo, hyph, hyp [G.] under; as 
hypocrite, hyphen, hypallage. 

I 

i [L.] not; as ignoble, 
i, y [A.S. ge] yclept, handywork. 
in [L.] with its forms il, im, in, 
ir, in, into, upon; as inter, il¬ 
lumine, impend, include, irrigate, 
in [L.] with its forms il, im, ir, 
negative; as infirm, illegal, im¬ 
mortal, irregular. 

in, im [A.S.] in, on; as inwrap, 
inward, imbed. 

inter [L.] between; as intercept, 
interpose, interval, 
intra [L.] in the inside of, with¬ 
in ; as intramural, 
intro [L.] into, within; as intro¬ 
duce. 

iss [F., from L. ex] out of; as is¬ 
sue. 

J 

jnxta TL.] close to, near; as jux¬ 
taposition. 


L. 

1, curtailment of all; as lone. 

1 [Ar.] the; as in lute. 

M 

male, mal, mau [L.] badly; 

malefactor, maladroit, maugre. 
meta, meth, met [G.] change; 

as metamorphose, method, meteor, 
mid [A.S.] with; as midwife, 
mis [A.S. and Icel.] wrongly; 
misdeed, mistrust, 
mis [F., L.] badly; as mischief, 
mono, in on [ G. ] single; as mon¬ 
ograph, monk. 

mnlti, mult [L.] many; as mul¬ 
tiply. 

N 

n, as in newt, i. e., an ewt, nick¬ 
name (an ekename). 
ne [L.] not; as nefarious, neuter, 
ne [G.] not; as nepenthe, 
nee [L.] not; as neglect, negative, 
non [L.] not; as nonsense, 
nonage. 

- i 

o 

ob [L.] with its forms o, oc, of, 
op, os, against, in front, in or 
on; as obloquy, omit, occur, offer, 
oppose, ostensible, 
off [A.S.] off, from, away; offal, 
offset. 

on [A.S.] on; onlooker, 
or [A.S.] out; ordeal, 
out [A.S.] beyond; as outdo, out¬ 
run. 

over [A.S.] eminence or excess; 
as overtop, overthrow. 

P 

palim, palin [G.] against; as 
palimpsest, palindrome, 
pan, panto [G.] all; panacea, 

pantomime. 

para, par, pa [G.] alongside, be¬ 
yond, against; as paradigm, 
parody, palsy. 

pel, see per. 

pene [L.] almost; as peninsula, 
per, par, pel, pil [L.] through, 
thoroughly; as perfect, parson, 
pellucid, pilgrim. 

peri [G.] round; as perimeter, 
periphrasis, period, 
pol, por, pur [F.] other forms of 
L. pro; as pollute, portend, pur¬ 
vey. 








pos 


xi 


post [L.] after, behind ; as post¬ 
pone. 

pre [L.] before; as predict, pre¬ 
cede, prevail. 

preter [L.] beyond; as preter¬ 
natural. 

pro [L.] forth, forward, for; as 
proceed, proconsul, provoke, pro¬ 
noun. 

pros [G.] towards; as proselyte, 
proto, prot [G.] first; as proto¬ 
type, protoxide. 

It 

re, red, ren [L.] back; as re¬ 
tract, redeem, render, 
retro [L.] going backwards; as 
retrograde, retrospect. 

S 

s, for se; as in sober, 
s, for dis; as in spend, 
s, for ex; as in sample, 
se, sed [L.] literally by itself, 
without, aside; as seclude, sedi¬ 
tion. 

semi [L.] half; semitone, 
sine [L.] without; as sinecure, 
sub [L.] with its forms s, su, sue, 
suf, sug, sup, sus, so* under 
or after; as subject, sombre, sus¬ 
pect, succeed, suffuse, suggest, 
suppose, sustain, sojourn, 
subter [L.] under; as subterfuge, 
subterraneous. 

super [L.] over, above, beyond; 
as superstructure, superfine, 
superadd. 

supra [L.] over, above; as super¬ 
abundance, supernumerary, supra- 
mundane. 

sur [F., U. super] as surmount, 
surprise. 

syn [G.] with its forms sy, syl, 
sym, together, with; as syntax, 
system, syllogism, sympathy. 


al 


T 

t, at; as in twit. 

thorough [A.S.] through; as 
thoroughfare. 

to [A.S.] as in to-day, together, 
to [A.S.] asunder, as in the bib¬ 
lical to brake. 

trans, tran, tra, tres, tre [L.] 

beyond, over, through ; as transit, 
transcend, traduce, trespass, 
treason. 


U 

u [G.] not; as Utopia. 

ultra [L.] beyond; as ultra- 
marine. 

um [L.] same as non, not; as 
umpire. 

un [A.S.] not; as unable, unseen ; 
before a verb, to do the opposite; 
as unloose, untie, unfetter. 

under [A.S.] under, below; as 
underprop, undersell. 

un, uni [L.] one; as unanimous, 
unicorn. 

up [A.S.] high, over; as uplift, 
upset. 

V 

ve [L.l apart from ; vestibule. 

vis, vice [F., L.] in place of; 
viscount, viceroy. 


W 

wan [A.S.] wanting; as wanton 
(wanting education), 
with [A.S.] against, back; as 
withstand, withdraw. 

Y 

y, see under i. 


Affixes 


able [L. abilis] fit to be; as 
portable. 

ac [G. akos] pertaining to; as 
elegiac. 

aeeous [L. aceus] having the 
qualities of; as herbaceous. 

acious [L. ax, acis ] full of; as 
audacious. 

acity [L. acitas] power, abun¬ 
dance ; as capacity, loquacity. 


acy [L.] act of doing, as con¬ 
spiracy ; state, as celibacy, 
ade [F.] relating to, pertaining 
to; as decade. 

age [L. aticus, F. aye] act of 
doing, or thing done, locality; as 
passage, parentage, pos t a g e, 
parsonage. 

al [L. alls] belonging to; as bridal, 
criminal, nuptial. 








Xll 


a:i 


es? 


an, ain [L. anus ] belonging or 
pertaining to, one who; as guard¬ 
ian, human, librarian, 
ana [L.] things belonging to, say¬ 
ings ; as Jolmsoniana. 
ance, ancy [L. antia ] state or 
being; as ignorance, abundance, 
constancy, occupancy, 
and, end [L. andus, endus ] as 
viand, legend. 

aneous [L. ancus] belonging to; 
as extraneous. 

ant [L. ans, antis ] equivalent of 
E. ing; as assistant, pleasant, 
ar [L. aris ] of or belonging to; as 
globular, angular; one who, as 
beggar. 

ard [F.] one who; as drunkard, 
ary [L. arias ] agent or doer, one 
who; as secretary, missionary, 
lapidary;—[L. arium ] place 
where; as seminary, 
ass, ace [L. accus, acius ] cuirass, 
pinnace. 

aster [L. aster] implying con¬ 
tempt ; as poetaster, 
ate [L. atus, ata , atum ] to make; 
as regulate, deliberate; one who, 
as delegate, potentate; office, 
thing, as consulate, duplicate; 
having, full, as animate, adequate, 
ative [L. ativus ] having power; 

as vegetative, creative, 
atory [L. atorius ] relating to, 
being; as predatory, transitory, 
ature [L. ature ] state, form; as 
creature. 

B 

ble, see able. 

ble, pie [L. plus] fold; as double, 
quadruple. 

bund and cund [L. bundus and 
cundus] moribund, rubicund. 

C 

celli, cello [L. cuius and ellus] 
diminutive; as violoncello, 
eh, augmentative; as blotch, 
cle, cule [L. cuius] particle, 
animalcule. 

craft [A.S. craft] skill; book- 
craft, priestcraft. 

cy [L. tia] being or state of being; 
as clemency, delicacy, intimacy, 
infancy. 

D 

d, t, or ed, suffix of past tense; 
did, felt, loved. 

d, ed, denotes possession; in nouns 
with passive meanings, as 
seed; in adjectives formed 


nouns, as booted, feathered; in 
past participles, as loved, 
dom [A.S.] state, power; as 
kingdom, earldom, dukedom, 
popedom, freedom. 

E 

ed [E.] having, action done; as 
landed, finished. 

ee [F., from L. atus] one who; 
as lessee, trustee, referee, refugee, 
eer, [F. ier, L. arius] one who, 
agent or doer; as muleteer, 
charioteer, mutineer, engineer, 
el [L. ellus, or illus] diminutive; 
as damsel. 

el [A.S.] instrument; as shovel, 
en [A.S.] made of or belonging 
to; as wooden, golden; to make, 
as lengthen, strengthen, 
en [A.S. en] diminutive; as 
maiden. 

en [A.S. en] vixen, 
en [A.S. n, ne, en] pp.; woven, 
en [A.S. an] oxen, kine. 
en [A.S.] to make; darken, 
ence, ency [L. entia] action, 
state or being; as leniency, con¬ 
sistence, tendency; indolence, com¬ 
placency. 

ent [L. ens] being; as president, 
opponent, different, 
eons [L. eus] pertaining to, con¬ 
taining ; as aqueous, 
er [A.S. ere] one who; as maker, 
singer, writer. 

er [A.S. erian] frequentative; as 
flicker. 

er, more; in comparative of ad¬ 
jectives, as greater. 

erel [O.F.] little; as pikerel, 

cockerel. 

erie [L. arium] place where; as 
menagerie. 

erly [ ern, ly] direction to or 
from ; southerly. 

ern [L. erna] noun suffix; cistern, 
ern [A.S.] direction, to or from, 
as eastern, western ; or belonging 
to, as modern. 

ery [F. erie] place, act, state; as 
brewery, bribery, waggery. 

es, or s [A.S. as] pi. suffix; as 

foxes, boots. 

escent [L. escens] growing, be¬ 
coming ; as convalescent, 
ese [L. ensis] belonging to; as 
Japanese. 


deed, 

from 


ess [F. esse L. issa] fem. suffix 
of nouns; as tigress, lioness, 
est [A.S.] bringest. lovest. 






& 


tst [A.S. est ] superl. suffix in 
adj.; as youngest, 
et [F.] little; as casket, tablet, 
floweret, rivulet. 

etie [G. etikos] relating to; as 
pathetic. 

ette [F.] little; as coquette, 
ety [L. etas] state of; as sobriety, 
anxiety. 

ever [A.S.] every, any; as who¬ 
soever, whoever. 

ey [A.S. ig] consisting of; as 
clayey. 

F 

fare, way; as welfare, 
fast [A.S. faest] firm, fast; as 
steadfast. 

fold [A.S. feald] adj. suffix; as 
fourfold. 

ful [A.S.] full of; as joyful, use¬ 
ful, painful, delightful, 
fy [F. fier , L. facere] to make; as 
purify, fortify, diversify. 

H 

head, or hood [A.S. had, state] 
state or being; as manhood, 
priesthood, neighbourhood. 

I 

i, pi. suffix of nouns, through 
Italian ; banditti. 

ian [L. ianus] adj. suffix; as 
Arabian, Canadian, 
ible [F., L. ihilis] able to be; 

as flexible, accessible, possible, 
ic [L. and G.] belonging to; as 
gigantic, angelic, cubic, 
ical, adj. suffix, belonging to; as 
cubical, comical. 

ice [L. itium] thing done; as 
service, notice. 

ice,' ish [L. ix, icis] as pumice, 
radish. 

icle [A.S. gicel, a piece of ice] as 
icicle. 

ics [G. ika ] in names of science; 

as pneumatics, mathematics, 
id [L. idus] belonging to; as rabid, 
fervid. 

ide [G. eidos, form] as bromide, 
ie, y, diminutive; as lassie, 
ier [F. ier ] one who; as cavalier, 
hosier. 

il, ile [L. ilis] able; as civil, 
ductile. 

ile [L. ilis] belonging to; as 
juvenile, mercantile, gentile. 

im, pi. suffix ; as cherubim, 
ina, fem. suffix; as Czarina. 


m 


ine [L. inus] belonging to; as 
# divine, genuine/feline, 
ine [F. me, L. ina] fem. suffix; 
as heroine. 

ing [A.S. ende] suffix of p,pr.; 
coming. 

ing [A.S. ung , ing] noun suffix; 

learning, dwelling, 
ing [A.S. ing] son of; as Man¬ 
ning, Harding; also in names of 
animals, herring; in coins, as 
farthing. 

ion [L. io] being or state of 
being; as creation, 
ior [L.] more; as superior, in- 
^ ferior. 

ique [F., L. iquus] belonging to; 
as antique. 

ish [A.S. isc] like; as childish, 
girlish, foolish; little, as brown¬ 
ish;— [F. iss. L. esc] to make; 
as establish, finish, 
ism, asm [G. ismos. asmos] act, 
being, or state of being; as 
atheism, pleonasm, 
ist, ast [G. istes, astes] one w T ho; 

as atheist, gymnast, 
ite [G. ites] belonging to, one 
who ; as anchorite, dynamite, 
ity [L. itas] being or state; as 
ability, capability, inability, 
ive [L. ivas] belonging to, having 
the power to; as native, active, 
expansive, persuasive, 
ix [L.] as executrix, testatrix, 
ize [G. izein] to make; as fertilize, 
realize, equalize, canonize, epito¬ 
mize. 

K 

k, a verbal suffix; as walk, talk, 
kin [A.S.] little; as lambkin, 

manikin. 

kind [A.S.] race, sort; as woman¬ 
kind, humankind, mankind. 

L 

l, le, as verb suffix; as kneel, 
drizzle. 

le, el [A.S.] denoting instrument, 
&c.; as needle, navel, 
lent [L. lentils] full of; as benev¬ 
olent, redolent, violent, virulent, 
corpulent. 

less [A.S. leas] without; as use¬ 
less, worthless, valueless, tenant¬ 
less. 

let [el, le, and et] diminution, 
little; as eaglet, streamlet, 
like [A.S. lie] like; as warlike, 
saintlike, godlike. 


xm 





XIV 


und 




ling [A.S.] little, young; as duck¬ 
ling, codling, darling ; sometimes 
depreciatory, as hireling, ground- 
ling. 

ling, long [A.S. lunga, ling a ] 
adv. suffix; as sidelong, darkling, 
lock [A.S. lac] noun suffix; wed¬ 
lock. 

lock, lick [A.S. ledc] a leek; 

as garlic, hemlock, 
ly [A.S. lie] like; as lordly, 
friendly, kingly, manly. 

M 

meal [A.S. rriwlum] adv. suffix; as 
piecemeal. 

men [L. men] state, that which; 

as regimen, acumen, 
ment [F., L. mentum] act or 
state of; as treatment, excite¬ 
ment, advancement, nourishment, 
mony [F. monie, L. monium, 
monia] act or state of; as 
parsimony, testimony, matrimony, 
most [ma and est] greatest; as 
uppermost, endmost, topmost. 

N 

n, in participles, denoting pos¬ 
session ; as broken, hewn, 
nd [A.S.] p.pr. suffix; friend, 
ness [A.S.] being or state of 
being; as madness, blindness, 
kindness. 

O 

ock [A.S. uc] little; as hillock, 
oid, oidal [G. oeides] as colloid, 
om [A.S. um] old dative; as 
whilom. 

on [L. onem] as felon, 
on, one, oon [F. on, It. one] 
augmentative; as balloon, flagon, 
trombone. 

or [L.] one who; as imitator, 
persecutor, author, factor, 
ory [L. orius] belonging to or 
place where; as olfactory, purga¬ 
tory. prefactory, piscatory, 
ose [L. osits] full of; as verbose, 
1 jocose. 

osity [L. cs£#as] abundance, 
state; as verbosity, curiosity, 
ot [F.] little; as ballot, pivot;— 
[G. otes] one who; as patriot, 
zealot. 

our [F. cur, L. or] state of being; 

as honour, favour, 
ous [L. ms] full of; as prosperous, 
lustrous, nervous, dubious, fibrous, 
'ow, w [A.S. u, we, wa] meadow, 
sparrow, straw. 


R 

r, er, verb suffix; as chatter, titter, 
re [A.S.] place; as here, there, 
red [A.S. reed] implying number; 
as hundred. __ 

red [A.S. redden, rule] state, 
those who; as kindred, 
ric [A.S. rice, dominion] dominion, 
region; as bishopric, 
right [A.S. rilit] as upright, 
downright. 

ry, ery [F. He, ene] art, place; 
as masonry, foundry ; also the re¬ 
sult of action, as poetry; action, 
as sorcery; condition, as slavery; 
forming collective n. as infantry. 

S 

s [A.S. es] marking the genitive 

case. 

se [A.S. sian] to make ; as cleanse, 
ship [A.S. scipe] state or quality ; 

as hardship, friendship, 
sis [G.] action or state; as thesis, 
some [A.S.] full of; as tiresome, 
quarrelsome, gladsome, 
son, son; as Johnson, 
ster [A.S. estre] agent or doer; 

as punster, gamester, 
stress [A.S.] as songstress, 
sy, se [G. sts] state; as dropsy, 
eclipse. 

T 

t [L. tus] adj. and noun suffix; 

as fact, exact, 
t, for th. as height, 
teen [A.S. tyne] ten to be added; 

as fifteen, sixteen, 
ter, tre [G. tron] meter, centre, 
ter, tlier [A.S. der, ter] thither, 
after. 

th, or t [A.S.] state or thing; as 
birth, broth, light, 
ther, ter, der [A.S. dor, ther, 
der] the agent, action; as father, 
mother, slaughter, rudder, 
tude [L. tudo] being or state of 
being; as solitude, altitude, grati¬ 
tude. 

ty [A.S. tig] ten to be multiplied; 
seventy. 

ty [F. te, L. tfas] being or state of 
being; as captivity, poverty, ra¬ 
pidity. 

IT 

ule, le [L. ulus] little; as globule, 

circle. 

und, ond [L. undus, F, ond] 
as jocund, vagabond. 








are 


xv 


yer 


■are [L. ura, F. ear] act or state; 
as verdure, mixture, capture, 
exposure. 

urn [L. limits ] as taciturn. 

urnal [L. urnus] belonging to; 
as diurnal. 

W 

ward [A.S.] in the direction of; 
as hitherward, homeward, east¬ 
ward. 

ways [A.S.] way, manner; as 
side-ways, bye-ways, wrong-ways. 


wise [A.S.] way, manner; aa 
likewise. 

Y 

y [A.S. e] place; as smithy ;—[A. 
S.• ig] as mighty;—[A.S. i-an ] 
as ferry. 

y [F. ie, L. ia] abbey:— [L. ivus] 
study;—[L. tes] progeny;—[L. 
ivus, F. if] massy;—[G. ia] 
academy. 

yer [A.S.] one who; as lawyer. 


I 













I 


\ 


DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 

-A- 


A a (a ora), indef. art. (contrac¬ 
tion of an), one; any : used before 
words beginning with a consonant 
or the sound of h. 
ab- a-ca (ab'a-ka), n. manila hemp, 
ab-a-cist (ab'a-sist), n. a calcula¬ 
tor; accountant. 

a-back (&-bak'), adv. backward; 
pressed back against the mast; 
said of sails; by surprise, 
ab -a-cus (ab'&-kus), n. a contriv¬ 
ance of beads or balls strung 
upon rods or wires: used for 
arithmetical computation ; the slab 
crowning a column or pillar, 
a-baft (a-baft'), adv. & prep, at, 
towards, or in the direction of the 
stern of a ship; astern, 
a-bai -ser (d-ba'ser), n. bone black, 
ab-a-lo-ne (ab-a-lo'ne), n. a gas¬ 
tropod having an ear-shaped shell, 
a ban don (a-ban'dun), v.t. to give 
up ; desert or forsake utterly ; give 
up all claim to; yield one’s self: 
n. unrestraint; freedom of manner. 

Syn. leave, forsake, desert, re¬ 
nounce, relinquish, quit, forego, let 
go, waive. 

Ant. (see keep, cherish), 
aban doned (d-ban'dund), adj. 
given up entirely; shamelessly 
profligate. 

a - ban - don - ment (3,-ban'dun- 
ment), n. the act of abandoning; 
the state of being abandoned; free¬ 
dom from restraint, 
a-bas (a-ba'), [French] down with, 
a-base (a-bas'), v.t. to humble or 
degrade ; debase morally ; dishonor, 
a base ment (a-bas'ment), n. the 
act of abasing or humiliating. 

Syn. degradation, fall, degener¬ 
acy, humiliation, abjection, debase¬ 
ment, servility. 

Ant. (see honor), 
a-bash (d-bash'), v.t. to put to 
confusion; confound or make 
ashamed by consciousness of guilt 
or error. 

Syn. bewilder, disconcert, dis¬ 
compose, confound, confuse, shame. 

Ant. (see embolden), 
a-ba ta-ble (d-ba'td-bl), adj. that 
mav be abated. 

a-bate (d-bat'), v.t. to lessen; sup¬ 


press : v. i. to decrease; moderate; 
subside. 

Syn. decrease, diminish, lessen, 
moderate, reduce, subside. 

Ant. (see continue, increase), 
a-bate-ment (a-bat'ment), n. the 
act of abating; the state of being 
abated ; diminution; the amount 
by which a sum or quantity is re¬ 
duced. 

a-ba-tis or a-bat-tis (Englishab'd- 
tis; French a-ba-te'), n. a barri¬ 
cade composed of felled trees with 
the branches pointing outward, 
a-bat-toir (a-bdt-twar'), n. a pub¬ 
lic slaughter-house, 
abb (ab), n. the yarn of the warp 
in weaving. 

ab-ba (ab'd & ab'd), n. father; a 
title of a bishop in the Syriac, 
Coptic, and Ethiopic churches, 
ab-ba-cy (ab'd-si), n. the office 
and jurisdiction of an abbot, 
ab-be (d-ba'), n. an ecclesiastic 
devoted to literature, 
ab-bess (ab'es), n. the lady su¬ 
perior of a convent or nunnery, 
ab-bey (ab'i), n. [pi. abbeys 
(-iz)], an establishment for re¬ 
ligious devotees of either sex, re¬ 
nounced to celibacy and seclusion 
from the world. 

ab-bot (ab'ut), n. the superior or 
head of an abbey. 

ab-bre-vi-ate (ab-bre'vi-dt), v.t. 
to shorten, as by contraction of a 
word or the omission of words in 
a sentence; reduce a quantity to 
its lowest terms. 

ab-bre-vi-a-tion (ab-bre'vi-a'- 
shun), n. the act of shortening or 
abbreviating; the state of being 
abbreviated ; the word, phrase, or 
title so contracted, as M.D. for 
Doctor of Medicine, 
ab-bre-vi-a-tor (ab-bre'vi-a-ter), 
n. one who shortens or abbreviates, 
ab-bre-vi-a-to-ry (ab-bre'vi-a-to- 
ri), adj. abbreviating or contract¬ 
ing- 

ab-bre-vi-a-ture (ab-bre'vi-a- 
tiir), n. the sign, letter or char¬ 
acter used for contraction; a com¬ 
pendium or abridgment, 
ab-di-cant (ab'di-kdnt), adj. re¬ 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






abd 


& 


abi 


nouncing; abdicating: n. one who 
renounces or abdicates, 
ab-di-cate (ab'di-kat), v.t. re¬ 
nounce, give up, or withdraw 
from; to relinquish the crown in 
favor of a successor, 
ab-di-ca-tion (ab-di-ka'shun), «. 
the act of relinquishment or resig¬ 
nation. 

ab-di-ca-tor (ab'di-ka-ter), n. one 
who abdicates or resigns, 
ab-do-men (ab-do'men), n. the 
belly; the cavity containing the 
digestive apparatus or viscera; the 
posterior segment or third division 
of the body of an insect, 
ab-dom-i-nal (ab-dom'i-nal), adj. 

pertaining to the abdomen. # 
ab-dom-i-nous (ab-dom'i-nus ), 

adj. relating to the abdomen; large- 
bellied. 

ab-duce (ab-dus'), v.t. to draw 
away by persuasion or argument; 
draw aside by an abductor muscle, 
ab-du-cent (ab-du'sent), «. that 
which abducts: adj. pulling away 
from a common center, 
ab-duct (ab-dukt'), v.t. to carry 
off by stealth or force; kidnap, 
ab-duc-tion (ab-duk'shun), n. the 
act of abducting or kidnapping, 
ab-duc-tor (ab-duk'ter), n. one 
who, or that which, abducts; a 
muscle moving certain parts from 
the axis of a limb, 
a-beam (S-bem'), adv. at right 
angles to the keel of a ship, 
a-be-ce-da-ri-an (a-be-se-d&'ri- 

5n), or abecedary, adj. belonging 
to the alphabet: n. one teaching 
or learning the alphabet, 
a-bed (S-bed'), adv. in bed; to bed. 
ab -er-rant (ab-er'ant), adj. de¬ 
parting from the usual path, type, 
or standard. 

ab -er-ra-tion (ab-er-ra'shun), «. 
the act of departing from the usual 
path, type, or standard; mental 
derangement; the unequal refrac¬ 
tion of rays of light from a lens 
so that they do not converge to a 
single point. 

ab - e - run - ca - tor (ab-e-rung'ka- 
ter), n. an instrument for weed¬ 
ing, and for pruning trees, 
a-bet (S-bet'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
abetted, p.pr. abetting], to encour¬ 
age ; to aid or assist in the per¬ 
formance of an act, usually to a 


criminal nature; to incite or in¬ 
stigate. 

Syn. aid, assist, countenance, 
sanction, support, uphold. 

Ant. (see hinder, impede), 
a-bet-ment (S-bet'ment), n. the 
act of abetting or instigating to 
action or crime. 

a-bet-ter or abettor (S-bet'§r) t 

n. one who aids or abets in the 
commission of a crime; one who 
protects a criminal or assists him 
to escape from justice, 
a-bey-ance (S-ba'ans), n. held OT 
kept back; held over; a state of 
suspension. 

ab-hor (ab-h6r'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p • 
abhorred, p.pr. abhorring], to hate, 
loathe, execrate, abominate; be 
strongly averse to; shrink or re¬ 
coil from with horror, dread, or 
disgust. 

Syn. despise, detest, dislike^ 
loathe, abominate, hate. 

Ant. (see admire, approve), 
ab-hor-rence (ab-hor'rens), n. de¬ 
testation ; extreme hatred; that 
which excites a feeling of strong 
repugnance. 

ab-hor-rent (ab-hor'rent), adj . 
detestable, hateful, repulsive. , 
ab-hor-rer (ab-hor'rer), n. one 
who abhors or detests, 
ab-hor-ring (ab-h6r'ring), n. the 
feeling of abhorrence; the object 
of abhorrence. 

a-bide (&-bid'), [p.t. & p.p. abode, 
p.pr. abiding], v.t. to await, en¬ 
dure, withstand, tolerate: v.i. to 
dwell, reside, continue, stand firm. 

Syn. dwell, lodge, remain, so¬ 
journ, stop, reside, live. 

Ant. (see abandon, depart). * 
a-bid-er (&-bid'er), n. one who 
continues or resides; a resident, 
a-bi-ding (S.-bI'ding), p.adj. re¬ 
maining ; staying; steadfast, in 
faith or in purpose. \ 

ab-i-gail (ab'i-gal), n. a waiting- 
maid, so called from Abigail, 
“thine handmaid" (I Sam. xxv. 
2-41). ; 

a-bil-i-ty (5-bil'i-ti), n. power to 
perform ; skill to achieve; capabil¬ 
ity for carrying out; capacity to 
devise, receive, retain, or make use 
of; physical or moral strength; 
talents or gifts, in a special or, 
general degree; wealth ; means. ^ 


lftte, m&r, mS.sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; mo5n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






3 


atx> 


Abl 


ab-in-tes-tate (ab-in-tes'tat), adj. 
succeeding to the estate of a per¬ 
son dying without a will, 
ab-i-o-gen-e-sis (ab-i-o-jen'e-sis), 
n. spontaneous generation, 
ab-i-og-en-ous (ab-i-o j'en-us), 
adj. resulting from spontaneous 
generation. 

ab-ject (ab'jekt), adj. worthless; 
mean ; low ; despicable ; in a sunken 
or degraded condition, 
abjection (ab-jek'shun), n. the 
act of being cast down; cast 
away ; degradation, 
ab-ju-ra-tion (ab-ju-ra'shun), n. 
an oath of renunciation, as of 
allegiance; the act of renouncing 
ab -jure (ab-jur'), v.t. to renounce 
upon oath ; forswear allegiance to ; 
repudiate or recant, 
ab-lac-ta-tion (ab-lak-t «Vshun ), 

n. the act of weaning a child from 
the breast. 

ab-la-tion (ab-la'shun), n. the act 
of removal or carrying away. 
ab-la-ti-tiou3 (ab-la-tish'us), adj. 
having the quality of carrying 
away. 

ab-la-tive (ab'l&-tiv), n. one of 
the cases of Latin nouns, express¬ 
ing chiefly separation and instru¬ 
mentality. 

ablaze (a-blaz'), adv. or adj. on 
fire ; well alight; in a blaze ; eager ; 
inflamed with desire; resplendent, 
a-ble (a'bl), adj. possessed of 
power, means, or ability ; qualified, 
competent; bodily or mentally 
strong; legally authorized or en¬ 
titled. 

a-ble-bod-ied (bod'id), adj. pos¬ 
sessed of physical strength ; capa¬ 
ble or efficient for duty, 
ab-le-gate (ab'le-gat), n. the en¬ 
voy sent by the Pope with in¬ 
signia, &c., to newly-appointed 
cardinals. 

a-bloom (a-bloom'), adv. & adj. 
in bloom. 

ab-lu-ent (ab'lu-ent), adj. cleans¬ 
ing : n. that which cleanses; a 
substance which purifies the blood, 
ab-lu-tion (ab-lu'shun), n. a 
washing or cleansing of the body 
by water; moral purification, 
ab-lu-tion-a-ry (ab-lu'shun-a-r;), 
adj. pertaining to cleansing, 
ab-ne-gate (ab'ne-gat), v.t. to re¬ 
fuse or deny to one’s self. 


abnormal (ab-nor'mal), adj. 
irregular; deformed; unnatural; 
departing from a type, standard, 
or rule; exceptional; out of the 
common. 

ab-nor-mal-i-ty (ab-nor-mal'i-ti), 
n. [pi. abnormalities (-tiz)], the 
state or condition of being abnor¬ 
mal or irregular; difference or de¬ 
parture from a regular type or 
rule. 

ab-nor-mal-ly (-li), adv. in an ab¬ 
normal manner. 

ab-nor-mi-ty (ab-nor'mi-ti), n. 
[pZ. abnormities (-tiz)], deform¬ 
ity ; irregularity. 

a-board (a-bord'), adv. on or 
within a vessel: prep, into a ship, 
a-bode (a-bod'), n. a place of con¬ 
tinued residence; a dwelling; a 
habitation; residence generally, 
a-bol-ish (a-bol'ish), v.t. to 
efface; do away with; put an end 
to. 

Syn. annul, destroy, end, ex¬ 
tirpate, obliterate, exterminate. 

Ant: (see continue, renew). 
ab-o-li-tion (ab-o-lish'un), n. the 
act of abolishing; the state of be¬ 
ing abolished; the annulment or 
abrogation of decrees, rites, cus¬ 
toms, &c. 

ab-o-li-tion-ism (ab-o-lish'un- 
izm), n. the doctrine or principles 
of those advocating the abolition 
of certain laws or customs, as the 
traffic in drink, slaves, &c. 
ab-o-li-tion-ist (ab-o-lish'un-ist). 
n. one who is in favor of the re¬ 
peal or abolition of some existing 
law or custom, as the slave trade 
or drink traffic. 

a-bo-ma (a-bo'm&), n. the name 
of a large species of boa or ana¬ 
conda of tropical America, 
a-bom-i-na-ble (a-bom'i-na-bl), 
adj. hateful; odious; offensive; 
unclean. 

a-bom-i-nate (a-bom'i-nat), v.t. 
to abhor; regard with feelings of 
disgust or hatred. 

a-bom-i-na-tion (a-bom-i-n&'- 
shun), n. excessive hatred ; the act 
of abominating; the thing abom¬ 
inated ; defilement; pollution. 

Syn. nuisance, abuse, annoyance, 
aversion, offense, shame. 

Ant. (see blessing, delight). 


Jate, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







4 


abs- 


abo 


ab-o-rig-i-nal (ab-5-rij'i-nal), adj. 
original; primitive ; existing from 
the beginning: n. the species of 
animals or plants presumed to 
have originated within a given 
area. 

ab-o-rig-i-nes (ab-o-rij'i-nez), 
n.pl. the first or primitive inhab¬ 
itants of a country; the native or 
indigenous animals or plants of 
any geographical area, 
a-bort (4-b6rt'), v.i. to miscarry 
in birth; to remain undeveloped, 
a-bor-ted (a-bOr'ted), p.adj. pre¬ 
maturely bom ; checked or arrested 
in development; functionally im¬ 
perfect. 

a-bor-tion (a-bdr'shun), n. un¬ 
timely birth; miscarriage; that 
which falls short of maturity by 
arrest of development, 
a-bor-tion-ist (a-bor'sliun-ist), «. 
one who is guilty of the crime of 
procuring a criminal abortion, or 
who induces abortion, 
a-bor-tive (a-bor'tiv), ad), bora 
imperfect; arrested in develop¬ 
ment ; without issue or result. 

Syn. fruitless, ineffectual, idle, 
inoperative, vain, futile. 

Ant. (see effectual), 
a-bound (a-bound'), v.i. to have 
in plenty or abundance; to exist 
in great numbers or quantity (fol¬ 
lowed by in or with). 
a-bout (4-bout'), adv. around; on 
every side; circuitously ; near to; 
intending: prep, concerned in; re¬ 
lating to. 

a-bove (a-buv'), adv. in a higher 
place ; overhead ; in heaven ; be¬ 
fore ; besides: prep, superior; be¬ 
yond ; in excess of. 

A-bove-board (a-buv'bord), adj. 
& adv. in open sight; without 
trickery. 

ab-ra-dant (ab-ra'dant), ad), hav¬ 
ing the property of rubbing away: 
n. substance employed for abrad¬ 
ing or scouring. 

ab-rade (ab-rad'), v.t. to wear or 
rub away; to remove as by fric¬ 
tion or abrasion; to corrode, as by 
acids. 

ab-ra-sion (ab-ra'zhun), n. the 
act of wearing or rubbing away; 
a chafe. 

a-breast (a-brest'), adv. side by 


side; in line with; opposite to; 
at the same level, 
a-bridge (4-brij'), v.t. to curtail, 
shorten, condense, epitomize, 
a-bridg-ment (a-brij'ment), n. 
the state of being contracted or 
curtailed; an epitome, 
a-broach (a-broch'), adv. & adj, 
letting out; placed in position for 
yielding the contents, 
a-broad (a-brawd'), adv. widely; 
expansively; beyond the limits of 
house or country; wide of the 
mark. 

ab-ro-gate (ab'ro-gat), v.t. to abol¬ 
ish, annul, or repeal by authority, 
ab-ro-ga-tion (ab-rd-ga'shun), n. 
the act of abrogating; the repeal 
or annulling of a law. 
ab-ro-ga-tor (ab'ro-ga-ter), n. one 
who repeals by authority, 
ab-rupt (ab-rupt'), adj. broken; 
terminating suddenly ; steep ; pre¬ 
cipitous ; rough; unceremonious, 
ab-rupt-ed (ab-rupt'ed), p.adj . 
broken off with suddenness; torn 
off or asunder. 

ab-rnp-tion (ab-rup'shun), n. a 
separation with violence; a sud¬ 
den or abrupt termination, 
ab-scess (ab'ses), n. [pi. abscesses 
(-ez)], a collection of morbid mat¬ 
ter or pus in the tissues of the 
body. 

ab-scis-sion (ab-sizh'un), n. the 
act of severance; the breaking off 
in a sentence, leaving the rest to 
be implied. 

ab-scond (ab-skond'), v.i. to flee 
or retire in haste from the place 
of one’s residence or post of duty; 
quit the country in secret. 

Syn. run off, steal away, de¬ 
camp, bolt. 

ab-sence (ab'sens), n. the state of 
being absent; the period of being 
absent. 

ab-sent (ab'sent) ; adj. not pres¬ 
ent ; away ; wanting; regardless; 
abstracted. 

8yn. inattentive, abstracted, not 
attending to, listless, dreamy. 

Ant. (see present), 
ab-sent (ab-sent'), v.t. to retire or 
keep away from. 

ab-sen-tee (ab-sen-te'), n. one 
who is absent or absents himself 
purposely from home or duty. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mSon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






5 


abs 


«bs 


ab-sen-tee-ism (ab-sen-te'izm). n. 
the state or custom of living 
away from one’s country or es¬ 
tate. 

ab sent ly (ab'sent-li), adv. in an 
abstracted manner, 
ab - sintbe (English ab'sinth ; 
French ab-sangt'), «. wormwood ; 
a bitter aromatic liqueur com¬ 
pounded of brandy and worm¬ 
wood, largely drunk in France, 
ab-sin-thin (ab-sin'tliin), n. the 
bitter principle of wormwood, 
abso-lute (ab'so-lut), adj. free 
as to condition ; perfect in itself; 
unlimited in power; fixed, irrev¬ 
ocable; despotic; positive: n. the 
■will or power of the Almighty. 

Byn. arrogant, commanding, des¬ 
potic, lordly, supreme, arbitrary. 

Ant. (see compliant, humble), 
ab-so-lu-tion (ab-so-lu'shun), n. 
the act of absolving from the con¬ 
sequences of sin. 

ab -so-lu-tism (ab'so-lu-tizm), n. 
the state of being absolute; the 
principle or system of absolute 
government. 

ab-so-ln-tist (ab'so-lu-tist), n. a 
supporter or advocate of despotic 
or absolute government, 
ab-sol-u-to -ry (ab-sol'u-tb-ri), 
adj. absolving; capable of absolv¬ 
ing. 

ab-sol-va-to-ry (ab-sol'va-tS-ri), 
adj. containing or conferring abso¬ 
lution ; having power to pardon 
or absolve. 

ab-solve (ab-solv'), v.t. to release 
or set free; clear of crime or 
guilt; to forgive or remit. 

Byn. exonerate, pardon, release, 
exempt, clear, acquit. 

Ant. (see condemn, bind), 
ab-sorb (ab-sorb'), v.t. to drink 
in ; imbibe ; suck or swallow up; 
engross or engage wholly. 

Byn. consume, engross, imbibe, 
swallow, take in. 

Ant. (see emit, dissipate), 
ab-sorb-a-bil-i-ty (ab-sorb-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. the state or quality of be¬ 
ing absorbable. 

ab-sorb-a-ble (ab-sorb'a-bl), adj. 

capable of being absorbed, 
absorbency (ab-sorb'en-si), n. 

capacity for absorbing, 
absorbent (ab-sorb'ent), adj. 
absorbing: n. the capacity for ab¬ 


sorbing ; anything which absorbs 
or takes in nutritive matter; a 
vessel in the body; a substance 
capable of absorbing or withdraw¬ 
ing gases or moisture from the air. 
ab-sorp-ti-om-e-ter (ab-sorp-shi- 
om'e-ter), n. an instrument to 
show- the amount of gas absorbed 
by a unit volume of a fluid, 
absorption (ab-sorp'shun). n. 
the process or act of absorbing; 
the state of being absorbed; en¬ 
tire occupation of the mind, 
ab-sorp-tion-bands (-banz). n.pl. 
the dark bands in the spectrum, 
more or less wide, and not usually 
sharply defined. 

ab-sorp-tion-lines (-lins), n.pl. 
dark lines in the spectrum pro¬ 
duced by the absorption of cool 
vapors through which the light 
has passed. 

ab-sorjj-tive (ab-sorp'tiv), adj. 
having pow’er or capacity for ab¬ 
sorption. 

ab-sorp-tiv-i-ty (ab-sorp-tiv'i-ti), 
n. the pow r er of absorption, 
ab-squat-u-late (ab-skw’ot'u-lat), 
v.i. to abscond. 

abstain (ab-stan'), v.t. to for¬ 
bear ; refrain; hold aloof; keep 
away from. 

ab-stain-er (ab-stan'er), n. one 
W’ho abstains, especially from in¬ 
toxicants. 

ab-ste-mi-ous (ab-ste'mi-us), adj. 
moderate and sparing in the use 
of food and drink ; non-indulgent. 
ab-sten-tion (ab-sten'shun), n. 
the act of holding off or abstain¬ 
ing. 

ab-sten-tion-ist (ab-sten'shun- 
ist), n. one who favors or prac¬ 
tices abstention. 

ab-stea-tioas (ab-sten'shus), adj. 

characterized by abstention, 
ab-ster-geat (ab-ster'jent), adj. 
possessing cleansing or purging 
properties: n. that which cleanses 
or purges ; a detergent, 
ab-ster-sioa (ab-ster-shun), n. 
the act of wiping clean ; the act of 
cleansing by the use of abster¬ 
gents. 

ab-ster-sive (ab-ster'siv), adj. 
cleansing; of the nature or qual¬ 
ity of an abstergent; n. that 
which cleanses or purifies, 
ab-sti-aeace (ab'sti-nens), n. the 


]6te, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pSreh, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut: thin, then. 








6 


aca 


abs 


act or practice of abstaining: self- 
denial : partial or total forbearance 
from the use of food or drink. 

Syn. fasting, moderation, ab¬ 
stemiousness, sobriety, temperance, 
self-denial. 

Ant. (see excess, intemperance), 
ab-sti-nent (ab'sti-nent), adj. re¬ 
fraining from over-indulgence, es¬ 
pecially with regard to food and 
drink: n. an abstainer, 
ab-stract (ab-strakt'), v.t. to take 
or draw away ; separate; purloin 
or steal; epitomize : separate from 
and consider apart. 

Syn. detach, remove, separate, 
withdraw, divert. 

Ant. (see restore, complete), 
ab-stract (ab-strakt'), n. an epit¬ 
ome ; a summary or abstract 
comprising the essence or princi¬ 
pal parts of a larger w y ork: adj. 
considered or conceived apart from 
its concrete or material nature, 
abstract noun, n. the name of 
a state or quality considered apart 
from the object to which it be¬ 
longs. 

abstracted (ab-strakt'ed), p.adj. 
separated ; disjoined ; refined ; ab¬ 
struse ; mentally absent, 
ab-strac-tion (ab-strak'shun), n. 
the act of separating or drawing 
away; the state of being with¬ 
drawn or abstracted; concentra¬ 
tion of mind or attention, 
ab-strac-tion-al (ab-strak'shun- 

al), adj. pertaining to abstraction, 
ab-strac-tion-ist (ab-strak'shun- 
ist), n. one who deals with ab¬ 
stractions ; an idealist; a dreamer, 
ab-strac-tive (ab-strak'tiv), adj. 
having the quality or pow T er of ab¬ 
straction. 

ab-stract-ly (ab'strakt-li), adv. 

in an abstract manner, 
ab-stra-hent (ab'stra-lient), adj. 
abstract; eliminating from un¬ 
essential or foreign elements, 
ab-struse (ab-stroos'), adj. ob¬ 
scure; hidden; difficult of compre¬ 
hension ; profound, 
absurd (ab-serd'), adj. contrary 
to reason or sense; ridiculous. 

Syn. foolish, incorrect, mon¬ 
strous, senseless, wild, nonsensical. 

Ant. (see consistent, sensible), 
ab-surd-i-ty (ab-serd'i-ti), n. [pi. 
absurdities, (-tiz) ] the state of 


being absurd; that wffiich is ab¬ 
surd. 

a bun dance (a-bun'dans). n. in 
great plenty; an over-flowing 
quantity; affluence, 
abundant (a-bun'dant), adj. 
plentiful; fully sufficient; abound¬ 
ing. 

a-buse (a-buz'), v.t. to use ill; 
treat rudely or wrongfully; to de¬ 
file or violate; use violent or abu¬ 
sive language towards; vituperate. 

Syn. asperse, revile, vilify, re¬ 
proach, calumniate, defame, slan¬ 
der, scandalize, malign, traduce, 
disparage, depreciate, ill-use. 

Ant. (see praise, protect), 
a-buse (a-bus'), n. ill-treatment; 
the excessive or injudicious use of 
anything; insult; violation, 
a-bu-sive (a-bii'siv), adj. practic¬ 
ing or containing abuse, 
a-but (a-but'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
abutted, p.pr. abutting], to border 
upon ; touch at one end ; terminate. 
(Used with on, upon, against.) 
a but ment (a-but'ment), n. that 
which borders upon something 
else; the solid structure which 
supports the extremity of a bridge 
or arch. 

a-buzz (a-buz'), adv. filled wfith 
buzzing sounds. 

abysm (a-bizm'), n. an abyss; a 
gulf. 

abysmal (a-biz'mal), adj. per¬ 
taining to an abyss; bottomless, 
a-byss (a-bis'), n. a bottomless 
gulf ; that wfflich is unfathomable ; 
hell. 

a-ca-ci-a (a-ka'slii-a), n. a plant 
of the genus of same name, 
ac-a-dem-ic (ak-a-dem'ik), or 
academical (-al), n. a college 
student or member of a university : 
adj. belonging or appertaining to 
a college or university, 
academically ( li), adv. in an 
academical manner; after the 
fashion of an academy, 
ac-a-dem-i-cals (ak-fi-dem'i-kals), 
n.pl. the costume worn by gradu¬ 
ates and undergraduates at a uni¬ 
versity or a college, 
ac-a-de-mi-cian (ak-a-de-mish'- 
an), n. a member of an academy 
or society for promoting the arts, 
sciences, and literature, 
academy (a-kad'e-mi), n. a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awd ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






aca 


7 


acc 


private school or seminary for the 
teaching of the higher branches 
of education; a school for in¬ 
struction in special subjects; an 
association or society of men emi¬ 
nent in literature, science, and 
• art; a building devoted to aca¬ 
demic purposes. 

acanthus (a-kan'thus), n. a 
plant having sharp-toothed leaves ; 
ornamentation adopted in the cap¬ 
itals of the Corinthian and Com¬ 
posite orders, and resembling the 
foliage of the acanthus, 
ac-cede (ak-sed'), v.i. to come or 
attain to ; to agree or yield to. 

Syn. assent to, consent, ac¬ 
quiesce, comply with, agree, coin¬ 
cide, concur, approve. 

Ant. (see protest). 
ac-cel-er-ate (ak-sel'er-at), v.t. 
to hasten; to cause to move or 
progress faster; quicken the speed 
of; bring nearer in time. 

Syn. hasten, hurry, expedite, 
forward, quicken, despatch. 

Ant. (see retard), 
ac-cel-er-a-tion (ak-sel-er-a'- 
shun), n. the act of accelerating; 
the state of being accelerated, 
ac-cel-er-a-tive (ak-sel'er-a-ti v), 
adj. hastening ; tending to increase 
velocity. 

»c-cel-er-a-tor (ak-sel'er-a-ter), n. 
that which quickens or acceler¬ 
ates ; any method in photography 
by which a sensitized or chemical 
plate is exposed for a less time to 
the light. 

ac-cel-er-a-to-ry (ak-sel'er-a-to- 
ri), adj. accelerating or tending to 
accelerate. 

ac-cent (ak'sent), n. the stress 
laid by the voice upon a particu¬ 
lar syllable of a word, so as to 
render it more prominent than the 
rest; the mark or character used 
in writing and printing to express 
the manner of pronouncing of a 
word ; a peculiarity of utterance or 
expression distinguishing the lan¬ 
guage of different parts or dis¬ 
tricts of the same or a foreign 
country; the emphasis placed 
upon certain notes of a bar of 
music: v.t. to express the accent, 
or denote the vocal division of a 
word by stress or modulation of 
the voice; to pronounce; mark or 


accent a word in writing by use 
of a sign; dwell upon or empha¬ 
size, as a passage of music.. 
ac-cen-tu-al (ak-sen'tu-al), adj. 

belonging to accent; rhythmical, 
ac-cen-tu-ate (ak-sen'tu-at), v.t. 
to speak ; pronounce or mark with 
an accent; give prominence to in 
speaking or writing; lay stress 
upon. 

ac-cen-tu-a-tion (ak-sen-tu-a'- 
shun), n. the act of accentuating 
by stress or accent; the act of 
speaking (or writing) with em¬ 
phasis or distinction, 
ac-cept (ak-sept'), v.t. to take or 
receive with approbation; enter¬ 
tain ; agree to, or acquiesce in; 
understand or receive in a partic¬ 
ular sense; to agree or promise 
to pay. 

Syn. receive, take, admit. 

Ant. (see refuse), 
ac-cep-ta-ble (ak-sep'ta-bl), adj. 
capable of giving pleasure or 
gratification. 

Syn. agreeable, pleasing, grat¬ 
ifying, pleasurable, welcome. 

Ant. (see displeasing), 
ac-cep-t a-bil-i-ty (ak-sep'ta-bi I'i- 
ti), or ac-cep-ta-ble-ness (ak- 
sep'ta-bl-nes), n. the quality of 
being acceptable or agreeable, 
ac-cep-tance (ak-sep'tans), n. the 
act of accepting; the fact of being 
accepted, or received with appro¬ 
bation ; the subscription to a bill 
of exchange; the bill accepted or 
the sum contained in it. 
ac-cep-ta-tion (ak-sep-ta'shun), 
n. the act of accepting, or state 
of being accepted or acceptable; 
the meaning or sense of a word or 
statement in which it is to be 
understood. 

ac-cep-ter or acceptor (ak-sep'- 

ter), n. one who accepts; the per¬ 
son who accepts a bill of exchange, 
ac-cess (ak'ses), n. admittance or 
approach to a person or place; 
means of approach or admission; 
addition or increase; the recur¬ 
rence or fits of paroxysms in dis¬ 
eases. 

ac-cess-a-ry. See accessory, 
ac-cess-i-bil-i-ty (ak-ses-i-bil'i-ti), 
n. the condition of bein$ accessible, 
ac-cess-i-ble (ak-ses'i-bl), adj. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, ndrch, lot; mooo, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





acc 


8 


aco 


capable of being approached ; easy 
of access; attainable, 
ac-cess-ion (ak-sesh'un), n. a 
coming to, as by succession or by 
right; entrance or attainment; the 
act of acceding by assent or agree¬ 
ment ; increase or augmentation ; 
the acquirement of property by im¬ 
provement, growth, or labor ex¬ 
pended ; the attack or commence¬ 
ment of a disease, 
ac-cess-ion-al (ak-sesh'un-&l), 
adj. additional; pertaining to an 
accession. 

ac-cess-o-ri-al (ak-ses-o'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to an accessory, as ac¬ 
cessorial guilt or agency, 
ac-cess-o-ry (ak-ses'6-ri), [pi. ac¬ 
cessories (-riz)], adj. aiding; con¬ 
tributing to some result or effect: 
n. one who aids in the commission 
of a felony ; an accomplice; that 
which is in the nature of an ap¬ 
pendage. 

Syn. accomplice, ally, assistant, 
confederate, helper, abetter. 

Ant. (see hinderer, opponent), 
ac-ci-dence (ak'si-dens), n. the 
portion of grammar which deals 
with the inflections of "words; a 
book containing the rudiments of 
grammar; the rudiments them¬ 
selves. 

ac-ci-dent (ak'si-dent), n. an 
event which is unexpected, or the 
cause of which was unforeseen; a 
contingency, casualty, or mishap; 
a property of a thing which is not 
essential to it. 

Syn. casualty, incident, contin¬ 
gency, adventure, chance. 

Ant. (see certainty, calcula¬ 
tion). 

ac-ci-den-tal (ak-si-den'tal), adj. 
happening by chance or unexpect¬ 
edly ; fortuitous; non-essential; 
connected with, but not necessar¬ 
ily belonging to: n. that which 
happens unexpectedly ; an adjunct, 
or non-essential part or quality ; a 
sharp, flat, or natural introduced 
into a piece of music to lower or 
raise the note before which it is 
placed. 

ac-ci-den-tal-ly (-li), adv. in an 
accidental manner, 
ac-claim (ak-klam'), v.i. to shout 
applause: n. a shout of joy or 
praise; acclamation. 


ac-cla-ma-tion (ak-kl5-ma'shun), 
n. a shout of applause, or other 
demonstration of hearty approval; 
an outburst of joy, or praise; the 
adoption of a resolution vivd 
voce; a mode of papal election, 
ac-clam-a-to-ry (ak-klam'd-to-ri), 
adj. expressing joy or applause by 
acclamation. 

ac-cli-mate (ak-kll'mat), v.t. to 
accustom a person to a foreign 
climate. 

ae-cli-ma-tion (ak-kll-ma'shun ), 
n. the process of acclimatizing, or 
the state of being inured to a for¬ 
eign climate; acclimatization, 
ac-cli-ma-tize (ak-kli'ma-tlz), v.t. 
& v.i. to accustom or become ac¬ 
customed to a foreign climate; 
said of plants or animals, 
ac-cliv-i-ty (ak-kliv'i-ti), n. [pi. 
acclivities (-tiz) ], an ascent or 
upward slope of the earth; the 
talus of a rampart, 
ac-cli-vous (ak-kll'vus), adj. ris¬ 
ing, as a slope; uphill, 
ac-co-la-ted (ak'ko-la-ted), p.adj. 
containing two or more profile 
heads, so arranged that one par¬ 
tially overlaps the next, as in the 
shilling of William III. and Mary, 
ac- coin -mo -date (ak-kom-mo- 

dat), v.t. to adapt or make fit or 
suitable; adjust, settle; supply or 
furnish; do a favor to; lend 
money for the convenience of a 
borrower: v.i. to be comfortable 
to. 

Syn. serve, oblige, adapt, ad¬ 
just, fit, suit. 

Ant. (see disoblige, impede), 
ac-com-mo-da-ting (ak-kom'mo- 
da-ting), p.adj. obliging; of a 
yielding disposition ; adapting one’s 
self to the desires of others, 
ac-com-mo-da-tion (ak-kommo- 
da'shun), n. the act of accommo¬ 
dating ; or the state of being ac¬ 
commodated ; that which supplies 
a want or desire. 

ac-com-mo-da-tion-bill (-bil), 

n. a bill or note endorsed by one 
or more parties to enable the 
drawer to raise money upon it. 

ac-com-mo-da-tion - lad-der 

(-lad'er), n. a ladder or stairway 
suspended at the gangway of a 
ship. 


Hate, m^r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vdte, pOrch, lot; m05p 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







acc 


9 


aci 


ac-com-mo-da-tive (ak-kom'mo- 
da-tiv), adj. disposed or tending 
to accommodate. 

ac-com-pa-ni-ment (ak-kum'pa- 
ni-ment), n. something which is 
added to, or attends the original 
or principal thing by way of orna¬ 
ment, or for the sake of sym¬ 
metry. 

ac-com-pa-nist (ak-kum'pa-nist), 
n. one who plays an accompani¬ 
ment. 

ac-com-pa-ny (ak-kum'pa-ni), v.t. 
to keep company with; escort; 
join in movement or action; per¬ 
form the accompaniment in a com¬ 
position for voice and instrument, 
ac-com-plice (ak-kom'plis), n. 
an associate or companion in 
crime. 

Syn. confederate, accessory, 
abettor, coadjutor, assistant, ally, 
associate, particeps criminis. 

Ant. (see adversary), 
ac-com-plish (ak-kom'plish), v.t. 
to bring to completion, or to an 
issue; fulfill; attain a3 the result 
of exertion. 

Syn. do, effect, finish, execute, 
achieve, complete, perfect, con¬ 
summate. 

Ant. (see fail). 

ac-com-plished (ak-kom'plisht), 
p.adj. finished; perfected; pos¬ 
sessed of social qualifications, 
ac-com-plish-ment (ak-kom'- 
plish-ment), n. the completion of 
an act or undertaking; fulfill¬ 
ment ; an acquirement or qualifi¬ 
cation in art or manners. 

Syn. attainment, qualification, 
acquirement. 

Ant. (see defect), 
ae-compt-ant. See accountant, 
ac-cord (ak-kOrd'), v.t. & v.i. to 
be in agreement with; reconcile; 
ap'ree ; give ; grant; concede; to 
adjust or bring to agreement; 
to be in correspondence or har¬ 
mony ; agree in pitch and tone: n. 
agreement; unison ; concurrence 
of will or opinion ; harmony. 

Syn. grant, allow, admit, con¬ 
cede. 

Ant. (see deny). 

ao*cord-ance (ak-k6rd'&ns), n. 
the state of being in harmony or 
accord. 


ac-cord-ant (ak-kCrd'&nt), adj. 
corresponding; of the same mind, 
ac-cord-ing (ak-kord'ing), p.adj. 
agreeing, harmonious: adv. in ac¬ 
cordance (with) or agreeably 
(to). 

ac-cord-i-on (ak-k6rd'i-un), n. a 
small wind instrument, having 
keys and metallic reeds, and 
worked by means of a bellows, 
after the fashion of a concertina, 
ac-cost (ak-kost'), v.t. to draw 
near, or come face to face with; 
speak to; salute: n. the act of 
accosting; manner. 

Syn. salute, address, speak to, 
stop. 

a c-c o u c h e-m e xl t (ak-koosh'- 

mong), n. delivery in child-bed; 
parturition; a lying-in. 
ac-couch-eur (ak-koosh-er'), n. a 
medical man who attends confine¬ 
ment cases. 

ac-count (ak-kount'), v.t. to 
reckon or hold to be; compute; 
count: v.i. to assign an explana¬ 
tion [with for] ; take into con¬ 
sideration ; relate: n. a reckon¬ 
ing ; a financial statement or 
memorandum; a narrative; any¬ 
thing in the form of a statement, 
written or verbal; reason or con¬ 
sideration ; profit; advantage; es¬ 
timation ; consequence; impor¬ 
tance. 

Syn. narrative, description, nar¬ 
ration, relation, detail, recital, 
moneys, reckoning, bill, charge, 
ac-count-curr-ent (-kur'ent), tl. 
the statement of account between 
two or more persons, drawn out 
in the form of debtor and creditor, 
ac-coun.t-a-bil-i-ty (ak-kount-4- 
bil'i-ti), n. the state of being 
liable or accountable, 
ac-connt-a-ble (ak-kount'i-bl), 
adj. answerable ; responsible ; lia¬ 
ble to be called to account. 

Syn. punishable, answerable, 
amenable, responsible, liable., 
ac-count-a-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
accountable manner, 
ac-coun-tan-cy (ak-koun't&n-si), 
n. the art or practice of an ac¬ 
countant. 

ac coun tant (ak-koun'tant), n. 
one skilled in the keeping or ex¬ 
amination of accounts: adj. giv¬ 
ing account; responsible. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






acc 


ace 


10 


ac-cou-tre (ak-koo'ter), v.t. to 
dress; equip; to array in military 
dress; furnish with accoutre¬ 
ments. 

ac-cou-tre-ments (ak-koo'ter- 
ments), n.pl. equipage; dress; 
military equipments, 
ac-cred-it (ak-kred'it), v.t. to 
give credit to ; have confidence in ; 
authorize; stamp with authority ; 
to believe and accept as true, 
ac-cres-cent (ak-kres'sent), adj. 

increasing; growing, 
ac-crete (ak-kret'), v.t. to ad¬ 
here ; be added: v.t. to cause to 
grow or unite. 

ac-cre-ticm (ak-kre'shun), n. in¬ 
crease by natural growth; the 
addition of external parts; the 
growing together of parts or mem¬ 
bers naturally separate, 
ac-cre-tive (ak-kre'tiv), adj. add¬ 
ing to or increasing by growth, 
ao-croach-xnent (ak-kroch'ment), 
n. the act of accroaching; usur¬ 
pation. 

ac crue (ak'kroo), v.i. to come to 
happen or result to naturally as 
an increment, as of profit or loss, 
ac-crue-ment (ak-kroo'ment), n. 

an addition or increment, 
ac-cru-er (ak-kroo'er), n. the act 
of accretion. 

ac-cum-bent (ak-kum'bent), adj. 

reclining or recumbent, 
accumulate (ak-ku'mu-lat), 
v.t. to collect or bring together; 
amass; heap up: v.i. to increase 
in size, number, or quantity. 

Syn. bring together, amass, col¬ 
lect, gather. 

Ant. (see scatter, dissipate), 
ac-cu-xnu-la-tion (ak-ku-mu-la'- 
shun), n. the act of accumulating 
or amassing; the addition of in¬ 
terest to principal; the mass ac¬ 
cumulated. 

Syn. collection, store, mass, 
congeries, concentration, 
ac-cu-mu-la-tive (ak-ku'mu-la- 
tiv), adj. tending to accumulate, 
a c-c u-m u-1 a-t i v e judg-ment 
(-juj'ment), n. a second judg¬ 
ment which takes effect against a 
person after the first sentence lias 
expired. 

ac-cu-mu-la-tor (ak-ku'mu-la- 
ter), n. one who, or that which, 
accumulates; an apparatus for 


equalizing pressure; an electric 
storage battery. 

ac-cu-ra-cy (ak'ku-ra-si), n. the 
quality of being accurate; exact¬ 
ness or correctness, 
ac-cu-rate (ak'ku-rat), adj. in 
exact conformity with the truth; 
free from error; precise. 

Syn. correct, exact, precise, 
nice, truthful. 

Ant. (see erroneous, careless), 
ac-cur-sed (&-ker'sed), or ac¬ 
curst (a-kerst'), p.adj. under or 
subject to a curse; doomed to 
destruction ; detestable ; execrable, 
ac-cus-a-ble (ak-kuz'&-bl), adj, 
liable to be censured or accused, 
ac-cu-sa-tion (ak-ku-za'shun), n. 
a charge or imputation of wrong¬ 
doing ; the act of accusing or im¬ 
puting. 

ac-cu-sa-ti-val (ak-ku-za-ti'val), 
adj. pertaining to the accusative 
case. 

ac-cu-sa-tive (ak-ku'za-tiv), adj. 
accusing: n. the objective case, 
denoting the object of the verb, 
ac-cu-sa-to-ry (ak-ku'za-to-ri), 
or accusatorial (ak-ku-z&-to'« 
ri-ai), adj. accusing, or contain¬ 
ing an accusation, 
ac-cu-sa-to-ri-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
an accusatorial manner, 
ac-cuse (ak-kuz'), v.t. to charge 
with guilt or blame; make or 
bring an imputation against, 
ac-cus-er (ak-kuz'Sr), n. one who 
accuses; one who formally charges 
an offense against another, 
ac-cus-tom (ak-kus'tum), v.t. to 
habituate or familiarize by cus¬ 
tom or use. 

ac-cus-tomed (ak-kus'tumd), 
p.adj. frequent; usual; often prac¬ 
ticed. 

ace (as), n. [pi. aces (-ez)], a 
unit; in playing cards and dice, 
a card or die marked with a single 
pip; a. very small quantity, 
ace-poiut (-'point), the single 
mark of the ace-card and of the 
die marked with one spot, 
a-ce-di-a (a-se'di-a), n. an ab¬ 
normal condition of the mind, 
characterized by lassitude, list¬ 
lessness, and general indifference, 
a-cen-tric (a-sen'trik), adj. away 
j from the center; having no center. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; m5on, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






Ace 


11 


act 


A-cepb-a-la (a-sef'&-ia), n.pl. a 
term applied to all ordinary bi¬ 
valves, as the oyster, having no 
distinct head. 

acephalous (a-sef'a-lus), adj. 
headless; without a leader; an 
ovary of a plant that has its style 
springing from the base instead of 
the apex. 

a-cer-bi-ty (a-ser'bi-ti), n. [pi. 
acerbities (-tiz) ], sourness ; sharp¬ 
ness ; harshness or severity of 
temper or expression, 
ac-et-an-i-lide (as-et-an'i-lid), n. 
a pungent white powder, formed 
by the action of acetyl chloride on 
aniline: used in medicine as an 
antipyretic. 

ac-e-tate (as'e-tat), n. a salt of 
acetic acid. 

ac-e-ta-ted (as'e-ta-ted), p.adj. 

combined with acetic acid, 
ac-e-ta-tion. See acetification. 
a-ce-tic acid (a-se'tik & a-set'ik 
as'id), n. a clear liquid, with a 
strong acid taste and peculiar 
sharp smell. It is present in a 
dilute form in vinegar, 
a * cet -i - fi-ca-tion (a-set-i-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act or process of 
acetifying or becoming acetous; 
the preparation of vinegar, 
a-cet-i-fy (a-set'i-fi), v.t. [ p.t. & 
p.p. acetified, p.pr acetifying], to 
turn into vinegar; make acetous, 
ac-e-tim-e-ter (as-e-tim'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for gauging the 
strength or purity of vinegar or 
acetic acid. 

ac-e-tin (as'e-tin), n. a combina¬ 
tion of acetic acid with glycerine, 
ac-e-tone (as'e-ton), n. a clear 
volatile liquid, composed of car¬ 
bon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 
ac-e-tose (as'e-tos), or acetous 
(as'e-tus), ad}, of the nature of 
vinegar; sour; causing acetifica¬ 
tion. 

a-cet-y-lene (a-set'i-len), n. a 
brilliant illuminating gas, pro¬ 
duced by subjecting calcium-carbide 
to the action of water, 
acbe (ak), n. pain, more or less 
continuous: v.i. to suffer, or be 
in pain. 

a-chie-va-ble (a-che'va-bl), ad}. 
possible to achieve; capable of 
being performed. 

a-cbieve (a'chev), v.t. to perform, 


carry out, accomplish; to gain or 
bring to a successful issue by an 
effort: v.i. to bring about a de¬ 
sired result. 

Syn. do, accomplish, effect, ful¬ 
fill, execute, gain, win. 
a-chieve-ment (fi-chev'ment), n. 
the act of achieving; accomplish¬ 
ment ; that which is achieved or 
accomplished; an escutcheon or 
armorial shield, also called a 
hatchment. 

Syn. feat, exploit, accomplish¬ 
ment attainment performance, ac¬ 
quirement, gain. 

Ant. (see failure), 
a-chill-es-ten-don (a-kil'ez-ten'- 
dun), the powerful tendon placed 
in, and moving, the heel, 
a-ching (a'king), p.ad}. enduring 
or causing pain; painful: adv. 
with aching; painfully, 
ach-ro-mat-ic (ak-ro-mat'ik), ad}. 
free from coloration ; transmitting 
light without decomposition, 
ach-ro-mat-ic-lens (-lenz), n. a 
lens free from chromatic aberra¬ 
tion. 

ach-ro-mat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv , 
in an achromatic manner, 
ach-ro-ma-tize (ak-ro'ma-tiz), v.t. 
to deprive of the power of trans¬ 
mitting color; to render achro¬ 
matic. 

ach-ro-ma-tous (ak-ro'm§.-tus) # 
adj. without color, 
ac-id (as'id), ad}, sour and sharp 
or biting to the taste, as vinegar: 
n. anything sour; the name ap¬ 
plied to a large number of com¬ 
pounds containing one or more 
atoms of hydrogen which may be 
displaced by a metal, 
a-cid-ic (a-sid'ik), adj. contain¬ 
ing a large proportion of the acid 
element; opposed to basic, 
ac - i - di£ - er - ous (as-i-dif'er-us ), 
adj. producing or containing acids, 
ac-i-dif-ic ( as-i-dif'ik), adj. acid¬ 
ifying; producing acidity or an 
acid. 

a-cid-i-fi-ca-tion (a-sid-i-fi-ka'« 
shun), n. the process of acidify¬ 
ing. 

a-cid-i-fi-er (a-sid'i-fl-er), n. a 
substance having the property of 
imparting an acid quality, 
a-cid-i-fy (a-sid'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. acidified, p.pr. acidifying], to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






act 


12 


acq 


make acid ; convert into an acid ; 
sour; embitter. 

a-cid-i-ty (a-sid'i-ti), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being acid or sour, 
a-cid-u-late (a-sid'u-lat), v.t. to 
render slightly acid, 
a-cid-u-lent (a-sid'u-lent), adj. 

somewhat acid ; tart; peevish, 
a-cid-u-lous (a-sid'u-lus), adj. 

slightly sour; subacid, 
ac-i-er-age (as'i-er-aj), n. the 
term given to the process of elec¬ 
trically depositing iron on an en¬ 
graved copper plate, 
ac-i-form (as'i-form), adj. needle- 
shaped. 

ac-i-na-ceous (as-i-na'shus), adj. 
consisting of or full of kernels, as 
the grape, mulberry, &c. 
acknowledge (ak-norej), v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. acknowledged, p.pr. 
acknowledging], to admit or own 
to be true; recognize, confess; ad¬ 
mit the receipt of. 

Syn. admit, confess, own, avow, 
grant, recognize, allow, concede. 

Ant. (see deny). 

ac-knowl-edg-ment (ak-nol'ej- 
ment), n. the act of acknowledg¬ 
ing; the admission or recognition 
of a truth; confession; the ex¬ 
pression of appreciation of a 
favor or benefit conferred; a re¬ 
ceipt. 

a-clin-ic (a-klin'ik), adj. without 
inclination. 

a-clin-ic-line (-lln), n. the imag¬ 
inary point near the equator where 
the magnetic needle has no dip. 
ac-me (ak'me), n. the highest 
point; the utmost reach; the 
crisis of a disease, 
ac-ne (ak'ne), n. a pustular erup¬ 
tion of the body ; chiefly confined to 
the face, shoulders and chest, 
a-cock (&-kok'), adv. in a cocked 
or turned up manner, 
a-cock-bill (-bil), adv. with the 
ends directed upwards, as of an 
anchor or yards of a ship, 
a-col-o-gy (a-kol'o-ji), w, the 
science of remedies, 
ac-o-lyte (ak'5-lit), or acolytk 
(ak'o-lith & -lith), n. the highest 
of the minor orders in the Roman 
Catholic Church, ranking next be¬ 
low the subdeacon, 
ac-o-nite (ak'o-nit), n. the plant 


wolf’s-bane or monk’s-hood; the 
drug prepared from the plant, 
a-con-i-tine (a-kon'i-tin & -tin), 
n. the narcotic drug prepared 
from the roots and leaves of sev¬ 
eral species of aconite, used as a 
remedy for neuralgia, 
a-corn (a'korn), n. the fruit of 
the oak; a conical piece of wood 
affixed to the spindle above a vane, 
to keep the vane from being blown 
off. 

a-cot-y-le-doa (a-kot-i-le'dun), n. 

a plant whose seeds (spores) are 
not furnished with cotyledons 
(seed-lobes). 

a-cot-y-led-on-ous (a-kot-i-led'un- 
us), adj. having no cotyledons 
or seed-lobes. 

a-cou-me-ter (a-kou'- & a-koo'me- 
ter), n. an instrument to test the 
power of hearing, or sensibility 
to sound. 

a-cous-tic (a-kous'- & a-koos'tik), 
adj. belonging to the science of 
sound : n. a remedy for deafness, 
a-cous-tics (a-kous'- & a-koos'- 
tiks), the science of sound; the 
study of the effects of sound upon 
the organ of hearing, 
ac-qaainf (ak-kwant'), v.t. to 
familiarize or make one’s self con¬ 
versant with; furnish information. 

Syn. inform, enlighten, apprise, 
make aware, make known, notify, 
communicate. 

Ant. (see deceived), 
ac-quaint-ance (ak-kwant'§ns), 
n. the state of being acquainted 
with a person or subject; personal 
knowledge less than friendship; a 
person with whom one is ac¬ 
quainted. 

Syn. friendship, intimacy, knowl¬ 
edge, familiarity, association, com¬ 
panionship. 

Ant. (see ignorance, inexperi¬ 
ence). 

ac-quaint-ed (ak-kwant'ed), p.adj. 
having personal knowledge; famil¬ 
iar, known (of or with). 
ac-qui-esce (ak-kwi-es'), v.i. to 
agree; comply passively; assent 
[followed usually by in], 

Syn. agree, accede, assent, com¬ 
ply, consent, give way, coincide 
with. 

Ant. (see protest). 


late, mar, mask. r>at, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






acq 


13 


acr 


i 


ac-qui-es-cence (ak-kwi-es'ens), 
n. the act of submitting; silent 
assent; neglect to take legal pro¬ 
ceedings, so as to imply consent, 
ac-qui -es-cent (ak-kwi-es'ent), 
adj. disposed to submit or yield 
tacitly ; resting satisfied, 
ac-quir-a-blo (ak-kwir'a-bl), adj. 

capable of being acquired, 
ac-quire (ak-kwir'), v.t. to gain 
or obtain possession of by one’s 
own physical or intellectual ex¬ 
ertions. 

ac-quire-xnent (ak-kwlr'ment), 

n. the act of acquiring; that 
which is acquired, 
ac-qui-si-tion (ak-kwi-zish'un), 
n. the act of acquiring; the ob¬ 
ject acquired. 

ac-quis-i-tive (ak-kwiz'i-tiv), 

adj. having a propensity to ac¬ 
quire ; greedily disposed, 
ac-quis-i-tive-ness (-nes), «. 

the propensity to acquire, 
ac-quit (ak-kwit'), v.t. [ p.t. & 
p.p. acquitted, p.pr. acquitting], to 
release; set free ; discharge ; to 
pronounce not guilty. 

Syn. pardon, forgive, discharge, 
set free, clear, absolve. 

Ant. (see condemn, convict), 
ac-quit-tal (ak-kwit'al), n. the 
act of releasing or acquitting; the 
state of being acquitted; the ju¬ 
dicial pronouncement of “not 
guilty.” 

ac-quit-tamce (ak-kwit'ans), n. 
a discharge or release from debt 
or other liability; a receipt bar¬ 
ring a further demand, 
a-cre (a'ker), n. a superficial 
measure of land containing, in 
Great Britain, the United States, 
and the Colonies, 4,840 sq. yds. 
a-cre-age (a'ker-aj), n. the num¬ 
ber of acres in a tract of land, 
a-cred (a'kerd), adj. possessing 
acres or landed property, 
ac-rid (ak'rid), adi. sharp or 
biting to the taste; pungent; irri¬ 
tating ; stinging: n. an acrid or 
irritant poison. 

ac-rid-i-ty (ak-rid'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being acrid, 
ae-ri-mo-ni-oia s (ak-ri-mo'ni-us), 
adj. bitter ; caustic ; stinging, 
acrimony (ak'ri-mo-ni), n. 

sharpness of temper; bitterness 
v - of expression. 


Syn. asperity, sharpness, tart¬ 
ness, sourness, harshness, acer¬ 
bity. 

Ant. (see gentleness, courtesy). 

ac-ro-bat (ak'ro-bat), n. a per¬ 
former on the tight-rope; one who 
practices tumbling, vaulting, tra- 
pezing, &c. 

ac-ro-bat-isin (ak'ro : bat-izm), n. 
the performance of acrobatic 
feats; the profession of an acro¬ 
bat. 

ac-ro-lith (ak'ro-lith), n. a sculp¬ 
tured figure, the head and extremi¬ 
ties of which are of stone and the 
rest of wood. 

a-crop-o-lis (a-krop'6-lis), n. the 
highest part or citadel of a Gre¬ 
cian city, as that of Athens, 
hence a citadel. 

a cross (a-kro3'), adv. & prep. 
from side to side; transversely; 
adversely ; athwart; intersecting 
at an angle. 

a-cros-tic (a-kros'tik), n. a com¬ 
position, usually in verse, in which 
the first or last letters of the lines, 
or other letters, taken in order, 
form a motto, phrase, name, or 
•word. 

act (akt), n. an action; process 
of doing; a decree, edict, or enact¬ 
ment ; the judgment of a court; a 
formal writing; one of the prin¬ 
cipal divisions of a drama; a 
thesis maintained by a candidate 
for a degree at a university: v.t. 
to do; perform; play, as on the 
stage ; set in motion: v.i. to exert 
force or energy. 

Syn. deed, achievement, exploit, 
feat, motion, work, effect. 

Ant. (see suspension, cessa¬ 
tion). 

acting (akt'ing), p.adj. perform¬ 
ing services, as those of an offi¬ 
cial. 

ac-tin-ie (ak-tin'ik), adj. having 
the property of actinism. 

ac-tin-ism (ak'tin-izm), n. that 
property of the sun’s rays which 
produces chemical action. 

ac-tin-i-um (ak-tin'i-um), n. a 
recently discovered radio-active 
element. 

ac-tin-o-graph (ak-tin'5-graf), n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
variation of the chemical rays of 
light. 


late, mar, rn&sk, cat, awd ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







act 


14 


ada 


ac-tin-oid (ak-tin'oid), adj. hav¬ 
ing the form of rays; resembling 
a starfish. 

ac-ti-nol-o-gy (ak-ti-nol'o-ji), n. 
the science that treats of the 
chemical action of light, 
ac-tin-om-et-er (ak-tin-om'et-er), 
n. an instrument for measuring 
the intensity of heat-rays, 
ac-tion (ak'shun), n. the state of 
being active, as opposed to rest; 
the effect of one body upon an¬ 
other ( used in sing.) ; an act or 
thing done ( used in pi.) ; a suit 
instituted by one party against 
another in a court of law; the 
gesture or deportment of a 
speaker; the performance of a 
function; effective motion, as of 
machinery; the appearance of ani¬ 
mation, &c., given to figures; an 
engagement on sea or land, less 
important than a battle. 

Syn. deed, achievement, feat, 
exploit, accomplishment, battle, 
engagement, agency, instrumen¬ 
tality. 

ac-tion-a-'ble (ak'shun-a-bl), adj. 
giving grounds for an action at 
law. 

ac-tive (ak'tiv), adj. endowed 
with or exercising the power or 
quality of action; constantly 
active; the performance and not 
the continuance of an action; 
lively; moving freely; acting 
quickly. 

Syn. lively, sprightly, alert, 
agile, nimble, brisk, quick, supple, 
prompt, vigilant, laborious, in¬ 
dustrious. 

Ant. (see lazy, passive), 
ac-tiv-i-ty (ak-tiv'i-ti), n. [pi. 
activities (-tiz)], energy; the 
state of action. 

ac-tor (ak'ter), n. one who acts 
or performs; a stage-player; a 
proctor or advocate in civil causes, 
ac-tress (ak'tres), n. a female 
actor. 

ac-tu-al (ak'tu-al), adj. real; ex¬ 
isting; present. 

Syn. real, positive, genuine, 
certain. 

Ant. (see fictitious), 
ac-tu-al-i-ty (ak-tu-al'i-ti), n. 
[pi. actualities (-tiz)], the state 
of being real or actual; that 
■which is in full existence. 


ac-tu-al-i-za-tion (ak'tu-al-i-za'- 
shun), n. making actual, 
ac-tu-al-ize (ak'tu-al-iz), v.t. to 
make actual. 

ac-tu-al-ly (ak'tu-al-li), adv. as 
an existing fact. 

ac-tu-a-ry (ak'tu-a-ri), n. [pi. 
actuaries (-riz)], a registrar or 
clerk of a court; one who is 
skilled in life assurance and simi¬ 
lar computations. 

ac-tu-ate (ak'tu-at), v.t. to move 
or incite to action, 
ac-tu-a-tion (ak-tu-a'shun), n. 
the state of being actuated or im¬ 
pelled. 

a-cu-le-ate (a-ku'le-at), adj. 
equipped with a sting; having 
aculei or sharp prickles: n. cer¬ 
tain insects furnished with stings, 
as the bee. 

a-cu-men (a-ku'men), n. quick¬ 
ness of perception ; penetration ; 
insight; discrimination. 

Syn. insight, keenness, pene¬ 
tration, sagacity, sharpness, clever¬ 
ness. 

Ant. (see bluntness, stupidity), 
a-cu-min-ate (a-ku'min-at), adj. 

ending in a sharp point, 
ac-u-press (ak'u-pres), v.t. to 

check hemorrhage by acupressure, 
ac-u-pres-sure (ak'u-presh'er), n. 
a method of checking hemorrhage 
in arteries during amputations by 
needles or wire. 

a-cute (a-luit'), adj. sharp- 

pointed ; intellectually sharp; 

quick of perception; severe, as 
pain or symptoms attending a 
disease; high in pitch; shrill. 

Syn. shrewd, intelligent, pene¬ 
trating, piercing, keen. 

Ant. (see dull). 

ad-age (ad'aj), n. an ancient 
proverb, or pithy saying, 
ad-am’s ale (ad'amz al), it. 
water. 

ad-am’s ap-ple (ap-1), n. a 
lofty species of the banana; the 
prominence in front of the throat, 
especially conspicuous in males, 
ad-a-mant (ad'a-mant), n. a sub¬ 
stance of extreme hardness; the 
diamond: adj. formed of ada¬ 
mant; hard. 

ad-a-man-tine (ad-a-man'tin ), 

adj. made of adamant; impene¬ 
trable. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







) 


ad* 15 


a-dapt (fi-dapt'), v.t. to make to 
correspond; fit by alteration or 
adaptation. 

Syn. accommodate, suit, fit, con¬ 
form. 

a-dap-ta-bil-i-ty ( ^-dap-ta-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being adap¬ 
table. 

ad-ap-ta-tion (ad-ap-ta'shun), n. 
the act of adjusting or adapting; 
the state of being adapted; that 
which is adapted. 

add (ad), v.t. to join, unite, sum 
up ; increase ; affix. 

Syn. adjoin, affix, annex, ap¬ 
pend, attach, increase, extend. 

Ant. (see deduct, reduce), 
ad-den-dum (ad-den'dum), n. [pi. 

addenda (-da)], an appendix, 
add-er (ad'Sr), n. the popular 
name for the viper, 
ad-dict (ad-dikt')* v.t. to devote 
or give one’s self up to; to prac¬ 
tice sedulously (usually in a bad 
sense). 

ad-di-tion (ad-dish'un), n. the 
act or process of adding together; 
increase; the result of addition; 
the thing added; the adding or 
uniting of two or more numbers 
in one sum; a title added to a 
name, denoting rank, as esquire; 
a dot placed at the side of a note 
to indicate the lengthening of the 
sound by one-half. 

Syn. increase, accession, aug¬ 
mentation, reinforcement. 

Ant. (see subtraction, separa¬ 
tion). 

ftd-di-tion-al (ad-dish'un-Sl), adj. 

added; supplementary, 
ad-di-tion-al-ly (-li), adv. in ad¬ 
dition to. 

ad-di-tive (ad'di-tiv), adj. that 
may be, or is to be, added, 
ad-dle (ad'l), n. & adj. rotten, as 
eggs that are barren or putrid: 
v.t. to make corrupt or putrid, 
as eggs: v.i. to become addled, 
ad-dle-head-ed (adl-hed'ed), or 
ad-dle-pa-ted (ad-l-pa'ted), 
adj. stupid ; weak-brained; mud¬ 
dled. 

ad-dress (ad-dres'), v.t. to 
straighten; to bring into line; to 
arrange, redress, as wrongs, &e.; 
to direct; speak or write to; get 
ready; consign: n. a speech de¬ 
livered or written; manners and 


adi 


bearing ; tact; adroitness ; the at¬ 
tention of a lover. 

Syn. accost, approach, greet, 
salute, appeal, hail. 

Ant. (see shun, avoid), 
ad-dress-ee (ad-dres-e'), n. one 
who is addressed. 

ad-duce (ad-dus'), v.t. to bring 
forward or cite in proof or sub¬ 
stantiation of what is alleged, 
ad-du-cent (ad-du'sent), adj. 
bringing forward or together, 
ad-du-ci-ble (ad-du'si-bl), adj. 

capable of being adduced, 
ad-duc-tive (ad-duk'tiv), adj. 
bringing forward. 

ad-duc-tor (ad-duk'ter), n. one 
who draws to. 

ad-duc-tor mus-cles (mus'lz), 
n.pl. muscles which draw certain 
parts to a common center, 
a-dept (a-dept'), adj. well skilled: 
n. one who is fully proficient or 
skilled in an art. 

ad e quacy (ad'e-kw&-si), n. suffi¬ 
ciency for a particular purpose, 
ad-e-quate (ad'e-kwat), adj. equal 
to requirement or occasion; fully 
sufficient. 

Syn. able, capable, competent, 
equal, suitable, fitted. 

Ant. (see insufficient), 
ad-fec-ted (ad-fek'ted), adj. com¬ 
pounded ; consisting of different 
powers of an unknown algebraic 
quantity. 

ad-bere (ad-her'), v.i. to stick 
fast; become firmly attached to. 
ad-her-ence (ad-her'ens), n. the 
act or state of adhering; unwaver¬ 
ing attachment. 

ad-ber-ent (ad-her'ent), adj. ad¬ 
hering ; sticking: n. one who ad¬ 
heres ; a follower of a party or 
leader. 

ad-be-sion (ad-he'zhun), n. the 
state or act of adhering. 

Syn. adherence, attachment, fi¬ 
delity, devotion. 

Ant. (see aloofness), 
ad-be-sive (ad-he'siv), adj. hold¬ 
ing fast; gummed for use ; sticky, 
a-dieu (ii-du'), n. [pi. adieus, 
adieux (fl-duz')], a farewell; good 
wishes at parting : interj. goodby; 
farewell. 

ad-it (ad'it), n. an entrance or 
passage; an entrance to a mine 
more or less horizontal. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl: he ? her, let; line, tin ; v&fce, pfirch, lot; moGn, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





ad] 


16 


Ad OB 


ad-ja-eeu-cy (Sd-ja'sen-si), n. the 
state of being close or contiguous, 
a d-j a-c e n t (ad-ja'sent), adj. 
near; close to. 

Syn. near to, adjoining, contig¬ 
uous, conterminous, bordering, 
neighboring. 

Ant. (see distant), 
ad-jec-ti-val (ad-jek-ti'val), adj. 

of the nature of an adjective, 
ad-jec-tive (ad'jek-tiv), n. a word 
used with a substantive or noun 
to express the quality or attribute 
of the thing named, or to limit and 
define a thing as distinct from 
something else. 

ad-join (ad-join'), v.t. to unite or 
join: v.i. to lie next to. 
ad-journ (ad-jern'), v.t. to put off 
to another day. 

Syn. defer, prorogue, postpone, 
ad-joarn-ment (ad-jern'ment), 
n. the act of adjourning; the post¬ 
ponement of a meeting, 
ad-judge (ad-juj'), v.t. to deter¬ 
mine in a controversy, 
ad-judged (ad-jujd'), adj. deter¬ 
mined by judicial decree, 
ad-judg-ment (ad-juj'ment), n. 

the act of judging, 
ad-ju-di-cate (ad-ju'di-kat), v.t. 
to try and determine a case as a 
court. 

ad - ju - di - ca - tion (ad-ju'di-ka'- 
shun), n. fc&e act of determining 
judicially ; a judicial sentence, 
ad-ju-di-ca-tor (ad-ju'di-ka-ter), 
n. one who adjudicates, 
ad-junct (ad'jungkt), n. some¬ 
thing added to another thing, but 
not an essential part of it. 

Syn. appendage, appurtenance, 
appendency, dependency, 
ad-juue-tive (ad-jungk'tiv), adj. 
having the quality of joining or 
uniting. 

ad-junct-ly (ad-jungkt'li), adv in 
connection With. 

adjuration. (ad-ju-ra'shun), n. 
the solemn charging on oath; the 
form of an oath. 

ad-jure (ad-jur'), v.t. to command 
on oath under pain of a penalty ; 
to charge solemnly, 
ad-just (ad-just'), v.t. to fit, or 
make exact; to make correspond¬ 
ent ; to make accurate. 

Syn. set right, fit, accommo¬ 
date. 


ad-jus-ter (ad-jus'ter), n. one 
who regulates or adjusts, 
ad-just-ment (ad-just'ment), n. 

the act of adjusting, 
ad-ju-tan-cy (ad-jii-tan-si), tt. 

the office of an adjutant, 
ad-ju-tant (ad'ju-tant), n. a regi¬ 
mental staff-officer who assists the 
commanding officer, 
ad-ju-tant-gen-er-al (-jen'er'&l), 
[pi. adjutants-general], the chief 
staff-officer of an army, through 
whom all orders, &c., are received 
and issued by the general com¬ 
manding. 

ad-meas-ure (ad-mezh'ur), v.t. to 
measure dimensions; apportion, 
ad-meas-ure-ment (ad-mezh'ur- 
ment), n. a measurement by a rule, 
ad-min-is-ter (ad-min'is-ter), v.t. 
to manage as chief agent or min¬ 
ister, as a king, president, or 
judge; direct the application of 
the laws; dispense; to cause to be 
taken, as medicine; to give, as an 
oath or a sacrament, 
ad-min-is-ter-i-al (ad-min-is-ter'i- 
al), adj. pertaining to adminis¬ 
tration. 

o.d-min.-is-tra-’ble ( ad-min'is-tr&- 
bl), adj. capable of being adminis¬ 
tered. 

ad-min-is-tra-tion (ad-min-is- 
tra'shun), n. the act of administer¬ 
ing, as government, justice, medi¬ 
cine, a sacrament, or an intestate’s 
estate ; the ministry, 
ad-min-is-ira-tive (ad-min'is-tra- 
tiv), adj. pertaining to adminis^ 
tration. 

ad-min-is-tra-tor (ad-min-is-tra'- 
ter), n. one who administers 
affairs; one who settles the estate 
of an intestate. 

ad-nixii-is-tra-trix (-tra'triks), n. 

a female administrator. 
ad-ini-ra-Me (ad'mi-ra-bl). adj . 
worthy of admiration ; excellent. 

Syn. striking, surprising, won¬ 
derful, astonishing. 

Ant. (see detestable). 
ad-mi-ral (ad'mi-ral), n. the chief 
commander of a fleet; a naval offi¬ 
cer of the highest rank. 
Ad-mi-ral-ty (ad'mi-r&l-ti), n. f pi. 
Admiralties (-tiz)), the depart¬ 
ment of the English government 
having authority over naval af¬ 
fairs ; the building in which Brit- 


Iftte, m&r, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pGrch, lot; moOn, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







adm 


17 


ish naval affairs are transacted; 
the office of an admiral, 
ad -mi-ra-tion (ad-mi-r;Vsliun), n. 
wonder excited by beauty or ex¬ 
cellence. 

ad-mire (ad-mir'), v.t. to regard 
with strong approval, 
ad-mis-si-ble (ad-mis'i-bl), adj. 

worthy of being admitted, 
ad-mis-sion (ad-mish'uc), n. the 
power or permission to enter; the 
granting of an argument, 
ad-init (ad-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
admitted, p.pr. admitting], to per¬ 
mit to enter; allow in argument; 
receive. 

Syn. allow, permit, suffer, toler¬ 
ate. 

Ant. (see deny). 

a.d-mit-ta-ble (ad-mit'a-bl), adj. 
admissible. 

ad-mit-tance (ad-mit'ans), n. the 
power or permission to enter, 
ad-mix (ad-miks'), v.t. to mix 
with something else, 
ad-mix-ture (ad-miks'tur), n. a 
compound of substances mixed to¬ 
gether. 

ad-mon-ish (ad-mon'ish), v.t. to 
reprove gently ; warn ; instruct, 
ad-mo-ni-tion (ad-mo-nish'un), n. 

friendly reproof or warning, 
admonitory (ad-mon'i-to-ri), 
adj. conveying reproof or warning, 
ad-nas-cent (ad-nas'ent), adj. 

growing upon something else, 
ad-nate (ad'nat), adj. with or¬ 
ganic cohesion of unlike parts, 
a-do (a-doo'), n. bustle; trouble, 
a-do-be (a-do'ba), n. unburnt 
brick dried in the sun, used for 
building in Central America and 
Mexico. 

ad-o-les-cence (ad-o-les'ens), n. 
the period of life between puberty 
and maturity; youth, 
ad-o-les-cent (ad-o-les'ent), adj. 

growing to maturity, 
a-dopt (a-dopt'), v.t. to choose or 
take to one’s self, as a child, an 
opinion, or a course of action, 
a-dop-tion (a-dop'shun), n. the 
act of adopting; the state of be¬ 
ing adopted; voluntary accep¬ 
tance ; admission into more in¬ 
timate relations. 

a-dop-tive (a-dop'tiv), adj. consti¬ 
tuted by adoption. 


ado 


a- dor-a-ble (a-dor'a-bl), adj. 

worthy of worship, 
ad-o-ra-tion (ad-o-ra'shun), n. 

the act of worship, 
a-dore (a-dor'), v.t. to pay divine 
honors to; honor highly; love in¬ 
tensely ; admire greatly: v.i. to 
offer worship. 

adorn (a-dorn'), v.t. to beautify; 

dignify ; ornament; embellish, 
a-dorn-ment (a-dorn'ment), n. 

ornament; decoration, 
a-down (a-doun'), adj. & prep. 

downward ; down, 
a-drift (a-drift'), adj. & adv. 
floating at random, 
a-droit (a-droit'), adj. exhibiting 
skill: dexterous. 

ad- -la-tion (ad-u-la'shun), n. in¬ 
terested praise; flattery, 
ad-u la-tor (ad'u-la-ter), n. a 
flatterer. 

ad-u-la-to-ry (ad'u-la-to-ri), adj , 
flattering. 

a-dult (a-dult'), adj. grown up to 
full age, size, and strength : n. a 
man or a woman, 
a-dul-ter-ant (a-dul'ter-ant), adj. 
adulterating: n. the person or 
thing that adulterates, 
a-dul-ter-ate (a-dul'ter-at), v.t. 
to corrupt by baser admixture: 
adj. corrupted by baser admixture, 
a-dul-ter-a-tion (a-dul'ter-a'- 
shun), n. the debasing or being 
debased by admixture; deteriora¬ 
tion. 

a-dul-ter-a-tor (a-dul'ter-a-ter), 
n. one who corrupts or adulter¬ 
ates. 

a-dul-ter-er (a-dul'ter-er), n. a 
man who commits adultery, 
a-dul-ter-ess (-es), n. a woman 
who commits adultery, 
a-dul-ter-ous (a-dul'ter-us) ,• adj , 
guilty of adultery, 
a-dul-ter-y (a-dul'ter-i), n. [pi. 
adulteries (-iz)], violation of the 
marriage-bed. 

ad-um-brant (ad-um'brant), adj. 
shadowing forth. 

adumbrate (ad-um'brat), v.t. 
to shadow forth ; give a faint re¬ 
semblance of. 

ad-um-bra-tion (ad-um-bra'- 
shun), n. something that shadows 
forth. 

ad-um-bra-tive (ad-um'bra-tiv), 
adj. faintly representing; typical. 


iate, mar, mask, cat, 
H2 


awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; mobn^ 
cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 













adu 


18 


adz 


adun-cous (ad-ung'kus), adj. 

hooked, as a parrot's bill, 
advance (ad-vans'), v.i. to go 
forward: v.t. to further; to make 
a payment of beforehand: n. im¬ 
provement ; an addition to or rise 
in value; an overture (usually 
used in pi.) ; a loan; payment be¬ 
forehand. 

advancement (ad-vans'ment), 
n. furtherance; progress; promo¬ 
tion. 

ad-van-tage (ad-van'taj), n. a 
state of advance or forwardness ; 
a benefit; the first point gained 
after deuce. 

advantageous (ad-van-ta'jus), 
adj. of advantage; beneficial. 

Syn. beneficial. 

Ant. (see hurtful). 

,ad-vent (ad'vent), n. a coming 
or arrival. 

Ad-vent (ad'vent). n. the period 
including the four Sundays before 
Christmas. 

ad-ven-ti-tious '(ad-ven-tish'us), 
adj. happening by chance ; casual; 
fortuitous; accidental; produced 
out of normal and regular order, 
ad-ven-tu-al (ad-ven'tu-al), adj. 

relating to the. season of Advent, 
ad ven ture (ad-Ven'tur), n. an 
event the issue of which is de¬ 
termined by chance : v.t. to hazard 
or risk. 

ad ven tur er (ad-ven'tur-er), n. 
one who undertakes adventures; a 
speculator; one who seeks social 
distinction by false or specious 
pretenses. 

ad ven tur ess ('tur-es), n. a fe¬ 
male adventurer; (usually in a 
bad sense). 

adventuresome (ad-ven'tur- 
sum), or adventurous (ad-ven'- 
tur-us), adj. inclined to incur 
risk; full of risk; daring, 
ad-verb (ad'verb), n. a word used 
to modify the sense of a verb or 
adjective. 

ad-ver-bi-al (ad-ver'bi-al), adj. 

of the nature of an adverb, 
ad-ver-bi-al-ly (-li), adv. with 
the force of an adverb, 
ad ver sar y (ad'ver-sar-i), n. [pi. 

adversaries (-iz) ], an opponent, 
ad-ver-sa-tive (ad-ver'sa-tiv), 

adj. expressing opposition, 
ad-verse (ad'vers), adj. opposed 


to ; contrary ; unfortunate ; inim¬ 
ical. 

ad-ver-si-ty (ad-ver'si-ti), n. a 
state of things adverse; the re¬ 
verse of prosperity ; misery, 
ad-vert (ad-vert'), v.i. to turn 
one's attention to; refer, 
ad-ver-tence (ad-ver'tens), n. at¬ 
tention. 

ad-ver-ten-cy (ad-ver'ten-si), n. 

the habit of being attentive, 
ad-ver-tent (ad-ver'tent), adj. 
attentive. 

ad-ver-tent-ly (-li), adv. in an 

intentional manner, 
ad-ver-tise (ad'ver-tlz), v.t. to 
turn the attention of others to; 
announce; publish, 
ad-ver-tise-ment (ad-ver'tiz- 
ment), n. a notice in a public 
print; an announcement, 
ad-vice (ad-vis'), n. an opinion 
given for the practical direction 
of conduct; information given by 
letter; counsel. 

ad-vi-sa-ble (ad-vi'za-bl), adj. fit 
to be advised ; prudent; expedient, 
ad-vis-a-bil-i-ty (ad-viz-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being advis¬ 
able ; desirability. 

ad-vise (ad-viz'), v.t. to offer an 
opinion to ; counsel; inform, 
ad-vised (ad-vlzd'), p.adj. acting 
with caution. 

ad-vi-sed-ly (ad-vi'zed-li), adv. 
with advice; with intention ; de¬ 
liberately. 

ad-vi-so-ry (ad-vi'zo-ri), adj. hav¬ 
ing power to advise; containing 
advice. 

ad-vo-ca-cy (ad'vo-ka-si), n. the 
act of pleading for. 
ad-vo-cate (ad'vo-kat), n. one 
called to the aid of another; one 
who pleads the cause of another, 
ad-vo-ca-tor (ad'vo-ka-ter), n. an 
advocate; a supporter, 
ad-vow-ee (ad-vou-e'), n. one 
who has an advowson; the patron 
of a living. 

ad-vow-son (ad-vou'zn), n. the 
right of presentation to a benefice, 
a-dyn-a-mi-a (a-din-a'mi-a), n. 
great debility; physical weakness, 
adze or adz (adz), n. a cutting 
tool having a curved blade at 
right angles to the handle, used 
for dressing timber by ships’ car¬ 
penters, coopers, &c. adze- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 









19 


aft 


aed 


plane, a tool for molding and 
rabbeting. 

ae-dile or edile (e'dil), n. a Ro¬ 
man magistrate who exercised 
supervision over the temples, pub¬ 
lic and private buildings, the mar¬ 
kets, public ' games, sanitation, 
&c., hence a municipal officer, 
ae-o-li-an harp (e-6'li-an harp), 
n. a stringed instrument, the wires 
of which are set in motion by air. 
aeon or eon (e'on), n. a period of 
immense duration; an age. 
a-er-ate (a/er-at), v.L. to combine 
or charge with carbonic-acid gas, 
or with air. 

a-er-a-ted bread (bred), n. bread 
raised by charging the dough with 
carbonic-acid gas. 

a-er-a-tion (a-er-a'shun), n. the 
act of aerating; oxygenation of 
the blood by exposure to the air 
in respiration. 

a-e-ri-al (a-e'ri-al), adj. belong¬ 
ing to the air. 

a-e-ri-al-ly (-li), adv. like the air. 
a - er - if - i - ca - tion (a-er-if-i-ka'- 
shun), n. the state of being aeri¬ 
form. 

a-er-i-form (a'er-i-fbrm), adj. 

having the form of air; gaseous, 
a-er-ify (a'er-i-fl), v.t. [ p.t . & 
p.p. aerified, o.pr. aerifying], to 
combine with air. 

a-er-o-drome (a'er-o-drom), h. an 
enclosed space or field in which 
aeroplanes are kept and experi¬ 
mental flights are made. 

a-e r-o-d y-n a m-i c s (a-er-6-di- 
nam'iks), n. the science which 
treats of air in motion, 
a-er-o-gram (a'er-o-gram), n. a 
wireless telegraph message. 

' a-er-o-lite (a'er-o-lit), n. a me¬ 
teorite. 

a-er-om-e-ter (a-er-om'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for weighing the 
air. 

a-er-o-naut (a'er-5-nawt) n. an 
aerial navigator; a balloonist, 
a-er-o-nau-tic (a-er-d-naw'tik), 
or a-er-o-nau-tic-al (-al), adj. 
pertaining to aeronautics, 
a-er-o-nau-tics (a-er-o-naw'tiks), 
n. aerial navigation. _ 
a-er-o-phone (a'er-o-fon), n. an 
instrument invented . by Edison 
for increasing the intensity of 
sound. 


a-er-o-phor (a'§r-o-fer), n. an 
apparatus used in spinning-facto¬ 
ries to moisten the air, to counter¬ 
act the electricity produced by 
the friction of the machinery, 
a-er-o-phyte (a'er-o-flt), n. an 
air-plant; a parasitical plant, 
a-er-o-plane (a'er-o-plan), n. a 
flying machine, kept afloat by the 
force of its motor and the air, and 
having no lifting power in itself 
like the airship or balloon, 
a-er-o-stat (a'er-o-stat), n. a bal¬ 
loon ; a flying machine, 
a-er-o-stat-ic (a-er-o-stat'ik), or 
aerostatical (-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to aerostatics, 
a-er-o-stat-ics (a-er-o-stat'iks), n. 
the science which treats of the 
equilibrium of bodies sustained in 
air. 

aer-y (er'i), n. an eagle’s nest; a 
brood of eagles or hawks, 
aes-tbe-si-om-e-ter (es-the-si-om'- 
e-ter), n. an instrument for deter¬ 
mining sensibility of touch, 
ses-tbet-ic or esthetic fes-thet'- 
ik), adj. pertaining to aesthetics, 
ses-tbet-ic school (skool), n. a 
school of art composed of devotees 
of the beautiful. 

ses-thet-i-cism (es-thet'i-sizm), n. 
love for, or devotion to, the beau¬ 
tiful. 

ses-thet-ics or esthetic* (es- 
thet'iks), n. the science or theory 
of the beautiful, 
ae-ther See ether, 
aeth-ri-o-scope (eth'ri-o-skop), it. 
an instrument for measuring 
changes of temperature of the sky, 
as when clear or clouded, 
ae-ti-ol-o-gy. See etiology, 
a-far (a-far'), adv. at. to, or from, 
a distance. 

af-fa-bil-i-ty (af-a-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being affable, 
af-fa-ble (af'a-bl), adj. easy to be 
addressed; courteous, 
af-fair (af-ar'), n. that which is 
done, or is to be done; business, 
af-fect (af-fekt'), v.t. to produce 
an effect upon; seek by natural 
affinity; assume the appearance 
of; pretend. 

af-fec-ta-tion (af-ek-ta'shun), n. 
the assuming a manner which is 
not one’s own. 


late, mar, mfisk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon* 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







Iff 


20 


Ati 


a f-f e c-t ing (af-fek'ting), adj. 
having power to excite the emo¬ 
tions ; pathetic. 

af-fec-tion (af-fek'shun), n. hav¬ 
ing the feelings affected; inclina¬ 
tion ; attachment; fondness ; dis¬ 
ease. 

Syn. love. 

Ant. (see aversion). 
af - fee - tion - al (af-f ek'shun-al), 
adj. relating to the affections, 
af-f ec-tion-ate (af-f ek'shun-at), 
adj. having affection ; kind. 

Syn. fond, kind. 

Ant. (see harsh). 

af-fer-ent (af'fer-ent), adj. con¬ 
veying inwards or to a part, 
af-fiance (af-fi'ans), n. trust; a 
marriage-contract: v.t. to betroth, 
af-fi-da-vit (af-i-da'vit), n. a 
sworn statement in writing, 
af-fil-i-a-ble (af-fil'i-a-bl), adj. 

capable of being affiliated, 
af-fil-i-ate (af-fil'i-at), v.t. to as¬ 
sign a child to its father; connect 
with in origin; connect with a 
parent society : v.i. to be intimately 
connected or associated (followed 
by ivith ). 

af-fil-i-a-tion (af-fil-i-a'shun), n. 
assignment of a child to its father; 
connection by way of descent, 
af-fin-i-ty (af-fin'i-ti), n. [pi. af¬ 
finities (-tiz) ], nearness of kin. 
[Affinity is relationship by mar¬ 
riage ; consanguinity, relationship 
by blood.] Physical or chemical 
attraction ; a relationship between 
species or groups depending on 
similarity of structure, 
af-firm (af-ferm'), v.t. to assert 
strongly: v.i. to confirm, as a 
judgment, decree, or order, in an 
appellate court; aver, 
af-fir-mance (af-fer'mans), n. 
confirmation. 

af-fir-mant (af-fer'mant), n. one 
who affirms ; one who affirms in¬ 
stead of taking an oath, 
affirmation (af-er-ma'shun), n. 
an averment; the solemn declara¬ 
tion permitted to those who have 
conscientious scruples about tak¬ 
ing an oath. 

af-fir-ma-tive (af-fer'ma-tiv), n. 
that which affirms: adj. relating 
to, or containing, an affirmation ; 
positive. 

affix (af-fix'), v.t. to fix to; at¬ 


tach ; n. a letter or syllable addea 
to the end of a word ; a suffix, 
af-fla-tus (af-fla'tus), n. a breath 
or blast of wind ; inspiration, 
af-flict (af-flikt'), v.t. to cause 
prolonged pain to body or mind ; 
distress. 

af-fiic-tion (af-flik'shun), n. pro¬ 
longed pain of body or mind ; dis¬ 
tress. 

af-flic-tive (af-flik'tiv), adj. caus¬ 
ing pain. 

af-flu-ence (af'lu-ens), n. an 
abundant supply, as of thoughts, 
words, riches; wealth, 
affluent (af'lu-ent), n. a tribu¬ 
tary stream: adj. abundant, 
af-fiux (af'luks), n. an increase; 
an influx. 

af-ford (af-ford'), v.t. to supply; 
produce ; yield ; be capable of bear¬ 
ing the expense of. 
af-fran-chise (af-fran'shiz), v.t. 

to make free ; enfranchise, 
af-f ray (af-fra'), w. the fighting of 
two or more persons in a public 
place to the terror of others, 
af-f right (af-frit'), v.t. to fright¬ 
en : terrify; alarm; confuse, 
af-front (af-frunt'), v.t. to con¬ 
front, oppose face to face; insult 
designedly. 

Syn. annoy, displease, insult, 
irritate, offend, provoke. 

Ant. (see please, conciliate), 
af-fu-sion (af-fu'zhun), n. the act 
of pouring upon. 

Af-ghan (af'gan), adj. pertaining 
to Afghanistan : n. a native of Af¬ 
ghanistan. 

af-ghan (af'gan), n. a crocheted 
or knitted soft wool blanket or car¬ 
riage-robe. 

a-field (a-feld'), adv. to, in, or on, * 
the field; astray. 

a-flame (a-flam'), adj. & adv. in 
flames ; ablaze. 

a-float (a-flot'), adj. & adv. float¬ 
ing ; in circulation; unfixed; 
adrift. 

a-foot (a-foot'), adv. on foot; 

astir 

a-fraid (a-frad'), adj. frightened, 
a-fresh (a-fresh'), adv. again; 
anew. 

Af-ri-can (af-ri'kan), adj. per¬ 
taining to Africa; also Afric; n. 
a native of Africa. 

Af-ri-can-der (af-ri-kan'der), n. 


late, rmir, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








aft 


21 


agi 


a native of South Africa born of 
white parents. 

aft (aft), adj. & adv. towards the 
stern. 

af-ter (af'ter), adj. next, subse¬ 
quent, later : prep, behind in place ; 
in succession to; later in time; 
in imitation of ; according to ; next 
in rank or excellence; in propor¬ 
tion to; in pursuit of: adv. be¬ 
hind ; subsequent in time or place: 
n. the future. 

af-ter-clap (-klap), n. an unto¬ 
ward event happening after an 
affair is supposed to be at an end. 
af-ter-dainp (-damp), n. the car¬ 
bonic acid found in coal-mines 
after an explosion of fire-damp; 
choke-damp. 

after-hold (-hold), n. that part 
of the hold which lies abaft the 
mainmast. 

af-ter-math (-math), n. a second 
mowing in a season, 
af ter noon (af-ter-noon') , n. the 
part of the day between noon and 
evening. 

af-ter-ward (af'ter-ward), or af¬ 
terwards (-wardz), adv. at a 
later time; subsequently, 
af-ter-wit (-wit), n. wisdom that 
comes too late. 

again (a-gen'), adv. a second 
time; in return; further; anew, 
a-gainst (a-genst'), prep, opposite 
to ; in opposition to; contrary to 
one’s inclinations, 
a-gape (a-gap'), adj. & adv. gap¬ 
ing ; with the mouth wide open 
in a state of expectation or as¬ 
tonishment. 

ag-ate (ag'at), n. a precious stone, 
a variety of chalcedony; Scotch 
pebble. 

ag-a-ty (ag'a-ti), adj. of the nature 
of agate. 

age (aj), n. a particular period of 
time in life or in history ; time: 
v.i. to grow old. 

agency (a'jen-si), n. operation; 
action; an establishment for the 
purpose of doing business for an¬ 
other. . 

agent (a'jent), n. one who acts, 
especially for another; an active 
power or cause. 

Syn. actor, doer, factor, opera¬ 
tor, performer, instrument. 

Ant. (see principal, chief). 


ag-glom-er-ate (ag-glom'er-at), 
v.t. to gather into a heap; accu¬ 
mulate. 

ag-glom-er-a-tion (ag-glom-er-5/- 
shun), n. a heap, 
ag-glom-er-a-tive (ag-glom'er-a- 
tiv), adj. tending to gather to¬ 
gether. 

ag-glu-ti-nant (ag-glu'ti-niint), 
adj. uniting: n. any sticky sub¬ 
stance which causes bodies to ad¬ 
here together. 

agglutinate (ag-glu'ti-nat), v.t. 
to glue together: adj. glued to¬ 
gether. 

ag-glu-ti na tion (eg-glu-ti-na'- 
shun), n. the act or condition of 
being united or joined together, 
ag-gran-dize (ag'gran-diz), v.t. to 
make great or greater in power, 
rank, or riches ; augment, 
ag-gran-dize-ment (ag'gran-dlz- 
ment), n . exaltation; advance¬ 
ment. 

ag gra vate (ag'gra-vat), v.t. to 
add to a load; be troublesome; 
intensify. 

ag-gra-va-ting (ag'gra-va-ting), 
p.adj. making worse or more hei¬ 
nous. 

aggravation (ag-gra-vaishun), 
n. the act of making worse, 
ag-gre-gate (ag'-gre-gat), v.t. to 
collect or bring together; gather 
into a mass or body : accumulate : 
n. total; mass ; a mass formed by 
the union of similar particles: adj. 
formed into a mass or total, 
ag-gre-ga-tion (ag'gre-ga'shun), 
n. a collection of particulars, 
aggregative (ag'gre-ga-tiv), 
adj. collective; social, 
ag-gress (ag-gres'), v.i. to at¬ 
tack ; begin a quarrel or contro¬ 
versy. 

ag-gres-sion (ag-gresh'un), n. 

unprovoked attack, 
ag-gres-sive (ag-gres'iv), adj. un¬ 
justly attacking. 

ag gres sor (ag-gres'er), n. one 
who attacks. 

ag-grieve (ag-grev'), v.t. to bear 
heavily upon ; oppress, 
a-gliast (a-gSst'), adj. struck with 
sudden astonishment, or terror, 
ag-ile (aj'il), adj. easily driven 
about; active in body ; nimble, 
a-gil-i-ty (a-jil'i-ti), n. nimble¬ 
ness. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mobn^ 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









'£Z 


an© 


agi 


a-gi-o (a'ji-o), n. [pi. agios (-oz)], 
the premium on money or foreign 
bills of exchange; discount, 
agiotage (aj'i-o-taj), n. ex¬ 
change business; stock jobbing, 
ag-i-ta-blc (aj'i-ta-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being moved, or debated; 
debatable. 

ag-i-tate (aj'i-tat), v.t. to stir 
violently ; discuss ; excite ; revolve 
in the mind; disturb: keep con¬ 
stantly before the public, 
ag-i-ta-tion (aj-i-ta'shun), n. the 
act of agitating; excitement; dis¬ 
cussion. 

a g-i-t a-t i v e (aj'i-ta-tiv), adj. 

tending to agitate, 
ag-i-ta-tor (aj'i-ta-ter), n. one 
who starts or keeps up a political 
or other agitation; an implement 
for stirring. 

a-glow (a-glo'), adj. & adv. in a 
glow; glowing. 

ag-lu-ti-tion (ag-lu-tish'un), n. 

inability to swallow, 
ag-nail (ag'nal), n. a sore under 
or near the nail ; a whitlow, 
agnomen (ag-no'men), n. an 
additional name or epithet, as 
Milton, the poet. 

ag-nos-tic (ag-nos'tik), n. one 
who denies that man possesses 
any knowledge of the ultimate 
nature of things ; one who neither 
affirms nor denies the existence of 
a personal Deity: adj. pertaining 
to the agnostics or their teach¬ 
ings ; expressing ignorance, 
agnosticism (ag-nos'ti-sizm), 
n. the doctrines of the agnostics, 
a-go (a-go'), adj. gone; past (used 
always after the noun) : adv. in 
past time (used only in the 
phrase long ago). 

a-gog (a-gog'), adj. & adv. in agi¬ 
tation or expectation ; eager, 
a-go-ing (a-go'ing), adv. on the 
going; in motion. 

ag-o-nis-tics (ag-o-nis'tiks), n. 

the science of athletic combats, 
ag-o-nize (ag'o-niz), v.i. to suffer 
anguish, make convulsive efforts: 
v.t. to torture. 

ag q-ni-zing-ly (ag'5-m-zing-li), 
adv. with anguish or straggles, 
ag-o-ny (ag'o-ni). n. [pi. agonies 
(-niz)], extreme pain; anguish, 
a-gou-ti (a-goo'ti), n. a" rodent 


found in the West Indies and 
South America. 

a-gra-ri-an (a-gra'ri-an), adj. re¬ 
lating to land, or to land-tenure; 
growing wild in the fields : n. one 
who is in favor of a redistribu¬ 
tion of land. 

a-gra-ri-an-ism (a-gra'ri-an-ism), 
n. the principle of a uniforni divi¬ 
sion of land; agitation with re¬ 
spect to land-tenure, 
a gree (a-gre'), v.i. to harmonize 
physically, mentally, or morally; 
to accord. 

a-gree-a-bil-i-ty (S.-gre-&-bil'i-ti) t 

n. agreeableness. 

agreeable (a-gre'a-bl) , adj . 

pleasing to the mind or senses. 

8yn. pleasant, pleasing, charm¬ 
ing. 

Ant. (see disagreeable), 
a gree-ment (a-gre'ment), n. har¬ 
mony of opinions or feelings ; con¬ 
cord of one word with another in 
gender, number, case, or person; 
a compact; a contract; mutual 
understanding. 

ag-ri-cul-tnr-al (ag-ri-kul'tur- 

al), adj. pertaining to tillage, 
ag-ri-ciil-ture (ag'ri-kul-tur), n. 
the science and art of cultivating 
fields by the plow, &c.; tillage; 
farming. 

ag-ri-cul-tnr-ist (ag-ri-kul'tur- 

ist), n. one engaged in tillage; a 
farmer. 

a-grin (a-grin'). adj. & adv. in 
the act or state of grinning, 
a-ground (a-ground'), adj & adv. 
on the ground ; the situation of a 
ship whose bottom touches the 
ground ; stranded, 
a-gue (a'gii), n. an intermittent 
fever; the cold fit of the inter¬ 
mittent fever. 

a-gue-cake (-kak). n. an enlarge¬ 
ment of the spleen produced by 
ague. 

a-gii-ish (a'gu-ish), adj. having 
the qualities of an ague; produc¬ 
ing ague; intermittent, 
ah (a), interj. an exclamation ex¬ 
pressive of sudden emotion, 
a-ha (a-ha'), inter j. an exclama¬ 
tion expressive of satisfaction or 
irony. 

ahead (a-hed'), adv. in the 
front; forward. 

a heap (a-hep'), adv. in a heap. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ane 


23 


alb 


a-iiem (a-hem'), inter], an ex- j 
olamation to call attention, 
a-hoy (a-hoi'), inter j. a term 
used in hailing a vessel, 
ahull (a-hul'), adv. with sails 
furled and helm lashed alee: said 
of a ship in a storm*, 
ai (a'i), n. [pi. ais (a'ez)], the 
three-toed sloth of America, 
aid (ad), v.t. to assist; support: 

r*. help ; assistance, 
aide-de-camp (ad'de-kong), n. 
[pi. aides-de-camp], an officer who 
assfsts a general, 
ai-gret (a'gret), or aigrette 
(a-gret'), n. the small white 
heron ; a plume arranged in imita¬ 
tion of the feathers of the heron, 
worn on helmets, and as an article 
of women’s head-attire ; a feathery 
crown of seed. 

ail (al), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. 
-ing], to give or cause pain: v.i. 
to feel pain; be afflicted with 
pain. 

ailment (al'ment), n. a slight 
disorder of the body; sickness, 
aim (am), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, 
p.pr. -ing], to endeavor after; di¬ 
rect at something; seek: n. a pur¬ 
pose ; an endeavor. 

Syn. mark, object, purpose, en¬ 
deavor, design, aspiration. 

Ant. (see aimlessness), 
air (ar), v.t. to expose to the air; 
dry, thoroughly, as clothes; to ex¬ 
hibit ostentatiously: n. the fluid 
which we breathe; the atmos¬ 
phere ; external manner; appear¬ 
ance ; bearing; a melody, 
air-gas (-gas), n. an illuminat¬ 
ing gas made from air charged 
with the vapor of petroleum, 
naphtha, &c. 

air-gun (-gun), n. a gun dis¬ 
charged by the elastic force of 
condensed air. 

air-i-ly (ar'i-li), adv. in an airy 
manner; gaily. 

air-i-ness (ar'i-nes), n. the state 
of being airy ; gaiety, 
air-ing (ar'ing), n. a walk, ride, 
or drive in the open air; exposure 
to the air or fire, 
air-line (-lin), n. a straight line. 

Also called a bee-line, 
air-plant (-plant), n. a plant 
which derives its nourishment 
from the air. 


air-pump (-pump), n. a machine 
for exhausting the air from a re¬ 
ceiver ; the pump used to exhaust 
the water and gases from the con¬ 
denser of a steam engine, 
air-ship (ar'ship), n. a balloon 
with motor and steering .appa¬ 
ratus. 

air-y (ar'i), adj. exposed to or 
composed of air; breezy; unsub¬ 
stantial ; gay. 

aisle (II), n. the wing of a church, 
a-jar (a-jiir'). adj. & adv. slightly 
turned or opened, as a door; out 
of harmony. 

a-jog (a-jog'), adv. on the jog; 
jogging. 

a-kim-bo (a-kim'bo), adv. with 
the hands on the hips and the 
elbows turned outwards, 
a-kin (a-kin'), adj. & adv. of kin; 

related by blood; allied by nature, 
alabaster (al'a-bas-ter), n. a 
white marble-like mineral; a box 
made of alabaster, in which the 
ancients held ointments : adj. 
made of, or transparent like, ala¬ 
baster. 

a-lack (a-lak'), inter j . an ex¬ 
clamation expressive of blame, 
sorrow, or surprise, 
a-lac-ri-ty (a-lak'ri-ti), n. eager 
readiness ; joyous activity ; brisk¬ 
ness. 

a-la-li-a (a-la'li-a), n loss of 
speech by paralysis of the muscles, 
al-a-lus (al'a-lus), n. the hypo¬ 
thetical ape-man. 

a-la-mode (a-la-mdd' ), adv. in 
the fashion: adj. fashionable : n. 
a thin, light, glossy black silk, 
a-lar (a'lar), adj. pertaining to or 
having wings; wing-shaped, 
a larm (a-larm'), v.t. arouse to a 
sense of danger; strike with ap¬ 
prehension of danger; n. a call to 
arms; a warning of danger; the 
apprehension of danger, 
alarm ing (a-larm'ing), adj. ex¬ 
citing apprehension ; ominous, 
alary (a'la-ri), adj. of or per¬ 
taining to wings ; wing-shaped, 
a-las (a-las'), inter j. an exclama¬ 
tion expressive of unhappiness, 
a-late (a'lat) or alated (-ed), 
adj. having wings or wing-like 
side-appendages. 

alb (alb), n. a white priestly vest¬ 
ment worn at the celebration of 




late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











24 


a!! 


alb 




i 


the Eucharist in the Roman Cath¬ 
olic Church and in some Angli¬ 
can churches. 

al-ba-ta (al-ba'ta), n. an alloy 
imitating silver: German silver, 
al-ba-tross (al'ba-tros), n. a sea¬ 
bird allied to the petrel, inhabit¬ 
ing the Pacific and Southern 
Oceans. 

al-be-it (awl-be'it), con), although ; 

even though ; notwithstanding, 
al-bi-no (al-bl'no), n. a person 
with white skin and hair and 
pinkish eyes; a man, animal, or 
plant abnormally white in color, 
al-bu-gin-e-ous (al-bu-jin'e-us), 

adj. of the nature of white-of- 
egg; albuminous. 

al bum (al'bum), n. a blank book 
in which to insert autographs, 
photographs, stamps, &c. 
albumen (al-bu'men), n. the 
white of an egg; the nutritious 
farinaceous matter stored up with 
the embryo of an animal or plant, 
al-bu-men-ize (al-bu'men-Iz), v.t. 
in photography, to coat paper with 
an albuminous solution, 
albumin (al-bu'min), n. a vari¬ 
ant of albumen. 

al-bu-mi-noid (al-bu'mi-noid), 
adj. like albumen: n. a class of 
organic compounds* which form 
the chief part of the organs and 
tissues of animals and plants; 
proteids. 

albuminous (al-bu'mi-nus) or 
albuminose (-nos), adj. like, or 
containing albumen, 
al - bu - mi - nu - ri - a (al-bu'mi-nu'- 
ri-a), n. the presence of albumen 
in the kidneys and the urine, 
al-bur-num (al-ber'num), n. the 
white and softer part of wood be¬ 
tween the bark and the heart- 
wood ; sap-wood. 

al-cal-de (al-kal'da), n. a magis¬ 
trate or justice in Spain or Portu¬ 
gal. 

al-che-mist (al'ke-mist), n. one 
who studies or practices alchemy, 
al che my (al'ke-mi), n. the chem¬ 
istry of the Middle Ages; the pro¬ 
fessed art of transmuting the 
baser metals into gold, 
al-co-hol (al'ko-hol), n. pure or 
rectified spirits of wine; the spirit¬ 
uous or intoxicating element in 
fermented liquors; rectified spir¬ 


its ; a class of compounds of the 
same type as spirits of wine, 
al-co-hol-ic (al-ko-hol'ik), adj. 
containing alcohol: -s, n. pi. alco¬ 
holic liquors. 

al-co-bol-ism (al'ko-hol-izm), n. a 
diseased condition produced by al¬ 
cohol. 

al-co-hol-i-za-tion (al-ko-hol-i-za.'- 
shun), n. subjection to the influ¬ 
ence of alcohol. 

al-co-bol-ize (al'ko-hol-Iz), v.t. to 
subject to the influence of alcohol; 
to rectify (spirits of wine). 
Al-co-ran (al'ko-ran & al-ko-ran'), 
n. the Koran; the Mohammedan 
Bible. 

al-cove (al-kov') n. a recess in a 
room or a garden; a bower, 
al-der (awl'der), n. a genus of 
plants growing in moist land and 
related to the birch, 
al-der man (awl'der-man), n. [pi. 
aldermen (-men)], in English and 
Irish cities and boroughs a magis¬ 
trate next in dignity to the mayor ; 
certain members of county coun¬ 
cils elected by those bodies, 
ale (al), n. a liquor made from an 
infusion of malt by fermentation, 
a-lee (a-le'), adv & adj. on the lee 
or sheltered side of the ship ; oppo¬ 
site to aweather. 

a-lert (a-lert'), adj. on the watch ; 
active: n. an alarm ; a sudden at¬ 
tack. 

Syn. active, brisk, lively, nimble, 
prompt, ready, vigilant. 

Ant. (see inactive), 
al-ex-an-drine (al-eks-an'drin), n. 
a kind of heroic verse of six iam¬ 
bic feet, or twelve syllables, 
al-gse (al'je), n.pl. one of the great 
divisions of cryptogamic plants, 
including seaweeds and kindred 
fresh-water plants, 
al-ge-bra (al'je-brfi), n. the 
science of calculation by general 
symbols. 

al-ge-bra-ic (al'je-bra-ik) or al¬ 
gebraical (-ik-ul), adj. occur¬ 
ring in or dealing with algebra, 
al-ge-bra-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. by 
means of algebraic processes, 
al-gine (al'jin), n. a substance ob¬ 
tained from seaweed, and used in 
manufactures instead of horn, 
a-li-as (a'li-as), adv. otherwise 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






mi 


2b &N 


[named]: n. [pZ. aliases (-ez)], 
another name; an assumed name, 
al-i-bi (al'i-bi), n. the plea of hav¬ 
ing been elsewhere when the al¬ 
leged act was committed, 
a-li-en (a'li-en), adj. belonging to 
another: n. a foreign-born resident 
of a country in which he is not 
naturalized. 

a-li-ea-a-bil-i-ty (a-li-en-a-bil'i- 

ti), n. the quality of being alien¬ 
able ; salability. 

a-li-en-age (a'li-en-aj), n. the 
state or legal status of an alien, 
a-li-en-ate (a'li-en-at), v.t. to es¬ 
trange, as the affections; transfer 
to another, as property. 
a-li-en.-a-tion (a-li-en-a'shun), n. 
estrangement; transference ; diver¬ 
sion to another purpose; mental 
derangement. 

a-li-ea-ism (a'li-en-izm), n. the 
position of being an alien; the 
study and treatment of mental 
diseases. 

aliform (al'i-form), adj. wing¬ 
shaped. 

a-ligixt ( a-lit'), v.i. to dismount; 
to descend and settle; to come 
upon accidentally: adj. lighted; 
lighted-up; in a flame, 
a lign ( a-lln'), same as aline, 
a-lign-ment (a-lin'ment), same 
as alinement. 

a-like (a-lik'), adj. like one an¬ 
other : adv. in like manner; simi¬ 
lar. 

al-i-ment (al'i-ment), n. food; the 
necessaries of life generally; an 
allowance for support by decree 
of court: v.t. to make provision 
for the maintenance of; make pro¬ 
vision for the support of parents 
or children respectively, 
al-i-men-tal (al-i-men'tal), adj. 
having the quality of, or supply¬ 
ing the materials for, nourishing, 
al-i-men-ta-ry (al-i-men'ta-ri), 

adj pertaining to food ; nutritious, 
al-i-men-ta-ry ca-nal (ka-nal'), 
n. the great duct which conveys 
food to the stomach and carries 
oft solid excreta. 

al - i - men - ta - tion ( al-i-men-tii'- 
shun), n. the act of giving nour¬ 
ishment ; the function of the ali¬ 
mentary canal. 

al-i-men-tive-ness (al-i-men'tiv- 
nes), n. the instinct for food. 


al-i-mon-y (al'i-mon-i), n. means 
of living; an allowance made by 
decree of court to a wife out of 
her husband’s estate on separation, 
or.pending an action for the same, 
a-line (a-lm'), v.t. to lay out or 
adjust by a line: v.i. to form or 
fall into a line. 

a-line-ment (a-lln'ment), n. the 
act of laying out or adjusting by a 
line; the ground-plan of a railway, 
or road. 

al-i-ped (al'i-ped), adj. wing- 
footed, like the bat. 
al-i-quant (al'i-kwant), adj. being 
a part of a number which does not 
divide it without a remainder, as 
8 is an aliquant part of 25. 
al-i-quot (al'i-kwot), adj. being a 
part of a number or quantity 
which will divide it without a re¬ 
mainder, as S is an aliquot part 
of. 24. 

alive (a-liv'), adj. having life; 
in a state of action; sprightly: 
sensitive ; thronged, 
al-ka-hest (al'ka-hest), n. the 
pretended universal solvent of the 
alchemists. 

al-ka-les-cent (al-ka-les'sent), 
adj. te'nding to become alkaline, 
alkali (al'ka-li & -H), n. [pi. al¬ 
kalis & -ies], one of a class of 
caustic bases, as soda, potash, hav¬ 
ing the common properties of be¬ 
ing soluble in water and in alco¬ 
hol, combining with fats to form 
soap, neutralizing acids and form¬ 
ing salts with them, and changing 
the tint of many vegetable color¬ 
ing-matters. 

al-ka-line (al'ka-lin & -lin), adj. 
pertaining to, or having the prop¬ 
erties of, an alkali, 
al-ka-loid (al'ka-loid), n. a body 
or substance containing alkaline 
properties; pi. nitrogenous com¬ 
pounds met with in plants in com¬ 
bination with organic acids: adj. 
resembling an alkali in its prop¬ 
erties. 

al-ka-net (al'ka-nfet), n. a plant 
the root of which yields the rich 
red dye of commerce, 
all (awl), adj. the whole quantity 
of, as substance, duration, extent, 
amount, or degree; the whole 
number of, collectively, as indi¬ 
viduals, particulars, or parts; 


late, miir, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 












all 


26 


ai? 


every, as with kind; any, used 
after a preposition or verb : pron. 
the whole; the whole quantity or 
amount; total; aggregate: n. a 
whole; an entirety; one’s entire 
possessions : adv. wholly ; entire¬ 
ly ; completely. 

all a-long (a'long), ad.phr. 
throughout. 

all but (but), adv.phr. everything 
but; almost. 

all-fours (-forz), n. a game of 
cards which comprises four points 
or chances for scoring: adv. on 
hands and knees. 

all-bail (hal), inter), all health! 

a phrase of salutation. 
All-hall-ows (hal'oz), n.pl. All 
Saints’ Day, celebrated on the 
first of November, in honor of all 
the saints. 

all one (wun), adj. & n. in effect 
the same; quite the same, 
all-round (round), adj. versatile; 
capable of doing anything; many- 
sided. 

all-sorts (sorts), n. remnants of 
various liquors blended together. 
All Souls’ Day (solz da), n.pl. 
the day, celebrated second of No¬ 
vember by the Roman Catholic 
Church, in honor of the departed, 
all told (awl told), adv. all 
counted. 

Al-lali (ai'la), n. the Arabic name 
for the Supreme Being, in use 
among the Mohammedans, 
al-lay (al-l&'), v.t. to quiet or 
calm ; assuage ; appease ; abate ; 
mitigate ; relieve ; as pain or grief, 
allegation (al-e-ga'sliun), «. 

the act of alleging; assertion; 
declaration; that which is as¬ 
serted or alleged; that which is 
offered as a plea, an excuse, or 
justification; the statement of a 
party to a suit of that which he is 
prepared to prove, 
al-lege (al-lej'). v.t. to produce or 
adduce as argument, plea, or ex¬ 
cuse; affirm; declare; assert, 
al-lege-a-ble (al-lej'a-bl), adj. 

that may be alleged or affirmed, 
allegiance (al-le'jans), n. the 
tie or obligation of a subject to 
his sovereign or government; 
fealty; fidelity to a cause or per¬ 
son. 

al-le-gor-ic (al-e-gor'ik), or alle¬ 


gorical (al-e-gor'i-Ml), adj. per¬ 
taining to, consisting of, or in the 
nature of allegory ; figurative, 
al-le-gor-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. fig¬ 
uratively ; in an allegorical man¬ 
ner. 

al-le-go-rize (al'e-go-riz), v.t. to 
turn into allegory ; to treat alle¬ 
gorically ; to interpret in an alle¬ 
gorical sense; v.i. to make use of, 
or indulge in, allegory, 
al-le-go-ry (al'e-go-ri), n. [pi. al¬ 
legories (-riz)], a figurative man¬ 
ner of treating a subject by the 
use of other terms analogous in 
properties or circumstances ; _ a 
figurative representation in which 
the meaning is conveyed symbolic- 
ally. 

al-le-vi-ate (al-le'vi-at), v.t. to 
lighten ; lessen ; make easier ; miti¬ 
gate. 

al-le-vi-a-tion ( al-le-vi-a'shun), 

n. the act of alleviating; that 
which lessens or lightens, 
al-le-vi-a-tive (al-le'vi-a-tiv), adj. 
tending to alleviate * n. that which 
alleviates. 

al-le-vi-a-tor (al-le'vi-a-ter), n. 

one who, or that which, alleviates, 
al-ley (al'i), n. [pi. alleys (-iz)], 
a passage; a way (generally nar¬ 
row) ; a lane. 

al-li-a-ceous (al-i-a'shus), adj. of 
the nature or property of garlic 
or the onion. 

al-ii-ance (al-li/ans), n. the state 
of being allied; relation or con¬ 
nection by birth or marriage; 
union between nations. 

Syn. confederacy, fusion, league, 
partnership, union, coalition, com¬ 
pact. 

Ant. (see separation), 
al-li-ga-tion (al-i-ga'shun), n. a 
rule for ascertaining the value or 
price of a compound by determin¬ 
ing the relative proportions and 
prices of the ingredients, 
al-li-ga-tor (al'i-ga-ter), n. the 
American crocodile, 
al-lit-er-a-tion (al-lit-er-a'shun), 
n. the repetition of the same in¬ 
itial letter in closely-succeeding 
words, or in words directly follow¬ 
ing each other, as “apt allitera¬ 
tion’s artful aid.” 
al-lit-er-a-tive (al-lit’er-a-tiv), 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 










27 


aM 




adj. pertaining to, or characterized 
by, alliteration. 

al-lo-cate (al'o-kat). v.t. to assign 
or allot; distribute, as in equal or 
proportionate parts or shares, 
allocation (al-o-ka'shun), n. 
the act of allotting, allocating, or 
assigning; an allotment or assign¬ 
ment ; an allowance made on an 
account. 

al-lo-cu-tion (al-o-ku'shun), n. 
an address of a formal nature, as 
that delivered by the Pope to his 
clergy or to the Church generally, 
al-lo-di-al (a-lo'di-al), adj. free¬ 
hold : not feudal: n. land thus held, 
al-lo-di-nm (a-15'di-um), n. [pi. 

allodia (-a)], freehold estate, 
al-lo-graph (al'o-graf), n. a sig¬ 
nature by one person on behalf of 
another; opposed to autograph, 
al-lo-mor-phism (al-6-mor'fizm), 
n. the property in certain sub¬ 
stances of assuming a different 
form while remaining the same in 
constitution. 

al-lo-path. (al'o-path). n. one who 
favors or practices allopathy ; an 
allopathist. 

al-lo-patli-ic (al-d-path'ik), adj. 

pertaining to allopathy, 
al-lo-path-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 

in an allopathic manner, 
al-lop-a-thy (al-op'a-thi), n. a 
method of treating disease by in¬ 
ducing an action opposite to the 
disease it is sought to cure ; op¬ 
posed to homoeopathy, 
a 1-1 o-q u i-a 1-i s m (al-lo'kwi-al- 
izm), n. a phrase or manner of 
speech used in addressing, 
al-lot (al-lot'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
allotted, p.pr. allotting], to dis¬ 
tribute or divide, as by lot; appor¬ 
tion, as shares; assign or grant 
for a specific purpose, 
al-lot-ment (al-lot'ment), n. the 
act of allotting; that which is 
allotted; a portion of land as¬ 
signed or allotted. 

al-lo-trop-ic (al-5-trop'ik), adj. 
pertaining to or characterized by 
allotropy. 

al-lot-ro-pism (a-lot'ro-pizm), n. 
diversity of molecular arrange¬ 
ment. 

al-lot-ro-py (a-lot'ro-pi), n. the 
capability shown by certain chem¬ 
ical elements to assume different 


forms, each characterized by pecu¬ 
liar qualities, as the occurrence of 
carbon in the form of the dia¬ 
mond, charcoal, and plumbago re¬ 
spectively. 

al-lot-ee (al-lot-te'), n. one to 
whom an allotment or share is 
granted or assigned, 
allow (al-lou'), v.t. to grant, 
yield ; admit; deduct; permit; ap¬ 
prove : v.i. to make concession or 
provision (followed by for), 
al-low-a-ble (al-lou-a-bl), adj. 
that may be allowed ; permissible ; 
lawful; praiseworthy ; acceptable, 
allowance (al-lou'ans), n. the 
act of allowing; admission ; con¬ 
cession ; a definite sum granted; 
sanction or approval; abatement 
or deduction: v.t. to put upon 
allowance; limit to a fixed ex¬ 
penditure or consumption of 
money or food. 

al-loy (al-loi'), v.t. to combine; to 
form a compound, by fusion, of 
two or more metals; reduce in 
standard or quality by mixture, 
as with a metal of baser value; 
debase: n. a compound or fusion 
of two or more metals; a mixture 
of two metals of differing nature 
and value; an admixture of evil 
with good. 

all-spice (awl'spls), n. the fruit 
or berry of the pimento : so named 
in allusion to its taste being sup¬ 
posed to combine the flavors of 
other spices. 

al-lude (ff-lud'), v.t. to compare: 
v.i. refer or make an allusion in¬ 
directly (with to). 
al-lure (a-lur'), v.t. to tempt by 
the offer of something good, real, 
or apparent; entice ; attract, 
al lure ment (a-lur'ment), n. the 
act of alluring, or that which 
allures. 

al-lu-sion (3,-lu'zhun), n. a casual 
reference; a comparison or refer¬ 
ence by symbol or metaphor, 
allusive (a-lu'siv), adj. having 
reference to something not defi¬ 
nitely expressed. 

al-lu-so-ry (a-lu'so-ri), adj. al¬ 
lusive. 

al-lu-vi-ai (5,-lu'vi-Sl), adj. per¬ 
taining to or composed of allu¬ 
vium. 

al-lu-vi-on (a-lu'vi-un), n. land 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let; line, tin : v5te, pdrch, lot: moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, thou. 









25 


All 


added to a shore or river-bank 
by the action of water. 

al-lu-vi-um (a-lu'vi-um), n. [pi. 
alluvia (-&)], a deposit of mingled 
sand and clay (mud), or of alter¬ 
nating layers of sand and clay, of 
river origin. 

al-ly (a-ir), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allied, 
p.pr. allying], to unite by mar¬ 
riage, treaty, league, or confeder¬ 
acy ; bind or connect by friend¬ 
ship or resemblance: n. [pi. allies 
(a-liz')], one united, related, or 
associated by these means; a con¬ 
federate. 

al-ma-di-a (al-mAde'a), n. an In¬ 
dian river-boat, shuttle-shaped, 
about SO ft. in length, with a 
narrow beam; a small African 
bark-canoe. 

al-ma-gra (al-ma'gra), n. a fine 
deep-red ochre used in India for 
staining the skin ; used also as a 
paint and polish (Indian-red). 

almanac (awi'ma-nak), n. a 
year-book or calendar giving the 
order of the days of the week and 
month, astronomical data, tide- 
tables, ecclesiastical festivals and 
fasts, and other varied informa¬ 
tion. 

al-migh-ty (awl-mi'ti), adj. pos¬ 
sessing all power; omnipotent. 

Al-migh-ty (awi-mi'ti), n. the 
omnipotent God. 

al-migh-ti-ness (-nes), n. omnip¬ 
otence ; infinite or boundless power. 

alm ond (a'mund & al'mund), n.. 
the kernel of the fruit of the alm¬ 
ond-tree ; anything resembling the 
almond in shape. 

al-mon-er (al'mun-er), n. one who 
dispenses or distributes alms or 
charity; an alms-purse; a pouch 
or purse which in early times was 
suspended from the girdle. 

al -mon-ry (al'mun-ri), n. [pi. al¬ 
monries (-riz)], the residence of 
the almoner; the place where alms 
are dispensed. 

al-most (awl'most), adv. nearly; 
very nearly; well-nigh; all but. 

alms (iimz), n.sinrj. fused some¬ 
times as n.pl.\, the act of re¬ 
lieving by charitable aid; that 
which is bestowed in or out of 
charity. 

alms-house (-hous), n. a house 
endowed by private or public ehar- 


slf 


ity and appropriated to the use of 
the poor. 

al oe (al'o), n. [pi. aloes (-oz)], 
the common name for succulent 
plants, natives of the warm cli¬ 
mates of the Old World, and espe¬ 
cially of the southern part of 
Africa. 

al-oes (al'oz), n. a drug, the in¬ 
spissated juice of several species 
of aloe, and obtained from the 
leaves; the fragrant resin or wood 
of the agalloclium. 
a-loft (a-loft'), adv. on high; far 
above the earth; at the mast-head, 
or on the higher yards or rigging, 
a lone (a-lon'), adj. & adv. with¬ 
out or apart from another; single 
or singly; only; separately; by 
itself. 

a-long (a-long'), prep. & adv. by 
the length ; lengthwise; in a line 
parallel with the length ; onward, 
a-long-skore-man (-shor'man), 
n. [pi. -men], a laborer employed 
at docks in loading and unloading 
vessels. 

a-long-side (-sld), adv. by the 

side; side by side, 
a-loof (a-loof'), adv. at a moderate 
distance but wnthin sight; pur¬ 
posely keeping apart, 
al-o-pe-ci-a (al-o-pe'si-ft), or alo- 
pecy (al'o-pe-si), n. baldness ; loss 
of hair through skin disease, 
al-o-pec-ist (al'o-pes-ist), n. one 
who undertakes the cure or pre¬ 
vention of baldness, 
a-loud (Aloud'), adv. with raised 
voice ; loudly ; with a great noise ; 
audibly. 

al -pac-a (al-pak':\), n. a mammal, 
closely allied to the llama, a native 
of the Andes of Chili and Peru ; 
the fabric constructed from the 
long, soft, silky w r ool of the al¬ 
paca. 

al-pen-giow (al'pen-glo), n. a 
peculiar purple glow on the snow 
on the Alps seen just before sun¬ 
rise and after sunset, 
al-pen-horn (-hbrn), n. a long 
and nearly straight horn used by 
the mountaineers of the Alps, 
al-pen-stock (-stok), n. a stout 
staff, furnished with an iron spike, 
used by mountain-climbers, 
al-pha-bet (al'fa-bet), n. the let¬ 
ters of a language arranged in the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awi ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon., 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









customary order; the first rudi¬ 
ments of any branch of knowl¬ 
edge : v.t. to arrange or classify in 
alphabetical sequence: mark' by 
the letters of the alphabet, 
alphabetic (al-fa-bet'ik), or 
alphabetical ('i-kal), adj. per¬ 
taining to an alphabet; in the 
order of the alphabet, 
al-pha-bet-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
an alphabetical order or manner, 
al-pha-bet-ize (al'fa-bet-iz), v.t. 

to arrange in alphabetical order, 
al-read-y (awl-red'i), adj. quite 
ready; fully prepared: adv. by, 
at, or before, a specified time, 
al-so. (awl'so), adv. & conj. wholly 
so ; in like manner; likewise; fur¬ 
ther, or in addition to. 
altar (awl'tar), n. a raised 
place, structure, or elevation, 
whether of earth or stone, for the 
offering of sacrifices or burning of 
incense; the Communiontable; a 
place of worship. 

alt-az-i-muth (alt-az'i-muth), n. 
an instrument employed to deter¬ 
mine the altitudes and azimuths of 
the heavenly bodies, 
al-ter (awl'ter), v.t. to effect some 
change in ; modify or vary ; change 
entirely or materially, 
al-ter-a-bil-i-ty (awl-ter-a-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the quality of being alter¬ 
able or liable to change, 
al-ter-ant (awl'ter-ant), adj. pro¬ 
ducing or effecting change: n. a 
substance used in dyeing to change 
or modify a color, 
al-ter-a-tion (awl-ter-a'shun), n. 
the act of altering or changing; 
the change or modification effected, 
al-ter-a-tive (awl'ter-a-ti v), adj. 
producing change; having the 
power to alter: n. a medicine 
which restores the healthy func¬ 
tions of the body. 

al-ter-cate (aw T l'ter-kat), v.i. to 
contend in words; wrangle; dis¬ 
pute with anger or heat, 
al-ter-ca-tion (awl-ter-ka'shun), 
n. the act of wrangling; warm 
contention in words: a dispute, 
al-ter e-go Carter e'go), n. a sec¬ 
ond self; one’s double: frequently 
applied to a person fully author¬ 
ized to act for another, 
ai-ter-nant (al-ter'nfint), adj. 
composed of alternate layers. 


al-ter-nate (al'ter-nat), v.t. to 
perform by turns; cause to suc¬ 
ceed by turns; exchange recipro¬ 
cally : v.i. to take place by turns 
(followed by icith) : adj. by turns ; 
following each other in recipro¬ 
cal succession; succeeding each 
other by turns on opposite sides 
of a stem. 

al-ter-nate an-gles (ang'glz), 
n.pl. the internal angles made by 
two lines with a third on opposite 
sides of it. 

al-ter-na-tion (al-ter-na'shun), n. 
the act of alternating, or state of 
being alternate; reciprocal succes¬ 
sion ; antiphonal singing or read¬ 
ing. 

al-ter-na-tive (al-ter'na-tiv), adj. 
giving the choice of two things : n. 
the option or choice of two possi¬ 
bilities, so that if one he rejected 
the other must be accepted. 

Syn. choice, election, option, 
preference, resource, pick. 

Ant. (see compulsion). 

al-tcr-na-tor (al'ter-na-ter), n. an 
alternating current dynamo. 

alt-liorn (alt'horn), n. a musical 
instrument of the sax-horn class, 
frequently used in military bands. 

al-though (awl-t7io), conj. grant¬ 
ing* that; though ; even if ; not¬ 
withstanding. 

al-tim-e-ter (al-tim'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring altitudes 
trigonometrically. 

al-tim-e-try (al-tim'e-tri), n. the 
art of measuring altitudes by the 
use of the altimeter. 

al-tis-cope (al'tis-kop), n. an in¬ 
strument consisting of mirrors and 
lenses by means of which an ob¬ 
ject is brought to the view of the 
observer notwithstanding inter¬ 
vening obstacles; used to guide 
submarine boats. 

al-tis-o-nant (al-tis'"o-nS.nt), adj. 
high-sounding; pompous in lan¬ 
guage. 

al-ti-tude (al'ti-tud), n. space ex¬ 
tended upward ; height; highest 
point or degree; the elevation of 
a celestial body above the horizon ; 
the perpendicular- distance from 
the base of a figure to the summit 
or to the side parallel to the base. 

al-ti-tu-di-nal (al-ti-tu'di-nftl), 
adj. of or pertaining to height. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







ami 


ait 


al-to (al'to), adj. high: n. the 
contralto; the tenor violin or 
viola. 

a 1-to-geth-cr (awl-too-gefh'er), 
adv. wholly ; completely ; without 
exception ; conjunctly ; entirely, 
al-to-re-lie-vo (al'to-re-l§'v5), or 
al-to-ri-li-e-vo (al'to-re-le-a'vo), 
n. [pi. alto-relievos (-vbz)], high 
relief; figures or other objects 
that stand out boldly from the 
background, and having more 
than half their thickness project¬ 
ing. 

al-trop-athy (al-trop'5.-thi), n. 

sympathy for others, 
al-tru-isin (al'troo-izm), n. the 
principles inculcated by Comte, 
and involving the sacrifice of self 
in the interests of others: opposed 
to egoism. 

al-trti-ist (al'troo-ist), n. one who 
advocates or practices altruism, 
al-tru-is-tic (al-troo-is'tik), adj. 
pertaining to altruism; mindful 
of the wants and interests of 
others. 

al-tru-is-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
in an altruistic manner, 
al um (arum), n. a double sul¬ 
phate formed of aluminum and 
some other element, usually an 
alkali metal. __ * 

alum-root (-root), n. a popular 
name given to certain roots of an 
astringent nature belonging to the 
saxifrages. 

alumina (a-lu'mi-na), n. the 
single oxide of aluminum, the 
most abundant of the earths; a 
notable constituent of common 
clay. Alumina is largely used in 
dyeing and calico-printing as a 
mordant. 

a-lu-mi-nite (a-lu'mi-nit), n. the 
hydrous sulphate of aluminum, 
a-lu mi-nous (a-lu'mi-nus), adj. 
pertaining to, or containing, alum 
or alumina. 

a-lu-mi-num (a-lu'mi-num), or 
aluminium (al-u-min'i-um), n. 
a bluish-white, light, sonorous, 
ductile, malleable metal, 
alumna (a-lum'na), n. [pi. 
alumnae (-ne)], a female gradu¬ 
ate or pupii of a university or col¬ 
lege. 

a-lum-nus (a-lum'nus), n. [pi. 
alumni (-ni)],.a pupil, more par¬ 


ticularly the graduate of a univer¬ 
sity ; one educated at a school, 
college, or university, 
a 1-v e-o-1 a-t e d (al-ve'o-la-ted), 
adj. with deep pits or cells resem¬ 
bling the honeycomb, 
always (awl'waz), adv. con¬ 
stantly ; ever; regularly at inter¬ 
vals ; continually. 

am (am), 1st pars. sinp. indie. 

mood of the verb to be. See be. 
a-main (a-man'), adv. with force 
or violence ; suddenly ; at once, 
a-mal-gam (a-mal'gam), n. any 
metallic mixture or alloy of which 
mercury is the chief constituent; 
a mixture or compound of differ¬ 
ent things. 

a-mal-ga-mate (S.-ma!'g&-mat), 
v.t. to alloy mercury with another 
metal; mix to form a compound: 
v.i. to blend, combine, as one race 
with another. 

a-mal-ga-ma-tion (a-mal-ga-m£'- 

shun), n. the act or process of 
compounding mercury with an¬ 
other metal; the separation of 
precious metals from the mother- 
rock by means of quicksilver; the 
blending or mixing of different 
elements or things; the union or 
consolidation of two or more com¬ 
panies or businesses into one 
concern. 

a-mal-ga-ma-tor (a-mal'ga-ma- 
ter), n. one who, or that which, 
amalgamates; a machine for puri¬ 
fying ore containing precious 
metals by amalgamation with mer¬ 
cury ; one who takes an active 
part in combining two or more 
businesses. 

a-man-u-en-sis (a-man-u-en'sis), 
n. [pi. amanuenses (-sez)], one 
who is employed to write at the 
dictation or direction of another; 
a secretary. 

am a ranth (am'a-ranth), n. an 
imaginary flower said by poets to 
be unfading; a plant of the genus 
amarantus; a color-mixture in 
which magenta is the chief in¬ 
gredient. 

ain-a-ran-tliine (am-a-ran'thin), 
adj. pertaining to the amaranth; 
n°ver-fading, like amaranth ; pur¬ 
plish. 

a mass (a-rnas'). v.t. to collect 
into a heap; gather together in 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; v5te, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









jma 


31 


amb 


great quantity or amount; ac¬ 
cumulate. 

Syn. accumulate, collect, gather, 
hoard, aggregate, store up. 

Ant. (see disperse). 
a-mass-ment (a-mas'ment), n. 
the act of amassing; a heap or 
accumulation; a great quantity 
or number brought together, 
am-a-teur (am'a-tur & am-a- 
ter'), n. one who cultivates an art 
or pursues a study from love or 
attachment, and without reference 
to gain or emolument: adj. ap¬ 
plied to the work or productions 
of an amateur as opposed to pro¬ 
fessional. 

am-a-tive (am'a-tiv), adj. amor¬ 
ous ; full of love. 

am-a-tive-ness (am'a-tiv-nes), n. 
the tendency to love; the desire 
for sexual intercourse, 
am-a-tor-i-al (am-a-tor'i-al), adj. 
pertaining to love; amatory ; per¬ 
taining to the oblique muscles of 
the eye used in ogling, 
am-a-tor-i-al-ly (-li), adv. in an 
amatorial manner, 
am-a-to-ry (am'a-to-ri), adj. re¬ 
lating to or expressive of love, 
am-au-ro-sis (am-aw-ro'sis), n. 
loss or decay of sight due to par¬ 
tial, periodic, or complete paraly¬ 
sis of the optic nerve, 
am-au-rot-ic (am-aw-rot'ik), adj. 
relating to, or affected with, am¬ 
aurosis. 

a maze (a-maz'), v.t. to confound 
or stun with fear, surprise, or 
wonder; astonish: n. astonish¬ 
ment ; confusion ; perplexity, 
a maze-ment (a-maz'ment), n. 
the state of being amazed ; aston¬ 
ishment ; perplexity arising from 
sudden surprise. 

Syn. awe, wonder, surprise, 
confusion, admiration, bewilder¬ 
ment, perplexity. 

Ant. (see composure), 
am bass a dor (am-bas'a-der), n. 
an accredited representative of a 
sovereign or state at the court of 
another: a diplomatic agent of 
high rank; a representative or 
agent of another charged with a 
special mission. 

am-bass-a-dor - ex-tra-or-din-a- 

ry (-eks-tra-Or'din-a-ri), n. an 


ambassador sent on a special mis¬ 
sion. 

am bass a dor - plen-i-po-ten-ti- 
a-ry (-plen-i-po-ten'shi-a-ri), n. 
an ambassador sent with full 
powers to make a treaty, 
am-bass-a-dor-i-ai (am-bas-&- 
dor'i-al), adj. belonging to an am¬ 
bassador, or to his office, 
am bass a dress (am-bas'a-dres) c 
n. the wife of an ambassador; a 
female ambassador, 
am ber (am'ber), n. a yellowish 
fossil resin found on the shores 
of the Baltic: adj. made of am¬ 
ber ; amber-colored, 
am-ber-gris (am'ber-gres), n. a 
morbid secretion from the intes¬ 
tines of the sperm-whale, usually 
found floating in tropical seas: 
used in perfumery, 
am-bi-dex-ter (am-bi-deks'ter), 
adj. using both hands equally: n. 
a man of unusual dexterity, 
a m-b i-d e x-t r o u s (am-bi-deks' 
trus), adj. able to use both hands 
alike; unusually clever, 
ambient (am'bi-ent), adj. sur¬ 
rounding ; investing, 
am-bi-gu-i-ty (am-bi-gu'i-ti), n. 
[pi. ambiguities (-tiz)], double or 
dubious signification ; vagueness, 
am-big-u-ous (am-big'u-us), adj. 

doubtful; equivocal, 
am-bit (am'bit), n. a circuit or 
compass; the line or sum of the 
lines by which a figure is 
bounded ; the perimeter, 
am-bi-tion (am-bish'un), n. a 
seeking for preferment; a consum¬ 
ing desire to achieve some object 
or purpose, as to gain distinction, 
influence, &c. 

am-bi-tious (am-bish'us), adj. 

having ambition; aspiring, 
am-ble (am'bl), v.i. to move with 
a peculiar pace, as a horse, by 
lifting the two feet on one side 
together; n. at an easy pace, 
am-bly-o-pi-a (am'bli-o-pi-&) or 
amblyopy (-pi), n. dimness of 
vision. 

a m-b o y-n a-w o o d (am-boi'nA- 
wood), n. a beautifully mottled 
and curled wood used in cabinet¬ 
work. 

am-bro-sia (am-bro'zia), n. 
anything exquisitely pleasing to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











a mb 


ami 


62 


taste or smell; a genus of weeds 
allied to wormwood, 
am-bro-sial (am-bro'zial), adj.' 

divinely delicious; fragrant, 
am-bro-sial-ly (-li), adv. with 
ambrosial fragrance, 
am-bro-type (am'bro-tip), n. a 
photographic process by which ; 
the light parts of a photograph 
are > produced in silver, the dark 
parts showing as a background 
through the clear glass, 
am bu lance (am'bu-lans), n. a 
field hospital; an ambulance cart 
or wmgon for the conveyance of [ 
the sick and wounded, 
am-bu-lant (am'bu-lant), adj. ! 

walking; moving about, 
am-bu-la-tion (am-bu-la'shun), 
n. the act of walking about, 
ambulator (am'bu-la-ter), n. 

a walker ; a pedometer. _ 
ambulatory (am'bu-la-to-ri), 
adj. of or pertaining to walking; ; 
movable; temporary: n. a place ! 
for wmlking in ; a covered way. 
am-btis-cade (am-bus-kad') , n. a 
strategic disposition of troops in | 
ambush. 

am bush (am'boosh), n. a lying 
in w r ait to attack by surprise: v.t. 
to place in ambush to surprise an 
enemy ; waylay : v.i. to lie in wait 
for the purpose of attacking by 
surprise. 

ameer (a-mer'), n. a prince; 
governor; the Mohammedan ruler 
of Afghanistan. Also written 
amir, emir. 

a-me-li-or-a-ble (&-me'li-5r-a-bl), 
adj. capable of improvement, 
a-me-li-or-ate (a-me'li-or-at), v.t. 
to make better: v.i. to grow bet¬ 
ter : improve. 

amelioration (a-me-li-or-a'- 
shun), n. the making or growing 
better; improvement, 
a-me-li-or-a-tive (a-me'li-or-a- 
tiv), adj. producing amendment; 
improving. 

a-m e-1 i-o r-a-t o r (a-me'li-or-a- 
ter), n. one who amends, 
a-men (a-men' & a'men'), adv. 

verily : interj. so be it. 
a-me-na-bil-i-ty (a-me-na-bil'i- 
ti) or amenableness (a-me'na- 
bl-nes), n. liability to answer (to 
a charge, &c.) ; tractableness; re¬ 
sponsibility. 


a-me-na-ble (ft-me'n&-bl), adj. 

easy to lead; submissive; liable, 
amend (a-mend'), v.t. to free 
from fault; improve; correct. 

8yn. improve, correct, better, 
mend. 

Ant. (see impair), 
a-men-da-tor-y (a-men'da-tor-i), 
adj. tending to amend, 
a-mende-hon-or-a-ble (a-mangd- 
on'or-fi-bl), n. a public apology 
and reparation; a punishment 
formerly indicted in France on 
traitors and the sacrilegious, 
a mend ment (a-mend'ment), n. 
the removal of faults ; the altera¬ 
tion of a bill before Parliament; 
a counter-motion at a public 
meeting. 

amends (a-mendz'), n.pl. com¬ 
pensation for loss or injury ; repa¬ 
ration. 

a-men-i-ty (a-men'i-ti), n. [pi. 
amenities (-tiz) ]. pleasantness, 
as of climate or demeanor; geni¬ 
ality. 

a-men-or-rhee-a (a-men-dr-re'a), 
n. entire or partial suppression of 
the menses. 

a-men-ti-a (a-men'shi-a), n. want 
of reason ; mental imbecility, 
a merce (a-mers'), v.t. to punish 
by an arbitrary fine, 
a-mer-cea-ble (a-mer'sa-bl), adj. 

liable to be amerced, 
a-iuerce-inent (fi-mers'ment), n. 
an arbitrary fine left to the dis¬ 
cretion of a court. 

A-mer-i-can (a-mer'i-kan), adj. 
belonging to, or characteristic of, 
America. 

A-m e r-i-c a n-isnr. (a-mer'i-kan- 

izm), n. a form of expression 
peculiar to the United States; a 
custom peculiar to the Unired 
States or America; attachment to 
the United States. 
A-mer-i-can-ize (a-mer'i-kan-iz), 
v.t. to render American; assimi¬ 
late to the political institutions of 
the United States, 
am-e-tliyst (am'e-thist), n. a 
violet-purple variety of quartz or 
rock-crystal. 

am-e-thys-tine (am-e-this'tin), 
adj. containing, composed of, or 
colored, like amethyst, 
a-mi-a-bil-i-ty (a-mi-a-bil'i-ti), n. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, uut; thin, then. 










ami 


33 


amp 


amiableness; excellence of dispo¬ 
sition ; lovableness, 
a - in i - a - b 1 e (a'mi-&-bl), adj. | 
friendly; worthy of love ; lovable, 
a m-i-c a-1) 1 e (am'i-ka-bl), adj. 

friendly ; peaceable, 
a-inid (a-mid') or amidst ('st), 
prep, in the middle of; among, 
amidships (a-mid'ships), adv. 

in the middle of a ship, 
amir. See ameer, 
a-miss (a-mis'), adj. wrong; 
faulty : adv. wrongly ; that misses 
the mark. 

am-i-ty (am'i-ti), n. friendly rela¬ 
tions ; friendship. 

am-mo-ni-a (a-mo'ni-a), n. a 
transparent, pungent volatile gas, 
used in medicine and the arts; 
spirits of hartshorn, 
ammoniac (a-mo'ni-ak), adj. 
pertaining to ammonia: n. sal 
ammoniac ; chloride of ammonium, 
am monite (am'on-It), n. a fos¬ 
sil shell, twisted like a ram’s 
horn ; snake-stone, 
am-niu-ni-tion (am-u-nish'un), n. 
powder, balls, &c., used in charg¬ 
ing firearms of all kinds ; military 
stores: adj. supplied to troops as 
equipment, &c. 

am-ne-si-a (am-ne'si-a), n. loss of 
memory. 

am nes ty (am'nes-ti), n. an act 
of oblivion for political offenses; 
a general pardon : v.t., p.t. & p.p. 
amnestied, p.pr. amnestying, to 
grant pardon to. 

am-ni-on (am'ni-on), n. the thin 
innermost membrane surrounding 
the foetus of mammals, birds, and 
reptile. 

a-nioe-ba (a-me'ba), n. [pi. 
amoebas ('baz) & -bae ('be)], a 
genus of microscopic organisms, 
consisting of a mass of proto¬ 
plasm which moves about in fresh¬ 
water ponds by means ojf finger¬ 
like processes with which it grasps 
its food. 

a mong (a-mung'), or amongst 
('st), prep. & adv. mixed with; 
surrounded by; amidst, 
am or ous (am'or-us), adj. fond 
of the opposite sex ; loving, 
a-mor-phism (a-mor'fizm); n. 
want of regular form; without 
crystalline structure.^ 
a-mor-phous (a-mor'fus), adj. 


formless ; irregularly shaped ; uo- 
crystallized ; unorganized, 
a-mort (a-mort), adj. and adv. 
without life or animation; de¬ 
pressed ; spiritless; as if dead, 
a-in o r-t i-z a-t ion (a-mor-ti-z;V- 
sliun), n. the act of conveying 
lands and tenements to a corpora¬ 
tion having perpetual succession ; 
the extinction of a debt through a 
sinking fund. 

a-mor-tize (a-mor'tiz), v.t. to sell 
and convey to a corporation hav¬ 
ing perpetual succession; to ex¬ 
tinguish a debt by means of a 
sinking fund ; to kiil; destroy, 
a mount (a-mount'), v.i. to mount 
up to ; be equivalent or equal to: 
n. the totality ;_sum. 
a-mour (a-moor'), n. a love-in¬ 
trigue. 

am pere (am-par'), n. the unit of 
measurement of the strength of an 
electrical current, 
am-pere-me-ter (am-par'me-ter) 
or am-pe-rom-e-ter (am-pe-rom'- 
e-tfer), n. an instrument for meas¬ 
uring in amperes the power of an 
electric current. 

Am-phib-i-a (am-fib'i-fi), n.pl. 
the fourth division of vertebrates, 
intermediate between fishes and 
reptiles, which in their early state 
breathe by gills. 

am-phib-i-an (am-fib'i-an), n. one 
of the Amphibia. 

amphibious (am-fib'i-us), adj. 
having the power of living both on 
land and in water, 
am-phi-bracli (am'fi-brak), n. a 
foot of three syllables, the middle 
long, the first and last short, 
am-phi-ox-tis (am-fi-ox'us), n. 
the name of the lancelet, a fish 
with a body tapering at both ends, 
the lowest in organization of the 
vertebrates. 

am-pbi-tbe-a-ter, -re (am-fi-the'- 
a-ter), n. a double theater; a 
theater with seats all round the 
arena ; a circus. 

am-pbor-a (am'for-a). n. [pi. am¬ 
phorae (-re)], a two-handled ves¬ 
sel of oblong shape, used by the 
ancients for holding wine, &c.; a 
Greek and Roman liquid measure, 
the former = 9 gals., the latter — 
6 gals. 


late, miir, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot, mo5n, 

cook ; mute, nut: thin, then. 







amp 


34 


ana 


am-ple (ara'pl), adj. full; large; 
abundant. 

am-pli-a-tive (am'pli-a-tiv), adj. 

enlarging; synthetic, 
am-pli-fi-ca-tion (am-pli-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act of amplifying 
or expanding; enlargement, 
amplify (am'pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. amplified, p.pr. amplifying], 
to make large: v.i. to speak or 
write diffusely ; expand. 

Syn. augment, develop, dilate, 
expand, extend, widen, enlarge. 

Ant. (see abbreviate), 
am-pli-tude (am'pli-tud), n. the 
angular distance of a celestial 
body at rising or setting from the 
eastern or western points of the 
horizon; an angle on which the 
value of some mathematical func¬ 
tion depends; the distance which 
a particle moves in performing a 
complete vibration, 
amply fam'pli) adv. in an ample 
manner; liberally, 
am pul la (am-pul'la), n. [pi. am¬ 
pullae (-le)], an ancient vessel 
which contained unguents for the 
bath ; a drinking vessel; a vessel 
for consecrated oil or chrism used 
in Church rites, and at the cor¬ 
onation of sovereigns, 
ampu tate (am'pu-tat), v.t. to 
lop off in pruning; to cut off a 
limb; dismember. 

am-pu-ta-tion (am-pu-ta'shun), 

n. a cutting off; the operation of 
cutting off a limb, 
amt (amt), n. the largest terri¬ 
torial administrative division of 
Norway and Denmark, 
amt-man. (-man), n [pi. -men], 
the principal executive official of 
an amt. 

a-muck (ff-muk'), adj. or adv. 
(used only in the phrase, to run 
amuck), running about armed, in 
a state of frenzy, attacking all 
that come in the way, or com¬ 
mitting indiscriminate slaughter, 
am-u-let (am'u-let), n. a charm 
worn to protect against evil; a 
talisman. 

a-mnse (a-muz'), v.t. to occupy 
the attention pleasantly ; beguile ; 
entertain; divert. 

amusement (a-nmz'ment), n. 
that which amuses; a pastime. 


•a-mu-sive-ly (a-mii'ziv-li), adv. in 
an amusive manner, 
a-myg-da-lin (fi-mig'dfi-lin), n. 
white crystalline substance ob¬ 
tained from the kernels of alm¬ 
onds. 

am-yl (am'il), n. the hypothetical 
alcohol radical of many chemical 
compounds. 

am y la ceous (am-i-la'shus), adj. 
starchy. 

am-y-lene (am'i-len), n. a hydro¬ 
carbon obtained by the removu- 
of water from amyl alcohol, 
a-myl-ic (a-mil'ik). adj. of or per¬ 
taining to amyl. 

an (an), indef. art. any; each. [An 
is properly an adj.. and is used 
before nouns of the singular num¬ 
ber only ; aJso before a wrnrd hav¬ 
ing an initial vow^el and silent h 
(See H). An has a distributive 
force in such expressions as “once 
an hour” ; “a dime an ounce.”] 
a-na (a'na), [pi anas ('naz)], a 
collection of notable sayings, liter¬ 
ary gossip, anecdotes, &c., as 
Shakesperiana, boxiana. 
an-acli-ron-ism (an-ak'ron-izm), 
n. an error in the order of time, 
hence any error in the misplace¬ 
ment of persons or events in point 
of time. 

an-ach-ron-is-tic (an-ak-ron-is'- 
tik), adj. out of date, 
an-a-con-da (an-a-kon'da), n. the 
specific name of a large South 
American boa, and loosely applied 
to any large snake wffiich crushes 
its prey. 

a-nad-ro -mous (a-nad'ro-mus), 
adj. ascending from the sea to 
fresh-wmter rivers to deposit spawm, 
as the salmon, &c.; tending up¬ 
wards : said of ferns, 
a-nae-mi-a, anemia (a-ne'mi-a), 
n. deficiency or low condition of 
the blood. 

an-aes-the-si-a, anesthesia (an- 

es-the'si-a), n. a condition of in¬ 
sensibility to pain, combined w r ith 
loss of the sense of touch, pro¬ 
duced by anaesthetics, 
anaesthetic. See anesthetic, 
an-a-glyph (an'a-glif), n. a work 
of-art carved in relief, as dis¬ 
tinguished from intaglio, 
an-a-glyph-ic (an'.a-glif'ik), or 
anaglyptic (-glip'tik), adj. re¬ 


late, mar, mask, cat, awd ; hS, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ana 


35 


ana 


lating to anaglyphs, or the art 
of decoration in relief, 
an-ag-ly-phy (an-ag'li-fi), n. the 
art of producing sculpture, or or¬ 
namentation, in relief, 
an-a-glyp-to-graph. (an-a-glip'td- 
graf), n. an instrument by which 
a medallion-engi’aving of any ob¬ 
ject in relief can be made, 
an-a-glyp-to-graphic (an-a-glip'- 
to-graf'ik), adj. relating to the 
production of engravings in relief, 
an-a-glyp-tog-ra-pliy (an-a-glip- 
tog'ra-fi), n. the art of reproduc¬ 
ing relief-work on paper 
an a gram (an'a-gram), n. a word 
or a sentence constructed out of 
another by the transposition of 
the letters contained in the sec¬ 
ond ; a word obtained by reading 
the letters of another word back¬ 
wards. 

an-a-gram-mat-ic (an-3-gram- 
mat'ik) or anagramniatical 

(ik-al), adj. relating to, or form¬ 
ing an anagram. 

a n-a-g r a m-ni a t-ie-al-ly ( -li ), 

adv. in the style of an anagram, 
an-a-gram-ma-tize (an-a-gram'- 
ma-tiz), v.t. to make into an ana¬ 
gram : v.i. to construct anagrams, 
a-aal (a'nal), adj. relating to the 
anus; situated near to the anal 
orifice. 

an-a-lect (an'a-lekt), n. [pi. ana¬ 
lects (-lekts) & analecta (-ta)], 
a passage or extract from a pub¬ 
lished work: pi. a collection of 
such extracts from different au¬ 
thors. 

am-a-lec-tic (an-a-lek'tik), adj. 
pertaining to, or composed of, se¬ 
lections from other works. o 
an-al-ge-si-a (an-al-je'si-a), n. 
the insensibility to pain in any 
part of the body. Called also an¬ 
algia. 

an-al-ges-ic (an-al-jes'ik), adj. 

that allays pain : n. an anodyne, 
analgetic (an-al-jet'ik), adj. 
pertaining to analgesia ; insensible 
to pain ; painless. . . 
an a log i cal (an-a-lojh-kal), adj. 
bearing reference; having relation 
or resemblance. 

an-a-log-i-cal-ly (-li), adv. by 
way of analogy. _ „ 
a-nal-o-gism (a-nal'd-jism), n. a 
reasoning from the cause to the 


effect; study and examination of 
matters and things by reference to 
their analogies. 

a-nal-o-gist (a-nal'd-jist), n. one 
who reasons from the standpoint 
of analogy. 

a-nal-o-gize (a-nal'o-jiz), v.t. to 
reason or expound by reference to 
analogy: v.i. to treat or investi¬ 
gate by use of analogy, 
analogous (a-nal'o-gus), adj. 
possessing points of analogy; 
linked by resemblance; similar, 
an a logue (an'a-log), n. an ob¬ 
ject which bears analogy to some¬ 
thing else; a part which corre¬ 
sponds with another in structure, 
function, or other relations, 
a-nal-o-gy (a-nal'6-ji), n. [pi. an¬ 
alogies (-jiz) ], agreement, resem¬ 
blance, or correspondence in rela¬ 
tions between different objects ; the 
inference as to general agreement 
which is derived from similarity in 
certain essential particulars ; equal¬ 
ity of mathematical ratios; con¬ 
formity of its parts to the gen¬ 
eral rules and structures of a lan¬ 
guage. 

Syn. affinity, likeness, resem¬ 
blance, similarity, relation, pro¬ 
portion, comparison. 

Ant. (see unlikeness), 
a-nal-y-sis (a-nal'i-sis), n. [pi. 
analyses (-sez)], the resolution 
of a compound into its constitu¬ 
ent parts; the method of deter¬ 
mining the nature of a compound 
by resolution into its constituent 
parts; the resolving of problems 
by reducing the conditions that 
are in them to equations; a 
synopsis. 

an-a-lyst (an'a-list), n. one who 
is skilled in analysis ; one skilled 
in the resolution of chemical com¬ 
pounds. 

analytic (an-a-lit'ik), or ana¬ 
lytical (-ik-al), adj. relating to, 
or characterized by, the method of 
analysis. 

an-a-lyt-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
the manner or by means of analy¬ 
sis. 

an-a-lyt-ics (an-a-lit'iks), n. pi. 

the science of analysis, 
an-a-ly-za-ble (an'&-li-za-bl), adj. 
capable of being resolved by, or 


late mar mask, cat. awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mo&n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











ana 


36 


anc 


that may be subjected to, analy¬ 
sis. 

analyze (an'a-liz), v.t. to sepa¬ 
rate or resolve; determine the nat¬ 
ure of a compound by resolution 
of its constituent parts, 
an-a-pest or anapaest (an'a-pest), 
n. a foot comprising two short 
syllables and one long syllable, 
an-a-plas-ty (an-a-plas'ti), n. 
the repairing of wounds by the 
transplantation of adjacent healthy 
tissue. 

an-ar-chic (an-iir'kik), or anar¬ 
chical (-al), adj. of or pertaining 
to anarchy, or the theory of an¬ 
archism. 

an-ar-cliism (an'ar-kizm), n. law¬ 
lessness ; confusion : anarchy ; the 
doctrines of the anarchists, 
an-ar-chist (an'ar-kist), n. one 
who supports or promotes a scheme 
for anarchy, or upholds anarchy 
as a social theory, 
an ar chy (an'ar-ki), n. non-exist¬ 
ence or incapability of govern¬ 
mental rule; a lawless condition 
of society ; the theory of individu¬ 
al liberty. 

anar throus (an-ar'thrus), adj. 
without the article; destitute of 
joints ; without articulated limbs, 
a-nas-tro-phe or anastrophy (a- 
nas'tro-fe), n. an inversion of the 
sequence of words in a sentence, 
as “echoed the hills,” for “the 
hills echoed.” 

a-nath-e-ma (a-nath'e-ma), n. 
[/>Z. anathemas (-maz)], the curse 
accompanying excommunication 
pronounced by a religious assem¬ 
bly or convocation ; an imprecation 
or curse; the thing or person held 
to be accursed. 

a - natli - e - nia - tize (a-nath'e-ma- 
tlz), v.t. to pronounce a decree of 
excommunication against: v.i. to 
curse. 

an-a-toin-ic-al (an-a-tom'ik-al), 
adj. relating to, or according to, 
the laws of anatomy, 
an-a-tom-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
an anatomical manner, 
anatomism (a-nat'o-mizm), n. 
anatomical analysis or structure; 
anatomy as the basis of life of 
organized bodies ; the explanation 
of vital phenomena by anatomical 


structure; the application of the 
principles of anatomy, as in art. 

a-nat-o-mist (a-nat'o-mist), n. 
one possessing a knowledge of 
anatomy derived from dissection. 

anatomize (a-nat'o-miz), v.t. to 
separate by dissection and exhibit 
the relative position and struct¬ 
ure of the parts of an animal or 
plant. 

a-nat-o-my (a-nat'o-mi), n. [pi. 
anatomies (-miz)], separation by 
dissection of the various parts of 
a body, with a view to the ex¬ 
amination and determination of 
their structure and relations; the 
art or science of dissection ; a de¬ 
scriptive account of the parts of 
an organic body; a withered or 
emaciated person. 

an-a-trip-sis (an-a-trip'sis), n. 

massage. 

an-ces-tor (an'ses-ter), n. a fore¬ 
father or progenitor, on the side 
of father or mother, from whom 
one is descended in direct line; 
one who held previous possession. 

an-ces-tral (an-ses'tral), adj. be¬ 
longing to, or connected with, 
one’s ancestors ; derived from one’s 
progenitors ; lineal. 

ancestress (an'ses-tres), n. a 
female ancestor. 

ancestry (an'ses-tri), n. the line 
of one’s descent traced from a 
period more or less remote; the 
personages comprising such line¬ 
age : lineage. 

an chor (ang'ker), n. an iron im¬ 
plement of varying form, but gen¬ 
erally having two curved and 
pointed arms terminating one end 
of a shank, to the other extremity 
of which is affixed a cable, used 
to secure a floating vessel to the 
bottom; that on which depend¬ 
ence is placed for security or sta¬ 
bility ; a metallic clamp securing 
a tie-rod connecting opposite walls : 
v.t. to affix by an anchor ; grapple ; 
hold fast. 

an - clior - ice (ang'ker-is), n. 
ground-ice. 

anchorage (ang'ker-aj), n. a 
suitable or customary place for 
the anchoring of vessels; the hold 
attained by an anchor; harbor- 
dues for anchorage in a port. 

an-clior-et (ang'kor-et) or an- 


late, mar, nffisk,.cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ane 


37 


ang 


chorite (-It), n. one who volun¬ 
tarily secludes himself from so¬ 
ciety and lives a solitary life de¬ 
voted to religious or philosophic 
meditation ; a recluse; a hermit, 
an-clio-vy (an-cho'vi), n. [pi. an¬ 
chovies (-viz)], a diminutive fish 
abounding in the Mediterranean, 
and especially esteemed for its pe¬ 
culiar flavor, used for pickling and 
as a sauce. 

ancient (an'shent), adj. of or 
pertaining to the early history of 
the world ; of past times or remote 
ages; of great age or antiquity: 
n. one who lived in ancient times; 
pi. the people of classic times; 
the Jewish elders; the governing 
body of an Inn or Court: n. for¬ 
merly a flag or ensign; a ship’s 
pennant. 

ancillary (an'sil-ar-i), adj. at¬ 
tendant upon ; accessory ; subser¬ 
vient. 

an-cip-i-tal (an-sip'i-tal), adj. 

two-edged and sharp, 
an-con (ang'kon), n. [pi. ancones 
(-ez)], the upper extremity of 
the forearm or ulna: the elbow; 
a bracket or projection for the 
support of a cornice, 
and (and), conj. the copulative 
joining words and sentences. And 
is sometimes used emphatically by 
way of contrast, as “there are ora¬ 
tors and orators,” i.e. two very 
different kinds. 

an-de-site (an'de-sit), n. a silicate 
of alumina, soda, and lime, 
and - i - rons (and'I-ernz), n.pl. 
metal standards used for open 
fires, to support the logs; fire- 
dogs. 

an-dro-ceph-a-lus (an-dro-sef'a- 
lus), adj. having a human head, 
as a sphinx, &c. 

an-drog-y-nons (an-droj'i-nous), 
adj. combining both sexes, or 
bearing both male and female 
organs ; hermapliroditical. 
an-dro-spliinx (an'dro-sfingks), 
n. a sphinx with the body of a 
lion and the head of a man. 
an-ec-do-tal (an'ek-do-tal), adj. 
relating to, or consisting of, anec¬ 
dotes. _ 

an-ec-dote (an'ek-dot), it. a brief 
narrative of an entertaining char¬ 
acter ; a terse and pithy account 


of some detached incident, chiefly 
personal or biographical, 
an-ec-dot-ic (an-ek-dot'ik) or an- 
ecdotical ('ik-al), adj. relating 
to anecdotes. 

an-ec-dot-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. by 
anecdotes. 

an-e-lec-tric (an-e-lek'trik), adj. 
without the properties of elec¬ 
tricity ; non-electric: n. a conduct¬ 
or in contradistinction to an in¬ 
sulator. 

an-e-lec-trode (an-e-lek'trod), n. 
the positive pole of a galvanic 
battery. 

a-ne-mi-a. See anhemia. 
anemograph (a-nem'o-graf), n. 
an instrument for registering the 
force or direction of the wind, 
an-e-mom-e-ter (an-e-mom'e-ter), 
n. a wind-gauge; an instrument 
which indicates the pressure of the 
wind. 

a-nem-o-ne (a-nem'o-ne), n. [pi. 
anemones (-nez)], the wind-flower 
or wood-anemone ; a sea-anemone, 
a marine zoophyte, 
a-nem-o-scope (a-nem'o-skop), n. 
an apparatus for exhibiting the 
direction of the wind, 
an-e-roid (an'e-roid), adj. having 
no liquid, as quicksilver: n. a ba¬ 
rometer shaped like a wrntch, the 
action depending on the varying 
pressure of the atmosphere on 
the top of an elastic metal box. 
an-es-the-si-a. See anaesthesia, 
an es thet ic or anaesthetic (an- 
es-thet'ik), adj. pertaining to loss 
of the sense of feeling: n. a drug 
which produces insensibility, 
an-aes-tlie-tize (an-es'the-tiz), v.t. 
to bring under the influence of an 
anaesthetic; render insensible to 
pain. 

an-en-rism (an'u-rizm), n. a local 
swelling or dilation of an artery 
at a point where the coat is 
thinned or weakened by disease, 
anew (a-nu'), adv. afresh; over 
again ; in a new manner or style, 
an-gel (an'jel), n. a messenger of 
God ; one of an order of .spiritual 
attendants who form a connection 
between heaven and earth, as 
from God to mankind : a spirit of 
evil, as a fallen angel; the pres¬ 
byter in the Early Christian 
Church residing in some particu¬ 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; miite, nut; thin, then. 










ong 


38 


ang 


lar city (Rev. ii. 8) ; an English 
gold coin, value about 10s., struck 
in the reign of Edward IV., and 
impressed with the figure of the 
archangel Michael, 
an-gel-fish (-fish), n. a species of 
shark with large pectoral fins, 
which give to it a winged appear¬ 
ance. 

an-gel-ic (an-jel'ik) or angelical 
('ik-al), adj. belonging to or re¬ 
sembling an angel in nature or 
function. 

an-ge-lus (an'je-lus), ft. a devo¬ 
tional exercise in commemoration 
of the Incarnation, during which 
the Ave Maria is twice repeated: 
said morning, noon, and night; 
the bell which is rung to announce 
the time of such devotions, 
anger (an'ger), ft. excessive 
emotion or passion aroused by a 
sense of injury or wrong; wrath : 
v.t. to provoke to resentment; ex¬ 
cite to wrath ; enrage. 

Syn. fury, eholer, ire, passion, 
offense, rage, wrath, temper, re¬ 
sentment, indignation. 

Ant. (see forbearance, love), 
an gi na (an-ji'na & an'ji-na), ft. 
an inflamed condition of the 
throat, as in quinsy, &c. 
an-gi-na pec-to-ris (pek'to-ris), 
ft. a muscular spasm of the chest, 
very often accompanied by an af¬ 
fection of the heart, and fre¬ 
quently fatal. 

an-gi-ol-o-gy (an-ji-ol'o-ji) * ft. 
that branch of anatomy which 
treats of the blood-vessels and 
lymphatics. 

an-gle (an'gl), ft. the inclosed 
space near the point wdiere two 
lines meet; a sharp or projecting 
corner; the inclination of two 
lines which meet at a point (the 
vertex). 

an-gle (an'gl), v.i. to fish with 
a hook and line: v.i. to fish for. 
an-gler (an'gler), n. one who 
fishes with rod and line; a pisca- 
tor; the name of a fish furnished 
with filamentary appendages, 
which By their movement attract 
smaller fish on which it feeds. 
Also called fishing-frog and sea- 
devil. 

an-gli-ean (an'gli-kan), ad), per¬ 
taining to England as a nation; 


pertaining to the Church of Eng¬ 
land and churches in other coun¬ 
tries in accord with it, and (popu¬ 
larly) to the High or Ritualistic 
section of the Anglican Church: 
ft. a member of the Anglican 
Church ; a Ritualist, 
an-gli-can-isin (an'gli-kan-izm), 
ft. the principles and ritual of the 
Anglican Church. 

an-gli-ce (an'gli-se). adv. ac¬ 
cording to the English language 
or manner. 

an-gli-cism (an'gli-sizm), n. a 
form of speech; a principle or 
mannerism peculiar to England, 
anglicise (an'gli-siz), v.t. to 
make or to render into English ; 
accord with English manners and 
customs. 

an-gling (an'gling), ft. the pis¬ 
catorial art; the act of fishing 
with rod and line. 
An-glo-A-mer-i-can (an'glo-a- 
mer'i-kan), ad), pertaining to 
England and the United States 
conjointly, as to commerce or 
population: n. an American citi¬ 
zen of English descent. 
An-glo-ma-nia (an-glo-man'i-a), 
ft. a predilection carried to excess 
for everything that is English, in 
the sense of being peculiar to Eng¬ 
land. 

Anglophobia (-fo'bi-a), ft. an 
intense aversion for or fear of 
everything English. 
An-glo-Sax-on (-saks'un), ad). 
pertaining to the Saxon settlers 
in England prior to the Conquest, 
or to their language: ft. one of the 
Saxon settlers in England as dis¬ 
tinguished from those on the Con¬ 
tinent: pi. the English race, 
an-go-ra (an-go'ra), n. cloth 
made from Angora-wool, 
an-go-ra-cat (-kat), ft. a cat of 
the domestic kind with long hand¬ 
some hair. 

an-go-ra-wool (-wool), ft. the 
coat of the Angora goat, much 
esteemed for its long silky hair, 
an-gos-tu-ral-bark (an-gos-tu'- 
ra-bark), n. a bitter aromatic 
bark used for medicinal purooses. 
angry (an'gri), adj. inflamed 
with anger; provoked; feeling 
resentment; wrathful; showing 
anger ; fierce ; inflamed. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: ‘he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










•ng 


39 


anl 


angrily ('gri-li), adv. in an 
angry manner. 

an-gri-ness (-ness), n. the state 
of being angry. 

an-guish (an'gwish), n. intense 
pain or grief; acute suffering, 
bodily or mental. 

angular (an'gu-lar). adj. pos¬ 
sessing an angle or angles; sharp, 
bent, or cornered; pointed, or full 
of points. 

an-gu-lar-i-ty (an-gu-lar'i-ti), n. 
[pi. angularities (-tiz) ], the 
quality of being angular in any 
sense. 

an-gu-late (an'gu-lat), adj. con¬ 
structed of angles; having the 
form of an angle. 

an-gus-tate (an-gus'tat), adj. 
narrow at the base and expanded 
at the top. 

an-hy-dride (an-hl'drid), n. an 
oxygen compound formed by sub¬ 
stituting an- acid radical for the 
whole of the hydrogen in one or 
two molecules of water, 
anhydrite (an-hi'drit), n. anhy¬ 
drous sulphate of lime, 
an-hy-drous (an-hl'drus), adj. 
without water; applied to miner¬ 
als in which the water of crystal¬ 
lization is not present, 
an-il (an'il), n. the indigo plant, 
an-ile (an'il & 'll), adj. resem¬ 
bling an old woman; aged; old- 
womanish. 

an-i-line (an'i-lin), n. a base used 
in the formation of many rich 
dyes obtained from coal-tar, but 
more extensively from benzole: 
adj. of or pertaining to aniline, 
an-il-ism (an'il-izm), n. aniline 
poisoning, caused by the inhala¬ 
tion of aniline vapors, 
a-nil-i-ty (a-nil'i-ti) , n. the state 
of being anile; a condition of 
dotage. 

a n-i-m a d-v e r-s ion (an-i-mad 
ver'shun), n. the act of observ¬ 
ing ; capacity for perception ; cen¬ 
sure ; criticism ; stricture, 
a n-i-m a d-v e r-s i v e (an-i-mad- 
ver'siv), adj. possessing the fac¬ 
ulty of observation, 
an i mad vert (an-i-mad-vert'), 
r.i. to give the mind to ; pass com¬ 
ment or stricture upon ; criticise, 
an-i-mal (an'i-mal), n. an organ¬ 
ized living body, sentient, mo¬ 


bile, and locomotive; an inferior 
being; a brute: adj. of or belong¬ 
ing to animals. 

Syn. beast, brute, fauna, living 
creature, sentient being, living 
organism. 

Ant. (see vegetable, spirit), 
a n-i-m a 1-mag-net-ism (an'i- 
mal-mag'net-izm). n. another 
name for mesmerism, 
a n-i-m a 1-c u-1 a r (an-i-mal'ku- 
lar) or animalculine (-II 11 ), 
adj. of or relating to animalcules 
an-i mal-cule (an-i-mal'kul), n. 
one of a class of minute or micro¬ 
scopic organisms abounding in 
water and infusions; an infuso¬ 
rian. 

a n-i-m a 1-c n-1 i s t (an-i-mal'ku- 
list), n. a specialist of animal¬ 
cules. 

a n-i-m a 1-c u-1 um (an-i-mal'ku- 
lum), n. [pi. animalcula (-la)], 
a minute organism; an animal¬ 
cule. 

an-i-ma-li-a (an'i-ma-li-a), n.pl. 

the animal kingdom, 
an-i-mal-ism (an'i-mal-izm), n. 
the state of being animal, or actu¬ 
ated by animal instincts or appe¬ 
tites ; the theory which regards 
mankind as merely animal; sen¬ 
suality. 

an-i-mal-is-tic (an-i-mal-is'tik), 
adj. characterized by animal or 
sensual instincts. 

an-i-mal-i-ty (an-i-mal'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being an 
animal,' or possessing animal 
characteristics. 

an-i-mal-i-za-tion (an-i-mal-i-za'- 
shun), n. the act of making ani¬ 
mal ; the process of becoming 
bestial. 

an-i-mal-ize (an'i-mal-iz), v.t. to 
make animal; impart animal life, 
form, and attributes; sensualize 
or bestialize; convert into animal 
substance by assimilation, 
an i mate (dn'i-mat), v.t. to im¬ 
part life to; to inspire with en¬ 
ergy or action ; enliven: adj. en¬ 
dowed with animal life; full of 
spirit and vigor. 

an-i-ma-ting-ly (an'i-ma-ting-li). 
adv. so as to enliven or excite 
feeling. 

an-i-ma-tion (an'i-ma'shun), n. 
the act of giving life or spirit; 


late, mar, mask cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mdr.n. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 










am 


40 


arm 


the state of being animated; vi¬ 
vacity. 

an i-ma-tive (an'i-ma-tiv), adj. 
that has power to impart life or 
spirit. 

an i-mism (an'i-mizm), n. the 
theory of the existence of an im¬ 
material principle or force insep¬ 
arable from matter to which all 
life and action are attributable, 
an-i-nios-i-ty (an-i-mos'i-ti) , n. 
[pi. animosities (-tiz) ], hostility; 
hatred ; active enmity. 

an-i-mus (an'i-mus), n. a hostile 
spirit, or purpose ; hostility. 
an-i -021 (an'i-on), n. the element 
in a body decomposed by voltaic 
action, which is evolved at the 
positive pole or anode, 
an-ise (an'is), n. the common 
name for a plant (indigenous in 
Egypt) yielding the aniseed of 
commerce. 

ankle (ang'kl), n. the joint or 
articulation connecting the foot 
with the leg. 

anklet (ang'klet), n. a diminu¬ 
tive ankle; an ornament or sup¬ 
port for the ankle; a fetter or 
shackle. 

an-ky-lose (ang'ki-los), v.t. to 
consolidate or join by bony 
growth; stiffen as a joint: v.i. 
to grow together; become stiff, 
an-ky-lo-sis (ang'ki-lo-sis), n. 
the joining or consolidation of 
parts formerly or normally sep¬ 
arate or movable by means of 
bony growth. 

an-ky-lot-ic (ang-ki-lot'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of 
ankylosis. 

annalist (an'al-ist), n. a com¬ 
piler of annals. 

an nals (an'alz), n.pl. a descrip¬ 
tion, history, or chronicle issued 
from time to time, and comprising 
the events of each year in order 
of sequence; chronicles, 
anneal (an-nel), v.t. to heat or 
fix by heat; temper and render 
malleable ; bake or fuse, 
an-nea-ling (an-ne'ling), n. the 
process of tempering, baking, fus¬ 
ing, or fixing. 

an nex (an-neks'). v.t. to add or 
affix at the end; subjoin or con¬ 
nect; purloin: n. (an-neks' & an'- 


neks), that which is added; an 
addition. 

an-nex-a-tion (an-eks-a'shun), n. 
the act of annexing ; that which is 
annexed. 

an-nex-a-tion-ist (an-eks-a'sliun 
ist), n. an advocate for, or pro¬ 
moter of, annexation, 
an-ni-hi-la-ble (an-ni'hi-la-bl), 
adj. capable of annihilation, 
an-ni-lii-late (an-ni'hi-lat). v.t. 
to reduce to nothing; wipe out of 
existence; destroy, 
an - ni - hi - la - tion (an-ni-hi-la'- 

shun), n. the act of annihilating; 
non-existence. • 

an-ni-hi-la-tion-ist (an-nl-hi-la'- 

shun-ist), n. one who believes that 
eternal punishment consists of an¬ 
nihilation. 

an-ni-ver-sa-ry (an-i-ver'sa-ri), 

n. [pi. anniversaries (-riz)], the 
recurrence in each year of the date 
of an event; the annual commem¬ 
oration of an event: adj. recurring 
once in every twelve months; 
yearly. 

an-no-tate (an'o-tat), v.t. to mark 
or note by way of explanation or 
criticism, as a book, 
an-no-ta-tion (an-o-ta'sliun), n. 
the act of noting or commenting 
upon ; a note, remark, or criticism 
made in a book. 

an-no-ta-tor (an'o ta-ter) , n. one 
who annotates or writes remarks 
by way of comment or criticism 
upon the works of authors, 
announce (an-nouns'), v.t. to 
proclaim or make known, form¬ 
ally, or in a public manner; pro¬ 
nounce by judicial sentence; pro¬ 
claim. 

an - nounce - nient (an-nouns'- 
ment), n. the act of announcing; 
that which is announced ; a procla¬ 
mation. * 

an noy (an-noi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
-ed, p.pr. -ing], to vex or trouble 
by repeated acts; harass or dis¬ 
compose by petty injury or oppo¬ 
sition : v.i. to be troubled, vexed : 
n. the feeling of discomfort caused 
by an injury or vexation, 
an noy ance (an-noi'ans), n. the 
act of annoying or causing vexa¬ 
tion ; the state of being annoyed; 
the thing or act which annoys. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 








ann 


41 


ant 


an-noy-ing-ly (an-noi'ing-li), adv. 

in a vexatious manner, 
annual (an'u-fil), adj. once in 
twelve months; yearly; of or be¬ 
longing to a year; published once 
a year; completed in a year; last¬ 
ing or living only for a year or 
season, as an annual plant: n. an 
anniversary mass said for a de¬ 
ceased person; the fee paid for 
such a mass. 

annually (-li), adv. yearly; 
happening, returning, or completed 
year by year. 

an-nu-i tant (an-nu'i-tant), n. one 
who is in receipt of, or is entitled 
to receive, an annuity, 
an-nu-i-ty (an-nu'i-ti), n. [pi. an¬ 
nuities (-tiz) ], the payment of a 
sum of money by periodical or 
yearly installments, 
an nul (an-nub), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
annulled, p.pr. annulling], to make 
void, abolish, or obliterate, as a 
law, decree, or compact, 
annular (an'u-lar), adj. ring¬ 
like ; in the form of a ring or 
annulus : n. the ring of light sur¬ 
rounding the moon’s body in an 
annular eclipse of tlie sun. 
an-nu-late (an'u-lat). adj. ringed; 

having ring-like bands or circles, 
an-nu-la-tion (an-u-la'shun), n. 

a ring-like formation, 
an-nu-let (an'u-let), n. a little 
ring; a small fillet encircling a 
column. 

annulment (an-nubment), n. 
the act of reducing to nothing; 
abolition ; invalidation, 
an-nu-lo-sa (an-u-16'sa), n. the 
annulose animals, as crustaceans, 
insects, worms. 

an-nu-lose (an'u-los), adj. com¬ 
posed of a succession of rings, 
an nun ci ate (an-nun'si-at), v.t. 
to make known officially or pub¬ 
licly ; announce. 

an-nun-ci-a-tion (an-nun-si-a/- 
shun), n. the act of annunciating. 
An-nun-ci-a-tion (an-nun-si-a'- 
shun), n. the Church festival 
(Lady-day, Mar. 25) commemo¬ 
rating the intimation of the Incar¬ 
nation made by the angel Gabriel 
to the Virgin Mary (Luke i. 2S- 
33). 

an-nun-ci-a-tor (an-nun'shi-a- 
ter), n. a signaling apparatus; an 


indicator used in hotels, and con¬ 
nected with the bells and tele¬ 
phones, to show in which room at¬ 
tendance is required, 
an-ode (an'od), n. the path of the 
electric current from the positive 
to the negative pole; the positive 
pole. 

an-o-dyne (an'o-dln), adj. assuag¬ 
ing pain : n. a drug which relieves 
pain. 

anoint (a-noint'), v.t. to pour 
oil upon, in a religious ceremony; 
consecrate. 

a-nom-a-lis-tic (a-nom-a-lis'tik), 
adj. pertaining to the anomaly or 
angular distance of a planet from 
its perihelion. 

a-nom-a-lous (a-nom'a-lus), adj. 
deviating from the common order; 
abnormal. 

a-nom-a-ly (a-nom'a-li), n. devia¬ 
tion from the natural order; the 
angular distance of a planet from 
its perihelion. 

a - non (a-non'), adv. soon; 

straightway ; again, 
an-o-nym (an'o-nim), n. a per¬ 
son who remains nameless; a 
pseudonym. 

an-o-nym-i-ty (an-o-nim'i-ty), n. 

the state of being anonymous, 
a-non-y-mous (a-non'i-mus), adj. 
bearing no author’s name; name¬ 
less. 

a-noth-er (a-nuth'er), adj. & pron. 
one more; not the same; any 
other; any or some one else, 
anserine (an'ser-In), adj. re¬ 
lating to or resembling a goose; 
stupid as a goose, 
an-swer (an'ser), v.t. to swear in 
opposition to; to reply to a 
charge: n. a counterstatement; a 
response or rejoinder; a reply to 
a charge; a solution, as of a 
mathematical problem, 
an-swer-a-ble (an'ser-a-bl), adj. 

liable to give answer; responsible 
ant (ant), n. a small social insect 
of the liymenopterous order, 
ant-bear ('bar), n. the name 
sometimes given (from its like¬ 
ness to a bear) to the great ant- 
eater of America; the Cape ant- 
eater of South Africa, 
ant-ea-ter ('e-ter), n. the name 
applied to a group of quadrupeds 
which feed upon ants. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ant 


42 


ant 


ant-li-on ('li-un), n. a neuropter- 
ous insect whose larva constructs 
a pitfall for ants and other in¬ 
sects. 

ant-ac-id (ant-as'id), adj. counter¬ 
acting acidity : n. a medicine which 
counteracts the formation of acids 
in the system. 

an tag o nism (an-tag'o-nizm), n. 
the active opposition of two oppo¬ 
nents or opposing forces ; hostility, 
antagonist (an-tag'o-nist), n. a 
competitor in any sphere of ac¬ 
tion ; an opponent, 
an - tag - o - nis - tic (an-tag-o-nis'- 
tilc). adj. acting in opposition ; op¬ 
posed. 

an-tag-o-nis-tic-al-ly (-al-li), 

adv. in rivalry or opposition, 
an-tag-o-nize (an-tag'o-niz), v.t. 
to oppose; hinder; counteract; 
contend against; compete with: 
v.i. to act in opposition ; neutral¬ 
ize. 

ant-arc-tic (ant-ark'tik), adj. op¬ 
posite to arctic; pertaining to the 
south-polar regions ; southern, 
an-te-cede (an-te-sed'), v.t. to 
precede or go before in time or 
space. 

an-te-ce-dence (an-te-se'dens), or 
antecedency ('den-si), n. preced¬ 
ence ; the act or state of going 
before; priority. 

an-te-ce-dent (an-te-se'dent), adj. 
preceding: n. the substantive or 
noun to which a relative or other 
pronoun refers ; the part of a con¬ 
ditional proposition upon which 
the other depends : pi. the previous 
events of a person’s life, 
an-te-ce-dent-ly (-li), adv. at a 
time preceding. 

an-te-ces-sor (an-te-ses'er), n. 

one who goes before (in office), 
a n-t e-c h a m-b e r (an'te-cham- 
ber), n. an apartment next the 
principal room, where persons 
wait for audience: an outer room, 
an-te-date (an'te-dat), v.t. to 
carry back to an earlier period; 
anticipate: n. a date earlier than 
the actual date. 

an-te-di-lu-vi-an (an-te-di-lu'vi- 
an), adj. of or pertaining to the 
world before the Flood; belong¬ 
ing to very ancient times; anti¬ 
quated : n. one who lived before 
the Flood. 


an-te-lope (an'te-lop), n. the 
name given to numerous species 
of deer-like ruminants, intermedi¬ 
ate between the deer and the goat, 
with cylindrical ringed horns, 
an te-me-rid-i-an (an-te-me-rid'- 
i-an), adj. preceding noon, 
ant-e-met-ic (ant-e-met'ik), adj. 
allaying vomiting: n. a medicine 
possessing this property, 
a n-t e-m u n-d a n e (an-te-mun'- 
dan), adj. before the creation of 
the world. 

an-te-na-tal (an-te-na'tal), adj. 
before birth. 

an-ten-na (an-ten'a), n. [pi. an¬ 
tennae ('e)], the jointed horns or 
feelers upon the heads of insects 
and Crustacea. 

antenuptial (an-te-nup'shal), 

adj. before marriage, 
an-te-pas-chal (an-te-pas'kal), 
adj. before Easter; preceding the 
Jewish Passover. 

an-te-pe-nult (an-te-pe-nult') or 
antepenultima (an-te-pe-nul'- 
ti-ma), n. the last syllable but 
two of a word. 

an-te-pe-nul-ti-mate (an-te-pe- 

nul'ti-mat), adj. pertaining to the 
last but two: n. that which is last 
but two. 

an-te-pran-di-al (an-te-pran'di- 

al), adj. before dinner, 
an-ter-i-or (an-ter'i-er), adj. 

more to the front; former, 
an-ter-i-or-i-ty (an-ter-i-or'i-ti), 
n. the quality of being anterior, 
especially in order of time; prior¬ 
ity. 

an-te-room (an'te-room), n. a 
room before, or forming an en¬ 
trance to, another; an antecham¬ 
ber. 

an-te-tem-ple (an'te-tem-pl), ft. 
the portico of an ancient temple 
or church ; the narthex. 
ant-he-li-on (ant-he'- or an-the'- 
li-on), n. [pi. anthelia (-a)], a 
halo or a colored ring or rings, 
opposite the sun, formed around 
the shadow of the head of the ob¬ 
server, as projected on a cloud or 
moist surface. 

an them (an'them) , n. a composi¬ 
tion from tbe Scriptures or lit¬ 
urgy set to sacred music, 
an-ther (an'ther), n. the summit 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






ant 


43 


ant 


of the stamen of a flower contain¬ 
ing the pollen or fertilizing dust, 
an-ther-oid (an'ther-oid), adj. 

having the form of an anther, 
a n-t li o-c a r-p o u s (an-tho-kar'- 
pus), adj. having a fruit formed 
from the ovaries of several flow¬ 
ers, as the pineapple, 
an-thog-ra-phy (an-thog'ra-fi), 
n. the scientific description of 
flowers. 

a n-t h o-l o g-i-c a 1 (an-tho-loj'i- 
kal), adj. pertaining to an an¬ 
thology ; consisting of beautiful 
extracts, more especially of those 
from the poets. 

anthologist (an-thol'o-jist), n. 

one who compiles an anthology, 
an-tliol-o-gy (an-thol'o-ji), n. a 
collection of choice poems, epi¬ 
grams, and fugitive pieces by 
various authors ; a hymnal, 
an-thra-cene (an'thra-sen), n. a 
complex hydrocarbon obtained 
from coal-tar; paranaphthalin. 
an-thra-cite (an'thra-slt), n. a 
non-bituminous coal which burns 
without smoke ; blind-coal; glance- 
coal ; stone-coal; hard-coal, 
an-thra-cit-ic (an-thra-sit'ik), 
adj. resembling, or of the nature 
of, anthracite. 

anthrax (an'thraks), n. [/>?. 
anthraces (-sez)], a carbuncle, or 
malignant boil; the splenic fever 
of sheep and cattle, caused by the 
presence of a bacillus in the 
blood and tissues; the carbuncular 
disease caused in man by inocu¬ 
lation from affected sheep and 
cattle. ' 

an-thr o-pog-ra-phy (an-thro- 
pog'ra-fi), n. that branch of an¬ 
thropology which treats of the 
actual geographical distribution 
of the human race, and the local 
variations of its different divi¬ 
sions. 

anthropoid (an'thro-poid), adj. 
resembling man: n. one of the 
higher apes resembling man. 
An-thro-poi-de-a (an-thro-poi'- 
de-a), n.pl. a sub-order of pri¬ 
mate mammals, including man, 
the apes, and monkeys, 
an-thro-po-log-i-cal (an-tliro-po- 
loj'i-kal), adj. relating to an an¬ 
thropology. 

an thro-pol-o-gist (an-thro-pol'- 


o-jist), n. a student of anthro¬ 
pology. 

an-thro-pol-o-gy (an'thro-poko- 
ji), n. the science of man, consid¬ 
ered zoologically or ethnographic- 
ally. 

an-thro-po-met-ric (an-thro-po- 
met'rik), adj. relating to the 
measurement or proportions of the 
human body. 

an-thro-po-met-ric-al-ly (-al-li), 

adv. in an anthropological man¬ 
ner, or by means of anthropom¬ 
etry. 

an-thro-pom-e-try (an-thro-pom'- 
e-tri), n. the measurement of the 
human body; the department of 
anthropology relating to such 
measurement of persons at vari¬ 
ous ages, and in different tribes, 
races, occupations, &c. 
an-thro-po-mor-phic (an-thro- 
po-mor'fik), adj. characterized by 
anthropomorphism; resembling 
man. 

an-thro-po-mor-phism (an-thro- 
po-mor-fizm), n. the ascription of 
a human form and attributes to 
the Deity, or to supernatural 
beings. 

an-thro-poph-a-gi (an-thr5-pof'- 
a-ji), n.pl. maneaters; cannibals, 
anthropophagous (an-thro- 
pof'a-gus), adj. feeding on human 
flesh. 

an-tic (an'tik), adj. grotesque: n. 
a clown; a trick; a grotesque 
gesture. 

An-ti-christ (an'ti-krist), n. an 
opponent of Christ, especially the 
great personal opponent expected 
to appear before the end of the 
world [I John ii. 22]. 
a n-t i-c hr i s-t i a n (an-ti-kris'- 
chan), n. one who is an opponent 
of the Christian religion: adj. 
pertaining to Antichristopposed 
to the Christian religion, 
an-tic-i-pant (an-tis'i-pant), adj. 
that which operates beforehand: 
n. one who looks forward, 
an-tic-i-pate (an-tis'i-pat), v.t. 
to take beforehand; use in ad¬ 
vance ; look for as certain; deal 
with beforehand: v.i. to treat of 
something before the proper time. 

Syn. apprehend, expect, hope, 
forecast, foretaste. 

Ant. (see distrust). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ant 


44 


ant 


a n-t i c-i-p a-t i o li (an-tis-i-pa'- 
shun), n. the act of taking before¬ 
hand ; expectation ; hope ; precon¬ 
ception. 

an-tic-i-pa-tive (an-tis'i-pa-tiv), 
or anticipatory (-to-ri), adj. 
taking beforehand; anticipating, 
an-ti-cli-max (an'ti-kli-maks), n. 
a ludicrous descent in thought and 
expression ; bathos, 
an-ti-cy-clone (an'ti-sl-klon), n. a 
meteorological condition in which 
the ordinary features of a cyclone 
are reversed, i.e. the winds, which 
are light, flow from instead of to¬ 
wards the center. 

an-ti-cy-clon-ic (an-ti-sl-klon'ik), 
adj. pertaining to an anticyclone, 
an-ti-do-tal (an'ti-do-tal), adj. 
of the nature or quality of an an¬ 
tidote. 

an-ti-do-tal-ly (-li), adv. in the 
manner of an antidote, 
an-ti-dote (an'ti-dot), n. a sub¬ 
stance w’hich acts medicinally as 
a counteractive to the effects of 
poison or disease; that which an¬ 
nuls or tends to prevent the evil 
effects of anything else; a remedy, 
an-ti-fat (an'ti-fat), adj. avail¬ 
able for preventing or reducing 
fatness: n. a remedy against fat¬ 
ness. 

an-ti-feb-rile (an-ti-feb'ril), adj. 
capable of allaying fever: n. a 
fever medicine or antipyretic, 
an-ti-feb-rine (an-ti-feb'rin), n. 
acetanilide, used in medicine as an 
antipyretic. 

an-ti-mask (an'ti-mask), n. a 
species of drollery introduced as 
interlude between acts of more 
serious nature. Written also an¬ 
timasque. 

an-ti-ma-son-ic (an-ti-ma-son'- 
ik), adj. opposed to the principles 
of freemasonry. 

an-ti-mo-nar-chi-cal (an-ti-mo- 

nar'ki-kal), adj. opposed to mon¬ 
archy. 

an-ti-mo-ni-al (an-ti-mo'ni-al), 

adj. pertaining to antimony ; com¬ 
posed of, or possessing the quali¬ 
ties of, antimony. 

an-ti-mo-ni-ate (an-ti-mo'ni-at), 
n. a salt of antimonic acid, 
an-ti-mon-ic (an-ti-mon'ik), or 
antimonious (an-ti-mo'ni-us), 


adj. relating to, composed of, or 
obtained from antimony, 
an-ti-mo-nite (an'ti-mo-nit), n. 

native sulphide of antimony, 
antimony (an'ti-mo-ni), n. a 
white lustrous metal, entering 
largely into medicinal preparations 
and various important alloys, such 
as pewter and Britannia-metal. 
an-ti-no-mi-an-ism (an-ti-nd'mi- 
an-izm), n. the tenets of the An- 
tinomian sect. 

an-tin-o-my (an-tin'o-mi), n. [pi. 
antinomies (-miz)], the opposition 
of one law’ or part of a law to 
another. 

an-ti-par-al-lel (an-ti-par'a-lel), 

adj. running parallel, but in an 
opposite direction : n. one of two 
or more lines making equal angles 
with tw’o other lines, but in con¬ 
trary order. 

an-ti-pa-thet-ic (an-ti-pa-thet'ik), 
or antipathetical ('i-kal), adj. 
possessing a natural antipathy or 
aversion [with to], 
antipathic (an-ti-path'ik), adj. 
pertaining to antipathy ; adverse ; 
opposite. 

an-tip-a-thy (an-tip'a-thi), n. [pi. 
antipathies (-thiz)], natural aver¬ 
sion ; an instinctive dislike; the 
object of aversion (followed in 
composition by to, against, be¬ 
tween, and for). 

Syn. aversion, dislike, distaste, 
hatred, hostility, repulsion, repug¬ 
nance, antagonism. 

Ant. (see atcraction). 
an-ti-pe-ri-od-ic (an-ti-pe-ri-od'- 
ik), adj. preventive of return in 
periodic or intermittent diseases: 
n. a medicine for periodic diseases, 
antiphlogistic (an-ti-flo-jis'- 
tik), adj. efficacious in counter¬ 
acting fever or inflammation: n. 
any remedy which serves to check 
inflammatory symptoms, 
an-ti-phon (an'ti-fon), or anti¬ 
phone (-fon), n. a chant or hymn 
rendered alternately by two choirs, 
as in English cathedral services, 
an-tiph-o-nal (an-tif'o-nal), adj. 
characterized by antiphony or re¬ 
sponsive singing: n. a collection of 
antiphons. 

an-tiph-o-nar-y (an-tif'o-nhr-i), 
n. [pi. antiphonaries (-iz) ], a 
book of responses used in the serv- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








ant 


45 


ant 


ices: adj. antiphonal, or respon¬ 
sive. 

an-ti-pho-net-ic (an-ti-fo-net'ik), 
adj. similar in sound ; applied to 
words which rhyme, 
an-tiph-o-ny (an-tif'o-ni), n. [pi. 
antiphonies (-niz)], the alternate 
or responsive rendering of psalms 
or chants by a dual choir; a musi¬ 
cal setting of sacred verses ar¬ 
ranged for alternate singing, 
an-tiph-ra-sis (an-tif'ra-sis), n. 
the employment of a word, or 
words, in a sense contrary to its, 
or their, true meaning, 
an-tip-o-dal (an-tip'o-dal), adj. 
pertaining to the antipodes; oppo¬ 
site or extreme. 

an-ti-pode (an'ti-pod), n. [pi. an¬ 
tipodes (an-tip'o-dez) ], one who 
resides on the opposite side of the 
earth; that which is directly oppo¬ 
site to another. 

antipodean (an-tip-o-de'an), 
adj. belonging to the antipodes : n. 
one who resides on the opposite 
side of the earth. 

an-tip-o-des (an-tip'o-dez), n.pl. 
those who, residing at opposite 
sides of the globe, have their feet 
directly opposed ; the two portions 
of the earth’s surface which are 
exactly opposite to each other; the 
direct opposite of a person or 
thing. 

an-ti-py-ret-ic (an-ti-pl-ret'ik), 

adj. preventive of, or remedial to. 
fever: n. a remedy of such nature, 
an-ti-py-rin (an-ti-pi'rin), n. a 
drug, obtained from coal-tar, em¬ 
ployed for the relief of neuralgia, 
nervous headaches, and reduction 
of heat in fevers. 

an-ti-quar-i-an (an-tl-kwar'i-an), 
adj. pertaining to antiquaries or to 
antiquity : n. an antiquary, 
an-ti-quar-i-an-ism (an-ti-kwar'i- 
Sn-izm), n. the attachment to 
what is old or antiquated which 
characterizes the antiquary; the 
study or collecting of antiquities, 
an-ti-quar-y (an'ti-kwar-i), n. 
one who is attached to ancient 
things and is learned in their his¬ 
tory ; one who collects antiquities 
for the purpose of study, 
an-ti-qua-ted (an'ti-kwa-ted), 
p.adj. grown old; old-fashioned; 
obsolete ; ancient. 


antique (an-tek'), adj. of or be¬ 
longing to a former age ; ancient: 
n. something of great age; a relic 
of antiquity. 

Syn. ancient, quaint, old-fash¬ 
ioned, antiquated. 

Ant. (see modern, new), 
an-tique-ness (-nes), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being ancient, or having the 
appearance of antiquity, 
an-tiq-ui-ty (an-tik'wi-ti), n. [pi. 
antiquities (-tiz) ], great age; an¬ 
cientness ; early ages; the people 
or races of ancient times; that 
which belonged to, or survives 
from, ancient times; a relic, 
an-ti-scor-hu-tic (an-ti-skor-bu'- 
tik), adj. & n. counteractant or 
remedial to scurvy. 
an-ti-Sem-ite (an-ti-sem'It), n. 
one who favors the social and 
political persecution of Jews. 
an-ti-Sem-it-ic (an-ti-sem-it'ik), 
adj. pertaining to, or character¬ 
ized by, anti-Semitism. 
an-ti-Sem-it-ism (an-ti-sem'it- 
izm), n. antagonism to the Jewish 
race. 

an-ti-sep-sis (an-ti-sep'sis), n. the 
exclusion of bacteria from wounds, 
&c., by the use of antiseptics, 
antiseptic (an-ti-sep'tik), adj. 
destructive to the germs of dis¬ 
ease or putrefaction: n. a sub¬ 
stance that acts as a preventive to 
putrefaction. 

an-ti-sla-ver-y (an-ti-sla'ver-i), 

adj. opposed to slavery: n. opposi¬ 
tion to slavery. 

an-ti-spas-mod-ic (an-ti-spaz- 
mod'-ik), adj. counteractive to, or 
curative of, spasms: n. a medicine 
having such an effect, 
an-ti-sple-net-ie (an-ti-sple-net'- 
ik), adj. of use remedially in dis¬ 
eases of the spleen: n. a medi¬ 
cine for spleen diseases, 
an-tis-tro-plie (an-tis'tro-fe) , n. 
in the ancient Greek chorus, the 
alternating part immediately fol¬ 
lowing the strophe and sung in 
moving to the right, the strophe 
having been sung when moving 
to the left. 

an-tith-e-sis (an-tith'e-sis), n. [pi. 
antitheses (-sez)], opposition; 
contrast; expression by contrast 
or opposition of words or senti¬ 
ments. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lor; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









dOt 


46 


ape 


antithetic (an-ti-thet'ik), or 
an-ti-thet-ic-al (-&1), adj. per¬ 
taining to, of the nature of, or 
containing antithesis, 
antithetically (-li), adv. in 
the manner or by means of antith¬ 
esis. 

an-ti-tox-in (an-ti-toks'in), n. a 
serum used hypodermically as a 
preventive of, or cure for, diph¬ 
theria. 

anti-trade (an'ti-trad), n. a 
tropical wind blowing steadily in 
an opposite direction to the trade 
wind. 

an-ti-type (an'ti-tlp), n. that 
which preceded the type, and of 
which the type is the prefigure- 
ment or representation, 
an - ti - typ - i - cal (an-ti-tip'i-kal), 
adj. pertaining to, or of the nat¬ 
ure of, an antitype, 
an-ti-typ-i-cal-ly (-li), adv. by 
way of antitype. 

an-ti-zy-mot-ic (an-ti-zi-mot'ik), 
adj. preventing fermentation: n. 
the agent so used, 
ant-ler (ant'ler), n. the individual 
branches of a stag's horns; the 
horn in its complete condition, 
an-to-nym (an'to-nlm), n. a word 
opposed to another in meaning, 
tn-truin (an'trum), n. a sinus or 
cavity in a body. 

a-nus (a'nus), n. the terminal 
portion of the rectum ; the excre- 
mental orifice. 

anvil (an'vil), n. an iron block 
used for the hammering and shap¬ 
ing of metals. 

anx-i-e-ty (ang-zi'e-ti), n. [pi. 
anxieties (-tiz) ], a condition of 
mental uneasiness arising from 
fear or solicitude. 

Syn. concern, care, dread, fear, 
worry, trouble. 

Ant. (see ease, calmness), 
anx ious (ang'shus), adj. deeply 
concerned ; very solicitous ; appre¬ 
hensive. 

an-y (en'i), adj. & pron. one, inde¬ 
terminately, unlimited: some, an 
indefinite number, quantity, or de¬ 
gree: adj. one indefinitely; (pi.) 
some: pron. one; anyone; (pi.) 
some: adv. to any extent; at all; 
in any degree (used with compar¬ 
atives, as any better). 


anybody (-bod-i), n. any per¬ 
son ; some one of importance, 
an-y-how (-hou), adv. in any way 
or manner; in any case; at any 
rate. 

an-y-tliing (-thing), n. any ob¬ 
ject as distinguished from a per¬ 
son ; aught; with as or like, as 
“It rains like anything.” 
an-y-way (-wa), adv. in any man¬ 
ner. 

an-y-where (-hwar), adv. in any 

place. 

an-y-whith-er (-hwit7i'er), adv. 

to or towards any place, 
an-y-wise (-wiz), adv. in any way 
or manner; anyhow, 
a-or-ta (a-or'ta), n. [pi. aortm 
(-te) ], the chief artery or main 
trunk of the arterial system, open¬ 
ing from the left ventricle of the 
heart and supplying all parts of 
the body, excepting the lungs, with 
arterialized blood. 

a-or-tic (a-or'tik), adj. pertaining 
to the aorta. 

a-or-ti-tis (a-or-ti'tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of the aorta, 
a-ou-dad (a/u-dad), n. a sheep¬ 
like animal of North Africa, 
somewhat resembling the chamois, 
a-pace (a-pas'), adv. quickly; at 
a quick pace; speedily, 
a-part (a-part'), adv. separately; 
aside; asunder. 

a part ment (a-piirt'ment), n. a 
room or part of a divided build¬ 
ing : pi. a set or suite or two or 
more rooms of a house set apart 
as lodgings. 

apathetic (ap-a-thet'ik), or 
ap-a-thet-ic-al (-al), adj. devoid 
of, or insensible to, feeling or emo¬ 
tion. 

ap-a-thet-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 

an apathetical manner, 
ap-a-thy (ap'4-thi), n. [pi. apa¬ 
thies (-tliiz) ], lack of feeling; 
want of passion or emotion; in¬ 
difference. 

Syn. composure, indifference, 
lethargy, unconcern, sluggishness. 
Ant. (see agitation, anxiety), 
ap-a-tite (ap'a-tlt), n. a crystal¬ 
line phosphate of lime, 
ape (ap), n. a tailless monkey 
having teeth in number and ap¬ 
pearance as man; a silly mimic; 
a fool. The family of the apes 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, pbrcli, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 







ape 


47 


includes the gorilla, chimpanzee, 
orang-outang, &c.: v.t. to imitate 
servilely; mimic, as an ape. 
a-peak (a-pek'), adv. nearly ver¬ 
tical in position. 

a-p e r-i-e n t (a-per'i-ent), adj. 
gently laxative; opening the bow¬ 
els : n. a mild laxative medicine, 
a-pe-ri-od-ic (a-pe-ri-od'ik), adj. 

without periodicity, 
aperture (ap'er-tur), n. an 
opening; a perforation or pass¬ 
age ; the space between two inter¬ 
secting right lines; the diameter 
of the exposed part of the object- 
glass of a telescope or other opti¬ 
cal instrument. 

a-pet-a-lous (a-pet'a-lus), adj. 

without petals or corolla, 
a-pex (ii'peks), n. [pi. apices 
(ap'i-sez), & apexes (a'pek-sez) ], 
the point, tip, or summit of any¬ 
thing. 

a-pha-gi-a (arfa'ji-a), n. inability 
to swallow r . 

a-pha-si-a (a-fa'zi-a), n. loss of 
the pow'er of speech, or the appro¬ 
priate use of words, due to dis¬ 
ease or injury of the brain, 
a-phe-li-on (a-fe'li-on), n. [pi. 
aphelia (-a)], that point in the 
orbit of a planet or a comet 
which is farthest from the sun. 
aph-id (af'id), n. a plant-louse 
belonging to the genus Aphis, 
aph-i-des, pi. of Aphis, 
a-phid-i-an (a-fid'i-an), n. an 
aphid: adj. pertaining to the 
genus Aphis. 

A-phis (a/fis'i, n. [pi. Aphides 
(af'i-dez)], the genus of plant- 
suckers, to which the aphides be¬ 
long ; a member of the genus, 
aphorism (af'o-rizm), n. a con¬ 
cise and pithy statement of a rule 
or precept; a maxim, 
aph-thong (af'thong), n. a letter 
or letters not sounded in a w'ord. 
a-pi-a-ry (a'pi-a-ri), n. [pi. api¬ 
aries (-riz)], a place whSre bees 
are kept; a bee-house, 
a-piece (a-pes'), adv. to or for 
each ; each ; severally. 

Syn. separately, individually, 
each, severally. 

Ant. (see collectively, together). 
ap-ish (ap-ish), adj. resembling 
an ape in manners; foppish; 
foolish. 


apo 


a-plomb (a-plong'), n. self-pos¬ 
session ; assurance. 

A-poc-a-lypse (a-pok'a-lips), n. 
the last book of the New r Testa¬ 
ment. 

A-poc-a-lyp-tic (&-pok-&-lip'tik), 
or A-poc-a-lyp-tic-al ('tik-al i. 
adj. pertaining to or containing 
the Apocalypse. 

a-poc-o-pe (a-pok'e-pe), n. the 
cutting off or deletion of the fast 
letter or syllable of a word, 
a-poc-ry-pha (d-pok'ri-fa), n.pl. 
used as a sing, with pi. apocry- 
phas (-fiiz), a writing, or some¬ 
thing, of doubtful authorship; 
certain writings received by some 
Christians as an authentic part 
of the Holy Scriptures, but re¬ 
jected by others, as Ecclesiasticus. 
a-poc-ry-plial (fi-pok'ri-fal), adj. 
of doubtful authority; uncanon- 
ical; of or pertaining to the apoc¬ 
rypha. 

a-poc-ry-phal-ly (-li), adv. in an 
apocryphal manner; doubtfully, 
ap-od (ap'od). n. an animal with¬ 
out feet. 

a-pod-o-sis (a-pod'o-sis), n. the 
latter portion, or consequent 
clause, of a conditional sentence, 
ap-o-ge-an (ap-o-je'an), or apo- 
geic ('ik), adj. pertaining to the 
apogee. 

ap-o-gee (ap'o-je), n. that point 
in the orbit of a planet which is 
most distant from the earth, 
a-pol-o-get-ic (a-pol-o-jet'ik), or 
apologetical ('i-kal), adj. in 
the wmy of defense or apology, 
a-pol-o-get-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
an apologetic manner, 
a-pol-o-get-ics (a-pol-o-jet'iks), 
n. the defense and vindication of 
the principles and law's of the 
Christian belief. 

a-pol-o-gist (A-pol'o-jist), or 
apologize? (-ji-zer), n. one w T ho 
apologizes; one w r ho pleads in ex¬ 
tenuation or defense of the actions 
or principles of another, 
a-pol-o-gize (a-pol'o-jiz), v.i. to 
make an apology or excuse; to ex¬ 
press regret or make amends for 
anything said or done, on one’s 
ow r n behalf or that of another: 
v.t. to write a defense of; to de¬ 
fend. 

ap-o-logue (ap'o-log), n. a moral 


late, mar, mask, cat, awd ; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









apo 


apo 


48 


fable; a fiction or allegory em¬ 
bodying a moral application, as 
iEsop’s fables. 

a-pol-o-gy (a-pol'o-ji), n. [pi. 
apologies (-jiz)], a vindication or 
excuse; something spoken, writ¬ 
ten, or offered in defense or ex¬ 
tenuation ; an explanation by way 
of amends. 

Syn. excuse, acknowledgment, 
defense, justification, plea. 

Ant. (see censure), 
apophthegm. See apothegm, 
ap-o-plec-tic (ap-o-plek'tik), or 
apoplectical ('tik-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of, 
apoplexy ; afflicted with apoplexy, 
ap-o-plex-y (ap'o-plek-si), n. the 
sudden loss of consciousness and 
motive power, resulting from cere¬ 
bral rupture. 

a-port (a-port'), adv. on or to¬ 
wards the port or left side of a 
ship. 

a-pos-ta-sy (a-pos'ta-si), n. [pi. 
apostasies (-siz)], the forsaking or 
abandonment of what one has 
hitherto professed or adhered to, 
as faith, principles, or party, 
a-pos-tate (a-pos'tat), n. one who 
has forsaken or apostatized his 
faith or party; one who renounces 
his profession after having been 
in holy orders: adj. false; trait¬ 
orous ; renegade. 

ap-os-tat-i-cal (ap-os-tat'i-kal), 

adj. rebellious, in the manner of 
apostasy: apostate, 
a-pos-ta-tize (a-pos'ta-tlz), v.i. 
to abandon one’s faith, church, or 
party; change one’s religion for 
another. 

a pos-te-ri-o-ri (a pos-te-ri-o'ri), 
reasoning founded on observation 
of facts, effects, or consequences, 
by means of which the causes are 
reached. 

a-pos-tle (a-pos'l), n. one charged 
with a high mission ; one of the 
twelve persons specially selected 
by Christ to propagate His gospel 
(Luke vi. 13) ; one who performed 
apostolic functions, as St. Paul 
(I Cor. i. 1) ; the first missionary 
who plants the Christian faith in 
any region ; one who labors with 
special success as a moral or so¬ 
cial reformer. 

A-pos-tles’ Creed (kred), n. the 


shortest of the three creeds, so 
named as containing a summary 
of apostolical doctrine, 
a-pos-tle-spoon (-spodn), n. a 
spoon having a figure of one of 
the Apostles at the top of the 
handle. 

a-pos-to-late (a-pos'to-lat), n. 
apostlesliip (now restricted to the 
dignity or office of the Pope), 
a p-o s-t o 1-i c (ap-os-tol'ik), or 
apostolical (-'i-kal), adj. & n. 
of or pertaining to an apostle or 
apostles, and their age, doctrine, 
or practice; papal, 
ap-os-tol-ic-al suc ces sion (suk- 
sesh'un), n. the regular and unin¬ 
terrupted transmission of minis¬ 
terial authority by bishops from 
the Apostles. 

a-pos-tro-plie (a-pos'trd-fe), n. a 
breaking off in a speech to ad¬ 
dress directly a person or persons 
who may or may not be present; 
the omission from a word of one 
or more letters, such omission 
being indicated by the sign (’) ; 
the sign (’) so employed in writ¬ 
ing or printing. 

ap-o-stropli-ic (ap-o-strof'ik), 

adj. pertaining to, or of the na¬ 
ture of, an apostrophe, 
a-pos-tro-pliize (a-pos'tro-flz), 

v.t. to address by apostrophe; 
omit a letter or letters; mark an 
omission by the sign (’) : v.i. to 
make an apostrophe or short di¬ 
gressive address in speaking, 
a-poth-e-ca-ry (a-poth'e-ka-ri), n. 
[pi. apothecaries (-riz)], one who 
prepares and dispenses medicines 
and drugs for profit; one who is 
licensed to prescribe; a pharma¬ 
cist. 

a-poth-e-ca-ries’ weight (wat), 

n. the weight used for dispensing 
drugs, and comprising the pound 
(12 oz.), the ounce (8 drachms), 
the drachm (3 scruples), the 
scrupH (20 grs.), and the grain. 
ai>-o-thegm (ap'o-them), n. a 
pithy saying, embodying a whole¬ 
some truth or precept. Also spelt 
apophthegm. 

ap-o-the-o-sis (ap-o-the'6-sis), n. 
[pi. apotheoses (-sez)], deifica¬ 
tion ; the god-like personification 
bestowed upon deceased emperors 
under the Roman Empire; ex- 


late. miir, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let;JIne, tin; vote, porch, lo; * moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then 










apo 


49 


cessive honor paid to a distin¬ 
guished person ; canonization, 
ap-o-tlie-o-size (ap-6-the-d'siz), 
v.t. to exalt to the rank of a God; 
deify. 

ap-pal (ap-pawl'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
appalled, p.pr. appalling], to 
tright; depress or discourage by 
fear ; dismay ; terrify, 
ap-pal-ling (ap-paw'ling), p.adj. 

inspiring horror or dismay, 
ap-pa-ra-ttis (ap-a-ra'tus), n. 
sing. & pi. an outfit of tools, 
utensils, or instruments adapted 
to the. accomplishment of any 
branch of work, or for the per¬ 
formance of an experiment or 
operation; a set of such appli¬ 
ances ; a group or set of organs 
concerned in the performance of 
a single function, 
ap-par-el (a-par'el), n. clothing; 
vesture ; garb, or dress ; the equip¬ 
ment of a vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
appareled, p.pr. appareling], to 
clothe or adorn; furnish or fit 
out. 

a p-p a r-e n t (ap-par'ent), adj. 
open to view; capable of being 
readily perceived or understood; 
evident; seeming, but not real. 

Syn. likely, probable, seeming, 
presumable. 

Ant. (see doubtful). 
apparition (ap-a-rish'un), n. a 
visible object; an appearance of 
something not real or tangible; a 
ghost or specter; the first appear¬ 
ance of a luminary after obscura¬ 
tion : opposed to occultation. 
ap-peal (ap-p§l'), v.t. to transfer 
or refer, to a superior court or 
judge; to refer to another person 
or tribunal; entreat, call for. or 
invoke aid, sympathy, or mercy: 
n. a call or invocation for aid or 
sympathy; the right of appeal; a 
summons to answer a charge: a 
call or reference to another: re¬ 
course ; the removal of a cause 
from an inferior to a superior 
court, the latter having the power 
to revise the decision of the lower 
tribunal. 

ap pear (ap-per'), v.t. to be or 
become visible; come before; 
seem. 

ap-pear-aiiee (ap-per'ans), n. 
the act of becoming visible; the 


ap p 


object seen; a phenomenon; an 
apparition; semblance; outward 
show; the act of coming before 
the public; coming into court; 
look; bearing or aspect, 
appeasable (ap-pe'za-bl), adj. 

capable of being appeased, 
ap-pease (ap-pez'), v.t. to allay j 
assuage ; quiet; satisfy ; pacify, 
ap pease-ment (ap-pez'ment), n, 
the act of appeasing; the state of 
being appeased. 

ap-peas-ive (ap-pez-iv), adj. of a 
nature to appease; that tends to* 
quiet or assuage. 

ap-pel-lant (ap-pel'ant), n. one 
who appeals to a higher court; 
one who appeals to a judge, or to 
any tribunal. 

ap-pel-late (ap-pel'at), adj. per¬ 
taining to appeals; having cogni¬ 
zance of appeals: n. the person ap¬ 
pealed against or called upon to 
appear. 

ap-pel-la-tion (ap-e-la'shun), n, 
the name, title, or designation by 
which a person or thing is called 
or known ; the act of appealing, 
ap-pel-la-tive (ap-pel'a-tiv), adj, 
serving to distinguish, as a name 
or denomination of a group or 
class; common, as a noun: n. a 
common, as distinguished from a 
proper, name; the designation of a 
class. 

ap - pel - la - to-ry (ap-pel'a-to-ri), 
adj. containing an appeal, 
ap-pel-lee (ap-e-le'), n. the person 
appealed against; the defendant 
in an appeal. 

ap pend (ap-pend'), v.t. to attach, 
hang, or suspend ; subjoin or add 
to, as an accessory part; annex, 
ap pen dage (ap-pen'daj), n. some¬ 
thing appended or attached as a 
part of; something added as an 
adjunct. 

Syn. accessory, adjunct, addi¬ 
tion. 

Ant. (see total). 

ap-pen-dant (ap-pen'dant), or 
appendent ('dent), adj. attached 
or annexed : n. that which is ap¬ 
pended or added. 

ap-pen-di-ci-tis (ap-pen-di-sl'tis), 
n. inflammation of the vermiform 
appendix of the caecum, 
ap-pen-dix (ap-pen'diks), n. [pi. 
appendixes ('dik-sez) & appendices: 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon v 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 

H3 














app 


50 


app 


('di-sez)], that which is added as 
supplemental. 

ap-per-tain (ap-er-tan'), v.i. to 
belong or pertain to, as by relation 
or custom. 

ap-pe-tite (ap'e-tit), n. the de¬ 
sire for gratification of some 
want, craving, or passion that is 
natural or acquired; the relish for 
food induced by keenness of stom¬ 
ach. 

ap-pe-ti-zer (ap'e-ti-zer), n. some¬ 
thing that excites or whets the 
appetite. 

applaud (ap-plawd'), v.t. to 
praise; express approval or appro¬ 
bation by clapping of the hands or 
acclamation. 

ap-plause (ap-plawz'), n. the ex¬ 
pression of approval by clapping 
approbation openly shown by ac¬ 
clamation. 

ap-plau-sive (ap-plaw'siv), adj. 
aplauding; manifesting approval. 

apple (ap'l), n. the round fleshy 
fruit of the apple-tree, and its 
numerous cultivated varieties ; any 
fruit resembling an apple. 

ap-pli-ance (ap-pli'ans), n. the 
act of applying; that which is 
used with, or as a part of, some¬ 
thing else. 

ap pli-ca-bil-i-ty (ap-li-ka-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being applica- 
able. 

ap-pli-ca-ble (ap'li-ka-bl), adj. 
capable of being, or fit to be, ap¬ 
plied. 

applicant (ap'li-kant), n. one 
who applies, or -prefers a request 
for something ; a petitioner. 

ap-pli-ca-tion (ap-li-ka'shun), n. 
the act of applying, putting to, 
or on; the thing applied; the ap¬ 
plying or reducing to practice; 
the practical demonstration of a 
principle ; the act of requesting; 
request; mental assiduousness. 

ap-pli-ca-tive (ap'li-ka-tiv), adj. 
capable of being applied. 

ap-pli-ca-to-ry (ap'li-kJl-to-ri), 
adj. fitness to be applied: n. that 
which applies. 

ap-plied (ap-plid'), p.adj. practi¬ 
cal. 

ap-pii-que (ap-li-ka'), n. a 
method of ornamentation in dress 
or upholstery in which portions or 
figures cut from other patterns are 


fixed or applied to a groundwork 
or foundation of any material, 
ap-ply (ap-pli'), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p 
applied, p.pr. applying], to place 
one to another; lay on ; put into 
practice; devote to a particular 
purpose; refer or ascribe as fitting 
to a person or thing; address or 
direct; fix the mind upon : v.i. to 
suit; have connection with or ref¬ 
erence to; make application to. 
appoint (ap-point'), v.t. to fix; 
settle ; found ; make fast; estab¬ 
lish by decree; assign or ordain ; 
fix the time and order of; furnish 
or equip: v.i. to decree; ordain; 
determine. 

ap-poin-tee (ap-poin-te'), n. one 
in whose favor an appointment 
is made. 

ap-point-mexit (ap-point'ment), n. 
the act of appointing; the assign¬ 
ing to an office or trust; the state 
of being appointed ; the position or 
office assigned or held; a stipula¬ 
tion ; an engagement; an arrange¬ 
ment to meet by mutual agree¬ 
ment ; an ordinance or decree es¬ 
tablished by authority ; furniture 
or equipment. 

apportion (ap-por'shun), v.t. to 
assign by equal or proportionate 
division ; distribute or set out in 
just proportions. 

Syn. allot, assign, appoint, di¬ 
vide. 

Ant. (see collect). 
ap-por-tion-ment (ap-p5r'shun- 
ment), n. the act of apportion¬ 
ing or dividing into just shares, 
ap-po-site (ap'o-zit), ,adj. proper; 

fit; pertinent; well-adapted, 
ap-po-si-tion (ap-o-zish'un), n 
the act of adding; addition by ap¬ 
plication, or placing together; the 
placing of a second noun in the 
same case in juxtaposition to the 
first, which it characterizes or 
explains, as St. Mark, the Evan¬ 
gelist. 

ap-po-si-tion-al (ap-6-zish'un-Sl), 
adj. belonging to apposition, 
ap-prai-sal (ap-pra'zal), n. the 
act of appraising, or putting a 
price upon with a view to sale, 
ap-praise (ap-praz'), v.t. to set a 
price upon; value; estimate the 
worth of, as by a licensed ap¬ 
praiser. 


tate, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook : mute, nut, thin, the n- 









app 


61 


app 


appraisement (ap-praz'ment), 
n. the act of valuing; an author¬ 
ized valuation. 

ap-prai-ser (ap-pra'zer) n. one 
who appraises; a person licensed 
and sworn to estimate the value 
of goods or estate, 
ap-pre-ci-a-ble (ap-pre'shi-a-bl), 
adj. capable of being appreciated, 
perceived, or estimated, 
ap-pre-ci-ate (ap-pre'-shi-at), v.t. 
to value; estimate the worth of; 
esteem highly ; prize; be sensible 
of; raise in value, 
ap-pre-ci-a-tion (ap-pre-shi-a'- 
shun), n. the just valuation, or 
proper estimate of worth or merit; 
a rise in value. 

ap-pre-ci-a-tive (ap-pre'shi-a- 
tiv), adj. exhibiting appreciation, 
ap-pre-ci-a-to-ry (ap-pre'shi-a-to- 
ri), adj. expressive of admiration, 
apprehend (ap-re-hend'), v.t. 
to take or lay hold of; seize; 
arrest; take a mental hold of; 
anticipate or expect: v.i. to in¬ 
cline to belief; form a conception, 
apprehensible (ap-re-hen'si- 
bl), adj. capable of being appre¬ 
hended or conceived, 
ap-pre-licn-sion (ap-re-hen'shun). 
n. the act of seizure or laying hold 
of ; arrest; the act of conceiving ; 
perception ; anticipation of evil; 
fear or distrust of the future, 
ap-pre-hen-sive (ap-re-lien'siv), 
adj. capable of apprehending; 
quick to learn, or grasp; fearful of 
evil; anxious for the future, 
ap-pren-tice (a-pren'tis), n. one 
bound or articled by indenture to 
serve a certain number of years to 
learn some trade or craft; a 
novice or tyro: v.t. to put under 
the care of a master for instruc¬ 
tion in some trade or craft, 
apprize (a-prlz), .v.t. to give 
notice to; inform, 
ap-proach (ap-proch'), v-i. to 
draw or grow near; approximate: 
v.t. to resemble, come near to. 
ap-proach (ap-proch'), n. the act 
of drawing near; access; passage, 
ap-pro-bate (ap-ro-bat), v.t. to 
express approval of; license or 
sanction. 

ap-pro-ba-ticm (ap-r5-ba'shun), 
n. the act of approving; commen¬ 
dation- 


ap-pro-ba-tive (ap'ro-ba-tiv), adj. 
approving; expressing approba¬ 
tion. 

ap-pro-ba-tive-ness (-nes), n. 

love of praise or fame ; ambition, 
ap-pro-ba-to-ry (ap'ro-ba-to-ri), 
adj. containing or expressing ap¬ 
probation. 

ap-pro-pri-a-ble (ap-pro'pri-a-bl), 
adj. capable of appropriation, 
ap - pro - pri - ate (ap-pro'pri-at), 
v.t. to take to one’s self, in exclu¬ 
sion of others; claim or use, as by 
an exclusive right; set apart or 
assign to a particular use; annex 
a benefice to a religious corpora¬ 
tion : adj. peculiar; fit; apt, 

Syn. assume, ascribe, arrogate, 
usurp. 

ap-pro-pri-a-tion (ap-pro-pri-a'- 
shun), n. the act of assigning to 
one’s self, or to a particular use 
or person ; application to a special 
use or purpose ; the annexation of 
a benefice to a religious corpora¬ 
tion. 

ap-pro-pri-a-tive (ap-pro'pri-a- 
tiv), adj. appropriating; making 
or tending to appropriation, 
ap-pro-pri-a-tor (ap-pro'pri-a- 
ter), n. one who appropriates; one 
who holds an appropriated bene¬ 
fice. 

ap-prov-a-ble (ap-proov'a-bl), 
adj. deserving of or meriting ap¬ 
proval. 

ap-prov-al (ap-proov'al), n. ap¬ 
probation ; sanction ; ratification ; 
consent. 

ap prove (ap-proov'), v.t. to 
prove, test, or demonstrate; rat¬ 
ify; pronounce efficient, or suffi¬ 
cient ; be pleased or satisfied with ; 
commend: v.i. to express approval 
(usually followed by of), 
ap prov er (ap-prbov'-er), n. one 
who approves. 

ap-proving-ly (ap-proov-'ing-ly), 
adv. in a commendatory manner, 
ap-prox-i-mate (ap-proks'i-mat), 
v.t. to bring or cany near; cause 
to approach: v.i. to draw near; 
approach closely: adj. making ap¬ 
proach to; near in resemblance or 
position. 

ap-prox-i-mate-ly (ap-proks'i- 
mat'Ii). adv. very nearly but not 
absolutely. 

ap-prox-i-ma-tioa (ap-nrok*'’- 


late, mar-, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 













app 


52 


aqu 


ma'-shun), n. the act of approxi¬ 
mating ; approach to anything as 
a standard; continual approach in 
exactness to the quantity sought, 
without actually arriving at it; 
a value nearly but not quite cor¬ 
rect. 

Syn. approach, likeness, near¬ 
ness, contiguity. 

Ant. (see remoteness), 
ap-prox-i-ma-tive (ap-proks'i- 
ma-tiv), adj. with a tendency to 
exactness. 

ap-prox-i-ma-tive-ly (ap-proks'i- 
ma-tiv-li), adv. in an approxi¬ 
mative manner. 

ap-pulse (ap-puls'), or appul- 
siou (-pul'shun), n. a coming to¬ 
wards ; the near approach of a 
planet to a conjunction with the 
sun or any fixed star. 

a p-p u r-t e-n a n c e (ap-per'te- 
nans), n. that which belongs or 
relates to something else; an ad¬ 
junct or appendage; that which 
belongs to, or is accessory to, an 
estate or property, 
ap-pur-te-nant (ap-per'te-nant), 
adj. belonging or pertaining to; 
accessory. 

a-pri-cot (a'pri-kot & ap'ri-kot), 
n. the fruit of a tree, allied to the 
plum. 

A-pril fool (fool), n. one who is 
imposed upon or deceived in a 
jocular manner on April 1st, or 
All Fools’ Day. 

a pri-o-ri (a pri-o'ri), from some¬ 
thing prior; proceeding from an¬ 
tecedent to consequent, 
a pron (a'prun), n. a portion of 
cloth, leather, or other material, 
worn as a protective or orna¬ 
mental covering to the front of 
the person ; a leathern covering for 
the legs, used in driving; the vent- 
cover of a cannon; the curved 
timber placed above the foremost 
end of a ship’s keel; a platform 
at the entrance to a dock. 

a pro pos (a-pro-pd'), adv. to the 
purpose ; to the point; opportune¬ 
ly ; in respect (followed by of) : 
adj. seasonable; happy. Written 
also a propos. 

apse (aps), n. [pi. apses (-ez)], a 
polygonal or semicircular recess 


terminating the choir or other 
portion of a church, 
ap-si-dal (ap'si-dal), adj. per¬ 
taining to the apsides, 
ap-sis (ap'sis), n. [pi. apsides 
('si-dez) ]. one of two points in the 
orbit of a planet situated at the 
furthest or the least distance 
from the central body or sun; 
the imaginary line connecting 
these points. 

apt (apt), adj. suitable; perti¬ 
nent; appropriate; liable; in¬ 
clined ; ready; expert; quick of 
apprehension. 

ap-te-ral (ap'te-ral), adj. with¬ 
out wings; without side-columns, 
ap te rous (ap'te-rus), adj. desti¬ 
tute of wings, or wing-like expan¬ 
sions. 

ap-te-ryx (ap'te-riks), n. a wing¬ 
less and tailless bird peculiar to 
New Zealand. 

aptitude (ap'ti-tud), n. capac¬ 
ity for anythin?; fitness; tend¬ 
ency ; readiness in learning, 
a-qua (a'kwa), n. a term much 
used in pharmacy in the abbrevi¬ 
ated form of Aq., and denoting 
the addition of water, 
a-qua am-mo-ni-ae (am-mo'ni-e), 
water containing an infusion of 
ammonia-gas. 

a-qua for-tis (for'tis), n. (strong 
water), impure nitric acid, 
a-qua re-gi-a (a'kwa re'ji-a), n. 
(royal-water), a mixture of nitric 
and hydrochloric acids, capable of 
dissolving gold. 

a-qua vi-tse (a'kwa vl'te), n. 
(water of life) unrectified alco¬ 
hol ; brandy and other ardent 
spirits. 

aquamarine (:i'kw&-ma-ren'), 
n a pale bluish-green variety of 
beryl; a color resembling the 
precious beryl. 

a-qua-ri-uni (a-kwa'ri-um), n. 
[pi. aquaria (-a) & aquariums 

(-umz)j, a tank or globe for the 
keeping and cultivation of aquatic 
plants and animals; a series of 
such receptacles. 

a-quat-ic (a-kwat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to water; growing or liv¬ 
ing in or upon water; performed 
in or upon water, as sports: n. an 
animal or plant inhabiting water: 
pi. aquatic sports. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 


I 











aqu 


53 


arc 


a-qua-tint (a'kwa-tint), n. a 
species of etching resembling a 
water-color drawing in India ink 
or in sepia; an engraving pro¬ 
duced by this process: v.t. to etch 
or engrave in aquatint, 
aqueduct (ak'we-dukt), n. a 
structure in the form of a con¬ 
duit or artificial channel for con¬ 
ducting water from a source, as 
for the supply of a large city, 
a que ous (a'kwe-us), adj. of the 
nature of, or abounding in, water: 
watery; formed in or by means of 
water. 

a-qui-form (a-kwi-form), adj. 

having the form of water; liquid, 
aquiline (ak-wi-lln & -lin), adj. 
belonging to or resembling an 
eagle; curved, as the beak of an 
eagle. 

Ar-ab (ar'ab), n. a native of 
Arabia ; a desert-dweller; one of 
the Arabic races spread over the 
African and Syrian deserts; a j 
homeless street-urchin or outcast: 
adj. pertaining to Arabia or the 
Arabs. 

ar a besque (ar-a-besk'), n. the 
style of Arabic decorative art, 
which consists of the painting, in¬ 
laying, or carving in low relief 
of figures of plants, fruits, flowers, 
and foliage, variously combined 
or fantastically grouped: adj. per¬ 
taining to or exhibiting the ara¬ 
besque style of ornamentation: 
v.t. enrich with ornament in ara¬ 
besque. 

Arabic numerals (-num'er- 
alz), n.pl. the figures 0, 1, 2, 3, 
&c., of Indian origin, used by the 
Arabs and introduced into Eu¬ 
rope in the 12th century, 
ar-a-ble (ar'a-bl), adj. fit for the 
plow; suited to the purposes of 
cultivation. 

ar-bi-ter (ar'bi-ter), n. an um¬ 
pire or judge ; an arbitrator, 
ar-bit-ra-ment (ar-bit'ra-ment), i 
n. the decision of arbitrators; an 
^-award. 

ar-bi-tra-ri-ly (ar-bi-tra'ri-ly), 
adv. in a capricious manner; im¬ 
periously. ' 

ar-bi-tra-ry (ar'bi-tra-n). adj. 
depending on the will of the ar¬ 
biter : discretionary; capricious; 
imperious. 


late, mar, 


ar-bi-trate (ar'bi-trat), v.i. to 
act as arbiter; to settle a dispute, 
as an umpire; mediate, 
ar-bi-tra-tion (ar-bi-tra'shun), n. 
the settlement of a dispute by an 
umpire. 

ar-bi-tra-tor (ar'bi-tra-ter), n. 
one chosen by the parties in a 
dispute to settle it; an umpire, 
arbor (iir'ber), n. a bower; a 
shaded nook or walk. 

Ar bor Day (iir'ber da), a day 
legally set apart in certain States 
for planting trees, 
ar-bo-ra-ceous (ar-bo-ra'shus), 

adj. pertaining to, or of the na¬ 
ture of, a tree or trees; living on 
or among trees. 

a r-b o-r e-o u s (iir-bd're-us) or 
arboreal (-al), adj. pertaining 
to trees; wooded. 

ar-bo-res-cence (iir-bo-res'ens), 
n. something having the shape of 
a tree, as certain crystals, 
a r-b o-r e s-cent (ar-bo-res'ent), 
adj. tree-like. 

ar-bo-re-tum (ar-bo-re'tum), n. 
[pi. arboreta (-ta) & arboretums 
(-tumz) ], a place in which rare 
trees are cultivated and exhibited, 
ar-bor-i-cul-ture (ar-ber-i-kul'- 
tur), n. the cultivation of trees, 
a r-b o r-i-s e (ar-ber-e-za'), adj. 
marked like the branching of trees, 
as agates, enamels, &c. 
ar-bor-i-sa-tion or ar-bor-i-za- 
tion (ar-ber-i-za'shun), n. a tree¬ 
like appearance. 

ar-bot-ous (ar'ber-us), adj. hav¬ 
ing the appearance or nature of 
an arbor. 

ar-bor-vi-tse (ar-ber-vi'te), n. an 
evergreen tree extensively culti¬ 
vated in gardens, &c. 
arc (ark), n. a curved line or any 
part of a curve forming the seg¬ 
ment of a circle; the portion of a 
circle described by the sun or any 
heavenly body in its apparent 
passage through the heavens, 
arc-lamp (-lamp), n. a lamp hav¬ 
ing a luminous bridge or arc. 
arc-light (-lit), a light produced 
by a current of electricity passing 
between two carbon points placed 
a short distance from each other, 
ar-cade (ar-kad-), n. a series of 
arches supported by pillars; an 


tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 


nask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, 

ccok ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 











arc 


54 


arc 


arched gallery, or promenade, lined 
with shops. 

ar-ca-di-an (ar-ka'di-an), adj. 
rurally simple. 

ar-ca-num (ar-ka'num), n. [ pi. 
arcana ('na)], a secret; a mys¬ 
tery ; a valuable elixir, 
arch (arch), n. structure of brick 
or masonry, the component wedge- 
shaped parts of which follow a 
curved line; any curvature hav¬ 
ing the form of an arch : v.t. to 
cover with an arch or arches; to 
bend or curve into the form of an 
arch: v.i. to form an arch or 
arches; curve: adj. chief; of 
the first rank ; cunning ; crafty ; 
shrewd ; waggish ; mischievous ; 
roguish ; sportive ; coy. 
arch-board (arch'bord), n. the 
portion of the stern over the 
counter of a ship, 
arch-brick (arch'brik), n. a 
wedge-shaped brick used in the 
construction of arches, 
ar-chae-o-log-ic (ar-ke-o-loj'ik) or 
archaeological ('ik-al), adj. 
pertaining to the study of antiqui¬ 
ties. 

ar-chae-o-log-ic-al-ly (li), adv. 
in accordance with the science of 
antiquities. 

ar-chae-ol-o-gist or archeolo¬ 
gist (ar-ke-ol'o-jist), n. one versed 
in the study of ancient things; 
an antiquary. 

archaeology or archeology 

(ar-ke-ol'o-ji), n, the science of 
antiquities; the study of prehis¬ 
toric remains, or the relics of the 
early races of mankind, 
ar-eha-ic (ar-ka'ik) or archa- 
ical ('ik-al), adj. pertaining to a 
remote period ; characterized by 
antiquity ; old-fashioned ; antiqua¬ 
ted. 

archaism (ar'ka-izm), n. an¬ 
tiquity of style or use; an anti¬ 
quated, old-fashioned, or obsolete 
word, expression, or idiom, 
arch-au-gel (ark-an'jel), n. an 
angel of the highest order, 
arch - an - gel - ic (iirk-an-jel'ik ), 

adj. pertaining to archangels, 
arch-bish-op (arch-bish'up), n. a 
chief bishop, one who supervises 
the bishops in his province, and 
also exercises episcopal authority 
in his own diocese. 


arch - bish - op - ric (iirch-bish'up- 
rik), n. the jurisdiction, office, or 
see of an archbishop, 
arch dea con (arch-de'kn), n. dig¬ 
nitary ranking next below a 
bishop, and who acts as his vicar 
or vice-regent. 

arch-dea-con-ate (-ate), n. the 
territory or section over which an 
archdeacon has jurisdiction; an 
archdeaconry. 

arch dea con ry (-ri), n. the office 
rank, jurisdiction, or residence of 
an archdeacon. 

arch-du-cal (arch-du'kal), adj. 
pertaining to an archduke or an 
archduchy. 

arch-duch-ess (arch-duch'es), n. 
the wife of an archduke; a daugh¬ 
ter of the Emperor of Austria, 
arch-duch-y (arch-duch'i), n. \pi. 
archduchies (-iz) ], the territory or 
rank of an archduke or archduch¬ 
ess'). 

archduke (arch-duk'), n. a 
prince of the imperial house of 
Austria. 

archdukedom (arcli-duk'dom), 
n. the dignity or territory of an 
archduke. 

ar-che-bi-o-sis (ar-ke-bi-o'sis), n. 
the origination of living from 
non-living matter; abiogenesis. 
ar-cheg-o-ny (iir-keg'o-ni), n. the 
doctrine of the origin of life, 
arcli-en-e-my (arcli-en'e-mi), n. a 
principal enemy ; Satan, 
archer (ar'cher), n. a bowman; 
one skilled in the use of the bow 
and arrow. 

arch-er-fish (-fish), n. a scaly- 
finned fish of the Java seas, which 
catches insects by darting dx-ops 
of water upon them, 
arch-er-y (arch'er-i), n. the art 
practice, or skill of one w r lio uses 
the bow and arrow, 
ar-che-type (ar'ke-tlp), n. the 
original type or pattern upon or 
after which a thing is made; a 
model; the original or funda¬ 
mental type-structure from which 
a natural group of plants or ani¬ 
mals are assumed to have de¬ 
scended. 

ar-che-typ-ic (ar-ke-tip'ik), ar- 
ehe-ty-pal (-tl'pal), or ar-che- 
typ-ic-al (-tip'ik-51), adj. of or 
pertaining to an archetype. 


late, mar, mhsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : v5te, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 

I 






arc 


55 


a* j e 


ar-che-typ-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. af¬ 
ter the manner of an archetype, 
ar-chi-e-pis-co-pa-cy (ar-ki-e-pis'- 
ko-pa-si), to. the rule or dignity 
of an archbishop. 

ar-chi-e-pis-co-pal (iir-ki-e-pis'k5- 
pfil), adj. pertaining to an arch¬ 
bishop or to his office. 

ar-chi-e-pis-co-pate. See archie- 

piscopacy. 

ar-ching (iir'ehing), adj. curving 
like an arch : n. arched work, 
ar-chi-pe-lag-ic (iir-ki-pe-laj'ik), 
adj. pertaining to a collection of 
islands with the sea dividing them, 
ar-ehi-pel-a-go (ar-ki-pel'a-go), n. 
[pi. archipelagoes & -gos (-goz)], 
any sea or body of salt water in- 
terspersed with numerous islands ; 
the island-group itself, 
architect (ar'ki-tekt), n. one 
versed in the art of building and 
the various styles of architecture; 
one who plans or designs build¬ 
ings and superintends their con¬ 
struction, hence one who forms or 
designs. 

ar-elii-tec-tive (ar'ki-tek-tiv), adj. 
used in building; proper for build¬ 
ing. 

ar-chi-tec-ton-ics (ar-ki-tek-ton'- 
iks), n.pl. the science of architec¬ 
ture. 

ar - chi - tec - tu - ral (iir-ki-tek'tu- 
ral), adj. pertaining to the art of 
building; in accordance with the 
rules of the building art. 
ar-chi-tec-tu-ral-ly (-li), adv. 
with regard to the principles of 
the building art; from the design¬ 
er’s point of view, 
ar-chi-tec-ture (ar'ki-tek-tur), w. 
the science or art of building; the 
method or style of building; con¬ 
struction ; workmanship, 
ar-chi-trave (ar'ki-trav), n. the 
lowest division of an entablature, 
or that part which rests immedi¬ 
ately on the column, 
ar-chi-val (ar-ki'val & ar'ki-val), 
adj. pertaining to, or included in, 
state records. 

ar-chive (ar'kiv), n. [pi. archives 
(-kivz)], a record preserved as 
evidence: pi. the place where pub¬ 
lic or state records are kept; state 
or public documents, or records of 
historical value pertaining to a 
nation or to a family. 


arch-ly (-li), adv. roguishly ; wag¬ 
gishly ; coyly. 

archness (-nes), n. shyness; coy¬ 
ness. 

ar-chon (iir'kon), to. a chief magis¬ 
trate of ancient Athens; one of 
the nine chief magistrates chosen 
to superintend civil and religious 
matters.. 

arcli-priest (iirch'prest), to. a 
chief priest; a rural dean, 
arch-way (arch'wa), to. an open¬ 
ing or passage beneath an arched 
or vaulted roof. 

arc-o-graph (ark'o-graf), to. an 
instrument for drawing an arc 
without the use of a central point, 
arc-tic (ark'tik), adj. pertaining 
to the region of the noi'th pole; 
polar; northern; frigid, 
arc-tic cir-cle (ser'kl), to. an 
imaginary circle parallel to the 
equator and distant 23° 28' from 
the north pole. 

ar-dent (iir'dent), adj. hot; burn' 
ing ; fiery ; warm ; glowing ; pas¬ 
sionate ; eager ; zealous ; vehement, 
ar-dent spir-its (spir'itz), n.pl. 
alcoholic beverages, as brandy, 
whiskey,. &c. 

ar-dor (iir'der), to. heat in a physi¬ 
cal sense; warmth of affection or 
passion ; eager desire ; zeal, 
ar-du-ous (ar'du-us), adj. steep*; 
haixl to climb ; attended with great 
labor or exertion ; difficult, 
are (ar), pres, tense pi. of the 
verb to be. See be. 
are (ar), to. the unit of French 
superficial or square measure_con- 
taining 100 sq. meters or 1076.44 
English sq. ft. 

ar-e-a (ar'e-a), to. [pi. areas 
(-az)], any plane sui-face having 
bounds, whether natural or ar¬ 
tificial, as the floor of a hall, &c.; 
any defined extent of land-surface; 
the sunken space situated at the 
base -of a building and sepai’ating 
it from the street; the superficial 
contents of any space or figure; 
extent: range ; scope ; a compass 
of ore allotted to miners, 
a re-na (a-re'na), to. [pi. arenas 
(-naz)], the central enclosed 
space (usually sti’ewn with sand) 
of a Roman amphitheater, in 
which the gladiatorial combats 
took place; hence the scene or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










are 


CH5 


arl 


field for combat or exertion of any 
kind. 


ar e na ceous (ar-e-na'shus), adj. 
sandy; abounding in, or having 
the properties of, sand. 

Ar-e-op-a-gus (ar-e-op'a-gus), n. 
the tribunal, or highest court, of 
ancient Athens, so named from its 
situation on the hill of Ares 
{Mars) ; hence any high court or 
tribunal. 


Ar-gand lamp (lamp), n. a lamp 
having a hollow circular Avick to 
permit the passage of air inside 
and outside the flame. 


ar gent (ar'jent), n. the silver of 
a coat of arms, represented in 
drawing or engraving by a plain 
white surface, symbolical of puri¬ 
ty, beauty, &c.: adj. made of. or 
resembling, silver ; silvery white ; 
bright like silver. 

ar-gen-tite (ar'jen-tit), n. sul¬ 
phide of s ; ’ver of a lead-grey color, 
ar-gen-tous (ar-jen'tus), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or containing, silver, 
ar-gil (ar'jil), n. potters’ clay or 


earth. 

ar-gil-la-ceous (ar-ji-la'shus), 
adj. of the nature of, or contain¬ 
ing, clay; clayey. 

ar-gil-lite (ar'ji-llt), n. clay- 
slate. 

ar-gol (iir'gol), n. crude tartar 
from which cream of tartar is 
prepared. 

ar-gon (ar'gun), n. an element 
associated with nitrogen, and 
forming one of the constituents of 
the air. 

argonaut (ar'go-nawt), n. a 
cephalopod commonly known as 
the paper-nautilus, and paper- 
sailor of the Mediterranean. 

ar-go-sy (ar'go-si), n. [pi. argo¬ 
sies (-siz)], a large richly- 
freighted merchant-vessel. 

ar-gu-a-ble (ar'gu-a-bl), adj. 
capable of being disputed or dis¬ 
cussed. 

ar gue (ar'gu), v.i. to show or 
offer reasons in support of, or in 
opposition to, a proposition, opin¬ 
ion, or measure; to reason, dis¬ 
pute, discuss ; contend in debate : 
v.t. to debate or discuss; prove or 
evince. 

Syn. debate, dispute, reason 
upon. 


I 




ar-gu-fy (ar'gu-fi), v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. argufied, p.pr. argufying], to 
contend in argument; to persist 
in discussion. 

ar gu ment (ar'gu-ment), n. that 
which is advanced in support or 
proof with a view to persuade or 
convince the mind; a discussion, 
controversy, or debate; the sub¬ 
ject of a discourse or writing; an 
abstract or summary of a book. 

ar-gu-men-tal (ar-gii-men'tal), 

adj. pertaining to reasoning; con¬ 
sisting of reasons. 

ar-gu-men-ta-tion (ar-gu-men- 

ta'shun), n. the act of arguing; 
discussion. 

argumentative (ar-gti-men'- 

ta-tiv), adj. consisting of, or ex¬ 
hibiting a process of reasoning; 
addicted to argument; disputa¬ 
tious. 

a r-g u s-e y e d (ar'gus-Id), adj. 
watchful; vigilant; extremely ob¬ 
servant. 

a-ri-a (ar'e-a & ar'i-a), n. an air; 
a melody or tune for single voice 
with accompaniment; a solo part 
in a cantata or oratorio, &c. 

A-ri-an (a'ri-an), adj. pertaining 
to.the doctrines of the Arian sect. 

ar-id (ar'id), adj. dry; parched 
up; barren. 

a-rid-i-ty (a-rid'i-ti), or arid¬ 
ness (ar'id-nes), n. the state of 
being dry ; dryness; want of life 
or interest. 

ar-i-et-ta (iir-e-et'tft), n. a short 
song or air. 

aright (a-rlt'), adv. rightly; in a 
right way or form; without sin 
or error. 

a-rise (a-rlz'). v.i. [p.t. arose, p.p. 
arisen, p.pr. arising], to mount up 
or ascend ; to come into view ; rise 
or get up; spring up : come into 
existence or action ; originate. 

Syn. flow, emanate, spring, pro¬ 
ceed, rise, issue. 

ar-is-toc-ra-cy (ar-is-tok'ra-si). n. 
[pi. aristocracies (-siz)], govern¬ 
ment by persons of the highest 
rank in a state; the nobility or 
chief persons in a state. 

ar-is-to-crat (ar'is-to-krat & a-ris'- 
to-krat), n. a personage of rank 
and noble birth ; one who upholds 
the aristocracy or favors govern¬ 
ment by the nobles; a person who 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








arr 


57 


arm 


possesses traits supposed to char- j 
acterize the nobility, 
ar-is-to-crat-ic (ar-is-to-krat'ik) 
or ar-is-to-crat-ic-al (-ik-al), adj. 
pertaining to. or consisting in. a 
government of the nobles; pertain¬ 
ing to, or characteristic of, the 
higher class or nobility, 
ar-is-to-crat-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. 

in an aristocratic manner, 
ar-is-to-crat-ism (ar'is-to-krat- 
izm & ar-is-tok'ra-tizm), n. the 
rank, condition, or privileges of 
one of noble birth ; the principles 
of aristocracy. 

a-rith-iue-tic (a-rith'me-tik), n. 
the science of numbers; the art of 
computation by figures, 
ar-ith-met-ic-al (ar-ith-met'ik-al), 1 
adi. of or pertaining to arithmetic, 
ar-ith-met-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. ac¬ 
cording to the rules or methods of 
arithmetic. 

a-rith-me-ti-cian (a-rith-me-tish'- 
an), n. one skilled in the science 
of numbers. 

ar-ith-mom-e-ter (ar-ith-mom'e- 
ter), n. a calculating machine 
which performs multiplication and 
division. 

ark (ark), n. the repository of the 
Covenant, or tables of the Law, in 
the Jewish Tabernacle (Exod. 
xxv.), and subsequently placed in 
the Temple of Solomon (I Kings 
viii.) : the vessel in which Noah 
and his family were preserved dur¬ 
ing the Deluge, hence a place of 
safety or refuge ; a large boat used 
for transporting produce on Amer¬ 
ican rivers. 

arm (arm), n. the limb of the 
human body which extends from 
the shoulder to the hand ; the an¬ 
terior or fore-limb of any verte¬ 
brate animal; any projecting or 
diverging organ or part of a main 
body or trunk, as the tentacle of a 
star-fish, the branch of a tree, an 
inlet of the sea, &c.; might; 
power; support. 

arm (arm), n. a weapon : a branch 
of the military service: v.t. to fur¬ 
nish or equip with weapons of 
offense or defense; fortify or pro¬ 
vide against; furnish with an 
armature: v.i. to fit one’s self 
with arms, or take to one’s self 
means of defense. 


arm-chair (arm'-char), n. a chair 
furnished with supports for the 
elbows. 

arm-pit (arm'-pit), n. the cavity 
beneath the shoulder; the axilla, 
ar-ma-da (ar-ma'da), n. a fleet of 
armed vessels; a squadron; the 
Spanish fleet dispatched against 
England in 1588, by Philip II. 
ar-ma-dil-lo (ar-ma-diTo), n. [pi. 
armadillos ('oz)], a South Ameri¬ 
can quadruped, armed with a bony 
shell divided into belts consisting 
of numerous small plates, and re¬ 
sembling a coat of mail; an electric 
battery so named, worn round the 
body as a cure for nervous and 
other affections. 

ar-ma-ment (ar'ma-ment), a 
body of forces equipped for war, 
either military or naval; the can¬ 
non and small arms collectively of 
a warship or fortification; the 
number and weight of guns of a 
war-vessel. 

ar-ma-ture (ar'ma-tur), n. armor : 
that which serves as a means of 
defense; a piece of soft iron con¬ 
necting the poles of a magnet, or 
electro-magnet, to preserve and in¬ 
crease the magnetic force; iron 
bars or frame-work used to 
strengthen a building, 
arm ful (arm'fool), n. as much 
as can be compassed by the arms, 
ar-mis-tice (ar'mis-tis), n. a tem¬ 
porary cessation of hostilities 
agreed upon by opposing forces; a 
truce. ' 

arm-let (arm'let), n. a small arm 
of the sea ; a metal band for the 
arm used for ornament or for 
protection. 

ar-moire (ilr-mwar'), n. a mov¬ 
able cupboard with doors, 
armor (ar'mer), n. defensive 
arms; protective covering for the 
body in battle; the steel plating 
of a warship. 

ar mor-clad (-klad), adj. iron¬ 
clad : n. a war vessel protected by 
steel plating. 

ar-mor-gra-ting (-gra'ting), n. 
deep iron gratings used to protect 
the boilers of ironclads from mis¬ 
siles during an engagement, 
ar-mor-plate (-plat), n. a plate 
of iron or steel intended to be 
affixed to the side of a ship as 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her, let; line, tin ; v5te, pOrch, lot; moon, 

rook ; mute, nut: thin, then. 










arm 


58 


arr 


part of a casing for protection 
against shell-fire. 

armorer (ar'mor-er), n. for¬ 
merly a maker of arms or armor, 
or one who had charge of the ar¬ 
mor of another; the custodian of 
the arms of a troop or battleship, 
ar-mo-rial (ar-mo'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to armor or to the arms j 
or escutcheon of a family: n. a; 
book or dictionary of heraldic de¬ 
vices and the names of persons en¬ 
titled to use them, 
ar-mor-y (ar'mer-i), n. [pi. -ries, 
(-riz)], a place for arms or the 
assembly of soldiers; a manufac¬ 
tory of arms. 

ar-mo-zeeu or armozine (ai*-mo- 

z?n'), n. a thick plain silk, gen¬ 
erally black, used for clerical 
robes. 

arms (armz), n.pl. weapons of 
offense or defense; the military 
service ; war as a profession ; ar¬ 
morial bearings. 

Syn. armor, mail, weapons, har¬ 
ness. 

army (ar'mi), n. [pi. armies 
(miz)], a body of men trained 
and equipped for war, and organ¬ 
ized in regiments, brigades, or 
similar divisions under froper 
officers; a great number or multi¬ 
tude ; an organized body of per¬ 
sons engaged in moral warfare, 
ar-my-worm (-werm), n. the 
larva of a moth which devastates 
grain and other crops, 
ar-iii-ca (ar'ni-ka), n. a genus of 
perennial herbs; the mountain to¬ 
bacco : from the roots or flowers 
of a species of this herb a valua¬ 
ble external remedy for bruises is 
made. 

a-ro-ma (a-rd'mft), n. [pi. aromas 
('maz)j, the odor exhaled by 
plants or other substances, gen¬ 
erally of an agreeable or spicy 
nature ; perfume ; fragrance, 
ar-o-mat-ic (ar-5-mat'ik) or ar- 
o-mat-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. giving 
out aroma; fragrant; spicy; odor¬ 
iferous : n. a plant, herb, or drug 
yielding a fragrant smell, 
ar-o-mat-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. with 
an aromatic taste or smell, 
ar-o-mat-ic-vin-e-gar (-vin'e- 
gar), n. a powerful perfume corn- 
nosed of strong acetic acid, the 


essential oils of lavender, cam¬ 
phor, &c. 

a-ro-ma-tous (a-ro'mfi-tus), adj. 

full of fragrance; aromatic, 
a-rose (a-roz'), p.t. of arise, 
around (a-round'), adv. in a 
circle ; on every side ; roundabout: 
prep, about; on all sides; encir¬ 
cling ; encompassing, 
a rou sal (a-rou'zal), n. the act 
of awakening; the state of being 
awakened. 

a rouse (a-rouz'), v.t. to excite or 
stir to action ; put in motion that 
which is at rest; awaken from 
sleep or a state of inactivity; 
stimulate; animate, 
a-row (a-ro'), adv. in a row; in 
order ; successively, 
ar raign (ft-ran'), v.t. to summon 
or set, as a prisoner at the bar of 
a court to answer to a charge; 
censure publicly ; impeach ; indict, 
arraignment (a-ran'ment), n. 

an accusation ; an impeachment, 
ar range (a-ranj'), v.t. to put in 
proper order or sequence; class¬ 
ify; adjust or settle; adapt; 
group. 

ar range ment (a-ranj'ment), n. 
the act of putting in proper form 
or order ; that which is ordered or 
disposed ; the method or style of 
disposition; a preparatory meas¬ 
ure; preparation; settlement; 
classification; adjustment; adap¬ 
tation. 

arrant (ar'ant), adj. notorious; 
unmitigated; thorough or down¬ 
right (in a bad sense) ; shame¬ 
less. 

ar-ras (ar'as), n. tapestry; hang¬ 
ings made of rich figured fabric, 
ar-ra-sene or arasene (ar-a- 
sen'), n. a kind of mixed thread 
of wool and silk used in raised 
embroidery. 

array (ar-ra'), n. order; the 
grouping or arrangement of a body 
of men as drawn up for battle ; an 
orderly collection or series of 
things imposingly displayed ; dress 
arranged on the person ; apparel: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p pr. -ing], to 
place or dispose in order: mar¬ 
shal ; deck or dress. 

Syn. collection, order, show, ex- 
• hibition. 

ar-ray-al (ar-ra'al), n. the proc¬ 
ess of arraying. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon v 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 













arr 


59 


art 


ar-rear (ar-rer'), n. the state of 
being behind-hand; that which is 
undone, outstanding, or unpaid, 
arrearage (ar-rer'aj), n. the 
state or condition of being in ar¬ 
rears ; that which remains unpaid 
and overdue after a previous 
payment. 

ar-rest (ar-rest'), v.t. to stop or 
stay; check or hinder the action 
or motion of; seize, take, or appre¬ 
hend by legal authority; seize and 
fix, as the eye or attention : n. the 
act of seizing; stoppage or hold¬ 
ing back by force or restraint; the 
state of being seized or detained 
by legal authority. 

Syn. capture, hold, detain, seize, 
stop, secure. 

Ant. (see release), 
ar-ris (ar'is), n. the line or edge 
in which two curved or straight 
surfaces of a body, forming an 
exterior angle, meet each other, 
ar-ris-wise (-wlz), adv. diagon¬ 
ally laid, like tiles : ridge-wise, 
arrival (ar-ri'val), n. the act of 
coming to a place, or reaching a 
destination from a distance; at¬ 
tainment of any object; the per¬ 
son or thing arriving, or which 
has arrived. 

ar-rive (ar-riv'), v.i. to come to 
or reach, as a destination; reach 
a point or stage; gain or compass 
an object; attain to a state or re¬ 
sult [with a£]. 

ar ro gance (ar'ro-gans), n. an 
undue degree of self-importance; 
an exorbitant claim to dignity, 
rank, or estimation ; a lordly con¬ 
tempt of others. 

a r-r o-g a n t (ar'ro-gant), adj. 
making exorbitant claims to dig¬ 
nity or estimation, by presuming 
upon one's self-importance; over¬ 
bearingly haughty, 
ar ro gate (ar'ro-gat), v.t. to as¬ 
sume or lay claim to unduly, or 
with presumptuous pride, 
ar-ro-ga-tion (ar-ro-ga'shun), n. 

the act of arrogating, 
ar-row (ar'ro), n. a slender, 
pointed missile -weapon, usually 
feathered and barbed, made to be 
shot from a bow. 

arrow characters (kar'ak- 
ters), n.pl. the arrow-headed 
(cuneiform or wedge-shaped) 


characters of the Assyrian in¬ 
scriptions. 

ar-row-head (-hed), n. the head 
or barb of an arrow'; an aquatic 
plant so named from its leaves. 

ar-row-root (ar'ro-root), n. a 
starch obtained from the root¬ 
stocks of several species of West 
Indian plants. 

ar-row-wood (-wood), n. a wood 
of which the arrows of the Red 
Indians are made. 

ar-roy-o (a-roi'o), n. [pi. arroyos 
(-oz)], a watercourse or rivulet; 
the dry bed of a small stream. 

ar se nal (ar'se-nal), n. a maga¬ 
zine for the storage of arms and 
military stores for land or naval 
service, or their manufacture. 

ar-se-nic (iir'se-nik), n. an ele¬ 
ment of steel-gray color and bril¬ 
liant luster, and exceedingly brit¬ 
tle, occurring usually in combina¬ 
tion. 

ar-sen-ic (ar-sen'ik) or ar-sen- 
ic-al ('ik-al), adj. pertaining t© 
or containing arsenic. 

ar-se-ni-ous (iir-se'ni-us), adj. 
pertaining to or containing ar¬ 
senic. 

ar-sen-ite (ar'sen-it), n. a salt of 
arsenious acid. 

ar-sis (ar'sis), n. that part of a 
foot where the metrical accent is 
placed. 

ar son (iir'sn), n. the malicious 
firing of any building, agricultural 
produce, ship, &c., belonging to 
another, or one’s own property, 
with the intent to defraud an in¬ 
surance office. 

art (art), 2nd pers. sing, indie, 
mood , pres, tense, of the verb to 
be. [Art is used only in solemn 
or poetic style.] See be. 

art (art), n. the employment of 
means to the accomplishment of 
some end; the skilful adaptation 
and application to some purpose 
or use of knowledge or power ac¬ 
quired from Nature; a system of 
rules and established methods to 
facilitate the performance of cer¬ 
tain actions; familiarity with 
such principles, and skill in ap¬ 
plying them to an end or purpose, 
as of a practical, useful, or tech¬ 
nical character: opposed to Sci¬ 
ence ; one of the fine arts; the 
fine arts collectively; the power 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






art 


60 


art 


or quality of perceiving and tran¬ 
scribing the beautiful or sesthetical 
in Nature, as in painting or 
sculpture ; ' practical skill; dex¬ 
terity ; knack ; cunning ; artifice : 
pi. the branches of learning in¬ 
cluded in the ordinary course of 
academic study. 

arterial (iir-te'ri-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to an artery or the arter¬ 
ies ; contained in an artery. 

ar-te-ri-al-i-za-tion (ar-te-ri-al-i- 
za'shun), n. the process of con¬ 
verting venous blood into arterial 
blood. 

ar-te-ri-al-ize (ar-te'ri-al-iz), v.t. 
to convert venous blood into ar¬ 
terial blood by exposure to oxygen 
in the lungs. 

ar-te-ri-ol-o-gy (ar-te'ri-ol'o-ji), 
n. that branch of anatomy which 
treats of the arteries. 

ar-te-riot-omy (ar-te-ri-ot'o-mi), 
n. the opening of an artery; the 
part of anatomy treating of the 
dissection of the arteries. 

ar-ter-y (ar'ter-i), n. [pi. arter¬ 
ies (-iz)], one of a system of 
tubes or vessels which convey the 
blood from the heart to all parts 
of the body. 

ar-te-sian well (ar-te'zhan wel), 
n. a well formed by boring, often 
to great depth, through strata the 
nature and arrangement of which 
permit of the permeation and ac¬ 
cumulation of water; on being 
freed from constraint, the water 
rises by pressure in the tube and 
overflows at the surface. 

art-ful (art'fool), adj. cunning; 
crafty. 

Syn. disingenuous, sly. tricky, 
insincere. 

Ant. (see candid). 

art-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a cunning 
or crafty manner. 

ar-thri-tis (ar-thri'tis), n. any 
inflammation of the joints; the 
gout. 

ar-ti-choke (ar'ti-chok), n. a 
plant with thistle-like foliage, and 
bearing large terminal flower- 
heads, the lower portion of which, 
consisting of a fleshy receptacle 
covered with thick scales, is used 
as food; the tuberous root of an 
American sunflower (Helianthus 


tuberosis) , used as a substitute 
for potatoes. 

ar-ti-cle (ar'ti-kl), n. a distinct 
portion or member; a single 
clause, item, or particular, as in 
a formal agreement or treaty; a 
concise statement; a prose compo¬ 
sition, complete, in itself, in a 
newspaper, magazine, or work of 
reference; a material thing, as one 
of a class; an item; a point of 
duty, faith, or doctrine; one of 
the words (an [a before conso¬ 
nant-sounds], the indefinite ar¬ 
ticle, and the, the definite article 
[see a, an, & the]), used before 
nouns or substantives to define or 
limit their application ; a jointed 
segment connecting two parts of 
a limb or body: v.t. to bind by 
articles of covenant or stipula¬ 
tion ; specify. 

ar-tic-u-lar (ar-tik'u-lar), adj. 
pertaining to the joints or to a 
joint. 

ar-tic-u-late (ar-tik'u-lat), v.t. 

to joint; unite by means of a 
joint; to form words; utter in 
distinct syllables; speak as a 
human being: v.i. to unite or form 
an articulation (with) ; utter 
articulate sounds; speak with 
distinctness : adj. jointed ; formed 
with joints; segmented; charac¬ 
terized by syllabic division; ut¬ 
tered with distinctness, 
a r-t i c u-1 a-t i o n (ar-tik-ii-la'- 
shun), n. the act of jointing; the 
act of speaking distinctly ; a dis¬ 
tinct utterance; the state of being 
articulated; a joint or juncture 
between bones; the point of sepa¬ 
ration'of organs or parts of a 
plant; a node or joint of the stem, 
or the space between two nodes, 
ar-tic-u-la-tor (ar-tik'u-la-ter), n. 
one who pronounces distinctly ; an 
instrument to cure stammering; 
an apparatus attached to a tele¬ 
phone to secure regularity of tone ; 
one.who mounts skeletons, 
ar-ti-fice (ar'ti-fis), n. an artful 
or crafty device; an ingenious ex¬ 
pedient ; a trick or stratagem ; a 
manoeuvre. 

Syn. trick, stratagem, finesse, 
cunning, craft. 

Ant. (see openness). 
ar-tif-i-cer (ar-tif'i-ser), n. a 


iate, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










art 


61 


asc 




skilled or artistic worker; a me¬ 
chanic ; a maker or constructor; 
an inventor. 

ar-ti-fi-cial (ar-ti-fish'al), adj. 
made or contrived by art; pro¬ 
duced by human skill or labor; 
feigned; unreal; assumed; af¬ 
fected ; not genuine or natural, 
ar-ti-fi-ci-al-i-ty (-fish-i-al'i-ti) or 
artificialness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being unreal or unnat¬ 
ural ; that which is artificial, 
artificially (-li), adv. by 
human skill or contrivance, 
ar-til-ler-y (ar-til'ler-i), n. can¬ 
non ; great guns; ordnance of all 
kinds, with its equipment of car¬ 
riages, men, and material ; the 
officers and men forming the ar¬ 
tillery division of an army; the 
science which treats of the use or 
management of ordnance, 
ar-ti-san (ar'ti-zan), n. one 
skilled in any art or trade; a me¬ 
chanic; a handicraftsman, 
ar-tist (ar'tist), n. one skilled in 
any branch of high art: one pro¬ 
fessing or practicing one of the 
fine arts. 

Syn. artisan, mechanic, work¬ 
man, operative. 

ar-tiste (ar-test'), n. one who is 
an expert in any branch of pro¬ 
fessional art other than the fine 
arts, as a public singer, cook, &c. 
ar-tis-tic (ilr-tis'tik) or artis- 
tical ('tik-al), adj. pertaining to 
art or to artists ; characterized by 
aesthetic feeling or conformity to 
the principles of a school of art 
or design. 

ar-tis-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 
manner conformable to the rules 
and principles of art. 
art-less (art'les), adj. lacking art; 
unskilful ; devoid of cunning; sim¬ 
ple ; natural; undesigning; unaf¬ 
fected ; ingenuous. 

Ar-yan (ar'y&n), adj. pertaining 
to the Aryans, or to their lan¬ 
guage. 

Ar-yans, n. the race of mankind 
from which the white people of 
Europe and Southern Asia have 
descended. 

as (as), n. [pi. asses (as'sez)], a 
Roman weight equivalent to the 
libra or pound. 

as-a-f et-i-da or as-a-f oet-i-da 


(as-S-fet'i-dd), n. a fetid sap ob¬ 
tained from the roots of several 
large umbelliferous plants of 
Persia and Afghanistan, 
as-bes-tine (as-bes'tin), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of, 
asbestos; incombustible, 
as-bes-tos (as-bes'tos) or asbes- 
tus ('tus), n. a fibrous variety of 
horn-blende, separable into flexi¬ 
ble filaments of flax-like appear¬ 
ance and silky luster, and pos¬ 
sessing the property of being in¬ 
combustible. 

as-cend (as-send'), v.i. to take an 
upward direction ; mount; go up ; 
rise; to proceed from an inferior 
to a superior; rise from a lower 
to a higher pitch or tone: v.t. to 
go or move upward upon; climb; 
go upward along. 

as-cend-a-ble (as-sen'da-bl) or 
as-cen-di-ble ('di-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being climbed or navigated, 
ascendancy (as-sen'dan-si) or 
ascendency ('den-si), n. a gov¬ 
erning or controlling power or in¬ 
fluence ; domination, 
as-cend-ant (as-sen'dant) or as- 
cend-ent ('dent), adj. rising; 
superior ; predominant; above the 
horizon: n. superiority or com¬ 
manding influence; predominance; 
an ancestor, or one who precedes 
in genealogy or degrees of kin¬ 
dred : opposed to descendant; the 
particular zodiacal sign appearing 
above the horizon at the time of 
one’s birth. 

as cen sion (as-sen'shun), n. the 
act of moving upward; a rising; 
the ascent of our Lord to heaven; 
the rising of a star or point above 
the celestial horizon. 

Ascension Day (da), n. a 
movable feast to commemorate 
Christ’s ascension into heaven, 
celebrated on the Thursday next 
but one before Whit-Sunday: also 
called Holy Thursday, 
as-cent (as-sent'), n. the act of 
rising; an upward movement; the 
act of climbing; the way or means 
of reaching a height; an acclivity; 
an upward slope. 

as-cer-tain (as-ser-tan'), v.t. to 
make certain ; find out or deter¬ 
mine definitely by test or exami¬ 
nation. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










asc 


62 


asp 


as - cer - tain - ment (as-ser-tan'- 
ment), n. the act of ascertaining, 
as-cet-ic (as-set'ik), adj. exceed¬ 
ingly rigid in the exercise of re¬ 
ligious (luties and mortification of 
worldly desires: n. one who re¬ 
nounces the world and devotes 
himself to religious exercises ; one 
who subjects himself to severe 
disciplinary methods of living; a 
hermit; a recluse, 
as-cet-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in an 
ascetical manner. 

as-cet-i-cisin (as-set'i-sizm), n. 
the condition or mode of life 
adopted by one who renounces 
worldly matters; austerity, 
as-cri-ba-lble (as-kri'ba-bl), adj. 
capable of being attributed or im¬ 
puted. 

ascribe (as-krib'), v.t. to attrib¬ 
ute, impute, or refer; assign, 
ascription (as-krip'shun), n. the 
act of attributing or imputing; 
that which is assigned, 
aseptic (a-sep'tik), adv. free 
from the germs of disease or putre¬ 
faction ; not liable to putrefy: an 
aseptic substance. 

a-sex-u-al (a-seks'u-al), adj. not 
sexual; produced by other than 
sexual processes. 

a-sex-u-al-ly (-li), adv. in a man¬ 
ner other than by conjunction of 
the sexes: applied to reproduction, 
ash (ash), n. the name popularly 
applied to trees of the genus Frax- 
inus, many of which supply valu¬ 
able timber: the wood of the 
ash-tree: adj. pertaining to, or 
like, the ash; made of ash. 
ash (ash), n. [pi. ashes ('ez)].the 
residue of plant or animal sub¬ 
stance remaining after subjection 
to red-heat: pi. the waste of 
burned coal: the remains of a hu¬ 
man body when cremated, hence a 
corpse. 

a shamed (a-shamd'), p.adj. af¬ 
fected or touched by shame; cast 
down or dejected by conscious 
guilt; abashed by a sense of in¬ 
decorum ; reluctant through fear 
of shame (followed by an infini¬ 
tive). 

ash-en (ash'n), adj. pertaining to 
the ash-tree; made of ash ; of the 
color of ashes; pale. 


a shore (fi-slior'), adv. on shore ; 

to the shore; on land, 
a-side (a-sld'), adv. on or to one 
side; out of a given direction; 
apart; away from : n. a speech or 
utterance not intended for the 
present company : a remark made 
by an actor on the stage, and as¬ 
sumed to be heard only by the 
person for whom it is intended, 
as-i-nine (as'i-nin), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the ass ; having the nature 
or characteristics of an ass. 
as-i-nin-i-ty (as'i-nin'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being asinine; obstinate 
stupidity. 

ask (ask), v.t. to request; seek to 
obtain by words; petition or beg 
for; claim or demand ; expect or 
require; inquire respecting; inter¬ 
rogate ; invite: v.i. to prefer by 
request; inquire after. 

Syn. crave, beg, beseech, peti¬ 
tion. request, solicit. 

Ant. (see command). 
a skance (a-skans') or a-skant 
(a-skant'). adv. sideways; ob¬ 
liquely ; awry; from the corner of 
the eye; aslant. 

askew (a-sluY), adv. obliquely; 
awry; out of position or arrange¬ 
ment. 

a-slant (S-slant'), adv. not at right 
angles ; sloping; oblique; slant¬ 
ing ; athwart. 

a-sleep (a-slep'), adj. & adv. 
sleeping; in a state of slumber; 
dormant. 

a-slope (a-slop'), adv. in a sloping 
direction. 

a-soak (a-s5k'), adv. in a state of 
saturation or soaked with moist- 
u re. 

asp (asp), n. a small venomous 
snake of Egypt; the common 
viper, or adder, of Europe; a 
royal symbol of ancient Egypt, 
as-par-a-gus (as-par'a-gus), n. a 
plant having tender edible shoots, 
as-pect (as'peckt), n. visual or 
mental appearance ; look ; mien ; 
air ; outlook or prospect: the rela¬ 
tive position of the planets as 
viewed from the earth; appear¬ 
ance. 

as-pen (as'pen), n. a species of 
poplar whose leaves have the prop¬ 
erty of trembling in the slightest 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 













asp 


63 


ass 


breeze: adj. pertaining to the asp- 
tree : quivering like an aspen-leaf, 
as-per (as'per), adj. rugged ; hard ; 
warlike: n. the mark (‘) in Greek, 
to indicate the rough breathing, or 
aspirate. 

asperity (as-per'i-ti), n. [pi. 
asperities (-tiz)], roughness of 
surface ; roughness or harshness of 
sound; sourness; bitterness of 
taste or temper. 

a-sper-mous (a-sper'mus), adj. 

without seed ; not producing seed, 
asperse (as-pers'), v.t. to be¬ 
sprinkle ; injure in reputation by 
calumny ; slander, 
aspersion (as-per'shun), n. a 
sprinkling as of dust or water; 
injury by false and calumnious 
charges or reports; slander, 
asphalt (as'falt), n. a compact, 
brittle variety of native bitumen, 
employed for the purpose of pav¬ 
ing, roofing, and cementing : v.t. to 
lay down or cover with asphalt, 
as-phal-tic (as-fal'tik), adj. of 
the nature of, composed of, or 
containing asphalt, 
as-phal-tum. Same as asphalt, 
as-pho-del (as'fo-del), n. the name 
of several plants of the liliaceous 
genus Asphodelus; the daffodil of 
the older English poets; the un¬ 
fading plant of the dead, which 
covered the meadows of Hades, 
as-phyx-i-a (as-fik'si-a) or as- 
phyx-y ('si), n. the condition of 
lifelessness occasioned by suspen¬ 
sion or interruption of respiration, 
as-phyx-i-ate (as-fik'si-at), v.t. to 
suffocate; deprive of oxygen, and 
so cause death or dangerous 
symptoms. 

as-pic (as'pik), n. a venomous 
asp; the great lavender; a side- 
dish composed of game, fish, &c., 
encased in clear savory meat-jelly, 
as-pi-rant (as-pi'rant), adj. as¬ 
piring; ambitious: n. one who 
seeks to attain, or aspires to, a 
high object or position, 
as-pi-rate (as'pi-rat), v.t. to pro¬ 
nounce with a full breathing; to 
prefix the sound of the letter h : 
n. the sound of the letter h. as in 
horse; the mark or sign used to 
denote the sound: adj. pro¬ 
nounced with the audible breath, 
as-pi-ra-tion (as-pi-ra'shun), n. 


the act of aspirating; an aspirated 
sound : a breath ; the yearning de¬ 
sire for something higher or bet¬ 
ter than that already possessed; 
ambition. 

as-pi-ra-to-ry (as-pi'ra-to-ri), adj . 
pertaining to breathing; suited to 
the inhaling of air. 
aspire (as-plr'), v.i. to seek after 
or desire with longing; yearn for 
that which is better or nobler; 
rise or ascend; to soar: v.t. to 
breathe to, or into ; breathe forth ; 
soar to : attain. 

asquint (a-skwint'), adv. with a 
squint; to or out of the corner of 
the eye ; obliquely, 
ass (as), n. a quadruped of the 
genus Equus, allied to the horse, 
usually employed in its domesti¬ 
cated state as a beast of burden ; 
a dull, stupid fellow, 
as-sa-foet-i-da. ' See asafetida. 
as-sail (as-sal'), v.t. to fall upon 
or attack with vehemence; attack 
with argument or abuse, 
as-sail-ant (as-sal'ant), adj as¬ 
saulting ; attacking: n. one who, 
or that which, assails, 
as-sas-sin (as-sas'sin), n. one who 
slays treacherously or by covert 
assault; one who kills, or at¬ 
tempts to kill, secretly as the agent 
of another or others, or for re¬ 
ward ; formerly one of a band of 
Syrian fanatics. 

as-sas-si-nate (as-sas'si-nat), v.t. 
to kill, or attempt to kill, by 
secret or treacherous means: slay 
suddenly or unawares ; murder, 
as-sas-si-na-tion (as-sas-si-na'- 
shun), n. the act of slaying in 
secret, or at the bidding or reward 
of others ; murder, 
as-sault (as-sawlt'), n. an attack 
with violence by physical means; 
an onslaught; an attack by mili¬ 
tary force; a violent attack by 
mpral force; an attempt or threat 
to do bodily violence or injury to 
another; the charge of an attack¬ 
ing party on a fortified position : 
v.t. to attack violently; storm, as 
by armed force; attack by moral 
force; threaten or attempt by visi¬ 
ble means bodily violence or in¬ 
jury to another; attack a fortified 
position by a sudden charge, 
as-say (as-sa'), n. the act or p roc- 


late mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pouh, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 













ass 


64 


ass 


ess of determining by analysis the 
quantity or proportion of any one 
or more metals in a metallic com* 
pound, ore, or alloy, especially the 
standard purity of gold or silver 
coin or bullion ; the substance or 
metal to be assayed: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to subject to 
analysis; to determine the quan¬ 
tity or proportion of one or more 
of the constituents of a metal, 
as-say-er (as-sa'er), n. one who 
assays: an officer of the Mint ap¬ 
pointed to test the purity of bul¬ 
lion and coin. 

as-sem-blage (as-sem'blaj), n. the 
act of assembling; the state of be¬ 
ing assembled; a group or col¬ 
lection of persons or particular 
things. 

assemble (as-sem'bl). v.t. to col¬ 
lect or gather together in one place 
or body; congregate: v.i. to meet 
or come together; convene, 
as-sem-bly (as-sem'bli), n. [pi. 
assemblies (-bliz)], a collection 
or company of persons brought to¬ 
gether in one place, and for a 
common object; a meeting; a 
congregation. 

assembly-man (-man), n. a 
member of a legislative assembly, 
as-sent (as-sent'), v.i. to admit as 
true ; concede ; agree to ; consent: 
n. the act of agreeing to; consent; 
acquiescence; approval; concur¬ 
rence. 

as-sen-ta-tion (as-sen-ta'shun), 
n. compliance with the opinion of 
another, in flattery or obsequious¬ 
ness. 

as-sen-ti-ent (as-sen'shi-ent), adj. 

assenting: n. one who assents, 
as-sert (as-sert'), v.t. to main¬ 
tain ; declare positively, or with 
assurance ; aver ; affirm ; defend or 
vindicate ; declare, 
as-ser-tion (as-ser'shun), n. the 
act of asserting ; that which is, as¬ 
serted ; positive declaration ; alle¬ 
gation ; maintenance or defense. | 
as-ser-tive (as-ser'tiv), adj. posi- ; 
tive; dogmatical; confident in as¬ 
sertion. 

as-ser-tor (as-ser'ter), n. one who 
asserts; one who maintains or de¬ 
fends. 

as-ser-to-ry (as-ser'to-ri), adj. 
affirming; supporting. 


as-sess (as-ses'), v.t. to fix or de¬ 
termine, as damages; fix, rate, or 
set a certain charge upon, as a 
tax; estimate or value officially 
for the purpose of taxation, 
as-sessed tax-es (as-sest taks'ez), 
n.pl. taxes levied on income, 
houses and property, 
as-sess-ment (as-ses'ment), n. the 
act of assessing or determining an 
amount to be paid; an official 
valuation of property, or income, 
for the purpose of taxation ; the 
specific sum levied as tax, or as¬ 
sessed for damages, 
as sess or (as-ses'er), n. one ap¬ 
pointed to assess property or per¬ 
sons for taxation, 
as-ses-so-ri-al (as-ses-so'ri-3.1), 
adj. pertaining to an assessor, 
as-sets (as'sets), n.pl. the prop¬ 
erty', whether real or personal, of 
a deceased person which is sub¬ 
ject by law to the discharge of his 
debts and legacies; the property 
or effects of an insolvent debtor 
which are available for the satis¬ 
faction of his creditors; the en¬ 
tire property of a trader or com¬ 
pany of traders. 

as-sc v-er-ate (as-sev'er-at), v.t. 
to affirm or aver positively, or 
with solemnity. 

a s-s e v-e r-a-t ion (as-sev-er-a'* 
shun), n. a solemn affirmation or 
declaration, as upon oath, 
as-sib-i-late (as-sib'i-lat), v.t. to 
pronounce with a hissing sound; 
to alter to a sibilant, 
as-sib-i-la-tion (as-sib-i-la'shun), 
n. pronunciation with a hissing 
sound; the change of a dental or 
guttural mute into a sibilant or a 
similar sound. 

as-si-du-i-ty (as-si-du'i-ti), n. [pi. 
assiduities (-tiz) ], close applica¬ 
tion or unremitting attention to ; 
diligence: pi. studied and perse¬ 
vering attention to please, 
as-sid-u-ous (as-sid'u-us), adj. 
constant in application ; devotedly 
attentive; perseveringly diligent, 
assign (as-sln'), v.t. to appoint, 
mark out, apportion, make over; 
fix; designate for a specific pur¬ 
pose ; point out exactly ; to trans¬ 
fer or make over to another, as 
for the benefit of creditors: n. an 
appurtenance; one to whom prop¬ 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ass 


<55 


ass 


erty or interest is assigned by will 
or deed. 

assignat (as'ig-nat, French a-se- 
nya'), v. a money or currency bond 
issued by the French Revolution¬ 
ary Government (17S9-9G). 
as-sig-na-tion (as-ig-na'shun), n. 
the act of assigning; an appoint¬ 
ment to meet [used chiefly of love- 
meetings and in a bad sense] ; the 
transfer of title, or the deed of 
transferment. 

as-sign-ee (as-sin-e'), n. one to 
whom an assignment of anything 
is made, either in trust or for his 
own use and enjoyment, 
as sign ment (as-sin'ment), n. a 
setting apart, allotment, or ap¬ 
pointment to some particular per¬ 
son or use ; transfer of title or in¬ 
vest ; the deed of writing effect- 
ing.such a transfer, 
as-sig-nor (as-si-nor'), n. one who 
assigns or transfers an interest, 
as-sim-i-la-ble (as-sim'i-la-bl), 
adj. capable of being assimilated, 
as-sim-i-late (as-sim'i-lat). v.t. to 
bring to conformity or agreement 
with something else ; convert or in¬ 
corporate into organic substance; 
absorb or appropriate, as nourish¬ 
ment : v.i. to be converted into or 
become incorporated with the sub¬ 
stance cf the animal body, 
as - sim - i la - tion (as-sim-i-la'- 
shun), n. tno act or process of 
assimilating; the state of being 
assimilated. 

as-sim-i-la-tive (as-sim'i-Ia-ti v), 
adj. having the power of assimilat¬ 
ing, or causing assimilation, 
as-sist (as-sist'). v.t. to help ; aid : 
give support to; attend: v.i. to 
lend help or aid. 

as-sis-tance (as-sis'tans), n. help; 

furtherance ; aid ; succor ; support, 
as-sis-tant (as-sis'tant), adj. 
helping ; lending aid ; auxiliary : n. 
one who, or that which, assists; a 
helper; an auxiliary, 
as-sist-ful (as-sist'fool), adj. help¬ 
ful. 

as-size (as-siz'), n. [pi. assizes 
('ez)], a court or session of jus¬ 
tice for the trial by jury of civil 
or criminal cases; the sessions 
held periodically in each county of 
England by judges of the Supreme 
Court [usually in the pi.] ; the 


time or place of holding the assize 
[usually in the pi.]. 
as-size-ment (as-siz'ment), n. an 
inspection of weights and mea^ 
ures. enacted by statute, 
as-si-zer (as-sl'zer) or assizor 
('zer), n. a juror. 

as-so-ci-ate (as-so'shi-at), v.t. to 
unite; join with; connect; ac¬ 
company, as a companion, friend, 
or confederate: v.i. to unite in 
company ; keep company : unite in 
action : adj. joined in interest, ob¬ 
ject, or purpose ; sharing office or 
employment, as a colleague or 
partner; connected by habit, func¬ 
tion, or sympathy : n. a compan¬ 
ion ; a confederate: an ally; one 
belonging to a society or institu¬ 
tion, usually of a lower grade than 
a Member or Fellow, 
as-so-ci-a-tion (as-so-shi-a'shun), 
n. the act of associating or state of 
being associated ; union ; conjunc¬ 
tion ; an associate body of persons 
formed for a common object; a 
society. 

Syn. combination, company, 
partnership, society. 

Ant. (see isolation). 
as-so-ci-a-tive (as-so-shi-a'tiv), 
adj. tending to or characterized by 
association. 

as so nance (as'so-nans), n. re¬ 
semblance of sound ; a species of 
rhyme which consists in the use of 
the same vowel-sound in the last 
syllable of words having different 
consonants. 

as so nant (as's5-nant), adj. hav¬ 
ing resemblance of sound ; pertain¬ 
ing to, or possessing, assonance, 
as-sort (as-sort'), v.t. to divide or 
separate into lots according to ar¬ 
rangement ; to classify ; arrange : 
v.i. to agree; suit; be in accord¬ 
ance with. 

assort-ment (as-sort'ment), n. 
the act of assorting or placing 
out; a classified collection of arti¬ 
cles or goods of a varied character, 
as-suade (as-swad'), v.t. to pre¬ 
sent, as advice ; urge persuasively, 
assuage (as-swaj'), v.t. to soften ; 
mitigate, allay, lessen, satisfy, or 
appease. 

as suage ment (as-swaj'ment). n. 
• mitigation: a lenitive application 
or medicine. 


(ate, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon* 

cook ; mute, nut: thin, the n. 







ass 


66 


as j 


as sume (as-sum'), v.t. to take to ; 
take in or into ; take upon one’s 
self; arrogate or appropriate; 
take for granted; take in appear¬ 
ance ; pretend to possess: v.i. to be 
arrogant; presume; claim more 
than is one’s due; give a legal un¬ 
dertaking ; pretend ; usurp. 

Syn. claim, arrogate, appropri¬ 
ate, take, usurp, pretend. 

as-sump-sit (as-sump'sit), n. a 
verbal or unsealed contract based 
on a consideration; an action to 
enforce such a contract. 

as sump tion (as-sump'shun), n. 
the act of assuming or taking to 
or upon one’s self; taking for 
granted; the thing supposed; a 
postulate ; the taking up of a per¬ 
son to heaven; a verbal or un¬ 
sealed contract. 

as sump tive (as-sump'tiv), adj. 
assumed, or capable of assumption. 

as-sur-a-ble (a-shur'a-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being assured or insured. 

as sur ance (a-shur'ans), n. the 
act of assuring; an earnest or 
testimony intended or tending to 
elicit or inspire confidence; cer¬ 
tain expectation; confidence: self- 
possession : self-reliance; impu¬ 
dence ; a deed or other legal evi¬ 
dence of the conveyance of prop¬ 
erty ; a security or contract to 
make good a loss, or pay over a 
sum at death or at some deter¬ 
minate age. 

as sure (a-shur'), v.t. to make 
sure or certain ; to inspire confi¬ 
dence by declaration or promise ; 
secure to another; insure, or cove¬ 
nant for indemnity in event of loss 
or death. 

as sured (a-shurd'), p.adj. made 
certain; guaranteed; self-pos¬ 
sessed ; insured: n. a person in¬ 
sured. 

assuredly (-li), adv. certainly; 
with assurance. 

assuredness (-nes), n. cer¬ 
tainty ; full confidence. 

as-sur-er (a-shur'er), n. one who 
assures. 

As syr i an (as-sir'i-an), ad;, per¬ 
taining to Assyria or to its inhabi¬ 
tants. . 

As-syr-i-ol-o-jgy (as-sir-i-ol'o-ji)., 
n. the science or study of the 


language and antiquities of As¬ 
syria. 

a-stat-ic (a-stat'ik), adj. without 
polarity. 

a-stat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in an 

astatic manner. 

a-stat-i-cism (a-stat'i-sizm), n. 
the state of being astatic. 

a-stay (a-sta'), adv. said of an 
anchor when on heaving it the 
cable makes an acute angle with 
the level of the water. 

As-ter (as'ter), n. a genus of 
flowering - plants with rosette¬ 
shaped flowers, to which the 
Michaelmas-daisy belongs. 

as-ter, n. any plant of the genus 
Aster. 

as-te-ri-al (as-te'ri-al), adj. con¬ 
nected with, or related to, the 
stars. 

as-te-ri-a-ted (as-te'ri-a-ted), adj. 
radiated; having the form of a 
star. 

as-ter-isk (as'ter-isk), n. the 
mark (*) used in printing as a 
reference to a marginal passage 
or footnote appended to the text, 
or to indicate letters or words 
omitted (***) ; v.t. to mark with 
an asterisk. 

as-ter-ism (as'ter-izm), n. a group 
or cluster of stars; three asterisks 
placed in the form of a triangle 
[ *** or *** ] to direct attention 
to a particular passage; the star- 
like appearance in certain crys¬ 
tals. 

a-stern (a-stern'), adj. & adv. at 
or toward the hinder part of a 
ship ; behind a ship. 

asternal (a-ster'nal), adj. not 
joined to the sternum or breast¬ 
bone ; said of ribs. 

asteroid (as'ter-oid), adj. star- 
like : star-shaped: n. one of the 
small planets whose orbits lie be¬ 
tween those of Mars and Jupiter: 
a minor planet. 

as-the-ni-a (as-the-ni'a), n. de¬ 
bility. 

as-then-ic (as-then'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characterized by 
asthenia ; feeble. 

asth ma (ast'ma & as'ma), n. i 
respiratory disease, chronically re 
current and attended by difficulty 
of breathing, with a wheezing 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut: thin, then. 






67 


ast 


ast 


cough and a sense of constriction 
in the chest. 

asthmatic (ast-mat'ik), or asth- 
mat-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. pertaining 
tc asthma; affected by asthma: 
n. a person suffering from the dis¬ 
ease. 

asth-mat ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in an 
asthmatical manner, 
as-tig-mat-ic (as-tig-mat'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, affected with, or 
curing astigmatism, 
astigmatism (a-stig'm3.-tizm), 
or a-stig-mism ('mizmj, n. a 
defect in the structure of the eye 
causing variation of the focus of 
the crystalline lens, 
a-stir (a-ster'), adv. or adj. on the 
move: active; stirring, 
as-tom-a-tous (as-tom'a-tus), or 
as-to-mous (as'to-mus), adj. des¬ 
titute of a mouth ; without breath¬ 
ing pores. 

as-ton-ish (as-ton'ish), v.t. to 
strike with sudden wonder; sur¬ 
prise ; amaze. 

as - ton - ish - meat (as-ton'ish- 
ment), n. the state of being 
astonished; amazement, 
astound (as-tound'), v.t. to 
strike with amazement; shock; 
alarm: stun. 

a-strad-dle (a-strad'l), adv. with 
one leg on each side of something; 
astride. 

as-tra-gal (as'tra-gal), n. a small 
molding or bead of semicircular 
form: called also a roundel ; the 
astragalus; the circular molding 
near the mouth of a cannon, 
as-trag-al-us (as-trag'al-us). n. 
[pi. astragali (-11)], the ball of 
the ankle-joint; the lower bone 
into which the tibia articulates, 
as tra khan (as'tra-kan), n. the 
skins of young lambs with curly 
wool, obtained from Astrakhan, a 
city in Russia ; an imitation with 
a pile resembling this wool or fur. 
as-tral (as'tral), adj. pertaining 
to the stars ; starry ; star-shaped ; 
pertaining to a super-sensible sub¬ 
stance presumed by occultists to 
pervade the regions of space and 
to enter into the composition of all 
bodies. 

as-tral bod-y (bod'i), n. a kind of 
ethereal body said by the occultists 
to be capable of projection to a 


distance, and to possess the power 
of occupying two places at the 
same instant; a ghost or double, 
as-tral lamp (lamp), n. a lamp 
similar to an Argand lamp, giving 
an uninterrupted light, 
as-tral spirits (spir'itz), n.pl. 
spirits formerly supposed to in¬ 
habit the stars, and represented as 
fallen angels or spirits of fire, 
a-stray (a-stra'), adv. out of the 
right way; wandering, 
a-stride (a-strid'), adv. with the 
legs wide apart; astraddle, 
as-trin-gen-cy (as-trin'jen-si), n. 
the quality of being astringent; 
harshness; severity, 
as-trin-gent (as-trin'jent), adj. 
binding; contracting, opposed to 
laxative: n. a substance or medi¬ 
cine that produces contraction of 
the tissues and checks discharges, 
as-tro-labe (as'trd-lab), n. an in¬ 
strument formerly employed for 
taking the altitude of the sun or 
stars; a stereographic projection 
of the sphere on the plane of the 
equator or a meridian, 
as-trol-o-ger (as-trol'o-jer), n. one 
who professes to forecast events 
by means of the stars, 
as-tro-log-ic-al (as-tro-loj'ik-al), 
adj. pertaining to astrology, or the 
practice of astrology, 
as-tro-log-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
an astrological manner; according 
to astrology. 

as-trol-o-gy (as-trol'o-ji), n. pre¬ 
destination by the stars; the art 
anciently pursued of foretelling or 
forecasting the future of man¬ 
kind, by reference to the influence 
supposed to be exerted by the 
stars in their various aspects and 
relative positions upon the course 
of human destiny, 
as-trom-e-ter (as-trom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for ascertaining 
and comparing the relative mag¬ 
nitude and luster of the stars, 
as-tron-o-mer (as-tron'o-mer), n. 
one who studies, or is versed in, 
astronomy. 

as-tron-o-mer roy-al (roi'&I), n. 
the official title of the astronomer 
in charge of a royal observatory 
in Great Britain and Ireland, 
as - tro - nom - ic (as-trS-nom'ik) 
or as-tro-nom-ic-al ('ik-&l), adj. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he. her. let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 











ast 


68 


ath 


pertaining to astronomy, or ac¬ 
cording to astronomical laws, 
as-tro-nom-ic-al clock (klok),n. 

a clock which keeps sidereal time, 
as-tro-nom-ic-al signs (sinz), 
n.pl. the signs of the zodiac, 
as-tro-nom-ic-al year (yer), n. a 
year the length of which is de¬ 
termined by astronomical observa¬ 
tions. 

astronomically (-li), adv: in 
an astronomical manner, 
as-tron-o-my (as-tron'5-mi), n. 
the study of the heavenly bodies; 
the science which treats of their 
magnitude, motions, relative posi¬ 
tions, and all connective phenom¬ 
ena. 

as-tro-pho-tog-ra-phy (as-tro-fo- 
tog'ra-fi), n. photography applied 
to the delineation of the heavenly 
bodies. 

as-tro-pho-tom-e-ter (as-tro-fo- 
tom'e-ter), n. an instrument for 
measuring the intensity of the 
light of stars. 

as-tro-phys-i-cal (as-tro-fiz'i-k£tl), 
adj. pertaining to the physical 
structure of the stars, 
as-tute (as-tut'), adj. shrewd; 
keenly penetrating; sagacious; 
cunning; crafty. 

Syn. acute, crafty, cunning, 
keen, sharp, shrewd. 

Ant. (see blind). 

a sun der (a-sun'der), adv. apart; 

separately ; into parts, 
as-waii (as'wal), n. the sloth-bear 
of India. 

a-sy-lum (a-si'lum), n. [pi. asy¬ 
lums ('lumz)], a sanctuary or 
place of refuge wherein formerly 
criminals and debtors might find 
immunity from arrest; an institu¬ 
tion for the care or relief of the 
aged, destitute, or afflicted, 
a-sym-met-ric-al (a-sim-et'rik- 
&1), adj. not symmetrical; dispro¬ 
portionate. 

a-sym-met-ric-al-ly (-li), adv. 
not symmetrical. 

a-sym-me-try (&-sim'e-tri), n. lack 
of symmetry or proportion be¬ 
tween the parts of a thing, 
a-syn-de-ton (a-sin'de-ton), n. a 
figure of speech which omits con¬ 
nectives, as “I came, I saw, I 
conquered.” 

atavism (at'a-vizm), n. the re¬ 


version, or tendency to revert, to 
the ancestral type of a species; re¬ 
semblance to a remote ancestor, 
exhibited by a certain organism; 
the recurrence of any peculiarity 
or disease from which an an¬ 
cestor in remote generations has 
suffered. 

at-a-vis-tic (at-a-vis'tik), adj. of, 
or pertaining to, atavism, 
a-tax-i-a (a-tak'si-a), or ataxy 
('si), n. irregularities in the func¬ 
tions of the body or in the course 
of a disease. 

a-tax-ic (a-tak'sik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or characterized by, ataxy, 
a-tax-ic fe-ver (fe'ver), n. ty¬ 
phus fever of a malignant type, 
ate (at), p.t. of eat. 
a-te-Iier (a'te-ly&), n. a workshop; 

the studio of a painter or sculptor, 
a-the-ism (a'the-izm), n. disbelief 
in the existence of a God. 
a-the-ist (a'the-ist), n. one who 
disbelieves or denies the existence 
of a God. 

a-the-is-tic (a-the-is'tik) ,or a-the- 
is-tic-al ('tik-al), adj. pertaining 
to, containing, or implying athe¬ 
ism. 

a-the-is-tic-al-ly (-li), adv. in an 
atheistic manner ; impiously, 
atk-e-ne-um, ath-e-nae-nm (ath- 

e-ne'um), n. [pi. atheneums 
('umz) & athensea ('§.)], an insti¬ 
tution, club, or building devoted to 
the purposes or study of literature, 
science, and art. 

a-ther-man-cy (a-ther'man-si), n. 

impermeability to radiant heat, 
a-ther-ma-nous ('ma-nus), adj. 
impervious to radiant heat, 
a-tliirst (a-therst'), adj. in want 
of drink. 

ath-lete (ath'let), n. a competi¬ 
tor for a prize in public games; 
one trained to contend in feats of 
physical prowess; one possessed of 
great physical strength, 
ath-let-ic (ath-let'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to athletes, or their per¬ 
formances ; strong ; robust; vigor¬ 
ous ; muscular. 

ath-let-ic-al-ly (ath-let'ik-al-li), 
adv. in an athletic manner, 
ath-let-i-cism (ath-let'i-sizm), n. 
the practice of athletic games or 
exercises. 

ath-let-ics (ath-let'iks), n. any 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mOOn. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





ath 


69 


atf 


system of athletic training by 
gymnastic exercises or outdoor 
sports; athletic exercises collect¬ 
ively. 

a-tliwart (fi-thwart'), prep. 
across; from side to side: adv. 
crosswise; obliquely; across the 
course or direction of a ship, 
a-th wart-ships (-ships), adv. 
phr. across a ship from one side to 
the other. 

a-tilt (a-tilt'), adv. & adj. in the 
position or with the action of a 
person making a thrust; tilted, 
at-lan-tes (at-lan'tez), n.pl. fig¬ 
ures or half-figures of men, used 
in place of columns or pilasters to 
support an entablature, 
at-las (at'las), n. [pi. atlases 
('ez)], a collection of maps in a 
volume; a work in tabulated 
form; a large size of drawing- 
paper. 

at-las-pow-der (at'lfis-pou'der), 
n. a powerful nitro-glycerine 
blasting compound, 
at-mi-dom-e-ter (at-mi-dom'e- 
ter), n. an instrument for meas¬ 
uring the evaporation from ice, 
snow, or water. 

at-mol-o-gy (at-mol'o-ji), n. the 
science of aqueous vapor, its laws 
and phenomena. 

at-mom-e-ter (at-mom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
rate and amount of evaporation 
from a moist surface, 
at-mos-phere (at'mos-fer), n. the 
aeriform fluid surrounding the 
earth, composed of a mechanical 
mixture of 79 parts by volume of 
nitrogen with 21 parts of oxygen, 
and a trace of carbonic acid and 
argon, with a varying proportion 
of aqueous vapor, ammonia, ozone, 
and organic matter; the gaseous 
envelope surrounding any of the 
heavenly bodies; the influence, 
mental and moral, exerted on a 
person by his environments, 
at-mos-pher-ic (at-mos-fer'ik), or 
at-mos-pher-ic-al ('ik-sil), adj. 
pertaining to, resembling, or con¬ 
sisting of, existing in. or depend¬ 
ent upon, the atmosphere, 
a t-m os-phe r-i c press-ure 
(-presh'er), n. the pressure ex¬ 
erted in every direction upon a 
body by the atmosphere; equiva¬ 


lent to 14 2-3 lb. on the sq. in., or 
1,033 grams on the sq. centimeter, 
at-oll (a-tol' & at'ol), n. a coral 
island having the form of an outer 
ring of coral surrounding a basin 
or lagoon. 

at-om (at'um), n. an ultimate in¬ 
divisible particle of matter, 
a-tom-ic (a-tom'ik), or atomical 
('i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or con¬ 
sisting of, atoms; extremely mi¬ 
nute. 

a-tom-ic weight (a-tom'ik wat), 
n. the weight of the atom of any 
element as compared with another 
taken as a standard, usually hy¬ 
drogen, taken as 1. 
a-tom-ic-al-ly ( li), adv. in an 
atomic manner. 

at-om-ic-i-ty (at-om-is'i-ti), n. 
equivalence; the combining capac¬ 
ity of an element, 
at-om-ize (at'um-iz), v.t. to re¬ 
duce to atoms or exceedingly fine 
particles. 

at-om-i-zer (at'um-I-zer), n. an 
instrument constructed to reduce 
a liquid to spray. 

a-ton-able (a-ton'S-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being atoned for. 
a-tone (&-ton'), v.i. [pt. & p.p. 
atoned, p.pr. atoning], to make 
reparation or amends, as for in¬ 
jury done or implied; expiate; 
make satisfaction for; reconcile, 
a - tone - ment (a-ton'ment), n. 
reparation or satisfaction offered 
or made in return for injury; ex¬ 
piation of wrong or sin by suffer¬ 
ing ; the recompense for sin typi¬ 
fied by the sufferings and death 
of Christ; reconciliation, 
a-ton-ic (a-ton'ik), adj. wanting 
tone, or vital energy : unaccented : 
n. an unaccented word or sylla¬ 
ble ; a medicine to allay excite¬ 
ment. 

at-o-ny (at'o-ni), n. want of tone; 

debility; weakness of any organ, 
a-trip (a-trip'), adv. just clear of 
the ground. 

a-tri-um (a'tri-um), n. [pi. atria 
(-a)], the square entrance-hall, 
lighted from above, constituting 
the chief apartment in an ancient 
Roman house: a hall or entrance- 
court; a portico; the auricular 
portion of the heart; a cavity, 
a - tro - cious (a-tr5'shus), adj. 


Sate, mar, mfisk, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thm, then. 











70 


att 


atr 


wicked in the highest degree; ex¬ 
tremely criminal or cruel; out¬ 
rageous ; exhibiting or character¬ 
ized by great atrocity; flagrant, 
a-troc-i-ty (a-tros'i-ti), n. [pi. 
atrocities (-tiz)], enormous wick¬ 
edness ; abominable cruelty; an 
atrocious deed. 

at-ro-phy (at'ro-fi), n. a wasting, 
or diminution in bulk, of the body, 
or any part of the body arising 
from lack of nourishment; the 
degeneration of an organ or part: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. atrophied, p.pr. 
atrophying], to waste away; to 
dwindle. 

at-ro-pin (at'r5-pin), or atro¬ 
pine (-pin), n. a crystalline al¬ 
kaloid of very poisonous nature 
extracted from the deadly night¬ 
shade (belladonna), having the 
singular property of producing dil¬ 
atation of the pupil of the eye. 
at - ro - pism (at'ro-pizm), n. 
poisoning by atropin or bella¬ 
donna. 

at-tach (at-tach'), v.t. to fasten, 
or fix, to or on; bind; connect 
with or appoint to; connect by 
ties of affection ; to take, or seize, 
by legal authority: v.i. to adhere, 
at-ta-che (at-ta-sha'), n. one who 
is attached to another, or as part 
of a suite or staff, as of an em¬ 
bassy or legation. 

at-tach-ment (at-tach'ment), n. 
the act of attaching; adherence; 
fidelity : affection or regard; that 
which attaches, or the thing which 
is attached : a taking into custody 
or seizure of the person, goods, or 
estate by virtue of a legal process, 
at-tack (at-tak'), v.t. to assault; 
fall upon with force; assail with 
intent to overcome or to damage, 
discredit, or bring into ridicule; 
begin to affect or act upon, as 
disease: v.i. to make an onset or 
attack: n. the act of attacking in 
any sense of the word. 

*S Uyn. assail, assault, encounter. 

Ant. (see defend), 
attain (at-tan'), v.t. to achieve; 
gain; compass; accomplish: v.i. to 
reach ; come, or arrive at. 
at-tain-a-bil-i-ty (at-tan'a-bil'- 
i-ti). n. attainableness, 
at-tain-a-ble (at-tan'a-bl), adj. 
capable of being attained. 


at-tain-a-ble-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being attainable, 
at-tain-der (at-tan'der), n. the 
act of attainting, or the state of 
being attainted; an act, formerly 
in operation, for the deprivation 
of all civil rights and of power to 
inherit or transmit property : ap¬ 
plied to persons under sentence of 
death or outlawry for treason or 
felony. 

at-tain-ment (at-tan'ment), n. 
the act of attaining; the act of ar¬ 
riving at or reaching, as the re¬ 
sult of exertion or effort: that 
which is attained ; an acquisition, 
attaint (at-tant'), v.t. to taint; 
corrupt; sully or stain by dis¬ 
grace. 

at-tar of ros-es (at'ar of rbz'ez), 
n. an essential oil expressed from 
the petals of the rose. Written 
also atar, ottar, and otto, 
at-tem-per (at-tem'per), v.t . to 
reduce, modify, or moderate 
by mixture; regulate; temper; 
smooth, soften, or mollify; mix 
in proper proportion ; fit or adapt, 
at-tempt (at-tempt'), v.t. to make 
an effort to accomplish ; try; en¬ 
deavor or essay to perform; try 
to win or seduce; attack, or in¬ 
vade : n. a trial, essay, or en¬ 
deavor ; an effort to gain a point; 
an attack or assault, 
at-tend (at-tend'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p . 
-ed, p.pr. -mg], to wait upon; ac¬ 
company or be present with ; serve 
or # look after in any capacity ; be 
present at; accompany or follow: 
v.i. to pay heed or regard to; 
listen ; be in attendance upon, 
at-ten-dance (at-ten'dans), n. the 
act of attending; waiting on; 
presence ; the persons attending ; 
retinue. 

at-ten-dant (at-ten'dfintY, n. one 
who attends or accompanies in 
service or train of another: one 
who is present; that which at¬ 
tends or is consequent upon any¬ 
thing else : adj. accompanying ; be¬ 
ing present; connected or conse¬ 
quent upon ; depending on or ow¬ 
ing duty or service to. 
at-ten-tion (at-ten'shun). n. the 
act of applying the mind to any¬ 
thing ; consideration or regard for 
any person or thing; a mark or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin : vote, pGrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









att 


71 


att 


act of civility or courtesy; care 
for the comfort of others; a mili¬ 
tary command to assume the at¬ 
titude of attention, 
at-ten-tive (at-ten'tiv), adj. heed- 
• ful; full of attention ; intent; 
mindful ; regardful of the wishes 
of others. 

at-ten-u-ant (at-ten'u-ant), adj. 
making thin, as fluids; diluting; 
diminishing in denseness: n. a 
medicine which thins the fluids of 
the body ; a diluent, 
at-tea-u-ate (at-ten'u-at), v.t. to 
make thin or slender; weaken or 
reduce; thin out by dilution; 
rarefy: v.i. to become thin, 
slender, or fine: lessen : adj. made 
thin; dilute; rarefied; tapering; 
slender. 

at-ten-u-a-tion (at-ten-u-a'shun), 
n. the act or process of making 
slender, or thinning out by dilu¬ 
tion ; the state of being slender, 
at-test (at-test'), v.t. to bear 
witness to; certify as being genu¬ 
ine or true, especially in an offi¬ 
cial sense; give proof of; mani¬ 
fest. 

at-tes-ta-tion (at-tes-ta'sliun), n. 
the act of attesting; testimony or 
evidence given on oath, or by offi¬ 
cial declaration; sw’earing in. 
at-tes-tor (at-tes'ter), n. one who 
attests. 

at-tic (at'tik), n. an uppermost 
room in a house immediately be¬ 
neath the roof; a garret. 

At-tic (at'tik), adj. pertaining to 
Attica, in Greece; classical; ele¬ 
gant. 

Att-i-eism (at'i-sizm), n. a pe¬ 
culiarity of style or idiom charac¬ 
terizing the Attic rendering of the 
Greek language; elegant manner 
of expression. 

at-tire (at-tir 7 ), v.t. to dress; 
clothe; array ; adorn : n. dress ; 
clothes; habit; garb ; the horns 
of the stag, employed as a heraldic 
bearing. 

at-ti-tnde (at'ti-tud), n. bodily 
position or posture; the bearing 
assumed by a person or body of 
persons indicative of feeling, opin¬ 
ion, &c. 

Syn. pose, position, posture, 
at-ti tu-di-nal (at-ti-tu'di-nal), 

adj. pertaining to attitude. 


at-ti-tu-di-na-ri-an (at-ti-tu-di- 
na'ri-an), n. one who studies or 
affects attitudes. 

at-ti-tu-di-nize (at-ti-tu'di-niz), 

v.i. to pose for effect, 
at-tor-ney (at-ter'ni), n. [pi. at¬ 
torneys (-nez)], one legally quali¬ 
fied to act for another in the 
transaction of private business, or 
in the management, prosecution, 
or defense of actions at law. 
at-tor-ney-gen-er-al (- jen'er-al), 
n. the chief law officer appointed 
to act for the government; the 
chief law officer of a State, 
at-tor-ney-ship (at-ter'ni-ship), 
n. agency for another, 
at-tract (at-trakt'), v.t. to draw 
to or towards ; cause to approach; 
draw by moral influence; allure; 
entice. 

at-tract-a-bil-i-ty (at-trakt'a-bil'- 

i-ti), n. the quality of being at¬ 
tractable ; the power of attraction, 
at-tract-ile (at-trakt'il), adj. 

having the power to attract, 
at-trac-tion (at-trak'shun), n. the 
power or act of attracting; the 
force exerted by T one body or mass 
upon or over the constituent par¬ 
ticles of another, by which it tends 
to overcome the resistance to mo¬ 
tion, and to draw them together; 
tendency to coherence, 
at-tract-ive (at-trakt'iv), adj. 
having the power or tendency to 
attract; alluring; inviting: n. 
that which attracts, allures, or 
charms. 

at-trib-u-ta-ble (at-trib'u-ta-bl), 
adj. capable of being attributed, 
at-trib-ute (at-trib'ut), v.t. to as¬ 
cribe, impute, assign; n. (at'tri- 
but), that which is attributed, as 
quality^; trait; property ; a char¬ 
acteristic ; an attributive adjunct 
or adjective; that which may be 
predicated of any subject. 

Syn. ascribe, assign, connect, 
associate, impute. 

Ant. (see separate), 
at-tri-bu-tion (at-tri-bu'shun), n. 
the act of attributing; designa¬ 
tion. 

at-trib-u-tive (at-trib'u-tiv), adj. 
pertaining to, of the nature of, 
or expressing, an attribute: n. a 
word denoting an attribute; a 
word joined to and describing a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lotmoon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







72 


aug 


at t 


noun; an adjective or adjective 
phrase. 

at-trite (at-trlt'), adj. worn by 
friction; repentant through fear 
of punishment. 

at-tri-tion (at-trish'un), n. the 
act of wearing by rubbing; abra¬ 
sion ; the state of being worn; 
grief for sin arising only from 
fear of punishment. 

at-tune (at-tun'), v.t. to put in 
tune; bring into accordance or 
harmony. 

a-typ-ic (a-tip'ik), or atypical 

('i-kal), adj. without definite-typi¬ 
cal character; not conformable to 
the type. 

au-burn (aw'bem), adj. reddish- 
brown. 

auc-tion (awk'shun), n. a public 
sale of property or effects con¬ 
ducted on the principle of the 
highest bidder becoming the pur¬ 
chaser of any particular lot put 
up for sale; the property or effects 
offered for sale by auction: v.t. to 
sell by auction. 

auc-tion-eer (awk-shun-er'), n. 
one licensed to sell property or 
goods by public auction: v.i. to 
sell by auction. 

au-da-cious (aw-da'shus), adj. 
bold ; daring ; spirited ; insolent; 
impudent; characterized by shame¬ 
less effrontery. 

au-dac-i-ty (aw-das'i-ti), n. [pi. 
audacities (-tiz) ], boldness; dar¬ 
ing ; spirit; presumptuousness; 
impudence; effrontery. 

Syn. boldness, effrontery, hardi¬ 
hood. 

Ant. (see meekness). 

au-di-ble (aw'di-bl), adj. capable 
of being heard. 

au-di-bly (-bli), adv. so as to be 
heard. 

au-di-ence (aw'di-ens), n. the act 
of hearing; admittance to a hear¬ 
ing or formal interview with one 
of high position; an assembly of 
hearers. 

au-di-ent (aw'di-ent), adj. hear¬ 
ing ; listening. 

au-di-om-e-ter (aw-di-om'e-ter), 
n. an instrument for gauging the 
power of hearing. 

au-di-pbone (aw'di-fon), n. an 
instrument constructed to assist 
the deaf by collecting the sound¬ 


waves and conveying the vibra¬ 
tions to the auditory nerves 
through the medium of the teeth, 
au-dit (aw'dit), n. official exami¬ 
nation and verification of claims 
or accounts with vouchers and the 
attendance of witnesses to effect a 
settlement; a receipt of rent at 
stated times: v.t. to examine and 
adjust, as accounts or claims: v.i. 
to examine an account; act as 
auditor. 

au-di-tor (aw'di-ter), n. a hearer 
or listener; a person appointed to 
examine and verify accounts and 
claims; one who hears judicially, 
as in an audience court, 
au-di-to-ri-uni (aw-di-to'ri-um), 
n. [pi. auditoria (-a), & audi¬ 
toriums (-umz)], the space in a 
theater or other public building 
assigned to the audience, 
au-di-to-ry (aw'di-to-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to hearing, or to the sense 
or organs of hearing: n. an audi¬ 
ence ; a place or space allotted to 
hearers; an auditorium, 
au-ger (aw'ger), n. a tool for bor¬ 
ing holes. 

aught (awt), n. anything; any 
part: adv. in any way ; at all. 
aug ment (awg-ment'), v.t. to in¬ 
crease ; to enlarge in size or ex¬ 
tent ; to add an augment to: v.i. 
to grow larger; increase in size 
and strength: n. increase; en¬ 
largement ; a vowel prefixed, or a 
lengthening of the initial vowel, 
augmentation (awg-men-ta'- 
shun), n. increase; the increase 
in time-value of the notes of a 
theme; an additional charge to a 
coat of arms bestowed as a mark 
of honor; the period of increase in 
a fever before the crisis is 
reached. 

augmentative (awg-men'ta- 
tiv), adj. having the quality or 
power of augmenting: n. a word 
or affix which expresses with 
greater force the idea conveyed by 
the term from which it is derived: 
opposed to diminutive, 
au-gur (aw'ger), n. one who offi¬ 
cially predicted events by the ob¬ 
servation and interpretation of 
natural signs or omens, the flight 
of birds, the inspection of the en¬ 
trails of slaughtered victims, the 


15te, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








aug 


73 


aus 


OQCurrence of meteorological phe¬ 
nomena, &c.; one who professes 
to foretell events by omens; a 
soothsayer; a prophet: v.i. to con¬ 
jecture from signs or omens : v.t. 
to predict or prognosticate; be¬ 
token or infer. 

Syn. forebode, portend, predict, 
prophesy, foretell. 

Ant. (see assure), 
au-gu-ry (aw'gu-ri), n. [pi. au¬ 
guries (-riz)], the art or practice 
of foretelling events by reference 
to natural signs or omens; an 
omen ; prediction ; presage, 
au-gust (aw-gust'), adj. grand; 
invested with grandeur and dig¬ 
nity ; majestic; of a nature to in¬ 
spire awe and reverence. 

Au-gust (aw'gust), n. the eighth 
month of the year, 
auk (awk), n. the name given to 
the members of a family of arctic 
diving birds. The Great Auk is 
now extinct. Also spelled awk. 
au-lic (aw'lik), adj. pertaining to 
a royal court. 

aunt (ant), n. the sister of one’s 
father or mother. 

au ra (aw'ra), n. a subtle, vapor¬ 
ous streaming, or exhalation, sup¬ 
posed to emanate from a living 
body or substance, as aroma, 
effluvium, or the subtle essence, of 
its individual nature; a sensation 
as of a stream of air rising from 
a part of the body toward the 
head, and preceding an epileptic 
seizure or hysteria, 
au-ral (aw'ral), adj. pertaining 
to the air or to an aura ; pertain¬ 
ing to the ear, or to the sense of 
hearing. 

aureate (aw're-at), adj. golden; 

gilded ; golden-yellow, 
au-re-lia (aw-re'l.va), n. the pupa 
or chrysalis of an insect, 
au-re-lian (aw-re'lyan), adj. per¬ 
taining to the aurelia: n. one who 
makes a special study of butter¬ 
flies and moths. 

au-re-o-la (aw-re'o-la, or aure¬ 
ole (aw're-bl), n. a halo,, radi¬ 
ance, or luminous cloud encircling 
the figures of Christ, the Virgin, 
and the saints as represented by 
the painters; anything resembling 
an aureola. 

au-ric (aw'rik), adj. pertaining 


to gold. 

au-ri-cle (aw'ri-kl), n. the ex¬ 
ternal ear; that part of the ear 
which projects from the head ; one 
of two chambers of the heart 
which receive the blood from the 
veins and transmit it to the ven¬ 
tricle or ventricles, 
au-ric-u-lar (aw-rik'u-lar), adj. 
pertaining to the ear or to the 
sense of hearing; privately ad¬ 
dressed, as to the priest in the 
confessional; perceived by the 
ear; known by report; obtained 
by the ear; ear-shaped ; pertain¬ 
ing to the auricles of the heart, 
au-ric-u-late (aw-rik'u-lat), or 
auriculated (-ed), adj. ear¬ 
shaped ; having ears or ear-like 
appendages. 

au-rif-er-ous (aw-rif'er-us), adj. 
gold-bearing; yielding or contain¬ 
ing gold. 

au-ri-form (aw'ri-form), adj. ear¬ 
shaped ; having the form of the 
human ear. 

au-ri-scope (aw'ri-skop), n. an 
instrument for examining the ear. 
au-rist (aw'rist), n. one skilled in 
the treatment of ear disorders, 
au rochs (aw'roks), n. the Euro¬ 
pean bison. 

au ro ra (aw-ro'ra), n. [pi. auro¬ 
ras ('raz) & aurorae ('re)], the 
rising light of the morning; the 
dawn or dayspring, 
au ro ra bo-re-al-is (bd-re-al'is), 
n. the northern lights, a luminous 
meteoric phenomenon manifesting 
itself by streams of light ascend¬ 
ing from the northern horizon 
towards the zenith, or assuming 
the form of an arc having its ends 
on the horizon. 

au-ro-ra-au-stra-lis (-aw-stra'- 
lis), n. a phenomenon of corre¬ 
sponding nature in the southern 
hemisphere. 

au-rous (aw'rus), adj. pertaining 
to gold. 

aus-cul-tate (aws'kul-tat), v.t. to 
examine by auscultation. _ 
aus-cul-ta-tion (aws-kul-ta'shun ), 
n. a method of detecting chest 
disease by observing the sounds 
arising in the part, either by ap¬ 
plying the ear directly to the chest 
or thorax, or by means of a 
stethoscope. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






aus 


74 


auf 


aus-cul-t&ter (aws'kul-ta-ter), n. 
one who practices auscultation ; a 
stethoscope. 

aus - eul - ta - to - ry (aw T s-kul'ta- 
to-ri), adj. pertaining to auscul¬ 
tation. 

aus-pice (aws'pis), n. [pi. aus¬ 
pices (-ez)], an omen drawn from 
birds; an omen; a predication as 
to the future ; protection ; patron¬ 
age ; favoring influence (generally 
in pi.). 

aus-pi-cious (aws-pish'us), adj. 
having promise of success or hap¬ 
piness ; propitious; prosperous; 
fortunate. 

austere (aws-ter'). adj. sour; 
harsh ; rough to the taste ; severe ; 
rigid in character or mode of liv¬ 
ing; severely simple. 

Syn. rigid, rigorous, severe, 
stern. 

Ant. (see dissolute). 

aus-ter-i-ty (aws-ter'i-ti), n. sever¬ 
ity of manner or life; harsh dis¬ 
cipline ; rigorous simplicity. 

aus-tral (aws'tral), adj. southern. 

au-then-tic (aw T -then'tik), or 
au-then-tie-al ('tik-al), adj. gen¬ 
uine ; original; duly authorized ; 
true ; trustworthy ; vested with all 
due formalities, and legally at¬ 
tested. 

au-then-tic-al-ly (-li), adv. in an 
authentic manner. 

au-then-ti-cate (aw-then'ti-kat), 
v.t. to make authentic; give au¬ 
thority to by accordance with legal 
formalities; to establish as gen¬ 
uine. 

au-then-ti-ca-tion (aw-then-ti- 
ka'shun), n. the act of authenti¬ 
cating. 

au-then-tic-i-ty (aw-then-tis'i-ti), 
n. the quality of being authentic; 
authority. 

au-thor (aw'ther), n. the beginner 
or prime mover of anything; an 
efficient cause; an originator; a 
creator; one who composes or 
writes a book; a composer. 

au-thor-ess (aw'ther-es), n. a fe¬ 
male author. [The term author 
is now generally used without re¬ 
gard to sex.] 

au-tbor-i-ta-tive (aw-thor'i-ta- 
tiv), adj. having due authority, or 
the air of being duly authorized ; 


positive, dictatorial; magisterial; 
commanding. 

author-i-ty (aw-thor'i-ti), n. \pl. 
authorities (-tiz) ], power or 
right to act or command; domin¬ 
ion ; jurisdiction; power derived 
from opinion, respect, or reputa¬ 
tion ; influence; justification or 
support for statement or action ; 
a person invested with power to 
act or command; one deserving of 
credit, to whom appeal or refer¬ 
ence can be made; in pi. the gov¬ 
ernment ; the constituted authori¬ 
ties. 

author-i-za-tion (aw-ther-i-za'- 

shun), n. the act of authorizing; 
establishment by authority, 
authorize (aw'ther-iz), v.t. to 
vest with authority ; give a right 
to act or command; empower; 
legalize; establish or confirm by 
authority. 

au-to (aw'to), n. an abbreviation 
in common use for automobile, 
au-to, prefix meaning self; of one’s 
self; of itself. 

au-to-bi-o-graph-ic (aw-to-bi-5* 

graf'ik), or au-to-bi-o-graph-ic* 
al ('ik-al), adj. pertaining to au¬ 
tobiography. 

au-to-bi-o-graph-ic-al-ly (-li), 

adv. in an autobiographic manner, 
au-to-bi-og-ra-phy (aw-to-bl-og'- 
ra-fi), n. [pi. ■ autobiographies 
(-fiz)], a biography, account, or 
character-sketch of a person writ¬ 
ten by himself. 

au to car (aw'to-kar), n. a car¬ 
riage or wagon capable of being 
moved by motor power within 
itself; an automobile, 
au toc ra cy (aw T -tok'ra-si), n. [pi. 
autocracies ('siz)], absolute, un¬ 
controlled authority; supremacy; 
government by one invested with 
absolute and uncontrolled author* 
ity ; autonomy. 

au-to-crat (aw'to-krat), n. an ab¬ 
solute prince or sovereign; one 
wiio rules without restriction, 
au-to-crat-ic (aw-to-krat'ik) or 
au-to-crat-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to autocracy; absolute, 
au-to-crat-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
an autocratic manner, 
au-to-cy-cle (aw'to-sl-kl), n. a 
motor bicycle. 

au-to-dy-nam-ic (aw-t5-dT-nam'- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; m6on, 

cook ; mute, nut: thin, then. 








aut 


75 


aut 


ik), adj. operating by its own 
force. 

au-tog-en-ic (aw-toj'en-ik) or au¬ 
togenous (-us), adj. self-gener¬ 
ated ; produced independently. 

au-to-graph (aw't5-graf), adj. 
self-written; in one’s own hand¬ 
writing : n. a person’s own hand¬ 
writing ; an original manuscript 
or signature: v.t. to reproduce by 
autography; to sign or write one’s 
autograph. 

au-to-graph-ic (aw-tb-graf'ik). or 
autograph-ic-al ('ik-&l), adj. 
pertaining to an autograph or 
personal handwriting ; relating to, 
or used in, the process of autog¬ 
raphy ; self-recording. 

au-tog-ra-phy (aw-tog'ra-fi), n. 
the science or study of auto¬ 
graphs ; an original manuscript; 
a process in lithography by which 
copies of writings or drawings are 
reproduced in facsimile. 

au-to-grav-ure (aw-to-grav-ur'), 
n. a process of photo-engraving. 

au-toi-a-try (aw-tol'a-tri), n. self¬ 
worship. 

au-tol-o-gy (aw-tol'o-ji), n. the 
scientific study of one’s self. 

automatic (aw-td-mat'ik), or 
au-to-mat-i-cal ('i-kal), adj. 
having the power of self-motion 
or self-action ; of the nature of an 
automaton; independent of the 
will. 

au-to-mat-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
an automatic manner. 

au-tom-a-tism (aw-tom'a-tizm), 
n. automatic action ; the doctrine 
which assigns all animal functions 
to the active operation of physi¬ 
cal laws. 

au-tom-a-ton (aw-tom'&-ton). n. 
[pi. automata (-tfi), & automatons 
(-tonz)], that which possesses the 
power of spontaneous movement 
without consciousness; a self-act¬ 
ing machine. 

au-tom-a-tous (a’w-tom'ft-tus), 
adj. spontaneous; of the nature of 
an automaton. 

au-tom-e-try (aw-tom'e-tri), n. 
the estimation, or measurement, 
of one’s self. 

au - to - mo - bile (aw-to-md'bil), 
adj. self-moving. 

au-to-mo-bile (aw-to-mo-bel' <fc 
aw-to-mo'bil), n. a vehicle moved 

— 


by a source of power within it¬ 
self ; a motor-carriage, 
au-to-mo-bil-ist (aw-to-mo'bil- 
ist), n. one who uses and controls 
an automobile; a chauffeur, 
automorphism (aw-to-morf'- 
ism), n. the judgment of others 
by analogy from the knowdedge of 
one’s self. 

au-to-mo-tor (aw'to-mo-ter), n. a 
self-acting machine, 
au-to-nom-ic (aw-to-nom'ik), or 
au-ton-o-mous (-ton'o-mus), adj. 
pertaining to autonomy, 
au-ton-o-mist (aw-ton'o-mist), n. 

a supporter of autonomy, 
au ton o my (aw-ton'o-mi), n. [pi. 
autonomies (-miz)], the powder or 
right of self-government; the 
state of political independence, 
au-to-nym (aw'to-nim), n. one’s 
own name: opposed to pseu¬ 
donym ; a w T ork published under 
the author’s real name, 
au-to-phon (av-'td-fon), n. a bar¬ 
rel-organ, the tunes of which are 
determined by perforated mill- 
board. 

au-to-plas-ty (aw'td-plas-ti), n. 
the process of repairing lesions by 
application of tissue removed from 
another part. Called also rhino¬ 
plasty. 

au-top-sy (aV top-si), n. per¬ 
sonal observation; ocular demon¬ 
stration ; a post-mortem examina¬ 
tion. 

au-to-tox-ic (aw-to-toks'ik), adj. 
self-poisoning. 

au-to-truck (aw'td-truk), n. a 
self-moving truck; motor-truck, 
au-to-type (aw fo-tlp), n. a fac¬ 
simile ; a photo-gelatine process of 
producing picture?-, 
au-to-ty-pog-ra-phy (aw-to-tl- 
pog'ra-fi), n. a kind of nature 
printing, by the transference of 
gelatine drawings on to a plate of 
soft metal from which the design 
is printed. 

au-tumn (aw'tum), n. the sea¬ 
son between summer and winter, 
beginning astronomically at the 
autumnal equinox, about Septem¬ 
ber 22nd, and ending *at the win¬ 
ter solstice, about, December 23rd ; 
the period of decline or decay, 
au tum nal (aw-tum'nftl) adj. be¬ 
longing or peculiar to autumn; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p5reh, lot; »i6on, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









aut 


76 


avi 


produced or gathered in autumn ; 
pertaining to the period of life 
when middle age is past: n. a 
plant that flowers in autumn. 

au-tum-nal e-qui-nox (e'kwi- 
noks), n. the time of the sun’s 
southward passage across the 
equator, about September 22nd. 

auxiliary (awg-zil'i-a-ri), adj. 
helping ; aiding ; assisting; sub¬ 
sidiary : n. [pi. auxiliaries (-riz)], 
a helper; an assistant; a confed¬ 
erate or ally; aid of any kind; a 
verb which helps to form the 
moods and tenses of other verbs: 
pi. foreign troops in the service of 
a nation at war. 

a-vail (a-val'), v.i. to be of use, 
value, or service; give profit: v.t. 
to turn to profit or advantage: n. 
use ; means towards an end; ad¬ 
vantage to an object: pi. proceeds 
or profits. 

a-vai-la-bil-i-ty (a-va'lfl-bil-i-ti), 
n. the state or quality of being 
available. 

av a lanche (av'a-lanch), n. the 
sudden descent of a mass of com¬ 
pact snow or ice from the higher 
parts of a mountain; a fall of 
rocks or earth from the heights of 
a mountain; anything that over¬ 
whelms by suddenness and irre¬ 
sistible force. 

av-a-rice (av'd-ris), n. an in¬ 
ordinate or insatiable desire of 
gain ; covetousness ; cupidity ; 
greediness. 

av-a-ri-cious (av-3.-rish'us), adj. 
impelled by avarice; greedy of 
gain ; grasping. 

Syn. niggardly, miserly, parsi¬ 
monious. 

Ant. (see generous). 

a-vast (a-v&st'), interj. stop! 
cease! hold! 

av-a-tar (av-a-tar'), or avatara 
(-ta'ra), n. the descent of a deity 
to earth in an incarnate form: a 
manifestation or embodiment. 

a-vannt (a-vawnt' & a-viint'), 
interj. begone! depart! an excla¬ 
mation of contempt or abhorrence. 

a-ve (a've & a/ve), interj. hail! 
farewell! n. an Ave Maria; a 
salutation. 

av-e-na-ceous (av-e-na'shus), adj. 
belonging to or resembling oats. 

a venge (a-venj'), v.t. to exact 


punishment or satisfaction for 
wrong or injury done to one’s self 
or another: v.i. to execute venge¬ 
ance ; to receive satisfaction for 
injury by the punishment of the 
offender. 

av e nue (av'e-nu), n. a way or 
means of approach to a place; a 
passageway, drive, or alley bor¬ 
dered by trees leading to a house; 
a broad street planted with trees, 
a-ver (a-ver'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
ayerred, p.pr. averring], to affirm 
positively; declare to be true, 
av-er-age (av'er-aj), n. any 
charge additional to the cost of 
freightage: v.t. to find the mean, 
as of unequal sums or quantities; 
reduce to a mean ; assign propor¬ 
tionately. 

a-ver-iuent (a-ver'ment), n. the 
act of affirming positively ; verifi¬ 
cation ; a statement as to facts, 
averse (a-vers'), adj. unwilling; 
unfavorable; having a repugnance 
or disinclination to. 
a-ver-sion (a-Ver'shun), n. opposi¬ 
tion or repugnance of mind; an¬ 
tipathy ; fixed dislike; hatred; the 
object or cause of dislike or re¬ 
pugnance. 

Syn. antipathy, dislike, hatred, 
repugnance. 

Ant. (see affection), 
a-vert (a-vert'), v.t. to turn 
aside or away ; turn or ward off: 
prevent. 

a-vert-i-ble (a-vert'i-bl) ,adj. capa¬ 
ble of being warded off, or averted. 
A-ves-ta (a-ves'ta), n. the sacred 
writings attributed to Zoroaster; 
the Zend-Avesta. 

a-vi-an (a'vi-an), adj. pertaining 
to birds. 

a-vi-a-ry (a'vi-a-ri), n. [p?. avia¬ 
ries (-riz) ], a house, large cage, or 
inclosure for the keeping and 
rearing of birds in confinement, 
a-vi-a-tion (a'vi-a-shun), n. fly¬ 
ing ; the act of mechanical flight, 
a vi-a-tor (a'vi-a-ter), n. a flyer; 

the operator of a flying machine, 
a-vic-u-lar-i-um (a-vik-u-lar'i- 
um), n. [pi. avicularia (-a)], the 
small prehensile process, resem¬ 
bling the head of a bird with a 
movable mandible, which contin¬ 
ually snaps: found in many of the 
Polyzoa. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






avl 


77 


axa 


a-vi-cul-ture (a'vi-kul-tur), n. the 
breeding and rearing of birds, 
a-vid-i-ty (a-vid'i-ti), n. greedi¬ 
ness ; eagerness; strong appetite, 
av-o-ca-tion (av-o-ka'shun), n. a 
subordinate or occasional occupa¬ 
tion, as contradistinguished from 
vocation. 

a-void (a-void'), v.t. to keep 
away; to shun; the state of be¬ 
ing vacant; to make void: v.i. to 
become vacant or void, 
a-voi-dance (a-voi'dans), n. the 
act of annulling or making void: 
the act of shunning; the gtate of 
being vacant. 

av-oir-du-pois (av-er-du-poiz'), n. 
a system of weights in which one 
pound contains 16 ounces: used 
generally for all commodities ex¬ 
cept precious metals, gems and 
drugs. 

a-vouch (a-vouch'), v.t. to affirm 
openly; maintain; declare posi¬ 
tively ; vouch for ; admit or confess, 
a-vow (a-vou'), v.t. to declare 
openly ; acknowledge frankly ; to 
admit and justify. 

Syn. admit, aver, confess, de¬ 
clare, acknowledge. 

Ant. (see deny). 

a-vow-al (&-vou'al), n. an open 
declaration; a frank acknowledg¬ 
ment ; a confession, 
a-wa-bi (a-wa'be), n. an edible 
shell-fish found on the coast of 
Japan ; the abalone. 
a-wait (a-wat'). v.t. to wait for; 

look for or expect; be ready for. 
a wake (a-wak'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
awoke, awaked, p.pr. awaking], 
to arouse from sleep, or from any 
state resembling sleep; put into 
action ; infuse new life into: v.i. 
to cease to sleep ; bestir one’s self : 
adj. not sleeping; roused from 
sleep or inactivity; in a state of 
vigilance or action, 
a wak en ing (fi-wak'en-ing), n. 
th.e act of rousing from sleep; a 
revival of religion, or activity of 
a particular religious sect: adj. 
rousing ; exciting ; alarming, 
a ward (&-wawrd'), 4 v.t. to ad¬ 
judge ; assign by judicial sen¬ 
tence, or arbitration: bestow in 
consideration of merit; to deter¬ 
mine or make an award: n. a 


judgment; a decision ; a sentence ; 
the decision of arbitrators on 
points submitted to them; the doc¬ 
ument containing such decision; 
that which is awarded or assigned, 
aware (a-war'), adj. on guard; 
watchful; apprised ; cognizant; 
conscious; vigilant, 
a wash (a-wosh'), adj. & adv. on 
a level with the waves, 
a-way (a-wa'), adv. absent; at a 
distance ; out of ; off ; in another 
direction ; continuously: interj. 
begone! depart! 

awe (aw), n. reverential fear; the 
feeling or emotion inspired by 
the contemplation of something 
sublime; a sense of profound ad¬ 
miration and respect; reverence: 
v.t. to strike or inspire with feel¬ 
ings of reverential respect or 
fear; restrain by fear or respect. 
■Syn. dread, fear, reverence. 

Ant. (see familiarity). 
a-weath-er (a-weth'er), adv. on 
the weather side, or toward the 
wind : n. opposed to alee, 
aw ful (aw'ful), adj. inspiring or 
impressing with profound fear or 
reverence; of a dreadful or ap¬ 
palling nature; solemn, 
aw-ful-ly (-li), adv. in an awful 
manner; excessively, 
a-while (a-hwll'), adv . for a 
period of time, 
awk. See auk. 

awk-ward (awk'werd), adj. want¬ 
ing dexterity ; unskilful; ungrace¬ 
ful or ungainly in shape, move¬ 
ment. or manners; clumsy. 

Syn. clumsy, uncouth, boorish. 
Ant. (see graceful), 
awl (awl), n. a pointed instru¬ 
ment for piercing, 
awn (awn), n. the beard or bris¬ 
tle-like appendage of the outer 
glume of wheat, barley, and nu¬ 
merous grasses. 

awn-ing (awn'ing), n. a covering 
of canvas or other cloth stretched 
upon a frame and used as a shel¬ 
ter from wind or sun. 
aw-ny (aw'ni), adj. having bris¬ 
tles ; bearded, 
a-woke, p.t. of awake, 
a-wry (a-rl'), adj. or adv. turned 
or twisted toward one side; er¬ 
roneous. 

ax-al. See axial. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mfite, nut; thin, the n- 
















axe 


78 


azz 


axe or ax (aks), n. a tool or in¬ 
strument of steel, or iron with a 
steeled edge, attached to a handle, 
used for the hewing of timber and 
chopping of wood, 
ax-i-al (aks'i-al) adj. pertaining to 
an axis in any sense of the word, 
ax-i-al-ly (-li), adv. in the di¬ 
rection of an axis, 
ax-if-er-ous (ak-sif'e-rus), adj. 
consisting of stem or axis alone 
without leaves. 

ax-i-form (ak'si-form), adj. in 
the form of an axis, 
ax-il (ak'sil), n. the angle formed 
by the upper side of an organ or 
branch with the stem or trunk to 
which it is attached, 
ax-ile (ak'sil), adj. pertaining to 
the axis; situated or lying in the 
axis. 

ax-ill-a (ak-sil'a), n. [pi. axillm 
('§)], the armpit, or cavity in the 
junction of the arm and shoulder; 
the axil of a leaf. 

ax-il-lar (ak'si-lar), or axillary 

(-la-ri), adj. pertaining to the 
armpit; pertaining to, springing 
from, or situated in, the axil, 
ax i om (ak'si-um), n. an indis¬ 
putable self-evident truth; a 
proposition embodying a truth at 
once obvious and incontrovertible ; 
an established principle in an art 
or science. 

Syn. adage, aphorism, apo¬ 
thegm, byword, maxim, proverb, 
saying, saw. 

Ant. (see absurdity), 
ax-i-o-mat-ic (ak-si-o-mat'ik) or 
ax-i-o-mat-ic-al ('ik-M), adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
an axiom. 

ax-i-o-mat-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
the manner, or by use, of accepted 
truth. 

ax-is (ak'sis), n. [pi. axes ('sez)], 
the straight line, real or imagi¬ 
nary, passing through a body, upon 
or around which such body re¬ 
volves, or is supposed to revolve; 
a straight line drawn through the 
center of a bilateral symmetrical 
figure, as the spinal column : the 
central line of any symmetrical 
body; the stem or central column 
of a plant, round which the or¬ 
gans or parts are disposed ; the cen¬ 
tral region of a mountain chain. 


ax-is (ak'sis), n. hog-deer of India, 
ax-le (ak'sl), n. the spindle, or 
portion of the axle-tree, which is 
inserted in the hub of the wheel, 
and on w T hich the wheel revolves, 
ax-le-box (-boks), n. a busking in 
the hub of a wheel through which 
the axle passes. 

ax-le-tree (-tre), n. a bar con¬ 
necting the opposite wheels of a 
carriage, on the rounded ends of 
which the wheels revolve, 
ay or aye (a), adv. always; for 
ever; continually. 

aye or ay (a or i), adv. or interj. 
yes; yea; even so; indeed: n. [pi. 
ayes (Iz)], the affirmative votes 
in a parliamentary division; the 
members so voting, 
aye-aye (i'i), n. a singular noc¬ 
turnal quadruped, native of Mad¬ 
agascar, and allied to the lemurs. 
Ayr-shire (ar'shir), n. a fine 
breed of cattle from the county of 
Ayr, Scotland, noted for rich milk. 
A-za-le-a (fi-za'le-a), n. [pi. aza¬ 
leas (-az)], a genus of plants, be¬ 
longing to the rhododendron tribe, 
and remarkable for their flowers, 
az-a-rine (az'a-rin), n. a bright 
red dye obtained from coal-tar. 
az i muth (az'i-muth), n. an arc 
of the horizon intercepted between 
the meridian of a place and the 
vertical circle passing through the 
center of a celestial body, 
az-ote (az'5t), n. the old name for 
nitrogen. 

Az-tec (az'tek), adj. pertaining to 
the Aztec race. Also written 
Aztecan. 

az ure (azhhir & a'zhiir), adj. like 
the blue of the sky; cerulean : n. 
the clear blue, of the sky; any 
pigment of this color: the blue 
tint expressed in heraldry by 
horizontal shading, 
az-ure-stone (azh'ur-ston), n. the 
lapis lazuli, from which genuine 
ultramarine is made, 
az-ur-ine (azh'ur-in), n. a greyish- 
blue color. 

az-u-rite (azh'u-rit), n. blue car¬ 
bonate of copper; blue malachite 
or chessylite; lazulite. 
az-zi-mi-na (at-si-me'nii), n. a 
mode of decoration by damaskeen¬ 
ing in gold and silver, &c. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote. norch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, theu. 









baa 


79 


bac 


-B- 


baa (ba), v.i. to cry, as a sheep; 
bleat: n, the cry or bleating of a 
sheep. 

Ba-al-ism (ba'al-izm), n. the wor¬ 
ship of Baal; gross idolatry, 
bab (bab), n. a fishing bob: v.i. 
[ p.t. & p.p. babbed, p.pr. babbing], 
to fish with a bob. 
baba (ba'ba), n. an Eastern title 
of respect. 

Bab-bitt-inet-al (bab'it-met-hl), 
n. an anti-friction alloy of copper, 
tin, and zinc, used in crank and 
axle bearings, &c. 

bab-ble (bab'bl), v.i. to utter in¬ 
distinct or imperfect sounds ; prat¬ 
tle ; talk childishly ; murmur con¬ 
tinuously : v.t. to utter; prate; re¬ 
peat unintelligently ; tell secrets : 
n. unmeaning or foolish talk; a 
confused murmur. 

Syn. chatter, prattle, prate, 
bab-bler (bab'ler), n. one who 
babbles; a dog that gives tongue 
too frequently when on scent, 
babe (bab), n. [pi. babes (babz)], 
an infant or young child of either 
sex. 

bab-i-rous-sa or bab-i-rus-sa 

(bab-i-roo'sa), n. the wild hog of 
Eastern Asia. Written also baby- 
roussa, babyrussa. 
bab - lab (bab'la) or ba - bul 
(ba-bool'), w. the rind of the 
legume of an East Indian species 
of the acacia, containing gallic 
acid and tannin. 

ba-boon (ba-boon'), n. the popu¬ 
lar name of a large division of 
monkeys, which inhabit Africa 
and Arabia, and are characterized 
by a long dog-like snout, large 
canine teeth, great head., rudi¬ 
mentary tail, large callosities on 
the hips, and capacious cheek 
pouches; an epithet of contempt, 
baboonery (ba-boon'er-i), n. 
[pi. babooneries (-iz) ], a collec¬ 
tion of baboons; behavior or con¬ 
duct like that of a baboon, 
ba-boon-ish (bfi-bo5n'ish), adj. 
like a baboon. 

ba-boosh dr ba-bouche (ba- 
boosh'), n. a kind of loose slipper 


worn in Oriental countries. Also 
written pabouche. 
bab-u-i-na (bab-u-I'na), n. a fe¬ 
male baboon, 
ba-bul. See bablah. 
baby (ba'bi), n. [pi. babies 
('biz)], an infant of either sex; 
a small child: adj. pertaining to 
an infant or young child: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. babied, p.pr. babying], to 
treat or fondle like a baby or 
young child; to keep dependent, 
baby-farm (ba'bi-farm), n. a 
place where young children are 
put out for nursing, 
ba-by-ish (ba'bi-ish), adj. childish, 
ba-by-ism (ba'bi-izm), n. the 
characteristics of a baby; a 
childish manner of speech. 
Bab-y-lo-ni-an (bab-i-lo'ni-an), 
adj. pertaining to Babylonia; 
magnificent; luxurious. Also Baby¬ 
lonish. 

bae-ca (bak'a), n. a berry; any 
fleshy fruit; a one-celled fruit 
with a soft outer envelope, and 
with naked seeds immersed in 
pulp. 

bac- ca-lau-re-ate (bak-a-la w're- 
at), n. the degree, of Bachelor of 
Arts, Science, &c.: adj. pertaining 
to the degree of Bachelor, 
bac-ca-rat (bak-a-ra'), n. a 
French card game played between 
a banker and an unlimited number 
of betters with one or more packs 
of cards. 

bac-cate (bak'at) or baccated 

(-ted), adj. having many berries, 
bac-cha-nal (bak'a-nal) or bac- 
clia-na-li-an (bak-a-na'li-an), adj. 
indulging in or characterized by 
drunken revelry; drunken: n. 
a votary of Bacchus ; a drunken 
reveler; a drunken feast, 
bac-chan-tic (ba-kan'tik), adj. of 
or resembling a bacchanal; noisy; 
jovial. 

bac-chic (bak'ik) or baccliical 
('ik-al), adj. pertaining to Bac¬ 
chus or the feasts in his honor; 
riotous, or mad with drink, 
bach-e-lor (bach'e-ler), n. one 
who has taken the lowest uni- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






Dae 


80 l> ac 


versity degree in any faculty; an 
unmarried man. 

bachelor’s-buttons (bach'e- 
lerz-but'unz), n.pl. the name popu¬ 
larly given to several flowering 
plants whose blossoms somewhat 
resemble buttons. 

ba-cil-la-ri-a (ba-si-lii'ri-a), n. a 
genus of microscopic diatoms, 
bac-il-ia-ry (bas'i-la-ri), adj. con¬ 
sisting of bacilli. 

ba-cil-li-an (ba-sil'i-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of, a 
bacillus. 

ba-cil-li-cide (ba-sil'i-sid), n. an 
agent employed for destroying 
bacilli. 

ba-cil-li-cul-ture (ba-siTi-kul- 
tur), n. the culture of bacilli in 
animal or vegetable infusions for 
scientific research, 
ba-cil-lus (ba-siTus), n. [pi. ba¬ 
cilli ('i), a genus of microscopic 
vegetable organisms with rod-like 
jointed bodies or filaments in con¬ 
stant movement, present in many 
ferments, active in all stages of 
putrefaction, and associated with 
the earliest stages of malignant 
or zymotic disease. (Commonly 
known as bacteria.) 
back or bac (bak), n. a flat-bot¬ 
tomed ferry-boat, especially one 
adapted for carrying vehicles; a 
large cistern or vat used by brew¬ 
ers. &c., for liquids, 
back (bak), n. the hinder part ot 
the body in man, or in other ani¬ 
mals the upper portion ; the whole 
region of the spine, extending 
from the base of the neck to the 
buttocks; the dorsal region of a 
fish ; that which is opposed to the 
front; the rear or hinder part of 
anything; the part of a tool or 
weapon opposed to the edge: adj. 
lying or being behind or in the 
rear, as to time, situation, or di¬ 
rection ; in a backward direction : 
adv. into or toward the rear; to 
or toward a former or original 
place, state, or condition; to or 
toward times past; not advanc¬ 
ing ; in a state of hindrance or 
restraint; in withdrawal or re¬ 
tirement ; away ; in return ; again : 
v.t. to furnish with a back or 
backing; get upon the back of 
or mount; second or support; bet 


or wager; sign or indorse; put 
backward or cause to recede: v.i. 
to move or go backward, 
back-rent (bak'rent), n. arrears 
of rent; rent paid after reaping 
the first crop by a tenant enter¬ 
ing on a lease. 

back-rest (bak'rest), n. a guide 
attached to the slide-rest of a 
lathe, and placed in contact with 
the work to steady it. 
back - set - tie - ment (bak-set'l- 
ment), n. an outlying or partially 
reclaimed portion of a country be¬ 
ginning to be cultivated, 
back-set-tier (bak-set'ler), n. 
one living in the outlying dis¬ 
tricts of a settlement, 
back-bite (bak'bit), v.t. .[p.t. 
backbit, p.p. backbit & backbitten, 
p.pr. backbiting] to slander or 
speak evil of in absence; v.i. to 
censure absent persons, 
back - board (bak'bord), n. a 
board to support the back; a thin 
wooden backing used for picture 
frames, mirrors, &c. 
back-bone (bak'bon), n. the bone 
of the back ; the vertebral column 
of animals; that which serves as 
a backbone; hence, firmness or de¬ 
cision of character, 
back-er (bak'er), n. one who sus¬ 
tains or abets another; especially 
one who bets in favor of a person 
or animal in a contest, 
back-gam-mon (bak-gam'un), n. 
a game played by two persons 
upon a table or board made for 
the purpose, with fifteen pieces 
each, and dice-boxes and dice, 
back-ground (bak'ground), n, 
ground in the rear; the distant 
portion of a landscape; the por¬ 
tion of a picture furthest from 
the spectator; that which is dimly 
seen: a subordinate position; a 
place of retirement or reserve, 
back-band (bak'hand), n. writing 
which slopes backward or to the 
left. 

back-ban-ded (bak'han-ded). adj. 
with the hand turned backward; 
unfair ; indirect; ambiguous ; slop¬ 
ing backward. 

back-ing (bak'ing), n. something 
placed behind to support or 
strengthen ; aid or support given 
to a person or cause. 


Sate, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook : mute, nut: thin, the n 







bad 


toac 81 


back sheesh, or backshish. See 

bakshish. 

back-side (bak'sid), n. the hind 
part of anything or that which is 
opposed to the front; the hind 
part of an animal, 
back-slide (bak'slid), v.i. [ p.t. 
backslid, backslided, p.p. backslid, 
backslidden, backslided, p.pr. back¬ 
sliding], to slide back; fall off or 
away from; apostatize, 
back-stair (bak'star) or back¬ 
stairs ('starz), n. stairs in the 
back part of a house: stairs for 
private use: adj. indirect; under¬ 
hand; secret; intriguing. 
Jack-stays (bak'staz), n.pl. long 
ropes extending from the mast¬ 
head to the side of the ship, slant¬ 
ing a little aft, to assist the 
shrouds in supporting the mast, 
back - sword (bak'sord), n. a 
sword with one sharp edge: a 
stick with a basket handle used in 
the game of singlestick, 
back-ward (bak'werd) or back¬ 
wards ('werdz), adv. with the 
back foremost; toward the back; 
in a contrary or reverse manner, 
way, or direction; toward past 
times or events; from a better to 
a worse state. 

back-ward (bak'werd), adj. di¬ 
rected to the back or rear: un¬ 
willing; reluctant; hesitating; 
slow; behind in learning or prog¬ 
ress ; behind in time, 
back-wa-ter (bak'waw-ter), n. 
water caused to flow backwards 
by obstruction of its course; ac¬ 
cumulation of water overflowing 
lowlands, caused by obstruction; 
water held back by a dam or weir; 
water thrown back by the turn¬ 
ing of a water-wheel or the pad¬ 
dles of a steamer. 

back-woods fbak-woodz'). n.pl. 
forests or partially cleared land 
situated far from the centers of 
population. 

ba-con (ba'kn). n. hog’s flesh 
salted or pickled and dried, usu¬ 
ally in smoke. 

bac-te-ri-a (bak-te'ri-ft), n.pl. of 
bacterium. 

bac-te-ri-o-log-ic-al (bak-te-ri-o- 
Joj'ik-ftl), adj. of or pertaining to 
bacteriology. 


bacteriologist (bak-te-ri-ol'o- 
jist), n. a student of bacteriology, 
bac-te-ri-ol-o-gy (bak-te-ri-oi'd- 
ji), n. the scientific investigation 
or study of bacteria, 
bac-te-ri-os-co-py (bak-te-ri-os'- 
ko-pi), n. the examination of bac¬ 
teria by the microscope, 
bacterium (bak-te'ri-um), n. 
[pi. bacteria (-a)], a microscopic 
vegetable organism varying in 
form; a disease germ, 
bad (bad), adj. [compar. worse, 
superl. worst], the opposite of 
good ; evil; ill; wicked ; depraved ; 
vicious ; pernicious ; corrupting ; 
hurtful; offensive ; noxious, phys¬ 
ically or morally; defective; 
worthless ; unhappy ; unfortunate. 

Syn. wicked, evil. 

Ant. (see good). 

bad-form (bad'fdrm), n. that 
which is bad; not very refined; 
somewhat vulgar. 

bad-der-Xocks (bad'er-loks), n. a 
large dark green edible seaweed, 
ba-de-laire (ba-de-lar'), n. a 
curved sword used as a heraldic 
bearing. 

badge (baj), n. a mark, sign, or 
token, or cognizance to denote the 
occupation, allegiance, associa¬ 
tion, or achievements of the per¬ 
son by whom it is displayed ; the 
mark or token of anything; a 
carved ornament on the stern of a 
vessel. 

badg-er (baj'er), n. a plantigrade 
carnivorous mammal, of nocturnal 
habits; an artist’s brush of badg¬ 
er’s hair: v.t. to worry or annoy* 
as a badger when baited; pester; 
persistently assail, 
badg - er - bai - ting (baj'er-ba'- 
ting), n. a cruel sport formerly 
practiced of assailing a badger 
placed in a barrel with dogs, 
badg - er - dog (baj'er-dog), n. 

another name for the dachshund, 
bad-i-a-ga (bad-i-a'gft), n. a sea¬ 
weed, the powder of which is used 
for removing discoloration caused 
by bruises. 

bad-i-nage (bad'i-naj & ba-de- 
nazh'), n. light or playful raillery 
or banter. 

bad-ly (bad'li), adv. wickedly; 
grievously; unskilfully; defect¬ 
ively ; ill. 


ate, mar, mSsk, cat, aw! ; he. her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook? mute, nut: thin. then. 


TH 









oaa 


bak 




badminton (bad'min-tun), n. 
an out-door game similar to ten¬ 
uis, but played with shuttlecocks; 
a kind of claret-cup. 
bad-ness (bad'nes). n. the state of 
being wicked or vicious ; depravity, 
baffle (baf'l), v.t. to elude or 
circumvent by artifice or the in¬ 
terposition of obstacles; foil or 
check ; defeat: frustrate ; thwart; 
subject to indignities. 

Syn. confound, defeat, discon¬ 
cert. 

Ant. (see aid, abet). 
bag (bag), n. a sack: a pouch; a 
wallet; a receptacle for holding 
anything; that which is contained 
in a bag, or the result of a day’s 
sport; a sack or receptacle in 
animal bodies, containing a fluid 
or other substance; a definite 
quantity of certain commodities: 
v.t. to enclose in a bag; distend ; 
swell; secure or capture, as game ; 
steal : v.i. to bulge; hang down 
like a full bag. 

ba-gasse (ba-gas'), n. sugar-cane 
refuse as delivered from the 
crushing mill. 

bag-a-telle (bag-a-teD, n. a 
trifle; a game played on a nine- 
holed board, baized and cushioned, 
with a cue and nine balls, 
bag-gage (bag'aj), n. the tents, 
clothing, utensils, &c., of an army 
or expeditionary force on the 
march: the trunks, bags, and 
other impedimenta or baggage of 
a traveler: n. an immoral woman; 
a coquettish or frolicsome girl, 
bag-ga-la (bag'a-la), n. Arab 
trading vessel with two masts, 
bag-ging (bag'ing), n. the act of 
putting into bags ; coarse cloth or 
other material used for bags; fil¬ 
tration through canvas bags, 
bag-gy (bag'i), ad), having a loose 
or flabby appearance; swelled or 
puffed out. 

bagnio (ban'yd), n. a bath¬ 
house ; a brothel; an oriental 
prison. 

bag-pipe (bag'pip), n. a shrill- 
toned musical instrument, consist¬ 
ing of a leathern wind-bag from 
which air is forced by the per¬ 
former’s elbow into pipes, one (the 
chanter ) giving the melody. 
[Commonly used in pi.] 


bah (ba), inter), an exclamation 
expressing incredulous contempt 
or disgust. 

bail (bill), v.t. to set free or lib¬ 
erate from arrest on security for 
reappearance ; to deliver, as goods, 
in trust, on contract expressed or 
implied that the person entrusted 
shall return or account for the 
same: n. the person or persons 
who provide security for the re¬ 
lease of a prisoner: the security 
tendered, or accepted, 
bail (bal), v.t. to free from water 
by dipping; to lade out with a 
bucket or other utensil, as in a 
boat: n. a bent or arched handle 
of a pail or kettle; a half-hoop 
supporting the cover or tilt of a 
wagon; one of the two small 
sticks, 4 in. long, which are laid 
across the tops of cricket stumps, 
bai-lee (ba-le'), n. the person to 
whom goods are committed in 
trust. 

bail-er. See bailor, 
bai-liff (ba'lif), n. a sheriff’s offi 
cer who serves processes, &c.; any 
subordinate civil officer; an over¬ 
seer or under-steward on an es¬ 
tate. 

bai-li-wick (ba'li-wik), n. the dis¬ 
trict within which a bailiff has 
jurisdiction. 

bail-ment (bal'ment), n. a de¬ 
livery of goods in trust to 
another: the action of becoming 
surety for one in custody, 
bail - or (ba'ler) or bail-er 
(ba'ler), n. one who delivers goods 
to another in bailment, 
bairn (barn), n. a child [Scotch], 
bait (bat), v.t. to harass or pro¬ 
voke, as by the setting on of 
dogs ; worry ; torment, for sport: 
annoy persistently; prepare a 
hook, trap, or snare by covering 
it with food or other substance; 
give food and drink to upon a 
journey: v.i. to take food or drink 
upon a journey: n. any substance 
used to entice or af’ure fish or 
other animals with a view to cap¬ 
ture : an allurement; temptation; 
refreshment taken on a journey, 
baize (baz), n. a coarse woolen 
stuff, with a nap on one side, 
bake (bak). v.t. to cook or pre¬ 
pare food by subjection to dry 


lute, mar, mask, cat, awl; be, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut: thin, then 










bak 


83 


bal 


heat in a closed place, as an oven ; 
to dry and harden by heat: v.i. to 
do the work of baking; become 
hard by heat: n. the result of 
baking, as a clam bake. 

ba-ker (ba'ker), n. one whose 
business is to make bread, bis¬ 
cuits, &c. 

ba.-ker-y (ba'ker-i), n. [pi. baker¬ 
ies (-iz) ], a place used for bread¬ 
making; a baker’s shop. 

bak ing (bak-ing), n. the quantity 
of anything baked at the same 
time; a batch. 

bak-sliish, bakh-shisk, or bak¬ 
sheesh (bak'shesh), n. an East¬ 
ern term for a present or gratu¬ 
ity. 

bal-ance (bal'ans), n. an instru¬ 
ment for determining the weight 
of bodies; a pair of scales; a 
steel-yard; a spring balance ; the 
act of weighing mentally ; equilib¬ 
rium ; equipoise; equality; an 
equality between the two sides of 
an account; the excess shown on 
either side; the sum or weight 
necessary to make two unequal 
sums or weights equal: v.t. to 
weigh ; compare: bring to a state 
of equipoise ; keep in equilibrium ; 
poise; equal or make equal; 
counterbalance ; adjust or settle ; 
to examine and compare accounts: 
v.i. to have equal weight; be in 
equipoise ; be employed in the ad¬ 
justment of accounts. 

bal -anee of trade (balhins of 
trad), n. the dilference between 
the imports and exports of a coun¬ 
try. 

bal-ance-reef (bal'ans-ref), n. 
a reef-band crossing a sail diag¬ 
onally. 

balance-sheet (bal'ans-shet), n. 
a statement of the assets and lia¬ 
bilities of a business. 

bal-ance-wheel (bal'ans-hwel), 
n. a wheel in a watch (chronome¬ 
ter) which regulates the beats. 

balancer (bal'an-ser), n. one 
who, or that which, keeps any¬ 
thing in equilibrium ; an acrobat: 
pi. the organs placed under the 
wings of certain insects to balance 
the body. 

ba-la-ta (ba-la'ta), n. the dried 
gum of the bully-tree, similar to 


india-rubber, and used for insulat¬ 
ing electric wires. 

bal a-yeuse (bal-a-yez), n. plaited 
muslin or lace inserted at the bot¬ 
tom of a dress to protect it from 
the ground. 

bal-co-net (bal-ko-net'), n. a 
slightly projecting low ornamental 
railing to a door or window. 

bal -co-nied (bal'ko-nid), adj. hav¬ 
ing a projecting exterior platform 
or interior gallery. 

bal-co-ny (bal'ko-ni), n. [pi. bal¬ 
conies (-niz)], a platform or gal¬ 
lery projecting from the wall of a 
building, enclosed by a balustrade 
or parapet. 

bald (bawld), adj. without the 
natural or usual covering to the 
head or summit; unadorned; 
bare; literal; undisguised; having 
a white spot or patch on the 
head; bald-faced. 

bald-head (bawld'hed), n. a man 
bald on the head. 

bal-der-dash (bawl'der-dash), n. 
a nonsensical jumble of words; 
silly talk or writing; a worthless 
mixture. 

bal-dric or bal-drick (bawl'drik), 
n. a broad belt, often richly or¬ 
namented, worn round the waist, 
or over one shoulder and across 
the breast. 

bale (bal), n. a large bundle or 
package of goods: v.t. to make up 
into a bale or bales; to lade out 
as water. 

bale (bal), n. woe; calamity; mis¬ 
chief. 

ba-leen (ba-len') , n. whalebone in 
its natural condition ; the horny 
elastic material fringing the jaws 
of right whales. 

bale-fire (bal'flr), n. a beacon or 
signal-fire; a bonfire; a funeral 
pyre. 

bale-ful (barfool), adj. replete 
with deadly or malign influence; 
full of woe; direful; predicative 
of disaster. 

bale-ful-ly (-li), adv. calami¬ 
tously ; miserably. 

ba lise or ba-lize (ba-lez'), n. 
a sea-mark or beacon, consisting 
of a pole or buoy surmounted by a 
flag or other object. 

balk or baulk (bawk), n. a strip 
or ridge of land left unplowed; a 


Jute, mar, mask, cat, awl ; ne, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






dal 


84 


Das 


thick heavy piece of timber; a 
barrier or check; frustration or 
disappointment: v.t. to thwart, 
check, or disappoint: v.i. to stop 
short, or swerve; to signify the 
position of herring or pilchard 
shoals from a height, and indicate 
their position to the fishermen, 
ball (bawl), n. a round body; any 
mass resembling a sphere; a 
spherical body used for play; a 
bullet; any roundish part of the 
body; a game played with a ball; 
the globe or earth: v.t. to make 
into a ball: v.i. to form or gather 
into a ball. ball-bearing 
(bawl'bar-ing), n. a bearing con¬ 
taining loose balls of metal to 
reduce friction. 

ball (bawl), n. a dance; a 
social assembly of persons of both 
sexes for the purpose of dancing, 
bal-lad (bal'ad), n. a short nar¬ 
rative £oem, adapted for reciting 
or singing. 

bal-last (bal'ast), n. weighty 
material carried by a ship to en¬ 
sure stability; sand carried in the 
car of a balloon to steady it; 
gravel or rubble filling the space 
between the sleepers of a rail¬ 
way ; that which imparts stabil¬ 
ity to the character: v.t. to place 
ballast in or on; impart steadi¬ 
ness to. 

bal-last-age (bal'ast-aj), n. a toll 
paid for leave to take ballast, 
bal-let (bal'a), n. a theatrical 
representation in which a story 
is told, and actions, characters, 
and passions represented by gest¬ 
ures, accompanied by music and 
dancing; the company of persons 
who perform the ballet, 
bal-lis-tic (bal-lis'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the scientific construc¬ 
tion and use of projectiles, 
bal-lis-tics (bal-is'tiks), n. the 
science of the motion of pro¬ 
jectiles. 

bal-lon d’es sai (b5-long da-se'), 
n. [Fr.] a balloon used to test the 
direction of air currents; hence a 
feeler to test public opinion, 
bal-loon (bal-lo5n'), n. a large 
bag of prepared silk or other ma¬ 
terial, which, when inflated by 
hydrogen gas or heated air, as¬ 


cends and floats in the atmos¬ 
phere ; a round -vessel with a short 
neck used in distillation, 
bal-loon-jib (bal-loon'jib), n. a 
triangular sail used by yachts in a 
slight breeze. 

bal-loon-ing (bal-loon'ing), n. 
the art or practice of managing 
balloons or making balloon as¬ 
cents. 

bal-loon-ist (bal-loon'ist), n. one 

who makes or ascends in a bal¬ 
loon ; an aeronaut, 
bal-lot (bal'ot), n. a ball, ticket, 
or paper by which a vote is reg¬ 
istered ; the system of secret vot¬ 
ing by the use of balls, tickets, 
or papers; election by secret vote; 
•also the total number of votes 
cast or recorded: v.i. to vote or 
decide by secret vote, 
balm (bam), n. the oily aromatic 
exudation of certain trees or 
shrubs, used for healing or sooth¬ 
ing ; balsam; anything which 
heals, or that soothes' pain; an 
odoriferous tree or shrub yield¬ 
ing balm. 

balm of gil-e-ad (of gil'e-ad), n. 
the name of various kinds of fra¬ 
grant resins, as that of the ever¬ 
green terebinth tree of Arabia, 
balm-i-ly (bam'i-li), adv. in a 
soothing manner; fragrantly, 
balm-i-ness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being soothing or re¬ 
freshingly fragrant, 
bal-mor-al (bal-m5r'fii). adj. & n. 
the name given to various strong 
articles of dress, as a petticoat, 
or lace up boots. 

balm-y (bam'i), adj. having the 
qualities of balm ; soft; fragrant; 
refreshing. 

bal-sam (bawl's&m), n. an oily, 
aromatic, resinous substance ob¬ 
tained from certain trees or 
shrubs, and used medicinally or in 
perfumery; balm; the name ap¬ 
plied to several trees, shrubs, or 
plants yielding balsam, as the 
balsam-tree; anything soothing or 
healing. 

bal-sam-ic (bawl-sam'ik) or bal- 
sam-ic-al (-al), adj. having the 
qualities of, or yielding, balsam; 
soft; soothing ; healing. 

bal-us-ter (bal'us-ter), n. a small 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, pdrch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







bat 


85 


ban 


column or pilaster to support the 
rail of a parapet or balustrade, 
bal-tis-tvade (bal-us-trad'), n. a 
series of small columns or pilas¬ 
ters, surmounted by a top-rail or 
coping, serving as a parapet or 
protective railing, staircase, &c. 
bal -za-rine (bal'za-rin), n. a dress 
fabric of wool and cotton, 
bam (bam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p bam¬ 
med, p.pr. bamming], to bam¬ 
boozle ; cheat: wheedle: n. an im¬ 
position; a cheat; a hoax, 
bam-bi-no (bam-be'no), n. [pi. 
bambini ('ne)], a child or baby: 
a figure of the infant Christ 
wrapped in swaddling clothes: ex¬ 
hibited in many Roman Catholic 
churches from Christmas to 
Epiphany. 

bam boo (bam-boo'), n. the name 
of certain tropical grasses having 
thick-jointed stems of exceeding 
hardness, and attaining to a 
height of from 20 to 120 ft.; a 
stick or cane: v.t. to flog with a 
bamboo rod. 

bam-boo-zle (bam-boo'zl), v.t. to 
hoax; deceive by trickery; 
mystify ; humbug: v.i. to practice 
cheating. 

ban (ban), n. in feudal times a 
public proclamation, or summons 
to arms; an edict of proscription 
or interdiction ; prohibition ; ex- 
communication ; curse ; anathema : 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. banned, p.pr. 
banning], to curse; to interdict or 
prohibit; to place under a ban. 
ban (ban), n. the title of the 
governor of Croatia and Slavonia 
as viceroy of the Austrian em¬ 
peror. 

ba-na-na (bfi-na'na), n. a tropical 
herbaceous plant, closely allied to 
the plantain; its soft, luscious 
fruit, which furnishes a nutri¬ 
tious and important article of food 
in tropical countries, 
ban-ate (ban'at), n. the territory 
ruled by a ban; the office itself, 
band (band), n. that which binds 
together; that which connects; 
that which encircles, supports, or 
restrains; a fillet; strap; tie; 
shackle or fetter; collar; ligature ; 
a driving belt; a company of per¬ 
sons united by a common object; a 
body of soldiers; a company of 


musicians forming an orchestra, 
a military or other band: v.t. to 
unite in a troop, company, or 
confederacy; v.i. to associate or 
unite for some common purpose, 
ban dage (ban'daj), n. a roller of 
cotton or other material used in 
dressing and binding up wounds, 
&c.; a band or ligature: v.t. to 
dress or bind with a bandage, 
ban-da-la (ban-da'la), n. manila 
white rope. 

ban-dan-a or ban-dan-na (ban- 
dan'a), n. a large silk or cotton 
handkerchief, dyed red, blue, or 
yellow, with white or yellow 
spots; a style of calico printing in 
imitation of the bandana, 
band-box (band'boks), n. a light 
box of pasteboard, &c., for hold¬ 
ing bonnets. 

ban-deau (ban-do' n. [pi. ban¬ 
deaux (-doz')], a ribbon worn 
over the forehead, 
ban-ded (ban'ded), p.adj. allied; 
confederated; having bands; 
marked by stripes of different 
color or material; having a band 
differing in tincture from the garb, 
bandelet. Same as bandlet. 
ban-de-ril-la (ban-de-rel'ya), n. a 
dart, with a banderole attached, 
used in bull fights to exasperate 
the bull. 

ban-de-role (ban'de-rol) or ban- 
de-rol (-rol), n. a little flag or 
streamer; a small flag carried 
at the head of a lance or mast, 
ban-di-coot (ban'di-koot), n. a 
large rat, native of India and 
Ceylon, very destructive to rice 
fields and gardens; the name given 
to rat-like marsupials of several 
species found in Australia and 
Tasmania. 

ban-dit (ban'dit), n. [pi. bandits 
('dits) & banditti (-dit'i) ], an 
outlaw; a brigand; a robber; a 
highwayman. 

band-let (band'let), n. a small 
band; a little band or flat molding 
encircling a column, 
ban-dog (ban'dog), n. a large 
fierce kind of dog usually kept 
chained; a mastiff, 
ban-do-leer (ban-do-ler'), n. a 
broad leather belt, worn over the 
shoulder and across the breast, 
for holding ammunition. 


late, mar, masu, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ban 


86 


ban 


ban-do-line (ban'd5-lin), n. a 
gummy perfumed substance used 
for imparting a gloss to the hair 
or for fixing it in any position, 
■ban dore (ban-dor' & ban'dor), n. 
an ancient stringed instrument re¬ 
sembling a zither, 
band-saw (band'saw), n. an end¬ 
less steel saw running on pulleys, 
ban-dy (ban'di), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
bandied, p.pr. bandying], to throw 
or beat to and fro, as a ball in 
play; toss from one to another; 
give and take: v.i. to contend; 
strive: n. a club bent at the end 
for striking a ball; a hockey- 
stick ; a game played with such a 
club, commonly called hockey: 
adj. bent; having a bend or crook 
outward. 

ban-dy (ban'di), n. a kind of cart 
or buggy used in India, drawn by 
oxen. 

bane (ban), n. that which causes 
death, ruin, or destruction, hence 
a deadly poison, vice, or sin; a 
disease (rot) in sheep, 
bane-ful (ban'fool), adj. , poison¬ 
ous ; pernicious. 

bane-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a per¬ 
nicious manner; destructively, 
bang (bang), v.t. to beat, as with 
a club or cudgel; thump ; handle 
roughly; produce a loud sound by 
or from (as, bang the door) ; sur¬ 
pass or excel: v.i. to make a loud 
noise ; thump violently : n. a heavy 
blow; a loud, sudden noise: adv. 
with a sudden or violent blow; 
abruptly. 

bang (bang), n. [pi. bangz], hair 
cut straight across the forehead 
so as to form a fringe; false hair 
so worn: v.t. to cut the hair 
across the forehead so as to form 
a fringe. 

bang-le . (bang'gl), n. an orna¬ 
mental ring worn upon the wrists 
and ankles in India and Africa ; 
a ring-bracelet. 

ban-ian or ban-yan (ban-yan'), 
n. a Hindu trader or merchant; a 
Bengali native who manages 
money affairs for Europeans; a 
loose gown for men, like that 
worn by the Hindus, 
banian-tree (-tre), n. the In¬ 
dian fig-tree, which spreads over 
a large area by sending down 


shoots from its branches; these 
take root and become new trunks, 
ban-ish (ban'isli), v.t. to condemn 
to exile; expel from the country 
as a punishment; drive away ; dis¬ 
pel from the mind. 

Syn. eject, dismiss, evict, exile, 
oust, dislodge. 

ban-ish-ment (ban'ish-ment), n. 
the act of expelling or driving 
away; the state of being expelled, 
ban-is-ter or bannister (ban'- 
is-ter), n. corrupt forms of balus¬ 
ter. 

ban-jo (ban'jo), n. a musical 
instrument, of from five to nine 
strings, having a neck like a 
guitar, and a circular body cov¬ 
ered in front with tightly-stretched 
parchment. 

ban-jo-ist (ban'jo-ist), n. a per¬ 
former on the banjo, 
bank (bangk), n. a heap, mound, 
or ridge of earth ; any steep ac¬ 
clivity; an elevation or rising 
ground beneath the sea or at the 
mouth of a river, forming a shoal 
or shallow; a bench for rowers; 
a tier of oars: v.t. to enclose, de¬ 
fend, or fortify with a bank; pile 
or heap up. 

bank (bangk), n. an establish¬ 
ment for the custody, loan, ex¬ 
change, or issue of money; the 
office of a banking company; in 
certain games of chance, the fund 
held against the table: v.t. to 
deposit money in a bank : v.i. to 
have an account with a banker, 
bank-bill (bangk'bil), n. note 
or a bill of exchange of a bank 
payable on demand or at a future 
specified time. 

bank-book (bangk-book), n. the 
pass-book kept by a depositor, in 
which a cashier of the bank en¬ 
ters the debits and credits, 
bank-cred-it (bangk-kred'it), n. 
the amount a person, on giving 
proper security, is allowed to draw 
upon a bank. 

bank-note (bangk'not), n. a 
promissory note issued by a 
legally authorized bank, payable 
on demand, and forming part of 
the money currency, 
bank-a-ble (bangk'a-bl), adj. re¬ 
ceivable by a bank, 
bank er (bangk'er), n. one who 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ban 


87 


bar 


keeps a bank; one who traffics 
in money, receives and remits 
money, negotiates bills of ex¬ 
change, &c.; a vessel employed 
in the cod-fishery on the banks 
of Newfoundland ; the stone bench 
on which masons cut and square 
their work; a ditcher, 
bank-ing (bangk'ing), n. the act 
of raising a mound or bank ; fish¬ 
ing on the banks of Newfound¬ 
land ; the loading of coals at the 
pit’s mouth. 

bankrupt (bangk'rupt), n. a 
person legally declared to be un¬ 
able to discharge his liabilities; 
an insolvent debtor: adj. unable 
to meet one’s obligations; insol¬ 
vent : v.t. to make or render in¬ 
solvent : v.i. to exhaust one’s finan¬ 
cial credit; become insolvent, 
bank rupt cy (bangk'rupt-si), n. 
[pi. bankruptcies (-siz)], tlie 
state of being legally insolvent, or 
unable to pay all debts; failure 
in trade. 

ban ner (ban'er), n. a piece of 
cloth or silk attached to a pole or 
staff, and usually worked with 
some device or motto, heraldic or 
emblematical ; an ensign, stand¬ 
ard, or flag of a country, state, or 
order. 

ban-nock (ban'uk), n. a thick 
cake made of oatmeal, barley- 
meal, or pease-meal, and baked 
on an iron plate or griddle, 
banns (banz), n. pi. the proclama¬ 
tion in church of an intended 
marriage. 

ban-quet (bang'Jrwet), n. a 
sumptuous entertainment or feast: 
v.t. to treat with a feast or 
rich entertainment: v.i. to regale 
one’s self sumptuously, 
ban-quet or ban-quette (bang- 
ket'), n. a bank running along 
the inside of a parapet, on which 
soldiers stand to fire upon the 
enemy; the footway of a bridge 
when raised above the carriage¬ 
way ; a side-walk, 
banshee (ban'she), benshie 
(ben'she), or benshi ('she), n. a 
kind of female fairy who, accord¬ 
ing to the belief of the peasantry 
of Ireland, and some parts of 
Scotland, attaches herself to a 
particular house, and foretells the 


death of any member of the family 
by an appearance, 
ban-tam (ban'tam), n. a diminu¬ 
tive breed of domestic fowl: adj. 
pertaining to the bantam; di¬ 
minutive ; consequential, 
ban-ter (ban'ter), v.t. to rail at 
good-humoredly ; attack jestingly ; 
make fun of: n. humorous rail¬ 
lery. 

Syn. chaff, mockery, ridicule, 
jeering, derision, badinage. 
Bant-ing-ism (bant'ing-ism), n. 
a method of reducing fat by diet¬ 
ing. So-called from William 
Banting, its first advocate, 
bant-ling (bant'ling), n. a young 
child. 

Ban tu (ban'tii), n. a term used 
for the languages of South Africa, 
ban zai (ban'zi), n. the Japanese 
hurrah. 

ba-o-bab (ba'o-bab & ba'o-bab), n. 
an African tree of huge size, 
called the sour-gourd, or the 
cream-of-tartar tree, largely used 
as an article of food by the na¬ 
tives. 

bap-tism (bap'tizm), n. the ap¬ 
plication of water by an author¬ 
ized administrator, in the name of 
the Holy Trinity, to a person, by 
sprinkling, effusion, or immersion, 
constituting the sacrament or rite 
by which he is initiated into the 
visible church of Christ, 
bap-tis-mal (bap-tiz'mal), adj. 
pertaining to the ceremonial ap¬ 
plication of water or initiatory 
rite of the Christian Church. 
Bap-tist (bap'tist), n. one of a 
Christian denomination who bap¬ 
tize adult believers only, and who 
maintain the necessity for im¬ 
mersion. 

bap-tis-ter-y (bap'tis-ter-i), or 
bap-tis-try (-tri), n. [pi. bap¬ 
tisteries (-iz), -tries (-triz) ]. a 
building or portion of a building 
in which the rite of baptism is ad¬ 
ministered. 

bap-tize (bap-tiz'), v.t. to ad¬ 
minister the rite of baptism to; 
admit to the Christian Church by 
the ceremonial application of 
water; christen. 

bar (bar), n. a piece of wood, 
metal, or other solid matter, long 
in proportion to its thickness; 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 










88 


bar 


bar 


anything which impedes or ob¬ 
structs ; a bank of sand, gravel, 
<fcc.„ obstructing navigation at the 
entrance to a harbor or mouth of 
a river; the railing enclosing the 
space occupied by counsel in 
courts of justice; the place in 
court where prisoners are 
stationed for trial, or sentence; 
the members of the legal profes¬ 
sion collectively, entitled to plead 
in court; any tribunal; the 
portion of a hotel, &c., where 
liquors are served out; a band or 
stripe; a line drawn vertically 
through the staff of a piece of 
music, dividing it into equal 
measures of time; the space and 
notes enclosed by two such lines; 
an ordinary, similar to, but nar¬ 
rower than, a fess, and filling 
one-fifth of the heraldic field: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p barred, p.pr. barring], 
to fasten with a bar; to hinder; 
obstruct; exclude. 

barb (barb), n. that which re¬ 
sembles a beard in lower animals; 
a hair or bristle ending in a 
double hook; the sharp point pro¬ 
jecting backwards from the ex¬ 
tremity of an arrow, fish-hook, 
&c.: v.t. to furnish with barbs. 

"barb (barb), n. a horse of the 
Barbary breed, remarkable for 
speed, endurance, and docility; a 
short-beaked pigeon of a breed 
originally brought from Barbary. 

bar-ba-ri-an (bar'ba'ri-an), n. a 
foreigner; a man in a rude, savage 
state; an uncivilized person; a 
cruel, savage, brutal man: adj. 
pertaining to savages; rude; un¬ 
civilized ; inhuman. 

bar-bar-ic (bar-bar'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to or characteristic of 
savage or uncivilized people; 
rude; savage. 

bar-ba-rism (bar'ba-rizm), n. an 
offense against purity of style or 
language; an uncivilized state or 
condition; a cruel or barbarous 
action ; an outrage. 

bar-bar-i-ty (bar-bar'i-ti), n. [pi. 
barbarities (-tiz) ], the state of 
being uncivilized; cruelty; in¬ 
humanity ; an act of savage 
cruelty. 

bar-ba-rize (bar'ba-rlz), v.i. to 
adopt a foreign or barbarous mode 
of speech : v.t. to make barbarous. 


barbarous (bar'bfi-rus), adj. 
uncivilized; rude and ignorant; 
contrary to pure idiom; savage; 
cruel; ferocious; inhuman; wild. 

Syn. brutal, cruel, savage, rude, 
inhuman, uncouth. 

Ant. (see civilized), 
bar-bate (bar'bat), or barbated 
('ba-ted), adj. bearded; furnished 
with long and weak hairs, 
bar-be cue (bar'be-kti), n. a 
frame on which all kinds of meat 
or fish are roasted or smoke-dried ; 
the carcass of an ox, hog, &c., 
roasted whole; a social or political 
entertainment at which animals 
are roasted whole, with appro¬ 
priate surroundings: v.t. to dress 
and roast whole. 

bar-bel (bar'bel), n. a slender 
vermiform process appended to 
the lips of certain fishes; a 
European fresh-water fish, having 
its upper jaw furnished with four 
barbels. 

bar-ber (biir'ber), n. one whose 
occupation is to shave the beard 
and cut and dress the hair; v.t. 
to shave and dress the hair of. 
barbette (biir-bet'), n. the plat¬ 
form or breastwmrk of a fortifi¬ 
cation, from which cannon may be 
fired over a parapet instead of 
through the embrasures, 
bar-bi-can (biir'bi-k&n), n. a 
tower or advanced work defending 
the entrance to a castle or city, 
bar-bo-tine (bar'bb-tin), n. 
kaolin clay, thinly mixed, used for 
ornamenting pottery, 
bar-bule (bar'bfil), n. a very 
minute barb. 

bar-ca-role or bar-ca-rolle (biir'- 
ka-rol), n. a simple song or mel¬ 
ody sung by Venetian gondoliers; 
a piece of music in imitation of 
such a song. 

bard (bard), n. a poet and singer, 
bard or barde (bard), n. one of 
the ornaments and housings of a 
horse; one of the pieces of de¬ 
fensive armor of a mediaeval war- 
horse. > 

bard-ic (bard'ik), adj. pertaining 
to bards or to their poetry, 
bard-ish. (biird'ish), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or characteristic of, bards, 
bard-ism (bard'izm), n. the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








bar 


89 


bar 


methods, maxims, and sentiments 
of bards. 

bare (bar), adj. naked; with the 
head uncovered; unconcealed; 
simple ; unfurnished ; threadbare ; 
poor ; mere : v.t. to divest of cover¬ 
ing. 

bare-faced (bar'fast), adj. with 
the face uncovered ; undisguised ; 
shameless; impudent, 
ba rege (ba-razh'), n. thin gauze¬ 
like fabric, usually of silk and 
worsted. 

bar-gain (bar'gan), n. an agree¬ 
ment or contract between two or 
more parties with reference to the 
sale or transfer of property; a 
compact or pledge mutually agreed 
upon; the thing purchased or 
stipulated for; that which is ac¬ 
quired or sold at a low price; an 
advantageous purchase: v.i. to 
make a contract or agreement; v.t. 
to sell or transfer for a considera¬ 
tion. 

bar-gain-ee (bar-gan-e'), n. the 
party to whom a bargain and sale 
is made. 

bar-gain-er or bar-gain-or (bar'- 
gan-er), n. one who stipulates or 
contracts to sell or transfer to 
another for a consideration, 
barge (barj), n. a flat-bottomed 
vessel employed in loading and 
unloading ships, and for the con¬ 
veyance of goods on rivers and 
canals; a vessel of state, 
ba-ril-la (ba-ril'a), n. an impure 
carbonate and sulphate of soda 
imported from Spain and the 
Levant, and obtained from the 
alkaline ashes of certain plants, 
bar-il-let (bar'il-let), n. the cyl¬ 
indrical case containing the main¬ 
spring of a watch, 
bar-i-tone. See barytone, 
ba ri um (ba'ri-um), n. one of 
the elementary metals, 
bark (biirk), v.i. to utter a sharp, 
short sound, as the cry of a dog; 
to cough: n. the sound or cry 
emitted by dogs. 

bark (bark), n. the exterior layer 
or rind of woody stems or trunks; 
Peruvian bark: v.t. to remove by 
stripping. 

bark or barque (biirk), n. a 
three-masted vessel having the 
fore- and main-mast square-rigged, 


and the mizzen-mast fore-and-aft 
rigged. 

bar-kau-tine or bar-ken-tine 

(bar'kdn-ten), n. a three-masted 
vessel, having the fore-mast square- 
rigged, and the main- and mizzen¬ 
mast fore-and-aft or schooner- 
rigged. Also barquantine. 
bark-ing (bark'ing), n. a sharp 
sound like that of a dog; cough¬ 
ing : n. the process of stripping 
bark from trees; the process of 
tanning leather and of dyeing with 
bark. 

bark-y (bark'i), adj. consisting 
of, or covered with, bark, 
bar-ley (biir'li), n. the grain 
grown and used chiefly for malt¬ 
ing ; the plant which yields the 
grain. 

bar-ley-corn (bar'li-kbrn), n. a 
grain of barley; formerly a 
measure of length equal to the 
third part of an inch, 
barm (barm), n. the foam rising 
upon beer or other malt liquors 
when fermenting, and used as 
leaven in bread-making; yeast, 
barm-y (barm'i), adj. containing 
or consisting of yeast; frothy, 
barn (biirn), n. a covered building 
for the storage of grain or other 
farm produce. 

barn-owl (barn'oul), n. the 
white or screech owl. 
bar-na-cle (bar'na-kl) ,n. a species 
of wild goose, called barnacle or 
berniele goose; a cirriped crus¬ 
tacean, found adhering in groups 
or clusters to rocks or to the 
bottoms of ships, &c.; an official 
who holds tenaciously to his post: 
n.pl. an instrument placed on a 
horse’s nose to restrain him while 
being shod, bled, or dressed; a 
pair of spectacles, 
bar-o-gram (bar'o-gram), n. the 
record traced by the barograph, 
bar-o-graph (bar'o-graf), n. an 
instrument recording automatic¬ 
ally variations in atmospheric 
pressure. 

ba-rol-o-gy (ba-rol'o-gi), n. the 
science of weight or gravity, 
ba rom e ter (ba-rom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring the 
weight or pressure of the atmos¬ 
phere : used for indicating the 
various changes of weather, or to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, tf/ten. 








bar 


90 


bar 


determine the altitude of a par¬ 
ticular place. 

bar-o-met-ric (bar-d-met'rik), or 
barometrical ('rik-al), adj. 
pertaining to, made with, or in¬ 
dicated by, a barometer, 
bar-o-met-ric-al-ly (-li), adv. by 
means of a barometer, 
bar-on (bar'un), n. the title of an 
English peer of the lowest rank, 
next below a viscount; formerly 
the title of the judges of the 
Court of Exchequer, 
baron-age (bar'un-aj), n. the 
whole body of barons; the dignity 
or rank of a baron, 
bar-on-ess (bar'un-es), n. a 
baron’s wife; a lady holding a 
baronial title in her own right, 
bar-on-et (bar'un-et), n. a title 
of hereditary rank or degree of 
honor next below a baron and 
above a knight. 

bar-on-et-age (bar'un-et-aj), n. 
the collective body of baronets; 
the dignity or rank of a baronet, 
bar-on-et-cy (bar'un-et-si), n. 

the title and dignity of a baronet, 
bar-o-ni-al (bar-o'ni-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a baron or a barony, 
bar on-ism (bar'un-izm), n. the 
feudal system of government by 
barons. 

bar-on-y (bar'un-i), n. [pi. bar¬ 
onies (-iz) ], the rank or dignity 
of a baron ; the domain or lord- 
ship of a baron; a territorial 
division in Ireland, corresponding 
nearly to the English hundred; a 
large freehold estate in Scotland, 
ba-roque (ba-rdk'), adj. grotesque ; 
in bad taste. 

bar-o-scope (bar'o-skop), n. an 
instrument for indicating varia¬ 
tions in the pressure of the at¬ 
mosphere without actual measure¬ 
ment of its weight; a storm- or 
weather-glass. 

ba rouche (ba-rodsh'), n. a roomy, 
four-wheeled carriage with a fold¬ 
ing or falling top. 
bar-quan-tine. See barkantine. 
barque. See bark, 
bar-ra-can (bar'S.-kan), n . a 
thick strong stuff made of camel’s 
hair. 

bar-rack (bar'ftk), n. a large 
building, or series of buildings, 
for the lodgment of soldiers and 


officers; a building or collection of 
huts within an enclosure in which 
a body of men are lodged [gener¬ 
ally in the pi.]. 

bar-ra-try (bar'a-tri), n. the 
practice of vexatiously inciting 
and encouraging to law-suits or 
litigation; the committal by a 
ship’s master, officer, or mariner, 
of an act of fraud, or breach of 
duty, whereby the owners, freight¬ 
ers, or insurers of the vessel are 
defrauded or injured, 
barred (bard), p.adj. furnished 
with bars ; obstructed ; secured ; 
striped. 

bar-rel (bar'el), n. a vessel or 
cask, cylindrical in form, bulging 
in the middle, made of wooden 
staves bound with hoops, and hav¬ 
ing flat ends or heads; the 
quantity which a barrel should 
contain; anything resembling. a 
barrel in shape; a drum or cylin¬ 
der ; a metallic tube, 
barrel (bar'el), v.t. [p.t. p.p. 
barreled, p.pr. barreling], to put 
or pack in a barrel, 
bar ren (bar'en), adj. incapable 
of producing its kind; unpro¬ 
ductive ; unfruitful; sterile; lack¬ 
ing ; devoid ; profitless ; empty : n. 
an unproductive tract of land, 
bar-ri-cade (bar-ri-kad'), n. a 
fortification constructed in haste 
of such materials as are nearest 
to hand, and which will serve to 
obstruct the progress or attack of 
an enemy, or shield a besieged 
party ; any bar or obstruction : v.t. 
to obstruct or stop up; fortify or 
enclose by a barricade, 
barrier (bar'i-er), n. anything 
which hinders or obstructs; an ob¬ 
stacle to progress, approach, or 
attack; an enclosing fence or 
boundary wall; a limit or bound¬ 
ary. 

Syn. bar, hindrance, obstacle, 
obstruction, rampart, bulwark. 

Ant. (see opening), 
bar-ri-er-reef (-ref), n. a reef of 
coral encircling an island, or skirt¬ 
ing the mainland, and enclosing 
an open channel or lagoon, 
bar-ring (bar'ing), p.pr. as prep. 

excepting; leaving out of account, 
barrister (bar'is-ter), n. in 
England, a member of the legal 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 
• cook ; mute, nut; thin, then . 










bar 


91 


bas 


profession qualified to plead at 
the bar ; in Scotland, an advocate ; 
counselor at law. 

bar-row (bar'o), n. a frame 
covered with boards, and furnished 
with handles at both ends, or 
with a pair of wheels and handles 
or shafts at one end; a hand- 
barrow ; a shallow box, with a 
single wheel and handles and sup¬ 
ports ; a wheel-barrow ; a mound 
of earth or heap of stones form¬ 
ing an ancient or prehistoric 
grave, constructed in various 
forms. 

bar-shot (bar'shot), n. double¬ 
headed shot. 

bar-ter (bar'ter), v.i. to traffic or 
trade by exchanging one com¬ 
modity for another: v.t. to give 
in exchange: n. trafficking by ex¬ 
change of commodities ; the tiling- 
given in exchange. 

bar-ti-zan (bar'ti-zan), n. a small 
overhanging turret, with loop¬ 
holes or. embrasures, projecting 
from the top of a tower or wall. 

bar-wise (bar'wiz), adv. horizon¬ 
tally. 

bar-wood (bar'wood), n. a red 
dye-wood. 

ba-ry-ta (ba-ri'ta), n. the oxide 
of barium. 

ba-ry-tes (ba-ri'tez), n. the native 
sulphate of barium. Also called 
heavy-spar. 

ba-ryt-ic (ba-rlt'ik), ad), pertain¬ 
ing to or containing baryta. 

bar-y-tone or bar i tone (bar'i- 
ton), ad), intermediate between 
bass and tenor, as a male voice 
or instrument: n. a person with a 
voice having this range: adj. hav¬ 
ing the last syllable unaccented : 
v.t. to leave the last syllable un¬ 
accented. 

bar-y-tone-clef (-kief), n. the F 
clef on the middle line of the bass 
staff. 

bas-al (bas'al), adj. pertaining to 
or forming the base; fundamen¬ 
tal : n. a basal part. 

ba-salt (ba-sawlt' & bas'awlt), n. 
an igneous rock of greenish black 
color, and composed of feldspar, 
augite, titaniferous iron, and fre¬ 
quently olivine. 

ba-sal-tic (ba-sawl'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to or formed of basalt. 


bas-a-nite (bas'a-nit), n. a black 
siliceous rock or jasper; Lydian 
stone; touchstone, 
bas-bleu (ba-ble'), n. a blue¬ 
stocking ; a literary woman, 
bas-cule (bas'kul), n. a mechani¬ 
cal arrangement on the see-saw 
principle by which the lowering of 
one end raises the other, 
base (bas), adj. worthless; spuri¬ 
ous ; of mean spirit; morally ab¬ 
ject; deep or grave in sound (com¬ 
monly bass). 

Syn. vile, mean. 

Ant. (see noble). 

base (bas), n. the part of a thing 
on which it rests; a foundation 
or groundwork; that which com¬ 
bines with an acid to form a salt; 
the line or surface forming that 
part of a figure on which it is 
supposed to stand; a fortified 
line from which the operations of 
an army proceed; a starting 
place; the lower part of a heraldic 
field: v.t. to lay a foundation, 
base-ball (bas'bawl), n. a game 
of ball played by nine on a side; 
ball used in playing baseball, 
base-born (bas'born), adj . born 
out of wedlock; of low or mean 
parentage; mean, 
base-man (bas'man), n. [pi. base- 
men ('men) ], a player placed at 
baseball at the first, second, and 
third bases respectively, 
basement (bas'ment), n. the 
lowest part of a structure; the 
lowest story of a building, 
bash (bash), v.t. to strike heavily ; 

to knock out of shape, 
bashaw (ba-shaw'), n. a pasha; 

a magnate or grandee; a bigwig, 
bash-ful (bash'fool), adj. easily 
disconcerted; modest to excess; 
diffident; shy. 

bash-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a bash¬ 
ful manner. 

bash-i-ba-zouk (bash'i-ba-zook'), 
n. a volunteer or irregular in the 
Turkish army. [Turkish.] 
bash-lyk (bash'lik), n. a kind of 
hood with long ends, worn in 
Russia. [Russian.] 
ba-sic (ba'sik), adj. pertaining to 
a base ; fundamental; performing 
the office of a base in a salt, 
bas-il (baz'il), n. a sheepskin 
tanned with bark; the name given 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






92 


bas 


bas 


to several aromatic herbs used in 
cookery. 

basil (baz'il), n. the angle to 
which the cutting edge of a tool is 
ground: v.t. to grind or form the 
edge of to an angle, 
bas-i-lar (bas'i-lar), or basilary 
(-la-ri), adj. pertaining to, or 
situated at, the base, 
ba-sil-ic (ba-zil'ik), or basilica! 
(i-kal), adj. kingly; royal; per¬ 
taining to a basilica : it. the mid¬ 
dle vein of the arm. 
ba-sil-i-ca (ba-zil'i-ka), n. [pi. 
basilicas (-kaz)], in ancient 
Rome, a public hall of rectangular 
shape used for judicial assem¬ 
blies; a church built on such a 
plan. 

ba-sil-i-con (ba-zil'i-kon), n. an 
ointment composed of yellow wax, 
black pitch, resin, and olive oil. 
bas-i-lisk (bas'i-lisk). n. a fabu¬ 
lous creature, variously conceived 
as a kind of serpent, lizard, or 
dragon, and sometimes identified 
with the cockatrice; the name of 
a lizard with an inflatable crest: 
adj. pertaining to the basilisk; 
penetrating or malignant, 
ba-sin (ba'sn), n. a circular ves¬ 
sel for holding water or other 
liquida pond, or dock, or other 
reservoir for water; the area 
drained by a river; a set of strata 
or stratified formations occupying 
a basin-shaped depression in older 
rocks. 

ba-sis (ba'sis), n. [pi. bases 
('sez)], a foundation; the ground¬ 
work or fundamental principle of 
anything. 

bask (bask), v.i. to lie in warmth ; 
be exposed to genial heat; be at 
ease and thriving under benign 
influences: v.t. to warm by con¬ 
tinued exposure to heat, 
bas-ket (bas'ket), n. a vessel 
made of rushes, or other flexible 
material, plaited or interwoven; 
as much as a basket will hold, 
bas-ket-ful (bas'ket-fool), n. [pi. 
basketfuls], as much as a basket 
will carry. 

bas-king-shark (bas'king- 
shark), n. one of the largest of 
the sharks inhabiting the northern 
seas; it is harmless, and has the 


habit of basking at the surface in 
the sun. 

Basque (bask), adj. of, or per¬ 
taining to, the Basque race or 
language. 

basque (bask), n. a kind of a 
woman’s jacket with a short skirt, 
bas-re-lief (ba-re-lef'), n. low re¬ 
lief ; a form of relief in w T hich the 
figures stand out very slightly 
from the ground. Also spelled 
bass-relief, basso-relievo, & basso- 
rilievo. 

bass or basse (bas), n. the name 
of various edible fishes allied to 
the perch. 

bass (bas), n. the American lime- 
tree ; matting made from its bark ; 
a hassock. 

bass (bas), adj. low ; deep ; grave : 
n. the lowest part in the harmony 
of a musical composition ; the low¬ 
est male voice, ranging from D 
below the bass staff to D or E 
above it; one who sings bass, 
bass-bar (bas'bar), n. a piece of 
wood placed lengthwise inside 
stringed instruments to resist the 
pressure of the bridge, 
bass clef (bfis' kief), n. the 
character placed at the beginning 
of the bass staff. 

bass horn (bas' h6rn), n. a modi¬ 
fied form of a clarionet, 
bass staff (bas' staf), n. the staff 
on which the notes of the bass of 
a harmonized composition are 
written. 

bass viol (bas' vll), n. a large 
stringed instrument of the violin 
class for playing bass, 
bas-set (bas'et), v.i. to crop out 
at the surface. 

bas-set-horn (bas'et-horn), n. an 
instrument resembling a clarionet, 
but of greater compass, 
bas-si-net (bas'i-net), n. a wicker 
basket with a hood at one end. 
bas-so (bas'o), adj Italian for 
bass: n. one who sings bass, 
bas-so-pro-f on-do (-pro-fon'do), 
n. the lowest bass voice; a singer 
having such a voice, 
bas-soon (bas-oon'), n. an instru¬ 
ment of the reed kind, 
bas-soon-ist (bas-oon'ist), n. a 
performer on the bassoon, 
bas-so-re-lie-vo. See bas-relief, 
bas-so-rin (bas'o-rin), or basso- 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl: lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









Das 


bat 


r 93 


rine (-rin), n. a substance ex¬ 
tracted from gum tragacanth and 
some other gums, 
bast (bast), n. the tough inner 
fibrous bark of various trees, 
especially of the lime; rope or 
matting made from this bark, 
bas-tard (bas'terd), n. a child be¬ 
gotten and born out of wedlock; 
an animal of inferior quality or 
breed; a kind of hawk formerly 
used in falconry; a coarse brown 
sugar made from syrup previously 
boiled: adj. begotten and born out 
of lawful matrimony; spurious; 
adulterate. 

bas-tar-dize (bas'ter-dlz), v.t. to 
make or prove to be a bastard; 
declare to be illegitimate, 
bas-tar-dy (bas'ter-di), n. the 
state of being illegitimate, or born 
out of lawful wedlock, 
baste (bast), v.t. to beat with a 
stick; to drip or pour melted fat 
or butter on meat while roasting; 
to sew slightly, or fasten with 
long stitches, as in dressmaking, 
bas-tile or bas-tille (bas-tel')> 
n. a tower or fortification used 
for the defense or siege of a forti¬ 
fied place; an old castle in Paris 
used as a state prison, demolished 
by the populace in 1879._ 
bas-ti-na-do (bas-ti-na'do), n. an 
Oriental mode of punishment, con¬ 
sisting in beating an offender upon 
the soles of his feet with a stick 
or rod. Spelled also bastinade: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bastinadoed, p.pr. 
bastinadoing], to beat the soles 
of the feet with a stick or cudgel, 
bas-tion (bas'chun) n. an earth¬ 
work faced with brick or stone, 
projecting from the angles of a 
rampart, and having two flanks 
and two faces. 

bas-to (bas'to), n. the ace of clubs 
in the card games of quadrille and 
ombre. 

bat (bat), n. a heavy stick or 
club; the flattened club used in 
cricket or si'milar games; a bats¬ 
man ; a part of a brick with one 
end whole; a plate of flexible 
gelatine used to print impressions 
on glaze; bituminous shale v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. batted, p.pr. batting], 
to hit or strike: v.i. to use or 
wield a bat in cricket or baseball. 


bat (bat), n. an insectivorous 
mammal furnished with wings 
formed by a membrane stretched 
between the elongated fingers, legs, 
and tail. 

batcb (bach), n. the quantity of 
bread baked at one time; a quanti¬ 
ty of anything produced at one 
operation; a group or collection 
of similar things, 
bate (bat), v.t. to lessen or re¬ 
duce ; deduct. 

ba-teau or bat-teau (ba-to'), n. 
\pl. bateaux, batteaux (-toz)], a 
light boat used on Canadian riv¬ 
ers ; a pontoon of a floating bridge, 
ba-teau-bridge (-brij), n. a 
floating bridge constructed on 
boats. 

bath (bath), n. [pi. baths 
(bathz)], the act of washing or 
immersing the body in water, or 
exposing it to any other fluid 
or vapor; a vessel holding water 
for bathing; a building fitted up 
for bathing purposes; a medium 
through which heat is applied to 
a body; a vessel containing a 
solution for treatment of an ob¬ 
ject by immersion, 
bathe (bath), v.t. to subject to 
a bath; immerse in water or other 
liquid; to suffuse or moisten with 
a liquid; immerse or surround 
with anything analogous to water, 
as vapor or light: v.i. to take a 
bath. 

ba-thom-e-ter (bft-thom'e-ter). n. 
an apparatus for measuring 
depths. 

ba-thos (ba'thos), n. a ludicrous 
descent from the elevated to the 
commonplace in writing! or speech, 
bath-y-met-ric (bath-i-met'rik), 
or bath-y-met-ri-cal ('ri-kal), 
adj. pertaining to the measure¬ 
ment of depths. 

ba-thym-e-try (ba-thim'e-tri), n. 
the art of sounding or of measur¬ 
ing sea depths. 

ba-tiste (ba-test'), n. a kind of 
cambric. 

bat-on (bat'un, French ba-tong'), 
n. ,a staff or truncheon used as a 
weapon, or as a mark or badge 
of office; the wand of an or¬ 
chestral conductor; a heraldic 
mark indicating illegitimacy: v.t. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; ho, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 











Bat 


94 


bay 


to strike with a baton or trun¬ 
cheon. 

Ba-tra-clii-a (ba-tra'ki-fl). n.nl. 
the order of Amphibia which in¬ 
cludes the frogs and toads, 
ba-tra-chi-an. (ba-tra'ki-an), adj. 
pertaining to the Batrachia: n. 
one of that order. 

bat-ra-choid (bat'ra-koid), adj. 

having the form of a frog, 
bat-tal-ion (ba-tal'yun), n. a 
body of infantry usually forming 
a division of a regiment, 
bat-ten (bat'll), v.t. to make fat 
by plenteous living; fertilize or 
enrich: v.i. to grow or become 
fat; thrive at the expense of 
others. 

bat-ten (bat'n), n. a narrow strip 
or scantling of wood used for vari¬ 
ous purposes; a strip of wood used 
to fasten the edges of a tarpaulin 
to the deck of a ship: v.t. to 
fasten or form with battens, 
bat-ter (bat'er), v.t. strike with 
heavy, repeated blows, so as to 
bruise, shatter, or demolish; in¬ 
jure or impair: v.i. to make an 
attack by heavy blows, 
bat-ter (bat'er), n. a mixture of 
several ingredients, as flour, eggs, 
&c., beaten together, used in cook¬ 
ery. 

b a t-t e r-i n g-ram (bat'er-ing- 
ram), n. a military engine an¬ 
ciently used to beat down the 
walls of besieged places, and con¬ 
sisting of a large beam with a 
head of iron somewhat resembling 
the head of a ram. 
bat-ter-y (bat'er-i), n. [pi. bat¬ 
teries (-iz)], the act of battering 
or beating; a body of cannon, 
with its complement of officers, 
men, and equipments, for field 
operations; any raised work or 
parapet where guns are mounted 
i and gunners screened; a number 
of Leyden jars connected for 
charging and discharging simul¬ 
taneously ; an apparatus for gen¬ 
erating voltaic electricity, 
bat-tie (bat'l), n. a fight or en¬ 
counter between opposing forces; 
a combat; a contest or struggle 
for mastery: v.i. to contend in 
fight; struggle (followed by 
against , with). battle-piece 
(bat'l-pes), n. a painting, poem, 


or writing descriptive of a battle, 
battle-royal (bat'l-roi'al), n. 
a match in which more than two 
game-cocks are engaged; a me¬ 
lee. 

Syn. action, combat, engage¬ 
ment. 

Ant. (see truce). 

bat-tle-dore or bat-tle-door 

(bat'l-dor), n. a kind of light 
racket used for playing battle¬ 
dore and shuttlecock. 

bat-tle-ment (bat'l-ment), n. an 
indented parapet consisting of 
alternate solids and openings. 

bat-tue (bat-tu/), n. in shooting 
over cover, the method pursued by 
the beaters who surround the 
preserve and drive the game by 
beats and cries towards the 
sportsmen. 

bau-ble (baw'bl), n. a trifling 
piece of finery; anything showy 
or gay; a child’s cheap trinket: 
n. the club or staff formerly car¬ 
ried by a court jester, or king’s 
fool. 

bav-in (bav'in), n. wood easily 
kindled. 

baw bee or bau-bee (baw-be'), 
n. originally a coin issued in 1542 
by James V. of Scotland, of the 
value of l^d., Scotch; now ap¬ 
plied in Scotland to the half¬ 
penny. 

baw-ble. Same as bauble. 

bawd (bawd), n. a person who 
keeps a house of prostitution; one 
who procures women for lewd 
purposes, or acts as agent in 
illicit intercourse. 

bawd-i-ness ('i-nes), n. obscen¬ 
ity ; lewdness. 

bawd ry (bawd'ri), n. the busi¬ 
ness or practice of a procuress; 
illicit intercourse; obscenity; 
filthy language. 

bawd-y (bawd'i), adj. obscene; 
unchaste. 

bawl (bawl), v.i. to cry out with 
a loud, full, and sustained sound; 
vociferate: v.t. to proclaim loud¬ 
ly: n. a loud prolonged cry. 

bay (ba), v.i. to bark as a dog, 
with a deep sound, as hounds in 
the chase: v.t. to bark at; to pur¬ 
sue with barking so as to bring 
to bay: n. the deep-toned pro¬ 
longed bark of a dog. 


late, mar, mask ; cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








bay 


95 


bea 


bay (ba). adj. red or reddish, ap¬ 
proaching to chestnut [applied 
to horses] : n. a horse of such 
color. 

bay (ba), n. a recess in the shore 
of a sea or lake; the expanse of 
water between two capes or head¬ 
lands ; a recess or opening in 
walls; a place or receptacle for 
depositing or storing coal; the 
fore part of a ship between decks; 
the laurel-tree, noble laurel, or 
sweet-bay; an honorary garland 
or crown, composed of woven 
laurel leaves, bestowed as a prize 
upon successful poets and con¬ 
querors, hence [pi.] fame. 

bay-salt (ba'sawlt), n. salt re¬ 
sulting from the evaporation of 
sea-water, and used for artificial 
sea-baths. 

bay-win-dow (ba-win'do), n. the 
window or windows forming a bay 
or recess in a room, and extending 
outwards from the wall, usually of 
a rectangular, semicircular, or 
polygonal shape. 

ba-ya (ba'ya), n. the weaver-bird 
of the East Indies, resembling the 
bullfinch. 

ba-ya-deer or ba ya dere (ba-ya- 
der'), n. a Hindu dancing girl. 
Also written bajadere. 

ba-ya-mo (ba-ya'md), n. a violent 
tempest of wind with lightning. 

bay-o-net (ba'o-net), n. a short 
dagger-like instrument constructed 
to fix on to the barrel of a rifle: 
v.t. to stab or drive with a bayo¬ 
net. 

bay-ou (bi'oo), n. [pi. bayous 
('ooz)], in the southern United 
States, the outlet of a lake, or 
one of the delta streams of a 
river; a sluggish watercourse. 

ba-zaar or ba-zar (ba-zar'), n. in 
the East, a market-place or ex¬ 
change ; a hall or series of rooms 
with stalls for the sale of goods; 
a sale of fancy articles in aid of 
some charity; a fancy fair. 

bdel-lium (del'yum), an aro¬ 
matic gum-resin brought from 
Africa, India, and Persia, and 
used medicinally and as a perfume. 

be (be), v.i. [pt. was, p.p. been, 
p.pr. being], to exist; have ex¬ 
istence in fact, physical or 


mental; include or involve as a 
result; bring; produce; come 
about; become ; remain ; signify ; 
answer to. 

beach (bech), n. [pi. beaches 
('ez) ], the portion of the shore of 
the sea or of a lake which is 
washed by the waves; the strand : 
shingle: v.t. to run or haul up 
(as a vessel or boat) upon the 
beach: v.i. to land on a beach. 

beach-comb er (bech'kom-er), n. 
a long curling wave rolling in 
from the ocean; one who hangs 
about the shore on the look-out 
for wreckage or plunder. 

beach-y (bech'i), adj. having a 
beach ; covered with shingle. 

beacon (bekn), n. a signal of 
warning or guidance, on sea or 
land; formerly a fire lighted on a 
hill or high tower to signal 
danger or assemble troops, &c.: 
v.t. to light up, as a beacon ; fur¬ 
nish with beacons: v.i. to serve as 
a beacon. 

bead (bed), n. a little perforated 
ball of any suitable material, in¬ 
tended to be strung with others 
and worn as an ornament or used 
to form a rosary; any small 
globular body ; a drop or bubble; 
a small knob of metal at the end 
of a gun-barrel used as a sight; 
a narrow rounded molding; an 
astragal: v.t. to ornament with 
beads or beading. 

bead-roll (bed'rol), n. a list of 
persons for the repose of whose 
souls a certain number of prayers 
are assigned to be repeated; a 
rosary. 

bea-dle (be'dl), n. a messenger or 
crier of a court; a parish officer 
with various subordinate duties 
connected with a church or 
vestry, &c. 

bea-gle (be'gl), n. a small hound, 
formerly used for hunting hares. 

beak (bek), n. the bill of a bird: 
the horny jaws or mandibles of 
other animals; anything which is 
pointed or shaped like a beak; the 
metal-sheathed prow of an ancient 
galley intended to pierce the ves¬ 
sels of an enemy; the powerful 
appendage of steel forming part 
of the bow of modern war-vessels; 
a magistrate. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








bea 


96 


bea 


beak-er (bek'er), n. a large 
drinking cup or vessel with a 
wide mouth; an open-mouthed 
glass vessel with a projecting lip. 

beam (bem), n. a long piece of 
timber or iron used horizontally 
or vertically to support the rafters 
of a building; one of the principal 
horizontal timbers of a building 
or ship; the extreme breadth of a 
ship; the shank of an anchor; the 
oscillating lever which transmits 
motion in a steam-engine; a cyl¬ 
inder of wood around which, be¬ 
fore weaving, the warp is wound ; 
the pole of a carriage; the main 
part of a plow to which the 
handles are secured; the bar of 
a balance which suspends the 
scales; the principal stem of a 
deer’s horns which bears the ant¬ 
lers ; a collection of parallel rays 
of light emitted from the sun or 
other luminous body: v.t. to send 
forth, as rays of light: v.i. to 
shine. 

beam-com-pass (bem-kum'pas), 
n. an instrument used for describ¬ 
ing large circles. 

beam-feath-er (bem'fef/i-er), n. 
one of the long feathers in the 
wing of a bird. 

beamy (be'mi), adj. emitting 
rays of light resembling a beam 
in size and weight. 

beau (ben), n. the smooth, kid¬ 
ney-shaped seed of many legumi¬ 
nous plants; the plant itself; the 
popular name of other seeds or 
fruits resembling true beans. 

bear (bar), v.t. [p.t. bore, bare, 
p.p. borne, p.pr. bearing], to sup¬ 
port, hold up; carry or convey; 
suffer or endure; be answerable 
for; possess, wear, or use; have 
in or on ; contain : cherish; carry 
in the mind; admit or be capable 
of; show or exhibit; bring forth 
or produce: v.i. to be capable of 
supporting; be fruitful; to bear, 
press, or weigh upon or against; 
tend ; relate; take effect; be situ¬ 
ated. [N. B.—When used pas¬ 
sively bear (to produce) has as 
its p.p. born, as an infant was 
born.] 

tiyn. carry, convey, transport, 
endure, suffer, support. 


bear (bar), n. a plantigrade car¬ 
nivorous mammal, belonging to 
the genus IJrsus; the three best 
known species of which are: the 
brown or black bear of Europe, 
the grizzly bear of North America, 
and the polar bear of arctic re¬ 
gions ; the name of two constel¬ 
lations in the northern hemi¬ 
sphere, called the Great Bear and 
the Little Bear; one who attempts 
to depreciate the value of stock in 
order to buy cheap; opposed to a 
bull; a rude, uncouth, or brutal 
person : v.t. to endeavor to lower 
the price of. 

bear-bait-ing (bar'bat-ing), n, 
the illegal sport of setting dogs to 
fight with captive bears, 
bear-gar den (bar'gar-dn), n. a 
place where bears are kept for 
sport; hence any scene or place of 
tumult or disorder, 
beard (berd), n. the hair that 
grows on the chin, lips, and adja¬ 
cent parts of the human face; 
anything which resembles a beard ; 
the awn of barley and other 
grains; the barb of an arrow, fish¬ 
hook, &c.: v.t. to take by the 
beard ; oppose to the face; set at 
defiance. 

bear-ing (bar'ing), n. the act of 
enduring with patience ; carriage ; 
behavior; mutual relation of the 
parts of a whole; meaning or ap¬ 
plication ; the act or power of 
producing; the part of a machine 
that bears the friction ; the direc¬ 
tion or point of the compass in 
which an object is seen ; the posi¬ 
tion of one object with respect to 
another; the heraldic charges that 
fill the escutcheon, 
bear-ing-rein (-ran), n. a short 
rein for holding up the head of a 
horse. 

bear-ish (bar'ish), adj. resem¬ 
bling a bear in qualities; rude; 
surly. 

beast (best), n. any four-footed 
animal, as distinguished from 
birds, insects, fishes, and man ; an 
irrational animal; a person rude, 
coarse, or filthy, or whose actions 
degrade him below the level of a 
rational being; a brute, 
beat (bet), v.t. [p.t. beat, p.p. 
beaten, beat, p.pr . beating], to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

ceDk ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










97 


bea 


fcea 


strike with repeated blows; 
thrash; knock; pound or break; 
flatten or spread by blows; scour 
and range with blows and cries 
in order to rouse or drive game; 
dash or strike against, as water 
or wind ; tread, as a path; over¬ 
come or vanquish ; excel; baffle ; 
be too difficult for; exhaust; flut¬ 
ter, as wings : v.i. to strike repeat¬ 
edly ; throb; dash or fall with 
force or violence; signal or sum¬ 
mon by beat of drum; sound, as 
a drum, when struck: n. a re¬ 
curring stroke; a pulsation; a 
throb; a footfall; a round or 
course which is frequently gone 
over; a place of habitual resort; 
the rise or fall of the hand or 
foot marking the divisions of 
time; the divisions of the meas¬ 
ure so marked. 

Syn. defeat, overpower, over¬ 
throw, rout. 

Ant. (see fail). 

beat (bet), p.p. of beat, exhausted 
by mental or bodily fatigue, 
beat-en (bet'n), p.adj. worn by 
use, as by the beat or tread of 
feet; conquered ; exhausted ; baf¬ 
fled. 

beat-en-work (-werk), n. metal 
shaped by being beaten on an 
anvil. 

be-a-tif-ic (be-a-tif'ik), adj. hav¬ 
ing power to bless or render per¬ 
fectly happy; blissful, 
be-a-tif-ic-vis-ion (-vizh'un), n. 
the direct vision of God, regarded 
as the bliss cf the angels and 
saints. 

he-a-tif-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
blissful manner. 

be-at-i-fi-ca-tion (be-at-i-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act of blessing or 
the state of being blessed; the act 
of the Pope in declaring a de¬ 
ceased person to have attained the 
rank of “the blessed” : usually the 
seeond step towards canonization, 
be-at-i-fy (be-at'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. beatified, p.pr. beatifying], 
to make happy: bless with the 
completion of celestial enjoyment; 
to declare by public decree that a 
deceased person has attained the 
rank of “the blessed.” 
beat-ing (bet'ing), n. the act of 


striking; a flogging; pulsation or 
throbbing; a defeat; tacking 
against the wind, 
be-at-i-tude (be-at'i-tud), n. fe¬ 
licity of the highest kind; con¬ 
summate bliss. 

beau (bo), n. [pi. beaus or beaux 
(boz)], one who dresses himself 
in strict accordance with the 
fashion; a ladies’ man or suitor, 
beau-i-de-al (bo-I-de'al), n. ideal 
excellence. 

beau monde (bo mond), n. [Fr.] 
the fashionable world, 
beau-ish (bo'ish), adj. like a 
beau ; foppish. 

beau-te-ous (bu'te-us), adj. pos¬ 
sessing beauty. 

beau-ti-ful (bu'ti-fool), adj. pos¬ 
sessing qualities which charm and 
delight the senses; lovely. 

Syn. fine, handsome, pretty. 

Ant. (see homely, ugly), 
beau-ti-ful-ly (-li). adv. in a 
charming or attractive manner, 
beau-ti-fy (bu'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. beautified, p.pr. beautifying], 
to make or render beautiful; em¬ 
bellish : v.i. to grow beautiful, 
beau-ty (bu'ti), n. [pi. beauties 
('tiz)], an assemblage of graces 
or properties which command the 
approbation of the senses; those 
qualities which are most pleasing 
to the eye; a particular grace or 
charm; a beautiful woman, 
beau-ty-sleep (-slep), n. sleep 
taken before midnight, popularly 
supposed to be more restorative 
than that taken later, 
beau-ty-spot (-spot), n. a patch 
or spot placed on the face with 
intent to heighten beauty by con¬ 
trast. 

beau-ty-wash (-wosli), n. a cos¬ 
metic. 

bea-ver (be'ver), n. a rodent 
quadruped of amphibious habits, 
and valued for its fur; the fur of 
the beaver; a hat formerly made 
of beaver fur. 

bea-ver (be'ver), n. the portion 
of armor which served to protect 
the lower part of the face, and 
could be raised cr depressed, 
bea-ver-rat (be'ver-rat), n. a 
water rodent of Australia and 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her. let; line, tin; vote, p8r<-b lot: m-.n 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 












T>ea 


98 


bee 


Tasmania, similar in habit to the 
European water vole, 
bea-ver-tree (be'ver-tre), n. the 
sweet-bay, common in United 
States. 

bea-ver-teen (be'ver-ten), n. a 
species of fustian, 
be-calm (be-kam'), v.t. to make 
calm or still. 

bech-a-mel (besh'a-mel), n. a 
fine white sauce thickened with 
cream. 

becbe-de-mer (bach'de-mar), n. 
the trepang, a sea-slug dried and 
eaten by the Chinese, 
beck (bek), n. a nod, or other 
significant gesture, 
beck-et (bek'et), n. a contrivance 
in ships to confine small spars or 
loose ropes, &c. 

beck-on (bek'n), v.i. to make a 
signal to another by a motion of 
the head or hand : v.t. summon or 
signal by signs, 
be-cloud. See cloud, 
be -come (be-kum'), v.i. [p.t. be¬ 
came, p.p. become, p.pr. becom¬ 
ing], to pass from one state to 
another; come or grow to be: v.t. 
to suit, or be suitable to ; befit; 
accord with; grace or adorn, 
be -coming (be-kum'ing), p.adj. 
fit; suitable ; seemly ; proper ; ap¬ 
propriate ; befitting. 

*S Ujn. decent, fit, seemly, suitable. 

Ant. (see unbecoming). 
becque-rel rays (bek-rel' raz), 
n.pl. radio-active energy mani¬ 
fested by radium, polonium, and 
certain compounds of uranium, 
bed (bed), n. an article of do¬ 
mestic furniture upon or within 
which one rests or sleeps; con¬ 
jugal rights; anything which 
serves as a resting-place, or in 
which something lies or is im¬ 
bedded ; a portion of a garden 
prepared and set apart for bed¬ 
ding plants; the bottom of a 
river or other stream, or of any 
body of water; a layer or stratum 
of rock; a mass or heap of any¬ 
thing resembling a bed; either of 
the horizontal surfaces of a build¬ 
ing stone: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bedded, 
p.pr. bedding], to furnish with a 
bed; plant, as flowers; lay in a 
stratum; lay flat, or in order: v.i. 
to go to bed; cohabit. 


bed-bug (bed'bug), n. a flat- 
bodied, reddish-colored insect in¬ 
festing furniture, &c. 
bed-pan (bed'pan), n. a warming- 
pan ; a utensil for the use of those 
confined to bed. 

bed-straw (bed'straw), n. straw 
for stuffing beds; a popular name 
of plants used formerly in beds, 
bed-tick (bed'tik), n. a bag or 
case of strong linen or cotton for 
containing the feathers or othei 
materials of a bed. 
be-dab-ble. See dabble, 
be-daub. See daub, 
be-daz-zle. See dazzle, 
bed-ding (bed'ing), n. a bed and 
its furniture; the materials of a 
bed, whether for man or beast: 
stratification; occurrence in lay¬ 
ers ; a foundation, or bottom layer, 
be-deck. See deck, 
be-dev-il (be-dev'l), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. (-ed), p.pr. (-ing)], to throw 
into disorder or confusion; spoY 
or corrupt, as by evil agency, 
be-dev-il-ment (be-dev'l-ment), n. 
the state of being vexatiously and 
bewilderingly disordered or con¬ 
fused. 

be-dew (be-diY), v.t. to moisten 
with dew. 
be-dim. See dim. 
be-diz-en (be-diz'n & -di'zn), v.t. 
to deck or adorn ; trick out with 
vulgar finery. 

bed-lam (bed'lam), n. a mad¬ 
house ; an asylum or hospital for 
lunatics: hence, an^ scene of up¬ 
roar and confusion, 
bed-lam-ite (bed'lam-it), n. a 
madman ; an inmate of Bethlehem 
Hospital or bedlam. 

Bed-ou-in (bed'oo-in), n. a no¬ 
madic Arab or tent-dweller of 
Arabia, Syria, and northern 
Africa: adj. nomad, 
be-drab-ble. See drabble, 
be-drag-gle. See draggle, 
be-drench. See drench, 
bed-rid (bed'rid) or bedridden 
('rid-n), adj. confined to bed b? 
age or infirmity. 

be-drop (be-drop'), v. t. [p.t. & p.p. 
bedropped, p.pr. bedropping], to 
sprinkle as with drops; bespatter, 
bee (be), n. a hymenopterous in¬ 
sect of the genus Apis; the hive 
or honey-bee kept in hives for the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








bee 


99 


sake of its honey and wax ; an in¬ 
dustrious person ; a social meeting 
for work on behalf of a neighbor 
or a charitable object; strips of 
wood bolted each side of a bow¬ 
sprit. through which the foretop- 
mast stays are reeved. 

bee-bread (be'bred). n. a brown 
bitter substance consisting of the 
pollen of flowers collected and 
stored by bees as food for their 
young. 

bee-eat-er (be'et-er), n. one of 
the numerous species of bee-eating 
birds. 

bee-hive (be'hlv), n. a box or 
other covering for a swarm of 
bees, and serving for the storage 
of honey. 

bee-line (be'lin), n. the straight 
course pursued by a bee returning 
laden to the hive : hence the most 
direct way from one point to 
another. 

bee-moth (be'moth), n. a moth 
which lays its eggs in beehives, 
and whose larvae feed upon the 
wax. 

beech (bech), n. [pi. beeches 
('ez)], a tree of the genus Fagus, 
yielding a hard timber and edible 
triangular nuts. 

beech-en (bech'en), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or made of the wood or 
bark of, the beech. 

beef (bef), n. the flesh of an ox, 
bull, or cow, when killed. 

beef-ea-ter ('e-ter), n. a yeoman 
of the English royal guard, at¬ 
tending the sovereign on state oc¬ 
casions. 

bee-fy (be'fi), adj. resembling 
beef: fleshy. 

been (bin), p.p. of be. 

beer (ber), n. a fermented liquor 
made from any farinaceous grain, 
but generally from malted barley, 
with hops or other substances 
added to impart a bitter flavor; a 
fermented extract of the roots and 
other parts of various plants, as 
ginger, spruce, &c. 

beer-y (ber'i), adj. pertaining to 
beer; stained by beer; affected by 
beer; maudlin. 

beestings (best'ingz), n. the 
first milk given by a cow after 
calving. 

bees-wing (bez'wing), n. a gauzy 


beg 


film occurring in port and some 
other wines, indicative of age. 
beet (bet), n. a biennial plant, 
cultivated for its edible succulent 
root, and from which sugar is 
made. 

bee-tie (be'tl), n. a heavy wooden 
mallet employed for driving 
wedges, consolidating earth, &c.; 
a club for beating linen, &c., in 
washing: v.t. to use a beetle on; 
beat with a heavy wooden mallet, 
as a substitute for mangling, 
bee-tie (be'tl), n. any insect be¬ 
longing to the order of Coleoptera, 
having four wings, the anterior or 
outer pair being hardened and 
serving as a horny sheath to the 
inner pair. 

bee-tie (be'tl), v.i. to be promi¬ 
nent ; jut out; overhang, as a 
cliff. 

bee-tling (be'tling), ad/, standing 
out; overhanging, 
be-fall or be-fal (be-fawl'), v.t. 
[p.t. befell, p.p. befallen, p.pr. be¬ 
falling], to happen or occur to: 
v.i. come to pass. 

be-fa-na (be-fa'na), n. a fairy 
supposed to reward children by 
presents of sweetmeats, &c., on 
Ephiphany-eve (Jan. 5th). 
be-fit (be-fit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. be 
fitted, p.pr. befitting], befitting or 
suitable to; become, 
be-fog. See fog. 
be-fool. See fool. 

-before (be-for'), prep, in front 
of; preceding in space, time, or 
rank; in presence or sight of; 
under jurisdiction of; rather 
than ; earlier than : adv. in front: 
in advance ; previously ; formerly ; 
already. 

be-fore-hand (be-for'hand), adv. 

in advance, 
be-foul. See foul, 
be-friend (be-frend'), v.t. to act 
as a friend to; aid or shield ; as¬ 
sist. 

beg (beg), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
begged, p.pr. begging], to ask or 
supplicate in charity: ask for 
earnestly ; beseech ; entreat with 
humility; ask as a favor; to 
practice begging. (The phrase “I 
beg to,” in polite usage, is em- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






100 


be 


beg 


ployed elliptically for ask , request, 
as I beg to state.) 

Syn. beseech, crave, entreat, im¬ 
plore, solicit, supplicate. 

Ant. (see give), 
be gan, p.t. of begin, 
begem. See gem. 
be-get (be-get'), v.t. [p.t. begot, 
begat, p.p. begotten, begot, p.pr. 
begetting], to procreate, as a 
father or sire; generate; pro¬ 
duce ; cause to exist, 
he-get-ter (be-get'ter), n. one who 
begets. 

beg-ga-ble (beg'a-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being solicited as gift or 
aims. 

beg-gar (beg'er), n. one who en¬ 
treats or supplicates with humil¬ 
ity ; one who makes it his business 
to beg or ask for alms; one who 
is reduced to extreme poverty: v.t. 
to exhaust the resources of; outdo, 
beg-gar-li-ness (-nes), n. extreme 
poverty; meanness, 
beg-gar-ly (beg'er-li). adj. like, or 
in the condition of, a beggar; 
poor ; mean ; contemptible, 
beg-gar-y (beg'er-i), n. the state 
of a beggar; extreme poverty; 
beggars cojlectively. 
be-gin (be-gin'), v.i. [p.t. began, 
p.p. begun, p.pr. beginning], to 
commence existence; originate; 
arise: to take the initiatory step; 
make a start. 

be-gin-ner (be-gin'er), n. one who 
begins or originates; one who en¬ 
ters upon anything for the first 
time; a novice. 

be-gin-ning (be-gin'ing), n. the 
first cause; origin; the initial 
stage of anything, 
begird. See gird, 
be-girdle. See girdle, 
begone (be-gon'), interj. go 
away ! depart! 

be-go-ni-a (be-go'ni-jt), n. a 
genus of tropical plants, culti¬ 
vated for their ornamental leaves 
and showy flowers, 
be-got (be-got'), p.t. & p.p of be¬ 
get. 

be-got-ten (be-got'n), p.p. of be¬ 
get. 

be-grease. See grease, 
be-grime. See grime, 
be-grudge. See grudge, 
be-guile (be-gll'), v.t. to impose 


upon or delude by guile; deceive; 
cause to pass pleasantly; divert 
or entertain. 

beguile-ment (be-gil'ment). n. 
the act of beguiling; the state of 
being beguiled. 

be-gum (be'gum), n. in the East 
Indies, a princess or lady of high 
rank. 

be gun, p.p. of begin, 
be-half (be-haf'), n. advantage; 
favor ; support; defense ; stead ; 
interest [governed always by the 
preposition in, on, or upon]. 
be-have (be-hav'), v.t. to conduct, 
comport, demean, or acquit: v.i. 
to act; conduct one’s self in a 
proper manner. 

be-hav-ior (be-hav'yer), n. man¬ 
ner of behaving, whether good or 
bad ; conduct; deportment; man¬ 
ners. 

Syn. carriage, conduct, deport¬ 
ment, demeanor. 

be-head (be-hed'), v.t. to cut off 
the head of. 

be-held (be-held'), p.t. & p.p. of 
behold. 

be-he-moth (be-he'moth), n. an 
animal described in Job xl. 15-24. 
and probably intended for the hip¬ 
popotamus. 

be-hest (be-hest'), n. a command; 
precept. 

be-hind (be-hind'), prep, at the 
back of; in the rear of; remain¬ 
ing after; inferior to: adv. at the 
back; in the rear; toward the 
back ; out of sight; past in point 
of time. 

behindhand (be-hind'hand). 
adv. or adj. in a state of back¬ 
wardness ; late; in arrear. 
be-hold (be-h5ld'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
beheld, p.pr. beholding], to fix the 
eyes upon ; have in sight; look at; 
observe with care; v.i. to look ; di¬ 
rect or fix the mind, 
be-hold-en (be-hold'n), p.adj. in¬ 
debted ; obliged; bound in grati¬ 
tude. 

be-boof (be-hoof'), n. advantage; 

interest; profit; use ; behalf, 
be-hoove or be-hove (be-hoov'), 
v.t. to be meet, necessary, or fit for. 
beige (bazh), adj. having its 
natural color, as a fabric of un¬ 
dyed wool, 
be-ing, p.pr. of be. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







bei 


iOl 


be! 


be-ing (be'ing), n. existence, as 
opposed to non-existence; that 
which exists in any form, whether 
actual or ideal. 

be-jew-el (be-ju'el), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. -ed, p.pr. ing], to ornament or 
furnish with jewels, 
bek ko-ware (bek'o-war), n. an 
ancient kind of Japanese pottery 
in imitation of tortoise-shell, 
be la bor (be-la'ber), v.t. to beat 
soundly. 

be-late (be-lat'), v.t. to make late, 
or retard. 

belated (be-la'ted), p.adj. de¬ 
layed ; too late; overtaken by 
darkness; benighted, 
belay (be-la'), v.t. make fast, as 
a rope, by winding round a pin, 
cleat, &c. 

belch (belch), v.t. to eject with 
force or violence: v.i. to eject 
wind from the stomach: n. the 
act of ejecting wind forcibly, 
bel dam (bel'dam) or bel dame 
('dam), n. a grandmother; an 
ugly old woman. 

be-lea-guer (be-le'ger), v.t. to 
besiege; surround with an army 
so as to preclude escape; block¬ 
ade. 

bel-em-nite (bel'em-nit), n. the 
fossil internal bone, or shell, of an 
extinct family of cuttle-fishes, 
bel-fry (bel'fri). n. a bell tower; 
that part of a steeple or tower in 
which a bell is hung. 
Bel-gra-vi-an (bel-gra'vi-an), 
adj. belonging to Belgravia, a 
fashionable quarter of London: 
hence aristocratic; fashionable : n. 
an inhabitant of Belgravia; a 
member of the upper classes, 
be-lie (be-ll), v.t. to calumniate; 
slander by lies; give the lie to; 
show to be false. 

be-lief (be-lef'), n. assent to any¬ 
thing proposed or declared, and its 
acceptance as fact, by reason of 
the authority whence it proceeds, 
apart from personal knowledge; 
faith; the thing believed; the 
whole body of tenets held by the 
professors of any faith ; a creed ; 
a conviction. 

Syn. credit, faith, trust. 

Ant. (see doubt), 
be-liev-a-ble (be-lev'a-bl), adj. 
capable of being accepted as 
truth ; credible. 


be-liev-a-bil-i-ty ('i-ti), n. credi¬ 
bility ; credence; believableness, 
be-lieve (be-lev'), v.t. to place 
credence in and accept as true, 
upon the ground of authority, tes¬ 
timony, or logical inference apart 
from personal knowledge; place 
confidence in ; expect or hope: v.i. 
to have faith; be more or less 
firmly persuaded of the truth of 
anything; think or suppose, 
be-liev-er (be-lev'er), n. one who 
accepts as truth something not 
actually demonstrated; one who 
adheres to a religious faith; a 
professor of Christianity, 
be-like (be-lik'), adv. probably, 
be-lit-tle (be-lit'l), v.t. to lower 
or depreciate; run down by speak¬ 
ing slightingly of. 

bell (bel), v.i. to bellow, as deer 
in rutting time; to be in flower: 
said of the hop. 

bell (bel), n. a hollow metallic 
vessel, usually cup-shaped, and 
giving forth a clear, ringing 
sound when struck; anything in 
the form of a bell: pi. the divi¬ 
sions of daily time marked each 
half-hour by strokes on a bell: v.t. 
to put a bell on. 

bell-bird (bel'berd), n. an Amer¬ 
ican bird whose note resembles a 
bell; an Australian bird whose 
note is similar. 

bell-man (bel'man), n.pl. bell¬ 
men, one who uses a bell for pub¬ 
lic announcement; a town-crier, 
bell-met-al (bel-met'al), n. an 
alloy of copper and tin, used for 
the manufacture of bells, 
bell-punch (bel'punch), n. a 
punch with a signal bell used on 
tramcars for puncturing the tick¬ 
ets and checking the number of 
fares issued. 

bell-tel-e-graph (bel'tel'e-graf), 
n. a telegraphic instrument in 
which bells are employed instead 
of needles. 

bell-weth-er (beYweth'er) , n. a 
wether or sheep which leads the 
flock with a bell on his neck, 
bell-a-donn-a (bel-a-don'a), n. 
the deadly nightshade, a poisonous 
plant used as medicine, 
belle (bel), n. a young and hand¬ 
some lady; a reigning beauty, 
belles-let-tres (bel-let'r), n.pl. 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









102 


ben 


Dei 


p61ite or elegant literature; light 
literature. 

belli -cose (bel'i-kos), adj. pugna¬ 
cious ; contentious; warlike, 
bel-lied (bel'id), ad), having a 
bellj 7 ; swelled out in the middle, 
bel-lig-er-ence (bel-ij'er-ens), or 
bel-lig-er-en-cy (-en-si), n. the 
act or state of warfare, 
bel-lig-er-ent (bel-ij'er-ent), adj. 
waging war; pertaining to war or 
warfare; warlike: n. a power 
recognized as carrying on war; a 
person engaged in fighting, 
bel-lite (bel'it), n. an explosive 
compound formed of ammonium 
nitrate and other substances, 
bel-low (bel'o), v.i. to utter a full 
resonant sound, as a bull; bawl or 
vociferate; roar, as the sea in a 
tempest, or as the wind when vio¬ 
lent : v.t. to utter with a loud, full 
voice: n. the roar of a bull; a 
loud, resounding outcry, 
bel-lows (bel'oz), n. sing. & pi. an 
instrument for producing a cur¬ 
rent of air, and used for various 
purposes, as blowing fires, or fill¬ 
ing the pipes of an organ, 
bel-ly (bel'li), n. [pi. bellies 
('liz)], that part of the human 
body which extends from the 
breast to the thighs, and contains 
the bowels; the abdomen; the 
corresponding part in the lower 
animals; the part of anything 
that swells out into a larger ca¬ 
pacity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bellied: 
p.pr. bellying], to swell and be¬ 
come protuberant; bulge out: v.t. 
to cause to swell out, as sails, 
bel-ly-band (bel'i-band), n. a 
band that encircles the belly of a 
horse: a saddle-girth, 
belong (be-long'), v.i. to be the 
property (of) ; go along with; be 
a part (of) ; be appendant (to), 
or connected (with) ; be the con¬ 
cern or business (of) ; appertain 
(to) ; be suitable; be due; have 
a settled or legal residence (in) ; 
be native (to). 

be-long-ing (be-long'ing), n. that 
which belongs to one [generally 
used in the pi.]; qualities; en¬ 
dowments ; property ; possessions ; 
appendages. 

be-loved (be-luvd' & luv'ed). 


p.adj. greatly loved; dear to the 
heart: n. one who is greatly loved. 

below (be-lo'), prep, under in 
place; beneath; not so high; in¬ 
ferior to in rank or excellence; 
lower in value, price, &c.: adv. in 
a lower place; on the earth; in 
hell, or the regions of the dead ; 
in a lower rank or grade; off 
duty; under. 

belt (belt), n. a girdle or band 
used to encircle the waist; any¬ 
thing resembling a belt, or which 
encircles, restrains, or supports, 
as a belt; a strip; a band; a 
heraldic badge denoting knightly 
rank ; one of the rings surround¬ 
ing the planet Jupiter; a band 
connecting two wheels and trans¬ 
mitting motion from one to the 
other: v.t. to encircle, as with a 
belt; surround. 

belt-ed-erui-ser (-kroS'zer), n. 
a quick-sailing ship, having a 
broad band of armor-plating. 

belting (belt'ing), n. belts col¬ 
lectively ; the material of which 
belts are made^ 

be-lu-ga (be-lu'ga), n. the large 
white sturgeon from the roe of 
which caviare is made; the white 
whale of the Northern Seas. 

bel-ve-dere (bel-ve-der'), n. a pa¬ 
vilion or open structure raised 
upon the top of a house; a sum¬ 
merhouse built on an eminence. 

be-mire (be-inlr'), v.t. to soil by 
passing through mire ; to fix in the 
mire. 

be-moan (be-mon'), v.t. to la¬ 
ment ; bewail; pity; sympathize 
with. 

bench (bench), n. [pi. benches 
('ez)], a long seat; a strong 
table on which mechanics do their 
work; the seat where judges sit 
in court; the persons who sit as 
judges; the court: v.t. to furnish 
with benches. 

bench - war-rant (bench-wor'- 
ant), n. a warrant issued by a 
court or judge, as distinguished 
from a justice’s icarrant issued by 
a magistrate. 

bend (bend), v.t. to curve or make 
crooked; move or deflect out of a 
straight line; direct to a certain 
point; incline; cause to yield : 
fasten: v.i. to be or become 
curved or crooked; be turned to- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; mdon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







ben 


103 


ben 


wards; bow or be submissive: n. 
a curve; a turn or deflection ; a 
crook ; a knot by which one rope 
is fastened to another, or to any¬ 
thing else: n. one of the nine he¬ 
raldic ordinaries. 

Syn. deviate, incline, twist, 
ben der (ben'der), n. one who, or 
that which, bends, 
bends, n. a disease of caisson 
workers, due to the effect of great 
chango«! of atmospheric pressure, 
beneath (be-neth'), prep, lower 
in place, with reference to some¬ 
thing above; under the pressure 
of; lower in rank, dignity, or ex¬ 
cellence than ; unworthy of: adv. 
in a lower place; below, 
ben-e-dict (ben'e-dikt), n. a newly 
married man, especially one -who 
has previously ridiculed the idea 
of matrimony. From Benedick in 
Shakespeare’s play “Much Ado 
about Nothing.” 

ben-e-dic-tion (ben-e-dik'shun), 
n. the act of blessing; a blessing 
or expression of kind wishes sol¬ 
emnly or affectionately invoked; 
the short blessing pronounced at 
the close of public worship, 
ben-e-dic-tive (ben-e-dik'tiv) or 
ben-e-dic-to-ry ('tori), adj. 
tending to bless; conveying or 
expressing good wishes, 
ben-e-f ac-tion (ben-e-fak'shun), 
n. the act of conferring a benefit; 
a benefit conferred; a charitable 
donation. 

ben-e-fac-tor (ben-e-fak'ter), n. 
one who confers a benefit. Bene¬ 
factress, the feminine form of the 
word. 

ben-e-fice (ben'e-fis), n. a fief, or 
estate in lands; an ecclesiastical 
living; a church endowed with 
revenue; the revenue itself, 
be-nef-i-cence (be-nef'i-sens), n. 

active goodness; a benefaction, 
be-nef-i cent (be-nef'i-sent), adj. 
characterized by benevolence. 

Syn. bountiful, generous, liberal, 
munificent. 

Ant. (see covetous, miserly). 
ben-e-fi-cial (ben-e-fish'al), adj. 
contributing to a valuable end; 
helpful; profitable; conferring 
the right to benefit, 
ben-e-fi-cial-ly (-li), adv. in an 
advantageous manner. 


ben-e-fi-ci-a-ry (ben-e-fish'i-a'ri), 
adj. holding office under another; 
connected with the receipt of bene¬ 
fits or profits; freely bestowed: n. 
one who holds a benefice; in 
feudal times a vassal; one who re¬ 
ceives anything as a gift, 
ben-e-fit (ben'e-fit), n. an act of 
kindness; a favor conferred, 
whatever promotes the happiness 
and well-being of a person or 
thing, or adds to the value of 
property; a theatrical perform¬ 
ance, the proceeds of which go 
to one of the actors, &c.: v.t. to do 
good to; be of service to: v.i. to 
gain advantage; make improve¬ 
ment. 

Syn. favor, advantage, kindness, 
civility. 

Ant. (see injury), 
be-nev-o-lence (be-nev'6-lens), n. 
the disposition to do good; philan¬ 
thropy ; good-will; an act of 
kindness; a royal tax formerly 
levied under the guise of a gratu¬ 
ity to the sovereign. 

Syn. beneficence, benignity, hu¬ 
manity, kindness, tenderness. 

Ant. (see malevolence). 
be - nev - o - lent (be-nev'o-lent), 
adj. kind; charitable; philan¬ 
thropic. 

ben-gal (ben-gawl'), n. a thin 
stuff made of silk and hair, 
ben-gal light (lit), n. a firework, 
used also for signaling at sea, giv¬ 
ing a steady bright blue light. 
Called aso blue light, 
ben-gal-stripes (strips), n. a 
kind of cotton cloth or gingham 
with colored stripes, 
ben-gal ti-ger (ti'ger), n. the 
royal tiger. 

be-night (be-nit'), v.t. enshroud 
in darkness; overtake with night 
[usually in p.p.]. 

be-nign (be-nin'), adj. of a kind 
or gentle disposition ; favorable ; 
salutary ; genial. 

be-nig-nant (be-nig'nant), adj. 

kind ; gracious ; favorable, 
be-nig-ni-ty (be-nig'ni-ti), n, [pi. 
benignities (-tiz) ], kindness of 
nature ; graciousness ; gentleness ; 
mildness. 

ben-i-son (ben'i-zn), n. a blessing, 
be-ni-tier (ba-ne'tia), n. a font 
for holy water. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






104 


ber 


ben 


ben-ne (ben'e), n. the Sesame, an 
East Indian annual, cultivated for 
its seeds, out of which a valuable 
oil is obtained. 

bent (bent), adj. curved; crooked; 
strongly inclined; determined : n. 
a turn ; an inclination ; a leaning 
or bias ; disposition ; propensity ; 
a stiff or wiry grass, 
be numb. See numb, 
be-numb-ment (be-num'ment), n. 

the act of stupefying; torpidity, 
ben-zene (ben'zen), n. a volatile 
highly inflammable liquid, ob¬ 
tained commercially by distilla¬ 
tion from coal-tar. Also called 
benzole and benzoline, 
ben-zine (ben-zen'), n. a liquid 
compounded of the volatile hydro¬ 
carbons of petroleum, and ob¬ 
tained by distillation ; used as a 
solvent and for the removal of 
grease, &c. 

ben-zo-ic (ben-zo'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to or obtained from benzoin, 
ben-zo-ic ac-id (as'id), n. (flow¬ 
ers of benzoin), a peculiar vege¬ 
table acid obtained from benzoin 
and other balsams by sublima¬ 
tion or decoction. 

ben-zo-in (ben-zo'in) or ben- 
zoine ('zoin), n. the resinous 
juice of Gum Benjamin, a tree of 
Sumatra, &c., used chiefly in cos¬ 
metics, perfumes, and incense, 
bequeath. (be-kw eth'), v.t. to 
give or leave by will; hand down; 
transmit. 

be-queath-ment (be-kwef/t'ment), 
n. the act of leaving by will; a 
bequest. 

be-quest (be-kwest'), n. the act 
of leaving by will; something left 
by will; a legacy, 
be-rate. See rate, 
ber-ber-ine (ber'ber-in), n. an 
alkaloid obtained, as a bitter, yel¬ 
low substance, from the barberry 
and other plants; used in dyeing, 
ber-ber-ry. Same as barberry, 
ber-eeuse (bar-sez'), n. a cradle 
song; a tender or soothing 
musical composition, 
be reave (be-rev'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
bereaved, bereft, p.pr. bereaving], 
to deprive ; make destitute ; strip ; 
rob [with of before the thing 
taken away]. 

be reave ment (be-rev'ment), n. 


the act of bereaving; the state of 
being bereaved; the loss of a 
relative or friend by death. 

be-reft (be-reft'), p.t. & p.p. of 

bereave. 

berg (berg), n. a large floating 
mass of ice; an iceberg; a sharp 
pointed rock projecting from the 

sea. 

ber-ga-mot (ber'ga-mot), n. vari¬ 
ety of lemon, the rind of which 
yields the volatile oil of bergamot, 
much used in perfumery ; a vari¬ 
ety of pear; a variety of mint; 
a coarse kind of tapestry. 

berg-mehl (berg'mal), n. moun¬ 
tain-meal, a powdery substance 
composed of the siliceous skele¬ 
tons of diatoms. 

Bermuda grass (ber-mu'da 
gras'), n. a valuable variety of 
pasture grass. 

B e r-m u-d i-a n (ber-mu'di-an), 
adj. of or pertaining to the island 
of Bermuda. 

Ber nese (ber-nez'), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Berne in Switzerland, or its 
inhabitants. 

ber-ni-cle (ber'ni-kal), n. the 

bernicle goose. 

be-roon (be-roon'), n. the prin¬ 
cipal court of a Persian house. 

ber-ry (ber'i), n. [pi. berries 
('iz) ], any small pulpy or suc¬ 
culent fruit, as the strawberry, 
&c.; anything resembling a berry 
in shape: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. berried, 
p.pr berrying], to bear, produce, 
or gather berries. 

berth (berth), n. ample or ade¬ 
quate sea room ; a station which 
a ship occupies at anchorage or 
port; a room in a vessel set apart 
for officers or seamen ; a sleeping 
place for a passenger in a ship or 
railway carriage; a situation or 
appointment: v.t. to allot an 
anchorage to ; give space to lie in ; 
allot a sleeping place to. 

ber-tha (ber'tha). n. a kind of 
lady’s cape. 

ber-thage (ber'thaj), n. dues 
levied upon vessels using anchor¬ 
age in harbor or dock; the space 
for mooring vessels in harbor 
or dock. 

ber-yl (ber'il), n. a mineral of 
varying colors, commonly green or 
greenish-blue. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ber 


105 


bes 


ber-yl-line (ber'i-lin), adj. like a 
beryl in color. 

beseech (be-sech'), v.t. [ p.t. & 
p.p. besought, p.pr. beseeching], 
to e itreat; supplicate ; implore ; 
beg eagerly for; solicit, 
be-seem (be-sem'), v.i. & v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to be suit¬ 
able or seemly; to become; to 
seem. 

be-set (be-set'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
beset, p.pr. besetting], to set or 
stud ; distribute over ; surround ; 
besiege; press upon on all sides; 
press hard on. 

be-set-ment (be-set'ment), n. the 
condition of being surrounded, 
be-set-ting (be-set'ing), adj. 
habitually attacking or coming 
upon. 

be-shrew (be-shroo'), v.t. to wish 
a curse to ; execrate, 
be-side (be-sid'), prep, at the side 
of; near; apart from; not con¬ 
nected with. 

be-sides (be-sldz'), adv. more 
than that; in addition ; as well: 
prep, over and above; separate or 
distinct from. 

be-siege (be-sej'), v.t. to encom¬ 
pass with armed forces, in order 
to compel a foe to surrender; lay 
siege to ; beset or harass, 
be-siege-ment (be-sej'ment), n. 
the act of besetting; the state of 
being encompassed, 
be-slav-er (be-slav'er), v.t. to 
besmear with spittle; cover with 
fulsome praise. 

beslobber (be-slob'er), v.t. to 
smear with anything running 
from the mouth, as spittle; kiss 
effusively all over the mouth; to 
flatter fulsomely. 
besmear. See smear, 
be-smirch (be-smerch'), v.t. to 
soil; discolor; sully or dishonor, 
be som (be'zum), n. a brush of 
twigs for sweeping; a broom, 
be-sot (be-sot'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
besotted, p.pr. besotting], to bes- 
tialize, as with drink; stupefy; 
infatuate. 

be-sot-ment (be-sot'ment), n. the 
act or state of being besotted or 
infatuated. 

be-sot-ted-ly (-li), adv. in a fool¬ 
ish or infatuated manner, 
be-sought, p.t. & p.p. of beseech. 


be-span-gle (be-spang'gl), v.t. to 
adorn with spangles; dot or 
sprinkle with something that glit¬ 
ters. 

be-spat-ter (be-spat'er), v.t. to 
soil by spattering ; spot with mud ; 
asperse with calumny, 
be-speak (be-spek'), v.t. [p.t. be¬ 
spoke, p.pr. bespeaking], to speak 
for beforehand; order or arrange 
in advance; betoken ; indicate, as 
by signs or marks: n. among 
actors, a benefit, 
be-spread, See spread, 
be-sprin-kle. See sprinkle, 
bes-sem-er steel (bes'em-er stel), 
n. steel made by forcing atmos¬ 
pheric air into cast iron while in 
a molten state. 

best (best), adj. having the high¬ 
est degree of goodness or excel¬ 
lence ; of the first quality or 
standing; most desirable, suitable, 
advantageous, &c.; largest: n. the 
highest state of excellence; the 
utmost endeavor; all one can do 
or show: adv. (superl. of well) in 
the highest degree; with most ad¬ 
vantage or success: v.t. to get the 
better of ; surpass ; outwit, 
best-man (best'man), n. the 
groomsman or principal attendant 
on a bridegroom. 

be-sted or bestead (be-sted'), 
p.adj. situated; placed; circum¬ 
stanced. 

bes-tial (bes'tial), adj. belonging 
to a beast; animal; having the 
qualities of a beast; brutal; sen¬ 
sual ; obscene. 

bes-tial-ize (bes'tial-Iz), v.t. to 
make like a beast; degrade to the 
level of a brute. 

bes-tial-i-ty (bes-tial'i-ti), n. the 
qualities or nature of a beast.. 
bes-tial-ly (bes'tial-li), adv. in a 
beast-like manner, 
bestir (be-ster), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
bestirred, p.pr. bestirring], to put 
into brisk or vigorous action, 
be-stow (be-sto'), v.t. to lay > up. 
in store; deposit in safe keeping; 
use or apply; give or confer [fol¬ 
lowed by on or upon]. 
be-stow-ment (be-sto'ment) or 
be-stow-al ('al), n. the act of 
giving or conferring; that which 
is given. 

be-strad-dle (be-strad'l), v.t. to 
bestride. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








Des 


106 


bev 


be-strew (be-stroo') or bestrow 

(-stro'), v.t. to strew or scatter 
over. 

be-stride (be-strid'), v.t. \p.t. be¬ 
strode & bestrid, p.p. bestridden, 
bestrid, p.pr. bestriding], to stand 
or sit on with the legs astride; 
embrace with the legs, as a horse, 
bet (bet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bet and 
betted, p.pr. betting], to stake or 
pledge on the event of a future 
contingency: v.i. to lay a wager: 
n. the act of wagering; that which 
is laid, staked, or pledged on any 
event or contest the issue of which 
is uncertain ; the terms on which 
a bet is arranged, 
be-take (be-tak'), v.t. [p.t. be¬ 
took, p.p. betaken, p.pr. betaking], 
to have recourse to; repair; re¬ 
sort; take one’s self (to), 
be-tel (be'tl), n. a species of 
pepper, native of the East Indies, 
the leaves of which are chewed 
with the betel-nut and a little 
lime. 

be-tel-nut (-nut), n. the nut- 
seed of the East Indian areca- 
palm. 

beth-el (beth'el), n. a hallowed 
spot; a dissenting chapel; a sea¬ 
man’s chapel. 

be-think (be-think'), v.t. & v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. bethought, p.pr. be¬ 
thinking], to call to mind; con¬ 
sider ; remind one’s self; to re¬ 
flect. 

be-tide (be-tid'), v.t. to happen 
to; befall: v.i. to come to pass, 
be-times (be-tlmz'), adv. in good 
season or time; before it is too 
late; early ; soon. 

be-to-ken (be-to'kn), v.t. to indi¬ 
cate by signs; serve as a sign or 
token of; foreshadow by what is 
visibly present. 

bet-on (bet'un, French ba-tong'), 
n. a concrete composed of lime, 
sand, and gravel, used for subma¬ 
rine structures. 

bet-o-ny (bet'o-ni). n. a common 
name for a woodland plant, with 
purple flowers, formerly used in 
medicine and as a dye. 
be-took, p.t. of betake, 
be-tray (be-tra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
betrayed, p.pr. betraying], to de¬ 
liver into the hands of an enemy 
by treachery; violate by fraud or 


unfaithfulness; reveal in breach 
of confidence; disclose inadvert¬ 
ently ; deceive ; indicate or show. 

be-tray-al (be-tra'al), n. the act 
of betraying. 

be-trotli (be-troth'), v.t. to con¬ 
tract to give any one in marriage ; 
affiance; plight or pledge one’s 
troth to. 

be-troth-al (be-troth'al) or be- 
trothment ('rnent), n. the act 
of engaging to marry; the state 
of being engaged ; a mutual prom¬ 
ise for future marriage made be¬ 
tween a man and a woman. 

better (bet'er), ndj. [used as the 
compar. of good], having good 
qualities in a greater degree than 
another; preferable or more suit¬ 
able ; improved in health; more 
perfect; larger; greater: adv. 
[used as compar. of well], in a 
superior or more excellent manner; 
more correctly or thoroughly; in 
a higher degree; more in extent: 
v.t. to improve or ameliorate; in¬ 
crease the good qualities of; sur¬ 
pass ; excel; outdo: v.i. to be¬ 
come better: n. a superior; one 
who has a claim to precedence 
[usually in the pi.} ; superiority, 
or advantage over [usually with 
of}. 

bet-ter or bet-tor (bet'er), n. 
one who wagers or lays bets. 

bet-ter-ment (bet'er-ment), n. a 
making better; the improvement 
of land or houses. 

bet-ting (bet'ing), n. the act of 
making bets. 

be-tween (be-twen'), prep, in the 

space or interval which separates; 
in intermediate relation to; from 
one to another of; shared in com¬ 
mon. 

be-tween-whiles ('hwllz), adv. 
at intervals. 

be-twixt (be-twikst'), prep, be¬ 
tween ; in the space which sepa¬ 
rates. 

bev-el (bev'el), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
-ed, p.pr. -ing], to cut to a bevel- 
angle r v.i. to slant or incline off 
to a bevel-angle: n. an angle 
otherwise than a right angle 
(90°) ; the inclination which one 
surface makes with another when 
not at right angles; an instrument 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






bev 


\ 


107 


bib 


\ 


used for drawing angles: adj. hav¬ 
ing the form of a bevel; aslant, 
bev-el-gear (ger), n. a species of 
wheel-work in which the axis or 
shaft of the driving-wheel forms 
an angle with the shaft of the 
wheel driven. 

bevel-wheel (liwel), n. a cog¬ 
wheel with its working face 
oblique to the axis, 
bev - el - ment (bev'el-ment), n. 

the act or process of beveling, 
bev-er-age (bev'er-aj), n. drink 
of any description; liquor for 
drinking. 

bev-y (bev'i), n. a company or as¬ 
sembly of persons, especially of 
ladies ; a flock of quails or larks, 
be-wail (be-wal'), v.t. to mourn 
or weep aloud for; lament: v.i. to 
express grief. 

be-wail-ment (be-wal'ment), n. 
the act of lamenting; a lamenta¬ 
tion. 

be-ware (be-war'), v.i. to be on 
one’s guard ; be wary or cautious ; 
take care. 

be-wil-der (be-wil'der), v.t. to 
lead into perplexity or confusion ; 
puzzle. 

be - wil - der - ment (be-wil'der- 
ment), n. the state of being 
greatly puzzled or perplexed; a 
tangled or confused mass, 
be-witcli (be-wich'), v.t. to cast 
a spell over; subject to witch¬ 
craft ; charm beyond the power of 
resistance; fascinate. # 
be-witch-er-y (be-wich'er-i), n. 

witchery ; fascination ; charm, 
be-witch-ing (be-wich'ing), adj. 
having power to fascinate ; capti¬ 
vating ; alluring. 

be-witch-ment (be-wich'ment), 
n. fascination; charm ; power of 
bewitching. 

be-wray (be-ra/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
bewrayed, p.pr. bewraying], to ex¬ 
pose, reveal. 

bey (ba), n. a governor of a 
province or district in the Turk¬ 
ish dominions; a Turkish title of 
respect; a beg. 

bey-lik (ba'lik), n. the territory 
ruled by a bey. 

be yond (be-yond'), prep, on the 
further side of ; before; past; out 
of reach of; later than ; above; in 
a degree or amount exceeding or 


surpassing: adv. further away; 
yonder: n. that state of existence 
which is beyond our present ex¬ 
perience. 

bez-am (bez'an), n. a Bengal cot¬ 
ton cloth. 

bez-ant-ler (bez-ant'ler), n. the 
second branch of a stag’s horn 
next to the antler proper, 
bez-el (bez'el), n. the slope at the 
edge of a cutting tool; the rim 
which encompasses and fastens a 
gem in its setting; the groove in 
which the glass of a watch is 
fitted. 

be-zet-ta (be-zet'ta), n. a dye ob¬ 
tained by immersing coarse rags 
in a colored solution, 
be-zique (be-zek'), n. a recent 
game of cards. 

be-zoar (be'zSr), n. a calcareous 
concretion found in the intestines 
of certain animals, 
bliang or bang (bang), n. an 
Eastern drug prepared from the 
dried leaves of the hemp plant, 
having strong narcotic and as¬ 
tringent qualities; hashish, 
bi -an nu al (bi-an'u-al), adj. oc¬ 
curring twice in a year, 
bi-an nu-al-ly (-li), adv. twice a 
year. 

bi-av-tic-u-late (bi-ar-tik f u-lat), 
adj. having two joints, 
bi-as (bi'as), n. [pi. biases (-ez) ], 
a seam formed by uniting the 
edges of two pieces of cloth cut 
obliquely to the texture; a weight 
on the side of a bowl which 
causes it to turn from a straight 
line ; prepossession or undue pro¬ 
pensity for; prejudice: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to give a bias 
or particular direction to; incline 
to one side ; influence ; prejudice ; 
prepossess: adv. in a slanting 
manner; obliquely, 
bi-au-ric-u-late (bi-aw-rik'u-lat), 
adj. having two auricles, as the 
heart of the higher vertebrates; 
having two ear-like projections at 
the base, as a leaf, 
bi-ax-i-al (bi-aks'i-al), or biaxal 
('al), adj. having two axes, 
bi-ax-i-al-ly (-li), adv. with two 
axes. 

bib (bib), n. a piece of cloth 
placed under an infant’s chin to 
protect its clothes. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








108 


bic 


<?ib 


bi-bas-ic (bi-bus'ik). adj. a term 
applied to acids which combine 
with two equivalents of a base, 
bib-ber (bib'er), n. a tippler. 
Bi-ble (bi'bl), n. the Book (or 
the Books) by pre-eminence; the 
writings of the Old and New 
Testament, whether in the original 
tongue or translated. 

Bib-li-cal (bib'li-kal), adj. of or 
pertaining to the Bible ; scriptural. 
Bib-li-cal-ly (-li), adv. according 
to the Bible. 

Bib-li-cist (bib'li-sist), n. one 
who adheres to the strict letter of 
the Bible. 

bib-li-og-ra-pber (bib-li-og'ra- 
fer), n. one who is versed in the 
making of books, or writes a his¬ 
tory of their production, 
bib-li-o-graph-ic (bib-li-o-graf'- 
ik) or bibliographical (-al). 
adj. pertaining to the history of 
books. 

bi b-1 i-o-g r a pb-ic-al-ly (-li), 
adv. in a bibliographical manner, 
bib-li-og-ra-phy (bib-li-og'ra-fi). 
n. the science or description of 
books; a list of authorities on any 
subject. 

bib-li-o-klept (bib'li-o-klept), n. 
a book stealer. 

bib-li-ol-a-ter (bib-li-ol'a-ter) or 
bib-li-ol-a-trist (trist). n. a 
book worshiper; one addicted to 
bibliolatry. 

bib-li-ol-a-try (bib-li-ol'a-tri), n. 
book worship; excessive reverence 
for the letter of the Scriptures, 
bib-li-o-log-ic-al (bib-li-o-loj'ik- 
al), adj. pertaining to bibliology, 
bib-li-ol-o-gy (bib-li-ol'6-ji), n. 
an account of books; Biblical lit¬ 
erature or doctrine, 
b i b-1 i-o-m a-n i-a (bib-li-o-ma'- 
ni-a), n. a mania for acquiring 
rare and curious books, 
bib-li-o-ma-ni-ac (bib-li-o-ma'ni- 
ak), n. one who has a mania for 
acquiring books. 

bib-li-o-pbile (bib'li-o-fil), n. a 
lover of books. 

b i b-1 i-o p h-i-1 ism (bib-li-of'i- 
lizim), n. love of books, 
bib-li-o-pole (bib'li-5-pol), n. a 
book-seller, especially one who 
deals in rare works, 
bib-li-o-the-ca (bib-li-o-the'ka), 
n. a library. 


bib-lus (bib'lus), n. another name 
for the papyrus. 

bib-u-lous (bib'u-lus), adj. read¬ 
ily absorbing or imbibing fluids; 
spongy; addicted to drink, 
bi-cal-lose (bi-kal'Gs) or bical- 
lous ('us), adj. having two cal¬ 
losities. 

bi-cam-e-ral (bi-kam'e-ral), adj. 
pertaining to or consisting of two 
legislative chambers, 
bi-car-bon-ate (bi-kar'bon-at), n. 
a carbonate or salt containing two 
equivalents of carbonic acid to one 
of a base. 

bi -car-i-nate (bi-kar'i-nat), adj. 

having tw 7 o keel-like projections, 
bi-cau-date (bi-kaw'dat), adj. 
furnished w T ith or ending in two 
tails. 

bice or bise (bis), n. name given 
to two pigments used in painting, 
one blue and the other green, 
called blue bice and green bice re¬ 
spectively. 

bi-cen-te-na-ry (bi-sen'te-na-ri), 
n. the two hundredth anniversary 
of any event, or its celebration : 
adj. pertaining to a bicentenary, 
bi-cen-ten-ni-al (bi-sen-ten'i-al), 
adj. comprising tw r o hundred 
years: n. the two hundredth anni¬ 
versary of an event, or its cele¬ 
bration. 

bi-ceph-a-lous (bi-sef'a'lus), adj. 

having two heads, 
bi-ceps (bi'seps), n. a muscle 
having two heads; the large flexor 
muscle of the arm and thigh, 
bi - cblo - ride (bl-klo'rld or 
'rid), n. a compound of two or 
more atoms of chlorine combined 
with a base. 

bi-cliord (bi'kord), adj. having 
two chords. 

bi-chro-mate (bl-kr5'mat), n. a 
salt having two parts of chromic 
acid to one of the base, 
bi-cip-it-al (bi-sip'it-al), or bi- 
cipitous (-us), adj. having two 
heads; pertaining to a biceps 
muscle; dividing into two parts 
at either extremity, 
bick-er (bik'er), v.i. to engage in 
petty altercation; move rapidly 
with a noise; quiver; flicker: n. 
a noisy wrangle. 

bi-con-cave (bl-kon'kav), adj. 
hollow on both sides. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








109 




bi-con- ju-gate (bi-kon' ju-gat), 

adj. twice paired, 
biconvex (bl-kon'veks), adj. 

rounded on both sides, 
bi-corn (bl'korn) or bicornus 
('us), adj. having two horns, 
bi-cor-po-ral (bi-kor'po-ral) or 
bi-cor-po-rate (-rat), adj. hav¬ 
ing two bodies. 

bi -cus-pidL (bl-kus'pid) or bicus- 
pidate (-at), adj. having two 
points or prominences: n. one of 
the double-pointed teeth forming 
the first pair of molars on either 
side of the jaw, above and below, 
bi-cy-cle (bi'si-kl), n. a vehicle 
for human propulsion, consisting 
primarily of two wheels placed in 
line, connected by a fork and 
backbone, and supporting a saddle 
for the rider, the machine being- 
propelled by the feet by means of 
treadles attached *to cranks or 
levers: v.i. to ride on a bicycle, 
bi-cy-cling (bi'si-kling), or bi- 
cy-clism (-kllzm), n. the practice 
or art of riding a bicycle. (The 
abbreviation cycling is now in 
common use.) 

bi-cy-clist (bi'si-klist), n. one 
who rides a bicycle; a cyclist, 
bid (bid), v.t. [p.t. bade (bad) 
or bid, p.p. bidden, bid, p.pr. 
bidding], to make an offer of; 
propose as a price; offer for; in¬ 
vite ; request; ask; offer or ex¬ 
press by words ; command ; order 
or direct; enjoin ; to proclaim: 
v.i. to make an offer; offer a 
price: n. an offer of a price; a 
price offered at auction, 
bid-da-ble (bid'a-bl), adj. docile, 
obedient. 

bid-der (bid'er), n. one who bids 
or offers a price, as at a sale or 
auction. 

bid-der-y-ware (bid'er-i-war), n. 
inlaid work made from a metallic 
alloy. Called also bidhri-ware. 
bid-ding (bid'ing), n. an order; 
command ; proclamation ; the act 
of offering a price at auction, 
bid-dy (bid'i), n. a fowl or 
chicken. 

bide (bid), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bode, 
bided, p.pr. biding], inhabit; re¬ 
side : v.t. to endure; suffer; wait 
for. 


bH 


bi-dent (bi'dent), n. a two¬ 
pronged instrument, 
bi-den-tal (bi-den'tal) or biden- 
tate ('tat), adj. having two 
teeth, or two tooth-like processes, 
bi-det (bi-det', French be-da'), n. 
a form of night commode; a port¬ 
able bath; a sitz bath, 
bid-liri-ware. See biddery-ware. 
b i-e n-n i-a 1 (bl-en'ni-al), adj. 
happening once in two years; con¬ 
tinuing or existing for two years, 
as plants: n. a plant which pro¬ 
duces roots and leaves in the first 
year, and in the second flowers, 
fruit, and seed, afterwards per¬ 
ishing ; something which is held 
once in two years, 
biennially (-li), adv. once in 
two years. 

bier (ber), n. a frame or carriage 
on which a corpse is placed, or 
conveyed to the grave; a tomb, 
bi-fa-ci-al (bi-fa'shi-al), adj. hav¬ 
ing two similar faces or the oppo¬ 
site surfaces alike, 
bi-fa-ri-ous (bl-fa'ri-us), adj. 
two-fold ; two-rowed ; pointing in 
two ways. 

bif-er-ous (bif'er-us), adj. bear¬ 
ing flowers or fruit twice a year, 
bi-fid (bi'ficl), adj. partially di¬ 
vided into two. 

bi-fil-ar (bi-fil'ar), adj. two- 
threaded ; fitted with two threads, 
bi-fo-cal (bi-fo'kal), adj. having 
two foci. 

bi-fold (bi'fold), adj. two-fold; 
double. 

bi-fo-li-ate (bl-fo'li-at), adj. hav¬ 
ing two leaves. 

bi-fur-cate (bi-fer'kat), v.i. to 
divide in two directions or 
branches. 

bi-fur-cate (bi-fer'kat) or bi¬ 
furcated (-ed), adj. divided into 
two branches. 

bi-fur-ca-tion (bi-fer-ka'shun), 
n. a forking or division into two 
branches. 

big (big-, adj. [compar. bigger, su- 
perl. biggest], of great bulk or 
magnitude; grown up ; pregnant; 
full of something important; full; 
inflated; pompous, 
big game (big' gam), n. a 
hunter’s name for large animals, 
big-horn (big-horn), n. the wild 
sheep of the Rocky Mountains. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










110 


bit 




big-wig (big'wig), n. an impor¬ 
tant person; great official im¬ 
portance. 

bi -ga (bl'ga), n. a two-horse char- ! 
iot. 

big-a-iuist (big'a-mist), n. one 
guilty of bigamy. 

big a mous (big'a-mus), adj. per¬ 
taining to and involving bigamy, 
big -a-zny (b’g'a-mi), n. the of- | 
fense of contracting a second mar¬ 
riage during the existence of a 
former marriage. 

biglit (bit), n. a loop or bend of 
a rope, in distinction from the 
ends; a bend in a coast-line form¬ 
ing an open- bay; a small bay be¬ 
tween two headlands. 

Big-no-ni-a (big-no'ni-a), n. a 
large genus of American tropical 
climbing plants, to which the 
trumpet-creeper belongs, 
big-ot (big'ot), n. one who is un¬ 
reasonably and blindly attached 
to a particular creed, church, or 
party; one who is intolerant of 
opinions which differ from his 
own. 

big-ot-ed (big'ot-ed), adj. charac¬ 
terized by bigotry, 
big-ot-ry (big'ot-ri), n. [pi. bigot¬ 
ries (-riz)], the state or condition 
of a narrow-minded, intolerant 
person; blind and obstinate at¬ 
tachment to a particular creed, 
party, or opinion; intolerance; 
fanaticism. 

bijou (be-zhoo'), n. [pi. bijoux 
(-zhdoz) ], a jewel; any small and 
elegantly finished article, 
bi-jou-te-rie (be-zhoo'tre). n. 
jewelry or other small articles of 
vertu. 

bike (blk), n. a bicycle: v.i. to i 
ride a bicycle. 

bi-la-bi-ate (bi-la'bi-at), adj. hav¬ 
ing two lips. 

bil-an-der (bil'an- & bi'lan-der), 
n. a small two-masted Dutch ves¬ 
sel of the hoy class, 
bi-lat-er-al (bi-lat'er-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or having two sides, 
bi-lat-er-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
two-sided manner; on both sides, 
bil-ber-ry (bil'ber-ri), n. [pi. bil¬ 
berries (-riz)], the whortleberry, 
bil-bo (bil'bo), n. [pi. bilboes 
('boz)], a rapier or sword: pi. 
a long bar of iron with sliding 


shackles for the feet, and a 
lock at the end, formerly used as 
fetters. 

bile (bil), n. a yellow T bitter fluid 
secreted by the liver from venous 
blood; ill-humor. 

bile-stone (-ston), n. a gall¬ 
stone. 

bilge (bilj), n. the bulging part 
of a cask ; the broadest part of a 
ship’s bottom, on which the vessel 
rests when aground: v.i. to spring 
a leak by a fracture in the bilge: 
v.t. to stave, or break in, the 
bottom or bilge of a ship. 

bilge-board ('bord), n . one of 
the boards covering the timbers 
where the bilge-water accumu¬ 
lates. 

bilge-keel ('kel), n. a piece of 
timber secured edgewise under the 
bottom of a # vessel to prevent 
heavy rolling. 

bilge-wa-ter ('waw-ter), n. 

water which accumulates in the 
bilge of a ship. 

bilge-ways ('waz), n.pl. the tim¬ 
ber supporting the cradle of a 
vessel, which upholds it while be¬ 
ing built, and in launching. 

bil-i-a-ry (bil'i-a-ri), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the bile; conveying the 
bile. 

bi-lin (bl'lin), n. a yellow gummy 
substance precipitated from bile. 

bi-lin-gual (bl'ling'gwal), adj. 
written or expressed in two lan¬ 
guages. 

bi-lin-gual-ly ( -li), adv. in two 

languages. 

bil-ious (bil'yus), adj. pertaining 
to the bile; having the system 
disordered by derangement of the 
biliary function; choleric. 

bil -ious-ness (-nes), n. the state 
of being bilious. 

bi-lit-er-al (bi-lit'er-al), adj. con¬ 
sisting of two letters: n. a word, 
root, or syllable consisting of two 
letters. 

bilk (bilk), v.t. to spoil the score 
of an opponent at cribbage; de¬ 
ceive or defraud, as by evading a 
payment: leave in the lurch: n. 
the act of spoiling the score of an 
opponent at cribbage; a swindler. 

bill (bil);, n. the beak of a bird : 
v.i. to join bills, as doves; caress 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot: moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









bil 


111 


him 


in fondness; to issue bills or post¬ 
ers. 

bill (bil), n. a kind of hatchet 
with a blade book-shaped toward 
the point, used in pruning, &c.; 
a battle-axe, attached to a long 
staff, formerly used by infantry ; 
the extremity of the fluke of an 
anchor. 

bill (bil), n. an account for goods 
sold, services rendered, or work 
done; a document binding the 
signer or signers to pay a specified 
sum at a certain cate or on de¬ 
mand ; a draft of a proposed 
statute presented to a legislature; 
a printed advertisement; any writ¬ 
ten paper containing a statement 
of particulars; a written declara¬ 
tion of wrong or injury sustained 
or committed. ' 

bill-bro-ker (bil'bro-ker), n. one 
who negotiates the discount of 
bills of exchange, 
bill of eii-try (en'tri), n. a 
written account of goods entered 
at the custom house, 
bill of exchange (eks-chanj'), 
n. a written order from one per¬ 
son or house (the drawer) to 
another (the acceptor) to pay to 
the person designated a certain 
sum at a fixed time, in considera¬ 
tion of value received, 
bill of health (helth), n. a 
certificate given to the master of 
a vessel, under the signature of 
a consul or other authority, speci¬ 
fying the state of the health of a 
ship’s company or passengers at 
the time of her clearing a port, 
bill of la ding (la'ding), n. a 
document specifying the goods 
shipped on board a vessel, and 
signed by the master of such ship, 
acknowledging the receipt of the 
goods, and undertaking their safe 
conveyal to the consignee, unfore¬ 
seen perils being only excepted, 
bill of mior-tal-i-ty (mor-tal'i- 
ti), n. the official return of the 
deaths (also births) occurring in 
a particular district within a cer¬ 
tain period. 

bill of sale (sal), n. a formal in¬ 
strument for the transfer of goods 
and chattels. 

bil-let (bil'et), n. a small paper 
in writing; a note or short letter; 


ticket directing soldiers at what 
house to lodge; a soldier's lodg¬ 
ing : v.t. to quarter or lodge, as 
soldiers: v.i. to be quartered or 
lodged. 

bil-let (bil'et), n. a small stick or 
log of wood, as for fuel; an orna¬ 
ment in Norman work, resembling 
a billet of wood. 

billet-doux (bil-le-doo'), n. [pi 
billets-doux (bil-le-doo') ], a love- 
letter. 

bill-hook (bil'hook), n. a small 
kind of hatchet with a hooked 
point. 

billiards (bil'yerdz), n. a game 
played on a rectangular, cloth- 
covered slate table, 12 ft. x 6 ft. 
in size, with ivory balls and a cue. 
(The sing, form billiard is used 
always in composition.) 

bil-lings-gate (bil'ingz-gat), n. 
coarse or profane language; viru¬ 
lent abuse. 

bil-lion (bil'yun), n. in the 
United States one thousand mil¬ 
lions (1,000,000,000) ; in England 
a million millions (1,000,000,000,- 
000 ). 

bil-lon (bil'on), n. an alloy of 
gold and silver, with a large pro¬ 
portion of copper or other base 
metal, used in coinage of low 
value. 

bil-lot (birot), n. bullion in the 
mass or bar. 

bil-low (bil'o), n. a great wave of 
the sea swelled by the wind: v.i. 
to rise and roll in large waves or 
surges. 

billy-goat (bil'i-got), n. a male 

goat. 

bi-lo-bate (bi-lo'bat), or bi- 
lobed ('Idbd), adj. divided into 
two lobes or segments. 

bi-ma-nous (bi'ma-nus), ad/, hav¬ 
ing two hands. 

bi-met-al-lic (bi-met-al'ik), adj. 
pertaining to two metals; per¬ 
taining to bimetallism. 

bi-xnet-al-lisin (bi-met'al-izm), n. 
the legalized adoption of two met¬ 
als (as gold and silver) in the 
currency of a country, at a fixed 
ratio. 

bi-met-al-list (bl-met'&l-ist), n. 
an advocate for the use of a 
double metallic standard. 

bi-monthly (bl-munth'li), adj. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then 









bin 112 bio 


occurring once in two months. 
[Sometimes incorrectly employed 
to designate semi-monthly period¬ 
icals.] 

bin (bin), n. a receptacle for any 
commodity, as corn, coal, &c.; a 
frame for bottles in a wine-cellar. 

bi-na-ry (bi'na-ri), adj. consist¬ 
ing of two things or parts; two¬ 
fold. 

bi-na-ry star (star), n. a double 
star or sun whose members re¬ 
volve round their common center 
of gravity. 

bi-nate (bi'nat), adj. growing in 
couples. 

bind (bind), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
bound, p.pr. binding], to confine 
or make fast with a cord or band; 
confine or restrain by physical 
force; unite by bonds of affection, 
loyalty, or duty; hold by any 
moral tie ; hinder or restrain ; pro¬ 
tect or strengthen by a band, 
border, or cover ; fasten together ; 
cause to cohere; place under legal 
obligation: v.i. to tie up; confine 
by ligature or band; be obliga¬ 
tory ; grow hard or stiff; stick 
together: n. anything which binds 
or ties; a twining stem ; a stalk 
of hops; indurated clay or shale 
forming the roof of a coal-seam ; 
a musical sign or brace grouping 
notes together. 

Syn. fasten, fetter, fix, restrain, 
restrict, shackle. 

Ant. (see free). 

bind-weed (--wed), n. a common 
name for plants belonging to the 
genus Convolvulus. 

bind-ing (blnd'ing), n. the act 
of making fast; a bandage; the 
cover of a book; something that 
secures the edges of cloth. 

bine (bln), n. the slender stem of 
a twining plant. 

bing; (bing), n. a heap or pile of 
anything. 

bin-na-cle (bin'a-kl), n. a turret¬ 
shaped box containing a ship’s 
compass. 

bin-o-cle (bin'o-kl or bi'no-kl), n. 
a field or opera glass with two 
eye-tubes for the use of both eyes 
at once. 

bi-noc-u-lar (bi-nok- or bin-ok'u- 
ler), adj. having two eyes; per¬ 


taining to, or suited to, the use of 
both eyes. Also binoculate. 
bi-no-ini-al (bl-no'mi-al), n. an 
expression or quantity consisting of 
two terms connected by the sign 
plus ( + ) or minus (—) : adj. 
consisting of two terms; pertain¬ 
ing to binomials; having two 
names. 

bi-no-mi-al the-o-iem (the'o- 
rem), n. the celebrated theorem 
of Sir Isaac Newton, which ex¬ 
presses the law of formation of 
any power of a binomial, 
bi-nox-ide. Same as dioxide, 
bi-o-blast. Another name for 
bioplast. 

bi-o-dy-naui-ics (bi-o-dl-nam'iks), 
n. the doctrine of vital force or 
ienergy. 

bi-o-gen-e-sis (bi-o-jen'e-sis), or 
bi-og-e-ny (-oj'e-ni), n. the 
doctrine that living organisms can 
proceed only from,, or be gen¬ 
erated by, living parents or germs ; 
the science of life development, 
bi-o-graph (bl'o-graf), n. a de¬ 
vice for projecting seemingly ani¬ 
mated pictures upon a screen, 
bi-og-ra pher ‘ (bl-og'ra-fer), n. 
one who writes the history of a 
particular person’s life, 
bio-graph-ic-al-ly (bi-o-graf'ik- 
al-li), adv. in the manner of a 
life history. 

bi-og-ra-phy (bI-og'r§.-fi), n. [pi. 
biographies (-fiz)], the history of 
the life of a particular person; 
biographical writings in general, 
bi-odog-ic (bi-o-loj'ik), or bio¬ 
logical (-al), adj. pertaining to 
the science of life, 
bi-o-log-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in ac¬ 
cordance with the principles of 
biology. 

bi-ol-o-gist (bi-ol'o-jist), n. one 

who studies, or is skilled in, the 
science of living forms, 
bi-ol-o-gy (bl-ol'6-ji), n. the 
science which deals with the 
origin and life-history of plants 
and animals. 

bi-o-plasm (bi-o-plazm), n. living 
germinal matter or protoplasm, 
bi-o-plast (bl'o-plast), n. a 
minute mass of protoplasm pos¬ 
sessing formative powers, 
bi-o-tax-y (bi'o-tak-si), n. the 
classification of living organisms 


late, mar. m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon* 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, tk<m. 








bip 


113 


according to their structural char¬ 
acters. 

bip-a-rous (bip'a-rus), adj. bring¬ 
ing forth two at a birth, 
bi-par-tite (bl-piir'tit),- adj. di¬ 
vided into two similar parts; hav¬ 
ing two correspondent parts, 
bi-par-ti-tion (bi-par-tish'un), n. 
the act of dividing into two parts; 
the state of being so divided, 
biped. (bl'ped), adj. having two 
feet: n. a two-footed animal, 
bi-ped-al (bl'ped-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a biped ; two-footed, 
bi-pen-nate (bl-pen'nat), or bi- 
pennated (-ed), adj. having two 
wings. 

bi-pin-nate (bi-pin'nat), or bi- 
pinaated (-ed), adj. doubly pin¬ 
nate. 

bi-plane (bi'plan), n. an aero¬ 
plane with two planes or gliding 
boards, as in the Wright machine, 
bi-pli-cate (bi'pli-kat), adj. 
doubly folded. 

bi-quad-rate (bi-kwod'rat), or 
bi-quad-rat-ic (-rat'ik), adj. 
pertaining to the fourth power: 
n. the fourth power, arising from 
the multiplication of a square 
number or quantity by itself, 
birch (berch), n. [pi. birches 
('ez)j, a tree or shrub belonging 
to the genus Betula ; a rod formed 
of birch twigs used for punish¬ 
ment ; a birch-bark canoe: adj. 
birchen: v.t. to chastise with a 
birch rod ; flog. 

birchen (ber'chen), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to. or consisting of, birch, 
bird (berd), n. a warm-blooded 
feathered vertebrate, furnished 
with wings, and belonging to the 
class Aves; small feathered game, 
as distinguished from water-fowl: 
v.i. to shoot or catch birds, 
bird-lime (berd'lim), n. a viscous 
substance prepared from holly- 
bark, and used for entangling 
small birds in bird-snaring: v.t. to 
smear with birdlime, 
bird’s-eye (berdz'i), adj. seen 
from above, or at a glance, as by 
a flying bird ; hence, general, not 
minute or detailed, 
birn (bem), n. that part of a 
clarionet or a similar instrument 
into which the mouthpiece fits, 
bi roc-trate (bi-ros'trat), adj. 


bis 


having a double beak, or beak¬ 
like process, 
birth (berth), n. the act of com¬ 
ing into life; the fact of being 
born ; the act of bringing forth; 
lineage ; extraction ; descent; ori¬ 
gin ; beginning. 

birth-rate ('rat), n. the increase 
of population as shown by the 
percentage of registered births to 
the number of inhabitants in a 
district within a specified period, 
birth-right ('rit), n. any right 
or privilege to which a person is 
entitled by birth; the right of the 
first born. 

bis-cuit (bis'kit), n. a kind of un¬ 
raised bread, baked hard and dry, 
and shaped in flat cakes; pottery 
after the first baking and previous 
to glazing and burning, 
bi-sect (bi-sekt'), v.t. to cut or 
divide into two equal parts, 
bi-sec-tion (bi-sek'shun), n. di¬ 
vision into two equal parts, 
bi-sec-tor (bi-sek'ter). n. one who, 
or that which, bisects; a straight 
line which bisects an angle, 
bi-sex-u-al (bi-seks'u-al), adj. 
combining the organs of both 
sexes in one individual; hermaph¬ 
rodite. 

bish-op (bish'up). n. one of the 
highest orders of an Episcopal 
Church ; below in rank to an arch¬ 
bishop, but above a priest; a 
spiritual overseer; the spiritual 
head or ruler of a diocese, having 
the power of ordination, confirma¬ 
tion, and consecration ; the name 
of one of the pieces used in play¬ 
ing chess, having the top cleft in 
resemblance to a miter, originally 
called archer; a beverage com¬ 
posed of wine, oranges, lemons, 
and sugar; a woman’s dress-im¬ 
prover ; a kind of pinafore: v.t. 
T p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to 
make a horse appear younger by 
manipulating its teeth, and henco 
to deceive by improving the ap* 
pearance of anything, 
bish-op’s sleeve (bish'ups slev), 
n. a wide sleeve worn by women, 
so tailed from its resemblance to 
that worn by Anglican bishops, 
bish-op’s staff (bish'ups st&f),w. 
a crosier. 

bish-op-ric (bish'up-rik), n. the 


Ifite, m&r, m&sk, cat, awl: he. her. let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; robon,. 

cook : mute, nut: thin. then. 









bis 


U4 


office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a 
bishop; a diocese, 
bisk or bisque (bisk), n. soup or 
broth composed of several kinds of 
meat or fish boiled together; 
crawfish soup; a stroke allowed to 
an inferior player or side at lawn- 
tennis. 

bis-muth (bis'- or biz'muth), n. 
one of the elements, a light red- 
dish-colored metal of brittle text¬ 
ure. 

bi -son (bi'son), n. the aurochs, or 
European bison, still preserved in 
Lithuania; the American bison, 
inaccurately termed the buffalo, 
which is now practically extinct, 
bisque (bisk), n. an unglazed 
white porcelain, used for statu¬ 
ettes, &c. 

bissextile (bis-seks'til), n. leap- 
year : adj. pertaining to leap-year, 
bis-ter (bis'ter), n. a dark brown 
pigment extracted from wood-soot, 
bi-sul-phate (bl-sul'fat), n. a 
salt of sulphuric acid in which 
half of its hydrogen is replaced 
by a positive element, 
bi-sul-phite (bi-sul'fit), n. a salt 
of sulphurous acid, half the 
hydrogen of which is replaced by 
the base. 

bi-sym-me-try (bl-sim'e-tri), n. 
correspondence of the right and 
left parts of anything, 
bit (bit) p.t. & p.p. of bite, 
bit (bit), n. a tool for boring; the 
metal mouthpiece of a bridle; the 
part of a key which enters the 
lock and acts on the bolts and 
tumblers; the cutting blade of a 
plane; a small piece or fragment 
of anything; any small coin: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. bitted, p.pr. bitting], 
to put a bridle upon; put the bit 
in the mouth of. 

bitch (bich), n. the female of the 
dog, or of other canine animals, 
bite (bit), v.t. [p.t. bit, p.p. bit¬ 
ten, bit, p.pr. biting], to seize, 
* grip, cut, or crush with the teeth ; 
sting, as an insect; cause smart¬ 
ing pain to; cut; pinch, as with 
intense cold; blight or blast; take 
fast hold on; to corrode or eat 
into; to cheat, trick, take in [now 
only in p.p.] : v.i. to have the 
habit or exercise the power of bit¬ 
ing ; inflict injury with the teeth; 


biv 


cause to sting or smart; take a 
bait; take a firm hold: n. the act 
of seizing with the teeth; a wound 
made by the teeth, or by a sting; 
a mouthful; a hold or grip; in 
printing, a blank on a page due 
to some intervening substance be¬ 
tween the paper and the type. 

bi-tel-e-plione (bi-tel'e-fon), n a 
pair of telephones arranged so 
that they can be applied simultane¬ 
ously to both ears. 

bi-ting-ly (-li), adv. in a sar¬ 
castic manner. 

bitt (bit), n. a post of wood or 
iron to which cables are made fast 
[generally used in the pi.] : v.t. to 
put round the bitts. 

bit-ten, p.p. of bite. 

bit-ter (bit'er), adj. having a 
sharp or harsh taste; acrid; pierc¬ 
ing ; painful; grievous ; poignant; 
severe ; reproachful; caustic ; 
sarcastic; cruel; n. any substance 
that is bitter. 

Syn. acid, acrid, biting, cut¬ 
ting, sharp, sour. 

Ant. (see sweet). 

bit-ter-cup (-kup), n. a cup 
made of quassia wood, which im¬ 
parts a bitter taste to liquids 
poured into it. 

bitter-sweet (bit'er-swet), 'n. 
the woody nightshade, the roots 
and leaves of which when chewed 
produce first a bitter, then a sweet 
taste. 

bit-ter-ish (-ish), adj. somewhat 
bitter. 

bit-tern (bit'ern), n. a wading 
bird of the heron family ; the resid¬ 
ual brine in salt works from which 
Epsom salt is prepared. 

bit-ters (bit'ers), n.pl. liquor in 
which herbs or roots are steeped. 

bi tu men (bi-tu'men), n. mineral 
pitch. 

bi-tu-mi-nous (bi-tu'mi-nus). adj. 
having the qualities of, or con¬ 
taining, bitumen. 

bi-va-lent (bl'va- or biv'^-lent), 
n. an element, one of the atoms 
of which can replace two atoms of 
hydrogen. 

bi-valve (bi'valv), adj. having two 
valves or shells united by a liga¬ 
ment : n. a mollusk whose shell is 
composed of two parts or valves, 
connected by a ligament or hinge. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then . 








115 


bla 


bsv 


which are opened or closed by 
muscles, as the oyster or mussel, 
biv-ou-ac (biv'oo-ak), n. an en¬ 
campment of soldiers in the open 
air, without tents: hence, any 
open air encampment: v.i. to en¬ 
camp without tents in the open, 
bi -wa (be'wa), n. a Japanese 
musical instrument similar to the 
mandolin. 

bi-week-ly (bl-wek'li), adj. oc¬ 
curring or appearing every two 
weeks; fortnightly [frequently 
confused with semi-iveeJcly — 
twice in a week], 
bi-zarre (bi-zar'), adj. odd in 
manner or appearance ; fanciful; 
grotesque. 

blab (blab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

blabbed, p.pr. blabbing], to tell 
thoughtlessly: v.i. to talk indis¬ 
creetly ; tell tales: n. one who lets 
out secrets, or tells tales, 
black (blak), adj. destitute of 
light; of the darkest hue ; opposed 
to white; enveloped in darkness; 
dismal ; gloomy or forbidding; 
destitute of moral light or good¬ 
ness ; atrocious ; evil; calamitous ; 
threatening ; clouded with anger ; 
sullen: n. the darkest color; the 
opposite of white; a black pig¬ 
ment or dye ; a negro ; mourning : 
v.t. to make black ; blacken ; apply 
blacking to. 

black-a-moor (blak'a-moor), n. a 
negro. 

black an-ti-mo-ny (an'-ti-mo-ni), 
n. the black sulphide of antimony, 
black art, n. necromancy, magic, 
black-ball (blak'bawl), v.t. to re¬ 
ject or exclude (as a candidate) 
by placing black balls in the bal¬ 
lot box. 

black-ber-ry (blak'ber-ri), n. the 
fruit of several species of bramble, 
black-bird (blak'berd), n. an 
English song bird, a species of 
thrush. Called also merle, ousel, 
or black thrush ; a crow-like bird 
of North America ; a name given 
to a kidnapped negro or Poly¬ 
nesian. 

black-bird-ing (-ing), n. the kid¬ 
napping of such negroes or Poly¬ 
nesians. 

b 1 a c k-cank-er (blak'-kangk- 
er), n. a disease in root crops, 
black-cap (blak'-kap), n. the 


popular name of several black- 
crested birds; the cap worn by a 
judge when pronouncing sentence 
of death ; the black raspberry, 
black-cat-tle ( blak'-kat'l), a.pi. 
cattle raised for slaughter, irre¬ 
spective of color. 

black-cock (blak'-kok), n. the 
male of the European black grouse 
or black game ; the heath-cock, 
black-cur-rant (blak'kur-ent). a. 
the well-known garden bush, and 
its fruit. 

black-en (blak'n), v.i. to grow 
black or dark : v.t. to make black; 
defame ; asperse. 

black-fish (blak'-fish), n. a female 
salmon immediately after spawn¬ 
ing ; a common name for several 
species of English and American 
fish. 

black-flag (blak'flag), n. the flag 
of a pirate with a skull and 
crossbones emblazoned upon it. 
black-fly (blak'-fli), n. a black 
plant-louse; a minute beetle in¬ 
jurious to turnips, 
black-fri-ar (blak'-fri-ar), n. a 
friar of the Dominican order; so 
called from the black gown 
adopted by members of the order, 
black-guard (blag'ard), n. a 
man of low character, and ad¬ 
dicted to the use of foul or abusive 
language; a scoundrel: adj. 
vicious ; low ; vile ; scurrilous : 
abusive: v.t. to revile in scur¬ 
rilous language. 

black-guard-ism (blag'ard-izm). 
n. the conduct or language of a 
blackguard. 

black-hole (blak'-hol), n. a dun¬ 
geon or dark cell in a prison : a 
place of confinement for soldiers, 
black-ing (blak'ing), % a prep¬ 
aration for imparting a shining 
black polish to boots, 
black-ish (blak'ish), adj. some¬ 
what black. 

black-jack (blak'-jak), n. a 
large leathern vessel or drinking- 
cup of old times; the ensign of a 
pirate; a Cornish mining term 
for blende. 

black-lead (blak'led), v.t. to 
cover with blacklead or plumbago : 
n. plumbago. 

black-leg (blak'-leg), n. one wlic 
endeavors to obtain money by 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










116 


bla 


baa 


cheating at races or cards ; a rook ; 
an opprobrious term for a work¬ 
man who is not a member of any 
trade union; a disease affecting 
sheep and cattle. 

black-letter (blak'-let-er), n. 
the old English or Gothic letter 
employed in the early manuscripts 
and the first printed books: adj. 
written or printed in black-letter, 
"black-list (blak'list), n. a list 
of persons who are deemed to 
be deserving of punishment, or 
whom it is desirable to exclude 
from business transactions: v.t. 
to put in a black-list, 
black-mail (blak'mal), n. a tax 
anciently paid in money, corn, 
or cattle, in the north of England, 
and in Scotland, to the agents of 
robbers, to secure protection from 
pillage; hence extortion by means 
of intimidation: v.t. to extort 
money or goods from by intimi¬ 
dation of any kind, 
black-smith (blak'smith), n. a 
smith who works in iron and 
makes iron utensils, horse-shoes, 
&c. 

black-thorn (blak'thorn), n. the 
sole; a stick cut from the stem 
of the sloe. 

blad-der (blad'er), n. a thin 
elastic membranous bag in ani¬ 
mals, in which a fluid is col¬ 
lected ; any vesicle, blister, or 
pustule containing fluid or air; 
a hollow membranous appendage 
to some plants: v.t. put up in a 
bladder, as lard. 

blad-der-y (blad'er-i), adj. re¬ 
sembling or containing bladders, 
blade (blad), n. the leaf of a 
grass; the young otalk or spire 
of a grass; the broad expanded 
part of a leaf; the cutting part 
of an instrument; the broad part 
of an oar; anything resembling 
a blade; a dashing, reckless, rol¬ 
licking fellow: v.t. to furnish 
with a blade: v.i. put forth blades, 
blade-bone (blad'bon), n. the 
scapula or_ shoulder-blade, 
blain (blan), n. a pustule or 
blister. 

bla - ma - ble (bla'ma-bl), adj. 
worthy of being blamed; deserv¬ 
ing of censure. 


bla-ma-bly (-bli), adv. in a cul¬ 
pable manner. 

blame (blam) v.t. to censure; re¬ 
proach : n. an imputation of a 
fault; censure ; responsibility for 
anything wrong. 

Syn. censure, condemn, reprove, 
reproach, upbraid. 

Ant. (see praise.) 
blauie-ful (blam'fool), adj. merit¬ 
ing blame. 

blame-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a cen¬ 
surable manner. 

blanch (blanch), v.t. to take the 
color out; make lustrous; to re¬ 
move the covering of: v.i. become 
white; turn pale: n. lead ore 
found separate in the rock, 
blanc-mange (bla-monzh') n. a 
white jelly, composed of isinglass, 
&c. 

bland (bland), adj. mild; soft; 

gentle ; affable ; soothing, 
blan-dish-ment (blan'dish-ment), 
n. winning expressions or actions ; 
artful caresses. 

blank (blangk), adj. confounded; 
confused ; dejected ; .empty ; free 
from writing or printing; without 
result; absolute ; complete : n. any 
void space; an unfilled space in a 
written or printed document; a 
lottery ticket to which no prize 
is attached; disk of metal prior 
to stamping; the white spot in 
the center of a target: v.t. a 
euphemistic form of the oath 
damn. 

blank verse (vers), n. unrhymed 

verse. 

blan-ket (blang'ket), n. a soft, 
loosely woven woolen cloth for a 
bed or as a covering: v.t. to toss 
in a blanket by way of punish¬ 
ment or joke ; pass to windward to 
take the wind out of sails of. 
blanketing (blang'ket-ing), n. 
coarse cloth for blankets; the act 
of tossing in a banket, 
blare (blar), v.i. to bellow; to 
give forth a loud sound like a 
trumpet: v.t. to sound loudly; 
trumpet forth : n. a noise like the 
blast of a trumpet, 
blar-ney (blar'ni), n. soft, wheed¬ 
ling speech; flattery: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. blarneyed, p.pr. blarneying], 
to influence or talk over by soft, 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








bia 


117 


ble 


wheedling speeches • humbug with 
flattery. 

blar-ney-stone, n. a stone in the 
wall of Blarney Castle, Cork, on 
kissing which a person is said to 
become an adept in flattery. 

bla-se (bla -za'), adj. exhausted by 
excess of pleasure. 

blaspheme (blas-fem'), v.t. to 
speak irreverently of; mock; re¬ 
vile : v.i. to utter blasphemy; use 
profane language. 

blas phe mous (blas'fe-mus), adj. 
uttering, containing, or exhibiting 
blasphemy ; profane. 

blasphemy (blas'fe-mi), n. [pi. 
blasphemies (-miz) ], impious, pro¬ 
fane, or mocking speech concern¬ 
ing God or sacred thingsex¬ 
pressed contempt or contumely 
for the personality or authority 
of God. 

blast (blast), n. a violent or sud¬ 
den gust of wind ;a forcible stream 
of air from an orifice ; the sound 
produced by blowing a wind in¬ 
strument ; any sudden pernicious 
influence upon plants or animals ; 
a blight; the explosion of gun- 
power, dynamite, &c., in rending 
or removing rocks, or the charge 
so used; a flatulent disease in 
sheep: v.t. to injure; cause to 
fade or wither by some pernicious 
influence ; blight; ruin or destroy ; 
to rend or shatter by any ex¬ 
plosive agent. 

blas-te-ma (blas-te'ma), n. [pi. 
blastemata (-ma-ta)], the point 
of growth of an organ as yet 
unformed, from which it is de¬ 
veloped. 

blas-to-derm (blas'to-derm), n. 
the germinal spot in an ovum, 
from which the embryo is de¬ 
veloped. 

blas-to-gen-e-sis (blas-to-jen'e- 
sis), n. reproduction by gem¬ 
mation or budding. 

bla-tant (bla'tant), adj. bawling; 
noisy. 

blath-er (blafft'er), n. foolish 
chatter. 

blaze (blaz), n. a body of flame; 
brilliant sunlight; a sudden burst¬ 
ing out; active display; a white 
spot on the face of a horse or 
other quadruped; a white mark 
cut on a tree, to serve as a guide: 


v.t. to mark, as trees, by removing 
a portion of the bark ; to indicate, 
as a path or boundary, by blaz¬ 
ing trees; publish widely: v.i. to 
flame ; send forth a brilliant light; 
be conspicuous. 

blaz-er (blaz'er), n. that which 
shines; a bright colored striped 
jacket. 

bla-zon (bla'zn), n. a coat of 
arms; a description of armorial 
bearings; ostentatious display; 
v.t. to explain technically, accord¬ 
ing to heraldic rules ; embellish ; 
display ; proclaim boastingly. 
bla-zon-ment (bla'zn-ment), n. 

the act of blazoning, 
bla-zon-ry (bla'zn-ri), n. a he¬ 
raldic device; the art of describing 
and explaining coats of arms; 
decoration, as with heraldic de¬ 
vices. 

bleach (blech), v.t. to make 
white by removing color or dirt by 
the action of the sun’s rays, or by 
a chemical process: v.i. to grow or 
become white. 

bleach-er-y (blech'er-i), n. [pi. 
bleacheries (-iz) ], a place where 
bleaching is carried on. 
bleach-ing-pow-der (-pou'der), 
n. chloride of lime, 
bleak (blek), adj. exposed to wind 
and cold ; desolate ; unsheltered ; 
cheerless; piercing, 
bleak (blek), n. a small river fish, 
remarkable for its brilliant silvery 
scales. 

blear (bier), adj. sore or dim 
from a watery discharge: said of 
the eyes: v.t. to make sore or 
watery, as the eyes; to dim or ob¬ 
scure. 

bleat (blet), v.i. to cry as, or like, 
a sheep: n. a cry, as of a sheep, 
bleb (bleb), n. a blister; a pust¬ 
ule ; a bubble. 

bleed (bled) , v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bled, 
p.pr. bleeding], to emit, or lose 
blood ; to shed one’s blood ; to lose 
sap or juice; to pay or lose money 
freely: v.t. to take blood from; 
take money. &c., from, 
blem-ish (blem'ish), v.t. to in¬ 
jure; stain; mar; tarnish; de¬ 
fame : n. any defect or deformity, 
physical or moral; a blemish. 

Syn. flaw, speck, spot, stain. 

Ant. (see ornament). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; paute, nut; thin, then. 






ble 


118 


bll 


blench, (blench), v.i. to start 
back ; flinch ; quail, 
blend (blend), v.t. to mix to¬ 
gether, so that the things mixed 
cannot be separated or individual¬ 
ly distinguished : v.i. to mingle ; 
shade imperceptibly into each 
other: n. a mixture as of colors, 
liquids, tobaccos, teas, &c.; a 
shading of one color, &c., into 
another. 

blende (blend), n. native sulphide 
of zinc. 

bless (bles), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed 
& blest, p.pr. -ing], to consecrate; 
invoke a blessing upon; bestow 
happiness upon ; praise or extol; 
esteem happy. 

bless-ed-ness (bles'ed-nes), n. 
the state of being blessed; happi¬ 
ness ; heavenly joys, 
blessing (bles'ing), n. an invo¬ 
cation of happiness on another; a 
benediction ; that which promotes 
prosperity; a divine benefit or 
gift; a mercy or boon; grateful 
adoration. 

blest, p.t., p.p. & p.adj. a con¬ 
tracted form of blessed, 
blet (blet), n. a decayed spot in 
fruit: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bletted, p.pr. 
bletting], to become internally de¬ 
cayed. 

blew, p.t. of blow, 
blew-its (bloo'its), n. the edible 
purple mushroom, 
blight (blit). n. a disease in 
plants, which causes them to 
wither partly or wholly; smut; 
mildew; anything which serves to 
check, nip, or destroy: v.t. to 
affect with blight; to check, nip, 
destroy, or frustrate, 
blind (blind), adj. destitute of 
the sense of sight; without light, 
morally or intellectually; undis¬ 
criminating ; inconsiderate; hid- 
d e n : essentially incomplete; 
closed at one end; without under¬ 
standing : n. anything which 
• serves to hinder or obstruct vision, 
or intercept the passage of light; 
a window-screen: a blinker; 
something to mislead the eye or 
the understanding: v.t. to deprive 
of sight; make blind, intellectual¬ 
ly or morally ; obscure : conceal. 

Syn. sightless, heedless. 

Ant. (see far-sighted). 


blind-coal (blind'kol), n. a 4 

flameless anthracite, 
blind-fish (blmd'fish), n. a di¬ 
minutive fish of pale color, with 
rudimentary eyes, inhabiting the 
waters of Mammoth Cave, Ken¬ 
tucky. 

blind-shell (blind'shel), n. a 
shell which falls without ex¬ 
ploding, or contains no charge, 
blind-spot (bllnd'spot), n. that 
point in the retina where the 
optic nerve enters the eye, but is 
not sensitive to the light, 
blind-ness (-nes), n. want of 
sight; want of discernment; ig¬ 
norance : heedlessness, 
blind-fold (bllnd'fold), adj. hav¬ 
ing the eyes covered so as to be 
unable to see; having the mental 
ey r e or understanding darkened: 
v.t. to cover the eyes of, as with 
a bandage; hinder from seeing, 
blind-man (blind'man), n. [pi. 
blindmen (-men)], a man who is 
blind. 

blind-worm (blind'werm), n. a 
small slender, limbless lizard, so 
named from the popular but er¬ 
roneous supposition that it was 
blind. Also called slow-worm. 
blink (blink), v.i. to wink with 
or as with the eye; twinkle; to 
get a glimpse; glimmer: v.t. to 
evade or shut one’s eyes to ; shirk : 
n. a glimpse or glance; a gleam; 
a glimmer; a twinkle; the gleam 
reflected from an ice-field or 
-berg at sea: pi. boughs cast 
in the path of deer to check their 
course. 

blin-ker (bling'ker), n. one who 
blinks; a leather flap placed one 
on each side of a horse’s bridle to 
prevent him from seeing any ob¬ 
ject except in front; that which 
obscures the sight or mental per¬ 
ception : pi. colored spectacles to 
shield the eyes from excess of 
light. 

bliss (blis). n. the highest degree 
of happiness; blessedness; the 
perfect joy of heaven, 
blissfully (-li), adv. in a blissful 
manner. 

blis-ter (blis'ter), n. a vesicle or 
pustule on the skin containing 
watery matter or serum ; an eleva¬ 
tion made by the raising of an 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vdte, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









bit 


119 


bio 


external film or skin ; an applica¬ 
tion to the skin to produce a 
blister: v.t. to raise a blister or 
blisters on: v.i. to rise in blisters, 
or become covered with blisters, 
blithe (bll£/t), adj. gay; joyous; 

glad ; mirthful; sprightly, 
blithe-some (blit/t'sum), adj. 
gay; merry. 

bliz zard (bliz'ard). n , a furious 
hurricane of wind with fine blind¬ 
ing snow, and characterized by 
intense cold; a poser. 

bloat (blot), v.t. to cure or dry 
in smoke. 

bloat (blot), v.t. to cause to 
swell; make turgid or swollen, as 
with water or air; inflate; make 
vain: v.i. to grow turgid, 
bloat-er (blot'er), n. a herring 
smoked and partially dried, but 
not split open. 

blob (blob), n. a blister; a bubble, 
block (blok), n. any unshaped 
solid mass of matter, as of wood, 

• stone, &c.; a piece of wood for 
supporting the neck of a person 
condemned to be decapitated; a 
piece of hard wood prepared for 
the tool of the engraver; the piece 
of hard wood to which an elec¬ 
trotype, &c., is secured; a 
wooden mold for shaping hats; 
the piece of wood in which the 
wheels of one or more grooved 
pulleys run; a row of buildings; 
a square or portion of a city en¬ 
closed by streets ; an obstruction ; 
hindrance; shares bought or sold 
in the mass: v.i. to obstruct so 
as to hinder the passage of per¬ 
sons or things ; stop up ; obstruct; 
to secure or support by blocks; to 
mold or shape on a block; to 
stop a train by signal; to give 
notice of opposition to a bill, 
which cannot then be proceeded 
with after a specified time, 
black-head (blok'hed), n. a 
stupid fellow. 

block-house (blok'hous), n. an 
edifice constructed of heavy tim¬ 
ber, and furnished with loopholes 
for musketry. 

block sys-tem (blok' sis-tem), n. 
a system of working railway 
traffic by which the line is divided 
into short sections, no train being 


allowed to leave a section until 
the next section is signaled clear, 
bloek-ade (blok-ad'), n. the shut¬ 
ting up of a place, as a port, by 
hostile ships or troops, with a 
view to compelling a surrender 
by preventing ingress or egress, or 
the reception of supplies: v.t. to 
surround and shut up; obstruct; 
block. 

block-age (blok'aj), n. an ob¬ 
struction. 

blond or blonde (blond), adj. of 
a fair color; light colored: n. a 
person, of very fair complexion 
and light hair (usually fern. 
blonde). 

blonde-lace ('las), n. a silk lace, 
blood (blud), n. the fluid which 
circulates in the arteries and 
veins of an animal; the juice of 
anything, especially if red; kin¬ 
ship ; consanguinity ; lineage ; ex¬ 
traction ; high birth; temper; a 
man of high spirit; fleshy nature ; 
blood shed in sacrifice; the atone¬ 
ment : v.t. to give a taste of blood; 
inure to the sight of blood, 
blood-heat (blud'het), n. the 
normal heat of the human blood 
in health (98° F.). 
blood-horse (blud'hors), n. a 
horse of pure breed or pedigree, 
blood-hound (blud'hound), n. a 
breed of large dogs remarkable for 
their acuteness of smell, and em¬ 
ployed to track wounded game, or, 
as formerly, fugitive slaves and 
escaped criminals ; a blood-hunter, 
blood-money (blud'mun-i), n. 
money obtained at the cost of 
another’s life; the reward paid 
for discovery or capture of a 
murderer; compensation paid to 
the next of kin of a person slain 
by another. 

blood-stone (blud'ston), n. a 
dark green variety of quartz 
spotted with red jasper; helio¬ 
trope ; red hematite iron ore. 
blood-ed, adj. of the best stock or 
breed. 

blood-i-ly (blud'i-li), adv. in a 
bloody manner; relentlessly; 
cruelly. 

blood-i-ness (-nes), n. the state 
of being bloody; disposition to 
shed blood. 

blood-y (blud'i), adj. pertaining 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 


r 









b!o 


120 


blu 


to, containing, or resembling 
blood ; blood-stained ; cruel; mur¬ 
derous ; attended with bloodshed; 
a coarse intensive expletive. 

blood-y-flux (blud'i-fluks'), n. 
dysentery. 

bloom (bloom), n. a blossom; the 
flower of a plant; the blossoming 
of flowers; a state or period of 
health and growth, promising 
higher perfection, or exhibiting 
freshness and beauty; the blue 
color upon certain newly-gathered 
fruits; a flush; a glow; the 
powdery appearance on new coins, 
&c.; a rough mass of iron from 
the puddling furnace, intended to 
be drawn out under the hammer 
or rolled into bars: v.i. to pro¬ 
duce blossoms ; flower ; exhibit the 
freshness and beauty of youth; 
glow. 

bloom-er (bloom'er), n. a cos¬ 
tume for women sought to be in¬ 
troduced by a Mrs. Bloomer, of 
New York, in 1849-50, and con¬ 
sisting of a short skirt, loose 
trowsers, fastened round the 
ankle, and a broad-brimmed hat. 
[Also used as adj.]. 

bloom-er-y (bloom'er-i), or 
bloom-ary ('a-ri), n . a forge in 
which wrought iron is made di¬ 
rectly from the ore. 

blos-som (blos'um), n. the flower 
of a plant; the state of flowering; 
bloom : v.i. to put forth blossoms ; 
flower; flourish. 

blot (blot), n. a spot or stain ; an 
obliteration or erasure; a 
blemish; disgrace: v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. 
blotted, p.pr. blotting], to spot or 
stain; mar; stain with infamy; 
cancel or efface [usually with 
out ] : dry with blotting-paper; 
eclipse; obscure. 

Syn. cancel, efface, expunge, 
erase, obliterate. 

blotch (bloch), n. a large ir¬ 
regular spot; a clumsy daub; an 
eruption, or pustule: v.t. to mark 
or disfigure with irregular blots or 
spots. 

blotch-y (bloch'i), adj. having 
blotches. 

blot-tesque (blot-esk'), adj. 
coarsely delineated, or marred by 
a heavy touch or blots. 

blot-ty (blot'i), adj. full of blots. 


blouse (blouz), n. a light, loose 
overgarment; a French workman : 
such artisans usually wearing a 
blue blouse. 

blow (bio), n. a mass of blos¬ 
soms ; the state or condition of 
flowering; v.i. [p.t. blew, p.p. 
blown, p.pr. blowing], to blos¬ 
som ; flower. 

blow (bio), n. a stroke with the 
hand or with a weapon; a knock; 
an act of hostility; a sudden shock 
or calamity. 

blow (bio), v.i. [p.t. blew T , p.p. 
blown, p.pr. blowing], to form or 
make a current of air; plant; 
breathe quickly; sound by be¬ 
ing blown; spout water; boast: 
v.t. to drive a current of air upon ; 
impel by a current of air; sound 
a wind instrument by forcing air 
through it; clear by forcing air 
through; form by inflation; put 
out of breath by fatigue ; scatter 
or shatter by explosives; spread 
by report; deposit eggs in or 
upon: n. a blowing; a blast; a 
gale of wind; an egg deposited by 
a fly; the spouting of a whale. 

Syn. buffet, cuff, knock, thump, 
disaster, misfortune, stroke. 

blow-fly (blo-fli), n. any species 
of fly which deposits its eggs upon 
flesh. 

blow-pipe (blo'plp), n. a long 
tube of cane or reed used by 
South American Indians and the 
Dyaks of Borneo to discharge 
arrows by the force of the breath ; 
a tube through which a current 
of air or gas is driven upon a 
flame so as to concentrate its 
heat upon a substance to fuse it. 

blow-y (blo'i), adj. windy; breezy. 

blowzed (blouzd) or blowzy 
(blou'-zi), adj. ruddy-faced; high- 
colored ; coarse-complexioned, as 
by exposure to the weather. 

blub-ber (blub'er), v.i. to weep 
violently, or so as to disfigure the 
face: v.t. to disfigure with weep¬ 
ing : n. the fat of whales and 
other cetaceans, from which train- 
oil is prepared; a jellv-fish or 
medusa. 

bluch-er (blooch'er), n. a strong 
half-boot. 

bludgeon (bluj'un), n. a short 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






121 


bhi 


Dlu 


heavy stick, sometimes loaded, 
used as a weapon, 
blue (bill), adj. of the color of 
the clear sky ; azure ; low-spirited ; 
dismal; severe; pedantic: n. color 
of the clear sky; one of the pri¬ 
mary colors; azure; a dye or pig¬ 
ment of this color; pale without 
glare, as a flame: v.t. to make, 
or dye, blue. 

blue-bell ('hel), n. the wild hya¬ 
cinth ; the harebell of Scotland, 
blue-book ('book), n. a govern¬ 
mental official report, &c.: so 
called from the blue paper covers, 
blue-blood ('blud), n. aristo¬ 
cratic lineage. 

blue-bot-tle ('bot-1), n. a com¬ 
mon field flower; a species of fly. 
blue-bon-uet ('bon-et), n. a 
Scotch cap of blue cloth ; a name 
given to the Scottish troops be¬ 
fore the Union; a Scotchman, 
blue-buck ('buk), n. a name 
given to a small antelope, and the 
blauwbok of South America, 
blue-dev-ils ('dev-ilz), n.pl. low 
spirits; mental depression; de 1 - 
lirium tremens. 

blue-grass ('gras), n. a rich past¬ 
ure grass. 

blue-gum ('gum), n. a lofty tree 
of Australia, valuable for its tim¬ 
ber, and for its essential oil : 
used as a preventive against in¬ 
fluenza. 

blue-jack-et (blu'jak-et), n. a 
sailor. 

blue-light (blu'llt), n. a light 
of that hue used as a signal; a 
pyrotechnic composition, 
blue-mold (blu'mold), n. a mi¬ 
nute fungus which attacks bread 
and other food-stuffs. 
blue-pe-ter (blu'pe-ter), n. a 
small blue flag with a white 
square in the center used as a 
signal for sailing, &c. 
blue-rib-bon (blu'rib-un), n. a 
prized distinction; mark of suc¬ 
cess. 

blue-spar (blu'spar), n. lazulite. 
blue-stock-ing (blxi'stok-ing), n. 
a woman of literary tastes or 
occupation. 

blue-stone (blu'ston), n. sulphate 
of copper. 

blu-ing (blu'ing), n. the process 


of imparting a blue tint; the in¬ 
digo, &c., used by washerwomen, 
bluff (bluf), adj. having a broad, 
flattened front; rising steeply or 
boldly; broad and full; rough and 
hearty; surly; gruff: n. a high 
steep bank: a cliff or headland 
with a broad steep face: v.t. to 
deceive, or gain an advantage over, 
an opponent in the game of poker, 
by inducing the other players to 
suppose one’s hand is more valu¬ 
able than it is in reality: hence to 
frighten by an assumed possession 
of strength or knowledge. 

Syn. blunt, abrupt, frank, im¬ 
polite, rude, uncivil. 

Ant. (see bland). 

bluff-ly (-li), adv. in a blunt, out¬ 
spoken, or off-hand manner, 
bluff-y (bluf'i), adj. having bold 
steep banks, or headlands, 
blu-ish (blu'ish), adj. somewhat 
blue. 

blun-der (blun'der), v.i. to make 
a gross mistake; err stupidly; to 
move or act clumsily: n. a gross 
or stupid mistake, 
blun-der-buss (blun'der-bus), n. 
a short gun or firearm with a 
large bore, now obsolete, 
blun-der-ing-ly (blun'der-ing-Ii), 
adv. in a blundering manner, 
blunt (blunt), adj. having a thick 
or rounded edge or point; not 
sharp; dull in understanding; 
abrupt in address ; plain-spoken : 
n. money, especially silver money; 
v.t. to dull the edge or point of, 
by making it thicker; impair the 
force, keenness, or susceptibility 
of. 

blunt-ish (blunt'ish), adj. some¬ 
what blunt. 

blur (bier), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

blurred, p.pr. blurring], to dim; 
sully; stain; blemish: n. a 
smudge; a moral stain or blem¬ 
ish ; a dim confused appearance, 
blurt (blert), v.t. to speak inad¬ 
vertently ; divulge unadvisedly 
[usually with out]. 
blush (blush), v.i. to become red 
in the face, as from shame or con¬ 
fusion; bloom; feel shame (for) ; 
n. the suffusion of the cheeks or 
face with a red color, through 
shame, confusion, modesty, &c.; a 
red or reddish color; a rosy tint. 


late, mar. mask, cat. awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

«!OOK ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









122 


bob 


bits 


blush-ful (blush'fool), adj. full 

of blushes. 

blush-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
modest, blushing, manner. 

blus-ter (blus'ter), v.i. to be 
windy and boisterous, as the 
weather; talk in a noisy, swag¬ 
gering style; bully; use empty 
threats: v.t. to utter with noisy 
violence [with forth or out ] : n. 
the noise and violence of a storm, 
or of the wind in impotent gusts; 
noisy talk; empty menace; swag¬ 
ger. 

blus-ter-ous (blus'ter-us), blus- 
trous ('trus), or blus-ter-y 
('ter-i), adj. noisy; tumultuous; 
rough. 

bo-a (bo'a), n. [pi. boas ('az)l, a 
huge serpent of South America; 
a long fur tippet. 

b o-a-c o n-s t r ic-t or (bo'a-kon- 
strik-ter), n. a reptile remarkable 
for its length and power of de¬ 
stroying its prey by constriction. 

boar (bor), n. the male of swine; 
the wild hog, or wild boar. 

board (bord), n. a piece of timber 
sawed thin, and of considerable 
length and breadth compared with 
the thickness; a table for food; 
provision ; entertainment; a coun¬ 
cil or court; a number of persons 
elected to the management of 
some public or private office or 
trust; a table or frame on which 
games are played; a thick stiff 
kind of paper;one of the two stiff 
covers of a book: pi. the stage of 
a theatre; the side, deck, or in¬ 
terior part of a ship or boat; the 
line over which a ship runs be¬ 
tween tack and tack: v.t. to cover 
with boards; place at a board; 
furnish with food, or food and 
lodging, for a compensation; go 
on board of; enter a ship by 
force: v.i. to be supplied with 
meals, or obtain food and lodging, 
at a fixed charge. 

board-ing (bord'ing), n. light 
timber collectively; a covering of 
boards; the act of supplying, or 
state of being supplied with, food 
and lodging for a stipulated sum; 
the act of entering a ship. 

boar-ish (bor'ish), adj. swinish; 
brutal; cruel. 

boast (bost), v.i. to brag; to 


speak of one’s self or belongings in 
assertive and bombastic terms; 
vaunt; exult: v.t. to brag of: n. 
proud,vainglorious speech; a cause 
of boasting; occasion of pride, 
vanity, or laudable exultation ; a 
stroke, in tennis, driving the ball 
at an acute angle against the 
court wall. 

boast (bost), v.t. to dress (stone) 
with a broad chisel and mallet; to 
dress (a block) in outline for a 
statue, &c., prior to more detailed 
or delicate work. 

boast-ful (bost'fool), adj. given 

to boasting. 

boast-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a boast¬ 
ful manner. 

boat (bdt), n. a small open ves¬ 
sel usually moved by oars but 
often by a sail; a ship; an open 
dish resembling a boat in shape : 
v.t. to transport in a boat: v.i. to 
go in a boat; row; sail, 
boat-swain (bot'swan, usually 
bo'sn), n. a petty officer of a 
ship who has charge of the rig¬ 
ging, anchors, cables, and cordage, 
and who summons the crew to 
their duty. 

bob (bob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bobbed, 
p.pr. bobbing], to impart a short 
jerking motion to; to cut short: 
v.i. to have a short jerking mo¬ 
tion ; move or play to and fro, 
or up and down ; to angle with a 
bob: n. any small round object 
playing loosely at the end of a 
cord, chain, &c.; a pendant; an 
ear-drop; the weight at the end 
of a pendulum, plumb-line, &c.; a 
knot of worms or rags on a 
string, used in angling for eels: 
a float; a short jerking action or 
motion; a bobwig; a shilling, 
bob-bin (bob'in), n. one of the 
pins or small cylinders of wood 
used to carry and steady the 
threads in pillow-lace making; a 
spool or reel with a head at one 
or both ends, used to hold yarn or 
thread for spinning, weaving, or 
sewing; a machine-made cotton 
netting or lace, in imitation of 
pillow-lace; bobbinet. 
bob-o-link (bob'o-lingk), n. an 
American song-bird. Called also 
ricebird, reedbird, boblincoln. 
bob-stay (bob'sta), n. one of twm 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






bob 


123 


or more ropes or chains to hold 
the bowsprit down towards the 
stem or cut-water, 
bob-tail (bob'tal), n. a short tail 
or a tail cut short; the rabble 
(rag-tag and bobtail), 
bob-tailed (bob'tald), adj. having 
the tail cut short. 

bock-beer (bok'ber), n. a variety 
of lager beer of double strength, 
bo-co-wood (bo'ko-wood), n. the 
hard dark-colored wood of a tree 
of Guiana, extensively used for 
furniture, turnery, &c. 
bode (bod), v.t. to portend; be an 
omen of: v.i. to augur; presage, 
bod-ice (bod'is), n. the close-fit¬ 
ting waist or body of a woman’s 
dress. 

bod-i-ly (bod'i-li), adj. not men¬ 
tal ; corporeal: adv. corporeally ; | 
entirely. 

bod-ing (bod-ing), n. an omen; 
presentiment; adj. foreboding; 
ominous. 

bod-kin (bod'kin), n. a pointed 
instrument for piercing holes; a 
blunt needle for drawing tape, rib¬ 
bon, &c., through a hem or loop; 
a long pin or stiletto to fasten up [ 
the hair; an awl-like printer’s 
tool. 

bod-y (bod'i), n. [pi. bodies 
('iz)], the material organized sub¬ 
stance of an animal, as distin¬ 
guished from the soul, spirit, or 
vital principle; the trunk, or 
main portion, of an animal or 
tree; the main or principal part 
of anything; a person; a num¬ 
ber of individuals united by some 
common tie; a corporation; a 
united mass; a general collection ; 
any solid geometrical figure; a 
material thing; a certain consist¬ 
ency or density; substance; 
strength, as wine, &c.: v.t. [pt. & 
p.p. bodied, p.pr. bodying], to fur¬ 
nish with a body; embody; pro¬ 
duce in definite shape. 

Syn. carcass, clay, form, frame, 
trunk, corpse, system. 

Ant. (see spirit). 

bod-y-col-or (bod'i-kul'er), n. a 
pigment possessing body or con¬ 
sistence, as distinguished from a 
transparent wash-tint, 
bod-y pol-i-tic (bod'i pol'i-tik), n. 
the collective body of people liv- 




ing under an organized political 
government, 
bod y-snatch-er (bod'i-snatch- 
er), n. one who removes bodies 
from graves to sell them for dis¬ 
section ; resurrectionists. 
Bce-o-tian (be-o'shan), adj. per¬ 
taining to Bceotia in central 
Greece, noted for its moist and 
heavy atmosphere ; dull; stupid. 
Boer (boor), n. a Dutch colonist 
of South Africa engaged in farm¬ 
ing or cattle breeding, 
bog (bog), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. bogged, 
p.pr. bogging], to sink or sub¬ 
merge in a bog or quagmire : v.i. 
to sink or stick in a bog: n. a 
tract of wet, spongy ground, com¬ 
posed ' of decayed and decaying 
vegetable matter; a quagmire; 
marsh ; morass. 

bo-gey or bo-gy (bo'gi), n. [pi. 
bogeys, bogies ('giz)], a hobgob¬ 
lin; a spectre. 

bog-gle (bog'gl), v.i. to hesitate; 
waver ; equivocate ; act clumsily ; 
bungle: v.t. to make a bungle of; 
embarrass: n. the act of hesi¬ 
tating or taking alarm ; a bungle; 
botch. 

bog-gy (bog'i), adj. full of bogs; 
marshy. 

bo-gie or bo-gey (bo'gi), n. a 
four-wheeled truck supporting the 
front of a locomotive, or each 
end of a carriage, and turning 
beneath it by a central pivot, 
bo-gus (bo'gus), adj. counterfeit; 
spurious. 

bo-hea (bo-lie'), n. a kind of black 
tea. 

Bo he mi an (b5-he'mi-an), n. a 
person who disregards social con¬ 
ventionalities, or evinces a wild or 
roving disposition ; a gipsy. 
Bo-he-pii-an-ism (bo-he'mi-an- 
izm), n. the life or habits of a 
person who by natural inclination 
leads a free and easy unconven¬ 
tional existence. 

boil (boil), v.i. to be in a state of 
ebullition through the action of 
heat; seethe; be agitated or ex¬ 
cited by passion or anger; be 
subjected to the action of boil¬ 
ing water: v.t. to heat to the 
boiling point; cause to bubble by 
heat; collect from, or separate, by 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, 













124 


bom 




boiling; subject to the action of 
heat in a boiling liquid, 
boil (boil), n. an inflamed and 
painful suppurating tumor, 
boil-er (boil'er), n. one who boils; 
a vessel in which anything is 
boiled ; a strong metallic vessel, in 
which steam is generated for driv¬ 
ing engines or for other purposes, 
bois-ter-ous (bois'ter-us), adj. 
violent; rough; stormy; turbu¬ 
lent ; noisy. 

bo-las (bo'las), n. sing, or pi. a 
hunting implement consisting of 
two or more balls of iron or stone 
attached to the ends of a leather 
cord, used by the Gauchos and In¬ 
dians of Southern and Western 
America. 

bold (bold), adj. courageous; ven¬ 
turesome ; planned or executed 
with courage and spirit; for¬ 
ward ; rude ; impudent; over-step¬ 
ping conventional rules; striking 
to the eye ; steep ; abrupt; promi¬ 
nent. 

Syn. brave, daring, fearless, in¬ 
trepid, undaunted. 

Ant. (see timid). 

bole (bol), n. the trunk or stem 
of a tree; a general term for fri¬ 
able clayey shale or clay, usually 
colored by oxide of iron, 
bo-ler-o (bo-ler'5), n. a lively 
Spanish dance; the music accom¬ 
panying such a dance, 
bo-lide (bo'lid), n. a large meteor 
which explodes on coming into 
contact with the air. 
boll (bol), n. the pod or capsule 
of a plant, as of flax: v.i. to form 
into a boll or seed-vessel; go to 
seed (Ex. ix. 31). 
bol-lard (bol'ard), n. a strong 
post of wood or iron for securing 
hawsers. 

bo-lo (bo'lo), n. a large knife, 
used in the Philippines as a war 
weapon. 

bo-lom-e-ter (bo-lom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring minute 
quantities of radiant heat, 
bol-ster (bol'ster), n. a long pil¬ 
low or cushion used to support the 
head; a pad to ease pressure; a 
compress; a cushioned or padded 
part of a saddle: v.t. to support 
with a pillow or cushion ; prop ; 


maintain; or support [usually 
with up]. 

bolt (bolt), n. a short, thick ar¬ 
row with a blunt head; a thun¬ 
derbolt; a discharge of lightning; 
a stout metallic pin or rod used 
for holding objects together; a 
sliding catch for securing a door, 
gate, &c.; the portion of a lock 
shot or withdrawn by the key; an 
elongated bullet for use in a rifled 
cannon ; a roll or length of certain 
textile fabrics; a refusal to sup¬ 
port a nomination made by one’s 
party, or withdrawal from one’s 
party : adv. like a bolt; straight; 
suddenly : v.t. to shoot; discharge ; 
start or spring; fasten or se¬ 
cure with a bolt; blurt out; 
swallow hurriedly or without 
chewing; secede from (a party) 
or decline to support (a party 
nomination) : v.i. to shoot forth 
suddenly; depart with sudden¬ 
ness; start and run off. 
bolt-rope (bolt'rop), n. a rope to 
which the edges of sails are sewed, 
bolt (bolt), v.t. to sift or sepa¬ 
rate the coarser from the finer 
particles; hence to examine with 
care; separate. 

bo-lus (bo'lus), n. [pi. boluses 
(-ez) ], a medicine in the form of a 
soft rounded mass, larger than an 
ordinary pill, to be swallowed at 
once: hence anything disagreeable 
which must be accepted, 
bomb (bom or bum), n. a hollow 
iron ball or shell filled with an ex¬ 
plosive material, fired from a mor¬ 
tar and usually exploded by a 
fuse; any missile similarly con¬ 
structed and thrown by the hand, 
bomb-ketch (bom'ketch), n. a 
strongly-built vessel, on which one 
or more mortars are mounted for 
use in a naval bombardment, 
bom-bard (bom bard'), v.t. to at¬ 
tack with cannon; fire shot or 
shell at or into; assail hotly; fire 
questions at. 

bom-bard-ier (bom-bard-er'), n. 
a non-commissioned officer of the 
Royal Artillery. 

b o m-b a r d-m ent (bom-bard'- 

ment), n. a continuous attack 
with shot and shell; the act of 
shelling a town or fort, 
bom-bar-don (bom-bar'dun), or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











bom 


125 


boo 


bom-bar-do-ne (-dd'ne), n. a 
large-sized musical instrument of 
the trumpet class, 
bombast (bom'bast), n. origin¬ 
ally cotton or other soft material 
used for stuffing garments: hence, 
high-sounding words; inflated lan¬ 
guage or style; fustian, 
bom-bas-tic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
an inflated manner or style, 
bom-ba-zet or bom-ba-zette 
(bom-ba-zet'), n. a sort of thin 
woolen cloth, either plain or 
twilled. 

boin-ba-zine (bom- or bum-ba- 
zen'), n. a twilled fabric, of which 
the warp is silk and the weft 
worsted. Written also bombasine, 
bombasin, and bombazeen. 
bomb-sbell. Same as bomb, 
bo-na fide (bo'na fi'de), adj. 
[L.] genuine. 

bon-a fid-es (bon'a fld'ez), n. 

fL.] good faith ; honorable dealing, 
bo-nau-za (bo-nan'za), n. a rich 
vein of ore: hence, anything 
which is a mine of wealth, 
bon-bon (bong'bong), n. a sugar¬ 
plum ; any confection of sugar; a 
Christmas cracker, 
bond (bond), n. anything that 
binds, fastens, or confines; a liga¬ 
ment : pi. fetters ; imprisonment; 
captivity: hence, a cause of 
union ; duty; obligation ; an in¬ 
strument under seal by which a 
person binds himself, his heirs, 
&c., to do, or abstain from doing, 
a certain act; a promise to pay 
a certain sum on or before a spec¬ 
ified date; a certificate, bearing 
interest, issued by a government, 
a corporation, or company, for 
the purpose of borrowing money; 
a unit of combining power equiva¬ 
lent to one atom of .hydrogen : v.t. 
to put in bond or into a bonded 
warehouse, as dutiable goods, the 
duties remaining unpaid till the 
goods are taken out, but bonds ! 
being given for their payment: 
adj. in a state of servitude or 
slavery ; captive. 

bone (bon), n. the ossified tissue 
forming the skeleton of most ver¬ 
tebrate animals; one of the parts 
or pieces of an animal skeleton ; 
something made of bone; pieces of 
bone held between the fingers and 


late, mar, mfisk, cat. 


rattled together as an accompani¬ 
ment to music: v.t. to remove the 
bones from; put whalebone into 
steal; appropriate, 
bone-black (bon'blak), n. animali 
charcoal. 

bonfire (bon'flr), n. any large 
fire made in the open air to cele¬ 
brate an event, or consume rub¬ 
bish. 

bon-ho-mie (bon-o-me'), n. good- 
heartedness ; a frank good-natured’ 
manner. 

bon-i-face (bon'i-fas), n. an inn¬ 
keeper. 

bon-mar-che (bSng-mar-sha'), n.. 

[Fr.] good market, 
bonne (bon), n. a French nurse.. 
bon-net (bon'et), n. a soft woolen, 
cap worn by men in Scotland; a 
woman’s head-covering, varying 
according to fashion, but dis¬ 
tinguished from a hat by having 
no brim; anything resembling a 
bonnet in shape or use: v.t. to 
crush the bonnet or hat over the- 
eyes of. 

bon-ny (bon'ni), adj. handsome; 
beautiful; pretty; gay; blithe. 
Written also bonnie. 
bon-spiel (bon'spel), n. in Scot¬ 
land, a curling match between* 
players of different clubs, 
bon-ton (bong-t6ng'), n. the style 
of persons in high life; good: 
breeding; fashionable society; 
height of fashion, 
bo nus (bo'nus), n. [pi. bonuses 
(-ez)], a sum given, or paid, over 
and above what is required, or 
actually payable; an additional 
dividend out of accumulated prof¬ 
its ; a sum paid in addition to- 
regular pay or wages, 
boo (boo), interj. an expression of 
aversion or contempt: n. hooting: 
v.i. to low like an ox; groan: v.t~ 
to hoot at. 

boo-by (boo'bi), n. a dunce; a 
stupid fellow; a species of gannet, 
a West Indian bird, 
boo-by-ish (-ish), adj. stupid; 
silly. 

boo-dle (bod'dl), n. money paid 
for votes, or undue political in¬ 
fluence ; bribe money, 
boo-dler (boo'dler), n. one who- 
gives or accepts a bribe, 
book (book), n. a collection of 


awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 
cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 













boo 


boo 


126 


sheets of paper and other mate¬ 
rial, blank, written, or printed, 
bound together; a volume; a 
treatise; a division, section, or 
part of a literary composition ; a 
register or record: v.t. to enter or 
register in a book; record; to 
secure or engage beforehand by 
registry or payment, 
book-keep-ing (book'kep-ing), n. 
the art of recording pecuniary or 
business transactions in a regu¬ 
lar and systematic manner, 
book-maker (book'mak-er), n. 
one who writes and publishes 
books; a compiler; one who bets 
against the success of a horse in 
a race, and enters his transactions 
in a book; a professional betting 
man. 

book-man (book'man), n. a stu¬ 
dious man; a scholar, 
book-mns-lin (book'muz-lin). n. 

a fine kind of transparent muslin, 
book-name (book'nam), n. the 
name of a plant or animal in use 
only in text-books, 
book-worm (book'werm), n. the 
larva or grub of various species 
of insects which infest and injure 
books; a person closely addicted 
to study. 

book-ing-of-fice (book'ing-of'- 
fis), n. in England, an office where 
tickets are sold for railway or 
steamship traveling, or for seats 
in a theater. 

book-isli (book'ish), adj. given to 
reading; fond of study; better ac¬ 
quainted with books than with 
men ; pedantic. 

book-let (book'let), n. a little 
book. 

boom (boom), n. a long pole or 
spar run out to extend the foot of 
certain sails; a strong chain, 
cable, or line of spars bound to¬ 
gether. extended across a river or 
harbor to exclude an enemy’s 
ships; a deep, hollow sound; a 
sudden demand for a commodity; 
a rapid rise in price; a sudden 
burst of popular favor: v.i. to 
make a deep, hollow, reverberat¬ 
ing sound; to go off with a rush: 
v.t. to push with energy, 
boom-er (boom'er), n. one who 
starts or promotes a boom; the 


. f 

Australian name for the male of 
the great kangaroo, 
boom e rang (boom'e-rang), n. a 
missile weapon used by the Aus¬ 
tralian aborigines, consisting of a 
piece of flat curved hard wood, 
which, when thrown by the hand 
in a certain manner, describes a 
series of curves, and finally re¬ 
turns to the thrower, striking the 
ground behind him: hence any 
action which may recoil on its 
projector. 

boon (boon), n. prayer or peti¬ 
tion ; a benefit; a gift; a privi¬ 
lege; a favor: adj. gay; kind; 
jovial ; merry, convivial, 
boon (boon), n. the refuse woody 
matter of flax from which the 
fiber has been dressed, 
boor (boor), n. a rustic; a peas¬ 
ant ; a South African colonist of 
Dutch descent; a rude, ill-man¬ 
nered, clownish person, 
boorish (boor'ish), adj. like a 
boor; clownish; awkward in man¬ 
ner ; illiterate, 
boose. See booze, 
boost (boost), v.t. to lift by push¬ 
ing from behind: n. a lift from 
behind. 

boot (boot), n. profit; that which 
is thrown in as an inducement to 
a bargain, or to make an exchange 
equal. 

boot (boot), v.t. to profit; ad- 
vantage; avail (usually with »#]. 
boot (boot), n. a leather covering 
for the feet and the lower part of 
the leg; an old instrument of tor¬ 
ture ; a receptacle for luggage at 
either end of a coach; a driving 
apron of leather or rubber-cloth : 
v.t. to put boots on ; kick with the 
boot. 

boots (boots), n. the servant in a 
short boot, for women ; a child’s 
knitted boot. 

booth (booth), n. a' temporary 
structure made of boards, can¬ 
vas, &e. 

boot-less ('les), adv. without ad¬ 
vantage. 

boots (bSots), n. the servant in a 
hotel who cleans the boots of the 
guests. 

booty (boo'ti), n. [pi. booties 
('tiz)], spoil taken in war; plun¬ 
der ; pillage. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 













boo 


127 


bos 


booze or boose (booz), v.i. to 
drink immoderately; tipple: n. 
liquor ; drink ; a carouse ; spree, 
bo-ra tbo'ra), n. a fierce, dry N.E. 
wind which blows on the coasts 
of the Adriatic Sea. 
bo-rac-ic (bo-ras'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or produced from, borax, 
bo-rac-ic ac-id (as'id), n. a com¬ 
pound of boron with oxygen and 
hydrogen. 

bo-rax (bo'raks), n. a salt com¬ 
pounded of boracic acid and soda, 
used as a flux in soldering metals, 
and in the manufacture of glass, 
enamel, artificial gems, &c. 
bord (bord), n. the face of coal 
parallel to the natural fissures, 
bord-age (bord'aj), n. planking 
of a ship’s side; the servile ten¬ 
ure by which a villein of the low¬ 
est rank held his cottage, 
bor-deaux (bor-do'), n. red and 
white wines produced in the dis¬ 
trict of Bordeaux, France, 
bor-der (bor'der), n. the outer 
part or edge of anything; a mar¬ 
gin ; brink ; boundary ; frontier; a 
narrow flower bed: v.t. to make a 
border about, or to adorn with a 
border; adorn: v.i. to touch at 
the edge or boundary [with on or 
upon]. 

Syn. brim, brink, edge, margin, 
rim, verge, boundary, confine, 
frontier. 

bor-der-land (b6r'der-land), n. 
land forming a border or frontier; 
an uncertain or debatable district, 
bore (bor), v.t. to pierce or drill 
a hole in; form by piercing or 
drilling; to force (as a passage) 
wdth effort; weary by tedious 
repetition, or by dullness ; annoy : 
v.i. to pierce or penetrate by bor¬ 
ing, &c.; push forward toward a 
certain point: n. a hole made by 
boring; the caliber or internal 
diameter of a hole; a person or 
thing that wearies by prolixity or 
dullness; anything which causes 
ennui. 

bore (bor), n. a tidal wave which 
breaks in the estuaries of some 
rivers, and, being impeded by the 
narrowing channel, rises in a 
watery ridge and courses along 
with great force and noise, 
bore, p.t. of bear. 


bo-re-an (bo're-an) or boreal 
(-al), adj. northern ; pertaining to 
the North, or to the North wind, 
bore-cole (bor'kol), n. a variety 
of kale. 

boredom (bor'dum), n. ennui; 
the realm of bores; bores col¬ 
lectively. 

bo-ride (bo'rul), n. a compound 
of boron with a metallic base, 
born (bbrn), p.adj. innate; in¬ 
herited. 

born, p.p. of bear, to bring forth 
borne, p.p. of bear, to carry, 
bor-nite (bor'nlt), n. a valuable 
ore of copper. 

bo-ro-glyc-er-ide (bd-ro-glis'er- 
id), n. an antiseptic containing 
boric acid, glycerine, &c. 
bo-ron (bo'ron), n. a non-metal- 
lie element occurring abundantly 
in borax. 

bor-ough (bur'd), n. a corporate 
town. 

bor ough Eng-lish (ing'lish), n. 
a custom existent in some parts of 
England, by wdiich an estate de¬ 
scends to the youngest son instead 
of the eldest, or, if there is no son, 
to [he youngest brother, 
bor row (bor'o), v.t. to obtain (a 
thing) on loan; adopt; appropri¬ 
ate ; copy. 

bort (bort), n. imperfect or in¬ 
ferior diamonds used for polishing 
other stones. 

bos cage or bos-kage (bos'kaj). 
n. ground covered with trees and 
shrubs; woods; thickets; a 
wmoded landscape, 
bosh (bosh), n. absurd or empty 
talk ; utter nonsense : interj. hum¬ 
bug ! 

bosket (bos'ket), n. a grove; a 
thicket. 

bos-ky (bos'ki), adj. woody; 
bilshy. 

bosom (boo'zum), n. the breast; 
clothing covering the breast; the 
affections or passions; something 
likened to a bosom, as a sustain¬ 
ing surface ; inmost recess, &c.: 
adj. pertaining to the bosom ; in¬ 
timate ; cherished ; beloved ; worn 
on the bosom : v.t. to place or har¬ 
bor in the bosom; cherish; con¬ 
ceal. 

boss (bos), n. [pi. bosses ('ez)]. 
a protuberant part; a stud or 


late, mar mask, cat, awd ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






128 


bou 


1a>S 


knob; an ornamental projection 
of a ceiling: v.t. to ornament with 
studs or knobs. 

boss (bos), n. a master, superin¬ 
tendent ; foreman ; leader; politi¬ 
cal party controller: adj. chief; 
most highly esteemed: v.t. to di¬ 
rect ; manage. 

bo-tan-ic (bo-tan'ik), or botan¬ 
ical ('ik-al), adj. pertaining to 
botany. 

bo tan-ic-al-ly (-H), adv. from a 
botanist’s point of view; accord¬ 
ing to a system of botany, 
bot-a-nist (bot'a-nist). n. one 
who studies or is skilled in a 
knowledge of plants, 
foot-a-nize (bot'a-niz), v.t. to seek 
after plants for the purpose of 
studying them: v.t. to explore bo- 
tanically. 

bot-a-ny (bot'a-ni), n. the sci¬ 
ence which treats of plants, 
botch (boch), n. a swelling on rhe 
skin; a large ulcerous affection, 
botch (boch), v.t. to mend or 
patch in a clumsy manner; put 
together unskilfully : n. a clumsy 
patch ; bad work. 

botch-y (boch'i), adj. marked 
with botches. 

both (both), adj. & pron. the one 
and the other; the two; the pair, 
without excepting either; adv. & 
conj. as. 

Syn. twain, two. 

Ant. (see each). 

both-er (bo//*'er), v.t. to annoy; 
tease; worry; give trouble: v.i. 
to trouble one’s self; be trouble¬ 
some : n. worry; annoyance; one 
who, or that which, bothers, 
both-er-a-tion (bot/i-er-a'shun ), 
n. the act of bothering, or state 
of being bothered, 
both er some (bof/i/er-sum), adj. 
troublesome. 

bots (bots), n.pl. the larvae of 
several species of gadfly, which in¬ 
fest horses, oxen, sheep, &c. 
bot-tle (bot'l), n. a hollow vessel, 
usually with a narrow neck, made 
of glass or earthenware, for hold¬ 
ing liquids; the contents of a bot¬ 
tle : v.t. to put into bottles; a 
quantity of hay or grass bundled 
up. 

bot-tle-liold-er (bot'l-hold'er), n. 
one who waits upon a pugilist 


in a prize-fight, administering 
refreshment, &c.; a backer; a 
second. 

bottle-nose (bot'l-noz), n. a 
name given to several species of 
cetaceans having bottle-shaped 
noses. 

bot-tom (bot'um), n. the deepest 
part of anything; the base ; foun¬ 
dation ; root; the ground under 
any body of w r ater; the buttocks; 
the seat of a chair; low land 
formed by alluvial deposits; a 
river; a valley; a dale; a ship; 
stamina : adj. lowest; undermost: 
v.t. to found or build upon ; fur¬ 
nish with a bottom; fathom; get 
to the bottom of: v.i. to rest; be 
based or grounded, 
b o t-t o m-lands (bot'um-lanz), 
n.pl. rich flat alluvial soil on the 
river banks of the Western States, 
bot-tom-ry (bot'um-ri), n. the 
act of borrowing money on the 
security of a ship, 
bouclie or bouch (boosh), v.t. to 
drill a new mouth or vent in. 
bou-doir (boo'dw&r), n. a small 
room, elegantly furnished for a 
lady’s private use. 
bouffe (boof), n. opera-bouffe; 
comic opera. 

bough (bou), n. an arm or branch 

of a tree. 

bought, p.t. & p.p. of buy. 
bou-gie (boo-zhe'), n. a wax taper 
or candle ; a slender flexible tube 
for insertion in the urethra, rec¬ 
tum, &c., in cases of stricture, 
bouil-li (boo'lye, French boo-ye'), 
n. meat boiled or stewed with 
vegetables. 

bouil-lon (boo'lyon, French boo- 
yong'), n. a clear soup produced 
from boiled meat, 

boul-der (bol'der), n. a large stone 
worn or rounded by the action of 
water; a portion of rock which 
has been transported to some dis¬ 
tance from its native bed. 
bou-le (boo'le), n. the higher pop¬ 
ular assembly of ancient Athens; 
the modern Greek legislative as¬ 
sembly. 

bou-le-vard (boo'le-vard), n . a 
broad street, planted with trees, 
bounce (bouns), v.t. to cause to 
bound; to eject summarily; tc 
bully; v.i. to strike against any 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







bou 


129 


bow 


thing so as to rebound: leap or 
spring suddenly or unceremoni¬ 
ously ; boast or bluster: n. a sud¬ 
den bound or spring; a heavy sud¬ 
den thrust or thump; a boast: 
brag; an impudent lie: adv. with 
a spring; suddenly, 
bound (bound), n. a limit; con¬ 
fine ; extent; boundary: pi. terri¬ 
tory within certain boundaries: 
v.t. to serve as a limit to ; circum¬ 
scribe. 

8yn. sircumscribe, confine, 
limit, restrict. 

bound (bound), v.i. to jump or 
spring suddenly or in succession ; 
leap ; rebound : n. a leap ; spring ; 
jump; rebound, 
bound, p.t. & p.p. of bind, 
bound (bound), adj. ready to go; 
destined. 

bound a ry (bound'a-ri), n. [pi. 
boundaries (-riz)], the extent or 
limit of anything. 

boun-te-ous (boun'te-us), adj. 
giving freely; liberal in gifts; 
munificent. 

boun-ti-ful (boun'ti-fool), adj. 
liberal in bestowing gifts or fa¬ 
vors ; generous: ample, 
boun-ti-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a lib¬ 
eral manner. 

boun-ty (boun'ti). n. [pi. boun¬ 
ties ('tiz)], liberality in bestow¬ 
ing gifts or favors; generosity; 
munificence; a premium offered by 
a government to induce men to en¬ 
list in the army or navy, or to en¬ 
courage some branch of industry, 
bou-quet (boo-ka'), n. a nosegay; 
a perfume or aroma characteristic 
of some wines. 

bou-que-tier (boo-ke-ter'), n. a 
bouquet-holder. 

bour don (boor'don), n. the bass 
drone of the bagpipe; a bass stop 
of an organ. 

bour-geois (boor-zhwa/), n. a 
French citizen of the mercantile 
class; a shopkeeper; a size of 
type between long primer and 
brevier (ber-jois') (see type) : 
adj. of or pertaining to the mer¬ 
cantile or middle class, 
bour-geoi-sie (bo5r-zhwa-ze'), n. 
the French middle classes; the 
middle class connected with the 
trade of any country, 
bourn (bdorn), n. a stream; a 


rivulet; a bound; destination ; 
goal. 

bour-ree (b5or-ra'), n. a com¬ 
position of a lively character, 
allied to the gavotte, 
bourse (bbors), n. a stock ex¬ 
change for the transaction of 
business, especially the Bourse or 
Stock Exchange of Paris, 
bout (bout), n. a turn or bend; a 
going and returning; as much as 
is performed at one time; a trial; 
essay ; round ; contest, 
bou-ton-niere (boo-ton-nyar'), n. 

a bouquet worn in the button-hole, 
bo-vine (bo'vin), adj. of, or per¬ 
taining to, oxen; resembling or 
possessing the characteristics of 
an ox or cow; stolid, dull, 
bow (bou), n. the forepart or 
prow of a ship. 

bow (bou), v.t. to bend; make 
curved or crooked; bend or in¬ 
cline, as the head or body in 
token of respect; subdue: v.i. to 
make a bow: n. an inclination of 
the head or bending of the body, 
as a salute, or in token of rever¬ 
ence, respect, assent, or submis¬ 
sion. 

bow (bo), n. a weapon for dis¬ 
charging arrows ; anything curved ; 
an implement with which instru¬ 
ments of the violin kind are 
played; an elastic stick with its 
ends connected by string, used for 
turning a drill, &c.; a looped or¬ 
namental knot of ribbon or other 
material: v.t. to bend or curve 
like a bow; play with a bow: v.i. 
become bent or curved, 
bow-net (bS'net), n. a conical bas¬ 
ket for trapping lobsters and 
cray-fish. 

bow-saw (bo'saw), n. a saw for 
cutting curves. 

Bowd-ler-ize (b5d'ler-Iz), v.t. to 
expurgate, as an editor, every¬ 
thing deemed offensive or indeli¬ 
cate. 

bow-el (bou'el), n. one of the in¬ 
testines of an animal; a gut 
[generally in the pi.] : pi. the in¬ 
terior part of anything; tender¬ 
ness; pity (II Cor. vi. 12C 
bow-er (bou'er), n. a shelter con¬ 
structed of boughs or twining 
plants; an arbor. 

bow-er (bou'er), n. an anchor 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










Dow 


130 


bra 


carried at the bow of a ship; one 
of the two highest cards in euchre, 
or the second and third highest 
(when the joker is used), 
bow-er-y (bou'er-i), adj. like a 
bower; shady. 

bow-er-y (bou'er-i), n. [pi. bow¬ 
eries (-iz) ], a country retreat; 
farm. 

bow-ie-knife (bo'e-nif), n. a 
sheath-knife formerly used in the 
United States as a weapon, 
bowl (bol), n. a circular hollow 
vessel for holding liquids ; a large 
drinking cup; the hollow or con¬ 
cave part of anything, 
bowl (bol), n. a ball of wood used 
in the games of bowls, and skit¬ 
tles : pi. a game played with 
bowls: v.i. to play with bowls: 
roll a bowl or a cricket bail ; move 
rapidly and smoothly like a ball: 
v.t. to roll, as a bowl or ball, 
bow-line (bo'lln), n. a rope 
fastened near the middle of a 
square-sail, to keep the ship near 
the wind. 

bowse (bouz), v.i. to pull or haul 
hard. 

bow-sprit (bo'sprit), n. a large 
boom or spar running out from 
the stem of a ship or other vessel 
to carry its sails forward, 
bow-string (bo'string), n. string 
of a bow; string used by the 
Turks for strangling offenders: 
v.t. \pt. & p.p. bowstrung, p.pr. 
bowstriuging], to strangle with a 
bowstring. 

box (boks), n. an evergreen shrub 
or small tree, yielding a hard 
close-grained wood: adj. of box, 
or resembling a box-tree, 
box (boks), n. [pi. boxes ('ez)l, a 
case or receptacle for holding 
anything; the quantity a box 
contains; the driver’s seat on a 
carriage; a compartment in a 
theater or other public place; a 
Christmas present; a place of 
shelter for a man on duty; a 
small country house used by 
sportsmen; a cylindrical hollow 
iron in a wheel, in which the axle 
runs; a case to protect mechanism 
from injury: v.t. to enclose in a 
box : confine ; boxhaul. 
box (boks), n. a blow on the head 
with the fist, or on the ear with 


the open hand: v.t. to strike with 
the fist or hand : v.i. to fight with 
the fists. 

box-liaul (boks'hawl), v.t. to veer 
a ship round instead of tacking. 

fcox-i-an-a (bok-si-an'a or -a'nfi), 
n.pl. the literature of prize-fight¬ 
ing. 

box-ing-glove (boks'ing-gluv). n. 

a padded glove. 

box-met-al (boks'met-aU, n. an 
antifriction alloy used for jour¬ 
nal-boxes, shafting, &c. 

boy (hoi), n. a male child; a 
young lad : sometimes used for a 
man. 

boy (boi), n. a palanquin bearer. 

boy-ar (boi'ar), n. a Russian 
landed proprietor; the name of 
the Conservative party in Rou- 
mania. 

boy-eott (boi'kot), v.t. to combine 
i against a person so as to ostracize 
socially, and prevent or hinder the 
conduct of his business or profes¬ 
sion, as a means of punishment or 
intimidation : n. the act or state 
of bojmotting; a combination for 
such a purpose. 

boy-cot-tee (boi-kot-e'), n. a boy¬ 
cotted person. 

boy-er (boi'er), n. a Flemish sloop 
with a raised structure at each 
end. 

boy-bood (boi'hood), n. the state 
of being a boy. 

boy-ish (boi'ish), adj. pertaining 
to 1 a boy or boyhood ; childish ; 
puerile. 

brace (bras), n. that which holds 
anything tightly or supports it 

.firmly; a prop; a bandage; a 
pair; a curve connecting two or 

more lines: thus } ; a curved 

instrument for holding and turn¬ 
ing boring tools; a rope reeved 
through a block at the end of a 
yard, by which the yard is swung 
from the deck; a timber or scant¬ 
ling to strengthen the framework 
of a building: pi. the leathern 
bands clasping the cords at the 
side of a drum; shoulder-straps to 
support the trowsers: v.t. to 
bind or tie closely; strain up: 
strengthen; furnish with sup¬ 
ports. 


late, mar, mfisk, cat. awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pSrch, lot; moon, 

oook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











bra 


131 


bra 


brace-drill (bras'dril), n. a drill 
for boring metals, 
brace-let (bras'let), n. an orna¬ 
mental band or ring for the wrist, 
bra-chi-al (bra/ki- or brak'i-al), 
adj. pertaining to, or connected 
with, the arm. 

bra-chi ate (bra/ki- or brak'i-at), 
adj. having branches in pairs, 
nearly horizontal, and each pair 
at right angles with the next, 
brack en (brak'en), n. the brake 
fern. 

bracket (brak'et), n. a support¬ 
ing piece projecting from a wall; 
a single or jointed gas-pipe, 
burner, &c.; one of two marks 
[], used to enclose a word or 
note, or to indicate an interpola¬ 
tion ; a brace: v.t. to furnish with 
or enclose within brackets; con¬ 
nect by brackets; couple together, 
brackish (bralt'ish), adj. saltish, 
bract (brackt). n. a modified leaf 
growing from the flower stem, or 
enveloping a head of flow T ers. 
brac-te-ate (brak'te-at), adj. fur¬ 
nished with bracts; made of thin 
beaten metal. 

bra c-t e-o-1 ate (brak'te-o-lat), 
adj. furnished with bracteoles. 
brac-te-ole (brak'te-ol), n. a 
small bract. 

brad (brad), n. a slender flat nail, 
having a projection on one side: j 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bradded, p.pr. 
bradding], to nail or secure with 
brads. 

brae (bra), n. a hillside; sloping 
ground. ’ 

brag (brag), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
bragged, p.pr. bragging], to boast; 
speak vaingloriously: n. a boast; 
a thing to boast of; ostentatious 
pretense; a game of cards, 
brag-ga-do-cio (brag-a-do'shio), 
n. a boaster; a braggart; empty 
boasting. 

b r a g-g art (brag'iirt), n. a 
boaster; a vain fellow: adj. boast¬ 
ful. 

brag-ger (brag'er), n. one who 
brags. 

brahma (bra'mfi), n. a useful 
variety of large domestic fowl. 
Brah-min (bra'min), n. [pi. 
Brahmins (-minz)], a member of 
the Hindu priestly caste. 


Brab-min-ee (bra'min-e), n. a 
female Brahmin. 

Brah-min-ism (bra'min-izin), n. 
the religion or doctrines of the 
Brahmins. 

Brak-min-ist (bra'min-ist), n. 

an adherent of Brahminism. 
braid (brad), v.t. to weave or 
intertwine; plait: n. a plaited 
band or fillet. 

braid-ism (brad'izm), n. hypno¬ 
tism. 

brail (bral), n.pl. certain ropes 
used to gather up the foot and 
leeches of a sail prior to furling: 
v.t. to haul in by the brails [usu¬ 
ally with up}. 

brain (bran), n. the soft whitish 
convoluted mass occupying the 
cranium of a vertebrate, consti¬ 
tuting the center of the nervous 
system, and the seat of conscious¬ 
ness and volition ; the understand¬ 
ing ; intellectual power: v.t. dash 
out the brains of. 
brain-storm (storm), n. a state 
of cerebral excitement, due to 
continued nerve strain, and caus¬ 
ing temporary mental derange¬ 
ment. 

brain-wave (bran'wav), n. a 
telepathic vibration by which it 
is supposed a thought is conveyed 
from one mind to another, 
brainy (bran'i), adj. possessed 
of brains ; acute ; sharp witted. 
braise (braz), v.t. to stew (as 
meat) in a covered vessel: n. 
braised meat. 

brait (brat), n. a rough diamond, 
brake (brak), n. an instrument 
or machine to break flax; the 
handle of a pump; a baker’s 
kneading trough; a sharp bit or 
snaffle; a frame for confining re¬ 
fractory horses while shoeing; a 
heavy vehicle without a body, for 
breaking in young horses to har¬ 
ness ; a kind of wagonette; a 
heavy harrow for breaking clods; 
a mechanical device for checking 
the motion of a vehicle or ma¬ 
chine ; a brake van. 
brake (brak), n. a place over¬ 
grown with bracken, brushwood, 
&c.; the common fern._ 
brake-shoe (brak'shoo), n. that 
part of a brake which presses 
against the wheel. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin;'vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 












bra 


132 


bra 


brak-y (brak'i), adj. full of 
bracken, brushwood, &c.; rough ; 
thorny. 

bram-ble (bram'bl), n. the Eng¬ 
lish blackberry ; any prickly bush 
or shrub. 

brain-bly (bram'bli), adj. full of 
brambles. 

bran (bran), n. the husks of 
wheat, rye, &c., separated from 
the flour by bolting. 

branch (branch), n. [pi. branches 
('ez)]. a shoot or limb from a 
main bough; an off-shoot; any 
member or part of a body or sys¬ 
tem; a department; a section or 
subdivision ; any part of a family 
descending in a collateral line: 
adj. deviating from the trunk or 
main body: v.i. to ramify; di¬ 
verge ; spread diffusely [with 
out ] : v.t. to divide. 

bran-chi-ae (brang'ki-e), n.pl. the 
respiratory organs of fishes and 
some amphibia; gills. 

bran-chi-al (brang'ki-al), adj. 
pertaining to the branchiae or 
gills. 

bran-chi-ate (brang'ki-at), adj. 
having permanent gills. 

branch-let (braneli'let), n. a lit¬ 
tle branch. 

bran-chy (bran'chi), adj. full of 
branches. 

brand (brand), n. a burning piece 
of wood ; aDy form of trade-mark : 
hence, quality or kind; a stigma 
or mark of infamy; a fungoid dis¬ 
ease of plants: v.t. to mark by 
burning with a hot iron, or by 
other means; stigmatize. 

bran-dish (bran'dish), v.t. to 
move, wave, or shake, as a raised 
w r eapon. 

brand-ling (brand'ling), n. a 
salmon of the first year; a small 
red worm used for bait by fresh¬ 
water anglers. 

bran-dy (bran'di), n. [pi. bran¬ 
dies ('diz)], an ardent alcoholic 
liquor distilled from wine or the 
husks of grapes. 

bran-new (bran-nu), adj. quite 
new. 

brann-y (bran'i), adj. having the 
appearance of bran; consisting 
chiefly of bran. 

brant. Same as brant-goose. 


brant-fox (brant'foks), n. a. va¬ 
riety of fox found in Sweden. 
Called also brent-fox. 
brant-goose (brant'gdos), n. the 
smallest species of the wild goose, 
brash (brash), adj. brittle, as 
wood. 

brash (brash), n. a rash or erup¬ 
tion. 

brash (brash), n. broken, loose, 
and angular fragments of rock 
underlying alluvial deposits ; small 
broken pieces of ice. 
brasque (brask), n. a paste used 
for lining crucibles, &c.: v.t. to 
line with brasque. 
brass (bras), n. [pi. brasses 
('ez)], an alloy of copper and 
zinc ; a utensil, ornament, or other 
article made of brass; a monu¬ 
mental tablet of brass; money; 
impudence: pi. the brass instru¬ 
ments of a band: v.t. to cover 
with brass. 

brass-y (bras'i), adj. pertaining 
to, or resembling, brass; impu¬ 
dent ; brazen. 

brat (brat), n. a child [used con¬ 
temptuously]. 

bratt-ice (brat'is), n. a partition 
or separation-wall in a level or 
shaft to form an air passage: v.t. 
to divide by a brattice, 
bratt-ic-ing (brat'is-ing), n. or¬ 
namental open-work cresting; rich 
open work in metal; a brattice; 
a boarded protection against ma¬ 
chinery. 

bravado (bra-va'do), n. [pi. 
bravados & -does ('doz)], arro¬ 
gant menace; defiance, 
brave (brav), adj. bold; cour¬ 
ageous ; intrepid; making a fine 
show: n. an Indian warrior; one 
indiscreetly bold: v.t. to encoun¬ 
ter with courage and fortitude: 
defy. 

tiyn. dare, defy, bold. 

Ant. (see afraid), 
bravery (bra'ver-i), n. the 
quality of being brave; fearless¬ 
ness ; magnificence. 

Syn. courage, valor. 

Ant. (see cowardice), 
bra-vo (bra/vo), interj. well 
done ! good ! n. a cheer, 
bra-vo (bra/vo), n. [pi. bravos or 
-voes ('voz)], a daring villain; a 
bandit; an assassin. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










bra 


133 


bre 


bra vu ra (brfi-voo'ra), n. an air 
of florid, brilliant style, adapted 
to display the skill of the per¬ 
former, or the range and flexibil¬ 
ity of a singer’s voice: adj. bril¬ 
liant ; florid; pertaining to a 
bravura. 

brawl (brawl), v.i. to quarrel 
noisily and outrageously; make 
a noise as of water rushing 
over a rocky or pebbly bed: n. a 
noisy quarrel; an uproar; a row. 

brawn (brawn), n. boar’s flesh, 
especially when prepared by col¬ 
laring, boiling, and pickling; mus¬ 
cular strength. 

brawn-i-ness (-nes), n. hardness; 
strength. 

braw ny (braw'ni), adj. muscu¬ 
lar ; tough. 

brax-y (brak'si), n. a name given 
to a variety of diseases of sheep; 
a diseased sheep, or its mutton: 
adj. affected with braxy. 

bray (bra), v.t. [pt. & p.p. brayed, 
p.pr. braying], to pound or beat 
fine or small: v.i. to utter a loud, 
harsh cry, as the ass: n. the harsh 
cry of an ass. 

braze (braz), v.t. to solder with 
brass; cover or ornament with 
brass. 

bra-zen (bra'zn), adj. made of 
brass; pertaining to brass; im¬ 
penetrable ; impudent; shame¬ 
less : v.t. to carry off or behave 
with insolence or effrontery. 

Bra-zen Age (aj), n. the age that 
succeeded to the Silver Age, char¬ 
acterized by violence. 

bra-zier (bra'zher), n. an open 
pan for burning charcoal. 

bra-zil-wood (bra-zil'wood), n. a 
very heavy wood of a red color 
from Brazil, used for dyeing red. 

braz-i-let-to (braz-i-let'o), n. an 
inferior sort of brazil-wood brought 
from Jamaica. 

Bra-zil-ian peb-bles (peb'lz), 
n.pl. lenses made from rock crys¬ 
tal from Brazil. 

braz-i-lin (braz'i-lin), n. the col¬ 
oring substance extracted from 
brazil-wood. 

bra-zil-nut (bra-zil'nut), n. the 
seed of a palm of tropical 
America. 

breach (brech), n. the act of 
breaking; the violation of a law, 


contract, or any other engage¬ 
ment ; a gap; a difference; quar¬ 
rel : injury; surf: v.t. to make an 
opening in. 

bread (bred), n. food made from 
ground corn; food in general. 

bread-fruit (-froot), n. the fruit 
of a tree growing in the Pacific 
islands, which, when roasted, is 
eaten as bread. 

bread-stuff (-stuf), n. bread- 
corn: flour; meal from which 
bread is made. 

breadth (bredth). n. the measure 
of any surface from side to side; 
freedom from narrowness; broad 
effect. 

break (brak), v.t. [p.t. broke, 
p.p broken, p.pr. breaking], to 
separate with violence ; interrupt; 
fracture; weaken or destroy; dis¬ 
perse ; violate; make bankrupt; 
make a first disclosure of; dis¬ 
miss. cashier, or reduce to the 
ranks; tame or subdue: n. a 
breach ; rupture ; an interruption ; 
change of direction; a first ap¬ 
pearance ; a pause; an opening in 
the circuit causing interruption to 
an electric current; a twist of the 
ball in cricket; a player’s turn in 
billiards; the number of points 
scored successively; alteration of 
the male voice at puberty; a sud¬ 
den fall in prices. 

Syn. bruise, crush, pound, 
squeeze. 

Ant. (see bind). 

brea-kage (bra'kaj). n. the act of 
breaking ; allowance for accidental 
fracture. 

break-down (brak'doun). n. a 
collapse; failure; downfall, as of 
a carriage; a lively, noisy dance. 

brea-ker (bra'ker), n. one who, 
or that which, breaks; a machine 
to crush rocks, &c.; a wave 
broken against the shore, or a 
rock [usually in the pi.] ; a small 
water cask; a trainer of horses. 
&c. 

break-fast (brek'fast), • n. the 
first meal in the day : v.t. to pro¬ 
vide with or entertain at break¬ 
fast : v.i. to eat breakfast. 

break-wa-ter ('waw-ter), n. any 
structure to break the force of the 
waves. 

bream (brem), n. a broad-shaped 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the p. 









134 


brl 


tore 


fresh-water fish of the carp 
family: v.t. to clear of shells, sea¬ 
weed, &c., by fire, 
breast (brest), n. the fore part of 
the body between the neck and 
the abdomen; one of the organs 
in women, and some other mam¬ 
malia. for the secretion of milk ; 
the affections ; the conscience ; the 
front of anything: v.t. to present 
the front to; meet or oppose 
manfully or openly ; stem, 
breast-fast ('fast), n. a large 
rope or chain to secure the mid¬ 
ship part of a ship to a dock, 
wharf, or to another vessel, 
breast-plate ('plat), n. a portion 
of armor covering the front of the 
body; a part of the vestment of 
the Jewish high priest, 
breast-work ('werk), n. a hastily 
constructed work thrown up 
breast-high for defense; the para¬ 
pet of a building. 

breath (breth), n. the air in¬ 
haled and exhaled in respiration ; 
life; the power or capacity to 
breathe freely ; respite ; a pause ; 
a respiration; an instant; air in 
gentle motion; a mere word; a 
trifle ; an odorous exhalation ; fra¬ 
grance ; an aspirate, 
breathe (breth), v.i. to inhale air 
and expel it from the lungs; live; 
take breath; rest from action; 
pass, as air; blow softly: insinu¬ 
ate : v.t. to inhale and exhale; in¬ 
spire; whisper; exercise; blow 
into. 

brea-thing (bre'fMng), n. respi¬ 
ration ; air in gentle motion; a 
gentle influence; a pause; ardent 
desire; an accent [']. 
brec-cia (brech'ia), n. angular 
rock fragments united by a 
. matrix. 

bree (bre), n. broth; sauce; 
moisture. 

breech (brech), n. the buttocks; 
the hinder part of anything; the 
part of a cannon or other firearm 
behind the bore or chamber: v.t. 
to put into breeches ; furnish with 
a breech ; fasten by a breeching, 
breeeh-es (brich'ez), n.pl. a gar¬ 
ment worn by men, covering the 
legs from the knees to the hips: 
trowsers or pantaloons, 
breech-ing (brich'ing), n. the 


harness which passes round a 
horse’s breech; a strong rope to 
check the recoil of a gun. 

breed (bred), v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. bred, 
p.pr. breeding], to procreate; 
hatch ; produce ; train ; rear: v.i. 
to bear young; be fruitful; be 
produced: n. a race or progeny 
from the same parents or stock. 

breeze (brez), n. a gadfly or 
horsefly. 

breeze (brez), n. a gentle gale: a 
fresh soft wind ; an excited quar¬ 
rel or wrangle. 

Syn. blast, gale, gust, hurri¬ 
cane, storm, tempest. 

breeze (brez), n. house sweep¬ 
ings ; sifted ashes and cinders 
used in burning bricks. 

breth-ren (breth r ren) , n. plural 
of brother. 

breve (brev), n. a note of time 
equal to two semibreves or four 
minims; a mark (v_/) used to in¬ 
dicate a short vowel. 

bre-vet (bre-vet'), n. a commis¬ 
sion to an officer in the army con¬ 
ferring a higher rank, but with¬ 
out increase of pay; a patent; a 
warrant; a license : adj. conferred 
by brevet: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bre- 
vetted, p.pr. brevetting], to confer 
brevet rank upon. 

bre-vi-a-ry (bre'vi-a-ri, or brev'i- 
a-ri), n. [pi. breviaries (-riz)], a 
book containing the daily offices 
and prayers. 

bre-vier (bre-ver'), n. a size of 
type between bourgeois and min¬ 
ion. (See type.) 

brev-i-ty (brev'i-ti), n. [pi. 
brevities (-tiz) ], shortness; con¬ 
ciseness. 

brew (broo). v.t. to make liquors 
from malt or other materials: 
plot: v.i. be in preparation: n. 
the action, process, or product of 
brewing. 

brew-er-y (broo'er-i), n. a brew- 
house. 

bri ar-root (brl'er-root), n. the 
root of the white heath, used in 
the manufacture of tobacco-pipes. 
Also brier-root. 

bribe (brib), n. a gift or consid¬ 
eration in money given or prom¬ 
ised with the object of corrupting 
or unduly influencing the judg¬ 
ment or conduct of the recipient: 


late, mar mask. cat. awl; he, her, let; line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 








brl 


135 


brl 


v.t. to gain over or influence by 
a bribe: v.i. to practice or at¬ 
tempt bribery. 

bri-ber-y (bri'ber-i), n. [pi. bri¬ 
beries (-iz) ], the act or practice 
of bribing. 

bric-a-brac (brik'a-brak), n. an¬ 
tique articles of vertu; fancy 
ware. 

brick (brik), n. an oblong block of 
kneaded clay dried in the sun or 
burned in a kiln; a jolly, good- 
natured fellow: adj. made of, or 
resembling, brick: v.t. to lay or 
build with bricks; make like 
brickwork. 

brick-kiln (-kil), n. a kiln or 
furnace in which bricks are baked 
or burnt. 

bri-cole (bri-kol'), n. harness 
worn by men for dragging guns 
or loads. 

brid-al (brid'al), n. a marriage; 
nuptials: adj. pertaining to a 
bride, or wedding. 

bride (brid), n. a woman newly 
married, or about to be married. 

bride-groom ('groom), n. a man 
newly married, or about to be 
married. 

brides-maid (-z'mad), n. a young 
unmarried woman who attends on 
a bride. 

bride-well (brid'wel), n. a house 
of correction for the confinement 
©f disorderly persons. 

bridge (brij), n. a structure of 
iron, stone, or wood, spanning a 
river, road, valley, &c.; anything 
resembling a bridge in form or 
use; an apparatus for measuring 
the resistance of a conductor, 
called Wheatstone’s bridge; a 
game of cards (usually called 
bridge-whist) : v.t. to build a 
bridge; make a passage; find a 
way of overcoming. 

bridge-board ('bord), n. a 
notched board into which the ends 
of the steps of wooden stairs are 
fastened. 

bridge-deck ('dek), n. a partial 
deck extending from side to side 
of a vessel amidships. 

bridge-bead ('hed), n. a cover¬ 
ing w T ork to protect the end of a 
bridge nearest the enemy ; a tete- 
de-pont. 

bridge-rail ('ral), n. a railroad 


rail with an arched tread and 
lateral foot-flanges. 

bridge-train ('tran), n. a pon¬ 
toon train. 

bridg-ing (brij'ing), n. a piece of 
wood between two beams to keep 
them apart. 

bri-dle (bri'dl), n. the headstall, 
bit, and reins by which a horse is 
controlled; a restraint: v.t. to put 
a bridle on; control; guide: v.i. 
to hold the head up, as an indica¬ 
tion of pride, scorn, or anger 
[with up]. 

bri-doon (bri-doon'), n. the light 
snaffle and rein of a military 
bridle. 

brief (bref), adj. short; concise; 
contracted; narrow: n. an epito¬ 
me ; an abridged statement of a 
case for the instruction of coun¬ 
sel ; a writ; a papal letter: v.t. 
to shorten; make an abstract of. 

bri-er (bri'er), n. a thorny plant 
or shrub. 

brig (brig), n. a two-masted, 
square-rigged vessel. 

bri-gade (bri-gad'), n. a subdi¬ 
vision of an army, consisting of 
several regiments, squadrons, or 
battalions (cavalry, infantry, 
militia, or volunteers), under the 
command of a brigadier-general; 
an organized body acting under 
authority: v.t. to form into a 
brigade or brigades. 

brig-a-dier (brig-&-der'), n. a 
general officer commanding a bri¬ 
gade, and ranking next below a 
major-general. Also brigadier- 
general. 

brig-and (brig'and), n. a robber; 
a member of a gang of free¬ 
booters infesting mountainous 
districts; a highwmyman; a 
bandit. 

brig-and-age (brig'and-aj), n. 
the life and practices of a brig¬ 
and ; organized robbery. 

brig-an-tine (brig'an-tin or-tin), 
n. a small two-masted vessel, 
square-rigged like a brig, but with 
fore-and-aft mainsail and raking 
masts. 

bright (brit), adj. [comp. 
brighter, superl. brightest], lumi¬ 
nous; brilliant; shining; spark¬ 
ling ; illustrious ; glorious ; witty ; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mobu, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








bri 


136 


bro 


clever; lively ; auspicious ; alert; 
glowing. 

' Syn. clear, radiant, shining. 

Ant. (see dull). 

bright-en (brlt'n), v.i. to grow 
bright; clear up: v.t. to make 
bright or luminous; make gay or 
cheerful; make acute. 

Bright’s dis-ease (brlt’s diz-ez'), 
n. a form of kidney disease char¬ 
acterized by the presence of albu¬ 
min in the urine. 

brill (bril), n. a flat fish resem¬ 
bling the turbot. Also prill, 
b r i 1-1 i a n-c y (bril'yan-si), n. 
splendor. 

brilliant (bril'y&nt), adj. 
sparkling; lustrous ; glittering ; 
distinguished: n. a diamond, cut 
to exhibit its refracting qualities 
to the best advantage; the small¬ 
est size of type. (See type.) 
bril-lian-tine (bril'yan-tin), n. a 
cosmetic preparation for impart¬ 
ing a gloss to the hair, 
bril-liant-ly (-li), adv. in a bril¬ 
liant manner. 

brim (brim), n. the edge of any¬ 
thing : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brimmed, 
p.pr. brimming], to fill to the 
1 brim : v.i. to be full to the brim, 
brim-ful (brim'fool), adj. over¬ 
flowing. 

brim-stone (brim'ston), n. sul¬ 
phur : adj. made of brimstone; of 
the color of sulphur, 
brine (brln), n. salt water; 
pickle; the ocean ; tears: v.t. to 
steep in brine. 

bring (bring), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
brought, p.pr. bringing], to fetch 
or convey from another place; 
fetch ; cause to come ; produce ; 
procure ; conduct; persuade ; lead, 
brink (bringk), n. the edge; 
verge. 

brin-y (brin-i), adj. very salt, 
bri-quette (bri-ket', French bre- 
ka'), n. coal-dust molded into the 
shape of bricks. 

brisk (brisk), adj. lively; active; 
swift; vivacious ; effervescing vig¬ 
orously ; sparkling; burning 
freely : v.i. to become brisk [gen¬ 
erally with up]. 

bris-ket (bris'ket), n. that part 
of an animal’s breast where the 
ribs join the breast-bone, 
bris-tle (bris'l), n. a short stiff, 


coarse hair, especially upon the 
back and sides of swine; any stiff, 
sharp hair: v.t. to erect like 
bristles; fix a bristle to. 
bris-tly (bris'li), adj. covered 
with bristles. 

bris-tol board (bris'tol bord), n. 

a thick, smooth, white pasteboard, 
bris-tol pa-per (pa'per), n. a 
kind of stout drawing paper, 
bris-tol stone (ston), n. a trans¬ 
parent rock-crystal. Called, when 
polished, bristol diamond, 
brit (brit), n. the young of the 
herring and sprat; small animals 
upon which whales feed, 
bri-tan-ni-a met-al (bri-tan'i-a- 
met'al), n. a white metal alloy 
of tin, copper, antimony, and bis¬ 
muth. 

brite (brit), v.i. to be over-ripe. 
Brit-isli (brit'ish), adj. of, or per¬ 
taining to, Great Britain or its 
inhabitants; pertaining to the 
ancient Britons. 

Brit-isb-er (brit'ish-er), n. a 
British subject, especially one be¬ 
longing to the British army or 
navy. 

Brit-on (brit'un), n. a native of 
Great Britain. 

brit-tle (brit'l), adj. apt to 

break; not tough. 

Syn. fragile, breakable. 

Ant. (see solid). 

britz-ska (brits'ka), n. an open 
carriage used in Russia, 
broach (broch), n. an awl; spike; 
skewer; any boring bit or drill; a 
stonecutter’s chisel; a spire rising 
directly from a tower without a 
parapet: v.t. to tap or pierce; be¬ 
gin a discussion about, 
broad (brawd), adj. [comp. 
broader, superl. broadest], wide; 
ample ; vast; liberal; comprehen¬ 
sive ; widely diffused; open; un¬ 
restrained ; evident; character¬ 
ized by breadth of treatment; 
bold ; indelicate : n. a flooded fen ; 
an expansion of a river over low T - 
lying land. 

broad-ar-row (-ar'o), n. a Brit¬ 
ish government mark to distin¬ 
guish its property, 
broad-cloth ('klawth), n. a fine 
woolen cloth with a smooth fin¬ 
ished surface. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thju, the n. 












bro 


137 


bro 


broad-seal ('sel), n. the great 
seal of England. 

broad-side ('sid), n. the entire 
side of a ship above the water¬ 
line ; a simultaneous volley from 
one side of a warship; a sheet 
printed on one side, and contain¬ 
ing information of a popular 
character, or an attack on some 
public person. 

broad-sword ('sord), n. a cut¬ 
ting sword with a broad blade, 
broad-en (brawd'n), v.i. to grow 
broad: v.t. to make broad or com¬ 
prehensive. 

Brob-ding-nag-i-an (brob'ding- 

nag'i-an), adj. resembling an in¬ 
habitant of the fabled country of 
Brobdingnag in Swift’s “Gulliver’s 
Travels,” hence, gigantic: n. a 
giant. 

bro-cade (bro-kad'), n. a silk stuff 
variegated with gold and silver 
flowers, &c. 

broc-a-telle (brok'a-tel), n. a 
beautifully variegated marble ob¬ 
tained from Italy and Spain: a 
figured fabric of silky texture, 
broc-co-li (brok'6-li), n. a variety 
of cabbage. 

broch (brok), n. a prehistoric 
roofless round tower, with mas¬ 
sive walls of unhewn stone : found 
chiefly in Scotland, 
brochure (brd-shdor'), n. a 
pamphlet dealing with a subject 
of passing interest, 
brock (brok), n. a badger, 
brogue (brog), n. a coarse, rough 
shoe; a dialectic pronunciation, 
broil (broil),'v.t. to cook upon a 
gridiron: v.i. to be subjected to 
great heat; to be heated with 
X>assion: n. a noisy quarrel, 
bro-kage (bro'kaj), n. the pre¬ 
mium or commission of a broker; 
brokerage. 

broke, p.t. & p.p. of break, 
bro-ken (brd'kn), p.adj. not en¬ 
tire ; in pieces; rough; hilly; 
transgressed ; bankrupt; crushed ; 
infirm; imperfect; interrupted, 
bro-ker (bro'ker), n. one who 
acts as agent or middleman for 
another; a dealer in second-hand 
furniture. 

bro-ker-age (bro'ker-aj), n. the 
business of a broker; his fee or 
commission. 


bro-ma (bro'ma), n. aliment; a 
light preparation of cocoa or 
chocolate. 

bro-mal (bro'mSl), n. a colorless, 
oily fluid obtained by the action 
of bromine on alcohol, 
bro-mate (bro'mat), n. a salt of 
bromic acid. 

brome-grass (brom'gras), n. a 
name for the oat-like grasses of 
the genus Bromus. 
bro-mic ac-id (bro'mik as'id), n. 
a compound of bromine and oxy¬ 
gen. 

bro-mide (bro'mid or 'mid), n. a 
compound of bromine, 
bro-mide of po-tas-si-um (of 

po-tas'i-um), n. a compound of 
bromine, used largely in medicine 
as a sedative. 

bro-mine (bro'min or 'min), n. 
a non-metallic element related to 
chlorine and iodine, 
bro-mize (brd'miz), v.t. to pre¬ 
pare or treat with a bromide, 
bro-jno-clilo-ra-lum (bro-mo- 
klo'ra-lum), n. a disinfectant fluid, 
composed of the bromide and 
chloride of aluminum, 
bro-mo-gel-a-tin (bro-mo-jel'a- 
tin), adj. prepared from certain 
bromides, nitrate of silver, and 
gelatine, and used for the sensi¬ 
tive emulsions employed for dry 
photographic plates, 
bron-chi, n. pi. of bronchus, 
bron-chi-a (brong'ki'a), n.pl. the 
bronchial tubes. 

bron-cliit-ic (brong-kit'ik), adj. 

of or pertaining to bronchitis, 
bron-chi-tis (brong-kl'tis), n. an 
inflammation, acute or chronic, of 
the mucous lining of the bronchial 
tubes. 

bron-cho (brong'ko), n. an un¬ 
broken Mexican or Californian 
horse. 

bron-cho-pneu-mo-ni-a (brong- 
kd-nu-mo'ni-a), n. inflammation of 
the lungs and bronchi, 
bron-chot-o-my (brong-kot'o-mi), 
n. the operation of making an in¬ 
cision into the windpipe or larynx 
to afford a passage for air to the 
lungs. 

bronchus (brong'kus), n. \ pi. 
bronchi ('kl) ], one of the two 
principal branches of the wind¬ 
pipe or trachea. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








bro 


138 


bru 


bronze (bronz), n. an alloy of 
copper and tin, to which other me¬ 
tallic substances are sometimes 
added; a work of art cast or 
wrought in bronze; a pigment 
used to imitate bronze; impu¬ 
dence : adj. made of or resembling 
bronze: v.t. to make of the color 
of bronze; tan by exposure to tbe 
sun; apply bronze pigment or 
leaf to. 

Bronze Age (aj), n. the age suc¬ 
ceeding the Stone Age, the orna¬ 
ments and weapons of that period 
being made of bronze. 

bronz-ine (bronz'in), n. a metal 
resembling bronze. 

broocb (brocli), n. an ornamental 
dress-clasp. 

brood (brood), n. offspring; a 
hatch; the young birds hatched at 
one time: v.i. to sit on eggs, as a 
hen; linger over sorrowfully [with 
on or over\ : v.t. to sit over, cover, 
and cherish ; ponder over. 

brood-y (brbod'i), adj. inclined to 
sit; adapted for breeding. 

brook (brook), n. a small stream. 

brook (brook), v.t. to bear; put 
up with. 

brook-let (brook'let), n. a small 
brook. 

broom (bro5m), n. a shrub, bear¬ 
ing large yellow flowers; a besom 
or brush. 

brose (broz), n. a kind of por¬ 
ridge, made by pouring boiling 
water, or milk, or meat liquor, on 
oatmeal. 

brotk (broth), n. a kind of thin 
soup. 

broth-el (broth'el), n. a house of 
ill-fame. 

broth-er (bruth'er) , n. [pi. broth¬ 
ers (-erz), & brethren (breth¬ 
ren)], a male born of the same 
father and mother; one closely 
united by a common interest; a 
member of a religious order; a 
fellow creature; one who re¬ 
sembles another. 

broth-er-ger-man (-jer'man), n. 
a brother on both the father’s and 
the mother’s side. 

broth-er-in-law (-in-law), n. the 
brother of one’s husband or wife; 
sister’s husband. 

Broth-er Jon-a-than (jon'ff- 


then), n. a humorous personifica¬ 
tion of the United States, 
broth-er-u-ter-ine (-u'ter-in), n 
one born of the same mother, but 
of a different father, 
broth-er-hood (bru#7i/er-hood), n. 
the state or quality of being a 
brother; a fraternity, 
broth-er-ly (brufher-li), adj. as 
becomes a brother; affectionate, 
brough am (brob'am or bro5m), 
n. a close four-wheeled carriage 
for one or two horses, 
brought, p.t. & p.p. of bring, 
brow (brou), n. the arch of hair 
over the eye; the forehead; the 
general aspect of the countenance ; 
the edge of a steep place; the up¬ 
per portion of a hill, 
brow-beat (brou'bet), v.t. [p.t. 
browbeat, p.p. browbeaten, p.pr. 
browbeating], to depress or bear 
down arrogantly; bully, 
brown (broun), adj. of a dusky or 
dark color: n. a dark color, in¬ 
clined to red or yellow; a half¬ 
penny : v.i. to become brown: v.t. 
to make brown. 

brownie (brou'ni), n. a beneficent 
spirit supposed to haunt old farm¬ 
houses [Scotch]. 

browse (brouz), n. the tender 
shoots or twigs of shrubs and 
trees ; v.t. to feed on ; pasture on ; 
graze: said of cattle, deer, &c. 
bru-in (broo'in), n. the brown 
bear. 

bruise (brooz), n. an injury to 
the flesh of an animal or to a plant 
or other body, caused by a blow: 
v.t. to injure, crush, or indent by 
a blow or pressure without lacer¬ 
ation ; contuse; bray, as drugs, 
&c.: v.i. to fight with the fists; 
box. 

bruit (broot), n. report; rumor; 
fame: v.t. to report; noise 

abroad. 

bru-nial (br55'mal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to winter; foggy; misty, 
brum-ma-gem (brum'ma-jem), 
adj. sham; counterfeit; showy, 
but worthless. 

bru-nette (broo-net'), n. a woman 
with a brown or dark complexion, 
usually with dark hair and eyes: 
adj. having such a color, 
brunt (brunt), n. a violent shock ; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






bru 


139 


buc 


a furious onslaught; a brief and 
sudden effort. 

brush (brush), n. a thicket of 
small trees; the small trees and 
shrubs of a wood ; an instrument 
composed of bristles, &c., used for 
cleaning, applying paint, &c.; the 
brushy tail of. a fox ; a slight en¬ 
counter ; a brushing; thin me¬ 
tallic plates or flexible wires 
bound together, employed to con¬ 
duct a current to or from an 
electric motor, &c.; a brief trial 
of speed : v.t. to sweep, cleanse, or 
rub with a brush; touch lightly 
in passing; renovate; ruffle [with 
up] : v.i. to move with haste; 
skim over with a light touch. 

brush-wheel ('hwel), n. a tooth¬ 
less wheel used to turn a similar 
wheel by means of bristles, 
leather, cloth, &c., attached to the 
circumference; a circular wheel 
for polishing, used on a lathe. 

brush - wood (brush'wood), n. 
rough, close bushes; a thicket; a 
coppice; small wood, suitable for 
the fire. 

brusque (brusk), adj. abrupt in 
manner. 

Brus-sels-car-pet (brus'elz-kar'- 
pet), n. a strong kind of woolen 
carpet. 

Brus-sels-lace (-las), n. various 
kinds of expensive lace made origi¬ 
nally at Brussels. 

Brus-sels-sprouts (-sproutz), n. 
pi. a variety of the common cab¬ 
bage. 

bru-tal (broo'tal), adj. pertaining 
to or resembling a brute; savage; 
cruel. 

bru-tal-i-ty (broo-tal'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being brutal; pitiless 
cruelty. 

bru-tal-ize (broo'tal-iz), v.t. to 
make brutal ; sensualize. 

bru-tal-ly (broo'tal-i), adv. in a 
cruel or brutal manner; inhuman¬ 
ly. 

brute (brSot), adj. without rea¬ 
son or intelligence ; rough ; brutal; 
uncivilized: n. a beast; an ir¬ 
rational, irresponsible animal; a 
brutal person. 

bru-ti-fy (brdo'ti-fl), v.t. [ p.t. & 
p.p. brutified, p.pr. brutifying], to 
make like a brute; degrade moral¬ 
ly or physically. 


brutish (broot'ish), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or resembling, a brute; 
savage; sensuous. 

8yn. base, coarse, sensual, sot¬ 
tish, vile, bestial. 

Ant. (see refined), 
bub (bub), n. a boy. Also bubby. 
bub-ble (bub'l), n. a small 
bladder of water or other fluid 
filled with air or gas; anything 
unreal or unsubstantial; a swind¬ 
ling speculation: v.i. to rise in 
bubbles; run with a gurgling 
sound: v.t. to cause to bubble; 
cheat. 

bu-bo (bu'bo), n. [pi. buboes 
('boz)], an inflammatory swelling 
in the groin or armpit, 
bu-bon-o-cele (bu-bon'o-sel), n. 

rupture or hernia in the groin, 
buc-cal (buk'al), adj. pertaining 
to the cheek. 

buc-ca-neer (buk-a-ner'), n. a 
pirate; a sea-robber; one of the 
piratical adventurers who, during 
a part of the 17th century, made 
depredations on the Spaniards in 
America: v.i. act the part of a 
buccaneer. 

buc-ci-na-tor (buk'si-na-ter), n. 
a muscle of the cheek called the 
trumpeter's muscle from its use 
in blowing wind-instruments, 
buc-ci-num (buk'sin-um), n. the 
genus of mollusks to which the 
whelk belongs. 

bu-cen-taur (bu-sen'tawr), n. a 
fabulous monster, half man and 
half bull ; the state barge of 
Venice used by the doge in the 
annual ceremony of espousing the 
Adriatic. 

bu-chu (bu'ku),w. the name of cer¬ 
tain species of Barosma, employed 
as a medicine. 

buck (buk), v.t. to break or pul 
verize, as ore. 

buck (buk), n. the male of the 
fallow-deer, goat, rabbit, bare, 
&c.; a gay fellow; a fop; a male 
Indian or negro. 

buck-eye ('I), n. a name of the 
American horse-chestnut, 
buck-hound ('hound), n. a stag- 
hound. 

buck-jumper ('jump'er), n. a 
vicious untrained horse that en¬ 
deavors to throw the rider by 
arching its back and drawing its 
feet together. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






Kme 


140 


bul 


buck-shot ('shot), shot of a large 
size. 

buck-wheat ('hwet), n. a plant 
cultivated for its triangular seeds, 
which are ground into meal and 
used for food. 

buck-et (buk'et), n. a vessel for 
drawing or holding water; the 
scoop of a dredging-machine or of 
a grain elevator; a receptacle on 
a water-wheel which receives the 
force of the water, 
buck-et-shop (-shop), n. an office 
for gambling in stocks, grain, &c. 
in small amounts, 
buck-le (buk'l), n. a metal clasp 
consisting of a frame with mov¬ 
able tongue or catch, used for 
securing straps, bands, &c.: v.t. 
to fasten with a buckle; twist, 
bend ; confine, join ; to prepare for 
action: v.i. to curl; apply one’s 
self with vigor [with to], 
buck-le (buk'l), n. a bend, or 
kink, as in a blade; a curl of 
hair; the condition of being 
curled, as hair. 

buck-ler (buk'ler), n. a kind of 
ancient shield. 

buck-ra (buk'ra), n. Negro term 
for a white maw. 

buckram (buk'ram), n. coarse 
linen cloth stiffened with dressing: 
adj. made of, or resembling, buck¬ 
ram : hence, stiff; precise, 
bu-col-ic (bu-kol'ik), adj. pas¬ 
toral : n. a pastoral poem; a 
rustic. 

bud (bud), vt. [p.t. & p.p budded, 
p.pr. budding], to graft: v.i. to 
put forth or produce buds; begin 
to grow: n. the rudimentary, un¬ 
developed stage of a branch, leaf, 
or flower; a gemmule. 

Bud-dliist (bood'ist), n. one who 
accepts the doctrines of Bud¬ 
dhism : adj. pertaining to Buddha 
or Buddhism. 

budge (buj), v.i. to move from 
one’s position: v.t. change the 
position of. 

budge (buj), n. lambskin dressed 
with the wool outwards, 
budg-et (buj'et), n. a bag with 
its contents: hence a stock or 
store; the annual financial state¬ 
ment of the Chancellor of the 
Exchequer. 

bud-let (bud'let), n. a small bud. 


buff (buf), n. a thick leather pre¬ 
pared from the skin of the buf¬ 
falo, ox, &c., dressed with oil; a 
light yellow ; the bare skin : adj. 
made of buff-leather; buff-colored. 
bu£-£a-lo (buf'a-lo), n. [pi. buffa¬ 
loes (-loz)], a ruminant mammal 
of the ox family; a name given to 
various wild oxen, especially to 
the North American bison. 
buf-£a-lo-bird (-berd), n. bird 
which perches on the buffalo to 
' catch parasites. 

buf-fer (buf'er), n. any contriv¬ 
ance which serves to deaden the 
concussion caused by the impact 
of two bodies; a good-tempered, 
somewhat foolish person, 
buf-fet (buf'et), n. a blow with 
the hand : v.t. to strike with the 
hand ; box ; beat; contend against: 
v.i. to exercise or contend with 
blows; struggle. 

buf-fet (buf'et & boo-fa'), n. a 
cupboard or sideboard; a counter 
for refreshments. 

buf-fo (boof'o), n. the comic actor 
in an opera: adj. comic; bur¬ 
lesque. 

buf foon (buf-oon'), n. one who 
amuses others by low jests, antics, 
odd gestures, &c. 

buf-foon-er-y (buf-oon'er-i), n. 
[pi. buffooneries (-iz)], the arts 
and practices of a buffoon ; vulgar 
tricks and postures, 
buf-fy (buf'i), adj. buff-colored, 
bug (bug), n. name in England 
for the bedbug; an insect, 
bug-a-boo (bug'a-bo5), n. a bug¬ 
bear. 

bug-bear (bug'bar), n. a 
frightful object; a vain terror, 
bug-gy (bug'i), n. a light four- 
wheeled carriage drawn by one 
horse. 

bu-gle (bu'gl), n. a hunting horn; 

a military wind-instrument, 
bu-gle (bu'gl), n. an elongated 

glass bead. 

bukl (bul), n. decorative inlay¬ 
ing for cabinet-work, consisting of 
brass or other metal, tortoise-shell. 
&c., worked into scrolls or other 
patterns; the articles so orna¬ 
mented. 

build (bild),v.f. \pt. & p.p. built, 
builded, p.p. building], to con¬ 
struct ; erect, as a house; form 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon* 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







bui 


141 


bul 


by art; raise anything on a sup¬ 
port or foundation ; establish : v.i. 
to construct an edifice; depend, 
base, or reckon [with on or upon'] : 
n. mode or style of construction, 
build iug (bild'ing), n. the act 
of constructing, raising, or estab¬ 
lishing; an edifice, 
bulb (bulb), n. an onion-shaped 
root: a kind of leaf bud; any 
protuberance or expansion on a 
stem or tube: v.i. to project as a 
bulb [with out]. 

bul-bif'-er-ous (bul-bif'er-us), adj. 
producing bulbs. 

bul-bous (bul'bus) adj. pertaining 
to or resembling a bulb, 
bul-bul (bool'bool), n. the Per¬ 
sian nightingale. 

bulb-ule (bulb'ul), n. a little 
bulb; a bulblet. 

bulge (bulj), n. the bilge or 
widest part of a cask; a bending 
outwards; the bilge of a ship: v.i. 
to jut out; be protuberant, 
bulk (bulk), n. magnitude or size ; 
complete dimensions; the main 
mass or body; the cargo of a 
ship when stowed; volume: v.i. 
to increase in size; swell out. 
bulk-head (-hed), n. a partition 
in a vessel which separates one 
part of it from another, 
bul-ky (bul'ki), adj. of great size 
or bulk. 

bul-ki -ness (-nes), n. ‘greatness 
in bulk. 

bull (bool), n. the male of any 
bovine mammal ; the male of vari¬ 
ous large animals, as the whale, 
elephant, &c.; one who endeavors 
to raise the price of stock in 
order that he may sell dear: the 
opposite of a bear: adj. male, or 
of large size [in composition] : 
v.t. to endeavor to raise the mar¬ 
ket value of. 

bull (bool), n. a papal letter, 
edict, or rescript, having a leaden 
seal {bulla) affixed to it. 
bull (bool), n. a ludicrous in¬ 
consistency in language, 
bull-bait-ing (bool'bat-ing), n. 
the sport of baiting or attacking 
bulls with dogs. 

bull-calf (bool'kaf), n. a male 
calf. 

bull-dog (bool'dog), n. a variety 
of dog of strong muscular build, 


and remarkable for its courage 
and ferocity; formerly used for 
baiting bulls : pi. a pair of pistols; 
a nroctor’s attendant: adj. char¬ 
acterized by the courage of a 
bulldog, as bulldog tenacity, 
bul-let (bool'et), n. a small ball 
or projectile. 

bul-le-tin (bool'e-tin), n. an 
official report regarding some 
matter or event of public interest; 
a periodical publication: v.t. to 
publish or announce by bulletin, 
bull-fight (bool'fit), n. a combat 
between armed men and "a bull, 
bull-finch (bool'finch), n. a com¬ 
mon British song bird, 
bull-frog (bool'frog), n. a large 
North American species of frog 
abounding in marshy places, re¬ 
markable for its loud, bellowing 
croak. 

bull-head (bool'hed), n. a broad¬ 
headed scaleless fish of North 
America; catfish. 

bul-lion (bool'yun), n. uncoined 
gold or silver; foreign coin; a 
heavy twisted fringe covered with 
fine gold- or silver-wire, 
bul-lion-ist (bool'yun-ist), n. an 
advocate for an exclusive metallic 
currency, or a metallic currency 
combined with convertible paper, 
bul-lock (bool'ok), n. an ox or 
castrated bull; a full-grown steer, 
bull’s-eye tboolz'i), n. a boss of 
glass; a sweet-meat; any circular 
opening for light or air; a small 
obscure cloud, with a ruddy cen¬ 
ter ; a lantern with a convex lens; 
a plano-convex lens for concen¬ 
trating the light, attached to a 
microscope; the center of a tar¬ 
get ; a shot that hits the bull’s- 
eye. 

bull-ter-ri-er (bool'ter'i-er), n. a 
cross-breed between the bulldog 
and the terrier. 

bull-y (bool'i). n. [pi. bullies 
('iz)], one who domineers by in¬ 
solence or threats: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
bullied, p.pr. bullying], to over¬ 
bear with bluster and menaces: 
v.i. to be insolently noisy and 
quarrelsome. 

bul-rush (bool'rush), n. a rush¬ 
like aquatic plant, 
bulse (bills), n. a bag or purse 
used in the East Indies to carry 


’ate, mar. mask, cat, awl: lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









bul 


142 


bur 


or measure valuables; a packet of 
diamonds or gold dust, 
bulwark (bool'werk), n. a ram¬ 
part; a fortification; the boarding 
round the sides of a ship, above 
the level of the deck; any means 
of protection or defense, 
bumble-bee (bum'bl-be), n. a 
large bee. 

bum-boat (bum'bot), n. a boat 
used for the conveyance of pro¬ 
visions, fruit, &c., for sale to ves¬ 
sels lying off the shore, 
bum mer (bum'er), n. a loafing 
fellow who sponges on others; a 
low politician. 

bump (bump), n. a shock 
from a blow; a swelling protuber¬ 
ance ; the striking of a boat by 
the prow of another following it 
in college boat-races: v.t. to bring 
in violent contact; thump: v.i. to 
come in collision; strike heavily, 
bumper (bump'er), n. an over¬ 
flowing cup. 

bump-kin (bump'kin), n. an awk¬ 
ward, clumsy rustic; a country 
lout. 

bumptious (bump'shus), adj. 
self-assertive. 

bun (bun), n. a small light cake, 
bunch (bunch), n. a cluster; a 
collection of things of the same 
kind growing or fastened together; 
a tuft; a small mass of ore: v.i. 
to swell out; cluster: v.t. to form 
into a bunch; to present (a lady) 
with a bouquet. 

bunch-i-ness (-nes), n. the state 
of being bunchy. 

bunch-y (bunch'i), adj. gathered 
into a bunch. 

bun-co (bung'ko), n. a confidence 
game. 

bun-combe or bun kum (bung'- 
kum), n. idle or showy speech, 
especially if intended to secure 
votes or satisfy one’s constitu¬ 
ents. 

blind (bund), n. an embankment 
to protect the land against inunda¬ 
tion. 

bun-des-rath (boon'des-rat), n. 
the federal council of the Ger¬ 
man Empire; bund, 
hun-dle (bun'dl), n. a number 
of things bound together; a roll or 
package; two reams of printing 
or brown paper: v.t. to tie or 


bind in a bundle or roll; to dis¬ 
miss unceremoniously [with off or 
out ] : v.i. to depart without cere¬ 
mony [with off]. 

bung (bung), n. a large cork for 
stopping the hole in a cask; a 
publican; v.t. to stop with a 
bung; close or shut up. 
bungalow (bung'ga-lo), n. a 
single-storied house, lightly built, 
and generally surrounded by a 
veranda. 

bun-gle (bung'gl), v.i. to botch; 
manage awkwardly: v.t. to per¬ 
form clumsily: n. a clumsy per¬ 
formance ; a botch, 
bun-ion (bun'yun), n. a swelling 
on the foot, usually over the joint 
of the great toe. 

bunk (bungk), n. a box or recess 
serving for a slebping-berth in .a 
vessel, sleeping-car, &c.: v.i. to 
sleep in a bunk. 

bun ker (bung'ker), n. a large 
bin or receptacle; a sandhole on 
golf links. 

bunt (bunt), n. the middle part 
or belly of a square sail: v.i. to 
swell out: v.t. to haul up, as the 
middle part of a sail in furling, 
bunt (bunt),n. a species of fungus 
which produces the smut disease 
in wheat. 

bunt-ing (bunt'ing), n. a bird 
allied to the finches and the spai- 
rows; a thin woolen stuff used for 
making flags : flags collectively, 
bunt-line (bunt'lln), n. one of 
the ropes attached to the foot- 
rope of a square sail to draw the 
sail up to the yard, 
buoy (boi), n. a floating body 
moored at a certain place to in¬ 
dicate the position of something 
beneath the water; a life-buoy : 
v.t. to keep afloat in a fluid 
[with up] ; to mark with a buoy ; 
support. 

buoy-age (boi'aj), n. buoys col¬ 
lectively. 

buoy an cy (boi'an-si), n. relative 
lightness; elasticity of spirits, 
buoyant (boi'ant), adj. having 
the quality of floating in a fluid : 
not easily depressed, 
bur (ber), n. the rough prickly 
seed-case of certain plants; a 
partially burnt brick ; the guttural 
pronunciation of the rough re¬ 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut: thin, the n. 








bur 


143 


bur 


the rough ridges of metal left by 
the graver in cutting metal, 
bur-bot (ber'bot), n. the eel- 
pout. 

bur-den (ber'dn), n. that which 
is borne or carried; a load; some¬ 
thing grievous, wearisome, or op¬ 
pressive ; a ship’s capacity for 
carrying a cargo ; a chorus or re¬ 
frain ; a topic on which one 
dwells: v.t. to load; lay a weight 
upon. 

bur-dock (ber'dok), n. a large 
wayside weed with rough broad 
leaves. 

bu-reau (bu'ro), n. [pi. bureaus 
or bureaux ('roz)], a desk or 
writing-table furnished with 
drawers; an office; a government¬ 
al department for the transac¬ 
tion of public business, 
bu-reau-cra-cy (bu-rd'kra-si), n. 
the system of centralized govern¬ 
ment by means of bureaus or de¬ 
partments ; the officials administer¬ 
ing such bureaus, as a body, 
bu reaucrat (bu'ro-krat). n. an 
advocate or supporter of bureau¬ 
cracy. 

burg ((berg), n. a borough, 
bur-gess (ber'jes), n. a citizen or 
freeman of a borough, 
bur-gher (ber'ger'I. n. a citizen 
or freeman of a burg or borough, 
burg-lar (berg'lar), n. ©ne who 
breaks into a house at night with 
intent to commit a felony, 
burg-la-ri-ous (berg-la'ri-us), 
adj. pertaining to, or constituting, 
burglary. 

burg-la-ry (berg'la-ri), n. the act 
or crime of breaking into a house 
at night with intent to commit a 
felony. 

bur-go-mas ter (ber'go-mas-ter), 
n. the chief magistrate of a mu¬ 
nicipal town in Holland, Flanders, 
and Germany. 

bur-gun-dy (ber'gun-di), n. a 
wine, red and white, made in 
Burgundy in France. 

burgundy-pitch (-pitch), n. 
spruce-fir resin. 

bur-i-al (ber'i-al), n. the act of 
burying. 

bu-rin (bu'rin), n. a cutting tool, 
burl (berl), n. a small knot or 
lump in thread or cloth ; a knot in 


wood: v.t. to pick knots, &c., from 
as in finishing cloth, 
bur-lap . (ber'lap), n. a coarse 
fabric made of jute, hemp, &c., 
used for bagging or in upholstery 
[commonly in the pi.]. 
bur-lesque (ber-lesk'), adj. tend¬ 
ing to excite laughter by extrav¬ 
agant contrast or caricature: n. 
a ludicrous, grotesque representa¬ 
tion ; a literary composition or 
dramatic piece composed in bur¬ 
lesque style: v.t. to ridicule or 
make ridiculous by caricatured 
representation ; travesty ; parody, 
bur-let-ta (ber-let'a), n. a comic 
opera; a musical farce, 
bur-li-ness (-nes), n. the quality 
of being burly. 

bur-ly (ber'li), adj. bulky; large; 
corpulent. 

Burmese (ber'mez), adj. per¬ 
taining to Burma, 
burn (bern), v.t. [p.t. burnt & 
burned, p.pr. burning], to con¬ 
sume or injure with fire; reduce 
to ashes; scorch; expose to the 
action of fire; produce by means 
of fire; affect with a burning sen¬ 
sation ; cauterize: v.i. to be on 
fire; suffer from or be injured by 
excess of heat; glow; shine; be 
inflamed with passion or desire: 
n. an injury to the flesh caused 
by fire. 

Syn. blaze, brand, consume, cre¬ 
mate, scorch, singe. 

Ant. (see cool). 

burn (bern), n. a rivulet; a 
brook. 

bur-ner (ber'ner), n. one who 
burns or sets fire to anything; the 
part of a lamp or gas fixture from 
which the flame issues, 
burn-ing-glass (-glas), n. a 
double-convex lens used to focus 
the rays of the sun upon com¬ 
bustible substances to ignite them, 
bur-nisli (ber'nish), v.t. polish 
by friction; make smooth and 
lustrous : n. polish ; gloss ; bright¬ 
ness. 

burnt of fer ing (of'er-ing), n. 
something offered and burnt upon 
an altar as a sacrifice or an atone¬ 
ment for sin. 

bur-row (bur'o), n. a hole in the 
ground excavated by a rabbit or 
other animal, as a refuge and liab- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line. fir. ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 









our 


144 


DUt' 


itation: v.i. to excavate; work a 
way into or under something; 
lodge in a deep or concealed place; 
hide. 

burry (bur'i), adj. full of burs; 
rough. 

bur-sa (ber'sa), n. a sac or sac- 
like cavity. 

bur sar (ber'ser), n. the treasurer 
of a college; a university student 
who receives an allowance for his 
support. 

bur sar-y (ber'ser-i), n. the treas¬ 
ury of a college or monastery ; the 
allowance paid to a student in a 
Scottish university. 

burst (berst), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
burst, p.pr. bursting], to rend or 
break open with violence; yield to 
internal force or pressure; ex¬ 
plode ; give way under excess of 
grief or pain ; appear or disappear 
suddenly: v.t. to rend or break 
by violence; open suddenly: n. a 
violent or sudden breaking forth; 
a sudden explosion; a rush; a 
strenuous effort; a spurt. 

bur-y (ber-i), n. a manor-house 
a borough. 

bur-y (ber'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
buried, p.pr. burying], to deposit 
and cover in a grave or tomb, or 
in any final resting-place; en¬ 
tomb ; keep secret; hide. 

burying (ber'i-ing), n. burial 
(John xii. 7). 

bus (bus), n. a shortened form of 
omnibus. 

bush (boosh), n. a thick shrub; a 
forest region; wild, uncleared 
country; the tail or brush of a 
fox; a branch of a tree formerly 
hung out as a tavern sign: v.i. to 
grow thick or bushy : v.t. to set 
bushes about; use a bush-harrow 
on. 

bush (boosh), n. a lining or tube 
of hard metal inserted in an 
orifice, to reduce wear by friction: 
v.t. to furnish with a bush. 

Bush-man (boosli'man), n. [pi. 
bushmen ('men)], one of a tribe 
of aboriginals near the Cape of 
Good Hope: a Bos.iesman. 

bush-rang-er (boosli'ranj-er), n. 
one who leads a predatory life in 
the bush country; originally a 
criminal who escaped and lived a 
lawless life in the bush. 


bush-whacker (boosh'hwak-er), 
n. a back-woodsman; an im¬ 
plement for cutting brushwood. 

bush-el (boosh'el), n. a dry meas¬ 
ure containing eight gallons or 
four pecks; a vessel of such a 
capacity; a large quantity. 

bush-i-ness (-nes), n. the quality 
of being bushy. 

bush-y (boosh'i), adj. thick and 
spreading like a bush ; overgrown 
with shrubs. 

bus-i-ly (biz'i-li), adv. in a busy 
manner. 

busi-mess (biz'nes), n. employ¬ 
ment ; trade; profession; some¬ 
thing to be transacted or re¬ 
quired to be done; right of action ; 
affair; matter: adj. pertaining to 
business; practical. 

Syn. vocation, employment, en¬ 
gagement, occupation, art, pro¬ 
fession, trade. 

busk (busk), n. a strip of flexible 
material w r orn in the front of 
corsets. 

bus-kin (bus'kin), n. kind of 
half-boot or high shoe reaching to 
the middle bf the calf; a high shoe 
(cothurnus) worn by ancient 
actors in tragedy to increase their 
height. 

buss (bus), n. a small two-masted 
vessel used in herring fishing. 

bust (bust), n. the chest or 
thorax; the head, shoulders, and 
breast of a person represented in 
sculpture. 

bus-tard (bus'terd), n. a bird of 
the genus Otis, of which there 
are many species, as the great 
bustard of Europe and Africa. 

bus-tie (bus'l), v.i. to be busy, 
with a certain amount of noise; 
move quickly: n. tumult; noisy 
activity; a pad or cushion worn 
by women beneath the skirt. 

Syn. stir, tumult, fuss. 

Ant. (see quiet). 

bus-y (biz'i), adj. earnestly or 
closely employed; bustling; dili¬ 
gent ; officious; meddlesome: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. busied, p.pr. busying], 
to keep constantly engaged; oc¬ 
cupy one’s self actively. 

bus-y-bod-y (biz'i-bod-i), n. [pi. 
busybodies (-iz)], a meddling, 
officious person. 

butcher (booch'er), n. one who 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, norch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, than 









DUC 


DU 2 


14b 


slaughters animals for food ; one 
who delights in slaughter: v.t. to 
slaughter for food ; to murder in 
a barbarous manner, 
butcher-bird (-berd), n. a 
name given to various shrikes, 
from their habit of suspending 
their slaughtered prey upon 
thorns. 

butchery (booch'er-i), n. the 
business of slaughtering cattle; 
barbarous murder, 
but-ler (but'ler) , n. a manserv¬ 
ant in a household who has the 
care of the plate, wines &c.; the 
chief servant in a large household, 
butt (but), n. a push or thrust 
delivered by the head of an ani¬ 
mal ; a thrust in fencing: v.t. to 
strike by thrusting the head 
against. 

butt (but), n. the extremity of a 
thing; the thicker end of any¬ 
thing ; a target; a rifle or gun¬ 
nery range; a goal ; a limit; the 
thickest part of tanned ex-hides; 
an object of ridicule, 
butt (but), nl a large cask of 
117 gals, of Lisbon wine, or 108 
gals, of beer. 

butte (but), n. an abrupt isolated 
hill or ridge. 

but-ter (but'er), n. an oily, 
unctuous substance obtained from 
cream or milk by churning; any 
substance of butter-like consist¬ 
ence ; gross flattery: v.t. to spread 
or smear with butter; to flatter 
grossly. 

but-ter-bird (-berd), n. the rice¬ 
bunting. 

but-ter-cup (-kup), n. a plant 
bearing yellow cup-shaped flowers, 
but-ter-iin-gers (-fing'gerz), n.pl. 
one who lets a ball slip through 
his fingers. 

but-ter-fly (but'er-fll), n. [pi. 
butterflies (-fllz)], a general 
name for any species of durnal 
lepidoptenous insects; a gay, 
showily-dressed, trifling person., 
but-ter-ine (but'er-in), n. an imi¬ 
tation butter. 

but-ter-milk (but'er-milk), n. 
whey separated from the cream in 
butter-making. 

but-ter-nut (but'er-nut) , n. the 
fruit of a North American tree 
allied to the walnut. 


buttery (but'er-i), n. [pi. but¬ 
teries (-iz)], an apartment in 
which provisions, wines, &c., are 
kept; a room in some colleges- 
where liquors and provisions are 
kept for sale. 

butting (but'ing), n. an abuttal; 
a boundary. 

but-tock (but'ok), n. the rump or 
protuberant hinder part of a man 
or animal [used usually in the- 
pl .] ; the convex part of a ship 
under the stern. 

but-torn, (but'n), n. any small 
rounded object used to secure- 
different parts of a garment, or 
attached for ornament; something 
resembling a button ; the knob at 
the end of a foil; a ball of gold, 
&c.,.worn on the hats of Chinese- 
officials to indicate their rank : pl. 
young mushrooms; a page boy: 
v.t. to fasten or furnish with but¬ 
tons. 

but-ton-hole (but'n-hol), n. a. 
small bouquet worn in the coat: 
v.t. to detain in conversation 
against the will: bore, 
hut-ton-wood (-wood), n. the- 
plane-tree. 

but-tress (but'res), n. masonry or- 
brickwork built on to an outside 
wall to afford support; a support: 
v.t. to support by a buttress; 
prop. 

bu-ty-rate (bu'ti-rat), n. a salt 
of butyric acid. 

bu-tyr-ic (bu-tir'ik), ad}. per¬ 
taining to or derived from butter, 
bu-tyr-ic ac-id (as'id), n. a color¬ 
less liquid obtained from butter: 
it is present also in cod-liver oil 
and in sweat glands, 
buxom (buk'sum), ad}, cheerful;. 

jolly; robust; plump and comely, 
buy (bl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bought,. 
p.pr. buying], to acquire by pay¬ 
ing an agreed price; purchase; 
bribe. 

buy er’s op-tion (bl'erz op'shun),. 
n. a purchaser’s privilege of tak¬ 
ing an agreed amount of stock- 
within a certain period, 
bxizz (buz), n. a continuous hum¬ 
ming noise, as of bees; a confused 
or blended murmur, as of many 
voices; a whispered report or- 
rumor: v.i. to make a low hum¬ 
ming sound; speak with a low' 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










humming voice: v.t. spread secret¬ 
ly. 

bazz-saw (-saw), n. a circular 
saw. 

buz zard (buz'erd), n. the name 
of several species of hawks; a 
stupid, dull fellow. 

buz-zing-ly (-li), adv. with a 
humming sound. 

bye (bi), n. a run scored at cricket 
when the ball passes the wicket¬ 
keeper and long-stop, and has not 


been struck by the batsman; a 
goal at football. 

by-law (-law), n. a private law 
or statute framed by a corporate 
body. 

by-word (bi'werd), n. a proverb; 
nickname; an object of derision. 

Byz-an-tine (biz-an'tin), adj. of, 
or pertaining to, Byzantium (Con- 
stantinonle), the ancient capital 
of the Eastern Roman Empire. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 


















cab 


147 


cad 


C 


cab (kab), n. a public carriage 
with four or two wheels, drawn 
by one horse; the shelter for the 
driver of a locomotive: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. cabbed, p.pr. cabbing], to 
pass over in a cab: as, to cab 
the distance. 

ca-bal (ka-bal'), n. a secret com¬ 
bination of a few persons for 
carrying out some specific design ; 
an intrigue: v.i. [p.f. & p.p. 

caballed, p.pr. caballing], to unite 
in secret with others to effect 
some design. 

cab-a-la (kab'a-la), n. a secret 
science of the Jewish rabbins to 
interpret the hidden meaning of 
the Pentateuch ; esoteric doctrine, 
cab-al-isin (kab'al-izm), n. occult 
doctrine. 

cab-al-ist (kab'al-ist), n. one 
versed in the Jewish cabala; an 
occultist. 

ca-bal-le-ro (ka-ba-la'ro), n. a 
Spanish knight or gentleman; a 
stately Spanish dance, 
cab-bage (kab'aj), n. the well- 
known vegetable; the terminal 
head of palm-trees; tailors’ clip¬ 
pings, taken as perquisites: v.i. 
to form a head like that of the 
cabbage: v.t. to appropriate to 
one’s own use, as remnants, 
ca-be-ca (ka-ba'sa). n. the finest 
quality of Indian silk, 
cab-in (kab'in), n. a small hut, 
cottage, or room; a room in a 
ship for officers or passengers: v.t. 
to confine in a cabin: v.i. to live 
in a cabin. 

cab-i-net (kab'i-net) n. a small 
apartment; a private room; a 
piece of furniture to hold objects 
of vertu, &c.; a cabinet photo¬ 
graph ; a deliberative committee 
of the principal members of the 
Ministry. 

cab-i-net pic-ture (pik'tur), n. 
a valuable picture of small dimen¬ 
sions. 

ca-ble (ka'bl), n. a large strong 
rope or chain ; a submarine tele¬ 
graph line ; a molding resembling 
a cable; a measure of distance “ 


100 to 140 fathoms: v.t. to fasten 
with a cable; transmit by tele¬ 
graph cable. 

ea-ble-gram (ka'bl-gram), n. a 
message sent by a submarine 
cable. 

ca-bo-chon (ka'boo-shon), n. a 
precious stone polished but not 
faceted. 

ca-boose (ka-boos'), n. a ship’s 
galley or kitchen ; the trainmen’s 
car attached to a freight-train, 
cab-ri-o-let (kab-ri-o-la'), n. a 
covered carriage with two or four 
wheels drawn by one horse, 
ca-ca-ine (ka-ka'in), n. the es 
sential principle of cacao, 
ca-ca-o (ka-ka'o), n. a small ever¬ 
green tree of tropical America 
and West Indies, from the seeds 
of which cocoa and chocolate are 
prepared. 

cache (kash), n. a place of con¬ 
cealment for food for future use: 
v.t. to hide (provisions) in the 
ground. 

cach-e-lot (kash'a-lot & -lo'), n. 
the sperm whale, which yields 
spermaceti. 

ca-chet (ka-sha'), n. a seal, 
cacb-in-na-tion (kak-i-na'shun), 
n. loud or unrestrained laughter, 
cach-o-long (kash'6-long), n. a 
milk or greyish-white varietj'’ of 
opal; pearl opal. 

ca-chou (ka-shoo'), w. a pill for 
sweetening the breath, 
ca-cique (ka-sek'), n. the name 
or title of the aboriginal chiefs of 
the West Indies and some parts of 
South America. 

cack-le (kak'l), v.i. to cry like a 
hen or goose: specifically used of 
the cry made by a hen which has 
laid an egg; giggle; prattle: n. 
the cry of a hen or goose; silly 
talk. 

ca-coph-o-nous (ka-kof'o-nus), 
adj. discordant. 

cac tus (kak'tus), n. [pi. cacti- 
('tl) & cactuses (-ez)], a spiny 
fleshy plant with showy flowers, 
cad (kad), n. a vulgar, ill-bred fel¬ 
low ; an omnibus conductor. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











cad 


148 


can 


ca da ver (ka-da'ver), n. a dead 
body ; a corpse. 

ca dav er ous (ka-dav'er-us), adj. 
resembling a corpse; pale; 
ghastly. 

cad-die (kad'i), n. a lad who 
carries golf clubs, 
cad-dis (kad'is), n. the larva of 
^he caddis-fly. 

cad-dy (kad'i), n. [pi. caddies 
('iz)J, a small box for keeping 
tea. 

cade (kad), n. a barrel or cask of 
500 herrings, or 1,000 sprats, 
cadence (ka'dens), n. the full 
modulation of the voice in reading 
or speaking; rhythm; a musical 
run or trill. 

ca-den-za (ka-den'za), n. a vocal 
or instrumental flourish, 
ca-det (ka-det'), n. a younger 
son ; student in a naval or mili¬ 
tary academy. 

ca-di (ka'di), n. a Mohammedan 
judge. 

Cad-me-an (kad-me'an), adj. of 
or belonging to Cadmus; Theban, 
cad-mi-uin (kad'mi-um), n. a 
bluish-white ductile metal, re¬ 
sembling tin. 

ca-du-ce-an (ka-du'se-an), adj. 
pertaining to the caduceus, the 
winged staff of Mercury, entwined 
with serpents. 

cae cum (se'kum), n. [pi. caeca 
('ka)], the blind gut; a pouch¬ 
like appendage of the large intes¬ 
tine, having one end closed. 
Cae-sa-ri-an (se-za're-an), adj. 

pertaining to Caesar. 

Cae-sa-ri-an op-er-a-tion (op-er- 
a'shun), n. a delivery of a foetus 
by cutting through the walls of 
the abdomen. 

Cae-sar-ism (se'zar-izm ), n. im¬ 
perialism ; absolute rule or gov¬ 
ernment. 

caes-i-um (ses'i-um), n. a rare 
metal associated with rubidium, 
caf-e (kaf-a'), n._ a restaurant, 
caf-fe-ine (kaf'e-in), n. a bitter 
alkaloid extracted from coffee; 
theine. 

cage (kaj), n. a box or inclosure 
furnished with metal bars for 
confining birds, or other animals; 
a contrivance for raising and 
iowering men in a mine shaft: 
v.t. to confine in a cage; shut up. 


ca ique (ka-ek'), n. a skiff or 
light rowing boat used on the 
Bosphorus. 

cairn (karn), n. a conical heap 
of stones erected as a monument, 
cairngorm (karn'gorm), n. a 
yellow or brown variety of quartz 
or rock-crystal. 

cais-son (ka'sun), n. an ammuni¬ 
tion-wagon or chest; a box filled 
with explosives for firing a mine; 
a water-tight box or casing used 
for building structures in water; 
a sunken panel in a ceiling; a 
structure for raising and floating 
sunken vessels. 

cai-tiff (ka'tif), n. a despicable 
or cowardly wretch: adj. despic¬ 
able ; vile; cowardly, 
ca-jole (ka-jol'), v.t. to coax or 
deceive by flattery; wheedle; 
cheat. 

cake (kak), n. a small mass of 
dough, sweetened and baked; a 
compressed or solidified mass of 
any substance, especially if thin 
or flat; a simpleton: v.t. to form 
into a cake: v.i. to consolidate 
into a hard mass, 
cal-a-bash (kal'a-bash), n. the 
fruit of the calabash tree of trop¬ 
ical America, used when dried as 
a vessel for liquids, etc. 
cal-a-boose (kal-a-boos'), n. a 
jail; a lockup. 

ca-lam-i-tous (ka-lam'i-tus), adj. 
producing, or resulting from, 
calamity. 

ca-lam-i-ty (ka-lam'i-ti), n. [pi. 
calamities (-tiz) ], any cause that 
produces evil, disaster, or extreme 
misfortune ; distress ; affliction. 

S-yn. disaster, misfortune, mis¬ 
chance, mishap. 

Ant. (see good-fortune), 
calamus (kal'a-mus), n. [pi. 
calami (-mi)], a genus of palms 
producing the rattan canes; the 
sweet flag. 

ca-lasli (k&-lash'), n. a . light car¬ 
riage with low wheels and a fold¬ 
ing removable top; a hood for¬ 
merly worn by women, 
cal car e ous (kal-kar'e-us), adj. 
of the nature of, or containing, 
lime. 

cal-ci-fy (kal'si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. calcified, p.pr. calcifying], to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 















cal 


149 


cal 




convert into lime: v.i. to become 
strong by conversion into lime. 

cal-ci-mine (kal'si-min), n. white 
or tinted wash for walls or ceil¬ 
ings. 

cal-ci-na-tion (kal-si-na'shun), n. 
the act or process of reducing to 
powder by heat. 

cal-cine (kal-sin'), v.t. to reduce 
a substance to powder by heat; 
oxidize: v.i. to undergo calcina¬ 
tion. 

cal-cite (kal'sit), n. crystallized 
carbonate of lime. 

cal-ci-um (kaTsi-um), n. the me¬ 
tallic base of lime. 

cal-ci-um carbide (kar'bld), n. 
a compound of quicklime and car¬ 
bon, from which acetylene is gen¬ 
erated by subjecting it to the 
action of water. 

cal-cog-ra-phy (kal-kog'ra-fi), n. 
the art of drawing with colored 
chalks or pastels. 

calc-spar (kalk'spar), n. a crys¬ 
talline carbonate of lime or cal- 
cite. 

cal-cu-lar-y (kal'ku-ler-i), adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
calculi. 

cal-cu-late (kal'ku-lat), v.t. to 
compute; ascertain or determine 
by any process of reasoning; esti¬ 
mate : v.i. to make a computation ; 
suppose or think. 

cal-cu-la-tion (kal-ku-la'shun), n. 
the art of reckoning by numbers; 
computation; something deduced 
by reasoning or inference; esti¬ 
mate ; opinion. 

cal-cu-la-tive (kal'kii-la-tiv), adj. 
tending to calculate. 

cal-cu-la-tor (kal'ku-la-ter), n. 
one who, or a machine that, com¬ 
putes or reckons. 

cal - cu - lous (kal'ku-lus), adj. 
stony ; gritty. 

cal-cu-lus (kal'ku-lus), n. [pi. 
calculi (-11)], a stony concretion 
in the body; one of the higher 
branches of mathematics; the dif¬ 
ferential calculus. 

cal-de-ra ^( kal-da'ra), n. a deep 
caldron-like cavity on the sum¬ 
mits of extinct volcanoes. 

cal-dron. See cauldron. 

cal-en-dar (kal'en-der), n. a reg¬ 
ister of the days, weeks, and 
months of the year, &c.; a regis¬ 


ter or list; a list of criminal 
causes arranged for trial: v.t. to- 
register or place on a list, 
cal en dar month (munth), n. a 
solar month reckoned according to 
the calendar, as distinguished 
from the lunar month, 
cal-en-der (kal'en-der), n. a ma¬ 
chine consisting of heated rollers, 
used for smoothing and glazing 
paper or cloth: v.t. to press in a 
calender. 

cal-ends (kal'endz), n.pl. in the 
Roman calendar, the first day of 
each month. Also kalends, 
cal-en-ture (kal'en-tur), n. a vi¬ 
olent fever affecting sailors in hot 
latitudes. 

calf (kaf), n. [pi. calves (kavz) ], 
a young bovine quadruped, es¬ 
pecially of the cow; the young of 
certain marine mammalia, as the 
whale; leather made from the 
skin of a calf; a small island, or 
iceberg near a larger one; a 
stupid.or silly person; the thick 
fleshy part of the leg behind, 
cal-i-ber (kal'i-ber), n. the diam¬ 
eter of a cylindrical body ; mental 
capacity. 

cal-i-brate (kal'i-brat). v.t. to de¬ 
termine the c.aliber of ; graduate, 
cal-i-bra-tion (kal-i-bra'shun), n. 

the act of calibrating, 
cal-i-cle (kal'i-kl), n. a small cup¬ 
shaped cell. 

cal-i-co (kal'i-ko), n. [pi. calicoes 
& os (-koz)], white or unprinted 
cotton cloth. 

cal-i-graph (kal'i-graf), n. a form 
of typewriter. 

ca-lig-ra-phy (ka-lig'rS.-£), n. 
calligraphy. 

cal-i-pash (kal'i-pash), n. the 
part of a turtle belonging to the 
upper shell, inclosing a dull green¬ 
ish gelatinous substance, 
cal-i-pee (kal'i-pe), n. the part of 
a turtle belonging to the lower 
shell, inclosing a light yellow gel¬ 
atinous substance, 
cal-i-pers (kal'i-perz), n.pl. com¬ 
passes for measuring the diameters 
of cylindrical bodies, 
ca-liph (kal' or ka'lif), n. a title 
of the successors of Mohammed. 
Also calif. 

cal-i-phate (kal'i-fat), n. the 
office, dignity or government of a 
caliph. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; m5on. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







cal 


150 


cal 


cal - is - then - ic (kal-is-then'ik), 
adj. pertaining to calisthenics, 
cal-is-then-ics (kal-is-then'iks), 
n.pl. the art of promoting health 
by physical exercise; simple gym¬ 
nastics. 

calk or caulk (kawk), v.t. to 
drive oakum into the seams of 
(a ship). 

calk (kawk), v.t. to copy (a 
drawing) by covering the back 
with chalk or lead, and trace over 
the lines with a style for transfer, 
calk (kawk), n. that part of a 
horseshoe which projects down¬ 
ward to prevent slipping; a semi¬ 
circular piece of iron nailed to the 
heel of a boot: v.t. to furnish 
with a calk. 

call (kawl), v.t. to summon from, 
or invite to, any place; convoke 
judicially or officially; designate 
for an office; name; characterize 
as; exhort; utter in a loud voice; 
rouse from sleep: n. a summons 
or invitation; a request* or com¬ 
mand ; a short visit; the cry or 
note uttered by certain animals ; 
a demand for payment due on 
shares; the option of claiming 
stock at a certain time at a stipu¬ 
lated price. 

call-i-graph (kal'i-graf), n. a 
specimen of elegant penmanship, 
cal-lig-ra-pker (kal-lig'ra-fer), 
or cal-lig-ra-pkist (-fist), n. 
one skilled in hand-writing, 
cal-lig-ra-pky (kal-lig'ra-fi), n. 

elegant or beautiful writing, 
call-ing (kawl'ing), n. the act of 
summoning; a summons or invita¬ 
tion ; a vocation, trade, or profes¬ 
sion ; the state of being divinely 
called (II Pet. i. 10). 
cal-li-ty-ping (kal'i-tl-ping), n. 
the process of producing plates for 
printing purposes by means of 
typewriting and photo-engraving, 
eal-los-ity (kal-os'i-ti), n. [pi. cal¬ 
losities (-tiz) ], the state or qual¬ 
ity of being hardened ; a callus, 
cal-lous (kal'us), adj. hardened; 
insensible. 

cal-low (kal'o), adj. unfledged, 
cal-lus (kal'us), n. [pi. calli 
(-1)], the hardening of the skin 
from pressure; bony matter which 
unites the ends of fractured bones, 
calm (kam), adj. tranquil; still; 


undisturbed: n. stillness; seren¬ 
ity : v.t. to quiet; still; pacify: 
v.i. to become calm (with down). 

Syn. collected, composed, placid, 
serene. 

Ant. (see stormy, unsettled), 
cal-o-mel (kal'o-mel), n. mercu¬ 
rous chloride: used as a purgative 
medicine. 

ca-lor-ic (ka-lor'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to heat. 

cai-o-ric-i-ty (kal-o-ris'i-ti), n. 
the power in animals of develop¬ 
ing and maintaining heat, 
cal-o-rie (kal'5-re), n. the unit of 
heat (metric system) to express 
the amount of heat required to 
raise one kilogramme of water 
from 0° to 1° centigrade. Also 
calory. 

ca-lor-i-fa-ci-ent (ka-lor-i-fa'slii- 
ent), adj. heat-producing: said of 
food-stuffs. 

cal-o-rif-ic (kal-o-rif'ik), adj. 

heating. 

ca-lor-i-li-ca-tion (ka-lor-i-fi-ka'- 
sbun), n. the production of heat, 
cal-o-rif-ic rays (raz), n.pl. the 
invisible heating rays emanating 
from the sun and heated bodies, 
eal-o-rim-e-ter (kal-o-rim'i-ter), 
n. an apparatus for measuring 
heat produced or given off by a 
body. 

cal-o-rim-e-try (kal-o-rim'i-tri), 
n, the art or process of determin¬ 
ing the amount of heat contained 
in, or given off by, bodies, 
cal-o-ri-mo-tor (kal-o-ri-mo'ter), 
n. a galvanic apparatus for pro¬ 
ducing heat in a short external 
circuit. 

ca-lotte (ka-lot'), n. a plain skull¬ 
cap of satin, &c.; a cap or hood 
on the heads of certain birds, 
cal-o-type (kal'o-tlp), n. a photo¬ 
graphic process in which the 
image is received on paper pre¬ 
pared with iodide of silver. Also 
called talbotype, from the name 
of the inventor. 

cal-trop (kal'trop), n. an iron 
instrument with four spikes, 
placed in ditches, &c., to hinder 
the advance of troops; a name 
for various plants with prickly 
fruit. 

cal-u-met (kal'u-met), n. the 
tobacco-pipe of the North Ameri- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










151 


cam 


Chi 


can Indians, smoked as a symbol 
of peace, or to ratify treaties, 
calumniate (ka-lum'ni-at), v.t. 
to accuse falsely and maliciously : 
v.i. to utter calumnies, 
ca-lum-ni-a-tion (ka-lum-ni-a'- 
shun), n. the act of calumnia¬ 
ting. 

c a~l u m-n i-o us ( ka-lum'ni-us ) , 
adj. slanderous; defamatory, 
calumny (kaJ'um-ni), n. [pi. 
calumnies (-niz)], a false accu¬ 
sation ; a slander. 

Cal-va-ry (kal'va-ri), n. the place 
where Christ was crucified; in 
Roman Catholic countries a rep¬ 
resentation of the crucifixion 
erected in the open air. 
calve (kliv), v.i. to bring forth a 
calf; become detached from: said 
of glaciers when icebergs break 
off from them. 

Cal-vin-ism (kal'vin-izm), n. the 
doctrines of John Calvin [1509- 
64], the French theologian and 
reformer, especially those relat¬ 
ing to predestination and election. 
Cal-vin-ist (kal'vin-ist), n. one 
who holds the doctrines of Calvin. 
Cal-vin-is-tic (kal-vin-is'tik), 
adj. pertaining to Calvin or his 
doctrines. 

calx (kalks), n. [pi. calxes 
(kalk'sez), or calces (kal'sez)], 
lime or chalk ; the residuum of a 
metal left after calcination, 
ca-lyx (ka'liks), n. [pi. calj T xes 
(ka'lik-sez), calices (kal'i-sez) ], 
the whorl of a flower, 
cam (kam), n. a projecting part 
of a wheel or other moving piece 
of machinery for imparting an 
eccentric or alternating motion, 
cam ber (kam'ber), n. a convex¬ 
ity on an upper surface; a piece 
of timber thus bent; a small dock 
for unloading timber: v.t. to 
curve or bend ; arch, 
cam-ber-win-dow (-win'db), n. 

a window arched at the top. 
cam-bist (kam'bist), n. one who 
deals in notes or bills of ex¬ 
change ; a money-changer, 
cam bi um (kam'bi-um), n. the 
formative layer of cellular tissue 
which lies between the young 
wood and the bark of exogenous 
trees. 


cam-bra-sine (kam'bra-zen), n. 

a fine kind of cambric; batiste, 
cam-bric (kam'brik), n. a very 
fine thin linen: adj. pertaining to, 
or made of, cambric, 
cam-bric-mus-lin (-muz'lin), n. 

a fine cotton imitation of cambric, 
came, p.t. of come, 
cam-el (kam'el), n. a large rumi¬ 
nant quadruped, of which there 
are two species, the Arabian 
camel or dromedary, with a single 
hump, and the Bactrian camel, 
with two humps; a water-tight 
structure placed beneath a vessel 
to raise and float it over a shoal 
or bar. 

Ca-mel-li-a (ka-mel'i-a), n. a 
genus of Asiatic evergreen shrubs, 
cultivated for their beautiful 
rose-like flowers and shining foli¬ 
age. 

ca-mel-o-pard (ka-mel'5-pard & 
kam'el-6-pard), n. the giraffe, 
cam-el-ry (kam'el-ri), n. [pi. 
camelries (-riz)], troops mounted 
on camels; a camel corps; a 
place for loading or unloading 
camels. 

cam-e-o (kam'e-d), n. a precious 
stone or shell on which figures 
are engraved in relief, 
cam-er-a (kam'er-a), n. [pi. cam¬ 
eras (-az)], a camera obscura, 
especially that employed in pho¬ 
tography. 

cam-er-a lu-ci-da (loo'sida), n. 
an optical instrument for reflect¬ 
ing distant objects on paper by 
means of a Solid glass prism, 
cam-er-a ob-scu-ra (ob-skii'rS), 
n. a darkened chamber or box in 
which, by means of lenses, ex¬ 
ternal objects are exhibited on 
paper, glass, &c. 

cam-o-mile (kam'o-mil), n. a 
plant of the genus Anthemis, 
whose flowers have a bitter aro¬ 
matic taste, and are largely used 
as a medicine. 

camp (kamp), n. the ground oc¬ 
cupied by an army at rest, with 
tents, huts, &c.; an encampment: 
v.i. to live in a camp; encamp, 
camp-meet-ing (-met'ing), n. 

an outdoor religious gathering, 
camp-stool (-stool), n. a folding 
stool or seat. 

campaign (kam-pan'), n. an 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





cam 


152 


Can 


open tract of land; the period 
during which an army carries on 
active operations in the field: v.i. 
to serve in a campaign, 
cam-pa-ni-le (kam-pa-ne'le), n. 
[pi. campaniles ('lez)], a bell- 
tower detached from the body of 
a church. 

cam-pa-nol-o-gy (kam-pa-nol'o- 
ji), n. the principles. or art 1 of 
bell-ringing, bell-founding, &c. 
c a m-p a n-u-1 a t e (kam-pan'yu- 
lat), adj. bell-shaped, 
cam-peach-y wood (kam-pech'i 
wood), n. another name for log¬ 
wood. 

«am-phene (kam-fen'), n. recti¬ 
fied oil of turpentine. Also cam- 
phine. 

camphor (kam'fer), n. a vola¬ 
tile aromatic whitish substance, 
obtained from various trees and 
plants of Eastern Asia, 
cam-phor-tree (-tre), n. a spe¬ 
cies of laurel yielding the cam¬ 
phor of commerce, 
cam-phor-ate (kam'fer-at), v.t. 

to saturate or treat with camphor, 
cam-wood (ham'wood), n. a red 
dye-wood. 

can (kan), v.i. [p.t. could], to be 
able; possess power physically, 
morally, or mentally (used as an 
auxiliary verb). 

can (kan), n. a metal vessel of 
small size, for holding liquids or 
preserving solids: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
canned: p.pr. canning], to put 
up in cans for preservation. 

«a n a-di-an b a 1-s a m (bawl- 
sum). n. a resin obtained from a 
species of fir. 

•ca-naille (ka-nal'), n. the lowest 
orders of the populace, 
canal (ka-nal'), n. an artificial 
navigable waterway; a duct or 
tube for the passage of fluids; a 
channel or groove, 
canard (ka-nard', French ka- 
nar'), n. an absurd story or re¬ 
port ; a hoax. 

canary (ka-na'ri), n. a light 
wine 1 ; a pale or bright yellow 
color; a small singing bird with 
yellow plumage, a native of the 
Canary Islands: adj. bright 
yellow. 

•can-can (kan'kan), n. a vivacious 
and indelicate French dance. 


can-cel (kan'sel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
canceled, p.pr. canceling], to de¬ 
face writing by drawing lines 
across it; annul; strike out com¬ 
mon factors: n. the part of a 
book deleted and reprinted before 
publication. 

Syn. abolish, annul, efface, nul¬ 
lify, repeal, revoke, erase. 

Ant. (see confirm), 
can cer (kan'ser), n. a genus of 
crustaceans, including the crabs; 
one of the twelve zodiacal signs, 
the sign of the summer solstice; 
a malignant tumor or growth, 
can-cer ate (kan'ser-at), v.i. to 
grow into a cancer, 
can-cer-ous (kan'ser-us), adj. 
like a cancer; affected with can¬ 
cer. 

can-crine (kang'krin), adj. hav¬ 
ing the form or qualities of a 
crab. 

can-croid (kang'kroid), adj. re¬ 
sembling a cancer, 
c a ix-d e-1 a-b rum (kan-de-la'- 
brum, n. [pi. candelabra ('bra)], 
a lamp-stand; an ornamented 
branched candlestick, 
can-dent (kan'dent), adj. glow¬ 
ing with a white heat, 
can-des-cence (kan-des'ens), n. 

a state of glowing, 
can-did (kan'did), adj. honest; 
outspoken; sincere; free from 
undue bias ; open ; fair. 

Syn. fair, artless, frank, hon¬ 
est, open, sincere, truthful. 

Ant. (see crafty), 
can-di-date (kan'di-dat), n. one 
who offers himself, or is proposed 
by others, to fill some office: v.i. 
to become a candidate, 
can-di-da-ture (kan'di-dat-tur), 
n. the state of being a candidate, 
can-died (kan'did), p.adj. pre¬ 
served or incrusted with sugar, 
can-dle (kan'dl), n. a cylindrical 
body of tallow, wax, or other 
fatty material, inclosing a wick 
of cotton, and used to furnish 
light. 

can-dle-pow-er (-pou'er), n. the 
illuminating power of a candle 
taken as a unit in determining 
the luminosity of any flame. 
Candlemas (kan'dl-mas), n. 
the feast of the Purification of 
the Virgin Mary (Feb. 2nd). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, lffir, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 








can 


153 


can 


can-dor (kan'der), n. openness; 
frankness. 

candy (kan'di), n. a solid con¬ 
fection of sugar, combined with 
flavoring or coloring substances: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. candied, p.pr. 
candying], to conserve with 
sugar; incrust with crystals: v.i. 
to become candied, 
candytuft (kan'di-tuft), n. a 
plant bearing tufted flowers, orig¬ 
inally from Candia. 

cane (kan), n. the stem of cer¬ 
tain palms, grasses, and other 
plants, as the bamboo, sugar¬ 
cane, rattan, &c.; a walking- 
stick : v.t. to beat with a cane; 
furnish w r ith cane, 
cane-brake ('brak), n. a thicket 
of canes. 

ca-nel-la (ka-nel'Ia), n. an aro¬ 
matic and tonic bark of a West 
Indian tree. 

ca-nine (ka-nin'), adj. pertaining 
to dogs; having the nature or 
qualities of a dog. 
ca-nine teeth (teth), n.pl. two 
sharp-pointed teeth on each side 
of the upper and lower jaws of 
most mammals. Also canines, 
can-is-ter (kan'is-ter), n. a metal 
box or case for tea, coffee, &c.; a 
case containing shot which ex¬ 
plodes when fired from a gun. 
can-ker (kang'ker), n. a cancer¬ 
ous or ulcerous disease ; an eating 
or corroding agency which causes 
decay or rot; anything that in¬ 
sidiously corrodes, corrupts, or 
destroys: v.t. to corrode or cor¬ 
rupt ; infect with poisonous in¬ 
fluence : v.i. to grow corrupt; be 
infected with, or become malig¬ 
nant. 

can ker-worm (werm), n. a cat¬ 
erpillar destructive to trees or 
plants; something, as sorrow, evil, 
&c., that insidiously destroys one’s 
happiness. 

can-ker-ous (kang'ker-us), ad]. 
corroding. 

can-na-bin (kan'A-bin), n. a nar¬ 
cotic resin extracted from hemp, 
can-na-bis (kan'&-bis), n. In¬ 
dian hemp. 

canned (kand), ad], preserved in 
tins. 

can-nel-coal (kan'el-k51), n. a 
hard bituminous coal burning 


with a clear bright flame; candle- 
coal. 

can ner y (kan'e-ri), n. [pi. can¬ 
neries (-riz)], an establishment 
for preserving meat, fish, &c., in 
cans hermetically sealed. 

can-ni-bal (kan'i-bal), n. a hu¬ 
man being who eats human flesh; 
any animal that eats the flesh of 
its own kind : adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, cannibalism. 

can-ni-bal-ism (kan'i-bal-izm), rt. 
the act or practice of eating hu¬ 
man flesh by human beings, or of 
animals by those of like kind. 

can-ni-bal-is-tic (kan-i-ba-lis'- 
tik), adj. characterized by canni¬ 
balism. 

cannon (kan'un), n. [pi. can¬ 
nons ('unz), or cannon (collect¬ 
ively)], a large gun; a piece of 
ordnance. 

can-non-ade (kan-un-ad'), n. the 
act of discharging cannon against 
a town, fort, &c.: v.t. to attack 
with cannon or ordnance: v.i. to 
discharge cannon. 

can non eer (kan-un-er'), n. an 
artilleryman. 

can-non-eer-ing (kan-un-er'ing), 
n. the act or art of using the can¬ 
non. 

cannot (kan'ot), ( can and not), 
to be unable. 

can-nu-la (kan'u-la), n. a small 
tube for injecting or withdrawing 
fluids. 

can-nu-lar (kan'u-lar), adj. tubu¬ 
lar. 

can ny or can-nie (kan'i), adj. 
shrewd ; knowing ; cautious ; wary ; 
artful; reasonable ; quiet; easy ; 
safe: adv. in a canny manner. 

ca-noe (ka-nod'), n. [pi. canoes 
(-nodz')], a light boat of bark, 
hide, or the hollow trunk of a 
tree; any light boat propelled by 
paddles: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. canoed, 
p.pr. canoeing], to sail or paddle 
a canoe. 

ca-noe-ist (ka-ndd'ist), n. one 
who paddles a canoe. 

can-on (kan'un), n. a law or rule 
in general; a law or rule regard¬ 
ing doctrine or discipline enacted 
by a council and confirmed; the 
books of the Holy Scriptures re¬ 
ceived as authoritative by the 
Christian Church (called the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







can 


154 


can 


Snored Canon) ; a catalogue of 
saints; one of the largest kinds 
of type; the part by which a bell 
is hung; a cathedral dignitary; 
a hone in a horse’s fore leg. 
can-on law (law), n. rules or 
laws relating to faith, morals, and 
discipline that regulate Church 
government, as laid down by 
popes and councils, 
caii-on (ka-nyon'), or canyon 
(kan'yun), n. a narrow deep 
gorge having more or less perpen¬ 
dicular sides. 

ca-non-ic (ka-non'ik), or canon¬ 
ical (-al), adj. pertaining to a 
rule or canon; according to, or es¬ 
tablished by, ecclesiastical laws; 
belonging to the canon of Scrip¬ 
ture. 

ca-non-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in con¬ 
formity with a canon or rule, 
ca-non-ic-als (lta-non'ik-alz), n.pl. 
the dress prescribed by the canons 
to be worn by a clergyman when 
officiating. 

can-on-ic-i-ty (kan-on-is'i-ti), n. 

the quality of being canonical, 
can-on-iz-a-tion (kan-on-iz-a'- 
shun), n. the act of canonizing, 
can-on-ize (kan'on-Iz), v.t. to en¬ 
rol in the catalogue or canon of 
the saints. 

can-on-ist (kan'on-ist), n. one 
skilled in the study and practice 
of ecclesiastical law. 
can-on-ry (kan'on-ri), n. [pi. 
canonries (-riz)], the benefice 
filled by a canon. 

can-o-py (kan'o-pi), n. [pi. cano¬ 
pies (-piz)], a covering fixed 
above a bed, or suspended over a 
throne or dais; any similar cov¬ 
ering ; a decorative cover above an 
altar, pulpit, niche, &c.; v.t. [pt. 
& p.p. canopied, p.pr. canopying), 
to cover with a canopy, 
cant (kant), v.i. to speak in a 
whining voice, or with an af¬ 
fected or hypocritical tone; make 
whining pretensions to goodness; 
to use the conventional phrase¬ 
ology of a particular sect, party, 
&c.: n. a whining manner of 
speech; the speech affected by 
those soliciting alms; the jargon 
or slang spoken by thieves, 
gipsies, beggars, &c.; the words 
and phrases characteristic of a 


certain party, sect, &o.; the em¬ 
ployment of certain phrases and! 
forms of speech without sincerity,, 
especially the assumption of a re¬ 
ligious character or the hypocrit¬ 
ical use of sacred words: adj. of 
the nature of cant, 
cant (kant), n. an external angle; 
an inclination from the level ; a 
sudden jerk producing a change 
in direction: v.t. to incline; tilt; 
give a fresh direction to; cut off 
an angle of. 

can’t (kant), a colloquial con¬ 
traction of can not. 
c a n-t a-1 i v-e r (kan'tS-liv-er ). 

Same as cantilever, 
can ta loupe (kan'tfi-lodp), n. a 
variety of musk-melon of delicate 
flavor. 

can-tan-ker-ous (kan-tang'ker- 
us), adj. ill-tempered; cross- 
grained ; contentious, 
can-ta-ta (kan-ta'ta), n. a short 
choral composition in the manner 
of an oratorio; a poem or story 
set to music. 

can-ta-trice (kan't&-tres, Italian 
kan-ta-tre'cha), n. a female singer, 
especially one - who sings in 

operas. 

can-teen (kan-ten'), n. a kind of 
shop in barracks or camp where 
liquors and provisions are sold; a 
vessel used by soldiers for carry¬ 
ing water or liquor when on the 
march; a box containing mess 
utensils, &c., for officers when on 
foreign service. 

can ter (kan'ter), n. an easy gal¬ 
lop ; a Canterbury gallop: v.i. to 
move in an easy gallop: v.t. to 
cause to canter. 

can-ter-bur-y (kan'ter-ber-i), n. 
a stand with divisions for holding 
music, &c. 

can-thar-i-des (kan-thar'i-dez), 
n.pl. a preparation of Spanish flies 
used for blistering, 
can-thus (kan'thus), n. [pi. 
cantlii ('tin)], the angle made by 
the meeting of the eyelids, 
can-ti-cle (kan'ti-kal), n. a song; 
one of the non-metrical hymns of 
the Bible arranged for chanting 
in church service: pi. the Song of 
Songs, or Song of Solomon, 
can-iti-lev-er (kan'ti-lev-er), n. a 
bracket or block projecting from 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pSrch, lot; moOn, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 













can 


155 


cap 


the wall of a house, to support a 
balcony, cornice, &c.; one of two 
arms projecting from opposite 
banks and joined over a stream 
to form a bridge : adj. constructed 
on the principle of a cantilever, 
can-til-la-tion (kan-ti-la'shun), 
n. intoning, especially in Jewish 
synagogue worship, 
can-ting (kan'ting), p.adj. affect¬ 
edly pious ; whining, 
ean-to (kan'to), n. [pi. cantos 
('tdz)], a part of a poem of some 
length ; the highest vocal part in 
concerted music; soprano, 
can-to-fer-iuo (-fer'rno), n. plain 
song. 

can-ton (kan'ton), n. a district or 
division of a territory ; one of the 
Swiss federal states; in France, a 
subdivision of an arrondissement; 
a division of a painting or flag: 
v.t. to divide into districts or 
parts; to allot separate quarters 
to troops. 

can ton ment (kan-ton'ment), n. 
a part of a town or village al¬ 
lotted to a body of troops: in 
India, a permanent military sta¬ 
tion. 

can-toon (kan-toon'), n. a cotton 
stuff having one side satiny, and 
the other corded. 

Ca nuck (ka-nuk'), n. a Cana¬ 
dian. Also Kanuck. 
can-vas (kan'vas), n. a coarse 
heavy cloth of hemp or flax, used 
for tents, sails, &c., and also for 
painting on; sails in general; a 
painting: adj. made of canvas, 
can-vas-back (-bak), n. a 
North American duck, esteemed 
for the delicacy of its flesh, 
can-vass (kan'vas), v.t. to ex¬ 
amine ; sift; discuss; solicit votes 
or opinions: v.i. to traverse a 
district for the purpose of solicit¬ 
ing votes, interest, orders, &c.: n. 
a close inspection or scrutiny; 
discussion ; a solicitation of votes, 
interest, orders, &c. 
ca-ny (ka'ni), adj. consisting of 
cane ; full of canes, 
can-yon (kan'yun). Same as 
canon. 

can-zo-na (kan-tzo'na) or can¬ 
zone ('ne), n. a song or air 
somewhat resembling the madri¬ 


gal ; an instrumental piece in the 
style of a madrigal, 
can-zo-net (kan-tzo-net'), n. a 
short song. 

c a o u t-c hin or caoutcbine 

(koo'chin), n. an inflammable 
volatile oil distilled from caout¬ 
chouc. 

caout chouc (koo'chook), n. an 
elastic gummy substance obtained 
from the milky juice of several 
tropical trees, and much used in 
the industrial arts; india-rubber, 
cap (kap), n. a covering for the 
head, usually without a brim; 
anything resembling a cap; a per¬ 
cussion cap; the top or summit; 
a particular size of writing- 
paper: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. capped, 
p.pr. capping], to put a cap on; 
cover with, or as with, a cap; 
cover the top end of; complete; 
crown; place a cap on the head 
when conferring a university de¬ 
gree. 

ca-pa-bil-i-ty (ka-pa-bi-l'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being capable: pi. 
intellectual attainments, 
ca-pa-ble (ka'pa-bl), adj. re¬ 
ceptive ; susceptible; having 
power, skill, or capacity; com¬ 
petent ; legally qualified. 

Syn. able, competent. 

Ant. (see incompetent), 
ca pa cious (ka-pa'shus), adj 
roomy ; spacious. 

ca-pac-i-tate (ka-pas'i-tat), v.t. 

to make capable; enable; qualify, 
ca-pac-i-ty (ka-pas'i-ti), n. [pi. 
capacities (-tiz) ], the power of 
receiving or containing; the 
power of containing a certain 
quantity exactly ; cubic contents ; 
intellectual ability; legal quali¬ 
fication ; profession; function; 
position. 

pap-a-pie (kap-5-pe'), adv. from 
head to foot. 

ca-par-i-son (ka-par'i-son), n. an 
ornamental covering for a horse; 
gay or rich clothing: v.t. to cover 
with rich clothing, as a horse; 
adorn -with rich dress, 
cape (kap), n. a covering for the 
shoulders, worn separately or at¬ 
tached ; a headland, 
ca-per (ka'per), v.i. to skip; 
jump: n. a frolicsome leap or 
spring; a skip; a prank. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







cap 


156 


cap 


ca-per (ka'per), n. a plant, the 
ilower-buds of which are pickled 
and used as a condiment under 
the name of capers, 
cap-ful (kap'fool), n. as much as 
fills a cap; a small quantity; a 
passing gust. 

ca-pi-as (ka'pi-as), n. a writ 
authorizing the arrest of the per¬ 
son named in it. 

cap-il-lar-i-ty (kap-i-lar'i-ti), n. 
the state of being capillary ; capil¬ 
lary attraction. 

cap-il-la-ry (kap'il-a-ri & ka-pil'- 
a-ri), adj. resembling a hair: 
minute; slender; possessing a 
very small bore; pertaining to the 
capillary vessels of the body: n. a 
tube with a small bore: pi. one 
of the minute blood-vessels con¬ 
necting the arteries with the 
veins. 

cap-il-la-ry at-trac-tion (a- 

trak'shun), n. the power pos¬ 
sessed by porous bodies of draw¬ 
ing up a fluid. 

ca - pil - li - form (ka-pil'i-form). 

adj. having the form of a hair, 
cap-i-tal (kap'i-tal), adj. affect¬ 
ing the head or life; punishable 
with death; first in importance; 
chief ; principal, good, excellent; 
first-rate: n. the chief city or 
town in a kingdom or state; a 
capital letter. 

cap-i-tal (kap'i-tal), n. the sum 
invested in any particular busi¬ 
ness ; stock in trade; stock or re¬ 
sources of any kind, moral or 
physical; that part of wealth 
which is saved and is available 
for, or employed in, future pro¬ 
duction ; the head or top of a 
column, pilaster, or pillar, 
cap-i-tal-ism (kap'i-tal-izm), n. 
the possession of capital, especi¬ 
ally its concentration in the hands 
of a few ; the power of combined 
capital. 

cap-i-tal-ist (kap'i-tal-ist), n. 
one who possesses capital, 
cap-i-tal-i-za-tion (kap-i-tal-I-za'- 
sliun), n. the act of capitalizing, 
cap-i-tal-ize (kap'i-t&l-iz), v.t. to 
convert into capital; compute or 
realize the present value of in 
money, as a periodical payment; 
print with a capital, 
cap-i-tal-ly (-li), adv. in a man¬ 


ner involving the forfeiture of 
life: in an excellent manner, 
cap-i-tate (kap'i-tat), adj. grow¬ 
ing in a head. 

cap-i-ta-tion (kap-i-ta'shun), n. a 
tax, fee, or grant per head. 
Cap-i-tol (kap'i-tul), n. the tem¬ 
ple of Jupiter at Rome, situated 
on the S. W. summit of the Capi- 
toline Hill; the building occupied 
by the United States Congress at 
Washington ; the Senate-house of 
a State. 

ca-pit-u-lar (ka-pit'u-lar) or ca- 
pit-u-lar-y (-lar-i), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to a chapter; growing in a 
head: n. a statute passed in a 
chapter, as of knights or canons: 
pi. the body of statutes of a chap¬ 
ter or of an ecclesiastical council; 
a member of a chapter, 
ca-pit-u-late (ka-pit'u-lat), v.i. to 
surrender to an enemy on condi¬ 
tions agreed upon, 
ca - pit - u - la - tion (ka-pit-u-la'- 
shun), n. the act of capitulating; 
the instrument containing the 
terms of surrender, 
ca-pit-u-la-tor . (ka-pit'u-la-ter), 
n. one who capitulates, 
cap-lin (kap'lin), n. a small fish 
of the smelt family, largely used 
as bait for cod. 

ca-pon (ka'pon), n. a castrated 
cock; a cock-chicken castrated for 
the purpose of improving the flesh 
for table. 

cap - o - niere or cap-on-niere 

(kap-o-ner'), n. a covered lodg¬ 
ment ; a passage from one part of 
a defensive work to another, pro¬ 
tected by a parapet, 
ca-pote (ka-pot'), ri. a kind of 
long coarse cloak ; a long mantle 
for women. 

ca-pouch (ka-poosh'), n. a monk s 
hood or cowl: the hood of a cloak, 
cap-ric (kap'rik), adj. pertaining 
to a goat. 

cap-ric ac id (as'id), n. an acid 
found in the butter of cow’s and 
goat’s milk, cocoanut-oil. &c., 
united with glycerine, and having 
a smell like that of a goat, 
caprice (ka-pres'), n. a sudden 
impulse of the mind ; a whim; a 
freak. 

ca-pri-cious (M-prish'us), adj. 
characterized by caprice; un¬ 
steady ; fickle. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








cap 


157 


car 


cap-ri-form (kap'ri-form), adj. 

having the form of a goat, 
cap-rin (kap'rin), n. a substance 
in butter giving to it its charac¬ 
teristic taste and smell, 
caprine (kap'rin), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or resembling, a goat, 
cap-ri-ole (kap'ri-ol), n. a leap of 
a horse made without advancing: 
v.i. to execute a capriole, 
cap-si-cin or cap-si-cine (kap'- 
si-sin), n. an alkaloid extracted 
from several pieces of Capsicum. 
Cap-si-cum (kap'si-kum), n. a 
genus of South American plants, 
the pods of several species of 
which are used as a condiment 
(chillies), and when dried and 
ground form cayenne pepper, 
cap-size (kap'siz), v.i. to be over¬ 
turned ; upset: v.t. tc turn over or 
upset: n. an upset or overturn, 
cap-stan (kap'stan), n. an up¬ 
right <irum or cylinder revolving 
upon a «spindle, and worked by 
bars or levers. 

cap-su-lar (kap'su-l&r), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of, a 
capsule. 

cap-su-la-ted (kap'su-lat-ed). adj. 
furnished with, or enclosed in, a 
capsule. 

cap-sule (kap'stil), n. a metallic 
seal or cover for a bottle; a small 
envelope of gelatine inclosing a 
nauseous drug; a seed-vessel or 
pod which at maturity opens by 
valves; a small shallow vessel; 
a membranous sac inclosing some 
part or organ. 

cap-tain (kap'tan, or 'tin), n. one 
w r ho has command of, or authority 
over, others; a chief; a com¬ 
mander; in the army, the com¬ 
mander of a company; in the 
navy, an officer commanding a 
ship of war; the master of a 
merchant vessel; the head of a 
team or side; the chief boy in a 
school. 

cap-tain-cy (kap'tan-si or 'tin-si). 
n. the rank, post, or commission 
of a captain. 

cap-tion (kap'shun), n. a certifi¬ 
cate of arrest. 

cap-tious (kap'shus), adj. ready 
to catch at faults or take offense; 
quibbling ; sophistical; _ fitted to 
harass or perplex; carping. 


Syn. fretful, cross, peevish, pet¬ 
ulant. 

Ant. (see good-natured). 

cap-ti-vate (kap'ti-vat), v.t. to 
enslave or hold captive by beauty 
or excellence; charm or lure; 
fascinate. 

cap-ti-va-tion (kap-ti-va'shun). 

n. the act of charming; the state 
of being charmed. 

cap-tive (kap'tiv), adj. made pris¬ 
oner ; held in bondage; fasci¬ 
nated ; of or pertaining to bond¬ 
age : n. one who is taken prisoner, 
especially one so taken in war; 
one held in bondage or fascinated. 

captivity (kap-tiv'i-ti), n. the 
state of being held in bondage or 
confinement; servitude ; imprison¬ 
ment. 

cap-tor (kap'ter), n. one who cap¬ 
tures or takes any person or 
thing by force or stratagem. 

cap ture (kap'tur), n. the act of 
seizing or taking, as a prisoner or 
a prize; arrest; the thing taken: 
v.t. to take or seize by force, sur¬ 
prise, or stratagem ; make a pris¬ 
oner or prize of. 

capuchin (kap'u-shen or -oo- 
shen'), n. a Franciscan monk of 
the mendicant order.: so named 
from the long pointed cowl or 
capouch worn by the members; a 
woman’s cloak and hood. 

cap-ut (kap'ut), n. [pi. capita 
'i-ta)], the head. 

car (kar), n. a wheeled vehicle, 
especially one having only two 
wheels; a coach running upon 
rails; the basket suspended be¬ 
neath a balloon to contain the 
aeronaut; a chariot of war or 
state. 

car-ack or car-rack (kar'ak), n. 
a large round-built vessel for¬ 
merly used by the Portuguese and 
Spaniards in the East Indian 
and American trade. 

cax’-a-cole (kar'a-kol), n. a half 
turn which a horseman makes, 
either to the right or left; a spiral 
staircase. Also caracol : v.i. to 
move in a caracole; wheel. 

car-a-mel (kar'a-mel), n. burnt 
sugar, used for coloring spirits, 
gravies, soups, &c.; a kind of 
sweetmeat. 

car-a-pace (kar'a-pas), n. the 
upper shell of the tortoise, turtle. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







car 


158 


car 


&c.; the upper covering of the 
Crustacea. 

carat (kar'at), n. the weight of 
3.17 grains, used for weighing 
precious stones and pearls; a 
twenty-fourth part, a term used to 
express the fineness of gold used 
in jewelry; thus, gold 22 carats 
fine contains 22 parts of pure 
gold and 2 of alloy (copper or 
silver). Also spelled karat, 
caravan (kar'a-van or kar-a- 
van'), n. a company of travelers, 
merchants, or pilgrims, associated 
together for mutual security, es¬ 
pecially when traveling through 
deserts or regions infested by rob¬ 
bers ; a large covered wagon or 
carriage for the conveyance of 
traveling exhibitions or passen¬ 
gers ; a van. 

car-a-van-eer (kar-a-van-er'), n. 
one who leads the camels, &c., of 
a caravan. 

car-a-van-sa-ry (kar-ft-van'sa ri), 
n. [pi. caravansaries (-riz)]. in 
the East, a kind of inn consisting 
of a large unfurnished building 
surrounding a spacious court, 
where caravans rest at night. 
Also caravanserai, 
ear-a-vel Ikar'a-vel) or carvel 
(kar'vel), n. a name given to sev¬ 
eral kinds of ships, as a small 
16th century vessel, used by the 
Spaniards and Portuguese, with 
broad bows, narrow high poop, 
four masts, and lateen sails, 
caraway (kar'a-wa), n. a bien¬ 
nial plant with aromatic and pun¬ 
gent seeds, used medicinally and 
as a condiment. 

car-ba-zot-ic (kar-ba-zot'ik), adj. 
pertaining to or composed of car¬ 
bon and nitrogen. 

car-ba-zot-ic ac-id (as'id), n. an 
acid obtained by the action of 
nitric acid on indigo and other 
vegetable and animal substances: 
used in dyeing. 

car-bide (kiir'bid), n. a compound 
of carbon with a metal : formerly 
called a carburet. 

car bide of calcium, n. cal¬ 
cium carbide. 

car-bine (kar'bln), n. a short rifle 
adapted to the use of cavalry. 
Also carabine. 

car-bi-neer (kar-bi-ner'), n. a 


soldier armed with a carbine. 
Also carabineer. 

car-bo-hy-drate (kar-bo-hi'drat), 
n. one of a group of organic com¬ 
pounds of carbon, hydrogen, and 
oxygen. 

car-bo-liy-drous (kar-bo-hl'drus), 
adj. pertaining to, or of the nature 
of, a carbohydrate, 
car-bo-la-ted (kar'bo-la-ted), adj. 
impregnated or treated with car¬ 
bolic acid. 

carbolic (kar-bol'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or derived from, carbon 
or coal-tar. 

car-bol-ic ac-id (as'id), n. an acid 
obtained from coal-tar by distil¬ 
lation ; largely used as an anti¬ 
septic in surgery, and as a disin¬ 
fectant. Also called phenic acid, 
car-bol-ize (kar'bol-iz), v.t. to 
treat or impregnate with carbolic 
acid. 

car-bon (kar'bon), n. an element¬ 
ary substance present in all or¬ 
ganic compounds, and occurring in 
nature in two distinct forms, as 
the diamond and graphite. The 
action of heat on vegetable and 
animal tissues produces carbon in 
the form of charcoal, lampblack, 
coke, &c.: v.t. to place carbons in 
(an arc-lamp). 

car-bon-di-ox-ide (-di'oks-Id). n. 

carbonic acid gas. 

carbon-light (-lit), n. a bril¬ 
liant light produced by passing an 
electric current through carbon- 
points. 

carbon-point (-point), n. the 
rod of an arc-lamp, moved for¬ 
ward by clockwork to maintain 
its position to another opposing 
rod as it is burned away, 
car bo na ceous (kar-bo-na'shus), 
adj. pertaining to, consisting of, 
or containing carbon, 
car-bon-ate (kar'bon-at), n. a 
compound of carbonic acid with a 
base. 

carbonated (kar'bon-a-ted), 
adj. combined, or impregnated, 
with carbonic acid, 
car-bon-ic (kiir-bon'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or obtained from, car¬ 
bon. 

car-bon-ic ac-id (-as'id), n. (car¬ 
bon-dioxide) a gaseous colorless 
compound of carbon and oxygen in 
the proportion of 12 parts of car- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








;tr 


159 


car 


b©n to 32 of oxygen. It is a 
heavy irrespirable gas, and acts 
as a narcotic poison, 
cas^-boxi-if-er-ous (kar-bon-if'er- 

us), odj. containing or yielding 
carbon or coal. 

car-bon-i-za-tion (kar-bon-i za'- 
shun), n. the process of carboniz¬ 
ing organic substances. 
car-bon-xEe (kar'bon-Iz), v.t. to 
convert into carbon by combus¬ 
tion, by the action of fire, or an 
acid. 

car bo run dum (kiir-bo-run'dum) 
n. carbide of silicon, an abrasive 
substance much harder than emery. 

car-boy fkar'boi), n. a large 
globular bottle of glass, pro¬ 
tected by a basket-work, used to 
contain or convey corrosive acids, 
carbuncle (kar'bung-kl), n. a 
beautiful gem of a deep red color; 
an inflammatory tumor, boil, or 
nicer. 

car-bun-cu-lar (kar-bung'ku-ler), 
•ad). pertaining to. or resembling, a 
■carbuncle ; red ; inflamed, 
ear-bu-ret, an old form of car¬ 
bide. 

car-bu-ret-ted (kar'bu-ret-ed),’ 
j. combined with carbon in 
itfce manner of a carbide. 

car-bu-ret-tor (kiir-bu-ret'Or) n. 
;an apparatus used to charge air 
with gas from gasoline or other 
hydrocarbons for illuminating or 
power purposes. 

•car-bu-rize (kar'bu-riz), v.t. to 
combine with carbon, 
car-case or car-cass (kar'kas), 
n. [pi. carcases (-ez)]. the dead 
body of an animal; a corpse; the 
decaying remains of a bulky thing : 
the framework or skeleton of a 
building, ship, &c.; a perforated 
shell filled with combustibles, used 
to set fire to buildings, ships, &c. 
car-eel-lamp (kar'sel-lamp), n. 
a lamp, the oil in which is raised 
mechanically: used in lighthouses, 
and as a table-lamp, 
card (kard), n. a printed piece of 
pasteboard used for various social 
or business purposes; such a piece 
printed bearing certain devices or 
figures, used for playing games; a 
short business advertisement in a 
newspaper; the dial of a mari¬ 


ner's compass ; an instrument for 
combing the fibres of wool, flax, 
or cotton, preparatory to spin¬ 
ning : v.t to comb or open, as 
wool, flax, &c., with a card, 
card-sliar-per (-shar'per), n. 
one who cheats at cards, and 
fleeces those he traps into play¬ 
ing with him. 

Car-da-mine (kar'da-min), n. a 
genus of herbs, which includes 
the cuckoo-flower, &c. 
car-da-mom (kar'da-mum), n. 
the capsule of several species of 
plants of the ginger family with 
its aromatic seeds, used medici¬ 
nally and as a condiment, 
car-di-a (kar'di-a), n. the heart” 
the upper or cardiac end of the 
stomach where the oesophagus or* 
gullet enters it. 

car-di-ac (kar'di-ak), adj. per¬ 
taining to the heart; stimulating* 
the heart’s action : n. a medicine_- 
which excites action in the heart 
through the medium of the stom¬ 
ach, and stimulates the spirits; a 
cordial ; stimulant, 
car-di-al-gi-a (kar-di-al'ji-a), n. 
heartburn. 

cardigan (kar'di-gan) j n. a 
knitted woolen jacket or waist¬ 
coat. 

c a r-d i-n a 1 (kar'di-nal), ad). 

chief : pre-eminent: fundamental, 
car-di-nal (kar'di-nal), n. an 
ecclesiastical prince ranking in 
dignity next to the Pope; a wo¬ 
man’s short cloak with a hood, 
cardinal num-bers (num'- 
berz), n.pl. the numbers one, tico , 
three , &c., in distinction from 

first , second, third , &c., which are 
called ordinal nitmhers. 
car-di-nal points (pointz), n.pl. 
N., S., E., W. 

car-di-nal vir-tues (ver'tftz), 
n.pl. justice, prudence, temper¬ 
ance, and fortitude, 
car-di-nal-winds (windz), n.pl. 
winds which blow due N;, S., E., 
and W. 

car-di-tis (kar-dl-tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of the muscular tissue of 
the heart. 

car-dol (kar'dol), n. an oily li¬ 
quid extracted from the pericarp 
of the cashew-nut, and used for 
blistering. 

care (kar), n. concern; solicitude; 


fete, mar, mfisk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 










car 


160 


car 


anxiety; a burdensome responsi¬ 
bility ; caution; charge or over¬ 
sight ; attention, watchfulness ; an 
object of watchful attention and 
regard: v.i. to be anxious or so¬ 
licitous ; be concerned, troubled, 
or interested. 

Syn. anxiety, concern, solici¬ 
tude, heed, attention. 

Ant. (see heedlessness, negli¬ 
gence ). 

ca reen (ka-ren'), v.t. to bring (a 
ship) on one side for the purpose 
of calking, cleansing, or repair¬ 
ing : v.i. to incline on one side, as 
a ship under press of sail. 

ca-reer (ka-rer'), n. a run at full 
speed; general course of action; 
an occupation or calling: v.i. to 
move 01 run rapidly. 

care-ful (kar'fool), adj. full of 
care ; anxious ; attentive ; watch¬ 
ful ; cautious; provident, thought¬ 
ful. 

care-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a care¬ 
ful manner. 

ca-ress (kit-res'), n. any act or 
expression of affection; an em¬ 
brace : v.t. to treat with tokens of 
affection; bestow caresses upon. 

Syn. kiss, embrace. 

Ant. (see spurn, buffet). 

car-et (ka'ret orkar'et), n. a 
mark ( A ) used in writing, or in 
correcting proofs, to indicate the 
place where something is omitted 
or is to be added. 

ear-go (kiir'go), n. [pi. cargoes 
('goz)], the lading or freight of a 
ship. 

Car-ib (kar'ib) or Caribbee 

('i-be), n. a native of the Carib¬ 
bee Islands, or one of a tribe in¬ 
habiting certain regions of Cen¬ 
tral America and the north of 
South America. 

car-i-bou or car-i-boo (kar'i- 
boo), n. the North American 
reindeer. 

car i ca ture (kar'i-ka-tur), n. a 
pictorial or descriptive representa¬ 
tion of a person or thing, in 
which the defects or peculiarities 
are exaggerated so as to produce 
a ludicrous effect; parody: v.t. to 
represent in a ridiculous or exag¬ 
gerated style ; parody ; burlesque. 

Syn. mimicry, imitation, bur¬ 
lesque, exaggeration. 


car-i-ca-tur-ist (kar'i-ka-tur-ist ), 
n. one who represents others in 
caricature. 

ca-ri-es (ka'ri-ez), n. decay of 
bones, teeth, or vegetable tissue, 
car-il-lon (kar'il-lon), n. a chime 
of bells diatonically tuned and 
played by hand or machinery ; a 
simple air adapted for playing on 
a set of bells. 

car-i-ole (kar'i-ol), n. a small 
open carriage; a light covered 
cart. 

ca-ri-os-i-ty (ka-ri-os'i-ti), n. the 
state of being carious, 
ca-ri-ous (ka'ri-us), adj. affected 
with caries. 

cark (kiirk), v.i. to be anxious 
or concerned: v.t. to vex; load 
with care or grief, 
carl or carle (karl), n. a strong. 

sturdy fellow; a rustic; a churl, 
car-line (kar'lin) n. a ship’s tim¬ 
ber running fore and aft from one 
transverse deck-beam to another, 
serving as a foundation for the 
planks of the deck, 
car-lock (kar'lok), n. a kind of 
isinglass made of the sturgeon’s 
bladder, and used in clarifying 
.wine. 

car-min-a-tive (kar-min'a-tiv), n. 

a medicine, which expels wind 
and relieves colic and flatulence; 
adj. expelling wind, 
car-mine (kar'min or 'min), n. 
the essential coloring principle of 
cochineal; a rich crimson pig¬ 
ment. 

car-nage (kar'naj), n. slaughter; 
great destruction of life by vio¬ 
lence ; massacre. 

Syn. butchery, massacre, slaugh¬ 
ter. 

car-nal (kar'nal), adj. pertaining 
to the body, its passions and its 
appetites; animal; fleshly ; sen¬ 
sual, impure; not spiritual, but 
essentially human ; secular, 
car-nal-ism (kar'nal-izm) or car¬ 
nal-i-ty (kar-nal'i-ti), n. the 
state of being carnal ; sensuality, 
car-nal-ist (kar'nai-ist), n. a sen¬ 
sualist. 

car-nal-ly (-li), adv. in an animal 
or fleshly manner, 
car-na-tion (kar-na'sliun), n. a 
light rose-pink; flesh color; the 
parts of a picture in which flesh 
is represented; a pink. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








cat 


cai 


161 


car-na-tioned (kar-na'shund), 
adj. having a pink color like that 
of flesh. 

car-ney (kar'ni), n. a disease of 
horses, in which the furred con¬ 
dition of the mouth prevents eat¬ 
ing. 

car-ni-fi-ca-tion (kar-ni-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. tissue so altered as to 
resemble flesh. 

car-ni-val (kar'ni-val), n. the 
season of rejoicing before Lent; 
observed i\j Roman Catholic coun¬ 
tries ; feasting or revelry. 

car-niv-o-rons (kar-niv'o-rus), 
adj. eating or feeding on flesh. 

car ob (kar'ob), n. an evergreen 
tree which yields a nutritious pod 
known as St. John’s-bread. 

car-ol (kar'ul), n. a song of joy 
or praise, especially one in honor 
of the Nativity: v.i. \p.t. & p.p. 
-ed, p.pr. -ing], to sing in joy; 
warble: v.t. to praise or cele¬ 
brate in song. 

ca-rot-id (ka-rot'id), n. one of 
the two principal arteries, one on 
either side of the neck, which 
convey the blood from the aorta 
to the head : adj. pertaining to the 
two great arteries of the neck. 

ca rouse (ka-rouz'), n. a feast or 
festival : a noisy drinking bout 
or revel. Also carousal : v.i. to 
drink heartily and with jollity; 
revel. 

carp (karp), v.i. to cavil or find 
fault. 

carp (karp), n. a fresh-water 
fish. 

car-pal (kar'pal), adj. pertaining 
to the carpus or wrist. 

car-pel (kar'pel), n. a simple 
pistil, or one of the parts of a 
compound pistil or ovary of a 
flower. 

car pen ter (kar'pen-ter), n. an 
artificer who works in timber and 
prepares the woodwork of houses, 
ships, &c.: v.i. to perform car¬ 
penter’s work. 

car-pen-try (kiir'pen-tri), n. the 
art of cutting, framing, and join¬ 
ing timber ; work done by a car¬ 
penter. 

car-pet (kar'pet), n. a thick 
woven or felted fabric, with a 
pattern, used for covering floors 
or stairs; a soft covering, re¬ 


sembling carpet: v.t. to cover 
with a carpet; bring under con¬ 
sideration ; reprimand. 

car-pet-bag (-bag), n. traveling 
bag. 

car-pet-bag-ger (-bag'er), n. a 
political adventurer. 

car-pet-kniglit (-nit), n. one 
upon whom the honor of knight¬ 
hood or other distinction has been 
conferred for other than active 
service. 

car-pet-ing (kar'pet-ing). n. cloth 
for carpets; carpets in general. 

car-riage (kar'ij), n. the act o' 
carrying or transporting; cost of 
conveyance; behavior; deport¬ 
ment ; a wheeled vehicle; the 
wheeled stand or support of a 
gun ; the framework of a wooden 
staircase. 

car-ri-er (kar'i-er) n. one who, 
or that which, carries or conveys; 
one whose business is to carry 
goods for hire; a portion of vari¬ 
ous machines; a frame for holding 
photographic plates or magic- 
lantern slides. 

car-ri-er-pig-eon (-pij'un), n. a 
variety of pigeon trained to convey 
letters, &c. 

car-ri-on (kar'i-on), n. dead or 
putrefying flesh ; filth ; garbage : 
adj. pertaining to, or feeding on, 
carrion. 

car-ri-on-crow (-kro), n. the 
common crow of Europe: also the 
American crow. 

car ron-ade (kar-on-ad'), n. a 
short cannon of large bore for 
close range, formerly used in the 
navy. 

car-ron-oil (kar'on-oil), n. lin¬ 
seed-oil and lime-water: used as 
a liniment for burns. 

car-rot (kar'et), n. the well- 
known plant with an edible root; 
the root itself. 

car ry (kar'i), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. 
carried, p.pr. carrying], to convey 
from one point to another; bear; 
have on one’s person ; convey by 
force ; lead ; transfer ; accomplish ; 
gain possession of; extend or con¬ 
tinue in time or space [with up or 
back] ; exhibit; imply; have in 
charge or conduct; to take by 
assault: v.i. to act as a bearer; 
propel a projectile to a distance; 


late, mar, mAsk, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







Gat 


162 


cas 


hold the head in a particular man¬ 
ner. 

*S \yn. lift, sustain, transport, 
bear, bring. 

cart (kart), n. a carriage for the 
conveyance of heavy goods; a 
light two-wheeled vehicle used by 
tradesmen, &c.: v.t. to carry or 
convey in a cart. 

cart-age (kart'aj), n. the charge 
made for conveyance by 3 cart; 
the act of carting, 
carte (kart), n. a bill of 'are. 
carte blanche (kart bl&ngsh) n. 
a blank paper; a signed sheet of 
paper given to another to be filled 
up as he pleases: hence; uncondi¬ 
tional terms or authority. [Fr.] 
carte-de-vi-site (kart'de-vi-zet'), 
n. [pi. cartes-de-visite], a photo¬ 
graph of a person mounted on a 
card of a size formerly used as a 
visiting card. [French.] 
car-tel (kar'tel), n. an agreement 
between hostile states regarding 
the exchange of prisoners; a 
challenge to single combat, 
car-ti-lage (kar'ti-laj), n. elastic 
animal tissue, forming bone; 
gristle. 

car-ti-lag-i-nous (kar-ti-laj'i- 
nus), adj. pertaining to, or in 
the form of. cartilage; gristly, 
car tog-ra-pher, car-to-graph- 
ic, car-tog-ra-phy, &c. See 
chartographer. &c. 
car-toon (kar-toon'), n. a study 
or design executed on strong 
paper, and of the size to be re¬ 
produced in fresco or tapestry; 
a pictorial sketch dealing with a 
political or social subject, 
car-touch (kar-toosh'), n. a car¬ 
tridge ; a cartridge-box; an orna¬ 
ment in the form of an unrolled 
scroll; on Egyptian monuments, 
&c., an oval figure containing the 
name or title of a sovereign or 
deity. 

cav-tridge (khr'trij), n. a case of 
cardboard, metal, or other material, 
containing the charge of a firearm, 
car-un-cle (kar'ung-kl), n. a small 
fleshy excrescence; tne comb or 
wattle of a fowl; an appendage 
surrounding the hilum of a seed, 
carve (karv), v.t. to form a de¬ 
sign ; shape by cutting; cut into 
slices: v.i. to exercise the trade 


of a sculptor or carver; cut up 

meat. 

cnr-y-at-id (kar-i-at'id), n. a 
figure of a woman in long robes, 
serving to support an entablature, 
cas-ca-ril-la (kas-ka-ril'a), n. the 
bark of a West Indian shrub, pos¬ 
sessing aromatic and bitter prop¬ 
erties ; the shrub itself, from 
which is obtained a white bitter 
crystalline substance, cascarillin. 
case (kas), n. a covering or re¬ 
ceptacle; a sheath; a/box with 
its contents; a frame or casingj 
a divided tray for types: 225 
sq. ft. of crown glass: v.t. to 
cover with, or enclose in. a case, 
case (kas), n. that which happens 
or befalls; the matters involved 
in a question under discussion or 
investigation; a certain form or 
instance of disease; a suit or 
action at law; one of the forms 
or inflections in the declension of 
a noun, pronoun, or adjective, 
which indicates its relation to 
other words. 

case-harden (kas-har'dn), v.t. 
to harden the surface of (as iron) 
by conversion into steel, 
ea-se-ic (ka'se-ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or derived from, cheese, 
ca-se-in (ka'se-in), n. the curd- 
matter of milk, forming the main 
part of cheese. 

case-mate (kas'mat), n. a shell- 
proof vault or battery, having 
embrasures for cannon; a hollow 
molding. 

casement (kas'ment), n. a 
hinged window-frame made to 
open outward; a compartment be¬ 
tween the mullions of a window, 
ca-se-ous (ka'se-us), adj. cheesy, 
cash (kash), n. money; ready 
money: v.t. to turn into, or ex¬ 
change for, money, 
casli-hook, n. a book in which s 
register is kept of money re 
ceived or paid out. 
cashew (ka-shoo'), n. a tree 
native of tropical America which 
produces the cashew-nut, a kidney- 
shaped fruit containing an edible 
kernel from which a caustic oil 
is obtained 

cash-ier (kash-er'),n. one who has 
charge of the money, and superin¬ 
tends the payments and receipts 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









cas 


163 


Cas 


of a bank or trading establish¬ 
ment : v.t. to dismiss from service 
or place of trust; discharge, 
cash-mere (kash'mer), n. a soft 
woolen fabric for shawls, &c\, 
originally made in Cashmere, 
from the downy hair of the wild 
goat of Thibet and the Hima¬ 
layas ; a soft woolen dress fabric 
made in imitation of real cash- 
mere: adj. made of cashmere, 
casing (kas'ing), n. the act of 
covering with or placing in a 
case; a covering. 

ca-si-no (ka-se'no), n. [pi. Eng¬ 
lish casinos ('ndz), Italian casini 
i'ne)], a small country house; 
a public room or building used 
for social meetings, dancing, gam¬ 
ing, &c. 

cask (kask), n. a vessel composed 
of wooden staves, bound by iron 
hoops, for holding liquors; the 
quantity contained in a cask, 
cas-ket (kas'ket), n. a small chest 
or box for jewels, &c. ; a costly 
coffin: v.t. to place or preserve 
in a casket. 

casque (kask), n. a helmet, 
cas-sa-tion (kas-a'shun), n. abro¬ 
gation. 

cas-sa-va (kas'a-va), n. a plant of 
tropical America and Africa, culti¬ 
vated for its tuberous roots, which 
yield a nutritious starch, from 
which cassava-bread and tapioca 
are made. 

cas-sia (kash'ia), n. a genus of 
leguminous plants, the leaves of 
several species of which constitute 
the drug senna. 

cas-sia-oil (-oil), n. oil extracted 
from cassia-bark and cassia-buds, 
(failed also oil of cinnamon, 
cas-si-mere (kas'i-mer), n. a thin 
twilled woolen cloth, used for 
men’s garments. Also casimire 
and kerseymere. 

cas-si-nette (kas-i-net'), n. a 
cloth with a cotton warp and a 
woof of very fine wool, or wool 
and silk. Also kerseynette. 
cas-sit-e-rite (ka-sit'er-it), n. 
native tin dioxide; the principal 
ore of tin. 

cassock (kas'uk), n. a long, close- 
fitting vestment worn by clergy¬ 
men, choristers, &c. _ 
cassowary (kas'o-wa-ri) , n. 


[pi. cassowaries (-riz)J, a large 
bird resembling the ostrich, in¬ 
habiting Australia and the Pap¬ 
uan Islands. 

cast (kast), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cast, 
p.pr. casting], to throw; hurl; 
shed; direct or turn; thrown 
down ; calculate ; defeat at law ; 
condemn; form into a certain 
shape; assign to various actors: 
v.i. to throw the line in angling; 
ponder; to warp or twist; receive 
form or shape in a mold : n. the 
act of casting; the distance to 
which a thing may be thrown; 
motion or turn (of the eye) ; 
direction, glance; the form or 
shape; manner; appearance; a 
tinge; the company of actors to 
whom the parts of a play are as¬ 
signed. 

cast-iron, or -steel (-Irn, or 
-stel), n. iron or steel melted and 
run into molds. 

cas-ta-nets (kas'ta-nets), n.pl. 
small spoon-shaped shells of hard 
wood or ivory, fastened loosely at 
the top, a pair of which is fast¬ 
ened to each thumb and shaken 
with the fingers to beat time, 
cast a-way (kast'a-wa), n. one 
who is cast away or lost; a person 
or vessel wrecked on an unfre¬ 
quented coast; an outcast; rep¬ 
robate (I Cor. ix. 27) : adj. 
shipwrecked; rejected, 
caste (kast), n. one of the arti¬ 
ficial or hereditary divisions into 
which Hindus are restricted by 
Brahmin religious law\ 
cas-tel-la-ted (kas'te-la-ted), adj. 
furnished with turrets and battle¬ 
ments, as a castle, 
cas-ter (kas'ter). n. one who, or 
that which, casts; a computor; a 
cruet or small vessel for holding 
condiments at table; a small 
swiveled wheel. Also castor, 
castigate (kas'ti-gat), v.t. to 
correct; chastise ; punish ; subject 
to severe criticism, 
cas-ti-ga-tion (kas-ti-gfi'shun), n. 

the act of castigating, 
cas-ti-ga-tor (kas'ti-ga-ter), n. 

one w T ho castigates, 
cas-ti-ga-to-ry (kas'ti-ga-to-ri), 
adj. punitive. 

Cas-tile-soap, n. a superior kind 


late, mar, mask, cat, 


awd ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 
cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 












Cas 


164 


cat 


of refined soap, originally made at 
Castile, Spain. 

Cas-til-ian (kas-til'ian), adj. of, 
or pertaining to, Castile, 
casting (kast'ing), n. the action 
of the verb to cast; the act or 
process of founding or molding; 
the process of taking impressions 
of statues, medals, &c.; a worm- 
cast. 

cast-ing-vote (-vot), n. the de¬ 
ciding vote of a chairman when 
the votes are equal, 
eas-tle (kas'l or kas'l), n. a 
fortified residence; a fortress; a 
strong and imposing mansion of 
a noble or wealthy person; one 
of the pieces at chess, called also 
rook: v.i. to move the king two 
squares to the right or left, and 
bring the castle to the square the 
king has passed over, 
cas-trate (kas'trat), v.t. emascu¬ 
late ; geld; expurgate; deprive a 
flow T er of its anthers: adj. emascu 
lated; gelded: n. one who has 
been emasculated; a eunuch, 
cas-tra-tion (kas-tra'shun), n. 

the act of castrating, 
cas-u-al (kazh'u-al), adj. happen¬ 
ing by chance ; accidental; occa¬ 
sional ; fortuitous: n. one who re¬ 
ceives relief for a night in a 
parish to which he does not be¬ 
long. 

cas-u-al-ty (kazh'u-al-ti), n. [pi. 
casualties (-tiz)], an accident, 
especially if resulting in bodily 
injury or death. 

cas-u-ist (kazh'u-ist), n. one 
skilled in casuistry; one who 
studies or resolves cases of con¬ 
science. 

cas-u-is-tic (kazh-u-is'tik), or 
cas-u-is-tic-al (-al), adj. of or 
pertaining to casuistry, 
cas-u-ist-ry (kazh'u-ist-ri), n. [pi. 
casuistries (-riz) ], the science or 
doctrine which deals with cases 
of conscience as determined by 
theological dogmas or ethical 
rules; sophistical or equivocal 
reasoning. 

cat (kat), n. a carnivorous animal 
of the family Felidse, especially 
the domesticated quadruped, Felis 
domestica; a cat-fish; a cat-o’- 
nine-tails; the game of tip-cat; 
a strong tackle; to raise an 


anchor to the cat-head; a stoutly- 
built vessel with a narrow stern, 
projecting quarters, and a deep 
waist; a double tripod which 
always lands on its feet: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. catted, p.pr. catting], to 
draw up (an anchor) to the cat¬ 
head. 

cat-block (-blok), n. a two- or 
three-fold block used to cat the 
anchor. 

cat-boat (-bot), n. a small boat 
with one sail on a mast near the 
bows. 

cat-har-pings (-har'pings), n.pl. 

short ropes or iron clamps used 
for tightening the shrouds. 

cat-o’-nine-tails, n. a whip 
with nine lashes of knotted cord, 
formerly used as a punishment in 
the English army and navy. 

cat’s-eye (-i), n. a hard semi¬ 
transparent variety of quartz. 

cat’s-paw (-paw), n. a dupe, 
from the fable of the monkey, who 
used the cat’s paw to get the 
roasted chestnuts from the fire; a 
light air that slightly ripples the 
surface of the water. 

cat-ab-o-lism (kat-ab'6-lizm), n. 
a downward series of changes by 
which complex bodies are broken 
down into simpler forms. Also 
katabolism. 

cat-a-clysm (kat'a-klizm), n. a 
deluge; flood; a violent or sudden 
physical change of the earth’s 
surface. 

cat a comb (kat'a-kom), n. a sub¬ 
terraneous burial place with 
niches hollowed out for the dead. 

cat-a-cous-tics (kat-a-kous'tiks), 
n. that part of the science of 
acoustics which treats of reflected 
sounds. 

cat-a-di-op-tric (kat-a-di-op'trik), 
adj. refracting and reflecting 
light. 

catafalque (kat'a-falk), n. a 
temporary structure erected, 
usually in a church, to support the 
coffin of a distinguished person 
on the occasion of a ceremonious 
funeral. 

Cat-a-lan (kat'a-lan), adj. of, 
or pertaining to, Catalonia, a 
former province of Spain, or to 
its inhabitants or language. 

cat-a-lep-sy (kat'a-lep-si), n. a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









cat 


165 


cat 


sudden suspense of voluntary sen¬ 
sation. Also catalepsis. 

cat-a-lep-tic (kat-a-lep'tik), adj. 
of, or pertaining to, catalepsy. 

cat-a-logne (kat'a-log). n. an ar¬ 
ranged list: v.t. to enter in, or 
make, a catalogue of. 

cat-al-y-sis (kat-al'i-sis), n. [pi. 
catalyses (-sez)], a decomposi¬ 
tion and new combination sup¬ 
posed to be effected by one sub¬ 
stance acting upon a compound 
body, itself remaining unchanged. 

cat-a-ma-ran (kat-a-m&-ran'), n. 
a raft or float propelled by pad¬ 
dles, consisting usually of three 
or more logs lashed together, the 
third or middle one being longer 
than the rest; any vessel with 
twin hulls; a flat-bottomed boat; 
a vixen. 

cat-a-mount (kat'a-mount), n. 
the wild cat; the puma, cougar, 
or mountain lion. 

cat-a-phon-ics (kat-a-fon'iks), n. 
that branch of acoustics which 
treats of the theory of reflected 
sounds; catacoustics. 

cat-a-phor-ic (kat-a-for'ik), adj. 
possessing the power of produc¬ 
ing motion through a diaphragm : 
said of a liquid, or electric cur¬ 
rent. 

cat-a-plasm (kat'a-plazm), n. a 
poultice. 

cat-a-plex-y (kat'a-plek-si), n. a 
sudden shock to the nerves caus¬ 
ing paralysis. 

cat-a-pult (kat'a-pult), n. an 
ancient military engine for hurl¬ 
ing darts and stones; a forked 
stick with an elastic band by 
which small missiles are pro¬ 
pelled. 

cat-a-ract (kat'a-rakt), n. a 
large waterfall; a furious rush 
or downpour of water; a disease 
of the eye in which the crystalline 
lens becomes opaque, and the 
vision becomes impaired or is 
lost. 

ca-tarrh (M-tar'), n. an inflam¬ 
matory affection of any mucous 
membrane accompanied by in¬ 
crease of the mucus, especially 
from the nose; a violent cold in 
the head. 

ca-tarrh-al (ka-tar'al), adj. per¬ 


taining to, or produced by, ca¬ 
tarrh. 

catastrophe (k&t-as'tro-fe) ,n. 
a great calamity or disaster; an 
event subversive of the order of 
things ; the unfolding and winding 
up of a plot; a cataclysm. 

Syn. calamity, disaster, mis¬ 
chance, mishap, cataclysm. 

Ant. (see blessing), 
ca-taw-ha (ka-taw'ba), n. a light- 
red variety of American grape; 
a light wine made from this 
grape. 

cat-call (kat'kawl), n. a squeak- 
• ing instrument used in theaters 
to express disapproval: v.t. to ex¬ 
press disapproval of by a catcall, 
catch (kach), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
caught, p.pr. catching], to seize 
or grasp; lay hold of suddenly; 
intercept; take captive; appre¬ 
hend by the intellect or senses; 
take, by contagion, infe.ction, or 
sjmipathy; attack, or communi¬ 
cate to, as a fire; come upon un¬ 
expectedly ; come up to; reach in 
time: n. the act of seizing or 
grasping; that which is caught 
or taken ; gain ; something desir¬ 
able to be caught; anything that 
seizes or checks motion; a song, 
the parts of which are caught up 
by different voices, 
catch-penny (kach'pen-i), n. 
[pi. catchpennies (-iz)], an 
article of little value got up at¬ 
tractively to effect a quick sale, 
catch-np (kach'up), n. a sauce 
made from mushrooms, tomatoes, 
walnuts, &c. Also catsup, ketch¬ 
up. 

cat-e-chet-ic-al (kat-e-ket'ik-al), 
adj. consisting of questions and 
answers. 

cat-e-chet-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. by 
way of question and answer, 
cat-e-chet-ics (kat-e-ket'iks), n. 
the art or practice of instructing 
by means of question and answer, 
cat-e-chin (kat'e-kin), n. a tan¬ 
nic acid extracted from catechu, 
cat-e-chism (kat'e-kizm), n. an 
elementary manual of instruction 
in the form of question and 
answer, especially in the principles 
of the Christian religion, 
cat-e-chist (kat'e-kist), n. one 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 
. cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







cat 


160 


Cau 


who instructs by question and 
answer; a catechizer. 
catechize (kat'e-kiz), v.t. to in¬ 
struct by means of questions and 
answers, and offering explana¬ 
tions, especially to instruct on 
points of Christian dogma ; inter¬ 
rogate or examine, 
cat-e-ehu (kat'e-ku), n. a brown 
astringent extract used in the 
arts and as a medicine. Called 
also terra japonica and cutch. 
cat-e-chu-men (kat-e-ku'men), n. 
one who is under religious instruc¬ 
tion prior to receiving baptism; 
a beginner in the first principles 
of knowledge. 

cat-e-gor-ic-al (kat-e-gor'ik-al). 
adj. pertaining to a category; ab¬ 
solute ; unconditional, 
cat-e-gor-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
categorical manner; absolutely, 
cat-e-go-ry (kat'e-go-ri), n. [pi. 
categories (-riz)], one of the 
highest classes to which the ob¬ 
jects of knowledge or thought can 
be reduced, and by which they 
may be arranged into a system, 
ca-ter (ka'ter), v.i. to supply 
food, amusement, &c. [with for 
and to], 

cat-er-pil-lar (kat'er-pil'er), n. 
the hairy worm-like larva of a 
butterfly or lepidopterous insect, 
cat-er-waul (kat'er-waw T l), v.i. 
to cry, as cats at night; to utter 
harsh discordant sounds, 
cat-fish (kat'fish), n. a fish re¬ 
markable for its voracity; bull¬ 
head ; pout. 

cat-gut (kat'gut), n. a kind of 
cord made from the intestines of 
animals, usually sheep, and used 
as strings for musical instruments 
and some other purposes; a 
string of this kind; a kind of open 
canvas. 

©a-thar-tic (ka-thar'tik), adj. 
purgative: n. a purgative medi¬ 
cine. 

cat-head (kat'hed), n. a beam 
projecting from a ship’s bows to 
which the anchor is secured, 
ca-the-dral (ka-the'dral), n. the 
chief church of a diocese in which 
is the throne of a bishop : adj. per¬ 
taining to a cathedral, 
cath-e-ter (kath'e-ter), n. a tubu¬ 


lar instrument to withdraw urine 
from the bladder. 

catli-i-on(kath'i-on), n. the elec¬ 
tro-positive ion evolved at the 
cathode in electrolysis. 

cath ode (kath'od), n. the nega¬ 
tive pole of a current: opposed 
to anode. Written also kathode. 

cath-o-lic (kath'6-lik), adj. uni¬ 
versal ; general; embracing all; 
liberal; large-hearted; free from 
prejudice; including all man¬ 
kind. 

Cath-o-lic (kath'o-lik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Church of Rome: 
n. a member of the Universal or 
Catholic Church, or of the Ro¬ 
man Church. 

ca-thol-i-eism (ka-thol'i-sizm), n. 
the belief of, or adherence to, the 
Catholic Church or faith, espe¬ 
cially to that of the Roman Cath¬ 
olic Church. 

1 cath-ol-ic-i-ty (kath-ol-is'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being catholic. 

Ca-thol-i-cize (ka-thol'i-siz), v.t. 
to convert to the Roman Catholic 
Church. 

cat-kin (kat'kin), n. the pen¬ 
dulous inflorescence of the willow, 
birch, &c. 

cat-ling (kat'ling), n. a little 

cat; kitten; the down or moss 
resembling cat’s hair which grows 
on certain trees. 

cat-mint (kat'mint), cat-nip 

(kat'nip), n. a strong-scented 
perennial herb, much liked by 
cats. 

cat-op-sis (kat-op'sis), n. mor¬ 
bidly keen vision. 

cat-op-tric (kat-op'trik), adj. re¬ 
lating to catoptrics. 

cat-op-tric light (lit), n. form 
of light, used in lighthouses, in 
which reflectors are used in the 
place of prisms and lenses. 

cat-op-tric-al-ly (-li), adv. by re¬ 
flection. 

cat-op-trics (kat-op'triks), n. 
that branch of optics which treats 
of the principles of reflected light. 

cat-tie (kat'l), n. sing. & pi. live 
stock, especially oxen, bulls and 
cows. 

cat-tie-plague (-plag), rl. a 
popular name for the rinderpest. 

Cau-ca-si-an (kaw-ka'shi-fin or 
kaw-kash'i-an), adj. of or pertain- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; modn, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








cau 


167 


cav 


ing to the Caucasus, a mountain¬ 
ous range between the Black and 
the Caspian Seas ; of or pertaining 
to the European Aryans, 
cau cus (kaw'kus), n. a prelimi¬ 
nary meeting of representatives of 
a political party, to deckle upon 
a line of policy to be submitted 
to a convention or larger meeting ; 
a party combination for influenc¬ 
ing elections: v.i. to hold, or meet 
in, a caucus. 

cau-dal (kaw'dal), adj . pertain¬ 
ing to a tail. 

can-date (kaw'dat), adj. having a 
tail; having a tail-like appendage, 
cau-dle (kaw'dl), n. a warm 
drink made of wine or ale, spiced 
or sugared, and mixed with bread, 
eggs, &c., for sick persons, or for 
women in childbed, 
caught, p.t. & p.p. of catch, 
caul (kawl), n. a net or covering 
for the head ; a small net; a mem¬ 
brane covering the lower intes¬ 
tines ; a part of the amnion or 
membrane of the fetus, sometimes 
inclosing a child’s head at birth, 
caul-dron (kawl'dron), n. a 
large kettle or boiler, 
cau-li-flow-er (kaw'li-flou-er), n. 
a garden variety of cabbage with 
an edible flowering he&d. 
caulk. See cab*, 
caus-al (kawz'al) adj. relating to 
or expressing cause; creative: n. 
a word that expresses a cause, or 
introduces a reason, 
caus-al-ly (-li), adv. as a cause, 
cau-sal-i-ty (kaw-zal'i-ti), n. [pi. 
causalities (-tiz)], the relation of 
cause to effect; the supposed 
faculty of tracing effects to 
causes. 

cau-sa-tion (kaw-za'shun), n. the 
act of causing or producing; re¬ 
lation between cause and effect, 
caus-a-tive (kawz'a-tiv), adj. that 
causes; effective as a cause; ex¬ 
pressing causation, 
cause (kawz), n. that which pro¬ 
duces or contributes to a result; 
a reason ; motive ; principle ; sub¬ 
ject in debate; a side or party; 
a suit or action; a case for 
judicial decision: v.t. to act as 
an agent in producing an effect; 
produce. 


Syn. motive, reason. 

Ant. (see effect, consequence), 
cause-way (kawz'wa), or caus¬ 
ey ('zi), n. a pathway raised and 
paved with stone; a highway, 
caus-tic (kaws'tik), adj. burning; 
hot; corrosive ; sarcastic ; cutting; 
pungent: n. a substance which 
burns. 

caus-tic-pot-ash (pot'ash), n. 
potassium hydrate, a white sub¬ 
stance acting as a powerful cau¬ 
tery, much used in medicine, the 
arts, and manufactures, 
caus-tic-so-da (so'da), n. sodium 
hydrate, a white solid substance, 
largely used in soap-making, 
caustically (-li), adv. in a 
caustic manner. 

causticity (kaws-tis'i-ti), n. 

the quality of being caustic, 
cau-ter-ant (kaw'ter-ant), n. a 
cauterizing substance, 
cau-ter-i-za-tion (kaw-ter-i-za'- 
shun), n. the act of cauterizing, 
cau-ter-ize (kaw'ter-iz), v.t. to 
burn or sear with a hot iron, or 
with cauterants. 

cau-ter-y (kaw'ter-i), n. [pi. 
cauteries (-iz) ], a burning or 
searing; an instrument or drug 
used for such a purpose, 
caution (kaw'shun), n. heedful¬ 
ness ; prudence in regard to 
danger ; watchfulness ; an admoni¬ 
tion ; something to occasion amaze¬ 
ment or fear: v.t. to warn, 
cautionary (kaw'shun-a-ri), 
adj. containing a caution; given 
as a pledge or security, 
cautious (kaw'shus), adj. exer¬ 
cising caution ; heedful; wary; 
vigilant ; circumspect, 
cav-al-cade (kav-al-kad'), n. a 
train or procession of persons, 
chiefly on horseback, 
cav-a-lier (kav-a-ler'), n. an 
armed horseman, especially a 
knight or gentleman soldier; a 
gallant; a gay military man; a 
beau or attendant upon a lady; a 
partisan of Charles I. in his strug¬ 
gle with the Parliament; an ele¬ 
vation for cannon within a bas¬ 
tion : adj. gay ; sprightly ; frank ; 
careless ; haughty ; supercilious, 
cav-a-lier-ly (kav-a-ler'li), adv. 
in a haughty or supercilious man¬ 
ner. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









^av 


168 


cel 


cav-al-lard (kav-al-yard'), a 
drove of horses or mules, 
cavalry (kav'al-ri), n. horse 
soldiers. 

cav-a-ti-na (kav-a-te'na), n. a 
short simple melody, 
cave (kav), n. a hollow place in 
the earth ; a large natural cavity; 
a den; cavern : v.t. to hollow out. 
cave-bear (-bar), n. a fossil bear 
belonging to the Quarternary 
epoch. 

cave-man (-man), n. a man be¬ 
longing to the prehistoric race 
who inhabited caves, 
ca-ve-at (ka've-at), n. a notice 
filed to stop procedure, except 
after warning to the caveator; 
notice of intention to apply for a 
patent. 

cav-ern (kav'ern), n. a large 
natural hollow under the earth; a 
den ; cave. 

cav-er-nons (kav'er-nus), adi. : 
hollow like a cavern ; filled with 
small cavities. 

cav-i-are (kav-i-ar'), or caviar 
(-i-ar'), n. the roes of certain 
large fish, especially the sturgeon, 
salted and dried. 

cav-il (kav'il), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
caviled, p.pr. caviling], to. raise 
captious or frivolous objections; 
carp [followed by at] : n. a cap¬ 
tious or frivolous objection, 
cav-i-ty (kav'i-ti), n. [pi. cavities 
(-tiz) ], a hollow place or part, 
ca-vo-ri-lie-vo (ka'vo-re-lia-vo). 
n. a relief in which the highest 
surface only is level with the 
plane of the original stone. Also 
cavo-relievo. 

ca-vort (ka-v6rt')\ v.i. to prance 
about, as a horse; to bustle 
around briskly or eagerly, 
caw (kaw), v.i. to cry like a crow, 
rook, or raven: n. the cry of the 
crow, &c. 

cay enne (kl-en' or ka-en'), n. a 
kind of pepper made from the 
seeds and fruit of various species 
of the genus Capsicum, 
cease (ses), v.i. to come to an 
end; stop; desist [followed by 
from before a noun] : v.t. to put 
a stop to ; end. 

Syn. discontinue, leave off, end. 

Ant. (see continue), 
ce-dar (se'dSr), n. the name of 


several evergreen trees, having 
wood of great durability and 
fragrance: adj. pertaining to, or 
made of, cedar. 

cede (sed), v.t. give up or sur¬ 
render. 

ce-dil-la (se-dil'a), n. a mark 
placed under c to indicate the 
sound of s, as in French logon. 
ceil (sel), v.t. to overlay or cover 
the inner surface of a roof; fur¬ 
nish with a ceiling, 
ceiling (se'ling), n. the inner 
roof of an apartment, 
celandine (sel'an-dln), n. the 
name of two perennial plants of 
the poppy family, the greater 
celandine and lesser celandine, 
cel-e-brant (sel'e-brant), n. one 
who celebrates, especially the 
principal officiating priest in 
offering mass or celebrating the 
Eucharist. 

cel-e-brate (sel'e-brat), v.t. to 
praise, extol, or honor; commem¬ 
orate ; distinguish by solemn cere¬ 
monies. 

Syn. observe, commemorate, 
keep, solemnize. 

Ant. (see disregard.) 
cel-e-bra-tion (sel-e-bra'shun), n. 
the act of celebrating; an ob¬ 
servance or ceremony to celebrate 
anything. 

ce-ieb-ri-ty (se-leb'ri-ti), n. [pi. 
celebrities (-tiz)], fame; re¬ 
nown; distinction; a renowned 
person. 

ce-ler-i-ty (se-ler'i-ti),n. rapidity; 

swiftness. 

cel-e-ry (sel'e-ri), n. a plant culti¬ 
vated for a salad and vegetable, 
ce-leste (se-lest'), n. sky-blue, 
ce-les-tial (se-les'tial) adj. of or 
pertaining to the sky or heavens; 
heavenly; supremely excellent. 
Ce-les-tial (se-les'tial), n. an in¬ 
habitant of heaven; a native of 
China. 

Ce-les-tial Em-pire (em'plr), n. 

China. 

ce-les-tial-ly (-li), adv. in a celes¬ 
tial or heavenly manner, 
cel-i-ba-cy (sel'i-ba-si), n. the 
state of being unmarried; single 
life, especially that of a bachelor, 
or one bound by vows to an un¬ 
married life. 

cel-i-bate (sel'i-bat), n. one who 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, tf/ito. 











cel 


169 


cen 


is unmarried or practices celibacy : 
adj. unmarried. 

cell ( scl), n. a small room in j 
a monastery, convent, or prison ; 
a small or mean place of resi¬ 
dence ; a small cavity ; a minute 
mass of contractile protoplasm 
forming the structural unit of 
every organized body; a single 
element or jar of a galvanic bat¬ 
tery ; a small religious house at¬ 
tached to a monastery or convent; 
the interval between the ribs of a 
vaulted roof. 

eel-lar (sel'ar), n. a vault for 
storing provisions, wine, fuel, &c. 

cellar-age (sel'er-aj), n. cellars; 
the space occupied by cellars; cel¬ 
lars collectively; charge for stor¬ 
age in cellars. 

cell-o (chel'o), n. \pl. cellos ('oz), 
Italian celli ('e)], a violoncello. 

cell-u-lar (sel'u-lar), adj. formed 
of cells. 

cell-u-loid (sel'uJoid), n. a com¬ 
pound of camphor and gun-cotton, 
resembling ivory. 

cell-u-lose (sel'u-los), or celln- 
line (-lin), n. the substance re¬ 
sembling and allied to starch 
which forms cellular plant tissue: 
adj. containing or composed of 
cells. 

celt (selt), n. an instrument or 
weapon of stone or metal, re¬ 
sembling a chisel or blade of an 
axe, found in ancient tumuli. 

Cel-tic (sel'tik), or Keltic 
(kel'-), adj. pertaining to the 
Kelts. 

cel-ti-cism ( sel'ti-sizm), or kel- 
ticisin (kel'-), n. a Keltic cus¬ 
tom or idiom. 

Cel-tist (sel'tist), or Keltist 
(kel'-), a student of Keltic an¬ 
tiquities, languages, &c. 

cement (se-ment' or sem'ent),^. 
any adhesive substance which 
makes two bodies cohere; mortar; 
a bond of union ; the bony layer 
which forms the outer substance 
of the fang of a tooth: v.t. to 
unite with cement; unite firmly 
or closely : v.i. become solid. 

cem-en-ta-tion (sem-en-ta'shun), 
n. the act of cementing; a proc¬ 
ess for converting iron into steel, 
glass into porcelain,- &c. 

cem-e-ter-y (sem'e-ter-i), n. I pi. 


cemeteries (-iz) ], a public burial 
ground. 

cen-o-Mte (sen'o-bit), n. one of a 
religious order living in a con¬ 
vent or in community. 

cenotaph (sen'6-taf), n. an 
empty tomb, or a monument 
erected in honor of a person 
buried elsewhere. 

censer (sen'ser), n. a covered 
cup-shaped vessel pierced with 
holes, in which incense is burned; 
a thurible. 

cen sor (sen'ser), n. one of two 
magistrates of ancient Rome who 
imposed taxes and regulated the 
morals and manners of the com¬ 
munity ; an official appointed to 
examine books, manuscripts, plays, 
&c., prior to publication or per¬ 
formance to ascertain there is 
nothing immoral or offensive in 
them ; one who censures or blames ; 
a critic; at Cambridge Univer¬ 
sity, a collegiate official similar 
to a dean. 

cen-so-ri-al (sen-so'ri-M). adj. 
pertaining to a censor; censori¬ 
ous. 

cen so ri ous (sen-so'ri-us), adj. 
addicted to, or expressing, cen¬ 
sure ; carping; critical. 

censurable (sen'shur-a-bl), adj. 
blamable. 

cen-sure (sen'shur), n. blame ; re¬ 
proof ; the act of finding fault; a 
sentence or penalty of an ecclesias¬ 
tical court: v.t. to find fault with 
or condemn; criticise adversely. 

Syn. animadvert, criticise. 

Ant. (see praise). 

cen-sus (sen'sus), n. a quinquen¬ 
nial registration of the numbers 
and property of Roman citizens 
for the purpose of taxation; in 
modern usage, an official enumera¬ 
tion of the inhabitants of a coun¬ 
try, with details of sex, age, occu¬ 
pation, &c., taken in the United 
States decennially. 

cent (sent), n. the l-100th part 
of a dollar. 

cental (sen'tal), adj. pertaining 
to or consisting of a hundred: n. 
a weight for corn = 100 lb. 
avoirdupois. 

cen-tare (sang-tar'), n. in the 
metric system, one hundredth part 
of an are: one square meter. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











sen 


170 


cen 


cen taur (sen'tawr), n. a fabu¬ 
lous being, half man and half 
horse. 

cen-te-na-ri-an ( sen-te-na'ri-an ), 
adj. of, or pertaining to, a cen¬ 
tenary or of a person a hundred 
years old: n. a person of such an 
age or older. 

cen te na ry (sen'te-na-ri), n. [pi 
centenaries (-riz)], the space of a 
hundred years; the commemora¬ 
tion of the hundredth anniversary 
of an event: adj. relating to, or 
consisting of, a hundred; recur¬ 
ring once in a century, 
een-ten-ni-al (sen-ten'i-al), adj. 
consisting of, or enduring, a hun¬ 
dred years; taking place once in 
a hundred years: n. the com¬ 
memoration of a 100th anniver¬ 
sary. 

cen-ten-ni-al-ly (-li), adv. once 
in a 100 years. 

Syn. middle, midst. 

Ant. (see circumference), 
center (sen'ter), n. the middle 
point of anything; the nucleus 
around which things are collected ; 
a title of the leaders of certain 
organizations; the name of cer¬ 
tain members of a legislative as¬ 
sembly who hold moderate views 
and occupy a place between the 
Conservative party on the right, 
and the Radicals on the left; the 
circle or square next to the bull’s- 
eye ; a shot which hits such a 
division; a conical pin, by which 
the work is secured and around 
which it revolves; troops in a line 
between the wings; in a fleet, the 
column or division between the 
van and the rear, or between the 
weather division and the lee: v.t. 
to place on a center; collect to a 
point; to form a recess for the 
reception of a center: v.i. to be 
placed in the center; meet in one 
point or focus. 

Syn. middle, midst. 

Ant. (see circumference), 
cen-ter-bit (-bit), n. a carpen¬ 
ter’s tool turning upon a center 
for boring holes. 

cen-ter-board (bord), n. a keel 
so constructed that it may be 
raised within the vessel or lowered 
at pleasure: it is extensively used 
by racing craft. 


cen-ter of grav-i-ty (of grav'i- 
ti), n. that point of a body 
through which the resultant of 
all the forces acting upon it in 
consequence of the earth’s attrac¬ 
tion will pass. 

centering (sen'ter-ing), n. the 
woodwork or timber framing by 
which vaulted work is supported 
during construction, 
centesimal (sen-tes'i-mal), adj. 

hundredth: n. a hundredth part, 
cen-ti-are (sen'ti-fir, French sang- 
ti-ar'), n. a cen tare, 
centigrade (sen'ti-grad), adj. 
graduated or divided into a hun¬ 
dred degrees. 

cen ti gram or cen ti gramme 

(sen'ti-gram), n. a measure of 
weight = 100th of a gramme 
(.15432 of a grain troy), 
cen-ti-li-ter (sen'ti-le-tr, French 
sang'), n. a measure of capacity = 
the hundredth part of a liter 
(.6102 of an inch), 
cen-time (sling-tern'), n. a small 
French coin — the hundredth part 
of a franc. 

cen-ti-me-ter (sen'ti-me-tr, French 
sang'-), n. a measure of length = 
100th of a meter (.3937 inch), 
cen-ti-ped (sen'ti-ped), or centi¬ 
pede (-ped), n. the term applied 
to an articulated animal with 
numerous feet belonging to the 
class Myriapoda, popularly sup¬ 
posed to have a hundred feet, 
whence the name, 
cen-to (sen'to), n. [pi. centos 
('toz) ], a literary or musical com¬ 
position formed by selections from 
various authors or composers, and 
arranged in a new order, 
cen-tral (sen'tral), adj. relating 
to, or situated in, the center, 
cen-tral-ly (-li). adv. in a central 
manner. 

cen-tral-ism (sen'tral-izm), n. the 
state or quality of being central; 
centralization. 

cen-tral-i-ty (sen-tral'i-ti), n. 

the quality of being central, 
cen-tral-i-za-tion (sen-tr&i-i-za'- 
shun), n. the act of bringing all 
local administrations under one 
central government, 
cen-tral-ize (sen'tr&l-Iz), v.t. to 
draw or bring to a center; bring 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









cen 


171 


cer 


all administrations under one 
central government, 
centre (sen'ter), n. same as 
center. 

cen-tric (sen'trik), or centrical 

(al), adj. placed in the center; 

. central. 

cen-tric-i-ty (sen-tris'i-ti), n. the 
state of being centric, 
cen-trif-u-gal (sen-trif'u-gal), 

adj. tending or causing- to fly off 
from the center; radiating from a 
central focus; expanding first at 
the summit and later at the base, 
cen-trif-u-gal-ly (-li), adv. 
from the center. 

cen-trif-u-gence (sen-trif'u-jens), 
n. a tendency to fly off from the 
center. 

cen-trip-e-tal (sen-trip'e-tal), 

adj. tending or causing to ap¬ 
proach the center; opposed to cen¬ 
trifugal ; expanding first at the 
base and then at the summit, 
cen-trip-e-tal railway (ral'- 
wa), n. a railway constructed 
with a single rail to support the 
carriage, and two side rails to 
steady it. 

cen-trip-e-tal-ly (-li), adv. in a 
centripetal manner, 
cen-tum-vir (sen-tum'ver), n. 
[pi. centumvirs (-verz) ; Latin 
centumviri ('vi-rl)], one of a 
body of 105 Roman judges, ap¬ 
pointed annually to try civil 
causes. 

cen-tunx-vi-rate (sen-tum'vi-rat), 
n. the office of a centumvir, or 
the centumviri; a body composed 
of a hundred men. 
cen-tu-ple (sen'tu-pl), adj. 
hundredfold: v.t. to multiply or 
increase a hundredfold, 
cen-tu-ri-on (sen-tu'ri-un), n. a 
military officer commanding a 
hundred men. 

scn-tu-ry (sen'tu-ri), n. [pi. 
centuries (-riz)], a hundred; a 
hundred years, especially of the 
Christian era; a division of the 
Roman people; a sub-division of 
a legion. 

cen-tu-ry-plant (-plant), n. a 
name of the American aloe, from 
the supposition that it flowered 
once only in a hundred years, 
century-run, n. a hundred mile 
run on a bicycle, or other vehicle. 


cepb-a-lal-gi-a (sef-a-lal'ji-a), n. 
headache. 

ceph-a-lic (sef'a-lik or se-fal'- 
ik), adj. pertaining to the head; 
forming the front or forepart of 
a body or organ. 

eeph-a-li-tis (sef-a-li'tis), n. in¬ 
flammation of the brain or its 
membranes. 

cepb-a-lo-pod (sef'a-lo-pod), adj. 
of or pertaining to the Cepha¬ 
lopoda : n. a member of the 
Cephalopoda. 

Cepb-a-lop-o-da (sef-a-lop'o-da), 
n.pl. the highest class of the 
Mollusca, having a distinct head 
with tentacles attached. The 
nautilus and octopus belong to 
this class. 

ce-ra-ceous (se-rii'shus), adj. 
having the texture and color of 
new wax. 

ce ram ic (se-ram'ik), or ke-rani- 
ic (ke-), adj. of or pertaining 
to pottery or the fictile arts: n.pl. 
work executed wholly or partly in 
clay and baked ; the fictile arts, 
ce-rate (se'rat), n. a thick oint¬ 
ment of wax, &c. 

cer-a-tin (ser'a-tin), n. horny 
tissue. 

cer-a-toid (ser'a-toid), adj. horny, 
cer-a-to-plas-ty (ser'a-to-plas-ti), 
n. the replacement of the cornea 
by one taken from an animal, 
cere (ser), n. the naked skin at 
the base of the bill of many birds, 
as the parrot. 

cere (ser), v.t. to cover or close 
with wax. 

ce-re-al (se're-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or producing, wheat or edible 
grain : n. edible grain, 
cer-e-bel-lum (ser-e-bel'um), n. 
[pi. cerebella ('a)], the hinder 
and lower part of the brain in 
vertebrate animals; the little 
brain. 

cer-e-Tbral (ser'e-bral), adj. of or 
pertaining to the brain, 
cer-e-bral hexn-is-phcre (henT- 
is-fer), n. one of the two lateral 
halves of the cerebrum, 
cer-e-bral-ism (ser'e-bral-izm), n. 
the theory that mental operations 
arise from activity of the brain 
or cerebrum. 

cer-e-brate (ser'e-brat), v.i. to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







cer 


172 


ces 


have the brain in action. Also 
cerebrize. 

cer-e-bra-tion (ser-e-bra'shun), 
n. the conscious or unconscious 
action of the brain, 
cer-e-bric (ser'e-brik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or derived from, the 
brain. 

cer-e-brin (ser'e-brin), n. a name 
for several nitrogenous sub¬ 
stances obtained from brain- and 
nerve-matter. 

cer-e-bri-tis (ser-e-bri'tis), n. in¬ 
flammation of cerebrum or brain, 
cer-e-brum (ser'e-brum), n. [pi. 
cerebra (-bra)], the superior and 
larger part of the brain : the seat 
of the mind and will, 
cere-cloth (ser'kloth), n. a cloth 
saturated with wax or some gum¬ 
my substance, used for wrapping 
embalmed bodies in. 
cere ment (ser'ment), n. a grave- 
cloth or shroud : pi! grave-clothes, 
cer-e-mo-sii-al (ser-e-mo'ni-al), 
ad), relating to, or performed with, 
external rites or ceremonies: n. 
the prescribed .order for a cere¬ 
mony or function, 
cer-e-mo-m-al-ism (ser-e-mo'ni- 
al-izm), n. adherence to, or fond¬ 
ness for, ceremonial observance; 
ritualism. 

cer-e-mo-ni-al-ly (-li), adv. ac¬ 
cording to rites and ceremonies, 
cer-e-mo-ni-ous (ser-e-mo'ni-us), 
adj. full of ceremony ; punctilious 
of prescribed formalities; accord¬ 
ing to prescribed form or usage; 
fond of using ceremony; precise, 
cer-e-mo-ny (ser'e-m5-ni), n. [pi. 
ceremonies (-niz)], a sacred rite 
or observance; a prescribed rite 
or formality; behavior regulated 
by the laws of strict etiquette, 
cer-iph (ser'if), n. one of the 
fine lines of a printing type, es¬ 
pecially a stroke at the bottom or 
top of a letter. Also serif, 
ce ri um (se'ri-um), n. a rare me¬ 
tallic element. 

ce-rog-ra-phy (se-rog'ra-fi), n. 
the art of writing or engraving on 
wax; wax painting; encaustic 
painting. 

cer-tain (ser'tin), adj. sure; be- 
yond a doubt; fixed or stated; 
definite. 


Syn. secure, sure. 

Ant. (see doubtful), 
cer-tain-ty (ser'tin-ti ), n. [pi. 
certainties (-tiz)j, full assurance, 
cer-tes (ser'tez), adv. certainly; 
assuredly. 

cer-tif-i-cate (ser-tif'i-kat), n. a' 
written testimony to the truth of 
any fact; a testimonial as to char¬ 
acter or ability; a statement 
written and signed and legally 
authenticated : v.t. to give a cer¬ 
tificate to ; to attest or vouch for 
by certificate. 

cer-ti-fi-ca-tion (ser-ti-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act of certifying, 
cer-ti-fy (ser'ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. certified, p.pr. certifying], to 
testify to or to make known in 
writing; assure. 

eer-ti-o-ra-ri (ser-shi-o-ra'rl), n. 
a writ issuing from a superior 
court calling for the records of 
an inferior court, or to remove a 
case from a court below, 
cer-ti-tude (ser'ti-tud), adj. cer¬ 
tainty ; freedom from doubt; as¬ 
surance. 

cer-to-si-na-work (cher-to-se'- 
na-werk), n. a kind of inlaid 
work of light and dark woods, or 
ivory and w T ood. 

cerulean (se-roo'le-an), adj. 

sky-colored. 

ce-ru-lin (se'roo-lin), n. an olive- 
green dye. 

ce ru men (se'roo'men), n. ear- 
wax. 

ce ruse (se'roos), n. white-lead, 
.used as a pigment, and from 
which a cosmetic is prepared, 
cervical (ser'vi-kal), adj. of or 
pertaining to the neck, 
cer-vine (ser'vin), adj. of, or 
pertaining to, the deer family; of 
a tawny or fawn color, 
cess (ses), v.t. to impose a tax; 
assess: n. a rate or tax, especially 
the land tax. 

ces-sa-tion (ses-sa'shun), n. the 
act of ceasing. 

Syn. intermission, rest, stop. 

Ant. (see continuance), 
ces-sion (sesh'un), n. a yielding 
up, as of territory, property, or 
rights; the surrender of a benefice 
by an incumbent who has ac¬ 
cepted another living. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ces 


173 


' chn 


ces-sion-a-ry (sesh'un-a-ri), adj. 

a giving or yielding up. 
cess-pool (ses'pool), n. a deep 
hole in the ground, or the well 
of a drain for the reception of 
filth; any foul receptacle, 
ces-tus (ses'tus), n. [pi. cestus 
(ses'tus)], a kind of glove used 
by ancient boxers, frequently 
loaded with lead or iron, and se¬ 
cured by leathern thongs to the 
hands and arms. 

ce ta cean (se-ta'shun), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Cetacea, formerly 
a group of marine mammalia 
which includes the whales: n. 
a whale; an animal belonging to 
the order Cete. 

Ce-te (se'te), n.pl. an order of 
the mammalia, containing the true 
whales, dolphins, &c. 
ce-tic ac-id (se'tik as'id), n. 

an acid obtained from spermaceti, 
ce-tin (se'tin), n. a white waxy 
substance forming the essential 
part of spermaceti, 
chafe (chaf), v.t. to make warm 
by friction; to wear away or 
make sore by rubbing; irritate; 
annoy: n. mental irritation caused 
by continued annoyance; vexa¬ 
tion : v.i. to be worn by friction ; 
be irritated or annoyed ; fret, 
cha-fer (cha'fer), n. the cock¬ 
chafer. 

chaff (chaf), n. the husk of grain, 
especially when separated by 
threshing, &c.; straw or hay cut 
fine for cattle; anything worth¬ 
less. 

chaff (chaf), v.t. to banter; make 
game of: v.i. to use bantering lan¬ 
guage : n. banter. 

chaf-fer (chaf'erl, n. the act of 
bargaining: v.i. to haggle about a 
purchase. 

chaf-finch (chaf'inch), n. a bird, 
so named from its feeding on 
grain. 

chaff-weed (chaf'wed), n. a plant 
allied to the pimpernel, 
chaff-y (chaf'i), adj. resembling, 
or full of, chaff; anything light or 
worthless. 

cha-fing-dish (-dish), n. a small 
portable grate for coals; a vessel 
to hold live coal to keep meat, &c., 
hot. 

cha-grin (sha-grin' or -gren'), 


vexation due to disappointment; 
ill-humor; mortification: v.t. to 
excite vexation in ; mortify. 

Syn. confusion, dismay, humil¬ 
iation, shame, vexation. 

Ant. (see delight). 

chain (chan), n. a connected 
series of links or rings fitted into 
one another; a bond; a measure 
of 100 links = 66 ft.; the warp 
threads of a web: v.t. to fasten, 
secure, or connect with a chain ; 
enslave ; to unite firmly ; fasten. 

chain-gang (-gang), n. a gang 
of convicts working together in 
chains. 

chain-mail (-mal), n. flexible 
armor formed of metal links in¬ 
terwoven. 

chain-stitch (-stich), n. an 
ornamental stitch resembling a 
chain; a loop-stitch made by a 
sewing machine. 

chair (char), n. a movable seat 
with a back for one person; an 
official seat; a professorship; the 
presiding officer of an assembly ; 
an iron socket fastened to the 
sleeper which receives and secures 
railroad metals: v.t. to carry pub¬ 
licly in a chair in triumph ; to in¬ 
stall. 

chair-man (char'man), n. [pi. 
chairmen ('men)], the president 
of an assembly, meeting, public 
company, &c. 

chaise (shaz), n. a light two¬ 
wheeled carriage; a carriage in 
general. 

chal-ce-do-ny (kal'se-do-ni or 
kal-sed'o-ni) n. a cryptocrystal¬ 
line variety of quartz, resembling 
diluted milk. Also calcedony. 

chal-dron (chawl'dron), n. a 
measure for coke =: 36 bush. 
(2514 cwt.). 

cha-let (sha-la/), n. a Swiss cot¬ 
tage or herdsman’s dwelling; a 
small country house built in such 
style. 

chal-ice (chal'is), n. a cup; a 
Eucharist cup. 

chalk (chawk), n. a soft lime¬ 
stone rock composed of carbonate 
of lime; prepared chalk for draw¬ 
ing : v.t. to mark, rub, or manure 
with chalk. , 

chalk-stone (-st5n), n. a chalky 
concretion in the joints. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






cha 


174 


cha 


chalk-i-ness (chawk'i-nes), n. 

the state of being chalky, 
chalky (chawk'i), adj. contain¬ 
ing, or resembling, chalk, 
challenge (chal'enj), n. an invi¬ 
tation to a contest; a summons 
to fight; a duel; an objection 
taken to a voter or juror; the de¬ 
mand of a soldier on sentry: v.t. 
to summons to a contest; invite 
to a duel; defy; take exception 
to. 

ehal-lenge-a-ble (chal'en j-fi-bl), 
ad), that may be challenged, 
chal-lis (shal'e), n. a light all- 
wool fabric. 

cha-lyb-e-ate (kfi-lib'e-at), adj. 

impregnated with iron, 
chal-y-bite (kal'i-bit), n. native 
carbonate of iron; siderite. 
chamber (chamber), n. an 
apartment; especially a bedroom ; 
a private room; a political or 
commercial body; a cavity; that 
part of a gun, &c., which contains 
the charge : pi. a suite of rooms ; a 
judge’s private room: v.t. to in¬ 
close ; furnish with a chamber, 
cham-ber-lain (cham'ber'lan), n. 
an officer who has charge of the 
private apartments of a sovereign 
or nobleman ; a male servant w r ho 
has charge of a suite of rooms; 
the treasurer of a city or corpora¬ 
tion. 

cha-me-le-on (ka-me'le-un), n. 
an insectivorous lizard-like rep¬ 
tile, possessing the power of 
changing its color, 
cham-fer (cham'fer), n. a small 
furrow cut in w r ood or metal; a 
bevel: v.t. to groove, channel, or 
flute. 

champ (champ), v.t. to bite with 
the teeth repeatedly and impa¬ 
tiently : n. the act of champing, 
champagne (sham-pan'), n. a 
light sparkling effervescent wine, 
cham-paign (sham-pan'), n. flat 
open country: adj. level, open, 
chain-per-ty (cham'per-ti), n. 
the maintenance of a party in a 
suit on condition that, if suc¬ 
cessful, the property is to be 
shared. 

chain-pi-on (cham'pi-un), n. one 
who defends the cause of another, 
by combat or other means; a 
hero; valiant warrior; a success¬ 


ful competitor against all rivals: 
v.t. to defend or support a cause, 
chance (chans), n. an unfore¬ 
seen event; an accident; a possi¬ 
bility ; opportunity; risk: v.t. to 
happen ; occur without design or 
expectation: v.t. to risk (with 
it). 

Syn. fate, fortune. 

Ant. (see design), 
chan-cel (chan'sel), n. that part 
in a church wiiere the altar 
stands; the sanctuary, 
chan-cel-lor (chan'sel-er), n. a 
judge of a court of equity or 
chancery; the president or high¬ 
est official of a university; a 
vicar-general; the president of the 
German Federal Council, 
chance-medley (-medii), n. 
justifiable homicide in self-de¬ 
fense. 

chan-cer-y (chan'ser-i), n. orig¬ 
inally in England, next to Parlia¬ 
ment, the highest Court of Jus¬ 
tice, since 1873 a division of the 
High Court of Justice; a Court 
of Equity. 

chan-de-lier (shan-de-ler'), n. a 
hanging frame with branches for 
lights. 

chand-ler (chand'ler), n. a 
maker or vendor of candles; a 
dealer or merchant, 
change (chanj), v.t. to alter; 
substitute; exchange or give an 
equivalent for; render acid or 
tainted : v.i. undergo change; suf¬ 
fer alteration; pass from one 
place to another; deteriorate: n. 
an alteration or variation; a 
passing from one state or form 
to another; vicissitude; small 
coin; balance returned after de¬ 
duction of amount paid. 

Syn. barter, exchange, substi¬ 
tute, alteration. 

Ant. (see continue), 
change-a-bil-i-ty (chanj-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. liability to change, 
change-a-ble (chanj'a-bl), adj. 
fickle. 

Syn. fickle, inconstant, mutable, 
variable. 

Ant. (see unchangeable). 
change-ling (chanj'ling), n. a 
child left in place of another; an 
idiot; a waverer. 

chan-nel (chan'el), n. the bed of 


late, mar, mask, cat, awd ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








cha 


175 


cha 


a stream; a watercourse; the 
deepest part of a strait, bay, har¬ 
bor, &c.; a wide arm of the sea 
extending inland; a groove; a 
medium of conveyance: pi. planks 
bolted to the outside of a ship to 
extend the rigging: v.t. to cut into 
a channel; groove. 

chant (chant), v.t. to sing; in¬ 
tone : v.i. make melody with the 
voice; go in full cry, as hounds: 
n. a song; a solemn or monoton¬ 
ous song. 

chan ter (chan'ter), n. one who 
chants; the drone of a bagpipe; 
a horse-coper. 

chan-ti-cleer (chan'ti-kler), n. a 
cock. 

cha os (ka'os), n. the confused 
matter out of which the universe 
was formed; confusion. 

chaotic (ka-ot'ik), adj. resem¬ 
bling chaos. 

cha-ot-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 
chaotic manner. 

chap (chap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
chapped: p.pr. chapping], to 

cause to crack or open longitudin¬ 
ally : v.i. to have the skin crack : 
n. a longitudinal crack or slit. 

chap (chap), n. a fellow. 

chap (chap, or chop), n. one of 
the jaws or its fleshy covering 
(usually pi.) ; the mouth of a 
channel. 

chap-ar-ral (chap-a-ral'), n. a 
dense thicket. 

chap-hook (chap'book), n. a 
small book, usually of fairy tales, 
romances, &c., formerly hawked 
about by chapmen. 

cha-peau (sha'po), n. [pi. cha¬ 
peaux (-p5z) ], a hat or head cov¬ 
ering. 

chap-el (chap'el), n. a subordi¬ 
nate place of public worship; a 
place of worship in a palace, in¬ 
stitution, &c.; a nonconformist 
place of worship; an association 
of journeymen in a printing 
house. 

chap-el-ry (chap'el-ri), n. [pi. 
chapelries (-riz)], the district 
legally assigned to a chapel de¬ 
pendent upon the mother church. 

chaperon (shap'er-dn), n. a 
married lady who accompanies 
young ladies in public: v.t. to act 
as a chaperon to. 


chap-fallen (chap'faw-len), adi. 
dejected. 

chapiter (cliap'i-ter), n. the 
upper part or capital of a pillar, 
chap-lain (chap'lin), n. a clergy¬ 
man who performs service in the 
army, navy, a public institution, 
a royal or private household, 
chap-lain-cy (chap'lin-si), n. the 
office or status of a chaplain, 
chap-let (chap'let), n. a wreath 
or garland encircling the head; a 
rosary; a round molding carved 
into beads, olives, &c. 
chap-man (chap'man), n. [pi 
chapmen ('men)], formerly a 
merchant or trader; a hawker, 
chap-pie (chap'i), n. familiar for 
chap. 

chap-ter (chap'ter), n. a division 
of a book ; the clergy of a cathe¬ 
dral or collegiate church ; a meet¬ 
ing of certain organized societies 
or orders. 

char (char), n. work by the day; 
a single job ; a chore: v.i. to work 
in the house of another by the 
day; do odd jobs; do chores, 
char (char), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

charred, p.pr. charring], burn or 
reduce to charcoal; burn partially, 
char ac ter (kar'ak-ter), n. a let¬ 
ter, sign, or figure; distinctive 
qualities or traits; moral excel¬ 
lence ; a certificate as to conduct 
or ability. 

Syn. reputation, repute, stand¬ 
ing. 

char-ac-ter-is-tic (kar-ak-ter- 
is'tik), adj. pertaining to or indi¬ 
cating the character, 
char-ac-ter-is-tic-al-ly (-al-li), 
adv. in a characteristic manner, 
ehar-ac-ter-i-za-tion (kar-ak- 
ter-I-za'shun), n. the act of char¬ 
acterizing. 

char-ac-ter-ize (kar'ak-ter-iz), 
v.t. describe by peculiar qualities; 
mark or distinguish, 
cha-rade (sha-rad'), n. an acted 
enigma. 

char-coal (char'kol), n. wood 
partially burnt; impure carbon, 
charge (chiirj), v.t. to rush on or 
attack; load; fill up; impose; 
command or enjoin; instruct; ac¬ 
cuse ; place on the debit side: v.i. 
to make an attack; demand a 
price; n. an onset; quantity with 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, tlten. 










ctia 


176 


cna 


which a firearm or apparatus is 
charged, office or obligation; 
an order or command; authorita¬ 
tive instruction or direction; an 
entry on the debit side, 
charge-a-bil-i-ty (char-ja-bil'i- 

ti), n. the quality of being charge¬ 
able. 

charge-a-ble (char'ja-bl), adj. 
liable to be charged; ratable; 
burdensome. 

charge d’affaires (shar-zha'- 
da-far'), n. [pi. charges (-shar- 
zha-)], a government official who 
acts for an ambassador in his 
absence, or at a court to which 
no ambassador is accredited, 
charg er (charj'er), n. a cavalry 
horse; a large dish, 
ch ar-i-ot (char'i-ot), n. an 
ancient two-wheeled car for war. 
state processions, racing, &c.; a 
four-wheeled pleasure carriage, 
char-i-o-tee (char-i-o-te'), n. a 
light four-wheeled covered pleas¬ 
ure carriage with two seats, 
char-i-ta-ble (char'i-ta-bl), adj. 
benevolent in disposition; kind 
and liberal. 

charity (cliar'i-ti), n. [pi. chari¬ 
ties (-tiz)J, the disposition to 
think well of others; liberality; 
alms; universal love; an institu¬ 
tion for the poor; a gift in trust 
for a benevolent object, 
char-i-va-ri (shar-i-va'ri), n. a 
mock serenade of discordant 
music. 

char-la-tan (shar'la-tan), n. a 
quack. 

char-la-tan-ism (-izm), n. quack¬ 
ery. 

char-lotte russe (shar'lut rus), 
n. whipped cream enclosed in 
sponge-cake. 

charm (charm), n. a spell or en¬ 
chantment ; an allurement; a 
trinket: v.t. influence by magic; 
subdue or fascinate; give ex¬ 
quisite delight to: v.i. to work by 
magic powers; act as a spell. 

8yn. captivate, enchant, enrap¬ 
ture, fascinate. 

char-nel (char'nel), adj. contain¬ 
ing flesh or dead bodies, 
chart (chart), n. a map of any 
part of the sea, river, &c., for the 
use of mariners; the representa¬ 
tion of a ship’s course; a mari¬ 


ner's compass; a sheet giving in¬ 
formation in tabular form : v.t. to 
lay down, or delineate on a chart; 
map out: v.i. to make a chart or 
map. 

char-ter (char'ter), n. a docu¬ 
ment bestowing certain rights and 
privileges: v.t. to charter-party, 
char-ter-par-ty (-par'ti), n. a 
written agreement relating to the 
hire of a vessel and its cargo: v.t. 
to let or hire by charter-party, 
char - tog - ra - pher (kiir-tog'rfi- 
fer), n. one who prepares charts 
and maps. 

char-tog-ra-phy (kiir-tog'ra-fi), 
n. the art or business of drawing 
charts or maps. 

Char-treuse (shar-trez'), n. a 
celebrated liqueur made by the 
monks of La Grand Chartreuse, 
France. 

char-y (char'i), adj. cautious; 
sparing. 

chase (chas), v.t. to pursue; cap¬ 
ture or kill; hunt; drive away : 
v.i. to ride or hunt rapidly: n. 
eager or vehement pursuit; hunt¬ 
ing ; open ground for preserving 
deer. 

chase (chas), n. a groove; an iron 
frame for securing types; that 
part of a cannon in front of the 
trunnions: v.t. to work or emboss 
(precious metals) ; cut, as the 
thread of a screw, 
chasm (kazm), n. a deep open¬ 
ing in the earth ; a void space, 
chasseur (sha-ser'), n. a do¬ 
mestic dressed in military or 
hunting costume ; a French light¬ 
armed foot or cavalry soldier, 
chas-sis (sha-se') ; n. the running 
gear and mechanical parts of an 
automobile. 

chaste (chast), adj. morally pure; 
modest; pure in style ; refined, 
cha-sten (cha'sn), v.t. to punish 
for the purpose of reformation; 
purify ; refine. 

chas-tise (chas-tiz'), v.t. to cor¬ 
rect by punishment; reduce to 
order or obedience, 
chas-tise-ment (chas'tiz-ment), 
n. punishment. 

chas-ti-ty (chas'ti-ti), n. moral 
and sexual purity. 

Syn. purity, continence, virtue. 

Ant. (see lewdness). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mo5n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








vita 


ctie 


I77 


chas-u-ble (chas'u-bl). n. a rich 
vestment worn over the alb by a 
celebrating priest, 
chat (chat), v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. 

chatted, p.pr. chatting], to talk in 
an easy familiar manner: n. fa¬ 
miliar or informal speech, 
cha-teau (sha-to'), n. [pi. cha¬ 
teaux, (-toz')],.a castle; a manor 
house or country seat; the name 
of various French wines, 
chat-e-laine (shat'e-lan), n. a 
bunch of chains to which are at¬ 
tached trinkets, &c., worn at the 
waist by ladies. 

chat-tel (chat'el), n. personal 
property except freehold (usually 

in pi.). 

chat-ter (chat'er), v.i. to utter 
sounds rapidly, as a monkey; rat¬ 
tle the teeth, as in shivering or 
from fright; talk idly or care¬ 
lessly ; jabber: v.t. to utter rap¬ 
idly, idly, or indistinctly: n. 
sounds like those of the magpie, 
&c.; idle, rapid talk, 
chat-ter-box (chat'er-boks), n. 
an incessant talker, 
chat-ti-ness (chat'i-nes), n. the 
quality of being chatty, 
chat-ty (chat'i), adj. talkative, 
unconventional. 

chauf feur (sho-fer'), n. an oper¬ 
ator of an automobile. 
Chautauqua (chaw-taw'qua), n. 
a system of education by summer 
mission schools and lectures at 
Chautauqua, N. Y., home reading 
circles and correspondence, 
chauvinism (sho-vin-izm), n. 
unreasoning attachment to a fallen 
cause; exaggerated fanaticism, 
cheap (chep), adj. purchasable 
for a low price; common; of 
small value. 

cheap-en (chep'en), v.t. to lessen 
the price of. 

cheat (chet), n. a fraud or de¬ 
ception ; one who cheats: v.t. to 
deceive or defraud; impose upon : 
v.i. to act as a cheat, 
check (chek), n. a restraint; a 
reproof; a pass, ticket, or token ; 
a term in chess; cloth woven in 
squares of alternate patterns; an 
order or draft on a bank or 
banker for money: v.t. to re¬ 
strain ; stop; reprove; examine by 
comparison ; mark as having been 


examined; to place an opponent’s 
king in danger at chess; mark in 
small squares. 

check-er (chek'er), n. checker¬ 
board ; one of the squares of a 
checkered pattern; piece with 
which to play checkers : pi. game 
played on a checker-board: 
draughts: v.t. to mark or decorate 
with checkers; variegate, 
checker-board, n. board on 
which the game of checkers is 
played. 

check-mate (chek'mat), n. the 
winning move at chess when the 
opponent’s king cannot move out 
of check ; a complete defeat from 
which there is no escape: v.t. to 
give checkmate to ; defeat utterly ;. 
thwart. 

cheek (chek), n. the side of the 
face beneath either eye; one of 
two corresponding sides ; cool im¬ 
pudence : v.t. face in an impu¬ 
dent manner. 

cheep (chep), n. a shrill noise, as 
that of a young chicken, or a 
mouse: v.i. to_ make such a noise, 
cheep-er (chep'er), n. a young 
game bird. 

cheer (cher), n. temper or state 
of mind; a state of gladness or 
joy ; a shout of applause; tidings; 
luck : v.t. to gladden ; encourage ; 
applaud. 

cheer-ful (cher'fool), adj. full of 
good spirits. 

Syn. gay, merry, sprightly. 

Ant. (see mournful), 
cheer-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
cheerful manner. 

cheer-i-ly (cher'i-li), adv. heartily, 
cheer-i-ness (cher'i-nes), n. the 
state of being cheery, 
cheer-y (cher'i), adj. cheerful; 

£ay. 

cheese (ches), n. the curd or 
casein of milk coagulated, pressed 
and allowed to dry in a mold; 
anything resembling cheese, 
cheese-cake ('kak), n. a confec¬ 
tion of soft curds, butter, and 
sugar. 

cheese-par-ing; (-par'ing), adj , 
niggardly. 

chee-tah (che'ta), n. the hunting 
leopard of India. Also chetah. 
chee-tal (che'tal). n. the Indian 
spotted deer. 


late, mar, mUsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 


H7 








178 


chi 


Che 


chef (shef), n. a head or pro¬ 
fessional cook. 

chef-d’oeuvre (sha-de'vr), n. [pi. 
chefs-d’oeuvre (sha-de'vr)], a 
masterpiece. 

Chei-ran-thus (fei-ran'thus), n. a 
genus of plants, which includes 
the wallflower. 

chein-i-cal (kem'i-kal), adj. per¬ 
taining to chemistry: n. e. chemi¬ 
cal substance. 

chem-i-cal-ly (-li), adv. accord¬ 
ing to chemical principles or oper¬ 
ations. 

chem-i-co-e-lec-tric (kem-i-ko-e- 
lek'trik), adj. depending upon 
electric activity produced by chem¬ 
ical means. 

che-mise (she-mez'), n. a woman’s 
undergarment; a wall lining an 
earthwork. 

chem-i-sette (shem-i-zet'), n. a 
short chemise worn over the 
breast. 

chem-ist (kem'ist), n. one skilled 
in chemistry; a dealer in drugs 
and medicines; an analyst. 

chem-is-try (kem'is-tri), n. the 
science which treats of the prop¬ 
erties of elementary and com¬ 
pound substances and the laws 
which govern their molecular and 
atomic relations. 

che-nille (she-nel'), n. silk or 
worsted cord. 

cheque (chek), n. an order or 
draft on a banker or bank, pay¬ 
able to the bearer; check. 

cher-ish (cher'ish), v.t. to hold or 
esteem dear; treat with tender¬ 
ness ; protect and aid ; encourage ; 
harbor in the mind. 

cheroot (she-root'), n. a kind of 
cigar. 

cher-ry (cher'i), n. [pi. cherries 
('iz)j, the fruit of a tree allied 
to the plum; a cordial made from 
cherries: adj. of a cherry color; 
ruddy. 

cher-ub (cher'ub), n. [pi. cherubs 
('ubz), cherubim ('oo-bim)], an 
angel next to a seraphim in rank; 
a beautiful child [pi. cherubs]. 

che - ru - bic (che-roo'bik), adj. 
angelic. 

chess (ches), n. a game played by 
two persons with 16 pieces each 
on a checkered board divided into 
64 squares. 


chest (chest), n. a large box; the 
quantity such a box contains; the 
breast or thorax ; a certain quan¬ 
tity of goods. 

chest-ed (ehest'ed), adj. having a 
chest. 

chest-nut (ches'nut), n. the nut 
or seed of trees of the genus 
Castanea; the chestnut-tree with 
its edible fruit; a reddish-brown 
color; a horse of such color; an 
old or stale joke: adj. reddish- 
brown. 

che-val-glass (she-val'glas), n. a 
large swing looking-glass, 
chev-a-lier (shev-a-ler'), n. a 
knight; a horseman ; a member or 
knight of an honorable order; the 
lowest title of rank of the old 
French nobility; a gallant, 
chev-aux-de-frise (shev-oo-de- 
frez'), n.pl. a fence constructed of 
a bar armed with long spikes. 
Chev-i-ot (chev'i-ot), n. a sheep 
bred on the Cheviot Hills; a 
rough cloth made from its wool, 
chev ron (shev'ron), n. a term in 
heraldry; the badge on the coat 
sleeve of a non-commissioned offi¬ 
cer, indicative of his rank; a va¬ 
riety of fret ornament, 
chew (choo), v.t. to crush and 
grind with the teeth; masticate; 
meditate upon : v.i. grind tobacco 
between the teeth; n. that which 
is chewed ; a quid of tobacco, 
chi-ar-os-cu-ro (ki-ar-os-koo'ro), 
n. the treatment of light and 
shade in painting, drawing, or en¬ 
graving : adj. pertaining to such 
treatment. 

chic (shek), adj. stylish: n. Pa¬ 
risian elegance in dress; manual 
dexterity. 

chi-cane (shi-kan'), n. mean or 
unfair artifices to obscure the 
truth ; sophistry. Also chicanery : 
v.t. to cheat: v.i. use artifices, 
chick (chik), n. the young of a 
bird, especially of the domestic 
hen : hence a child, 
chick-a-dee (chik'a-de), n. the 
American black-cap titmouse, 
chick-en (chik'en), n. the young 
of a fowl, especially the domestic 
fowl. 

chick-en - heart-ed (-hart'ed), 

adj. timid. 

chick-en-pox (-poks), n. a mild 


late, m£r, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











chi 


179 


chi 


eruptive disease of children ; var¬ 
icella. 

chick-pea (ehik'pe), n. a plant 
the roasted seed of which forms 
the pulse of the East, 
chick-weed (chik'wed), n. a com¬ 
mon wild plant with white blos¬ 
soms. 

chic-o-ry (chik'o-ri), n. a peren¬ 
nial plant with bright blue flowers 
and a tapering root, which, when 
roasted and ground, is used to mix 
with coffee. 

chide (chid), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
chid, chode, p.p. chidden, chid, 
p.pr. chiding], to find fault with; 
scold : v.i. to clamor, 
chid-ing-ly (chid'ing-li), adv. in 
a chiding manner, 
chief (chef), n. a commander or 
leader; a head or principal per¬ 
son ; the principal or most im¬ 
portant part: adj. principal; most 
eminent; of the first order, rank, 
or estimation ; leading ; main. 

Syn. chieftain, head, leader. 

Ant. (see subordinate). 
chief-tain (chef'tan), n. a cap¬ 
tain, leader, or commander; the 
head of a class or tribe, 
chif-fon (shif'un, French she- 
fong'), n. a kind of thin gauze 
fabric. 

chif-fo-nier (shif-o-ner'), n. a 
piece of furniture fitted with 
drawers and shelves used as a 
sideboard ; a rag gatherer, 
chi-gnon (she-nyong'), n. a roll 
of natural or artificial hair worn 
by women over a pad at the back 
of the head. 

chig-oe (chig'o), n. a species of 
West Indian and South American 
flea which burrows beneath the 
skin of the feet, and breeding 
there produces ulcers. Also jig¬ 
ger. 

chi-ka-ra (chi-ka'ra), n. the four¬ 
horned antelope of Bengal, 
chil blain (•chil'blan), n. a sore 
or inflammation caused by frost 
or cold: v.t. to afflict with chil¬ 
blains. 

child (child), n. [pi. children 
(children) ], a son or daughter; 
a very young person ; a descend¬ 
ant ; one immature in judgment, 
child-birth ('berth), n. the actor 
time of bringing forth a child. 


childe (child), n. a term for¬ 
merly applied to the scions of 
knightly houses before their ad¬ 
mission into knighthood, 
child-hood (child'hood), n. the 
period from infancy to puberty, 
child-ish ('ish), adj. like a child ; 
puerile. 

cliil-dren, pi. of child, 
cliil-i-ad (kil'i-ad), n. 1,000; a 
thousand years. 

chill (chil), n. a sudden coldness ; 
the absence of heat in a substance ; 
the hardened part of a casting: 
adj. having the sensation of cold ; 
depressing; discourteous: v.t. to 
make cold; blast with cold; de¬ 
ject ; harden cast iron by sudden 
cooling. 

chii-li (chil'i), n. [pi. chillies 
(-iz) ], the dried pod of a capsi¬ 
cum. Also chile, chili, 
chi-lo-plas-ty (la'lo-plas-ti), n. 
the transplantation of healthy 
skin to a diseased lip. 
chi-me-ra (ki-me'ra), n. an in¬ 
congruous conception of the 
fancy ; a cartilaginous fish of re¬ 
markable appearance, 
chime (chlm), n. the musical 
harmony produced by striking a 
set of bells with hammers; a set 
of bells tuned to the musical scale 
and struck with hammers: v.i. to 
sound in consonance or harmony ; 
be in harmony or agree with ; join 
in: v.t. to cause to sound in 
harmony. 

chi-mer-ic-al (ki-mer'ik-al), adj. 
merely imaginary; fantastic; un¬ 
real. 

clii-mer-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
chimerical manner, 
chim-ney (chim'ni), n. [pi. chim¬ 
neys ('niz)], the flue, vent, or 
passage through which smoke or 
heated air, &e., escapes; a glass 
tube for a lamp to intensify com¬ 
bustion. 

chimpanzee (chim-pan'ze or 
chim'pan-ze), n. a large West In¬ 
dian anthropoid ape allied to the 
gorilla. 

chin (chin), n. the part of the 
face below the under lip. 
chi-na (chi'na), n. a fine kind of 
porcelain; adj. of, or from, 
China; of, or made of, china, 
chinch (chinch), n. a fetid insect 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 







chi 


180 


chi 


destructive to corn crops; the 
bedbug. 

chin-chil-la (chin-chil'a), n. a 
small South American rodent with 
a soft fine fur. 

chine (chin), n. the backbone or 
spine of an animal; a piece of the 
backbone of an animal with ad¬ 
jacent parts cut for cooking; a 
rocky ravine or large fissure in a 
cliff. 

Chi-nese (chl-nez'), adj. of, or 
pertaining to, China, 
chink (chingk), n. a small fissure 
opening lengthwise; a narrow 
aperture: v.i. to crack; to form 
into or close up cracks, 
chink (chingk), n. a sharp metal¬ 
lic or jingling sound ; money : v.t. 
to cause to make a sharp metallic 
sound; jingle. 

chin-ka-pin (ching'ka-pin), n. 
the dwarf chestnut of the United 
States, or its nut. 

chinse (chins), v.t. to force 
oakum or tow in (the chinks or 
seams between the planking of a 
ship) ; calk temporarily, 
chintz (chints), n. cotton cloth, 
usually glazed, printed in various 
colors. 

chip (chip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

chipped, p.pr. chipping], to cut 
into small pieces; bet at cards: 
v.i. break or fly off into small 
pieces: n. a small piece of stone, 
wood, &c., cut or broken off; a 
bonnet, &c., made of thin split 
wood or Cuban palm leaf, 
chip munk (chip'mungk), n. a 
small squirrel of North America, 
having dark and light stripes on 
its back. 

chip-per (chip'er), adj. active; 
pert. 

chi-rog-ra-phy (kl-rog'ra-fi), n. 
the art of writing or engrossing; 
judgment of character by the 
handwriting. 

chi-ro-man-cy (kl'ro-man-si), n. 
palmistry. 

ehi-rop-o-dist (kl-rop'o-dist), n. 
one who removes corns, bunions, 
&c., and is skilled in diseases of 
the feet and hands, 
chirp (cherp), n. a short shrill 
cheerful note: v.i. to utter such a 
note. 

chis-el (chiz'el), n. an edged in¬ 


strument of iron or steel for cut¬ 
ting wood, stone, or metal: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. chiseled, p.pr. chisel¬ 
ing], to cut, pare, gouge, or en¬ 
grave with a chisel; to take an 
unfair advantage of in a transac¬ 
tion. 

chit (chit), n. a child; a pert for¬ 
ward girl. 

chit-chat (-chat), n. familiar 
talk. 

chiv - al - resque (shiv-al-resk'), 
adj. of, or pertaining to, chivalry; 
chivalrous. 

cliiv-al-rous (shiv'al-rus), adj. 
relating to' chivalry; warlike; 
high-spirited ; gallant, 
chiv-al-ry (shiv'al-ri), n. the 
mediaeval system of knighthood; 
knights collectively: the qualifi¬ 
cations of a knight, as bravery, 
nobleness, courtesy, respect for 
womanly dignity and chastity, 
&c.; tenure of land by knight’s 
service. 

chlo-ral (klo'ral), n. a strong 

narcotic. 

chlo-ral-ism (klo'ral-izm), n. the 
habit of using chloral; a diseased 
condition caused by the use of 
chloral. 

chlo-ral-ize (klo'ral-iz), v.t. to 
bring under the influence of 
chloral. 

chlo-ral-um (klo'rabum), n., an 

antiseptic. 

chlo-rate (klo'rat), n. a salt of 
chloric acid. 

chlo-ric (klo'rik), adj. pertaining 
to, or containing, chlorine, 
chlo-ric ac-id (as'id), n. an acid 
containing hydrogen, oxygen, and 
chlorine. 

chlo-ride (klo'rid), n. a compound 
of chlorine with another element, 
chlo-ride of lime (of lim). n. 
a compound of chloride with lime, 
used in bleaching. 

chlo-rine (klo'rln), n. a greenish- 
yellow gas possessing great 
bleaching powers. 

chlo-ro-dyne (klo'ro-din), n. a 
popular anodyne. 

chlo-ro-form (klo'ro-form), n. a 
volatile liquid used for producing 
insensibility to pain: v.t. to ad¬ 
minister chloroform to. 
clilo-ro-phyll (klo'ro-fil), n. the 
green coloring matter in plants. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










chi 


181 


chr 


chlorosis (klo-ro'sis), n. a dis¬ 
ease affecting young women, char¬ 
acterized by anemia, 
chocolate (chok'o-Iat), n. a 
paste made from the roasted 
kernels of the cacao-nut, used in 
making the beverage so called: 
adj. having the color of, or made 
of, chocolate. 

choice (chois), n. the act of 
choosing; option ; the thing cho¬ 
sen ; the best or preferable part: 
adj. select; carefully chosen, 
choir (kwir), n. a band of singers 
in a church ; the place where they 
sing. 

choke (chok), v.t. to suffocate by 
obstructing the windpipe; block 
up. 

choke-damp ('damp), n. car¬ 
bonic acid generated in mines, 
choker (cho'ker), n. one who, or 
that which, chokes, a necktie, 
chol-er (kol'er), n. bile; irasci¬ 
bility. 

chol-e-ra (kol'er-a), n. a disease 
with violent vomiting and purging, 
choose (chooz), v.t. [ p.t. chose, 
p.p. chosen, p.pr. choosing], to 
take by preference; select: v.i. to 
make a choice; prefer. 

Syn. elect, prefer, select, cull, 
pick. 

Ant. (see refuse), 
chop (chop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

chopped, p.pr. chopping], to cut 
with repeated blows ; hew ; mince ; 
to exchange: v.i. to do anything 
with a quick motion; turn or 
vary suddenly: n. the act of chop¬ 
ping ; a piece chopped off. 
chop (chop), n. a mark or brand 
denoting quality. 

chops (chops), n.pl. the sides of 
the mouth of a river, channel, &c. 
chop-sticks (chop'stiks), n.pl. 
two small sticks used in China 
for eating. 

cho-ral (ko'ral), adj. of, or per¬ 
taining to, a choir; chanted or 
sung by a choir. 

cho-rale (ko'ral), n. a simple 
sacred melody or hymn sung in 
unison. 

chord (kord), n. the string of a 
musical instrument; notes in har¬ 
mony ; harmony of color; a 
straight line joining the ends of 
the arc of a circle: v.t. to string, 


as a musical instrument. 

chores (chorz), n.pl. the daily 
light work of a farmyard or 
household. 

chor-is-ter (kor'is-ter), n. a mem¬ 
ber of a choir. 

cho-rus (ko'rus), n. a number 
singing in concert; that part of a 
musical composition in which the 
company join the singer; a con¬ 
certed piece of music; a band of 
singers and dancers in a Greek 
tragedy. 

cho-sen (cho'zen), adj. selected; 
choice. 

chough (chuf), n. a bird like a 
jackdaw. 

chouse (chous), v.t. to cheat; 
swindle. 

chow-chow (chou'chou), adj. an 
East Indian mixed pickle. 

chow-der (chou'der), n. a dish of 
fresh fish ; clams stewed together 
with pork and biscuits, &c. 

chrism (krizm), n. consecrated 
oil. 

chris-ten (kris'n), v.t. to baptize 
in the name of the Holy Trinity; 
give a Christian name to. 

Chris-ten-dom (kris'n-dum), n. 
countries whose inhabitants pro¬ 
fess the Christian faith; Chris¬ 
tians collectively. 

Chris-tian (kris'chan), n. a pro¬ 
fessor of the religion of Christ: 
adj. professing the religion of 
Clirist. 

Chris-ti-an-i-ty (kris-chi-an'i-ti), 
n. the precepts and doctrines 
taught by Christ. 

Chris-tian-i-za-tion (kris-chan- 
i-za'shun), n. the act or process of 
converting to Christianity. 

Chris-tian-ize (kris'chan-iz), v.t. 
to convert to Christianity. 

Christian Science (si'ens) n. a 
system of religious philosophy 
which claims that Mind is the 
basis of all existence; that sick¬ 
ness is a diseased belief, mani¬ 
fested on the body ; and that all 
ills can be cured by correcting this 
belief. 

Christ-inas (kris'mas), n. the 
festival (Dec. 25) celebrating the 
birth of Christ. 

chro-ma-scope (kro'ma-skop), n. 
an instrument to show the optical 
effects of color. 


late, mBr, m&sk, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








ctar 


182 


chn 


cliro-mate (kro'mat), n. a salt of 
chromic acid. 

chro-mat-ic (kro-mat'ik), adj. re¬ 
lating to colors; including notes 
not belonging to the diatonic 
scale: n. a note affected by an 
accidental: pi. that branch of 
optics which treats of colors, 
chro-mat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 

in a chromatic manner, 
chro-xna-tom-e-ter (kro-ma-tom'- 
e-ter), n. a scale for measuring 
colors. 

chro-ma-trope (kro'ma-trop), n. 

a revolving magic-lantern slide, 
chro-ma-type (kro'ma-tip), n. a 
process for obtaining a colored 
photographic picture, 
chrome (krom), n. chromium: 
v.t. to dye in a bath of 'bichro¬ 
mate of potash. 

chromium (krS'mi-um), n. a 
steel-gray metal, one of the ele¬ 
ments. 

chro-mo (kro'mo), n. [pi. chro- 
mos ('moz)], a chromo-lithograph 
or picture produced by chromo¬ 
lithography. 

chro-mo-gen (kro'mo-jen), n. the 
coloring matter of plants, 
chro-mo-graph (kro'mo-graf), n. 
an apparatus for duplicating cir¬ 
culars, oil-paintings, &c.; a hec¬ 
tograph. 

chro-ino-lith-ic (kro-mo-lith'ik), 
adj. executed in chromo-lithog¬ 
raphy. 

chro-mo-lith-og-ra-phy (kro-nao- 
lith-og'ra-fi), n. the art of print¬ 
ing in colors from stone, 
chro mo sphere (krd'm5-sfer), n. 
the rose-colored outer envelope of 
the sun. 

chron-ic (kron'ik), adj. continu¬ 
ing a long time, or recurring: said 
of a disease. 

chron-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 
chronic manner. 

chron o gram (kron'5-gram), n. 
an inscription which includes in 
it the date of some event, 
chron-o-graph (kron'o-graf), n. 
an instrument for recording 
minute intervals of time, 
chronological (kron-o-loj'ik- 
al), adj. relating to, or contain¬ 
ing an account of, past events in 
the order of time. 


chron-o-log-ic-al-ly (-li), adv An 
a chronological manner, 
cliro-nol-o-gist (kro-nol'o-jist), 
n. one versed in chronology. Also 
chronologer. 

chro-nol-o-gize (kro-nol'o-jlz), 
v.t. to arrange in historical se¬ 
quence. 

cliro-nol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. [pi. 
chronologies (-jiz)], the science 
that treats of events and arranges 
their dates in proper sequence, 
chro-nom-e-ter (kro-nom'e-ter), 

n. an instrument for measuring 
time with extreme accuracy, 
chron o pher (kron'6-fer), n. an 
instrument for signaling by elec¬ 
tricity the exact time to distant 
stations. 

chron-o-scope (kron'o-skop), n. 
an instrument for measuring by 
electricity the velocity of a pro¬ 
jectile. 

clirys-a-lis (kris'a-lis), n. the 
final stage through which a lepi- 
dopterous insect, or a butterfly, 
passes prior to its winged state, 
chrysanthemum (kris-an'the- 
mum), n. a composite plant with 
large heads of showy flowers; a 
flower of this plant, 
chrys-o-lite (kris'6-lit), n. a 
green-colored and sometimes trans¬ 
parent gem. 

chrys-o-prase (kris'o-praz), n. a 
variety of chalcedony of apple- 
green color. 

chub (chub), n. a fresh-water fish, 
chub - bi - ness (chub'i-nes), n. 
plumpness. 

chub-by (cliub'i), adj. plump; 
fat and round. 

chuck (chuk), v.t. to make a 
noise like a hen calling to her 
chickens: n. a hen’s call, 
chuck (chuk), v.t. to pat in a 
playful manner; throw smartly to 
a short distance; hold in a chuck: 
n. a light blow under the chin; a 
short toss; an appendage to a 
lathe to secure the work to be 
turned. 

cliuck-le (chuk'l), n. a quiet, sup¬ 
pressed laugh: v.i. to laugh in 
such a manner. 

chum (chum), n. one who lodges 
in the same apartment; a college 
student; an old or intimate 
I friend: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. chummed; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; m5on, 

cook ; unite, nut; thin, then. 






CtlU 


83 


cid 


p.pr. chumming], to occupy the 
same room. 

chump (chump), n. a short, thick, 
heavy piece of wood. 

chunk (chungk), n. a short, 
thick piece; a thick-set strong- 
person or anirhal. 

chunky (chung'ki), adj. short 
and thick. 

church (cherch), n. a building 
set apart or consecrated for divine 
worship. 

Church (cherch), n. the collective 
body of Christians; a particular 
body of Christians; the clergy. 

Church-man (man), n. an ad¬ 
herent of the Established Church ; 
an Episcopalian. 

church-war-den ('wawr-dn), n. 
in the Anglican Church, one of 
two officers chosen at Easter in 
every parish to attend to the secu¬ 
lar affairs of the church, and to 
act as the legal representatives of 
the parish ; a long clay pipe. 

churl (cherl), n. formerly one of 
the lowest orders of freemen; a 
peasant; a surly ill-bred person ; 
a niggard. 

churl-ish (fish), adj. ill-bred; nig¬ 
gardly. 

churn (chern), n. a vessel in 
which milk or cream is agitated 
to form butter: v.t. to make 
(butter) by agitating milk or 
cream ; agitate by violent motion. 

chute (shoot), n. an inclined 
trough for sending articles down ; 
an aquatic switch-back; a river- 
fall over which timber is 
floated; a stampede; a bayou. 

chyle (kil), n. a milk-like fluid 
separated from digested matter in 
the stomach, absorbed by the 
lacteal vessels, and assimilated 
into blood. 

chyme (klm), n. the pulpy mass 
of digested food prior to the 
separation of the chyle. 

ci-ca-da (si-ka'dff), n. [pi. cicadae 
('de)], a genus of insects hav¬ 
ing the power of producing a 
shrill sound. 

cic-a-trix (sik'a-triks), n. [pi. 
cicatrices (-tri-sez)], the scar re¬ 
maining after a wound has healed. 

cicatrize (sik'a-triz), v.t. to 
heal (a wound) by inducing the 
skin to form a cicatrix. 


cic-e-ro-ne (sis-e-rd'ne; Italian 
che-cha-ro'ne), n. [pi. cicerones 
(-nez), ciceroni ('ne)j, a guide 
who explains the antiquities and 
chief features of a place. 

Cid (sid), n. a chief or com¬ 
mander, especially in Spanish lit¬ 
erature ; the hero, Ruy Diaz, the 
Christian champion against the 
Moors; the name of a Spanish 
epic. 

ci-der (si'der), n. the juice of 
apples expressed and fermented, 
ci-de-vant (se-de-vang'), adj. 
former: used with reference to 
an office previously held, 
cierge (serg), n. a wax candle 
used in religious processions, 
ci-gar (si-gar'), n. a small roll of 
tobacco-leaf used for smoking, 
cig-a-rette (sig-a-ret'), n. a small 
cigar made of tobacco rolled in 
thin paper. 

cil-i-a (sil'i-a), n.pl. the hair of 
the eyelids ; long minute hair-like 
appendages on the margins of 
vegetable bodies ; the very minute 
vibratile filaments lining or 
covering certain organs, 
cil- i-a-ted (sil'i-a-ted), adj. cov¬ 
ered with cilia. 

Cim-me-ri-an (kim- or sim-6'ri- 
an), adj. pertaining to the Cim- 
merii, a fabulous people men¬ 
tioned by Homer as living in 
perpetual darkness: hence in¬ 
tensely dark ; gloomy, 
cinch (sinch), n. a saddle girth 
firmly fastened in place by loop 
and knots ; a sure grip or hold, 
cin-cho-na (sin-ko'na), n. a 
South American tree which yields 
quinine. 

cin-cho-nism (sin'kd-nizm), n. a 
condition of the system charac¬ 
terized by buzzing in the ears, 
deafness, &c., caused by the ex¬ 
cessive use of quinine, 
cinc-ture (singk'tur), n. a belt 
or girdle worn round the waist; 
a raised or carved ring at the 
bottom and top of a pillar, 
cinder (sin'der), n. any piece 
of a body thoroughly burnt but 
not reduced to ashes: pi. volcanic 
scoriae: slag. 

cin-e-mat-o-graph (sin-e-mat'o- 
graf), u. a French device similar 
to the biograph. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









cm 


184 


cir 


< 


cin-e-ra-ry (sin'e-ra-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or containing, ashes: 
applied to sepulchral urns, 
cin-na-bar (sin'a-bar), n. red 
sulphide of mercury, 
cin na mon (sin'a-mun), n. the 
inner aromatic bark of an East 
Indian tree: adj. light-reddish 
brown. 

cingue (singk), n. a five, 
cinque-foil (-foil), n. a plant 
of the genus Potentilla; five 
fingers: an architectural orna¬ 
mentation resembling five leaves, 
ci-pher (si'fer), n. the symbol 
0: hence a person or anything 
without value or power; a mono¬ 
gram ; a secret manner of writing, 
or the key to it; a code: v.i. to 
practice arithmetic; to sound in¬ 
dependently of the player: v.t. to 
express in cipher, 
cir-cle (ser'kl), n. a round body; 
a plane figure bounded by a single 
curved line called its circumfer¬ 
ence, every part of which is 
equallv distant from a point with¬ 
in it, called the center; an orb; 
an enclosure; a sphere or position 
in society; a number of persons 
or things united by a common 
bond; a coterie; an administra¬ 
tive division of a country; an 
inconclusive form of argument: 
v.t. to encompass: v.i. move in 
a circle; to revolve, 
circ-let (serk'let), n. a small 
circle. 

cir-cuit (ser'ket), n. the act of 
going round anything; the space 
enclosed in a circle; the journey 
of a judge from one place to 
another to hold assizes ; a district 
assigned to an itinerant preacher; 
the arrangement by which an 
electrical current is kept up 
between the two poles of a 
battery or machine; the path of 
the electric current, 
cir-cu-i-tous (ser-ku'i-tus), adj. 
roundabout. 

cir-cu-lar (ser'ku-lar), adj. round 
like a circle; ending in itself; in¬ 
tended for circulation: n. a 
printed or written letter or notice, 
cir-cu-lar-ize (ser'ku-lar-Iz), v.t. 
to make circular; send circulars 
to. 

cir-cu-iate (ser'ku-lat), v.t. to 


cause tc pass from point to point 
or from one person to another: 
v.i. move round and return to the 
same point; pass from hand to 
hand; be diffused or distributed; 
travel. 

cir-cu-la-tion (’ser-ku-la'shun), 
n. the act of moving round ; pass¬ 
ing or transmitting from place to 
place; the extent to which a thing 
is circulated; currency of money, 
cir-cix-la-tor (ser'ku-la-ter), n. 

a circulating decimal, 
cir-cu-la-to-ry (ser'ku-la-to-ri), 

adj. circulating. 

cir-cum (ser'kum), n. a prefix == 
around, forming compounds the 
meaning of many of which is ob¬ 
vious, as circum\-)olar, around the 
pole, &c. 

e i r-c u m-a m b i-ent (ser-kum- 

am'bi-ent), adj. inclosing, or be¬ 
ing surrounded, on all sides, 
circumcise (ser'kum-siz), v.t. 
to cut off the foreskin or prepuce; 
purify the heart. 

circumcision (ser'kum-sizh- 
un), n. the act of circumcising; 
spiritual purification, 
circumference (ser-kum'fer- 
ens), n. the line that bounds a 
circle; a periphery, 
cir-cxim-fer-en-tial (ser-kum-fer- 
en'shal), adj. pertaining to the 
circumference. 

cir-cum-fer-en-tial-ly (-il), adv. 

in a circumferential manner, 
cir-cxxm-flect (ser-kum-flekt'), 
v.t. to bend around, 
cir-cum-flec-tion, n. Same as 
circumflexion. 

cir-cum-flex (ser'kum-fleks), n. a 
mark ( ) over a vowel or 

syllable to denote accent or con¬ 
traction : adj. marked with such 
an accent; curved or winding : v.t. 
to pronounce or mark with the 
circumflex. 

cir-cum-flexion (ser-kum-flek'- 
shun), n. the act of marking with 
a circumflex. 

cir-cuin-fuse (ser-kum-fiiz'), v.t. 
to pour or spread around, 
cir-cxxm-ja-cent (ser-kum-ja'- 
sent), adj. lying around; border¬ 
ing on every side, 
cir-cum-lo-cu-tion (ser-kum-lo- 
ku'shun), n. a roundabout way of 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






cir 


185 


c!v 


speaking-; an indirect mode of 
statement. 

Syn. diffuseness, verbiage, 
wordiness, redundance. 

Ant. (see brevity). 

cir-cum-lo-cu-tioii-a-ry (-a-ri), 
adj. roundabout. 

cir-cum-loc-u-to-ry (ser-kum- 
lok'u-to-ri), adj. expressing few 
words in many. 

cir-cum-nav-i-ga-ble (ser-kum- 
nav'i-ga-bl), adj. capable of being 
ci rcumnavigated. 

cir-cum-nav-i-gate (ser-kum- 
nav'i-gat), v.t. to sail round; usu¬ 
ally round the globe, 
cir-cum-nav-i-ga-tor (ser-kum- 
nav'i-ga-ter), n. one who circum¬ 
navigates. 

cir-cum-scribe (ser-kum-sknb'), 
v.t. to inclose within certain lines 
or boundaries; restrict, 
cir-cum-scrip-tive (-skrip'tiv), 
adj. limiting. 

cir-cum-spect (ser'kum-spekt), 
adj. cautious ; prudent; watchful 
on all sides. 

cir-cmm-spec-tion (ser-kum-spek'- 
shun), n. caution; watchfulness 
on every side; prudence, 
circumstance (ser'kum-stans), 
n. something relative or append- 
ent to a fact; an incident: pi. 
state of affairs: v.t. to place in 
a particular situation [only in 
P-P-L 

Syn. fact, incident, 
cir-cum-stan-tial (ser-kum-stan'- 
shal), n. something incidental and 
subordinate to the main subject: 
pi. incidentals: adj. accidental; 
detailed; proving indirectly, 
cir-cum-stan-ti-al-i-ty (-shi-al'i- 
ti), n. the state of being circum¬ 
stantial ; fullness of detail, 
cir-cum-stan-tial-ly (-H), adv. 
incidentally; not essentially; 
minutely ; exactly, 
cir-cum-stan-ti-ate (ser-kum- 
stan'shi-at}, v.t. to verify in 
every particular. 

eir-cum-val-la-tion (se r-k u m- 

val-a'shun), n. the act of throw¬ 
ing up walls or fortifications, 
cir cum vent (ser-kum-vent'), n. 
to gain an advantage over by 
stratagem or deception, 
cir-cum-ven-tion (-ven'shun), n. 


! the act of circumventing; a strata- 
| gem. 

j cir-cuin-ven-tive ('tiv), adj. 

deceiving by artifice, 
circumvolution (ser-kum-vo- 
lu'shun), n. the act of rolling 
round; the state of being rolled 
round. 

cir-cus (ser'kus), n. [pi. circuses 
(-ez)], a large level oblong space 
for feats of horsemanship, &c., 
with seats for the spectators ar¬ 
ranged in tiers; a semi-circular 
space. 

cis-al-pine (sis-arpin), adj. this 
side of the Alps with regard to 
Rome; south of the Alps, 
cis-at-lan-tic (sis-at-lan'tik), adj. 
on this side of the Atlantic Ocean, 
cis-tern (sis'tern), n. a natural 
or artificial receptacle for storing 
water ; a reservoir, 
cit-a-del (sit'a-del), n. a fortress; 
a being cited. 

cit-a-del (sit'a-del), n. a fortress, 
a castle. 

ci-ta-tion (si-ta'shun), n. an 
official summons to appear before 
a court, especially an ecclesiastic¬ 
al court; a quotation, 
ci-ta-to-ry (si'ta-to-ri), adj. hav¬ 
ing. the form or nature of a 
citation ; citing. 

cite (sit), v.t. to summon official¬ 
ly to appear in court; quote, 
cith-a-ra (sith'a-ra), n. an ancient 
lyre. 

cit-i-zen (sit'i-zen), n. a native 
or inhabitant of a town or city; a 
freeman ; a member of a state or 
nation who enjoys political rights 
and privileges; a tradesman, 
cit-rate (sit'rat), n. a salt of 
citric acid. 

cit-ric ac-id (sit'rik as'id), n. an 
acid found in the lemon and 
orange. 

citron (sit'run), n. a tree with a 
fruit like the lemon, 
cit-y (sit'i), n. [pi. cities ('iz)l* 
a large and important town; a 
corporate town. 

civ-et (siv'et). n. a musky secre-. 
tion of the anal glands of the civet- 
cat. . . 

civ-ic (siv'ik), adj. pertaining to 
a city. 

civ-il (siv'il), adj. relating to the 
affairs of a city or government; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon,. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










civ 


186 


cfa 


intestine; non-international; not 
military or criminal; complaisant; 
wellbred. 

-civ-il ser-vice (ser'vis), n. tlie 
paid service of the State not ex¬ 
clusively naval or military. 

civil war (wawrl, n. war be¬ 

tween two factions of the same 
country. 

«i-vil-ian (si-vil'y&n\ n. one 

engaged in the pursuits of civil 

life: adj. occupied in civil pur¬ 
suits. 

ci-vil-i-ty (si-vil'i-ti), n. [pi. 

civilities (-tiz) ], good breeding; 
courtesy. 

civ-i-li-za-tion (si v-i-li-za'shun), 
n. the act or state of being civi¬ 
lized ; culture: refinement. 

■civ-i-lize (siv'i-llz), v.t. to re¬ 
claim from a savage state; in¬ 
struct in the arts and refinements 
of civilized life. 

civ-il-ly (siv'il-li), adv. in a 
civil manner. 

clack (klak), v.i. to make a sud¬ 
den, sharp sound; chatter rapidly 
and continuously: n. a sudden, 
sharp sound; continual prattle; 
a variety of ball-valve; a me¬ 
chanical contrivance in a corn- 
mill. 

•clad, p.t. of clothe. 

claim (klam), v.t. to demand as 
a right, or by authority; v.i. to 
be entitled to anything; assert or 
put forward a claim: n. a de¬ 
mand ; a right or title to any¬ 
thing ; the thing claimed; a piece 
of land which a miner marks out 
in accordance with mining law. 

claimant (kla'mant), n. one 
who demands anything as his 
right. 

clair-au-di-ence (klar-aw'di-ens), 
n. the supposed power of hear¬ 
ing in a trance sounds otherwise 
inaudible. 

clair-voy-ance (klar-voi'ans), n. 
the power attributed to persons in 
a mesmeric state of seeing ob¬ 
jects not usually perceptible. 

clair-voy-ant ('ant), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characterized by, 
clairvoyance: n. one who pro¬ 
fesses to have the power of clair¬ 
voyance: fem. clairvoyante. 

clam (klam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
clammed, p.pr. clamming], to 


clog with any glutinous matter: 
v.i. to be moist and cold, 
clam (klam), n. an edible bi¬ 
valve mollusk. 

clam-bake (-bak), n. clams 
baked with sea-weed; a picnic 
at which baked clams form the 
chief dish. 

clam-ber (klam'ber), v.t. to as¬ 
cend or climb with difficulty, 
clam-mi-ly (-li), adv. in a 
clammy manner. 

clam-mi-ness (klam'i-nes), n. the 
state of being clammy, 
clammy (klam'i), adj. soft and 
sticky. 

clam or (klam'er), n. a loud and 
continued noise ; popular outcry : 
v.t. shout with a loud voice: v.i. 
make importunate demands, 
clamorous (klam'er-us), adj. 
vociferous. 

clamp (klamp), n. anything that 
fastens or binds; a piece of wood, 
metai, &c., used to bring two 
things together: v.t. to fasten or 
bind with clamps, 
elan (klan), n. a tribe or associa¬ 
tion of families united under one 
chieftain, having one common an¬ 
cestor, and the same surname, 
clandestine (-des'tin), adj. 
secret; private. 

clan-des-tine-ly (-li), adv. in a 

secret manner. 

clang (klang), n. a loud, sharp 
ringing metallic sound: v.t. to 
cause to resound with a clang: 
v.i. give out a clang, 
clan-gor ('ger), n. a sharp clang, 
clank (klangk), n. a sharp, hard 
metallic sound : v.t. & v.i. to rat¬ 
tle and sound, as chains, 
clan-nisk (klan'isli), adj. per¬ 
taining to a clan; closely ad¬ 
herent. 

clap (klap), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
clapped, p.pr. clapping], to strike 
one thing against another with a 
quick, sharp noise; indicate ap¬ 
proval by striking the hands to¬ 
gether ; put on quickly; n. a 
loud noise made by a sudden col¬ 
lision ; applause expressed by 
clapping; a sudden act or move¬ 
ment. 

clap-board (klab'ord), n. a thin, 
narrow board, used for the cover¬ 
ing of the sides of frame houses. 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








cla 


187 


cle 


clapper ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, claps; the tongue of 
a bell; the clack of a mill-hopper, 
claque (klak), n. an organized 
body of men who applaud or ex¬ 
press disapproval at theatres: 
hence interested admirers, 
cla-quer (kla-ker'), n. a member 
of a claque. 

clar-et (klar'et), n. a light bodied 
wine of a dark-red color; blood: 
adj. claret-colored, 
clar-i-fi-ca-tion (klar-i-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act of clarifying, 
clar-i-fy (klar'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
pp. clarified, p.pr. clarifying], 
to make clear from impurities: 
v.i. to become bright, 
clar-i-net (klar'i-net), n. a keyed 
reed instrument of the oboe class. 
Also clarionet. 

clar-i-on (klar'ri-un). n. a kind 
of trumpet. 

clash (klasli), v.i. to make a loud 
harsh noise by mutual collision : 
v.t. to strike violently together: 
n. the noise so produced, 
clasp (klasp), v.t. to shut or 
fasten together with, or as with, 
a clasp: n. a hook to hold any¬ 
thing close; a close embrace, 
clasp-er ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, clasps; a tendril, 
class (clas), n. a rank or order 
of persons or things; a number 
of students of the same status; 
a group of animals or plants next 
in rank above an order: v.t. to 
classify. 

Syn. degree, order, rank, 
class meet-ing (met'ing), n. a 
class, under a class-leader, for re¬ 
ligious instruction, 
clas-sic (klas'ik), adj. of, or re¬ 
lating to, the highest class or 
rank in literature or art; per¬ 
taining to, or having the charac¬ 
teristics of, the Greek or Roman 
authors; relating to localities as¬ 
sociated with great authors or 
events ; pure ; refined ; clear-cut. 
Also classical: n. an author of the 
first rank whose works serve as a 
standard; one versed in Greek 
and Latin literature: pi. ancient 
Greek and Latin literature, 
clas-sic-al-ly (-al-li >. adv. in the 
style or manner of a classic. 


elas-si-fi-ca-tion (klas-i-fi-kil'- 
sliun), n. the art of forming or 
dividing into classes, 
clas-si-fi-ca-to-ry (klas'i-fi-ka-to- 
ri), adj. relating to, or- forming 
the basis of, classification, 
clas-si-fi-er (klas'i-fl-er), n. one 
who classifies. 

clas-si-fy (klas'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. classified; p.pr. classifying], 
to arrange in classes; systematize, 
class-man (klas'man), n. [pi. 
classmen ('men)], a student who 
has gained honors at an examina¬ 
tion ; opposed to passman, 
clat-ter (klat'er), v.i. to make a 
noise by knocking two sonorous 
bodies frequently together; talk 
idly and noisily: v.t. to strike 
anything to make a clatter: n. a 
continuous or confused noise; idle 
gossip. 

clause (klawz), n. a separate 
part of a written composition, or 
a sentence; a special proviso in a 
document. 

claus-tral (klaws'tral), adj. per¬ 
taining to a cloister, 
cla-vate (kla'vat), adj. club- 
shaped. 

clavichord (klav'i-kord), n. a 
mediaeval stringed instrument. 
Also clarichord. 

clav-i-ele (klav'i-kal), n. the col¬ 
lar-bone. 

cla-vier (kla-ver), n. the key¬ 
board of an organ, pianoforte, or 
harmonium. 

claw (klaw), n. a sharp hooked 
nail in the foot of an animal, as 
the cat; the whole foot of a bird; 
anything resembling a claw; the 
narrow part at the base of a leaf 
or foot-stalk of a petal: v.t. to 
tear or scratch with, or as if with, 
claws. 

clay (kla), n. anything easily 
molded; soft plastic earth; the 
bodily or earthly nature of man: 
adj. made of or like clay: v.t. to 
purify, cover, or manure with 
clay. 

clay-more (kla'mor), n. a High¬ 
land broad-sword, 
clean (klen), adj. free from dirt 
or extraneous matter; morally or 
ceremonially pure: adv. in a 
clean manner; entirely ; cleverly : 
v.t. to render clean. 


‘ate, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






cle 


188 


cli 


clean-cut (-kut), adj. clear-cut; 
well-shaped. 

clean-li-ly (klen'li-li), adv. in a 
cleanly manner; adroitly, 
clean-li-ness (-nes), n. the state 
of being clean. 

clean-ly (klenii), adj. neat; 

pure: adv. wholly clean, 
clean-ness (klen'nes), n. moral 
or physical purity; neatness, 
cleanse (klenz), v.t. to make 
clean; purify from moral im¬ 
purity or guilt. 

clear (kler), adj. bright; pure; 
undimmed ; translucent; manifest 
to the understanding; unob¬ 
structed ; audible ; unadulterated : 
v.t. to make bright; render evi¬ 
dent ; free from obstructions; 
render more acute or quick ; prove 
or declare innocent; free from 
legal detention: as imported 
goods: v.i. leave a port; exchange 
cheques, bills, &c., at a bank. 

Syn. bright, lucid, vivid. 

Ant. (see opaque), 
clear-cut (-kut), adj. having a 
sharp, clearly-defined outline, as 
if chiseled. 

clear-ance (kler'ans) n. the act 
of clearing. 

clear-ing (kler'ing), n. the act of 
making clear; land cleared of tim¬ 
ber. 

clear-starch ( kler'starch), v.t. to 
stiffen or dress with starch, 
cleat (klet), n. a thin piece of 
iron worn on boots to make them 
more durable; a piece of w T ood or 
iron on the yard-arm of a ship 
to keep the ropes from slipping; 
a strip of wood nailed across a 
board: v.t. to secure or strengthen 
with a cleat. 

clea-va-ble (kle'va-bl), adj. di¬ 
visible. 

cleavage (kle'vaj), n. the act of 
splitting; the property of some 
minerals and rocks of being bro¬ 
ken in one or more directions, 
cleave (klev), v.i. [p.t. clave, 
cleaved, p.p. cleaved, p.pr. cleav¬ 
ing], to adhere to; be attached 
strongly to. 

cleave (klev), v.t. [p.t. cleft, 
clove, p.p. cleft, cloven, cleaved, 
p.pr. cleaving], to divide with 
violence; part naturally. 


clea-ver (kle'ver), n. a butcher’s 
heavy hatchet for dividing car¬ 
casses. 

clea-vers (kle'verz), n. goose- 
grass. 

clef (kief), n. a figure at the 
beginning of each staff in music 
to indicate the pitch of all the 
notes on one particular line or 

space. 

cleft, p.t. & p.p. of cleave, to split, 
cleft (kleft), n. a crack; crevice, 
clem-a-tis (klem'a-tis), n. a 
perennial plant of the crowfoot 
family. 

clem en cy (klem'en-si), n. [pi. 
clemencies (-siz)], compassion; 
remission. 

clem-ent (klem'ent), adj. com¬ 
passionate ; forgiving ; gentle ; for¬ 
bearing. 

cler-gy (kler'ji), n. a body of 
men set apart by ordination for 
the service of the Church, 
clergyman (-man), n. [pi. 
clergymen (-men)], a minister, 
cler-i-cal (kler'i-kal), adj. per¬ 
taining to the clergy; pertaining 
to a clerk, writer, or copyist, 
cler-i-cal-er-ror (-er'er), n. an 
error in copying. 

clerk (klerk), n. a parish clerk; 
a scholar; one engaged in an 
office to conduct correspondence, 
keep books, or transact business 
generally; an assistant salesman 
in a store or shop: v.i. to act as 
clerk or salesman, 
cleve-ite (klev'Ite), n. a mineral 
which yields the element helium, 
clev-er (klev'er), p,dj. possessing 
skill or ability; dexterous; ex¬ 
pert ; good natured and obliging. 

Syn. adroit, dexterous, expert, 
skillful. 

Ant. (see stupid), 
clew (kloo), n. a ball of thread; 
one of the corners of a sail : v.t. 
to truss up (sails) to the yard 
of a ship. 

click (klik), v.i. to make a short 
sharp successive noise: v.t. to 
move with a clicking sound: n. 
a slight sharp sound; a catch for 
retaining a bolt. 

cli-ent (kli'ent), n. one who em¬ 
ploys a law r yer; one dependent 
upon another’s patronage. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






cl) 


189 


cl© 


cli en tage (kli'en-tij), n. the 
condition of being a client; clients 
collectively. 

cliff (klif), n. high steep rock 
or bank. 

cli-mac-ter-ic (kli-mak'ter-ik), n. 
one of the critical periods in hu¬ 
man life when some great change 
is supposed to take place in the 
constitution. 

cli-mate (kli'mat), n. the tem¬ 
perature and meteorological con¬ 
ditions of a country, &c. 
cli-mat-ic (kli-mat'ik), adj. relat¬ 
ing to, or connected with, climate, 
cli-ma-tize (kli'ma-tiz), v.t. to 
accustom to a new climate, 
cli-ma-tog-ra-phy (kli-ma-tog'ra- 
fi), n. a description of climates, 
cli-ma-tol-o-gy (-tol'o-ji), n. me¬ 
teorology. 

cli-ma-tcm-e-ter (kli-ma-tom'e- 
ter), n. an instrument for record¬ 
ing variations of temperature in 
any given region. 

climax (kll'maks), n. the sum¬ 
mit ; acme. 

climb (klim), v.i. to mount or 
ascend, as by the hands and feet: 
v.t. ascend laboriously: n. an as¬ 
cent by climbing. 

clime (klim), n. a country, region, 
or tract. 

clinch (klinch), v.t. to rivet; fix 
firmlv bjr holding over; double up 
tightly, as the fingers; to hold 
fast: n. anything that holds 
both ways; a mode of fastening 
large ropes. 

cling (kling), v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. 
clung, p.p?\ clinging], to adhere 
closely; hold fast by embracing 
or entwining. 

clin-ic (klin'ik), n. a medical lect¬ 
ure at the bedside or in the pres¬ 
ence of patients. 

clin-ic-al (klin'ik-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a clinic, 
clin-ic-al-ly (-li ), adv. in a clin¬ 
ical manner. 

clink (klingk), v.t. to strike so 
as to make a slight sharp sound : 
v.i. to make a clinking noise: n. 
a slight sharp successive vibrat¬ 
ing noise. 

clink-er ('er), n. a mass of 
partly vitrified brick ; slag, 
clip (klip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

clipped) dipt, p.pr. clipping], to 


cut with shears or scissors; cut 
off;. formerly to debase coin by 
cutting off the edges: v.i. move 
quickly: n. the wool of a sea¬ 
son’s shearing; a spring holder 
for holding papers; a slight blow 
with the hand. 

clip-per ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, clips; an instrument for 
cutting the hair of horses; a sail¬ 
ing vessel with very sharp lines 
and great spread of canvas; a 
person or animal that runs swift¬ 
ly ; a first-rate person or thing. 

clique (klek), n. a group of per¬ 
sons united for some common pur¬ 
pose (usually sinister) ; a coterie; 
a ring. 

cloak (klok), n. a sleeveless, 
loose outer garment worn by both 
sexes : hence, a pretext; disguise : 
v.t. to cover with, or as with, a 
cloak; cover up or conceal. 

clock (klok), n. a machine for 
measuring and indicating the di¬ 
visions of time by means of hands 
moving over a dial-plate. 

clock (klok), n. a woven or em¬ 
broidered ornament upon a stock¬ 
ing. 

clock-wise ('wlz), adv. in the 
direction of the rotation of the 
hands of a clock. 

clod (klod), n. a lump of earth, 
turf, or clay; a bait used in eel¬ 
fishing ; the shoulder part of the 
neck-piece in beef. 

clog (klog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clog¬ 
ged: p.pr. clogging], to load with 
anything that may impede motion ; 
embarrass: v.i. to stick or cluster 
together: n. a load or weight; a 
hindrance; a kind of wooden shoe. 

clog-gi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being clogged. 

clog-gy (klog'i), adj. clogging; 
adhesive. 

clois-ter (klois'ter), n. a place 
of religious retirement; a monas¬ 
tery or nunnery: pi. an arched 
way or covered walk running 
round an ecclesiastical building or 
college: v.t. to confine in, or as in, 
a cloister or convent; seclude 
from the world. 

clois tral (klois'tral), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or confined in, a clois¬ 
ter ; secluded. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







do 


190 


clu 


close (kloz), v.t. to shut; sur¬ 
round closely; unite together; 
consolidate; end: v.i. to come 
together ; shut in ; coalesce ; en¬ 
gage in hand-to-hand conflict; 
grapple: n. an inclosed space; the 
precincts of a cathedral or abbey ; 
an alley: adj. (klos) having no 
outlet; confined; without ven¬ 
tilation ; oppressive ; minute ; con¬ 
cise ; reticent; niggardly: adv. 

. near. 

close cor-po-ra-tion (klos kor- 
po-ra'shun), n. a corporation in 
which vacancies are filled by its 
members. 

close-hauled (-hawld), adj. kept 
as near to the wind as possible, 
close port (port), n. a river port, 
close-reef (-ref), n. the last 
reef in a sail. 

close sea-son (se'zun), n. certain 
months in the year in which it is 
illegal to kill game, protected wild 
birds, fish, &c. 

clos-et (kloz'et), n. a small room 
for privacy or retirement; a place 
for storing valuable things or 
household requisites : adj. private ; 
secluded: v.t. to receive in a 
private room for confidential con¬ 
sultation. 

clo-sure (klo'zhur), n. the act of 
shutting up; that which closes; 
the end ; the closing of a debate 
by the vote of the majority (the 
cloture) : v.t. to end (a debate) 
by closure. 

clot (klot), v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. clotted, 
p.pr. clotting], to coagulate: v.t. 
to make, form into, or cover with, 
clots: n. a concrete or coagulate 
mass of soft or fluid matter, 
cloth (kloth), n. [pi. cloths 
(klof/jz)], a woven fabric of 
some fibrous material, especially 
wool; a table covering; the dis¬ 
tinctive dress of any profession, 
especially the clerical, 
clothe (klotf/i), v.t. to put raiment 
on ; cover with, or as with, a gar¬ 
ment. 

clothes (klo#7«z), n.pl. covering 
for the body; dress; bedclothes, 
cloth-ier (klof/i/yer), n. one who 
manufactures or sells clothes, 
cloth-ing (klot/i'ing), n. garments 
in general. 

cloture. See closure. 


cloud (kloud), n. a mass of visible 
vapor floating in the atmosphere ; 
a volume of smoke or dust; the 
dark markings in marble or 
precious stones; a diffused body 
of anything; a multitude; a light 
woolen shawl : v.t. to overspread 
with, or as with, a cloud ; render 
gloomy; blacken or sully: v.i. to 
grow cloudy. 

cloud-hurst ('berst), n. a violent 
downpour of rain over a very lim¬ 
ited area. 

elough (kluf), n. a ravine in a 
rock or hillside; a gorge; a kind 
of sluice. 

clout (klont), n. a piece of cloth 
or leather for patching; a cloth 
for any mean use; the center 
mark of an archery target; an 
arrow that has hit the center; 
a blow on the head with the hand : 
v.t. to patch or mend coarsely; 
strike with the hand. 

clove, p.t. of cleave. 

clove (klbv), n. a pungent aromat¬ 
ic spice. 

clo-ven (klo'ven), p.adj. divided 
into two parts. 

clover (klo'ver), n. a species of 

grass. 

clown (kloun), n. a rustic; an 
illbred fellow ; a professional jes¬ 
ter or buffoon. 

clown-ish ('ish), adj. like a 
clown. 

cloy (kloi).t;.f. \p.t. & p.p. cloyed]. 
p.pr. cloying], to fill to repletion; 
surfeit. 

club (klub), n. a heavy stick; one 
of the suits of cards marked with 
trefoils ; a number of persons as¬ 
sociated for a common purpose oi- 
mutual benefit; a joint expense: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. clubbed, p.pr. 
clubbing], to beat with a club; 
unite in a solid mass: v.i. con¬ 
tribute to a common expense. 

club-ba-ble ('a-bl), adj. having 
the qualities which fit a man to 
associate in a club. 

club-foot ('foot), n. a deformed 
foot. 

club-haul ('bawl), v.t. to tack 
(a ship), by dropping the lee 
anchor as soon as the wind is out 
of the sails, bringing the ship’s 
head to the wind. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; mo5n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







da 


191 


co» 


club-moss ('mos),;i. the lycopodi¬ 
um. 

cluck (kluk), v.i. to cry or call 
like a hen to her chickens: n. a 
hen’s call; the peculiar click ut¬ 
tered by some South African 
tribes. 

clue (kloo), n. a hint; a clew, 
clum ber (klum'ber), n. a field 
spaniel. 

clump (klump), n. a cluster of 
trees, &c.; a thick sole: pi. a 
social game: v.t. arrange in a 
clump: v.i. tread clumsily, 
clum-si-ly (klum'zi-li), adv. awk¬ 
wardly ; heavily. 

clum-sy (klum'zi), adj. awk¬ 
ward ; heavy, 
clung, p.t. of cling, 
clus-ter (klus'ter), n. a number 
of things of the same kind grow¬ 
ing or collected together ; a bunch : 
■i. to grow or gather into 
unches; congregate, 
clutch (kluch), v.t. to grasp, seize, 
or grip strongly : v.i. to snatch or 
seize [with at] : n. a grasp; 
seizure : pi. hands ; claws, 
clyster (klis'ter), n. a liquid in¬ 
jected into the lower intestines 
by a syringe; an enema, 
co- (ko), a prefix meaning with, 
together , entering into the com¬ 
position of many words, the sense 
of which is generally self-evident, 
as co-trustee, a joint trustee, 
coach (koch), n. a large covered 
fourwheeled public or private 
carriage; a tutor who especially 
prepares another for an examina¬ 
tion or an athletic contest: v.t. 
to instruct or train for an ex¬ 
amination, &c. 

co-ag-u-lant (ko-ag'u-l&nt), n. a 
substance that produces coagula¬ 
tion. 

co-ag-u-late (ko-ag'ii-lat), v.t. to 
clot or curdle. 

co-ag-u-la-tion (-u-la'shun), n. 
the act of coagulating; the state 
of being coagulated, 
co-ag-u-la-tive (-tiv), adj. caus¬ 
ing coagulation. 

co-ag-u-la-tor (-ter), n. that 
which causes coagulation, 
co-ag-u-lum ('u-lum), n. [pi. co- 
agula (-la)], a clot of blood; a 
curdled mass. 

coal (kol), n. mineralized vege¬ 


table matter, used in its hardened 
form as fuel: v.t. to furnish with 
coals: v.i. take in coal, 
coal-oil ('oil), n. petroleum, 
coal-tar ('tar), n. a thick opaque 
liquid distilled from bituminous 
coal, and from which many rich 
dye colors are obtained, 
co a lesce (ko-a-les'). v.t. to grow 
together ; combine ; unite, 
coalescence Tens), n. the act 
of coalescing. 

co-a-les-cent ('ent), adj. growing 
together. 

co-a-li-tion (ko-a-lish'un), n „ 
union in a body or mass; a com¬ 
bination of persons, 
coam ings (kom'ings), n.pl. the 
raised wood or iron borders of the 
hatches of a vessel, 
co-ap-ta-tion (ko-ap-ta'shun), n. 
the adjustment or adaptation of 
parts to one another, 
coarse (kors), adj. large in text¬ 
ure or size ; not refined ; rough ; 
rude; indelicate. 

Syn. rude, rough, unpolished. 
Ant. (see fine). 

coarse-grained ('grand), adj. 
having a coarse grain; ill-tem¬ 
pered. 

coarse-ly (kors'li), adv. in a 
coarse manner. 

coarse-ness ('nes), n. the quality 
of being coarse. 

coast (kost), n. the margin of 
the land next the sea; a frontier; 
a slide in a sledge down an in¬ 
cline : v.i. to sail near or along 
the coast; descend an incline in 
a sledge, or on a bicycle without 
working the pedals: v.t. to sail 
close or near to. 

coast-er ('er), n. a home-trading 
vessel; one who coasts on a sled, 
coast-guard ('gard), n. a mem¬ 
ber of the service for watching 
the sea, originally to check smug¬ 
gling. 

coast-ing-trade ('ing-trad), n. 
the trade carried on from port to 
port of the same country, 
coast-wise ('wlz), adv. by, or 
along, the coast. 

coat (kot), n. an outer garment 
covering the upper part of the 
body; an external covering, as 
fur, &c.; a thin layer; an integu- 


3ate- mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; m5on, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









coa 


192 


coc 


ment: v.t. to cover or spread 
over. 

coat-card (-kard), n. a court- 
card. 

coa-tee (ko-te'), n. a close-fitting 
coat with short tails, 
coat of anus (of armz), n. the 
emblazonment of armorial bear¬ 
ings on an escutcheon, 
coat of mail (mal), n. chain- 
mail. 

coax (koks), v.t. to wheedle; 
cajole. 

Syn. cajole, fawn, wheedle, 
co-ax-i-al (kd-ak'si-al), adj. hav¬ 
ing a common axis, 
cob (kob), n. a roundish piece 
of anything; the spike of Indian 
corn; a strong thickset pony; a 
young herring; a spider; a pellet 
for feeding fowls; the bull-head 
or miller’s thumb; a sea-gull; a 
kind of wicker basket; a kind 
of breakwater: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
cobbed, p.pr. cobbing], to pun¬ 
ish with a strap; break (ore), 
co-balt (ko'bawlt), n. a steel-grey 
metal. 

cob-ble (kob'l),. n. a pebble; a 
round medium-sized stone ; clumsy 
work: v.t. to mend or patch up 
coarsely: v.i. work clumsily, 
cob-bler ('ler), n. one who mends 
boots and shoes; a clumsy work¬ 
man ; a cooling summer drmk of 
ice, wine, &c. 

co-bra-de-ca-pel-lo (kd'bra-de- 
ka-pel'o), n. a large and most 
venomous hooded snake, 
cob-web (kob'web), n. a spider’s 
web: hence, a net or snare; old 
musty rubbish: adj. made of, or 
like, a cobweb; flimsy, 
co-ca (ko'ka), n. the dried .leaf of 
" a small South American shrub: 
a powerful tonic. 

cocaine (-in), n. a powerful 
alkaloid extracted from coca 
leaves. 

co-ca-in-ism (-izm), n. the morbid 
habit of using cocaine to ex¬ 
cess. 

co-ca-in-ize (-Iz ),v.t. to subject 
to, or render insensible by co¬ 
caine. 

coc-cti-lus in-di-cus (kok'u-lus 
in-di'kus), n. an East Indian 
climbing shrub possessing acrid 
narcotic properties. 


coch-i-neal (koch'i-nel), n. a 
scarlet dye obtained from the 
dried body of an insect, 
coch-le-a (kok'le-a), n. [pi. coch¬ 
leae (-e)], the spiral-shaped 
cavity of the inner ear. 
coch-le-ate (kok'le-at), adj. screw¬ 
like. 

cock (kok), n. the male of birds, 
especially the domestic fowl; the 
male of certain animals other 
than birds; a vane in the shape 
of a cock; a leader or chief; a 
turn-valve for registering the flow 
of a liquid or gas; a small coni¬ 
cal heap of hay. 

cock (kok), v.t. to turn up or set 
(the hat or head) jauntily on 
one side; erect: n. the action of 
the verb to cock, 
cock-eyed ('id), adj. having 
squinting eyes. 

cock-ade (-ad'), n. a badge or 
ribbon worn on the hat. 
cock-a-too (-a-tdo'), n. a crested 
bird of the parrot family, 
cock-a-trice ('a-tris, or -tris), 
n. a fabulous serpent said to have 
been hatched in a cock’s egg, and 
possessing the power of killing 
by a glance of its eye. 
cock-boat ('bot), n. a small boat, 
cockchafer ('cha-fer), n. the 
Maybug. 

cock-crow ('kro), n. early morn¬ 
ing. 

cock-ee (-§'), n. the spot where 
a curling player stands to hurl, 
cock-er-el ('er-el), n. a young 

’cock. 

cockle ('1), v.t. to contract into 

wrinkles. 

cockle ('1), n. an edible shell-fish 
with two heart-shaped wrinkled 
shells; the plant corncockle or 
darnel; a kiln for drying hops; a 
stove for drying biscuit-ware, 
cock-ney (kok'ni), n. a Londoner: 
traditionally one born within 
sound of the bells of Bow 
Church, Cheapside. 
cock-ney-dom (-dum), n. Lon¬ 
don and its suburbs, 
cock-pit (kok'pit), n. an en¬ 
closed space for_ cockfighting, 
cock roach ('roch), n. a black 
beetle. 

co-coa (ko'kb), n. a palm which 
produces the cocoanut. Also coco. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





coe 


193 


t 


co-coa (ko'kd), n. the ground 
seeds of the cacao or chocolate 
tree; the beverage made from it. 
co coa-nut (-nut), n. the fruit of 
the cocoa palm. 

co-coon (ko-koon'), n. the silky- 
oblong case covering the larvae 
of many spinning insects while 
in the chrysalis state, 
co-coon-er-y ('er-i), n. a build¬ 
ing where silk-worms are fed 
when forming cocoons, 
co-cotte (ko-kot'), n. a Parisian 
courtezan. 

cod (kod), n. the husk or pod of 
a seed; the scrotum ; the narrow 
part of a trawl-net. 
cod (kod), n. a large edible fish 
found in the northern seas, and 
especially on the banks of New¬ 
foundland. 

cod-dle (kod'l), v.t. to make 
effeminate by pampering; treat 
tenderly; to stew gently: n. an 
over-indulged pampered person, 
code (kod), n. a body of classi¬ 
fied laws or regulations; a sys¬ 
tem of signals. 

co-de-ine (ko-de'in), n. an active 
medicinal principle extracted 
from the poppy. 

co-dex (ko'deks), n. [pi. codices 
('di-sez)], a volume of statutes; 
a manuscript volume, especially 
of the sacred Scriptures, 
codg-er (koj'er), n. a miser; an 
old man. 

cod-i-cil (kod'i-sil), n. an appen¬ 
dix to a will. 

cod-i-fy (ko'di- or kod'i-fl), v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. codified, p.pr. codify¬ 
ing] . to reduce to a code or digest, 
cod-ling (kod'ling), n. a young 
cod; a kind of stewing apple, 
co-ef-fi-cient (ko-e-fish'ent), ad). 
cooperating: n. that which 

cooperates with another; a num¬ 
ber or known quantity prefixed in 
algebra as a multiplier to a vari¬ 
able or an unknown quantity, 
co erce (ko-ers'), v.t. to restrain 
or constrain by force, especially 
legally or morally; compel, 
co-erc-i-ble ('i-bl), ,adj. able to 
be coerced. 

co-erc-ion ('shun), n. the act of 
coercing. 

co-er-cive ('siv), ad), having 
power to coerce. 


col? 


co-e-val (ko-e'val), ad), contem¬ 
poraneous. 

co-ex-ten-sive (k5-eks-ten'siv)i 
ad), equally extensive, 
cof-fee (kof'e), n. the seeds of a 
plant which, roasted and ground, 
form the well-known beverage, 
coffer (kof'er), n. a chest; a 
kind of caisson or floating dock ; 
a sunken panel: pi. a treasury: 
v.t. to inclose in a coffer, 
cof-fin ('in), n. a case for the 
dead; the hollow part of a horse’s 
hoof: v.t. inclosed in a coffin, 
cog (kog), n. the tooth of a wheel; 
a trick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cogged, 
p.pr. cogging], to furnish with 
cogs; weedle; to load (dice) in 
order to cheat. 

cog-i-tate (koj'i-tat), v.i. to medi¬ 
tate : v.t. to devise or plan, 
cog-i-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the 
act of cogitating. 

cog-i-ta-tive (-ta-tiv), ad), medi¬ 
tative. 

co-gnac (ko'nyak), n. a French 
brandy. 

cog-nate (kog'nat), ad), allied by 
blood; of the same stock, nature, 
or quality. 

cog-ni-tion (kog-nish'un), n. 
knowledge. 

cog-ni-tive (kog'ni-tiv), ad), hav¬ 
ing power of mental apprehension, 
cog - ni - za - ble (kog'ni-za-bl or 
kon'i-za-bl), ad), that may be 
known. 

cog ni zance (kog'ni-zans or kon'- 
i-zans), n. judicial knowledge or 
notice; perception, 
cog-ni-zant (kog'ni-zant or kon'- 
i-zant), ad), having knowledge of 
anything. 

cog no men (kog-no'men), n. a 
surname. 

co-liab-it (ko-hab'it), v.i. to dwell 
together as husband and wife, 
co here (ko-her'), v.i. to stick to¬ 
gether. 

co her ence ('ens), n. the state 
or quality of cohering. Also 
coherency. 

co-lier-ent ('ent), ad), cohering 
together ; consistent; logical, 
co her er (ko-her'er), n. a device 
for detecting electro-magnetic 
waves, used in wireless telegraphy, 
co-he-sion (ko-he'zhun). n. the 
force that unites together mole- 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








coh 


194 


col 


cules of the same material; coher¬ 
ence. 

co-he-sive ('siv), n. causing to 
cohere. 

cohort (ko'hbrt), n. a body of 
ancient Roman soldiers, the tenth 
part of a legion. 

coiffeur (koi'fer), n. a hair¬ 
dresser. 

coif-fure (koif'iir, French kwo- 
fer'), n. a head dress; manner 
of arranging the hair, 
coil (koil), n. a rope gathered into 
a ring; anything resembling it: 
v.t. to gather or wind into a cir¬ 
cular heap: v.i. to wind, 
coin (koin), n. money stamped 
with a legal impression ; a corner 
or angle: v.t. to convert into 
money; invent. 

coin-age ('aj), n. the process of 
coining; the thing coined; in¬ 
vention. 

co-in-cide (ko-in-sid), v.i. corre¬ 
spond exactly ; occur at the same 
time; fall upon, or meet, in the 
same point. 

co-in-ci-dence (ko-in'si-dens), n. 

the act of coinciding, 
eo-in-ci-dent (kd-in'si-dent), adj. 
coinciding. 

coin-er (koin'er), n. one who 
stamps coins, especially one who 
makes counterfeit money, 
coir (koir), n. the prepared fiber 
of the husks of cocoanuts. 
co-i-tion (ko-ish'un), n. copula¬ 
tion ; conjunction: said of the 
moon. 

coke (kdk), n. the residue of coal 
after the gas, &c., has been ex¬ 
pelled ; v.t. to convert into coke, 
col-an-der (kul'an-der), n. a 
vessel with a perforated bottom, 
co-la-nut (ko'la-nut), n. the large 
bitter seed of an African tree, 
col-chi-cum (kol'chi-kum). n. the 
meadow-saffron, the seeds and 
bulbs of which are used in medi¬ 
cine. 

cold (kold), adj. without heat or 
warmth ; frigid ; without passion 
or zeal; indifferent; insensible ; 
blue in tone: n. the opposite of 
heat; the sensation produced by 
the loss of heat; a catarrh. 

Syn. cool, frigid, wintry, un¬ 
feeling, stoical. 

Ant. (see warm). 


cold-blood-ed (-blud'ed), adj. 
having the blood below 90° Fahr. 
in temperature. 

cold-ish (kold'ish), adj. some¬ 
what cold. 

cole (kol), n. cabbage plants in 
general. 

cole-slaw ('slaw), n. cabbage 
salad. 

Col-e-op-ter-a (kol-e-op-ter-a), n. 
pi. an order of insects having the 
wings covered with a sheath ; the 
beetles. 

cole-wort (kol'wert), n. young 

cabbage. 

col-ic (kol'ik), n. acute spasmodic 
pain in the abdomen or bowels: 
adj. pertaining to. or affecting, 
the bowels. 

col-ick-y (-i), adj. pertaining to 
colic. 

col-i-se-um. See colosseum. 

col-lab-o-rate (kol-ab'o-rat), v.i. 
to work jointly, especially in liter¬ 
ary or scientific work. 

col-lab-o-ra-tion (-o-ra'shun), n. 
united labor. 

col-lab-o-ra-tor (-lab'o-ra-ter). n. 
one who assists another, especial¬ 
ly in literary or scientific work : 
[more usually collaborates 
(-ter'), the French form of the 
word]. 

col-lapse (kol-aps'), n. a falling 
in or together; sudden and com- 
pjete failure; general prostration 
of the vital powers: v.i. to fall 
in or together; shrink up; break 
down. 

col-lap-si-ble (-ap'si-bl), adj. 
collapsing. 

col-lar (kol'er), n. anything en¬ 
circling the neck, worn for use. 
restraint, or ornament; a round 
ring or flange: v.t. to seize by 
the collar; put a collar on ; roll 
up. 

col-lar-ette (-et), n . a fichu of 

lace, &c. 

col-late (kol'at), v.t. compare 
critically one thing with another 
of the same kind, as manuscripts 
or text of books; place in an ec¬ 
clesiastical benefice. 

col-lat-er-al (kol-at'er-al), adj. 
side by side; auxiliary; concur¬ 
rent ; descended from the same 
stock, but in a different line. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





cor 


195 


col 


collaterally (-11), adv. in a 
collateral manner . 
col-la-tion (kol-a'shun), n. com¬ 
parison ; a light repast; the pres¬ 
entation to a benefice by a 
bishop, who is the patron, 
col-la-tor ('ter), n. one who col¬ 
lates manuscripts or books; the 
bishop who collates, 
col-league (kol'eg), n. an associ- 
. ate in the same office, employ¬ 
ment, or commission, 
col-lect (kol'ekt), n. a short com¬ 
prehensive prayer, 
col-lect (kol-ekt'), v.t. gather 
together; assemble; demand and 
obtain payment of: v.i. to meet 
together; accumulate, 
col-lect-ed (kol-ekt'ed), adj. self- 
possessed. 

col-lec-tion ('shun), n. the act 
of gathering together; a mass; a 
crowd ; an assemblage of works of 
art, natural objects, &c.; a con¬ 
tribution to a special object; a 
private college examination, 
col-lect-ive (kol-ekt'iv), ad), ac¬ 
cumulative. 

col-lect-iv-ism (-izm) ? n. the so¬ 
cialistic theory that land and 
capital should be owned by society 
collectively. 

col-lect-iv-ist (-ist), n. an advo¬ 
cate of collectivism : adj. pertain¬ 
ing to collectivism, 
col-lect-or (kol-ek'ter), n. one 
who collects. 

col-lege (kol'ej), n. a society of 
men possessing certain powers and 
rights, and engaged in some com¬ 
mon pursuit, especially literary 
studies; the house founded for 
such a society. 

col-le-gi-an (kol-e'ji-an), n. a 
member of a college 
col-le-gi-ate (-at), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or something, a college; in¬ 
stituted like a college, 
col-let (kol'et), n. the part of a 
ring in which the stone is set. 
col-lide (kol-id) ,*v.i. to come into 
collision. 

col-lie (kol'i), n. a Scotch sheep¬ 
dog. 

col-lier (kol'yer), n. a digger of 
coal ; a coal-digger; a vessel in 
the coal trade. 

col-lier-y (-i), n. [pi. collieries 
(-iz)j, a coal mine. 


col-li-sion (kol-izh'un), n. the act 
of striking two bodies violently 
together; concussion. 

Syn. contact, conflict, clash, 
impact, encounter, meeting. 

Ant. (see concord), 
col-lo-ca-tion (kol-6-ka'shun), n. 

the act of placing; arrangement, 
col-lo-di-on (kol-6'di-un), n. a 
preparation of soluble gun cotton 
with ether. 

col-lo-qui-al • (kol-o'kwi-al), adj. 

used in ordinary conversation, 
col-lo-qui-al-ism (-izm), n. a col¬ 
loquial form of speech ; slang, 
col-lo-quy ('o-kwi), n. {pi. col¬ 
loquies (-kwiz)j, a conversation; 
a dialogue. 

col-lu-sion (kol-u'zhun), n. a se¬ 
cret agreement for a fraudulent or 
evil purpose. 

col-lu-sive ('siv), adj. fraudu¬ 
lently concerted. 

col-lu-so-ry ('so-ri), adj. carrying 
on fraud by secret agreement, 
cologne water (waw'ter), n. 
eau-de-cologne. 

co-lon (ko'lon), *w. a mark of 
punctuation [ :] ; the largest of 
the intestines. 

colo-nel (ker'nel), n. the chief 
officer of a regiment, 
colo-nel-cy (-si), n. the rank of 
a colonel. 

co-lo-ni-al (ko-lo'ni-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a colony, 
co-lo-ni-al-ism (-izm), n. the 
characteristics of colonial life; a 
colonial habit or phrase, 
co-lo-ni-al-ize (-Iz), v.t. to render 
colonial in character, 
col-o-nist (kol'o-nist), n. an in¬ 
habitant of a colony, 
col-o-ni-za-tion (kol'o-ni-za'- 
shun), n. the act of colonizing, or 
state of being colonized; the tem¬ 
porary settlement of men in a 
voting district to qualify them as 
electors. 

col-o-nize (kol'o-niz), v.t. to set¬ 
tle or establish a colony in. 
colonnade (kol-on-ad'), n. a 
series of columns, 
col-o-ny (kol'o-ni), n. [pi. colo¬ 
nies (-niz)], a body of people 
from their native country who 
settle in another land, but are 
under the jurisdiction of, or con- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch. lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









col 


196 


coin 


nected with, the parent country; 
the country thus sejttled; a num¬ 
ber of animals or plants living or 
growing together. 

col-or (kul'er), n. the hue or ap¬ 
pearance that a body presents to 
the eye; a pigment or paint; com¬ 
plexion ; redness; an apparent 
right or reason; pretense; false 
show: pi. a military or naval 
flag: v.t. to impart a color to; 
tint; dye; give a specious appear¬ 
ance to; make plausible. 

Syn. dye, stain, tinge. 

Col o-ra-do-bee-tle (kol-o-ra'do- 
be'tl), n. a yellowish beetle, hav¬ 
ing its back marked with ten 
longitudinal black stripes: it is 
very destructive to potato crops. 

col-or-ing (kul'er-ing), n. the act 
or art of giving a color to; the 
color so applied. 

col-or-ist (-ist), n. an artist 
whose works are characterized 
by beauty of color. 

co-los-sal (ko-los'al), adj. like a 
colossus; gigantic. 

col-os-se-um (kol-o-se'um), n. 
the Flavian amphitheater at an¬ 
cient Rome. Also coliseum. 

co-los-sus (ko-los'us), n. [pi. co¬ 
lossi (-I) ], a statue of gigantic 
size. 

col-por-tage (kol'por-taj), n. the 
system of distributing Bibles, 
religious books, &c., by colpor¬ 
teurs. 

col-por-teur (-ter), n. one en¬ 
gaged in colportage. 

colt (kolt), n. a young male 
horse; a young foolish fellow; 
one who plays cricket for. the 
first time for his county; a 
knotted rope’s-end: v.t. punish 
with a rope’s-end. 

colt-ish ('ish), adj. like a colt; 
frisky. 

colts-foot (-s'foot), n. a medic¬ 
inal herb. 

Columbian (ko-lum'bi-an), n. 
a size of printing type. (See 
type.) 

©ol : um-bine (koFum-bm), adj. 
pertaining to, or like, a dove or 
pigeon : n. a plant with flowers of 
five petals. 

col-umn (kol'um), n. a round pil¬ 
lar to support or adorn a build¬ 
ing ; any body of certain dimen¬ 


sions pressing vertically on its 
base; a division of the page of a 
book, &c.; a formation of troops 
in deep files. 

col-um nar (kol-um'nar), adj. 
having the form or shape of a 
column. 

co-ma (ko'ma), n. insensibility; 
stupor. 

co-ma (kS'ma), n. [pi. comae 
('me)], the nebulous hair-like 
envelope surrounding the nucleus 
of a comet; the aggregate of 
branches forming the leafy head 
of a tree. 

co ma tose (ko'ma-tos), adj. tor¬ 
pid ; lethargic. 

comb (kom), n. a toothed instru¬ 
ment to separate and adjust the 
hair; the crest of a cock; the 
crest of a wave or hill; a honey¬ 
comb : v.t. to dress the hair with 
a comb; grain: v.t. to roll over, 
as the crest of a wave. 

com-bat (kom'bat), v.i. to fight; 
act in opposition: v.t. to fight 
with ; oppose bj' force: n. a con¬ 
test by force; a struggle. 

com bat ant (-ant), n. on'e who 
combats: adj. disposed to fight; 
bearing arms. 

com-bat-iv© (-iv), adj. pugna¬ 
cious. 

c o m-b i-n a-t ion (kom-bi-na'- 
shun), n. the union of bodies or 
qualities; an association of per¬ 
sons for a common object: pi. 
underclothing woven in one piece. 

Syn. cabal, conspiracy, plot. 

com bine (kom-bln'), v.t. to unite 
or join ; link closely together: v.i. 
to unite, agree, or coalesce: n. a 
secret combination, generally for 
fraudulent purposes. 

com-bus-ti-bil-i-ty (kom-bus-ti- 
bil'i-ti), n. the property of being 
combustible. 

com-bus-ti-ble (kom-bus'ti-bl), 
adj. inflammable: n. an inflamma¬ 
ble substance. 

com-bus-tion (-bust'yun), n. the 
act of burning ; the state of being 
burnt; the union of an inflamma¬ 
ble substance with oxygen, &c., 
producing light and heat. 

come (kum), v.i. [p.t. came, p.p. 
come, p.pr. coming], to move 
towards ; draw near ; reach ; hap¬ 
pen ; arrive at some state or con- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









com 


197 


com 


dition: v.i. to act or play the 
part of. 

co me di an (ko-me'di-an), n. an 
actor or player in comedy: fem. 
comedienne (ko-ma-di-en'). 
com-e-dy (kom'e-di), n. [pi. come¬ 
dies (-diz)], dramatic representa¬ 
tion of the humorous or ridicu¬ 
lous side of human life, 
come - li - ness (kum'li-nes), n. 
grace; beauty. 

comely (kum'li), adj. graceful; 
handsome. 

com-et (kom'et), n. a luminous 
celestial body, with an eccentric 
orbit, consisting, when perfect, of 
a nucleus, coma, and a tail, 
com-e-ta-ry ('e-ta-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to a comet, 
corn-fit (kum'fit), n. a dry sweet¬ 
meat. 

com-fort (kum'fert), v.t. to con¬ 
sole ; strengthen; inspirit: n. a 
state of quiet enjoyment; conso¬ 
lation ; encouragement; a quilted . 
bed-cover. 

com-for-ta-ble ('fer-ta-bl), adj. 
imparting or enjoying comfort. 

Syn. agreeable, snug, satisfied, 
at ease, commodious. 

Ant. (see cheerless), 
com-for-ter (kum'fer-ter), n. one 
who comforts; a long woolen, 
scarf. 

com-frey (kum'fri), n. a rough 
hairy plant. 

comic (kom'ik) or comical 

(-al), adj. exciting mirth, 
com-i-cal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state 
of being comical. 

com-ic-al-ly (-li), adj. in a comi¬ 
cal manner. 

coming (kum'ing), n. an arrival: 
adj. expected; future, 
co-mique (ko-mek'), n. a comic 
actor or singer. 

com-i-ty (kom'i-ti), n. civility; 
politeness; acts of international 
courtesy. 

com-ma (kom'a), n. a punctua¬ 
tion point [,]. 

com mand (kom-and', or -and'), 
v.t. to order or charge with au¬ 
thority ; control; exercise su¬ 
preme authority over; lead : v.i. 
act as a commander; exercise 
power or authority : n. authority ; 
an order or mandate; a dominat¬ 


ing situation ; a naval or military 
force under the command of a 
particular officer. 

Syn. injunction, order, precept, 
commandant (-dant), n. an 
officer in command of a fortified 
place ©r a body of troops, 
com man deer (com-an-der'), v.t. 
to compel to military service; to 
take for military purposes, 
com mand er ('er), n. one who 
commands; a naval officer next 
below a captain. 

com - mand - ment (kom-and'- 
ment), n. a command; a precept; 
a law, especially any one of the 
Decalogue. 

com-man-do ('do), n. a mili¬ 
tary expedition by private indi¬ 
viduals ; the quasi-military expe¬ 
ditions of the English farmers 
and Boers of South Africa against 
the natives. 

com-mem-o-rate (kom-em'o-rat). 
v.t. to call to remembrance by a 
solemn act; celebrate with honor, 
com-mem-o-ra-tion (-ra'shun), 
n. the act of commemorating, 
com-mem-o-ra-tive (-em'6-ra- 
tiv), adj. preserving the memory 
of. 

com-mem-o-ra-tor ('o-ra-ter), n 
one who commemorates, 
com-mence (kom-ens'), v.i. to 
• come into existence ; begin : v.t. to 
enter upon ; perform the first act 
of. 

com-mence-ment ('ment), n. be¬ 
ginning ; origin ; the annual festi¬ 
val when degrees, &c., are con¬ 
ferred at colleges, 
com-mend (kom-end'), v.t. rec¬ 
ommend as worthy of notice; 
praise ; bring to mind, 
com-men-da-tion (-en-da'shun), 
n. the act of commending; ap¬ 
proval. 

com-mend-a-tory ('a-to-ri), adj. 
serving to commend; containing 
praise. 

com-men-su-ra-bil-i-ty (kom-en- 

su-ra-bil'i-ti), n. the state of be¬ 
ing commensurable, 
com-men-su-ra-ble (kom-en'su- 
ra-bl), adj. having, or reducible 
to, a common measure, 
com-men-su-rate ('su-rat), adj. 
reducible to a common measure; 
equal. 


late, mar, mfisk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









com 


198 


com 


com ment (kom'ent), n. a spoken 
or written remark, especially a 
written note by way of explana¬ 
tion, &c.; criticism: v.i. (kom'- or 
kom-ent'), to write notes or ex¬ 
planations on the text of an au¬ 
thor. • 

com men ta ry ('en-ta-ri), n. [pi. 
commentaries (-riz)], a series of 
explanatory notes or annotations, 
com - men - ta - tive (-tiv), adj. 

making commentaries, 
commentator (-ter), n. one 
who writes notes to explain an 
author. 

com merce (kom'ers), n. inter¬ 
change of merchandise on a large 
scale between nations or individ¬ 
uals ; intercourse. 

com-mer-cial (-er'shal), adj. per¬ 
taining to trade or commerce; 
mercantile. 

com - mer - cial - ism (-izm), n. 
commercial habits, methods, or 
principles. 

com-mer-cial-ly (-li), adv. in a 
commercial manner, 
com-min-gle (ko-ming'gl), v.t. & 
v.i. to mix; blend, 
com mi nute (kom'i-nut), v.t. to 
make small or fine by grinding: 
adj. divided into small parts, 
com-mis-er-ate (kom-iz'er-at), 
v.t. feel pity for; sympathize with 
in distress. 

coiu-mis-er-a-tion (-er-a'shun), 
n. pity. 

com-mis-er-a-tor ('er-a-ter), n. 
one who pities. 

com-mis-sa-ri-at (kom-is-a'ri-at), 
n. the department of an army 
concerned with the supply of 
transports, provisions, &c. 
commissary (fis-a-ri), n. [pi. 
commissaries (-riz)], one to 
whom some charge is committed 
by a superior; a delegate; an offi¬ 
cial in the commissariat depart¬ 
ment. 

com-mis-sion (kom-ish'un), n. a 
delegation of business to anyone; 
the act of doing or committing; 
a trust; a charge; the warrant by 
which anything is done; one or 
more persons appointed to per¬ 
form certain specified duties; 
brokerage or allowance: v.t. em¬ 
power; send with authority. 


com-mis-sion-er (-ish'un-er), n. 

a person empowered by a com¬ 
mission or warrant; an officer in 
charge of some department of the 
public service. 

com mis sure ('ish-ur), n. a joint 
or seam; the point of union be¬ 
tween two bodies, 
com-mit (kom-it'), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. committed, p.pr. committing], 
to give in charge or trust; sur¬ 
render ; consign ; perpetrate ; learn 
by heart; send for trial, or to 
prison.* 

com mit ment (-it'ment), n. the 
act of committing. Also com¬ 
mittal. 

com-mit-tee (-it'e), n. persons 
appointed to consider or manage 
any matter. 

coin-mode (kom-od')i n. a high 
head-dress formerly in vogue; a 
chest of drawers or bureau; a 
night-stool. 

commodious (-o'di-us), adj. 
useful; convenient; roomy, 
commodity (-odfi-ti), n. [pi. 
commodities (-tiz)], that which 
is useful; an article of commerce: 
pi. goods; merchandise. 

Syn. goods, merchandise, ware, 
com mo dore C'o-dor), n. a cap¬ 
tain commanding a squadron ; the 
leading ship in a fleet of mer¬ 
chantmen. 

com mon (kom'un), adj. belong¬ 
ing equally to more than one; 
public ; usual; frequent; inferior ; 
of low birth or origin ; applied to 
nouns that are both masculine 
and feminine: n. a tract of open 
public land. 

Syn. mean, ordinary, vulgar. 

Ant. (see uncommon, extraor¬ 
dinary). 

com mon coun-cil (koun'sil), n. 

the representative body of a city 
or municipal corporation, 
com mon law (law), n. the un¬ 
written law of England based on 
immemorial usage, 
com mon age (-aj), n. the right 
of pasturing on common land, 
com-mon-al-ty (-al-ti), n. the 
common people. 

com mon er (er), n. one not a 
peer; a member of the House of 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








com 


iy9 


com 


Commons; one who has a joint 
right in common land; at Oxford, 
a student not on the foundation, 
commonly (-li), adv. usually; 
meanly. 

commonplace (plas), n. a 
memorandum for ready reference; 
an obvious remark; anything or¬ 
dinary : ad), uninteresting; trite; 
common; neither new nor strik¬ 
ing. 

common-sense (-sens), adj. 
characterized by sound practical 
judgment. 

commonweal (-wel), n. the 
public good. 

commonwealth (-welth), n. 
the whole body of people in a 
state; a republic, 
com-mo-tion (-o'shun), n. vio¬ 
lent agitation. 

communal ('u-nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to a commune. * 

com-mu-nal-ism (-izm), n. gov¬ 
ernment by communes or corpora¬ 
tions of towns and districts, 
com mune (-un'), v.t. to converse 
together; impart; take counsel; 
partake of the Eucharist, or Holy 
Communion. 

com-mu-ni-ca-bil-i-ty (-u-ni-ka- 
bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being 
communicable. 

com-mu-ni-ca-ble (-u'ni-ka-bl), 
adj. impartible. 

com - mu - ni - cant (-u'ni-kant), 
adj. communicating: n. a par¬ 
taker, especially of the Eucharist, 
communicate (-kat), v.t. to 
impart; reveal: v.i. to share; par¬ 
take of the Eucharist, 
com-mu-ni-ca-tion (-ka'shun), 
n. the act of communicating; 
means of passing from one place 
to another; news; intercourse, 
com-mu ni-ca-tive (-ka-tiv), adj. 
unreserved. 

communicator (-ka-ter), n. 
one who, or anything which, com¬ 
municates. 

com-mu-ni-ca-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. 

imparting knowledge, 
com-mun-ion (-un'yun), n. inter¬ 
course ; fellowship; common pos¬ 
session ; a religious body; the par¬ 
taking of the Eucharist, 
com-mu-nism (kom'u-nizm), n. 
the doctrine of having property 
in common ; socialism. 


coin-mu-nist ('u-nist), n. a sup¬ 
porter of communism ; a socialist; 
a member of the Commune of 
Paris (1871). 

com-mu-nis-tic (-nis'tik), adj. re¬ 
lating to communism. 

commu ni ty (-u'ni-ti), n. [pi. 
communities (-tiz)], a body of 
persons having common rights, 
interests, and privileges; a corpo¬ 
ration ; society generally; com¬ 
mon character. 

com-mu-ta-bil-i-ty (-u-ta-bil'i-ti). 
n. the quality of being commu- 
table. 

com-mu-ta-ble (-u'ta-bl), adj. in¬ 
terchangeable. 

com mu ta tion (-u-ta'shun), n. 
the act of commuting; change or 
exchange. 

commutative ('ta-tiv), adj. 
pertaining to exchange. 

com-mute (kom-ut'), v.t. to ex¬ 
change ; substitute; reduce the 
severity of; regulate the direction 
of an electric current: v.i. to pay 
in gross amount. 

commuter ('er), n. one who 
commutes or changes; one who 
uses a commutation ticket in 
traveling. 

corn-pact (kom'pakt), n. an 

agreement or covenant: v.t. 

(kom-pakt'), to press or pack 
closely; consolidate. 

corn-pan-ion (kom-pan'yun), n. 
a comrade; an associate or part¬ 
ner; the hut over a ship’s ladder: 
adj. attendant. 

com-pan-ion-ship (-ship), n. 
fellowship. 

com-pa-ny (kum'pft-ni), n. [pi. 

companies (-niz)], an assem¬ 

blage of people; a body of per¬ 
sons associated together; society ; 
fellowship ; a firm ; a ship’s crew ; 
a subdivision of a regiment: v.i. 
associate with. 

Syn. assemblage, crowd, gath¬ 
ering, group, host, throng. 

Ant. (see loneliness). 

comparable (kom'pa-ra-bl), 
adj. capable of being compared; 
of equal regard. 

com-par-a-tive (-par'&-tiv), adj. 
estimated by comparison; not 
positive: n. the comparative de¬ 
gree of grammar. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







com 


200 


com 


compare (-par'), v.t. to make 
one thing the measure of another; 
inflect so as to form the degrees 
of comparison: v.i. to bear a 
comparison. 

com-par-i-son (-par'i-sun), n. 
the act of comparing; an illustra¬ 
tion or simile. 

com part ment (-part'ment), n. 
a division by a partition, as of a 
carriage, &c.; a panel, 
com pass (kum'pas), v.t. to en¬ 
circle ; walk around; besiege: n. 
a circular course; a circumfer¬ 
ence ; extent; grasp; an instru¬ 
ment indicating the magnetic 
meridian: pi. a mathematical in¬ 
strument for dividing and draw¬ 
ing circles. 

com pas sion (kom-pash'un), n. 
sorrow for the sufferings of 
others ; sympathy ; pity. 

Syn. sympathy, pity, clemency. 
Ant. (see cruelty, severity), 
com-pas-sion-ate (-at), v.t. to 
have compassion for: adj. sympa¬ 
thetic ; merciful. 

c o m-p a t-i-b il-i-ty (kom-pat-i- 
bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being 
compatible; congruity. 
com-pat-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. con¬ 
gruous ; suitable. 

com-pa-tri-ot (-pa'tri-ot), n. a 
fellow countryman, 
com peer (kom-per'), n. an equal, 
coin-pel (korn-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. compelled, p.pr. compelling], 
to urge irresistibly; force. 

Syn. force, oblige, necessitate. 
Ant. (see coax, lead), 
com-pend (kom'pend), n. an 
abridgment. 

com pen di ous (-pen'di-us), adj. 
succinct. 

com pen di um ('di-um), n. an 
abridgment. 

Syn. compend, abridgment. 
Ant. (see enlargement), 
com pen sate (kom'pen- or kom- 
pen'sat), v.t. to recompense; 
make amends for: v.i. to make 
compensation. 

com-pen-sa-tion (-sa'shun), n. 
amends ; recompense ; a set-off. 

Syn. amends, recompense, re¬ 
muneration, requital, reward. 

c o m-p e n-s a-t ion- bal - ance 

(-bal'&ns), n. a watch balance- 


wheel, constructed to counteract 
variations in temperature, 
compensative ('sa-tiv), adj. 
making compensation. Also com¬ 
pensatory. 

com-pen-sa-tor ('pen-sa-ter), n. 

one who compensates, 
compete (kom-pet'), y.i. enter 
into competition with another; 
rival. 

com-pe-tence (kom'pe-tens), n. 
the state of being competent; suf¬ 
ficiency. Also competency, 
competent (-tent), adj. fit; 
able ; suitable ; qualified ; moder¬ 
ate. 

competition (-tish'un), n. ri¬ 
valry. 

com-pet-i-tive (kom-pet'i-tiv ), 

adj. pertaining to competition; 
emulous. 

com-pet-i-tor ('i-ter). n. a rival, 
com-pi-la-tion (-pi-la'shun), n. 
the' act of compiling; the thing 
compiled. 

corn-pile (kom-pll'), v.t. to put 
together in fresh form existing 
materials. 

com pla cence (kom-pla'sens), n. 
inward satisfaction. Also com¬ 
placency. 

complacent ('sent), adj. affa¬ 
ble. 

com-plain (kom-plan'), v.i. to 
express grief, pain, or resent¬ 
ment ; charge formally. 

Syn. lament, murmur, regret, 
repine. 

Ant. (see rejoice). 

com plain ant ('ant), n. a plain¬ 
tiff. 

com-plaint (-plant'), n. an accu¬ 
sation ; an expression of grief or 
pain ; ailment. 

complaisance (-pla-sans'), n. 

courtesy. 

complaisant (-sant'), adj. 

courteous. 

com-plec-ted (-plek'ted), adj. in¬ 
terwoven ; complexioned. 
complement ('ple-ment), n. 
full number or quantity; a com¬ 
plete set: v.t. to supply a defi¬ 
ciency. 

com-ple-ment-al ('al), adj. com. 
pleting. Also complementary, 
com-plete (kom-plet'), adj. free 
from deficiency ; entire ; absolute; 
finished: v.t. to supply what is 
lacking; finish. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









com 


201 


com 


com-plete-ly ( 'li ), adv. in a com¬ 
plete manner. 

com-ple-tion (-ple'shun), n. ac¬ 
complishment. 

com plex (kom'pleks), adj. com¬ 
posed of various parts of things; 
composite ; intricate, 
com plex-ion (-plek'shun), n. 
the color of the skin, especially 
the face; aspect. 

com-plex-ion-al (-ill), adj. per¬ 
taining to the complexion, 
com-plex-ioned (’shund), adj. 

having a complexion, 
com-plex-i-ty ('iti), n. the state 
of being complex. Also complex¬ 
ness. 

com-plex-ly ('li), adv. in a com¬ 
plex manner. 

com-pli-a-ble (kom.-pli'a-bl), adj. 
compliant. 

eom-pli-ance ('ans), n. acquies¬ 
cence. 

com-pli-ant ('ant), adj. yielding, 
coxn-pli-ca-cy ('pli-ka-si), n. the 
state of being complicate, 
com-pli-cate ('pli-kat), v.t. to 
make intricate; involve: adj. in¬ 
tricate ; folded together, 
com- pli -ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. 
the act of complicating; the state 
of being complicated, 
eom-plic-i-ty (-plis'i-ti), n. part¬ 
nership in crime. 

com-pli-er (-pli'er), n. one who 
complies. 

com-pli-ment ('pli-ment), n. a 
formal act or expression of cour¬ 
tesy ; delicate flattery: v.t. to 
flatter ; congratulate ; praise, 
com-pli-men-ta-ry ('ta-ri), adj. 
conveying a compliment. Also 
complimental. 

com-ply (kom-pli'), v.t. [ p.t. & 
p.p. complied, p.pr. complying], 
to yield assent; agree to. 

*S 'yn. accede, conform, submit, 
yield. 

Ant. (see refuse), 
com-po (kom'po), n. a kind of 
concrete; a material for printing- 
rollers. 

com po nent (kom-po'nent), adj. 
constituent: n. an elementary 
part of a compound, 
corn-port (-port'), v.i. to agree; 

harmonize: v.t. to behave, 
com pose (-poz'), v.t. to form by 
combination; write as an author; | 


calm; adjust; arrange in proper 
order; put together, 
com-posed (-pozd'), adj. tran¬ 
quil ; quiet. 

com pos er (-poz'er), n. one who 
composes; one w T ho calms; a 
musical author. 

com pos ing (-poz'ing), adj. tend¬ 
ing to calm; pertaining to, or 
used in, composition, 
com-pos-ite (-poz'it), adj. com¬ 
pound. 

com-po-si-tion (-po-zish'un), n. 
the act of composing; the thing 
composed; a mass formed by 
mingling various ingredients ; mu¬ 
tual settlement or agreement; a 
musical or literary work ; the art 
of forming sentences, 
com-pos-i-tor (-poz'i-ter), n. one 
who sets types. 

com post ('post), n. a mixture of 
various substances for fertilizing 
the ground; builders’ compost: 
v.t. to manure with compost; 
plaster or stucco. 

com po sure (-po'zhur), n. tran¬ 
quillity. 

com-pote ('pot), n. stewed fruit, 
corn-pound (-pound'), v.t. to mix 
or combine together; settle by 
mutual agreement; discharge a 
debt by paying a part: adj. (kom'- 
pound), composed of two or more 
elements or ingredients or words: 
n. a mixture of two or more ele¬ 
ments or ingredients. 

Syn. complex. 

Ant. (see simple); 
com pound er ('er), n. one who 
compounds medicines, &c.; one 
who compounds a debt or felony; 
one who pays for certain charges 
by a fixed sum. 

comprehend (kom-pre-hend'), 
v.t. to include or comprise; grasp 
with the mind; conceive. 

aS 'yn. comprise, include, embrace, 
grasp, understand, perceive. 

Ant. (see exclude, mistake), 
com-pre-hen-si-bil-i-ty (-hen-si- 
bil'i-ti), n. the quality or state of 
being comprehensible, 
com-pre-hen-si-ble ('si-bl), adj. 
intelligible. 

com pre hen sion (-hen'shun), n. 
the act of comprehending; extent, 
understanding. 

com pre hen sive (-hen'siv), adj. 
including much ; full. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pSrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






com 


202 


con 


compress (kom-pres'), v.t. to 
press together; condense: n. 
(kom'pres), a soft pad used in 
surgery to maintain pressure, 
com-press-i-bil-i-ty (-pres-i-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of yielding to 
pressure. 

com-press-i-ble (-pres'i-bl), adj. 
condensable. 

com - pres - sion (-presli'un), n. 
condensation. 

com-press-ive (-pres'iv), adj. that 
compresses. 

compressor f-pres'er), n. one 
who, or that which, compresses, 
com-pri-sal (kom-pri'z&l), n. the 
act of comprising, 
coin-prize (-prlz'), v.t. to compre¬ 
hend. 

Syn. comprehend, contain, em¬ 
brace, include. 

com pro mise (kom'pro-mlz), n. 
a settlement by mutual conces¬ 
sions : v.t. to settle by compro¬ 
mise ; expose to risk, 
comp-trol-ler (kon-trol'er). See 
controller. 

com-pnl-sion (kom-pul'shun), n. 
the act of compelling; force ; con¬ 
straint. 

com - pul - sive (-pul'siv), adj. 
forcible. 

com-pul-so-ri-ly (-pul'so-ri-li), 
adv. forcibly. 

com-pul-so-ry (-pul'so-ri), adj. 

exercising compulsion ; obligatory, 
com punc tion (-pungk'shun), n. 
contrition. 

com-pur-ga-tion (per-ga'shun), 
n. the practice of justifying one 
man’s veracity by the testimony 
of another. 

com - pu - ta - ble (kom-pu'ta-bl), 
adj. that may be computed, 
com-pu-ta-tion (-pu-ta'shun), n. 
the act or process of computing; 
estimate. 

com-pute (-put'), v.t. to number; 
reckon. 

com rade (kom'rad), n. a com¬ 
panion. 

con (kon), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

conned, p.pr. conning], to peruse 
carefully; fix in the mind by 
constant renetition; to direct (a 
helmsman) how to steer, 
co-na-tion (ko-na'shun), n. the 
faculty of voluntary agency, in¬ 
cluding volition and desire. 


co-na-tive (ko'na- or kon'a-tiv), 
adj. pertaining to the faculty of 
conation ; expressing endeavor or 
effort. 

con-cat-e-na-tion (kon-kat-e-na'- 
shun), n. a series of things united 
like links. 

con-cave (kon'kav), adj. hollow 
and curved. 

con-cave lens (lenz), n. a lens 
one side of which is flat and the 
other slightly concave, 
con-cav-i-ty (-kav'i-ti), n. [pi. 
concavities (-tiz) ], the state of 
being .concave ; the inner surface 
of a rounded hollow body, 
con-ca-vo-con-cave (kon-ka'v5- 
kon'kav), adj. hollow on both 
surfaces, as a lens, 
con-ca-vo-con-vex (kon'veks), 
adj. concave on one side, convex 
on the other. 

con-ceal (kon-sel'), v.t. to hide; 
keep secret; disguise;. 

Syn. hide, secrete. 

Ant. (see uncover), 
concealment ('ment), n. the 
act of hiding or keeping secret; a 
place of hiding; shelter, 
con-cede (-sed'), v.t. to yield; ad¬ 
mit. 

conceit (-set'), n. -an idea; an 
over-estimate of one’s own abili¬ 
ties ; a quaint fancy, 
con-ceiv-a-bil-i-ty (-sev-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being con¬ 
ceivable. 

con-ceiv-a-ble (-sev'a-bl), adj. 

imaginable. 

con-ceive (-sev'). v.t. imagine; 
understand; develop in the womb: 
v.i. to think; become pregnant. 
Syn. comprehend, understand, 
con-cen-trate (kon-sen'trat). v.t. 
to bring to one point or common 
center; intensify the action of; 
condense; adj. reduced to a pure 
or dense state. 

con-cen-tra-tion (-sen-tra'shun ), 
n. the state of being concentrated; 
condensation. 

con-cexi-tra-tive-ness ('tra-tiv- 

nes), n. the power of fixing the 
mind on a particular subject, 
con cen tra tor (-trfi-ter), n. a 
pneumatic apparatus for separat¬ 
ing dry ores when comminuted, 
con-cen-tric (-sen'trik), adj. hav¬ 
ing a common center. 


late, mar, mftsk, cat. awl : i-o. lor, inf ; ii-n. . vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, rut : tbm. then. 






con 


203 


con 


con-cen-tric-i-ty (-sen-tris'i-ti), 
n. the state of being concentric. 

concept (kou'sept), n. an ab¬ 
stract general notion or concep¬ 
tion. 

con - cep - ta - cle (-sep'ta-kl), n. 
that which contains anything; a 
folLcle. 

con-cep-tion (-sep'shun), n. the 
impregnation of the ovum; the 
act or power of conceiving in the 
mind; an idea or notion. 

con-cep-tive (-sep'tiv), adj. capa¬ 
ble of conceiving mentally or phys¬ 
ically. 

con-cep-tu-al-ist ('tu-al-ist), n. 
one who holds the theory (con¬ 
ceptualism) that the mind, can 
form for itself general concep¬ 
tions. 

con cern (kon-sern'), v.t. to re¬ 
late or belong to; interest or en¬ 
gage ; make uneasy : n. business; 
affair ; interest; anxiety ; a firm. 

con cern ing ('ing), prep, relat¬ 
ing to. 

con cern ment ('ment), n. solic¬ 
itude ; affair. 

con-cert (kon-sert'), v.t. to con¬ 
trive or devise together; adjust or 
arrange mutually: n. (kon'sert) 
a musical entertainment; co-op¬ 
eration ; harmony, or mutual agree¬ 
ment. 

con-cert-ed ('ed), adj. mutually 
planned or agreed upon ; arranged 
in parts. 

con-cer-ti-na (-ser-te'na), n. a 
musical instrument of the ac¬ 
cordion class. 

con-cer-ti-no (-te'no), n. a small 
concerto. 

con-cer-to (-ser'to, Italian -char'- 
to), n. [pi. concertos ('toz)j, a 
musical composition for a solo 
instrument, with an orchestral 
accompaniment. 

con-ces-sion (kon-sesh'un), n. 
the act of conceding; the thing 
conceded; land, privileges, &c., 
granted by a government to a 
company, &c., for some specific 
purpose. 

con-ces-sion-aire (-un-ar'), n. a 
person holding a concession. 

con-ces-sive (-ses'iv), adj. imply¬ 
ing concession. 

con-ces-so-ry (-ses'o-ri), adj. 
conceding. 


conch (kongk). n. a marine shell, 
con cha (kong'ka), n. [pi. conchse 
(-ke)], the outer ear; auricle; 
the dome of an apse, 
con-cho-grass ('ko-gras), n. a 
valuable forage grass of the 
southern United States, 
con-choid ('koid), n. a shell-like 
curve. 

con-chol-o-gy ('kol-o-ji), n. the 
branch of zoology which treats of 
mollusks and their shells, 
con-cierge (kong-si-arzh'), n. in 
France, a door-keeper or janitor, 
con-cil-i-ate (kon-sil'i-at), v.t. to 
reconcile; win or gain the affec¬ 
tions of. 

con-cil-i-a-tor (-a-ter), n. one 

who conciliates. 

con-cil-i-a-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. 
tending to conciliate or reconcile. 
Also conciliative. 

con-cise (kon-sls'), adj. con¬ 
densed, terse. 

con-cise- ly Hi), adv. tersely ; 

briefly. 

con-cise-ness ('nes), n. brevity, 
con-clave (kon'klav), n. a private 
meeting, as of cardinals for the 
election of a Pope, 
con-clude (kon-klfid'), v.t. to in¬ 
fer ; determine ; settle ; end : v.i. 
draw an inference, 
con-clu-sion (-klu'zhun), n. a 
final determination; result; end. 

Syn. inference, deduction, 
con-clu-sive (-klu'siv), adj. de¬ 
cisive ; final. 

con-coct (kon-kokt'), v.t. to di¬ 
gest ; cook ; assimilate mentally ; 
plot. 

con-coc-tion (-kok'shun), n. the 
act of concocting; a plan or plot; 
a compound of various ingredi¬ 
ents. 

concomitance (-kom'i-tans), 
n. the state of being concomitant. 
Also concomitancy. 
concomitant ('i-tSnt), n. ac 
companying; conjoined with: n. 
an attendant. 

con-cord ( kong' or kon'kdrd), n. 

harmony ; union ; agreement, 
con-cord-ance ( kon-kord'&ns), n. 
agreement; a dictionary of words 
or passages, with references to 
the places where they occur, es¬ 
pecially in the Bible, 
con-cord-ant ('ant), adj. har¬ 
monious. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







con 


204 


con 


i 


con cor dat ('dat), n. a compact 
or agreement, especially between 
Church and State. 

con-course (kong'kors), n. ar¬ 
riving together; an assembly or 
crowd. 

con-crete (kon'kret), adj. united 
in growth; coalesced; not ab¬ 
stract : n. a mass formed by con¬ 
cretion ; a compact mass of lime, 
sand, gravel, mortar, &c., used for 
building: v.i. (kon-kret'.), to 

coalesce: v.t. to form by the 
union of particles. 

con-cre-tion (kon-kre'shun), n. 
the act of concreting; a mass 
formed by the union of separate 
particles. 

con-cre-tion-a-ry (-a-ri), adj. 
characterized by. concretions. 

con-cre-tive ('tiv), adj. produc¬ 
ing concretes. 

con-cu-bi-nage (kong-ku'bi-naj ), 
n. the act of living as man and 
wife without being legally mar¬ 
ried. 

con-cn-bine (kong'kii-bin), n. a 
woman who lives with a man 
without being legally married.. 

con - cu - pis - cence (kon-ku'pis- 
ens), n. illicit sexual desire; un¬ 
lawful desire. 

con-cu-pis-cent (-ent), adj. lust¬ 
ful. 

con-cur (kon-ker'), v.i. [ p.t . & p.p. 
concurred, p.pr. concurring], to 
agree or unite in action or opin¬ 
ion ; coincide. 

con cur rence (-kur'ens), n. the 
act of concurring; agreement; 
consent. 

con-cur-rent (-kur'ent), adj. 
acting in union or conjunction; 
joint and equal in authority; 
meeting at one point: n. that 
which concurs; a contributory 
cause. 

con cus sion (-kush'un), n. the 
shock caused by two bodies com¬ 
ing violently together; injury by 
a fall. 

condemn (kon-dem'), v.t. to 
pronounce or judge guilty ; blame ; 
censure; declare to be forfeited. 

Syn. censure, blame, disap¬ 
prove. 

Ant. (see justify, exonerate). 

con dem na tion (-dem-na'shun), 
n. the act of condemning. 


con-dem-na-to-ry (-dem'n&-td- 
ri), adj. implying condemnation, 
con-dens-a-bil-i-ty (kon-dens-a- 
bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being 
condensable. 

con-dens-a-ble (-dens'a-bl), adj. 

capable of condensation, 
condensation (-den-sa'shun), 

n. compression. 

con-dense (-dens'), v.t. to com¬ 
press ; make close or thick: v.i. 
grow dense. 

con-dens-er ('er), n. an appar¬ 
atus for reducing gases or vapors 
to a liquid or solid form; a de¬ 
vice for storing electricity; a 
lens for concentrating light, 
con-de-scend (kon-de-send'), v.i. 

to stoop ; descend ; yield ; deign, 
condescension (-de-sen'shun), 
n. the act of condescending; vol¬ 
untary humiliation, 
condign (-din'), adj. well-de¬ 
served ; suitable. 

con-di-ment (kon'di-ment), n. a 

seasoning. 

c o n-d i-t i o n (kon-dish'un), n. 
state; quality; external circum¬ 
stances ; stipulation or terms of 
a contract: v.t. to contract or 
stipulate; bring into and keep in 
bodily health ; examine, 
conditionally (-al-li), adv. 

with certain limitations, 
con-do-la-to-ry (-do'la-to-ri), adj. 

expressing condolence, 
con-dole (kon-dol'), v.t. to la¬ 
ment : v.i. to express sympathy 
for another [with toith]. 
con-do-lence ('eus), n. sympathy, 
con do na tion (-do-na'shun), n. 

the act of pardoning a wrong act. 
con-done (kon-don'j, v.t. to par¬ 
don, especially a violation of mar¬ 
ital duty. 

con-dor (kon'der), n. a very 
large South American vulture, 
con duce (-dus'), v.i. to tend to; 
contribute. 

con-du-ci-ble (-du'si-bl), adj. 

tending ; contributing ; promoting, 
conducive (-siv), adj. having 
the quality or power of conduc¬ 
ing [with to]. 

conduct (kon-dukt'), v.t. to> 
guide ; direct; manage ; behave : n. 
(kon'dukt) personal behavior or 
practice; management. 

Syn. direct, guide, lead, govern, 
regulate, manage. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








con 


205 


COD 


con-due-tance (kon-duk'tans). n. 
power or capacity for conducting 
electricity. 

con-duc-ti-bil-i-ty (kon-duk-ti- 
bil'i-ti), n. the capability of being 
conducted. 

con-duoti-ble (-duk'ti-bl), adj. 

capable of being conducted, 
con - due - tion (-duk'shun), n. 

transmission by a conductor, 
con-duc-tive (-duk'tiv), adj. hav¬ 
ing the quality or power of con¬ 
ducting. 

con-duc-tiv-i-ty (-duk-tiv'i-ti). n. 

the quality of being conductive, 
conductor (duk'ter), n. one 
who, or that which, conducts; a 
leader or guide; one who has 
charge of a car or train ; a sub¬ 
stance which conducts or trans¬ 
mits certain forces, 
con-duit (kon' or kun'dit), n. a 
canal or pipe for the conveyance 
of water, &c, 

cone (k5n), n. a geometrical fig¬ 
ure, broad, round, and broad at 
the bottom, and lessening the cir¬ 
cumference towards the top; the 
fruit of the fir, pine, &c.; a storm- 
cone : v.t. to shape like the seg¬ 
ment of a cone. 

co-ney (ko'ni), another form of 
cony. 

con-fab (kon'fab), v.i. [ p.t . & p.p. 
confabbed, p.pr. confabbing], to 
chat. 

o o n-f a b-u-1 a-tion (-fab-u-la/- 
shun), n. a chat. 

con-fec-tion (-fek'shun), n. any¬ 
thing conserved or compounded 
with sugar; a sweetmeat, 
con-fec-tion-er (-er), n. one who 
prepares and sells sweetmeats, &c. 
con-f ec-tion-er-y (-i), n. [pi. 
confectioneries) (-iz)j, sweet¬ 
meats, cakes, preserves. &c. _ 
con-fed-er-a-cy (-fed'er-a-si), n. 
[pi. confederacies (-siz)], per¬ 
sons, states, or nations united in 
a league; unlawful combination, 
con-f ed-er-ate ('er-at), v.i. to 
unite in a league: adj. united by 
a league: n. a member of a con¬ 
federation ; an ally; an accom¬ 
plice. 

con-f ed-er-a-tion (-er-a'shun), 
n. the act of confederating; an 
alliance: an alliance of states 
previously independent, 
con-f ed-er-a-tive (-fed'er-a-tiv), 


adj. of, or belonging to, a confed¬ 
eration. 

con-f er (kon-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
conferred, p.pr. conferring], to 
give or bestow: v.i. to consult to¬ 
gether; converse. 

con-f er-ence ('fer-ens), n. the 
act of consulting together form¬ 
ally ; an appointed meeting for 
discussing some topic or business; 
an ecclesiastical assembly. 

con-f ess (kon-fes'), v.t. to admit 
or acknowledge; avow; grant; 
prove; hear (as a priest) a con¬ 
fession : v.i. disclose the state of 
one’s conscience to a priest and 
receive absolution. 

Syn. admit, avow, grant, ac¬ 
knowledge, certify. 

Ant. (see deny). 

cou-fes-sion (-fesh'un), n. act of 
confessing; anything disclosed or 
acknowledged. 

con-fes-sion-al (-al), n. an in¬ 
closed cabinet, in which a priest 
sits to hear confessions; the 
practice of auricular confession. 

con fes sor (kon-fes'er or kon'fes- 
er), n. one who makes a profes¬ 
sion of his faith and suffers perse¬ 
cution ; a priest who hears con¬ 
fessions and grants absolution. 

con-fet-to (-fet'to), n. [pi. con¬ 
fetti ( f ti)], a sweetmeat; a plas¬ 
ter pellet used for pelting at car¬ 
nivals. 

con-fi-dant ('fi-dant), n. a con¬ 
fidential or bosom friend: fern. 
confidante. 

con-fide (kon-fid'), v.i. have con¬ 
fidence in : v.t. to trust fully [with 
to]. 

con-fi-dence (kon'fi-dens), n. 
trust; reliance. 

con-fi-dent (-dent'), adj. full of 
confidence; positive; bold ; dog¬ 
matical. 

k con-fi-den-tial (-den'shal), adj. 
spoken or written in confidence; 
trustworthy. 

con-fi-den-tial-ly (-li), adv, in 
a confidential manner. 

configuration (-fig-u-ra'- 
shun), n. external form; relative 
position of the planets. 

con-fine (kon'fTn), n. a boundary, 
border, or limit; a frontier [usu¬ 
ally pi.] : v.t. (kon-fin'), to re¬ 
strict within limits; imprison. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








con 


206 


con 


con-fine-ment (kon-fin'ment), n. 

the act of confining; childbirth, 
con-firm (kon-ferm'), v.t. to 
strengthen; ratify; administer 
the rite of confirmation. 

Syn. corroborate, approve, at¬ 
test. 

Ant. (see contradict), 
confirmation (-f er-ma'shun), 
n. the act of confirming; verifica¬ 
tion ; evidence; admission to full 
communion after baptism, 
con-firm-a-to-ry ('a-t5-ri), adj. 

serving to confirm, 
con-fis-cate (kon-fis'- or kon'fis- 
kat), v.t. to adjudge to be for¬ 
feited to the public treasury; 
seize, as thus forfeited, 
con-fis-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the 
act of confiscating, 
con-fis-ca-tor ('fis-ka-ter), n. one 
who confiscates. 

c o n-f i s-c a-t o-r y (-fis'ka-to- 
ri), adj. characterized by, or at¬ 
tended with, confiscation, 
con-fla-gra-tion (-fla-gra'shun), 
n. a great fire. 

con-flict (kon-flikt'), v.i. to strike 
or dash together; contend ; fight: 
n. (kon'flikt), a fight or struggle 
for the mastery; a battle; antag¬ 
onism ; a violent collision. 

Syn. combat, contest, conten¬ 
tion, struggle. 

Ant. (see peace, quiet), 
con-flic-ting ('ting), adj. op¬ 
posing. 

con-fiu-ence (kon'floo-ens), n. the 
junction of two or more streams; 
an assembly. 

con-flu-ent (-ent), adj. flowing 
or running together: n. a tribu¬ 
tary river or stream, 
con-flux ('fluks), n. the meeting 
together of two or more streams; 
a crowd. 

con-form (kon-form'), v.t. to 
make like; bring into harmony 
[usually with to] : v.i. to be in 
harmony wfith; comply with, 
con-form-a-bil-i-ty (-f6rm -a-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the quality or state of 
being conformable, 
con-form-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. like; 
corresponding ; compliant; in par¬ 
allel order. 

con-f or-ma-tion (-for-ma'shun ), 
n. structure ; arrangement; shape, 
con-form-ist ('ist), n. a member 


of the Established Church of Eng¬ 
land. 

con-form-i-ty ('i-ti), n. compli¬ 
ance with established forms; re¬ 
semblance. 

con-found (kon-found'). v.t. to 
mingle; perplex ; astonish ; con¬ 
fuse ; overthrow. 

con-f ra-ter-ni-ty (-frft-ter'ni-ti), 
n. [pi. confraternities (-tiz) ], a 
brotherhood or society of men as¬ 
sociated for a common purpose, 
con frere (kon-frar'), n. an asso¬ 
ciate. 

con-front (kon-frunt'), v.t. to 
stand face to face [with with ] ; 
oppose; compare. 

c o n-f n s e (kon-fuz'), v.t. to 
mingle ; jumble up; render indis¬ 
tinct ; disconcert; perplex, 
con-fn-sion (-fu'zhun), n. the act 
of confusing; perplexity; loss of 
self-possession; disorder: tumult, 
con-f u-ta-tion (-fu-ta'shun), n. 
disproof. 

con-fute (kon-fut'), v.t. to prove 
to be false or invalid; convict of 
error. 

Syn. disprove, refute, oppugn. 

Ant. (see approve), 
con-geal (kon-jel'), v.t. to convert 
from a liquid to a solid state by 
cold : v.i. to concrete by cold, 
congelation (-je-la'shun), n. 

the act of congealing, 
con-ge-ni-al (-je'nial), adj. kin¬ 
dred ; pleasant and sympathetic; 
cognate. 

con-ge-ni-al-i-ty (-ni-al'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being con¬ 
genial. 

con-gen-i-tal (-jen'i-tal), adj. ex¬ 
isting, or produced, at birth ; con¬ 
stitutional. 

con-ger (kong'ger), n. a large 

sea-eel. 

con-ge-ri-es (kon-je'ri-ez), n. 
sing. & pi. a collection of par¬ 
ticles into one mass, 
con-gest (kon-jest'), v.t. to ac¬ 
cumulate. 

con-gest-ed ('ed), p.adj. unduly 
crow'ded ; containing an unnatural 
accumulation of blood, 
con-ges-tion (-jest'yun), n. an 
overcrowded condition, especially 
of the blood-vessels, 
con-gest-ive ('iv), adj. implying 
congestion. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






con 


207 


con 


conglomerate (-glom'er-at), 
v.t. to gather into a ball or round 
mass: adj. collected or clustered 
together: n. a rock composed of 
rounded or water-worn fragments 
of pre-existent rocks, 
con-glom-er-a-tion (-er-a'shun), 
n. the act of conglomerating; a 
miscellaneous collection, 
con-glu-ti-nate ('ti-nat), v.t. to 
glue together : adj. glued together ; 
united by an adhesive substance, 
con-glu-ti-na-tion (-na'shun), n. 
the act of gluing or joining to¬ 
gether ; coalescence, 
con-glu-ti-na-tive ('ti-na-ti v), 

adj. having power to unite or heal 
wounds. 

con-grat-u-late (kon-grat'u-lat), 
v.t. to felicitate on account of 
some happy event [with on or 
upon]. 

Syn. felicitate. 

Ant. (see console), 
con-grat-u-la-tion (-grat-u-la'- 
shun), n. the act of congratula¬ 
ting. 

con-grat-u-la-tor ('u-la-ter), n. 

one who congratulates, 
con-grat-a-la-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. 

expressing congratulations, 
con-gre-gate (kong'gre-gat), v.t. 
to assemble; gather together: v.i. 
to come together. 

con-gre-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. 
an assembly, especially of persons 
for religious worship, 
con-gre-ga-ticm-al (-ai), adj. 

pertaining to a congregation. 
Con-gre-ga-tion-al-ism ('shun- 
al-izm), n. a democratic form of 
church government, each congre¬ 
gation being self-governed. ^ 
Con-gre-ga-tion-al-ist (-al-ist), 
n. an adherent to Congregational¬ 
ism : adj. pertaining to Congrega¬ 
tionalism. 

con-gress (kong'gres), n. a con¬ 
ference ; an assembly of ambassa¬ 
dors, &c., for the settlement of 
international affairs. 

Con-gress (kong'gres), n. the na¬ 
tional legislature of the United 
States. 

Con-gres-sion-al (kon-gresh'un- 
&1), adj. pertaining to Congress. 
Congressman (-man), n. a 
member of Congress, especially of 
the House of Representatives, 
con-gru-ence ('groo-ens), n. 


suitability; agreement; consist¬ 
ency. Also congruency. 

con-gru-ent ('ent), adj. suitable; 
agreeing. 

con-gru-i-ty ('i-ti), n. agree¬ 
ment ; fitness. 

con-gru-ous ('grod-us), adj. ac¬ 
cordant ; fit. 

con-ic (kon'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or shaped like, a cone. Also con¬ 
ical : n.pl. the branch of geometry 
which treats of the parabola, 
ellipse, and hyperbola; conic sec¬ 
tions. 

co-nif-er-ous (ko-nif'er-us), adj. 

bearing cones. 

coniform (ko-ni-f6rm), adj. 

cone-shaped. 

co-nine (ko'nin), n. a very pois¬ 
onous alkaloid existing in the 
hemlock. 

con-jec-tur-al (kon-jek'tur-&l), 
adj. doubtful. 

con-jec-tnr-al-ly (-li), adv. 
doubtfully. 

con-jec-ture ('tfir), n. a probable 
inference; a guess: v.t. to imag¬ 
ine ; surmise: v.i. to form con¬ 
jectures. 

con-join (kon-join'), v.t. to join 
together; connect or associate: 
v.i. to unite. 

con-joint (-joint'), adj. united? 
cooperating. 

con-ju-gal ('joo-gal), adj. of, or 
pertaining to, marriage; connu¬ 
bial. 

con-ju-gal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the 
married state. 

con-ju-gal-ly (-li), adv. connu¬ 
bially. 

con-ju-gate (kon'ju-gat), v.t. to 
inflect (verbs) : v.i. to unite in 
conjugation: adj. combined in 
pairs; kindred in meaning and 
origin: n. a word agreeing in deri¬ 
vation with another word. 

con-ju-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. the 
act of conjugating; the inflection 
of a verb; a kind of sexual union. 

con-junct (kon-jungkt'), adj. 
conjoined. 

con-junc-tion (-jungk'shun), n. 
union ; association ; connection ; 
the apparent meeting of two or 
more stars or planets; a word 
used to connect sentences or 
words. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; v5te, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






con 


208 


con 


con-june-tive (-jungk'tiv), adj. 
serving to unite; closely con¬ 
nected : n. the conjunctive mood, 
conjunctive mood (mood), n. 
the mood which expresses contin¬ 
gency or condition, 
conjunctively (-li), adv. in 
union. 

con junc ture (’tur), n. a com¬ 
bination of many circumstances 
or causes; a critical time, 
conjuration (kon-ju-ra'shun), 
n. the act of conjuring or invok¬ 
ing ; an incantation; an enchant¬ 
ment ; solemn entreaty, 
con jure^ (kon-jur'), v.t. to sum¬ 
mon in ’a sacred name; enjoin 
with the highest solemnity: (kun'- 
jer), influence by, or as if by, 
magic: v.i. to practice the arts of 
a conjurer. 

conjurer (kon'jer-er), n. one 
who performs tricks by sleight of 
hand; an enchanter: (kon-jur'- 
er), n. one who solemnly enjoins, 
conjuror (kon-jur'er), n. one 
bound by an oath with others, 
con nate (kon'nat), adj. united 
at the base. 

con-naught (kon'awt), n. a kind 
of cotton cloth used for embroid¬ 
ery. 

con-nect (kon-nekt'), v.t. to bind 
or fasten together; unite; asso¬ 
ciate with: v.i. to be joined; co¬ 
here. 

con-nect-ed ('ed), adj. linked 
together. * 

connection or connexion 

(-nek'shun), n. the state of being 
connected; relation by marriage 
or blood; sexual intercourse; sur¬ 
roundings ; acquaintance; a re¬ 
ligious body; one’s customers, &c. 
con-nect-ive (-nekt/iv), adj. able 
to connect: n. that which con¬ 
nects. 

con-nect-ive-ly (-li), adv. by 
connection. 

con-nec-tor ('ter), n. one who or 
that which connects, 
con-ning (kon'ing), n. the act of 
directing the helmsman of a ves¬ 
sel. 

con-ning-tow-er (-tou'er), n. 
the low shot-proof pilot-house of 
an armored vessel 
con ni vance (-nl'vans), n. the 
act of conniving: passive coopera¬ 


tion in a crime or fault; collu¬ 


sion. 

con-nive (kon-nlv'), v.i to close 
the eyes upon a fault; be in secret 
complicity [with at]. 
con nois seur (kon-i-ser'), n. a 
critical judge. 

con-no-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. in¬ 
ference. 

con-no-ta-tive (kon-no'ta-tiv), 

adj. attributive. 

con-note (kon-not'), v.t. to desig¬ 
nate by implication; imply as an 


attribute. 

con-nu-bi-al (kon-u'bi-al), adj. 
of, or pertaining to, the marriage 
state; nuptial. 

con-oid (kon'oid), adj. cone-like, 
co-noi-dal (ko-noi'dal), adj. al¬ 
most conical. 

con-quer (kong'ker). v.t. gain by 
conquest; overcome ; subdue : v.i. 
to get the victory. 

Syn. overcome, subdue, sur¬ 
mount, vanquish. 

Ant. (see defeat), 
con quer or (-er), n. a victor, 
con-quest ('kwest), n. the act of 
conquering ; subjugation ; victory, 
con-san-guin-e-ous (kon-sang- 
gwin'e-us), adj. related by blood 
or birth. 

con - san - guin - i - ty ('i-ti), n. 

blood relationship, 
con-science (kou'shens), n. the 
moral sense which determines 
right and wrong. 

con-sci-en-tious (-shi-en'shus)» 
adj. influenced or regulated by 
conscience; scrupulous, 
con-scious ('shus), adj. aware 
of one’s thoughts and actions; 
sensible. 

Syn. advised, aware, sensible, 
assured. 

Ant. (see ignorant), 
consciousness (-nes), n. the 
knowledge of that which passes 
in one’s own mind. 



con-script (kon-skript'), v.t. to 
enroll for compulsory military or 
naval service: (kon'skript) adj. 
registered; enrolled: n. one thus 
compulsorily enrolled, 
con-scrip-tion (-skrip'shun), n. 
compulsory military or naval 
service; the persons enrolled, 
con-se-crate (kon'se-krat), v.t. to 
set apart as sacred; dedicate to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








con 


209 


con 


the service of God ; set> apart to 
a sacred office; devote: adj. con¬ 
secrated ; made sacred. 

consecration (-kra'shun), n. 
the act of consecrating; a set¬ 
ting apart or devoting to a sacred 
use or office. 

con-se-cra-tor (-ter), ra. one who 
consecrates. 

consecutive (-sek'u-tiv), adj. 
successive. 

con-sec-u-tive-ly (-li), adj. suc¬ 
cessively. 

consensus (-sen'sus), ra. general 
agreement. 

con sent (kon-sent'), n. a yield¬ 
ing of the mind or will; acqui¬ 
escence ; sympathy: v.i. to com¬ 
ply ; yield ; accede ; concur. 

con-sen-ta-ne-ous (-ta'ne-us), 
adj. accordant'. 

consentient (-sen'sbent), adj. 
agreeing. 

consequence (kon'se-kwens), 
n. that which naturally follows an 
effect; inference ; result; import¬ 
ance ; significance. 

Syn. effect, event, issue, result. 

Ant. (see cause). 

conse quent (-kwent), adj. fol¬ 
lowing as a result or natural ef¬ 
fect [with to] : n. a result or ef¬ 
fect. 

consequential (-kwen'shal), 
adj. following as the effect; self- 
important. 

con-serv-a-ble (-serv'a-bl), adj. 
that may be preserved from decay 
or injury. 

con-serv-an-cy ('an-si), n. pres¬ 
ervation. 

con-scrv-ant ('ant), adj. preserv¬ 
ing. 

eon-ser-va-tion (-va'shun), n. 
the act of preserving from decay, 
loss, or injury. 

con-ser-va-tion-al (-al), adj. 
tending to conservation. 

con-ser-va-tive ('va-tiv), adj. 
having the tendency or power to 
preserve : n. that which preserves ; 
one opposed to hasty changes Jn 
the political, religious, or civil in¬ 
stitutions of the country. 

con-ser-va-toire (-va-twar'), n. 
a public institution for instruc¬ 
tion, especially singing, music. &c. 

con ser va tor (kon'ser-va-ter), n. 
one who preserves. 


con-ser-va-to-ry (ser'va-to-ri) 

adj. tending to preserve: n. a 
greenhouse. 

con-serve (kon-serv'), v.t. to pre¬ 
serve from injury or destruction ; 
preserve with sugar: (kon'serv) 
n. preserved or candied fruit, 
con-sid-er (kon-sid'Sr), v.t. to fix. 
the mind upon ; contemplate: v.i. 
to deliberate; reflect. 

Syn. reflect, ponder, weigh, 
con - sid - er - a - ble (-a-bl), ad]\ 
worthy of notice; important;: 
valuable; more than a little, 
con-sid-er-a-bly (-bli), adv. in a 
considerable manner, 
con-sid-er-ate (-.at), adj. having 
regard for others; prudent; 
thoughtful; careful, 
con-sid-er-a-tion (-a'shun). ra¬ 
the act of considering; claim to> 
notice; mature thought; an 
equivalent: regard for others, 
considering ('er-ing), prep.. 
taking into consideration; allow¬ 
ing for: n. doubt: consideration, 
con-sign (kon-sln'), v.t. to de¬ 
liver in a formal manner to> 
another; yield in trust; to send 
goods. 

con-sign-ee (-sm-e'), n. the per¬ 
son to whom goods are sent; an 
agent or factor. 

consignment ('ment). n. the 
act of consigning; the thing con¬ 
signed. 

con-sign-or ('er), ra. the person 
who consigns goods to another. 
Also consigner. 

con-sist (kon-sist'). v.i. to be 
composed of; co-exist; subsist 
[with in]. 

con-sist-ence (-sist'ens), w. de¬ 
gree of density or firmness; har¬ 
mony. Also consistency, 
con-sist-ent ('ent), adj. solid; 
not contradictory. 

Syn. constant, compatible. 

Ant. (see inconsistent). 
con-so-la-Me (kon-s5'la-bl), ra„ 
admitting of consolation or com¬ 
fort. 

con-so-la-tion (-s5-la'shun), ra- 
alleviation of mental or physical 
distress; solace. 

con-sol-a-to-ry (-sol'&-tor-i). adj. 
tending to console: comforting; 
soothing. 

con-sole (kon-sol'), v.t. to give 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let: line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon,. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 

118 







con 


210 


con 


comfort to; cheer in sorrow; 
solace. 

Syn. comfort, solace. 

Ant. (see harrow), 
con-sole (kon'sol), n. an orna¬ 
mental bracket supporting a 
cornice. 

con-sol-i-date (-sol'i-dat), v.t. to 
make solid; harden ; condense: 
v.i. to become solid, 
con-sol-i-da-tion (-da'shun), n. 
the act of consolidating; solidi¬ 
fication. 

con-sols (kon'solz or kon-solz'), 
n. the principal British funded 
security: abbreviation for con¬ 
solidated fund. 

consomme (kon-so-ma'), n. a 
strong clear soup or bouillon, 
con-so-nance (kon'sd-nans), n. 
agreement of sounds; harmony; 
concord. 

con-so-nant (-nant), adj. har¬ 
monious : accordant: n. a letter 
other than a vowel, 
con-sort (kon'sbrt), n. a com¬ 
panion; a partner; a husband or 
wife; a ship accompanying 
another: v.t. & v.i. (kon-sort') 
to associate; keep company [with 
with ]. 

con-spec-tus (-spek'tus), n. a 
general sketch or digest of some 
subject; a synopsis, 
con-spic-u-ous (-spik'u-us), adj. 
mentally or physically visible; 
manifest; distinguished, 
con-spir-a-cy (-spir'a-si), n. [pi. 
conspiracies (-siz)], a plot; two 
or more persons engaged together 
for an unlawful or evil purpose, 
con-spir-a-tor ('a-ter), n. one 
who conspires. 

con-spire (kon-spir'), v.i. to con¬ 
cert a crime; combine for an un¬ 
lawful purpose. 

constable (kun'sta-bl), n. a 
high officer of state in mediaeval 
courts; a policeman, 
con-stab-n-lar-y (-stab'u-ler-i), 
adj. pertaining to constables: n. 
constables collectively, 
con - stan - cy (kon'stan-si), n. 
firmness : stability ; fidelity. 

8yn. firmness, stability, steadi¬ 
ness. 

Ant. (see fickleness), 
con-stant ('stant), adj. stead¬ 
fast; firm; continuous: n. in 


physics, that which is not subject 
to change, as gravity, 
con-stel-la-tion (-stel-a/shun), n. 
a group or cluster of fixed stars 
designated by some name; an as¬ 
semblage of splendors. &c. 
con-ster-na-tion (-ster-na'shun), 
n. excessive terror, wonder, or 
surprise; perturbation, 
constipate ('sti-pat), v.t. to 
make costive. 

con-sti-pa-tion (-pa'shun), n. 

costiveness. 

con-stit-u-en-cy (-stit'u-en-si), n. 
[pi. constituencies (-siz)], the 
body of electors voting for a 
Member of Congress, &c. 
con-stit-n-ent ('u-ent), adj. nec¬ 
essary or essential: n. an essen¬ 
tial or component part; an elec¬ 
tor. 

constitute ('sti-tiit), v.t. to 
compose or make up; appoint; 
elect; enact; establish, 
con - sti - tu - ted au-thor-i-ties 
(aw-thor'i-tiz), n.pl. government 
officers collectively, 
con-sti-tu-tion (-tu'shun), n. the 
act of constituting; the thing con¬ 
stituted ; bodily strength; mental 
or physical temperament; the sys¬ 
tem of fundamental laws of a na¬ 
tion, state or society, 
constitutional (al), adj. in¬ 
herent in the constitution; funda¬ 
mental : n. a walk taken for the 
benefit of the health, 
constitutionalist (ist), n. 
an adherent to constitutional 
government. 

con-sti-tu-tive ('sti-tu-tiv), adj. 

elemental; essential; productive, 
con-strain (kon-stran'). v.t. to 
hold down or keep back by force; 
restrain. 

constraint (-strant'), n. com¬ 
pulsion. 

con-strict (-strikt'), v.t. to bind; 

cramp. 

constriction ('shun), n. com¬ 
pression ; contraction, 
con-stric-tive ('tiv), adj. that 
constricts. 

con-stric-tor (-strik'ter), n. that 
which contracts or compresses; a 
muscle which contracts, closes, or 
compresses; a large serpent, the 
boa-constrictor. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook : mute, nut; thin, then. 







con 


con 


211 


constringent (-strin'jent), adj. 

contracting or binding, 
cou-struct (kon-strukt'), v.t. to 
build ; form ; put together ; com¬ 
pose. 

con-struc-tion (-struk'shun), n. 
the act of building; that which is 
constructed ; an edifice ; interpre¬ 
tation ; the syntactical arrange¬ 
ment of words in a sentence, 
con-struct-ive ('iv), adj. hav¬ 
ing the character of construction; 
inferred. 

con-struct-ive-ly (-li), adv. by 
construction. 

con-struct-ive-ness (-nes), n. 

the faculty to construct, 
con-struct-or ('er), n. one who 
constructs. 

con strue (kon'strod), v.t. to put 
into proper order by syntactical 
rules ; translate ; interpret, 
con - sub - stan - tial (-sub-stan'- 
shal), adj. having the same sub¬ 
stance, essence, or nature, 
con-sub-stan-ti-al-i-ty (-shi-al'- 
i-ti), n. participation in the 
same nature or essence: said of 
the Holy Trinity. 

con-sub-stan-ti-a-tion (-shi-a'- 
shun), n. the doctrine that the 
body and blood of Christ are in a 
mysterious manner substantially 
present in the Eucharistic ele¬ 
ments after consecration, 
con-sul (kon'sul). n. the chief 
magistrate of the Roman Repub¬ 
lic, and of the French Republic 
(1799-1804) ; an officer commis¬ 
sioned by a government to reside 
in a foreign country to promote 
the interests of its trade, and pro¬ 
tect its subjects. 

con-sul-gen-er-al (-jen'er-al), n. 
a chief consul. 

con su lar (-Uir), adj. pertaining 
to a consul. 

con-su-late ('sii-lat), n. the of¬ 
fice and residence of a consul, 
con-suit (kon-sult'), v.t. to ask 
advice of; regard: v.i. to take 
counsel together. 

con-sul-ta-tion (-sul-ta'shun), n. 
the act of consulting; a confer¬ 
ence or deliberation on some 
special matter. 

con-sul-ta-tive ('ta-tiv), adj. de¬ 
liberative. 

con sume (kon-sum'), v.t. to de¬ 


stroy ; waste; spend: v.i. waste 
away ; be exhausted, 
con sum mate (kon'sum-at), v.t. 
to complete; finish: adj. (kon- 
sum'at), perfect. 

con-sum-mate-ly (-sum'at-li), 

adv. perfectly. 

con-sum-ma-tion (-a'sliun), n. 
completion. 

con sump tion (-sump'shun), n. 
the act of consuming; a gradual 
wasting away; pulmonary dis¬ 
ease ; phthisis. 

con-sump-tive ('tiv), adj. per¬ 
taining to consumption; affected 
with phthisis. 

con-tact (kon'takt), n. touch; 
close union. 

con-ta-gion (kon-t a' jun), n. 
transmission of disease by direct 
or indirect contact, 
con-ta-gious ('jus), adj, trans¬ 
mitted by contact, 
con-tain (kon-tan'), v.t. to hold, 
as a vessel; keep within bounds; 
inclose: v.i. to live in continence, 
con tam i nate (-tam'i-nat), v.t. 
to pollute. 

Syn. corrupt, defile, pollute, 
taint. 

con-tam-i-na-tion (-na'shun), n. 
pollution. 

c o n-t a m-i-na-tive ('i-na-tiv), 
adj. tending to contaminate, 
con-temn (kon-tem'), v.t. to de¬ 
spise. 

Syn. despise, disdain, scorn. 

Ant. (see esteem), 
con-tem-plate ('plat), v.t. to 
consider with continued atten¬ 
tion ; meditate on ; study. 

Syn. meditate, muse, 
con-tem-pla-tion (-pla'shun), n. 
the . act of contemplating ; pious 
meditation; intention, 
con-tem-pla-tive ('pla-tiv), adj. 
thoughtful. 

con-tem-pla-tive-ly (-li), adv. 
thoughtfully. 

con-tem-pla-tor (kon'tem-pla- 
ter), n. one who contemplates. 

con-tem-po-ra-ne-ous (-po-ra'ne 

us), adj. contemporary, 
con tem po ra ry ('po-ra-ri), adj. 
existing or occurring at the same 
time: n. one living at the same 
time as another. 

con-tempt (kon-tempt'), n. dis¬ 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







con 


212 


con 


% 


dam; scorn ; disobedience to the 
orders, &c., of a court. 

con-tempt-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. mer¬ 
iting scorn. 

Syn. despicable, paltry, pitiful, 
vile, mean. 

Ant. (see noble). 

eon-tempt-i-bly (-bli), adv. in a 
contemptible manner. 

contemptuous ('tu-us), adj. 
disdainful. 

contend (kon-tend'), v.i. to 
strive in opposition; vie [with 
xvith or against ] ; dispute or de¬ 
bate ; assert. 

Syn. contest, dispute, strive, 
struggle, combat. 

con-tent (kon-tent'), adj. satis¬ 
fied ; willing: v.t. to satisfy; 
gratify; appease: n. (kon'tent), 
generally plural, that which is 
comprised in anything. 

con-terit-ed ('ed), p.adj. grati¬ 
fied ; satisfied. 

con-ten-tion (-ten'shun), n. con¬ 
test ; debate. 

con-ten-tions (-ten'shus), adj. 
causing contention ; quarrelsome ; 
litigious. 

contentment (-tent'ment), n. 

satisfaction. 

conterminous (-ter'mi-nus), 
adj. contiguous. 

con-test (kon-test'), v.t. to dis¬ 
pute ; oppose ; litigate : v.i. to 
strive; contend; vie: n. (kon'- 
test) a struggle for superiority; 
dispute. 

con-tes-tant (-tes'tanti, n. one 
who contests, especially an elec¬ 
tion, or a will. 

con-text (kon'tekst), n. the narts 
in a book or discourse immedi¬ 
ately adjoining the sentence 
quoted. 

con-tex-ture (-teks'tur), n. 
structure. 

con-ti-gu-i-ty (-ti-gu'i-ti), n. con¬ 
tact. 

con-tig-n-ous (-tig'u-us), adj. ad¬ 
jacent. 

con-ti-nence (kon'ti-nens), n. 
chastity ; self-restraint; modera¬ 
tion. Also continency. 

con-ti-nent ('ti-nent), adj. 
chaste; exercising self-restraint: 
n. a large extent of land forming 
a geographical division. 

con-ti-nen-tal ('tal), adj. per¬ 
taining to a continent. 


con-tin-gence (kon-tin'jens), n. 
[pi. contingencies ('jen-siz)J, a 
chance or possible occurrence. 
Also contingency, 
con-tin-gent ('jent). adj. acci¬ 
dental ; conditional: n. a possi¬ 
bility ; quota of troops, 
continual ('u-al), adj. 'pro¬ 
ceeding without interruption; in¬ 
cessant ; constant. 

Syn. constant, continuous, per¬ 
petual, incessant. 

Ant. (see intermittent), 
con-tin-u-al-ly (-li), adv. with¬ 
out intermission. 

con tinuance ('u-ans), n. per¬ 
manence ; uninterrupted succes¬ 
sion ; duration. 

Syn. continuation, duration. 

Ant. (see cessation), 
con-tin-u-a-tion (-u-a'shun), n. 

the act of continuing._ 
con-tin-ue (kon-tin'u), v.t. to 
carry on without interruption; 
persist in: v.i. to remain; abide; 
endure; persevere. 

Syn. persist, persevere, pursue, 
prosecute. 

Ant. (see cease). 

con-ti-nu-i-ty (-ti-nu'i-ti), n. [pi. 
continuities (-tiz) ], uninterrupted 
succession or connection; cohe¬ 
sion. 

con-tin-u-ous (-tin'u-us), adj. 
uninterrupted. 

con-tort (kon-tbrt'), v.t. to twist, 
con-tor-tion (-tor'shun), n. a 
twist; flexure. 

con-tor-tion-ist (-ist), n. an ac¬ 
robat who contorts his body in 
performing gymnastics, 
con-tour (kon-toor'), n. an out¬ 
line ; profile: v.t. to make an out¬ 
line of. 

con-tra-band (bon'tra-band), adj. 
prohibited from importation ; ille¬ 
gal. 

con-tra-band of war (wawr), n. 
certain commodities used in war¬ 
fare, and the traffic in them with 
belligerent states. 

con-tra-band-ist (-ist), n. a 
smuggler. 

con-tra-bas-so (-tra-b&s'so), adj. 
sounding an octave lower than 
another instrument of the same 
class: n. the largest instrument 
of the violin class, the double- 
bass. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; m55n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







eon 


213 


con 


con-tract (kon-trakt'), v.t. draw 
closer together; shorten; con¬ 
dense : v.i. to shrink up ; bargain ; 
agree upon: n. (kon'trakt) a 
compact; a written agreement, 
con-trac-ti-bil-i-ty (trak-ti-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality or capability of 
being contracted. 

con-trac-tile (-trak'til), adj. hav¬ 
ing the power of shortening it-' 
self. Also contractible, 
con-trac-til-i-ty (-trak-til'i-ti), n. 

the power of contracting, 
con-trac-tion (-trak'shun), n. 
the act of contracting; the state 
of being contracted ; the reduction 
of two vowels or syllables into 
one; abbreviation, 
con trac tor (-trak'ter), n. one 
of the parties to a contract; one 
who contracts to supply or con¬ 
struct for a stipulated sum. 
con-tra-dance (kon'tra-dans), n. 
a clance in which the partners are 
arranged in opposite lines; a 
country-dance. Also contre-dance. 
con-tra-dict (kon-tra-dikt'), v.t. 
to assert the contrary or opposite 
of ; gainsay ; deny. 

Syn. deny, gainsay, oppose. 

Ant. (see confirm), 
con-tra-dic-tion (-dik'shun), n. 
the act of contradicting; denial; 
incongruity. 

con-tra-dic-to-ri-ly (dik'to-ri-li), 
adj. contentiously. 
con-tra-dic-to-ry (-dik'to-ri), adj. 
contrary 

con-tra-dis-tinc-tion (-dis-tingk'- 
shun), n. a distinction by op¬ 
posite qualities. 

con-tra-dis-tinc-tive ('tiv), adj. 

characterized by contradistinction, 
con-tra-dis-tin-guish (-ting'- 
gwish), v.t. to distinguish by op¬ 
posite qualities. 

con-tral-to (kon-tral'to), n. the 
part sung by the highest male 
( counter-tenor ) or the lowest fe¬ 
male voice {alto). 
con-tra-ri-e-ty (-tra-ri'i-ti), n. 
[pi. contrarieties (-tiz) ], opposi¬ 
tion ; inconsistency, 
con-tra-ri-ly ('tra-ri-li), adv. in 
a contrary manner, 
con-tra-ri-ness ('tra-ri-nes), n. 
contrariety. 

con-tra-ri-wise ('tra-ri-wiz), adv. 
conversely. 


con-tra-ry ('tra-ri), adj. op¬ 
posite ; in an opposite direction; 
perverse; wayward: n. a thing of 
opposite qualities, 
contrast (kon-trast'), v.t. to 
place in contrast; compare: n. 
(kon'trast) opposition or differ¬ 
ence of qualities made manifest 
by comparison; dissimilitude. 

Syn. compare, oppose, discrimi¬ 
nate. 

con-tra-val-la-tion (-val-a'- 

shun), n. a fortification thrown 
up round a city by a besieging- 
force for security against the 
enemy’s sallies. 

con tra vene (kon-tr§.-ven'), v.t . 

to obstruct; violate, 
con-tra-ven-tion (-ven'shun), n. 

opposition ; violation, 
contre-dance, same as contra- 
dance. 

con tre temps (kdng-tr-tang'), n. 
an unexpected event causing con¬ 
fusion ; a hitch. 

con-trib-nte (kon-trib'ut), v.t. to 
give to some common stock ; fur¬ 
nish as a share: v.i. to use one’s 
influence. 

con-tri-bu-tion (-tri-bu'shun), n . 
the act of contributing; a sub¬ 
scription ; tax ; a writing furnish¬ 
ed to a periodical, 
con-trib-u-tive (-trib-u'tiv), adj . 
contributing. 

con-trib-u-tor ('u-ter), n. one 
who contributes. 

con-trib-u-to-ry ('u-to-ri), adj . 

promoting the same end. 
con-trite (kon'trit) ,adj. penitent, 
con-trite-ly (-li), adv. penitently, 
con-trite-ness (-nes), n. peni¬ 
tence ; sorrow. 

con-tri-tion (-trish'un), n. sor¬ 
row for sin. 

contrivance (-trl'vans), n. a 
device ; apparatus ; scheme ; plan, 
con-trive (kon-triv'), v.t. to de¬ 
vise ; invent; plan ; scheme, 
con-trol (kon-trol'), n a check; 
restraint; superintendence; au¬ 
thority : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. con¬ 

trolled: p.pr. controlling], to re¬ 
strain ; govern ; regulate, 
con-trol-la-ble ('a-bl), adj. sub¬ 
ject to control. 

con-trol-ler ('er), n. one who 
controls; a public officer who 
oversees and verifies the accounts 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







con 


214 


con 


of subordinate officials. Less cor¬ 
rectly comptroller. 

con-tro-ver-sial (-tr5-ver'shal), < 

adj. polemical. 

con-tro-ver-sial-ist (-ist), n. a 
disputant. # * 

con-tro-ver-sial-ly (-li), adv. 

in a controversial manner, 
controversy ('tro-ver-si), _ n. { 
[pi. controversies i.-siz)], agita¬ 
tion of contrary opinions ; debate ; 
disputation. 

con-tro-vert (-tro-vert'), v.t. to 
contend against; refute ; disprove. ( 
con-tro-vert-i-ble (-vert'i-bl), 

adj. capable of being disputed. _ 
con-tro-vert-i-bly (-bli), adv. in 
a controvertible manner, 
con-tro-vert-ist (-vert'ist), n. a 
disputant. 

con-tu-ma-cious (-tu-ma'shus), 
adj. perverse; obstinate., 
con-tu-ma-cy ('tu-ma-si), n. [pi. 
contumacies (-siz)], obstinate or 
perverse opposition to lawful au¬ 
thority. . 

con-tu-me-li-ous (-tu-me'li-us), 
adj. haughtily contemptuous or 
offensive; supercilious, 
con-tu-me-ly ('tu-me-li), n. [pi. 
contumelies (-liz) ], haughty and 
contemptuous rudeness; scornful 
and insolent abuse, 
con-tnse (kon-tuz'), v.t. to wound 
or bruise without breaking the 
skin. 

con-tu-sion (-tu'zhun), n. the act 
of contusing; the state of being 
contused. 

co-nun-drum (ko-nun'drum), n. 
a riddle. 

con-va-lesce (kon-va-les'), v.i. to 
recover strength and health after 
illness. 

con-va-les-cence ('ens), n. 
gradual recovery after illness. 
Also convalescency. 
con vales cent ('ent), adj. re¬ 
covering health. 

con vene (kon-ven'), v.i. to meet 
together: v.t. cause to assemble; 
summon judicially, 
con-ve-nience (-ve'niens), n. fit¬ 
ness ; freedom from discomfort; 
accommodation. 

con-ve-nient ('nient), adj. suita¬ 
ble ; appropriate; affording ac¬ 
commodation ; handy, 
con-vent (kon'vent), n. a com¬ 


munity of religious recluses ; a 
nunnery ; monastery, 
con-ven-ti-cle (-ven'ti-kl), n. an 
assembly for worship [usually im¬ 
plying schism], 

con-ven-tion (-ven'shun), n. a 
political or ecclesiastical assem¬ 
bly ; a diplomatic agreement, 
con-ven-tion-al (-al), adj. sanc¬ 
tioned by, or growing out of, 
custom or tacit agreement; based 
on accepted models or artistic 
rules. 

con-ven-tion-al-ism (-al-izm), n. 

that which is received as estab¬ 
lished by usage, &c. 
con-ven-tion-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. 
[pi. conventionalities (-tiz)], ad¬ 
herence to conventional rules or 
precedents; artificiality, 
con-ven-tion-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
a conventional manner, 
con-verge (kon-verj'), v.i. tend 
to one point. 

con-ver-gence ('jens), n. [pi. 
convergencies ('en-siz)j, tendency 
to one point. 

con-ver-gent ('jent), adj. tend¬ 
ing to one point. 

con-vers-a-ble (kon-vers'a-bl), 
social; inclined to converse. Also 
conversible. 

con-ver-sant (kon'ver-sant), adj. 
acquainted or familiar with ; profi¬ 
cient. 

con-ver-sa-tion (-sa'shun), n. in¬ 
formal or familiar talk. 

Syn. chat, converse, talk, par¬ 
ley. 

con-ver-sa-tion-al (-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to conversation, 
con-ver-sa-tion-ist (-ist), n. one 
who excels in conversation. Also 
, conversationalist. 

con-ver-saz-i-o-ne (-ver-sat-ze-o'- 

ne), n. [pi. conversazioni ('ne)L 
a meeting for conversation, es- 
; pecially on literary or scientific 
; topics. 

con-verse (kon-vers'), v.i. to in¬ 
terchange thoughts ; talk famili¬ 
arly : adj. & n. (kon-vers) re¬ 
versed in order or relation; op¬ 
posite ; acquaintance; familiar 
talk. 

con-verse-ly (-li), adv. recipro¬ 
cally. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, tl ten. 










con 


215 


coo 


conversion (-ver'shun), n. 
change from one state, or from 
one religion, to another, 
con-vert (kon-vert'), v.t. to trans¬ 
mute ; change from one religion 
to another; cause to undergo a l 
moral change; apply to any use: 
n. (kon'vert) one who changes 
from one religion to another; one 
who has undergone a moral 
change. 

Syn. disciple, proselyte, 
con-vert-er ('er), n. one who 
converts; an iron retort used for 
converting pig iron into steel in 
the Bessemer process; a kind of 
electrical induction coil, 
con-vert-i-bil-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the 
quality of being convertible, 
con-vert-i-ble (kon-vert'i-bl), adj. 

transmutable; interchangeable, 
con vex (kon'veks), adj. curved 
on the exterior surface; opposed 
to concave: n. a convex body, 
con-vex-i-ty ('i-ti), n. roundness, 
con-vex-o-con-cave ('o-kon'kav), 
adj. convex on one side, concave 
on the other. 

Con vey (kon-va'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
conveyed, p.pr. conveying], to 
carry or transport; transmit; im¬ 
part ; communicate; transfer the 
title to (property). 

Syn. carry, remove, transfer, 
transport, give. 

Ant. (see keep). 

con vey ance ('ans), n. the act 
or means of conveying; a vehicle; 
the transference of property from 
one owner to another, 
con-vey-anc-er ('ans-er), n. a 
lawyer who draws up deeds, &c., 
transferring property, 
conveyancing ('ans-ing), n. 
the business of drawing deeds, 
leases, &c., and investigating 
titles to property, 
con-vict (kon-vikt'), v.t. to prove 
or pronounce guilty of a crime 
charged: n. (kon'vikt) a criminal 
sentenced to penal servitude, 
con-vic-tion (-vik'shun), n. the 
act of convicting; the state of 
being convicted; strong belief, 
con-vince (kon-vins'), v.t to 
satisfy by evidence or argument; 
persuade; cause to believe. 
con-viv-i-r.1 (kon-viv'i-al), adj. 
festive; jovial. 


con-viv-i-al-i-ty ('i-ti), n. good 
fellowship. 

con-viv-i-al-ly (-li), adv. festive¬ 
ly. 

con-vo-cation (kon-vo-ka'shun), 
n. the act of convoking an as¬ 
sembly, especially of bishops and 
beneficed clergy, or heads of a 
university ; an assembly of clergy, 
con-vo-ca-tion-al (-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a convocation, 
con voke (kon-vbk'), v.t. to call 
or summon together; convene, 
con vo lute - (kon'vo-lut), adj. 
rolled upon itself; twisted. Also 
convoluted. 

con-vo-lu-tion (-lu'shun), n. a 
rolling together. 

con volve (-volv'), v.t. to roll to¬ 
gether. 

con voy (kon-voi'), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. convoyed, p.pr. convoying], to 
accompany on the way for pro¬ 
tection, by sea or land: n. (kon'- 
voi) a protecting force accom¬ 
panying ships, goods, persons, &c.: 
an escort. 

convulse (kon-vuls'), v.t. to 
agitate violently; shake; affect 
with convulsions. 

convulsion (-vul'shun), n. an 
agitation; tumult; a violent and 
unnatural contraction of the 
muscles. 

con-vuls-ive (-vuls'iv), adj. pro¬ 
ducing convulsions, 
co ny or co ney (ko-ni), n. [pL 
conies ('niz)], a rabbit, 
coo (koo), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cooed, 
p.pr. cooing], to cry like a dove 
or pigeon ; to act or converse in a 
loving manner: n. the sound 
uttered by doves and pigeons, 
cook (kook), v.t. to prepare for 
eating by boiling, baking, or roast¬ 
ing : v.i. to act as a cook: n. one 
who prepares food for the table, 
cook-er-y ('er-i), n. [pi. cookeries 
(-iz) ], the art or practice of 
cooking. 

cook-y ('i), n. [pi. cookies ('iz)], 
a small flat sweet cake. Also 
cookie. 

cool (kodl), adj. [compar. cooler, 
superl. coolest], slightly or moder¬ 
ately cold; calm; deliberate: v.t. 
to make cool: v.i. to become cool. 

Syn. cold, frigid. 

Ant. (see hot). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











coo 


216 


cop 


cool-er ('er), n. that which cools; 

a vessel for cooling liquids, &c. 
coo-lie (koo'li), n. an East In¬ 
dian porter: adj. pertaining to 
coolies. 

cool-ly ('li), adv. in a cool man¬ 
ner. 

coolness ('nes), n. the state of 
being cool. 

coom (koom), n. matter which 
collects at the naves of wheels, 
&c.; soot; coal-dust, 
coon (koon), n. abbreviation of 
raccoon; a sly knowing person; 
slang name for a negro: v.i. to 
creep along the branch of a tree 
like a raccoon. 

coop (koop), h. a cage; pen: v.t. 
to confine in, or as in, a coop; 
inclose. 

coop er ('er), n. a maker of bar¬ 
rels, casks, &c.; a beverage, half 
stout and half porter; vessel that 
sells spirits, tobacco. &c., to fisher¬ 
men, especially on t*o North Sea. 
coop er age ('er-aj), n. the busi¬ 
ness or workshop of a cooper; 
price for cooper’s work, 
co-op-er-ant (ko-op'er-ant), adj. 
cooperating. 

co-bp-er-ate ('er-at), v.i. to act 
or work jointly; concur to pro¬ 
duce the same effect, 
co-op-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of working jointly together; 
concurrence. 

co-op-er-a-tive ('er-a-tiv), adj. 

promoting jointly the same end. 
co-op-er-a-tor ('er-a-ter), n. one 
who acts or labors conjointly with 
others. 

co-or-di-nate (-or'di-nat), v.t. to 
place in the same order, class, &c.; 
harmonize: adj. of the same rank 
or authority as another: n.pl. 
lines or other elements by which 
the position of any point is deter¬ 
mined by a fixed figure or lines, 
coor-di-nate-ly (-li), adv. in the 
same rank, &c. 

co-br-di-na-tion (-na'shun), n. 

state of being coordinate, 
coot (koot), n. a short-tailed 
water-fowl. 

cop (kop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. copped, 
p.pr. copping], to seize as a 
prisoner; throw underhand: n. a 
policeman. 

co-pai-ba (ko-pa'ba), n. resinous 
balsam from various South Ameri¬ 


can and West Indian trees : used 
as a medicine. Also copaiva. 
co-pal (ko'pal), n. a gum-resin: 

used in varnishes, 
cope (kdp), n. a large semi-cir¬ 
cular ecclesiastical vestment, worn 
by bishops and priests over the 
surplice. 

cope (kop), v.i. to strive or con¬ 
tend (followed by with). 
co-peck (ko'pek), n. a Russian 
coin. = l-100th -rouble. Also 

kopeck. 

Co-per-ni-can (ko-per'ni-kan), 
adj. pertaining to the astronomic¬ 
al system of Copernicus, which 
conceived the sun to be its center, 
cop-i-er (kop'i-er), n. a tran¬ 
scriber; imitator. 

co-ping (ko'ping), n. the top ma¬ 
sonry of a wall. 

co pious ('pi-us), adj. abundant, 
diffusive. 

cop per (kop'er), n. a red, duc¬ 
tile, malleable, tenacious metal; 
a boiler: v.t. to cover with cop¬ 
per. Also copperize. 
cop-per (kop'er), n. a policeman, 
cop-per-head (-hed), n. a ven¬ 
omous American serpent, 
copperplate (-plat), n. a 
polished copper plate on which 
something is engraved for print¬ 
ing : adj. pertaining to the art of 
engraving on copperplate, 
cop-pice (kop'is), n. same as 
copse. 

copse (kops), n. a thicket of 
brushwood: v.t. to cut and trim 
as brushwood: v.i. to preserve or 
plant brushwood. 

cop-u-la ('u-la), n. [pi. copulas, 
or ae (az, -e»], a word which 
joins the subject and predicate in 
a sentence or proposition, 
cop-u-late ('u-lat), v.i. to have 
sexual intercourse, 
cop-u-la-tion (-la'shun),w. sexual 
intercourse. 

cop-u-la-tive (-la'tiv), adj. unit¬ 
ing: n. a copulative conjunction, 
cop-y (kop'i),n. [pi. copies ('iz) ], 
an imitation; a transcript; a 
writing exercise; an original 
work: v.t. to transcribe; repro¬ 
duce : v.i. imitate, 
cop y ist (-ist), n. one who copies, 
cop-y-right (-rit), n. the exclusive 
right of an author in his literary 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







coq 


217 


cor 


or artistic work for a prescribed 
number of years, 
coquet (ko-ket'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
coquetted, p.pr. coquetting], to 
flirt; seek to attract attention or 
admiration ; trifle, 
co-quet-ry (ko'ket-ri), n. [pi. co¬ 
quetries (-riz)], the act of 
coquetting ; flirtation, 
coquette (ko-ket'), n. a vain 
woman who seeks to gain men’s 
attention and admiration, 
cor-al (kor'al), n. the hard cal¬ 
careous skeleton of certain marine 
polyps ; the pnimpregnated roe of 
the lobster: adj. pertaining to 
coral. 

coralline ('al-in), adj. consist¬ 
ing of, or like, coral; of a color 
like coral: n. an orange-red dye 
stuff. 

cor-beil (kdr'bel), n. a little bas¬ 
ket filled with earth, used in 
sieges to shelter troops, 
cor-bel ('bel), n. a projection 
of stone, wood, or iron to support 
some mass, often ornamented with 
grotesque figures; a sculptured 
basket of flowers, fruit, &c. 
cord (kOrd), n. a twisted string; 
a measure of wood = 128 cub. ft. 
(8 ft. long 4 ft. high, 4 ft. 
broad); a moral influence: v.t. 
to fasten or connect with cord, 
cord-age ('aj), n. a quantity of 
cords or ropes; ropes and rig- 
ing collectively. 

cor-date (kdr'dat), adj. heart- 
shaped. 

cor-delle ('del), n. a twisted rope 
or tassel; a tow-rope, 
cor-dial (k6r'j&l), adj. hearty; 
sincere; cheering: n. a medicine 
that increases the strength and 
restores the spirits; an aromatic 
and sweetened spirit, 
cor-dial-i-ty ('i-ti), n. sincere 
•sympathetic geniality; sincerity; 
heartiness. 

eor-di-form ('di-f6rm), adj. 
heart-shaped. 

cor-dil-la (-dil'&), n. coarse Ger¬ 
man hemp, 

cor-dll-le-ra (-dil-y&'r&), n. a 
continuous ridge or chain of 
mountains. 

cord-ing (kdrd'ing), n. the rib¬ 
bed surface of a twilled fabric, 
cor don (kdr'don), n. a ribbon 
worn as the badge of an order; 


a band; a course of projecting 
stones forming the coping of a 
scarf wall; a line of military 
posts. 

cor don bleu (bloo), n. the high¬ 
est distinction in any profession ; 
a first-class cook. 

cor-don-net (-do-na'), n. the 
slightly-raised border of a point- 
lace pattern ; edging made of pip¬ 
ing. 

cor do van ('do-van), n. a Span¬ 
ish leather made of goatskin, or 
split horsehide tanned and 
dressed. Also cordwain. 
cor du roy ('du-roi), n. a stout 
ribbed or corded cotton ; pile fus¬ 
tian : v.t. to construct (a cor¬ 
duroy road). 

cor-du-roy road (rod), n. a road¬ 
way formed of logs laid side by 
side across swampy ground, &c. 
cord-wai-ner (kord'wa-ner), n. a 
worker in leather: a shoemaker, 
core (kor), n. the heart or inner¬ 
most part of anything, especially 
of fruit: v.t. to remove the core 
from ; to mold or cast on a core, 
co-respondent (ko-re-spond'- 
ent), n. a joint respondent in a 
divorce suit. 

co-ri-a-ceous (ko-ri-a'shus), adj. 
like leather. 

cor-i-an-der (kor-i-an'der), n. an 
umbelliferous plant, the seeds of 
which are used as a carminative. 
Co-rin-tbi-an (ko-rin'thi-Sn), adj. 
of, or pertaining to, Corinth, a 
celebrated city of Greece, noted 
for its luxury and licentiousness; 
luxurious p conducted by ama¬ 
teurs ; noting the Corinthian or¬ 
der of architecture: n. a man 
about town ; a gentleman yachts¬ 
man, or sportsman, 
co-rin-thi-an bronze (bronz), n. 
an alloy of fine quality originally 
produced at Cornith. 
co-rin-thi-an or der (Or'der), n. 
the lightest and most ornate of 
the classic orders of architecture, 
with a bell-shaped capital, and 
ornamented with acanthus leaves, 
co-ri-nm (ko'ri-um). n. the in¬ 
nermost layer of skin of the 
cuticle. 

cork (kork), n. the outer layer of 
the bark of the cork tree, a 
species of oak; a stopper for a 
bottle: adj. made of cork. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; m<5on, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, tl ten. 









cor 


218 


cor 


% 


cork-y ('i), adj. made of, or like, 
cork. 

cor mo rant (kor'md-rant), n. a 
diving bird that preys voraciously 
on fish ; a glutton, 
corn (korn), n. grain, as wheat, 
barley, &c.; maize, or Indian 
corn; plants that yield grain; 
breadstuff. 

corn (korn), n. a horny excres¬ 
cence as with salt in grains, 
corn (korn), n. a horny excres¬ 
cence on the toe, or foot, 
corn-cob ('kob), n. the spike of 
an ear of Indian corn, 
cor-ne-a (kor'ne-a), n. the horny 
circular transparent membrane 
which forms the anterior portion 
of the eyeball. 

cor-ne-lian (-ne'lian), n. a semi¬ 
transparent variety of chalcedony. 
Also carnelian. 

cor-ner (kor'ner), n. an angle; 
a retired place; a mercantile 
ring to monopolize some product: 
v.t. to drive or force into some 
position of difficulty from which 
there is no escape, corner the 
market, to buy up a commodity 
so as to monopolize it. 
cor-ner-stone (-ston), n. the 
principal stone. 

cor-net ('net), a kind of trumpet, 
corn-flower ('flou-er), n. any 
wild plant growing in the corn¬ 
fields, especially the bluebottle, 
cor-nice ('nis), n. the highest 
projection or border on a wall 
or column. 

corn-starch ('starch), n. starch 
made from meal of Indian corn ; 
used for puddings, &c. 
cor-nu-co-pi-a (kor-nu-ko'pi-a), n. 
[pi. cornucopise (-e), or -as 
(-az)], the horn of plenty repre¬ 
sented in sculpture, as overflow¬ 
ing with fruit, flowers, &c. 
cor-nn-ted (-nu'ted). adj. horned, 
co-rol-la (ko-rol'a), n. the inner 
envelope of a flower composed 
of two or more petals, 
cor-ol-la-ceous (kor-ol-la'shus), 
adj. pertaining to, or resembling, 
a corolla. 

cor-ol-la-ry (kor'ol- or ko-rol'a- 
ri), n. an additional deduction or 
inference drawn from a demon¬ 
strated proposition, 
co ro na (ko-ro'nfi), n. [pi. co¬ 
ronas ('ne)J, a crown; the flat 


projecting part of a cornice; the 
upper surface of a molar tooth; 
a halo surrounding heavenly bod¬ 
ies ; any crown-like appendage at 
the top of an organ of a plant, 
cor-o-nal (kor'o- or ko-ro'n&l), 
adj. pertaining to the corona: n. 
a crown, or garland, 
cor-o-na-tion (kor-o-na'shun), n. 
the act or ceremony of crowning 
a sovereign. 

coroner (kor'o-ner), n. an 
officer who inquires into cases of 
sudden or accidental death, 
cor o net ('o-net), n. an inferior 
crown ; an ornamental head-dress ; 
the bone immediately beneath a 
horse’s hoof. 

co-ro-ni-um (ko-ro'ni-um), n. a 
substance conjectured to form the 
corona of the sun. 
cor-po-ral (kor'po-ral), adj. re¬ 
lating to the body; opposed to the 
mind: n. a communion cloth; a 
corporale; a non-commissioned 
officer of the lowest grade, 
cor-po-ral-ly (-li), adv. • bodily ; 
physically. 

cor-po-rate (-rat), adj. united 
in a body or community by legal 
enactment. 

cor-po-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. a 
body politic having a common 
seal, and legally authorized to act 
as one individual; an organiza¬ 
tion of a number of manufactur¬ 
ing or mercantile companies; a 
nrotuberant stomach, 
cor po ra tor (-ra-ter), n. a mem¬ 
ber of a corporation, especially 
an original member, 
cor po re al (-pb're-fil), adj. hav¬ 
ing a material body; physical, 
cor-po-re-al-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the 
state of being corporal, 
corps (kor) n. [pi. corps (korz)], 
a body of troops; a body of per¬ 
sons associated in a common 
work. 

corps dip-lo-ma-tique (dip-lo- 

ma-tek'), n. the ministers ac¬ 
credited to a government, 
corpse (korps), n a dead body, 
corpulence (k6r'pu-lens), n. 
excessive fatness of body. Also 
corpulency. 

corpulent (-lent), adj. bulky; 

fat; having a large, fleshy body, 
cor-pus ('pus), n. [pi. corpora 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






Cor 


219 


cot 


('pb-rii)], a body; collection; the' 
chief part of an organ. 

Corpus Chris-ti (kris'ti), 
(Latin the body of Christ), a 
Roman Catholic festival (the 
first Thursday after Trinity Sun¬ 
day) in honor of the Eucharist, 
corpus cle ('pus-1), n. a minute 
particle. 

cor pus cu lar (-pus'ku-lar), adj. 
pertaining to, or composed of, cor¬ 
puscles. 

cor-ral (kor-ral'), n. a pen for 
live stock ; an inclosure with wag¬ 
ons ; a strong stockade for cap¬ 
turing wild elephants : v.t. [ p.t . & 
p.p. corralled, p.pr. corralling], to 
drive into, or secure in, a corral; 
to take possession of, or capture ; 
corner. 

cor-rect (ko-rekt'), v.t. to set 
straight; rectify ; punish faults ; 
amend: adj. exact; accurate; 
free from error; conforming to 
a fixed rule or standard. 

Syn. rectify, reform, 
cor-rec-tion ('shun), n. the act 
of correcting; chastisement, 
cor-rec-tion-al (-al), adj. tend¬ 
ing to correct. 

cor-rect-ive ('iv), adj. able to 
correct: n. that which corrects; 
an antidote. 

cor-rect-or ('er), n. one who 
corrects. 

cor-re-late (kor-e-lat'), v.i. to be 
reciprocally related: adj. recipro¬ 
cally related. 

cor-re-la-tion (-la'shun), n. re¬ 
ciprocal relation ; similarity or 
parallelism of relation or law ; the 
interdependence of functions, or¬ 
gans, natural forces, or phenom¬ 
ena. 

cor-rel-a-tive (-rel'ci-tiv), adj. 
having reciprocal or mutual rela¬ 
tion : n. the antecedent of a pro¬ 
noun. 

cor-rel-a-tive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
correlative relation, 
cor re spond (kor-e-spond'), v.i. 
to be adequate to; agree; suit; 
answer; communicate by letters, 
correspondence ('ens), n. 
communication by letters; mutual 
adaptation ; congruity. 
cor re spond ent ('ent), , adj. 
agreeing with; similar: n. one 
with whom intercourse is main¬ 


tained by letters; one who sends 
news to a journal, 
cor-ri-dor (kor'i-dor), n. a gal¬ 
lery or open passage in a build¬ 
ing. 

corrigible (kor'i-ji-bl), adj. 
capable of being amended, cor¬ 
rected, or reformed, 
cor rob o rate (kor-rob'o-rat), v.t. 
confirm ; strengthen ; establish ; 
verify. 

corroboration (-ra'shun), n. 
verification. 

cor-rob o-ra-tive ('o-ra-tiv), adj. 

verifying; confirmative, 
cor-rob-o-ra-to-ry ('o-ra-to-ri), 
adj. tending to corroborate, 
cor rode (kor-od'), v.t. .to eat 
away gradually; consume; dis¬ 
integrate. 

cor-ro-di-ble (-o'di-bl), adj. cap¬ 
able of being corroded. Also cor- 
rosible. 

corrosion (kor-o'zhun), n. the 
act of corroding; a corroded con¬ 
dition. 

cor-ru gate ('oo-gat), v.t. to 
draw, or shape, into wrinkles or 
folds. 

corrugated iron (irn), n. 
sheet-iron pressed into alternate 
parallel ridges and grooves and 
galvanized. 

cor-ru-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. the 
act of corrugating; a fold or 
wrinkle. 

corrupt (kor-rupc'), v.t. tc turn 
from a sound to an unsound and 
putrescent state; make impure; 
vitiate or deprave; seduce; briber 
v.i. to become putrid: adj. de¬ 
praved ; putrid ; spoiled ; abound¬ 
ing in errors; open to bribery, 
cor-rupt-i-bil i-ty (-rupt-i-bil'i- 
ti), n. the state or possibility of 
being corrupted. 

cor-rupt-i-ble (-runt'i-bl), adj. 
capable of being corrupted ; sub¬ 
ject to decay; susceptible of 
being bribed. 

cor-rup-tion (-rup'sliun), n. the 
act of corrupting; the state of 
being corrupted ; physical dissolu¬ 
tion. 

cor sage (kor'siizh), n. a bodice; 
w r aist. 

cor-sair ('sar), n. a pirate, 
corse (kors), n. poetic for corpse. 


% 


X 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot: moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








cor 


220 


cot 


♦ 


corset (kor'set), n. a dose-fitting 
bodice, worn to support or give 
shape to the figure: v.t. to inclose 
in corsets. 

cors-let (kors'let), n. light body 
armor. 

cortege (kor-tazh'), n. a train of 
attendants ; retinue ; procession. 
Cor-tes (kor'tez), n.pl. the nation¬ 
al and legislative assembly of 
Spain and Portugal, 
cor tex (kor'teks), n. [pi. cortices 
('ti-sez)], outer bark or covering, 
cor-ti-cal ('ti-kal), adj. consist¬ 
ing of, or like, bark ; external, 
co run dum (ko-run'dum), n. a 
mineral of extreme hardness, 
coruscate (ko-rus' or kor'us- 
kat), v.t. to sparkle; flash, 
cor-us-ca-tion (kor-us-ka'shun), 
n. a sudden flash or play of light, 
©or-vette (kdr-vet'), n. a sloop 
of war. 

©or-vine ('yin), adj . pertaining 
to a crow. 

co-sey, cosy (ko'zi), adj. & n. 
same as coay. 

©o-si-ly (ko'zi-li), adv. snugly, 
cos-met-ic (koz-met'ik), adj. im¬ 
parting or improving beauty: n. 
a wash or preparation for such 
a purpose. 

cos-mic (koz'mik), adj. pertaining 
to the universe and the laws 
which govern it; rising or setting 
with the sun. Also cosmical. 
cos-mism ('mizm), n. Herbert 
Spencer’s evolutionary philosophy, 
cos-mog-o-ny (-mog'5-ni), n. a 
treatise on the wmrld’s origin, 
cos-mog-ra-phy (-mog'ra-fi), n. 
the science w r hich treats of the 
constitution of the whole system 
of worlds, or the earth as part 
of the universe: it includes geog¬ 
raphy, astronomy, and geology, 
cos-mol-o-gy (-mol'5-ji), n. the 
science which investigates the 
origin of the w r orld. 
cos-mo-pol-i-tan (-mo-pol'i-t&n), 
n. a citizen of the world. Also 
cosmopolite: adj. at home in any 
part of the world, 
cos-mo-ra-ma (-mo-ra'ma), n. an 
exhibition of view T s, &c., of various 
parts of the wrnrld realistically 
produced. 

cos mos (koz'mos), n. the -world 


or universe as an orderly system : 
opposed to chaos. 

Cos-sack (kos'ak), n. one of a 
warlike tribe of Southern Russia, 
skilled as horsemen: adj. per¬ 
taining to Cossacks, 
cost (kost), v.t. to be bought for, 
or had at, a price; cause to bear 
or suffer: n. charge; expense; 
labor: pi. law charges. 

Syn. charge, expense, price, 
costa (kos'ta), n. [pi. costae 
('te)], a rib. 

cos-tal ('tal), adj. pertaining to 
a rib. 

cos-tate ('tat), adj. ribbed, 
cos ter mong er ('ter-mung-ger). 
n. a hawker of fruit, vegetables, 

fish, &c. 

cos-tive ('tiv), adj. constipated, 
cos-tuiue (kos'tum), n. dress in 
general: style of dress; a walking 
or tailor-made dress: v.t. (kos- 
tum'), to dress in, or provide 
with, appropriate costumes, 
co-sy, another form of cozy, 
cot (kot), n. a cottage; small bed. 
co-tan-gent (ko-tan'jent), n. the 
tangent of the complement of an 
arc or angle. 

cot© (kot), n. a hut; a sheepfold, 
co-tem-po-ra-ry, cotemporaneous, 
&c., same as contemporary, &c. 
co-te-rie (ko-te-re'), n. an as¬ 
sociation or set of persons united 
together for social or other in¬ 
tercourse ; a clique, 
co ter mi nous. Same as con¬ 
terminous. 

co-til-lion (-til'yun), n. a brisk, 
lively dance for eight or more 
persons; music for such a dance; 
a black and w T hite woolen skirt 
material. Also cotillon, 
cot-tage (kot'aj'), n. a small 
dwelling. 

cot-ter, cottier, cottar, abbrevia¬ 
tions for cottager: n. one who 
dwells in a cottage; one who lives 
rent free on a common ; a -wedge 
for tightening machinery, 
cot-ton (kot'n), n. a white, soft, 
downy substance resembling wool 
enveloping the seeds of the cot¬ 
ton-plant ; cotton thread or cloth : 
adj. pertaining to, or made of, 
cotton: v.t. to fit or go well to¬ 
gether; be very intimate (with). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






cot 


221 


cou 


eot-ton-gin (-jin), n. a machine 
for separating the seeds from cot¬ 
ton fiber. 

couch (kouch), v.t. to place on a 
bed or other resting-place ; hide; 
deposit in a bed or layer; express 
in words; include: v.i. to lie 
down; stoop; depress or remove 
a cataract: n. a bed; sofa ; a 
layer or stratum; a preliminary 
coat of size, paint, &c.; a layer 
of barley spread out for malting, 
conch-ant ('anti, adj. in heraldry, 
crouching or lying down, 
con-gar (koo'gar), n. the puma, 
cough (kof), v.i. to expel air 
from the lungs by a violent effort: 
v.t. to expel from the lungs (fol¬ 
lowed by up) : n. an effort of the 
lungs, attended with noise, to ex¬ 
pel irritating or foreign matter, 
could (kood), p.t. of can. 
cou-lomb (koo-lom'), n. the 
electrical standard unit of quan¬ 
tity = a current of one ampere 
per second. 

coul-ter (kol'tor), n. a plough¬ 
share. 

coun-cil (coun'sil), n. an assem¬ 
bly of persons met in consulta¬ 
tion, or to give advice; a convo¬ 
cation : a municipal body, 
coun-cil-lor (-er), n. a member 
of a common council, 
coun-cil-man (-man), n. [pi. 
councilmen (-men)l, a member of 
a municipal council, 
coun-sel ('sel), n. interchange of 
opinion; advice; consultation; de¬ 
liberate purpose or design ; a bar¬ 
rister: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. counseled, 
p.pr. counseling], to give advice 
to; advise. 

coun-sel-or (-er), n. one who 
gives advice, especially legal ad¬ 
vice ; a member of a council, 
count (kount), n. a title of no¬ 
bility. 

count (kount), v.i. to reckon or 
sum up; enumerate; place to an 
account; esteem : v.i. to tell off; 
mark time: n. the act of number¬ 
ing or reckoning; the total as¬ 
certained ; a separate and distinct 
charge in an indictment; rhythm, 
coun-te-nance (koun'te-nans), n. 
the whole form of the face; ap¬ 
pearance ; support: v.t. to sup¬ 
port ; encourage; favor. 


coun-ter ('ter), n. one who, or 
that which, counts; a shop table; 
imitation money; a counter¬ 
tenor ; a horse’s breast between 
the shoulders and under the neck ; 
a ship’s stern between the water¬ 
line and the knuckle of the 
stern; a blow given in parry¬ 
ing: v.i. to give a blow while re¬ 
ceiving or parrying one. 
coun-ter ('ter), adv, contrary; 
adverse ; in an opposite direction ; 
the wrong way: used in com¬ 
position, as counter-ev idence, 
evidence opposing other evidence; 
cown/er-balance, to weigh or act 
against with equal force, 
coun ter act (-akt), v.t. to act in 
opposition to so as to defeat or 
hinder; neutralize, 
coun-ter-feit (koun'ter-fit), v.t. 
to make a copy of without au¬ 
thority for fraudulent purposes ; 
forge; imitate: v.i. to carry on 
deception: adj. feigned; spuri¬ 
ous ; forged: n. an imitation; a 
forgery. 

count er-feit-ing (-ing), n. the 
crime of making or uttering false 
coins or bank-notes, 
coun-ter-foil (-foil), n. that part 
of a document, as a cheque, &c., 
retained by the drawer, 
coun-ter-fort (-fort), n. a but¬ 
tress built at right angles to a 
wall or terrace; a spur of a moun¬ 
tain. 

coxin-ter-liglit (-lit), n. a light 
opposite any object, causing it 
to appear to disadvantage, 
conn-ter-mand (-mand), v.t. to 
revoke or annul, as an order or 
command; contradict the orders 
of: n. a revocation of a former 
order or command, 
countermark (-mark), n. an 
additional mark placed on goods 
for greater security; the mark of 
the Goldsmiths’ Company to in¬ 
dicate the standard quality of 
gold or silver: v.t. to place a 
countermark upon, 
counterpane (-pan), n. a bed 
coverlet. 

coun-ter-pa-role (-pa-r5l'). n. a 
word given in addition to the 
password. 

coun-ter-part (-part), n. a du¬ 
plicate. 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pSrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







con 


222 


cou 


counter-point (-point), n. the 

science of harmony. 

coun ter scarp (-skiirp), n. the 

exterior slope of a ditch opposite 
the scarp. 

coun-ter-sea (-se), n. a sea run¬ 
ning in an opposite direction to 
the wind. 

coun-ter-seal (-sel), v.t. to seal 
with others: n. the reverse side 
of a pendent seal attached to a 
document. 

coun-ter-sign (-sin'), v.t. to au¬ 
thenticate by an additional signa¬ 
ture ; n. (koun'ter-sln) an ad¬ 
ditional signature to a document 
to attest it; a military watch¬ 
word. 

countersink (-singk), v.t. to 
drill (a conical depression) in 
timber or metal to receive a screw 
or bolt so that the head is flush 
with the surface. 

coun-ter-vail (-val), v.t. to com¬ 
pensate ; counteract; counter¬ 
balance. 

count-ess (kount'es), n. the wife 
of an earl or count. 

count ing (kount'ing), n. reckon¬ 
ing. 

count-ing-house (-hous), n. the 
room where accounts or mercan¬ 
tile transactions are carried on. 

coun try (kun-tri), n. [pi. coun¬ 
tries (-triz)], a tract of land; 
region; rural parts; one’s native 
land: adj. rural; rustic; un¬ 
polished. 

coun-ty (koun-ti), n. [nl. coun¬ 
ties ('tiz)], a definite district of 
a country separated from the rest 
for political or judicial adminis¬ 
trative purposes: adj. pertaining 
to a county. 

coup (kod), ft; a sudden telling 
blow, a master-stroke. 

coupe (k5o-pa), -n. the front 
compartment of a French stage¬ 
coach ; the end of a first-class 
carriage. 

coup-le (kup'l), w. two of the 
same kind connected together; a 
pair; man and wife; a pair of 
equal and parallel forces; two 
dissimilar metal plates in contact 
forming a voltaic battery: v.t. to 
link or join together; unite in 
marriage: v.i. to copulate; unite. 

coup-let (kup'let), n. two succes¬ 


sive lines of verse which rhyme 

together. 

cou pon (kod'pon), n. a certifi¬ 
cate attached to transferable 
bonds, which is intended to be 
cut off and presented for the pay¬ 
ment of dividends when due; a 
section of a ticket entitling the 
holder to some specified accommo¬ 
dation, &c., over a line or route to 
be traveled, or to a seat in a 
theater, &c. 

courage (kur'aj), n. fortitude; 
valor. 

courageous (-a'jus), adj. brave; 
bold. 

cou ri er (koo'ri-er), n. an ex¬ 
press messenger; a traveling at¬ 
tendant who makes preliminary 
arrangements. 

course (kors), n. a race; a path 
or track; career; direction or 
line of motion ; regular sequence; 
the portion of a meal served at 
one time ; conduct; behavior; the 
direction a ship is steered; a 
continuous level range of brick 
or masonry of the same height; 
the chase of a hare by greyhounds : 
pi. catamenia; the sails set on the 
lower yards of a ship: v.t. to 
hunt: v.i. move swiftly; engage 
in coursing. 

cours-er ('er), n. a swift and 
spirited horse; a war-horse; one 
who courses; a running bird of 
the ostrich family. 

cours ing ('ing), n. the sport of 
pursuing hares with greyhounds. 

court (kort), n. an enclosed space ; 
a small paved space surrounded 
by houses; a royal palace; the 
retinue of a sovereign; a hall of 
justice; the judges. &c., engaged 
there; address; civility; flattery: 
v.t. to pay court to ; woo ; flatter ; 
solicit. 

cour-te-ous (ker'te-us), adj. 
polite; obliging. 

cour-te-sau ('te-zan), n. a prosti¬ 
tute. 

cour-te-sy ('te-si), n. [pi. court¬ 
esies (-siz)], politeness combined 
with kindness; civility. 

courte-sy (kert'si), n. [pi. 
courtesies (-siz)], a salutation 
made by bending the knees; v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. courtesied, p.pr. 

courtesying], to make a courtesy. 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; m5on, 

cook; ir.fite, nut; thin, then. 





cou 


223 


cow 


court-ier (kort'yer), n. one who 
frequents or attends court; one 
who solicits the favor of another; 
one having courtly manners, 
court-li-ness "li-nes), n. elegance 
of manners. 

court ly ('li), adj. refined ; elegant, 
court-martial (mar'shal), n. 
[pi. courts-martial], a court of 
justice composed of naval or 
military officers for the trial of 
disciplinary offenses, 
court-plas-ter ('plas-ter), n. a 
superior kind of sticking-plaster, 
originally used by ladies at court 
for ornamental patches on the 
face. 

court-ship ('ship), n. the act of 
wooing. 

court-yard ('yard), n. an in¬ 
closed space adjoining a house, 
cous in (kuz'in), n. the son or 
daughter of an uncle or aunt; a 
kinsman ; a title of address used 
by a sovereign to noblemen, 
cons in-ger-man (-jer'man), n. 
a first cousin. 

cove (kov), n. a small sheltered 
inlet or creek ; a retired nook ; a 
hollow molding; a fellow : v.i. to 
arch over. 

cov-e-nant (kuv'e-nant), n. a 
written agreement; deed; bar¬ 
gain ; a free promise of God’s 
blessing; a solemn agreement of 
fellowship and faith between 
members of a church: v.i. to en¬ 
ter into a formal agreement; bind 
one’s self by contract, 
cov e nant er (-er), n. one who 
enters into a covenant, 
cov-er (kuv'er), v.t. to over¬ 
spread, as the top of anything, 
with something else; hide; save 
from punishment; shelter ; clothe : 
v.i. put on a head covering: n. 
that which is laid on something 
else; a shelter; a covert; table 
furniture for one • person: pi. 
thickets, underwood, &c., con¬ 
cealing game. 

cov er ing (-ing), n. that which 
covers or protects; dress, 
cov-er-let (-let), n. a bed quilt, 
cov-ert (kuv'ert), adj. concealed; 
covered ; disguised ; insidious ; un¬ 
der authority or protection ; said 
of a married woman : n. a place 
that protects or shelters; a 
thicket; shelter for game. 


coverture ('er-tur), n. a cover; 
shelter; the status of a married 
woman. 

cov-et (kuv'et), v.t. to desire 
earnestly; lust after: v.i. to in¬ 
dulge in inordinate desire, 
cov-et-ive-ness ('et-iv-nes), n. 
acquisitiveness. 

cov-et-ous (-us), adj. inordi¬ 
nately desirous, especially of 
money ; avaricious, 
cov-ey (kuv'i), n. a hatch or 
brood of birds, especially part¬ 
ridges. 

cov ing (kov'ing), n. the projec¬ 
tion of the upper stories of a 
house over the lower, 
cow (kou), n. [pi. cows (kouz)], 
the mature female of the genus 
bos, or ox ; the female of various 
other animals, as the whale, ele¬ 
phant, &c.: n. a wedge placed be¬ 
hind a crab or windlass to check 
its motion: v.t. to depress with 
fear. 

coward ('ard), n. one without 
courage ; a dastard ; poltroon, 
cow-ard-ice (-is), n. dishonorable 
fear. 

Syn. fear, timidity, pusilla¬ 
nimity. 

Ant. (see courage), 
cow-bird ('berd), n. an Ameri¬ 
can blackbird, so called from its 
accompanying cattle, 
cow-boy ('boi), n. a boy who 
looks after cows; a mounted em¬ 
ployee of a stockman or ranch¬ 
man who looks after the cattle 
while grazing. » 
cow-catch-er ('kach-er), n. a 
wedged-shaped iron frame in the 
front of a locomotive to remove 
obstructions on the rails, 
cow-er (kou'er), v.i. to crouch or 
sink down through fear; tremble, 
cow-herd ('herd), n. a tender of 
cattle. 

cow-hide ('hid), n. the tanned 
and dressed skins of cows; a 
stout flexible whip made of raw 
hide: adj. made of cowhide 

leather; v.t. to chastise with a 
cowhide. 

cowl (koul), n. a monk’s hood; a 
revolving cover for a chimney pot. 
cow-lick ('lik), n. a tuft of hair 
turned up or awry on the fore¬ 
head. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; lie, her, let ;,line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








cow 


224 


era 


cow-pox ('poks), n. a disease 
which affects the teats of cows, 
producing vesicles: from these 
the vaccine matter is obtained 
for inoculation against smallpox, 
cow-rie ('ri), n. [pi. cowries 
(-riz)], a small glossy shell, used 
as money by some African tribes, 
and in Siam. Also cowry, 
cow-slip ('slip), n. a species of 
primrose. 

cox-coin.b ('kom), n. something 
resembling a cock’s comb for¬ 
merly worn by licensed jesters; 
a vain, pretentious, conceited fel¬ 
low ; a fop. 

cox-swain (kok'sun), n. the 
steersman of a boat, especially in 
a race. 

coy (koi), adj. modest; bashful; 
demure. 

coy-ish ('ish), adj. somewhat coy. 
coy-ly ('li), adv. in a coy manner, 
coy-ness ('nes), n. reserve; de¬ 
mureness. 

coy-ote (koi-ot', or ko-yd'ta), n. 
the prairie-wolf: v.i. (koi-ot'), to 
search for gold single-handed, and 
as by chance. 

coz-en (kuz'n), v.t. to cheat, 
co-zy (ko'zi), adj. warm and 
comfortable; snug: n. a woolen 
cover to keep a teapot warm, 
crab (krab), n. a short-tailed, 
stalk-eyed, ten-footed crustacean ; 
a crabapple; a sign (Cancer) in 
the Zodiac; a name of various 
mechanical devices or machines: 
pi. the lowest cast at hazard: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. crabbed, p.pr. crab¬ 
bing], to fish'for crabs; to’ back 
out. 

crab-bed ('ed), adj. morose; 

hard to decipher, 
crab-by ('i), adj. crabbed, 
crack (krak), n. a chink or fis¬ 
sure ; a narrow fracture; a sharp 
sound; a sharp resonant blow; 
an altered tone of voice: v.t. & 
v.i. to burst, break, or sever; 
utter a sharp, abrupt cry; extol; 
injure; damage mentally; open a 
bottle: adj. of superior excellence, 
cracked (krakt), adj. split; blem¬ 
ished ; broken ; insane; legally im¬ 
perfect. 

crack-er (krak'er), n. a hard bis¬ 
cuit ; a firework; a kind of bon¬ 
bon ; a lie: pi. an instrument for 
cracking nuts. 


crack-le (krak'l), v.i. to make a 
slight, sharp explosive noise: v.t. 
cover with a delicate network of 
minute cracks: n. a noise of fre¬ 
quent and slight cracks and re¬ 
ports ; a surface glaze on glass or 
porcelain; the noise made by dis¬ 
eased lungs in breathing. 

crack-ling (krak'ling), n. small 
abrupt cracks or reports made fre¬ 
quently ; the browned crisp rind 
of roast pig. 

cracknel ('nel), n. a hard fancy 
biscuit. 

cracksman ('s-man), n. [pi. 
ci’acksmen ('men)], a burglar. 

cra-dle (kra'dl), n. a baby’s crib 
or little bed ; infancy ; birthplace 
or origin; a case for a broken 
limb ; a device for rescuing ship¬ 
wrecked persons; a frame of tim¬ 
bers placed under a ship for 
launching it; a steel tool used in 
engraving; a gold-washing ma¬ 
chine ; a frame of wood, with 
long teeth, fastened to a scythe: 
v.t. to rock or place in a cradle; 
nurse or train in infancy; wash 
in a miner’s cradle: v.i. to lie in 
a cradle. 

cradling ('dling), n. the open 
timbers or ribs of a vaulted ceil¬ 
ing. 

craft (kraft), n. manual skill; a 
trade; ctmning; fraud; a small 
trading vessel. 

craft-i-ly ('i-li), adv. cunningly. 

craft-i-ness ('i-nes), n. cunning. 

crafts man (krafts'm&n), n. [pi. 
craftsmen ('men)], a skilled arti¬ 
san ; a member of a particular 
trade. 

craf-ty (craf'ti), adj. cunning; 
artful. 

crag (krag), n. a steep, rugged 
rock; shelly deposits in Pliocene 
strata. 

cram (kram), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
crammed, p.pr. cramming], to 
stuff; fill beyond satiety ; tell lies 
to: v.i. qualify speedily for an ex¬ 
amination ; to eat greedily : n. the 
act of cramming physically or 
mentally; hastily acquired knowl¬ 
edge ; a lie. 

cramp (kramp), n. a rectangu¬ 
lar piece of iron with a tighten¬ 
ing screw at one end: a spas¬ 
modic muscular contraction of the 
limbs ; a piece of iron bent at both 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










era 


22C 


ere 


ends for holding: v.t. to affect 
with muscular spasms; confine; 
secure with a cramp, 
cram-pit (kram'pit), n. the metal 
tip of a scabbard, or staff, 
cram-poons ('poonz), n.pl. an 
apparatus like double calipers for 
raising heavy weights, 
cranberry ('ber-ri),’ n. [pi. 
cranberries (-riz)], the marsh 
whortleberry, with red acid ber¬ 
ries. 

crane (kran), n. a large wading 
bird with very long legs and neck, 
and a long straight bill; a ma¬ 
chine for raising heavy weights: 
v.t. to stretch or bend (the neck) 
like a crane: v.i. hesitate at a 
dangerous jump. 

cra-ni-al (kra'ni-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the skull. 

cra-ni-ol-o-gy (-ni-ol'5-ji), n. the 
scientific study of skulls and their 
characteristics. 

cra-ni-uiza ('ni-um), n. [pi. cra¬ 
nia], the skull. 

crank (krangk), n. a device for 
causing the rotation of an axis, 
or for converting rotary into re¬ 
ciprocal motion, or the contrary; 
an instrument of prison discipline 
like a paddle-wheel ; an iron 
brace; a twist or turn : a fantastic 
form of speech ; whim ; fancy; a 
crotchety or impracticable per¬ 
son, .especially one who has a 
monomania: adj. liable to lurch 
or capsize; opposed to stiff: hence 
shaky. 

crank-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being cranky, 
crank-y ('i). adj. full of crotchets 
or cranks; liable to be upset; in 
a shaky or loose condition, 
crannied (kran'id), adj. full of 
chinks. 

cranny ('ni), n. [pi. crannies 
('niz)j, a chink. 

•crape (krap), n. a thin blank 
gauze made of raw silk and 
gummed: v.t. to cover or drape 
with crane. 

crash (krash), v.t. to clash to¬ 
gether with violence: v.i. to make 
a loud clattering noise: n. a loud, 
sudden, confused noise: a coarse, 
heavy linen fabric, 
crass (kras), adj. gross; dense; 
obtuse. 

crate (krat), n. a wicker hamper. 


cra-ter (kra'ter), n. the cup¬ 
shaped cavity of a volcano; an 
ancient goblet, 
craunch. See crunch, 
cra-vat (kra-vat'), n. a neckcloth, 
crave (krav), v.t. to ask for with 
humility; beg earnestly; long for 
eagerly. 

craven (kra'vn), adj. cowardly; 

base n. a coward ; recreant, 
cra ving ('ving), n. a strong de¬ 
sire. 

craw (kraw), n. a bird’s crop, 
craw-fish (kraw'fish) or crayfish 

(kra/-), n. the common name of a 
fresh-water lobster-like crusta¬ 
cean ; the spiny lobster, 
crawl (krawl), v.i. move slowly 
and with difficulty; creep: n. the 
act of crawling; a pen on the sea- 
coast for fish, turtles, &c. 
cray on (kra'un), n. a kind of 
chalk pencil; a drawing done with 
crayons ; one of the carbon points 
of an arc-light: adj. drawn with 
crayons: v.t. to sketch out, as 
with a crayon. 

cray-on-ist (-ist), n. one who 
draws or sketches with crayons, 
craze (kraz), v.i. to become de* 
mented ; open in slight cracks: v.t. 
to produce cracks ; render insane : 
n. a passing fashion or infatua¬ 
tion ; a crack in pottery glaze, 
cra-zi-ly (-li), adv. in a crazy 
manner. • 

cra-zi-ness (-nes), n. the state of 
. being crazy. 

cra-ry (kra'zi). adj. insane; dilap¬ 
idated ; foolishly eager, 
cra-zy-work (-werk). n. patch- 
work of irregular sized pieces of 
silk, &c. 

creak (krek), v.i. to make a 
sharp, harsh, grating sound: n. 
such a sound. 

creak-y ('i), adj. apt to creak, 
cream (krem), n. the rich, oily 
part of milk: hence the choicest 
part of anything; a soft unctuous 
cosmetic: v.t< to skim cream 
from ; remove the best nart of. 
cream of tar-tar (of tar't&r), n. 

purified tartar or argol. 
cream er y ('er-i), n. [pi. cream¬ 
eries (-iz)], a place where butter 
and cheese are made, or where 
cream, &c., are sold, 
cream-laid, adi. noting a on per 
of a creamy-white color, showing 


late, mar, mask cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot: moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








ere 




ere 


the lines of the mold impressed on 
it: opposed to cream-wove, which 
has no snch lines. 

crease (kres), n. a mark made by 
folding or doubling anything; a 
line drawn to define the limits of 
bowler and batsman: v.t. make a 
crease in. 

ci*e-a-sote. Another form of creo¬ 
sote. 

c.re-at-a-ble (kre-at'a-bl), adj. 
that may be created. 

create (kre-at'), v.t. to cause to 
come into existence; form out of 
nothing; invest with a new rank, 
office, or function: v.i. to origi¬ 
nate. 

cre-a-tine ('a-tin), n. a white 
crystalline substance in muscular 
tissue. Also kreatine. 

cro-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the act 
of creating; the thing created; 
the universe. 

cre-a-tive ('tiv), adj. construct¬ 
ive. 

cre-a-tor ('ter), n. one who cre¬ 
ates. 

Cre-a-tor, n. the Supreme Being. 

crea ture (kre'tur), n. anything 
created, especially a living being: 
one dependent on the influence of 
another: adj. of, or belonging to, 
the body. 

creche (krash), n. a public nurs¬ 
ery. 

credence (kre'dens), n. belief; 
trust. 

cre-den-da (-den'da), n.pl. arti¬ 
cles of faith. 

cre-den-tial (-den'shal), adj. giv¬ 
ing a claim or title to credit: n.pl. 
letters or certificates given to a 
person to show he has a right to 
confidence or the exercise of 
authority. 

cred i-bil-i-ty (kred-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being credible. 

cred-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. worthy of 
credit; probable. 

cred-i-bly (-bli), adv. in a credi¬ 
ble manner. 

cred-it (kred'it), v.t. to believe; 
trust; have confidence in; enter 
on the credit side of an account: 
n. belief; honor: trust reposed ; 
sale on trust; time allowed for 
payment of goods sold. 

cred-it-or (-er), n. one to whom 
another is indebted for money or 
goods. 


cre-dn-li-ty (-du'li-ti), n. ready 
belief. 

cred-u-lous (kred'u-lus), adj. 

easily imposed upon, 
creed (kred), n. a brief state¬ 
ment of belief. 

creek (krek), n. a small bay; 

cove. 

creel (krel), n. a wicker fishing 
basket; a wickerwork cage: v.t. 
to put in a creel; catch, 
creep (krep), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
crept, p.pr. creeping], to move 
slowly along the ground, as a 
worm or reptile; grow along the 
ground, as a plant; move se¬ 
cretly or insidiously; fawn, 
creep-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, creeps; a plant 
which clings by rootlets or ten¬ 
drils to some support; the name 
of certain birds; a wingless in¬ 
sect ; a kind of grapnel, 
creep - y ('i), adj. shivering; 
chilled. 

cremate (kre'mat), v.t. to re¬ 
duce to ashes by heat, especially 
dead bodies. 

cremation (-ma'shun), n. the 
act of cremating. 

cre ma tor (-ma'ter), n. a fur¬ 
nace for consuming dead bodies, 
refuse, &o. 

crematory ('ma-to-ri), apper¬ 
taining to cremation : n. [pi. cre¬ 
matories (-riz)], a place for 
burning the dead, 
cre-nate ('nat), adj. notched, 
cren - el - la - ted (kren'el-a-ted), 
adj. decorated with indented 
moldings (crenelles), 
cre-ole (kre'ol), n. a native of 
Spanish America or the West In¬ 
dies, descended from European 
(originally Spanish) ancestors: 
adj. pertaining to a creole, 
cre-o-sol ('o-soH, n. an oily 
liquid resembling phenol, 
cre-o-sote ('5-s5t), n. a heavy 
oily liquid with a smoky smell, 
prepared from wood-tar: used as 
an antiseptic: v.t. to impregnate 
with creosote. 

crep-i-tate (krep'i-tat). ,v.i. to 
make a slight, sharp, crackling 
noise. 

crep-i-ta-tion (-i-ta'shun), n. a 
low crackling noise. 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






ere 


227 


erV 


cre-pon (kre'pon), n. a thin 
crape-like material of wool, silk, 
or cotton. 

crept, p.t. & p.p. ol creep, 
cres-cent (kres'ent), adj. grow¬ 
ing : n. an increasing or new 
moon ; a figure like a new moon ; 
the Moslem power: v.t. to form 
into a crescent. 

cre-sol (kre'sol), n. a phenol ob¬ 
tained from coal- and wood-tar. 
cress (kres), n. a name for vari¬ 
ous cruciferous plants, as the 
watercress. 

cres-set ('et), n. a light set on a 
beacon; an open frame of iron 
containing fire, used as a torch; 
a cooper's implement, 
crest (krest), n. a plume of 
feathers on the head of a bird, 
helmet, &c.; the ridge of a wave; 
summit of a hill; courage; pride ; 
spirit: v.t. to furnish or adorn 
with a crest; mark with lines or 
streaks: v.i. to take the form of 
a crest or ridge. 

crest-fal-len ('fawl-n), adj. de¬ 
jected. 

cre-ta-ceous (kre-ta'shus), adj. 
composed of, or like, chalk; 
chalky. 

cre tonne (kre-ton'), n. an un¬ 
glazed cotton fabric printed on 
one side. 

crev-asse (krev-as'), n. a deep 
fissure in a glacier ice ; a breach 
in a levee or embankment of a 
river. 

crev-ice (krev'is), n. a crack; 
fissure. 

crew, p.t. of crow, 
crew (kroo), n. a ship or boat's 
company; a crowd or company of 
people. 

crew-el ('el), n. fine twisted 
worsted, &c., used in fancy work, 
crib (krib), n. a rack or manger; 
a stall for horses or cattle; a 
child’s bed; a small lodging; a 
situation; a petty theft: a pla¬ 
giarism ; a literal translation : v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. cribbed, p.pr. crib¬ 
bing], to confine; steal; plagia¬ 
rize : v.i. make notes for dishonest 
use in an examination, 
crib-bage ('aj), n. a card game, 
crick (krik), n. a painful stiffness 
of the muscles of the neck, or 
local spasm. 


crick-et ('et), n. the well-known 
game played with wickets, bats, 
and a ball, by eleven players on 
each side ; a chirping insect, 
crick-et-ings (-ingz), n.pl. a kind 
of fine twilled flannel, 
cri-er (kri'er), n. one who makes 
a public proclamation, 
crime (krim), n. a violation of 
the law ; an offense against mor¬ 
ality or the public welfare; 
wrong-doing. 

Syn. sin, vice, misdemeanor. 

Ant. (see virtue), 
crim-i-nal (fl-nal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to crime: n. one guilty of a 
crime. 

Syn. convict, culprit, felon, 
malefactor. 

crim-i-nal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. guilt, 
criminate (fl-nat), v.t. to ac¬ 
cuse, or declare guilty, of crime; 
involve in a crime, 
crim-i-na-tion (-i-na'sliun), «. 

accusation. 

crim-i-nol-o-gy (-i-nol'5-ji), n. 
the scientific investigation of 
crimes and criminals, 
crimp (krimp), v.t. to bend or 
twist in regular undulations; to 
cause to contract, as the flesh of 
live fish ; decoy for enlistment: n. 
formerly one who entrapped men 
for the English navy or army, or 
the merchant service; one who 
keeps a low lodging-house for sea¬ 
men. 

crim son (krim'zn), n. a deep red 
color inclining to purple: adj. 
crimson-colored: v.t. to dye with 
crimson : v.i. to blush, 
cringe (krinj), v.i. to bend or 
crouch from fear or with servil¬ 
ity : n. a servile bow. 
crin-kle (kring'kl), v.t. to wrin¬ 
kle ; corrugate: v.i. to be corru¬ 
gated or crimped: n. a wrinkle; 
bend. 

srin-o-line (krin'5-lin), n. a 
hoopskirt; a stiff fabric for stiff¬ 
ening a garment. 

crip-ple (krip'l), v.t. to deprive 
of the use of a limb; disable: n. 
one who is lame. 

crip-pling (fling), n. spars or 
tipabers used to support the sides 
of a building. 

cri-sis (kri'sis), n. tpZ. crises 
(-sez)], a turning point; a critic- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. , 








cri 


228 


cro 


^al turn in a disease; emergency; 
conjuncture. 

crisp (krisp), adj. wavy; curled; 
brittle; cheerful; terse; spark¬ 
ling : v.t. to curl; ripple: v.i. to 
form little curls ; become friable, 
cris-pate ('at), adj. curled, 
cris-pin ('in), n. a shoemaker: 
in allusion to St. Crispin, the pa¬ 
tron saint of shoemakers, 
criss-cross ('kros), n. an inter¬ 
section ; a child’s game played 
with O’s and X’s: adj. going 
backwards and forwards, 
cri-te-ri-ou (kri-te'ri-on). n. [pi. 
criteria (-a)], a standard, law, or 
rule by which a correct judgment 
can be formed. 

crith (krith), n. a unit of mass, 
used for gases = 1 liter of hy¬ 
drogen. 

crit-ic (krit'ik), n. one skilled in 
criticism; one who judges cap¬ 
tiously. 

crit-ic-al (-al), adj. nicely ex¬ 
act ; skilled in criticism ; censori¬ 
ous ; pertaining to the turning 
point of a disease, 
crit-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a critic¬ 
al manner. 

crit-i-cise ('i-siz), v.t. to exam¬ 
ine or judge as a critic; censure: 
v.i. to review. 

crit-i-cism ('i-sizm), n. the art of 
judging and defining the merits 
of a literary or artistic work; 
censure. 

critique (kri-tek'), n. a careful 
analysis of a literary or artistic 
production. 

croak (krok), v.i. to make a 
sound like a raven, &e.; grumble: 
n. the low, hoarse sound of the 
raven or frog. 

cro-chet (krd-sha'), n. a kind of 
knitting with a hooked needle, in 
cotton, wool, &c.: v.t. to work in 
crochet. 

crock (krok), n. soot on a kettle, 
&c.; an earthenware pot or ves¬ 
sel : v.t. to blacken with soot; 
smudge. 

crock-er-y ('er-i), n. earthen¬ 
ware. 

crock-et ('et), n. an ornament 
employed to decorate the angles of 
spires, canopies, &c.; one of the 
ends of a stag’s horn, 
croc-o-dile ('o-dil, or -dil), n. a 


large lizard-like amphibian reptile, 
with hard square scales on its 
back and tail. 

cro cus (kro'kus), n. a genus of 
iridaceous plants, from one spe¬ 
cies of which saffron is obtained, 
croft (kroft), n. a small farm, or 
inclosed field. 

croft-er ('er), n. a small farmer 
of Western Scotland, who rents 
and tills a small farm, 
cromlech (krom'lek) n. an an¬ 
cient monument of rough stones 
with one huge flat stone resting 
horizontally upon others, 
crone (kron), n. an old woman, 
cro ny ('ni), n. [pi. cronies 
('niz)], a familiar friend, 
crook (krook), n. a bend; a shep¬ 
herd's hooked staff; a bishop's 
staff; a swindler: v.t. to bend: 
v.i. to be bent. 

croon (kroon), v.i. to utter a hol¬ 
low continued moan; sing in a 
soft, plaintive tone, 
crop (krop), n. the produce of the 
ground, as corn, &c.; a bird’s 
craw ; a stout hunting whip; hair 
cut close or short: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
cropped, cropt, p.pr. cropping], to 
cut off the tops or ends of any¬ 
thing ; reap ; mow; cause to bear 
a crop: v.i. appear unexpectedly; 
to sprout. 

crop-ping-out (-out), n. the ap¬ 
pearance at the surface of a lode 
of metal, or seam of coal, 
croquet (kro-ka'), n. a lawn 
game played with mallets, balls, 
and hoops: v.t. to drive away, as 
an opponent’s ball after placing 
one’s own in contact with it. 
croquette (-ket'), n. ball of 
mincemeat, fish, or fowl, seasoned 
and fried brown. 

crosier (kro'zher), n. a bishop’s 
staff. 

cross (kros), n. a gibbet of wood 
formed of an upright and a cross 
piece, used in the punishment of 
crucifixion: now the emblem of 
the Christian faith; a device re¬ 
sembling a cross; a mark made on 
a document by those who cannot 
write; a trial of patience; an ani¬ 
mal of a cross-b r eed: v.t. to put, 
or draw, across; cancel; pass; 
thwart; obstruct; make the sign 
of a cross upon ; to cause to in- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











cro 


229 


era 


terbreed: v.i. to be athwart; be 
inconsistent; interbreed: adj. 
falling athwart; not parallel; 
fretful; perverse ; untractable. 
cross-bill ('bil), n. a bill brought 
by a defendant against a plain¬ 
tiff praying for relief; a bird with 
a cross-shaped bill, 
cross-bow ('bo), n. a shooting 
weapon, having a bow across the 
stock. 

cross-breed ('bred), n. an ani¬ 
mal produced by a male and fe¬ 
male of different varieties, 
cross-ex-am-i-na-tion (-eg-zam- 
i-na'shun), n. the questioning of 
a witness by his own, or the op¬ 
posing, counsel. 

cross-grained ('grand), adj. 
with an irregular grain or fiber; 
contrary or aw’kward in temper, 
cross-ing ('ing), n. the action of 
the verb to cross; a path across; 
intersection; opposition, 
cross-jack (krS'jak), n. the 
lower yard on the mizzen-mast. 
cross-ly ('li), adj. athwart; peev¬ 
ishly. 

cross-pur-pose ('per-pus), n. a 
contrary purpose; pi. a game of 
questions and answers, 
cross - ques-tion (-kwes'chun), 
v.t. to cross-examine, 
cross-sea ('se), n. a chopping 
sea, in which the water runs in 
different directions, 
cross-stitck ('stich), n. a stitch 
formed of two stitches of the 
same length, the one crossing the 
other. 

cross-tie ('tl), n. a railroad 
sleeper. 

cross-trees ('trez), n.pl. short 
pieces of timber at the upper 
ends of the lower and top masts, 
to support the rigging, 
cross-wind ('wind), n. a side, or 
unfavorable, wind, 
cross-wise ('wiz), adv. across; 
cross-shaped. 

crotch (kroch), n. a hook or fork, 
crotch-et ('et), n. a musical note 
= l-4th a semibreve; a bracket; 
a whim or fancy, 
crotch-et-y ('et-i), adj. whims¬ 
ical ; odd. 

cro-ton-bug (kro'tun-bug), n. a 
small active winged cockroach, 
cro-ton-oil (-oil), n. a viscid 


vegetable oil expressed from the 
seeds of a tropical plant, 
crouch (krouch), v.i. to stoop 
low; cringe. 

croup (kroop), n. the rump or 
buttocks of certain animals; the 
place behind the saddle; inflam¬ 
mation of the trachea and larynx, 
with a hoarse cough and difficult 
breathing. 

crou-pi-er ('pi-er), n. one who 
presides at gaming table and 
collects or pays out the money 
won or lost; a vice-chairman, 
croup-y ('i), adj. affected with 
croup. 

crow (kro), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 

crowed, crew, p.pr. crowing], to 
make a shill sound like a cock; 
boast in triumph ; utter a cry of 
pleasure: n. the cry of a cock ; a 
general name for birds of the 
genus Corvus, usually black, and 
with a strong conical bill, 
crow-bar ('bar), n. an iron lever, 
crowd (kroud), n. a number of 
persons or things collected closely 
together; the populace: v.t. to 
press closely together; fill to ex¬ 
cess ; importune, as for a debt: 
v.i. to press in numbers, 
crown (kroun), n. a royal head¬ 
dress worn as the insignia of sov¬ 
ereignty ; regal power; a wreath; 
the top; an English silver coin 
(5s) ; the corona of a flower; the 
upper part of a tooth ; a size of 
printing paper (15 x 20 in.) : v.t. 
to invest with a crown; adorn or 
dignify ; complete ; reward, 
crown-glass ('glas), n. finest 
window-glass. 

crow’s-foot (kroz'foot), n. the 
ranunculus; a caltrop; an ar¬ 
rangement of cords to suspend an 
awning: pi. wrinkles under the 
eyes. 

crow’s-nest ('z-nest), n. a look¬ 
out, or watch-tower, on the main- 
topmast crosstrees of a whaling 
vessel. 

croy (kroi), n. marsh land; an in¬ 
closure for taking fish, 
cru-cial (kroo'shifil), adj. cru¬ 
ciform ; intersecting; severe; 
searching. 

cru-ci-ble ('si-bl), n. a melting- 
pot. 

cru-ci-fi-er ('si-fl-er), n. one who 
crucifies. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








era 


230 


cry 


cru-ci-fix ('si-fiks), n. [pi. cruci¬ 
fixes (-ez)], 'a cross with the 
sculptured figure of Christ, 
cru-ci-fix-ion (-si-fik'shun), n. 
the act of crucifying, especially 
the crucifixion of Christ upon the 
cross; great mental trial, or suf¬ 
fering. 

cru-ci-form ('si-f5rm), n. cross¬ 
shaped. 

cru-ci-fy ('si-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
crucified, p.pr. crucifying], to put 
to death by nailing the hands and 
feet to a cross; torture: destroy 
the power of (Gal. v. 24). 
crude (krodd), adj. in a natural 
state * unripe ; raw ; immature ; 
uncultured; harsh in color, 
crudely ('li), adv. in a crude 
manner. 

crude ness ('nes), n. the quality 
of being crude. 

crud-i-ty ('i-ti). n. [pi. crudities 
(-tiz)], the state or condition of 
being crude. 

cruel (krbd'el), adj. disposed to 
give pain to others; merciless; 
hard-hearted ; fierce ; painful; un¬ 
relenting ; adv. very. 

Syn. barbarous, brutal, inhu¬ 
man, savage. 

Ant. (see kind). 

cru-el-ly (-li), adv. in a cruel 
manner. 

cru-el-ty ('el-ti), n. [pi. cruelties 
(-tiz)], inhumanity; savageness, 
cru-et ('et), n. a small glass vial, 
cruise. Same as cruse, 
cruise (krooz), v.i. to sail to and 
fro; wander about: n. a voyage 
from place to place for warlike 
purposes, or for pleasure, 
cruis-er ('er), n. a person, or 
ship, that cruises ; fast warship, 
crumb (krum), n. the soft inner 
part of bread; a fragment of 
bread; a little piece: v.t. to dress 
with crumbs. 

crum-ble ('bl), v.t. to break into 
crumbs; cause to fall into pieces; 
v.i. to disappear gradually, 
crum-my ('i), adj. having 
crumbs; soft. 

crumpet ('pet), n. a soft tea¬ 
cake. 

crum-ple ('pi). v.t. to press into 
wrinkles; rumple: v.i. to become 
rumpled. 

crunch (krunch), v.t. to crush 
with the teeth; grind violently: 


v.i. to chew audibly; n. the act 
of crunching. 

crup per (krup'er), n. the but¬ 
tocks of a horse; the looped 
leather band passing round a 
horse's tail: v.t. to put a crupper 
on. 

cru-ral (krbo'ral), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the leg or thigh ; leg-shaped. 

cru-sade (kroo-sad'), n. a mediae¬ 
val military expedition under the 
banner of the cross by any one 
of the Christian powers to recover 
the Holy Land ; vigorous concerted 
action for the defense of some 
cause, or the advancement of 
some idea: v.i. to engage in a cru¬ 
sade. 

cruse (kroos), n. an earthen pot 
or dish ; a small vessel for holding 
liquids. 

cru-set (kroo'set), n. a goldsmith's 
crucible. 

crush (krush), v.t. to press be¬ 
tween two opposite bodies: 
squeeze; break by pressure; 
bruise; ruin; quell: v.i. to be 
pressed out of shape or into 
smaller compass : n. a violent com¬ 
pression or collision. 

crush-hat ('hat), n. a collapsible 
hat. 

crust (krust), n. a hard external 
coating or rind ; the exterior solid 
part of the earth’s surface; a 
shell or hard covering; v.t. to 
cover over with crust: v.i. to con¬ 
tract into a hard covering. 

Crus-ta-ce-a (krus'ta'shi-a), n.pl. 
a prime division of the Orthro- 
poda, comprising crabs and lob¬ 
sters. 

crus ta ce an ('shi-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Crustacea: n. one 
of the Crustacea. 

crus-ta-ce-ous (-ta'shi-us), adj. 
shelly. 

crus-ty (krus'ti), adj. like a 
crust; rough in manner; surly ; 
snappish. 

crutch (kruch), n. a support for 
cripples; any mechanical device 
like a crutch; the forked rest on 
a woman’s saddle. 

cry (kri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cried. 
p.pr. crying], to call aloud; pro¬ 
claim ; exclaim vehemently; im¬ 
plore ; require redress ; shed tears : 
v.t. to utter loudly and publicly 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin : vote, pbrch, lot.; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






in giving notice: n. loud or pas¬ 
sionate utterance, especially of 
weeping or lamentation; an ex¬ 
clamation of wonder or triumph ; 
outcry ; clamor ; acclamation ; 
proclamation ; common report; a 
pack of hounds; a battle cry; a 
party catchword or phrase, 
crying ('ing), p.adj. specially de¬ 
manding notice; notorious; ur¬ 
gent. 

cry-o-lite ('o-llt), n. a fluoride of 
sodium and aluminum : the source 
of aluminum. 

crypt (kript), n. a subterranean 
cell or vault, usually under a 
church; sometimes used as a 
chapel or shrine. 

crypt-ic ('ik), adj. hidden; secret. 
Cryp-to-ga-mi-a (krip-tS-ga'mi- 
a), n.pl. in the Linnean system, 
a class of flowerless plants, as 
mosses, ferns, &c. 
cryptogram ('to-gram), n. a 
writing, or a system of writing, 
in cipher. 

cryp-tog-ra-phy (-tog'ra-fi), n. 
the art of writing in cipher or 
secret characters. 

cryp-ton (krip'ton), n. an ele¬ 
ment of the atmosphere, recently 
discovered. 

cryp-to-nym ('to-nim), n. a se¬ 
cret name. 

crys-tal (kris'tal), n. an inor¬ 
ganic body having a definite geo¬ 
metrical form ; a glass of superior 
clearness; anything transparent 
and clear: adj. consisting of crys¬ 
tal ; clear; transparent, 
crys-tal-line ('ta-lin), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or having the form of, 
a crystal: clear; transparent, 
crys-tal-li-za-tion (-li-za'shun), 
n. the act of crystallizing, 
crys-tal-lize ('tal-Tz), v.t. to 
cause to form crystals or a crys¬ 
talline structure: v.i. to be con¬ 
verted into crystals; assume a 
definite shape. 

crystal-log-ra-phy (-log'ra-fi), 
n. the science of the forms and 
structure of crystals, 
cub (kub), n. the young of cer¬ 
tain animals, as the fox. 
cu-bage (kii'baj), n. the act of de¬ 
termining the contents of a solid; 
the contents so measured. 


cub-by-hole (kub'i-hol), n. a 

snug place. 

cube (kub), n. a regular solid 
body with six equal square sides 
or faces; the product obtained by 
multiplying the square of a quan¬ 
tity by the quantity itself, as 
5X5X5 = 125, cube of 5: v.t. 
to raise to the third power, or 
cube. 

cube root ('root), n. the first 
power of a cube, as 5 of 125. 
cu-beb (ku'beb), n. the small 
spicy berry of a species of pepper; 
Java pepper. 

cu-bic ('bik), adj. having the form 
or properties of a cube. Also 
cubical. 

cu-bic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 
cubic manner. 

cu-bit ('bit), n. an ancient meas¬ 
ure of about 18 inches; the fore¬ 
arm from the elbow to the wrist, 
cu-bo-cube ('bo-kub), n. the 
square of the cube, or the sixth 
power of a number, as 729 = 3 s . 
cuck-ing-stool (kuk'ing-stool), 
n. a kind of chair in which dis¬ 
orderly females, scolds, &c., were 
placed and ducked, 
cuck-old (kuk'old), n. the hus¬ 
band of an adulteress; the bur¬ 
dock. 

cuck-oo (kook'oo), n. a passerine 
bird with a dark plumage and 
curved bill : so named from its 
characteristic note, 
cucumber (ku'kum-ber), n. a 
creeping plant, the elongated fruit 
of w r hich is used as a salad, and 
as a pickle. 

cud (kud), n. food brought from 
the first stomach of a ruminating 
animal back into the mouth and 
chewed again. 

cud-dle (kud'l), v.t. to embrace 
closely: v.i. to lie close or snug: 
n. a close embrace, 
cudg-el (kuj'el), n. a short thick 
stick: v.t. [p.£. & p.p. cudgeled, 
p.pr. cudgeling], to beat with a 
cudgel. 

cue (ku), n. - the tail or end of a 
thing; a queue; a hint; the last 
word of an actor’s speech; the 
part one has to play; a number 
of persons waiting ranged in a 
line; the tapering rod used in 
billiards. 


_ I ■ ■ 

late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, hSr, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n 






cut 


232 


cup 


cuff (kuf). n. a blowthe orna¬ 
mental fold of the sleeve of a gar¬ 
ment at the wrist: v.t. to strike 
with the hand. 

cui-rass (kwe-ras'), n. a breast¬ 
plate. 

cui-ras-sier (-er'), n. a cavalry 
soldier armed with & cuirass, 
cui-sine (kwe-zen'), n. the 
kitchen of a hotel, &c.; style or 
quality of cooking, 
cul-de-sac (koo'de-siik), n. [pi. 
culs-de-sac], a passage open only 
at one end; a position in which 
an army finds itself when hem¬ 
med in and no exit hut in front, 
cu-li-na-ry (ku'li-na-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to the kitchen, or the art 
or process of cooking, 
cull (kul), v.t. to pick out; se¬ 
lect ; gather. 

cul-mi-nate ('mi-nat), v.i. to 
reach the highest point of alti¬ 
tude, rank, power, &c.; come to 
the meridian. 

cul-mi-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
attainment of the highest point; 
the transit of a planet through 
the meridian. 

eul-pa-bil-i-ty (-pil-bil'i-ti), n. 
liability to blame. 

cul-pa-ble ('p&-bl), adj. deserv¬ 
ing censure; criminal; blame¬ 
worthy. 

cul-pa-to-ry ('pft-to-ri), adj. cen¬ 
suring. 

©ul-prit ('prit), n. one arraigned 
before a judge; one accused of a 
crime,or fault. 

cult (kult), n. a particular ritual 
or system of worship; a subject 
of special study; devoted or ex¬ 
travagant homage or adoration, 
cultch (kulch), n. materials form¬ 
ing a spawning bed for oysters; 
oyster-spawn. 

cul-ti-vate (kul'ti-vat), v.t. to 
till; improve by care, labor, or 
study; seek the society of. 
cul-ti-va-tiou (-va'shun), n. the 
act of cultivating; tillage; cult¬ 
ure. 

Syn. culture, refinement, 
cul-ti-va-tor ('ti-va-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, cultivates; a 
farmer; an agricultural imple¬ 
ment. 

eul-tur-al ( 'tfir-ai), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to culture. 


cul-ture ('tur), n. tillage; the 
training or refining of the moral 
or intellectual faculties; care 
given to the growth and develop¬ 
ment of animals and plants; the 
propagation of bacteria for scien¬ 
tific study. 

cul-ver-in ('ver-in), n. a long 
cannon of the 16th century with 
serpent-shaped handles, 
cul-vert ('vert), n. a drain or 
waterway of masonry or brick¬ 
work under a road, &c. 
cum - her (kum'ber) 1 , v.t. to 
hinder ; embarrass ; oppress ; per¬ 
plex. 

cum-ber-some (-sum), adj. bur¬ 
densome ; unwieldy, 
cum-brons ('brus), adj. trouble¬ 
some ; vexatious ; heavy ; obstruct¬ 
ing. 

cum in (kum'in), n. a plant, with 
warm aromatic bitterish seeds. 
Also cummin. 

cu - mu - la - tive (ku'mu-l^-tiv). 
adj. augmenting or giving force; 
increasing by* successive additions, 
cu-mu-la-tive vote (v5t), n. a 
system of voting by which a voter 
votes for each candidate, or gives 
all his votes to one. 
cumulus (ku'mu-Ius), n. [pi. 
cumuli (-11)], a cloud in round 
woolly masses. 

cu-ne-ate (ku'ne-at), adj. wedge- 
shaped. 

cu-ne-i-form (-i-form), adj. hav¬ 
ing the form of a wedge: said of 
the wedge-shaped characters of the 
Assyrian and ancient Persian in¬ 
scriptions. Also arrowhead, 
cunning (kun'ing), p,dj. crafty; 
sly ; designing ; subtle : n. deceit; 
craftiness ; the natural instinct of 
an animal. 

cup (kup), n. a small drinking 
vessel; something shaped like a 
cup; a chalice; a piece of plate 
offered as a prize; a vessel for 
drawing blood: pi. repeated pota¬ 
tions: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cupped, 
p.pr. cupping], to bleed by means 
of a cupping-glass: v.i. to strike 
.or indent the ground with a golf- 
club when striking the ball, 
cup-board (kub'erd), n. a closet 
fitted with shelves for holding 
cups, plates, &c. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; v5te, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut: thin, then. 








cep 


233 


cur 


cu-pel (ku'pel), n. a shallow 
porous vessel in which gold and 
silver are refined: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
cupeled, p.pr. cupeling], to refine 
(precious metals) from lead in a 
cupel. 

cu-pel-la-tion (-pel-a'shun), n. 
the act of refining in a cupel. 

cupful (kup'fool), n. [pi. cup¬ 
fuls ('foolz)], as much as a cup 
will contain. 

cu-pid-i-ty (ku-pid'i-ti), n. covet¬ 
ousness. 

cu-po-la ('p5-la), n. [pi. cupolas 
(-laz)], a spherical cup-shaped 
roof; a revolving shot-proof tur¬ 
ret. 

cupreous ('pre-us), adj. cop¬ 
pery. 

cu-pric ('prik), adj . pertaining 
to copper. 

cu-prif-er-ous (-prif'er-us), adj. 
yielding copper. 

cu-prite ('prit), n. red oxide of 
copper. 

cu-pule ('pul), n. a little cup, as 
of the acorn ; a small cup-shaped 
organ. 

cur (ker), n. a mongrel dog; 
a surly, ill-bred person. 

curable (kfiir'a-bl), adj. remedia¬ 
ble. 

cu ra cy (ku'ra-si), n. the office 
or district of a curate. 

cu-ra-ri (-ra'ri), n. a black resin¬ 
ous substance prepared from the 
bark of a South American tree, 
used by the natives for poisoning 
their arrows: it is a powerful 
anaesthetic. 

cu-ra-rine ('rin), n. an alkaloid 
extract of curari of a more deadly 
nature. 

cu-ra-rize ('riz), v.t. to poison 
by curari. 

cu-ras-sow (-ras'5), n. a large 
gallinaceous South American bird. 

cu-rate (ku'rat), n. a clergyman 
who assists a vicar or incumbent. 

cu-ra-tive ('ra-tiv), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the cure of diseases; pro¬ 
moting cure: n. that which cures 
or serves to cure. 

cu-ra-tor (-ra'ter), n. the super¬ 
intendent of a museum, art gal¬ 
lery, &c. 

curb (kerb), v.t. restrain; keep 
in subjection; furnish with, or as 


with, a curb: n. that which 
checks, restrains, or subdues; a 
part of a horse’s bridle; a curb¬ 
stone. 

curbing (kerb'ing), n. curb¬ 
stones collectively; material for 
curbstones. 

curb-stone ('ston), n. the stone- 
edge of a path. 

curd (kerd), n. the coagulated 
part of milk, containing casein: 
v.t. to cause to curdle, 
curd-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being curdy. 

cur-dle (ker'dl), v.t. to thicken 
into curd : v.i. to coagulate, 
cur-dy ('di), adj. like, or full of, 
curd. 

cure (kur), n. restoration to 
health ; the act, or art, of heal¬ 
ing ; spiritual charge; the office 
of a parish priest or curate : v.t. 
to heal; restore to health; set 
free from ; preserve by salting, 
cu re (ku-ra'), n. in France, a 
Roman Catholic parish priest, 
cur-few (ker'fu), n. a bell origi¬ 
nally rung at 8 p. m. as an inti¬ 
mation that fires and lights were 
to be extinguished, 
cu-ri-o ('ri-o), n. [pi. curios 
(-oz)], bric-a-brac; a curiosity, 
cu-ri-os-i-ty (-os'i-ti), n. [pi. 
curiosities (-tiz) ], the quality of 
being curious; inquisitiveness; 
something strange or rare, 
cu-ri-o-so (-5'so), n. [pi. curiosi 
('si)], a virtuoso, 
cu-ri-ous ('ri-us), adj. desirous to 
see or-know something new or 
strange; inquisitive; scrutiniz¬ 
ing ; exact; extraordinary, 
curl (kerl), n. a ringlet of hair; 
an undulation or bend; a disease 
in fruit trees and potatoes: v.t. to 
twist into ringlets; crisp; coil; 
raise in undulations; curve: v.i. 
to contract or bend into ringlets; 
move in spirals or undulations; 
become curled; play at the game 
of curling. 

curl-er ('er), n. one who curls; 
one who plays at the game of curl¬ 
ing. 

cur-lew ('lu), n. migratory short¬ 
tailed wading bird with a long 
curved bill. 

cur-ling ('ling), n. a popular 
Scottish game played on the ice 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






cur 


234 


cus 


with smooth, flat, cheese-shaped 
stones, fitted with handles, 
cur-ly ('li), adj. having curls; 
wavy. 

cur-inud-geon (-mud'jun), n. a 
grasping, churlish fellow; a nig¬ 
gard. 

cur-rant ('ant), n. a small va¬ 
riety of dried grape; the well- 
known shrub and its berry, 
cur-ren-cy ('en-si), n. a contin¬ 
ual passing from hand to hand; 
uninterrupted course; the circu¬ 
lating monetary medium of a na¬ 
tion used by authorily. 
cur-rent ('ent), adj. widely cir¬ 
culated ; passing from hand to 
hand ; now passing, as time; gen¬ 
erally accepted or credited; prev¬ 
alent ; common: n. a flow or 

passing: said of fluids; body of 
air or water flowing in a certain 
direction; general tendency, 
cur-ri-cle ('i-kl), n. a two¬ 
wheeled chaise drawn by two 
horses abreast. 

cur-ric-u-lum (-ik'u-lum), n. 

[pi. curricula (-la)], a course; a 
prescribed course of study in a 
university, school, &c. 
cur-ri-er ('i-er), n. a leather 
dresser. 

currish ('isli), adj. snappish; 
quarrelsome. 

cur-ry (kur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

curried, p.pr. currying], to dress 
(leather) after tanning; beat; 
flatter; dress or clean (a horse), 
cur-ry (kur'i). n. [pi. curries 

('iz) ], a highly-spiced East In¬ 
dian sauce; a stew of rice, fowl, 
&c., flavored with curry: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. curried, p.pr. currying], to 
cook or flavor with curry, 
cur-ry-comb (-kom), n. a metal¬ 
lic comb, used in grooming 
horses. 

curse (kers), n. an imprecation 
of evil; that which brings or 
causes evil or trouble; a profane 
oath: v.t. to imprecate evil upon; 
cause evil to; anathematize: v.i. 
to swear. 

curs-ed (ker'sed), p.adj. under a 
curse ; hateful; unsanctified, 
cur - so - ri - al (-sd'ri-al), adj. 

adapted for running or walking, 
cur-so-ri-ly ('so-ri-li), adv. hasti¬ 
ly. 


cursory ('so-ri), adj. hasty; su¬ 
perficial. 

Syn. desultory, hasty. 

Ant. (see thorough). 

curst, p.p. of curse. 

curt (kert), adj. abrupt; short. 

cur-tail (ker-tal'), v.t. to cut 
short; reduce. 

cur-tail-ment ('ment), n. the act 
of curtailing. 

cur-tain ('tin), n. a textile hang¬ 
ing screen which can be drawn 
up or set aside at pleasure; the 
part of the rampart and parapet 
between two bastions or gates: 
v.t. to inclose in, or as with, cur¬ 
tains. 

curt-sy (kert'si), n. [pi. curtsies 
('siz)], a salutation made, by 
bending the knees. Also curtsey : 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. curtsied, p.pr. 
curtsying], to make a curtsy. 

cur-vate (ker'vat), adj. bent; 
curved. 

cur-va-tion (-va'sliun), n. the act 
of bending. 

cur-va-ture ('va-tur), n. a bend¬ 
ing. 

curve (kerv), adj. bent without 
angles: n. a bending without 
angles; a draughtsman’s instru¬ 
ment for forming curves: v.t. to 
bend. 

cur-vet (ker' or ker-vet'), n. a 
particular leap of a horse; a frisk 
or bound : v.i. to leap as a horse; 
frisk or bound. 

eur-vi-lin-e-al (-vi-lin'e-al), or 
curvilinear (-ar), adj. consist¬ 
ing of, or bounded by, curved 
lines. 

curving ('ving), n. a curve; 
bend. 

cush-ion (koosh'un), n. a pillow 
or soft pad for sitting or reclin¬ 
ing upon ; a pillow used in lace¬ 
making; the elastic rim of a bil¬ 
liard table: v.t. to seat upon a 
cushion ; furnish with a cushion : 
v.i. make the cue-ball strike 
against the cushion. 

cusp (kusp), n. the horn of a 
crescent; a sharn rigid point; a 
spear-shaped architectural orna¬ 
ment. 

cus-pi-dal (kus'pi-dal), adj. end¬ 
ing in a point. 

cus-pi-date ('pi-dat), adj. furn¬ 
ished with a sharp, spear-like 
point. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot: moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







cus 


235 


cya 


cus-pi-dor ('pi-dor), n. a spittoon, 
cus-tard ('terd), n. a composition 
of eggs and milk, &c., baked or 
boiled. 

cus-to-di-an (-to'di-an), n. one 
who has the care of anything, 
cus-to-dy ('td-di), n. guardian¬ 
ship ; imprisonment; security, 
custom ('turn), n. frequent or 
habitual repetition of the same 
act; established usage ; business 
support; unwritten law ; duties on 
imported or exported goods: v.i. 
to be accustomed. 

Syn. fashion, manner, practice, 
cus tom house (hous), n. a build¬ 
ing where duties are paid on ex¬ 
ported or imported goods, and ves¬ 
sels are entered and qleared. 
cus tom a ry (-a-ri), adj. habit¬ 
ual ; conventional; common, 
cus tom er (-er), n. a purchaser, 
cut (kut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cut, 
p.pr. cutting], to cleave or sepa¬ 
rate with a sharp instrument; 
make an incision in ; divide ; trim ; 
castrate ; excavate ; intersect: 
abridge; diminish; pass deliber¬ 
ately without recognition ; wound 
deeply; divide (a pack of cards) 
at random; strike (a ball) so as 
to send it at right angles to the 
batsman : v.i. to make an incision ; 
perform the work of an edged 
instrument; grow through the 
gums: n. an incision or wound 
made by a sharp instrument; 
gash ; a sharp stroke ; a sarcastic 
remark; a trench, channel, &c., 
made by digging; a slice ; a near 
passage; a block on which an en¬ 
graving is cut; the fashion of a 
garment; shape ; deliberate ignor¬ 
ing of an acquaintance; the divi¬ 
sion of a pack of cards; a par¬ 
ticular stroke in cricket, and lawn 
tennis ; a diminution in price be¬ 
low another merchant: adj. di¬ 
vided or separated; gashed ; hav¬ 
ing the surface ornamented or 
fashioned ; not wrought or hand¬ 
made. 

cut-glass (kut'glas), n. flint 
glass cut into facets or figures, 
cut-off ('of), n. a short or 
straight road ; a new r shorter chan¬ 
nel cut by a river across a bend ; 
a device for stopping steam from 
entering a cylinder, 
cut-out ('out), n. a switch-like 


contrivance to cut off an electric 
light from the circuit, 
cut-throat ('throt), n. a mur¬ 
derer ; ruffian. 

cu-ta-ne-ous (ku-ta'ne-us), adj. 

pertaining to the skin, 
cut-a-way (kut'a-wa), adj. cut 
back from the waist: n. a coat, 
the skirts of which slope from the 
waist. 

cutch (kuch), n. oyster-spawn; 

couch- or quick-grass ; cultch. 
cute (kut), adj. sharp; clever, 
cu-ti-cle (kii'ti-kl), n. the scarf- 
skin ; the thin exterior bark of a 
plant. 

cu-ti-fy ('i-fi), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
cutified, p.pr. cutifying], to form, 
or become covered with, skin, 
cut-lass ('las), n. a broad cutting 
sword. 

cut-ler ('ler), n. one who makes 
or sells knives or other cutting in¬ 
struments. 

cut-le-ry (-ri), n. edged or cutting 
instruments. 

cut-let ('let), n. a slice of meat, 
cut-ter ('er), n. one who cuts or 
hews; one who cuts out and 
shapes garments; a light sledge 
for two persons; a small fast¬ 
sailing vessel, with one mast 
sloop-rigged ; a man-of-war’s boat, 
cut-ting ('ing), p.adj. dividing by 
an edged instrument; deeply 
wounding the feelings ; sarcastic ; 
chilling; sharp: n. a piece cut off 
or from ; a slip; an incision, 
cut-tie (kut'l), n. the cuttle-fish, a 
cephalopod with an internal shell, 
the arms furnished with suckers, 
two large eyes, and an ink-bag 
containing a dark fluid, 
cut-water ('waw-ter), n. the fore 
part of a ship’s prow; the angu¬ 
lar edge of the pier of a bridge, 
cut-weed ('wed), n. a coarse ma¬ 
rine alga. 

cut-worm ('werm), n. a destruc¬ 
tive larval moth, 
cy-a-nate (si'a-nat), n. a com¬ 
pound of cyanic acid with a base, 
cy-a-ne-ous (-a'ne-us), adj. azure 
blue. 

cy-an-ic (-an'ik), adj. pertaining 
to cyanogen. 

cy-an-ic acid(as'id), n. a strong 
acid composed of cjmnogen and 
oxygen. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









cya 


236 



cyanide ('a-nid), n. a compound 
of cyanic acid with a metal, 
cy-an-o-gen (-an'o-jen), n. a col¬ 
orless poisonous gas burning with 
a purple flame, with the odor of 
peach blossoms. 

cy-a-no-sis (-a-no'sis), n. a con¬ 
dition of the body in which its 
surface becomes blue, due to the 
insufficient aeration of the blood, 
ey-an-o-type (-an'o-tip), n. a 
photographic process in which 
the picture is taken in Prussian 
blue. 

cy-cle (si'kl), n. a revolution of a 
certain period of time, which re¬ 
curs again in the same order; an 
imaginary circle in the heavens; 
the aggregate of traditional or 
legendary matter connected with 
a mythological personage or event; 
a bicycle or tricycle: v.i. [ p.t . & 
p.p. cycled, p.pr. cycling], to oc¬ 
cur, or recur, in cycles; ride a 
bicycle or tricycle, 
cy-clic (si'klic or sik'lic), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or moving in, a cycle ; 
belonging to the literary cycle of 
Greek poets who wrote on the 
Trojan war and its heroes. Also 
cyclical. 

cycling ('kling), p.adj. bicvcling; 

riding on a bicycle, 
cy clist (sl'klist), n. a bicyclist, 
cy-cloid (si'kloid), n. a geomet¬ 
rical curve traced out by any 
^oint of a circle rolling along a 
straight line until it has com¬ 
pleted a revolution, 
cy-clom-e-ter (si-klom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for registering the 
revolutions of a wheel, 
cy-clo-nal ('klo-nal), ad), pertain¬ 
ing to, or of the nature of, a 
cyclone. Also cyclonic, 
cy-clone ('kldn), n. a violent 
storm ; an atmospheric movement 
in which the wind blows spirally 
round towards a center, 
cy-clo-no-scope (-klo'no-sk5p), n. 
an apparatus for recording the 
motions of atmospheric currents 
which produce cyclones, 
cy-clo-pae-di-a or cyclopedia 
(si-klo-pe'di-a), abbreviation of 
encyclopaedia. 

Cy-clo-pe-an (-klo-pe'an), adj. 
pertaining to the Cyclops : hence 


huge and rough; terrific ; vast; 
massive. 

cy clo-ra-ma (-klo-ra'ma), n. a 
series of moving pictures extended 
circularly so as to appear in nat¬ 
ural perspective to the spectator 
standing in the center, 
cj^-clo-style ('klo-stil), n. an ap¬ 
paratus for producing manifold 
copies by means of a small toothed 
wheel. 

cygnet (sig'net), n. a young 
swan. 

eyl-in-der (sil'in-der), n. a long 
circular body, solid or hollow, of 
uniform diameter; a chamber in 
which force is exerted on the pis¬ 
ton of a steam engine; the barrel 
of a pump; a hollow roller for 
printing; a roller-shaped stone 
with cuneiform inscriptions, 
cy-lin-dric ('drik), adj. having 
the form, or properties, of a cyl¬ 
inder. Also cylindrical, 
cyl-in-dric-i-ty (-dris'i-ti), n. the 
state or character of being cylin¬ 
drical. 

cyl-in-droid ('in-droid), n. a solid 
body resembling a cylinder, but 
with the ends elliptical: adj. hav¬ 
ing the form of a cylindroid. 
cymbal (sim'bal), n. one of a 
pair of circular dish-shaped brass 
plates, which when struck pro¬ 
duce a clashing sound, 
cyme (slm), n. a convex or flat¬ 
tened flower cluster, 
cyn-ic (sin'ik), n. a morose, surly, 
or sarcastic person; one of a sect 
of ancient Greek philosophers, 
cyn-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. like a 
cynic. 

cyn-i-cism ('i-sizm), n. the tem¬ 
per and practice of a cynic, 
cy no sure (si'no- or sin'o-shur), 
n. an object of general attraction, 
cy-press (si'pres), n. a coniferous 
tree, the emblem of mourning: 
adj. belonging to, or made of, cy¬ 
press. 

Cyp-ri-an (sip'ri-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Venus : hence wanton ; 
lascivious. 


cyst (sist), n. a bladder; pouch, 
usually membranous, containing 
morbid matter. 

cys-tic (sis'tik), adj. pertaining 
to, or contained in, a cyst; ves 
icular. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 












C3 r s 


237 


Cze 


cys-to-cele ('to-sel), n. hernia oc¬ 
casioned by protrusion of the 
bladder. 

cys-to-seop-y (-to-skop'i), n. the 
examination of the human blad¬ 
der by an incandescent electric 
lamp. 

cys-tose ('tbs), adj. full of cysts. 

cys-tot-o-my (-tot'o-mi), n. the 
opening of the human bladder for 
the extraction of stone. 

cy-to-blas-te-ma (sl-to-blas-te'- 
ma), n. the protoplasm in which 
animal and vegetable cells are 
produced. 

cy-to-coc-cus (-kok'us), n. the 
nucleus of a parent cell. 

cy-tode (sl'tod), n. a cell. 


cy-to-gen-e-sis (-t5-jen'e-sis), n. 
cell formation. 

Czar (zar), or Tzar (tsar), n. 
the title of the Russian Emperor. 

Czar - e - vitch (zar'e-vich), or 
Tsarevitch (tzar'-), n. the eld¬ 
est son of the Czar. Also Czare¬ 
witch, Csesarewitch. 

Cza-rev-na (zii-rev'na), or Tza- 
revna (tza-), n. a Russian prin¬ 
cess (imperial) : applied to the 
wife of the Czarevitch. 

Cza-ri-na (za-re'na), or Tsarina 
(tsa-), n. an empress of Russia; 
the wife of the Czar. 

Czech (chek), n. a member of the 
most westerly branches of the 
Slavonic family, including Bohe¬ 
mians, Moravians, and Slovaks. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 














dab 


238 


dam 


D 


dab (dab), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. dabbed, 
p.pr. dabbing], to strike or touch 
lightly: n. a small soft lump ; a 
gentle blow ; a salt-water flounder ; 
an expert: pi. refuse foots: adj. 
clever; handy. 

dab-ber (dab'er), n. an inking- 
ball used by printers and engrav¬ 
ers. 

dab-bing ('ing), n. the process 
of indenting the surface of a stone 
by a pick-shaped tool, 
dab-ble (dab'l), v.t. to dip 
slightly and often ; moisten ; spat¬ 
ter: v.i. to play in water; do any¬ 
thing in a superficial manner, 
dab-chick ('chik), n. an un¬ 
fledged bird; a small grebe, 
dab-ster ('ster), n. an expert, 
dace (das), n. a small fresh¬ 
water fish resembling the roach, 
dachs-hund (daks'hoont), n. the 
German badger-dog. 
dac-tyl (dak'til), n. a poetical 
foot of three syllables, one long 
and two short ( " ^ v’). 
dac-tyl-ic (-til'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the dactyl. 

dac-tyl-i-og-ra-phy (-i-og'ra-fi), 
the art of engraving on gems, 
dac-tyl-ol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. the 
art of communicating ideas with 
the fingers. 

dad (dad), n. a child name for 
father. Also daddy, 
dad-dle (dad'l), v.t. to walk un¬ 
steadily like a child; waddle; 
trifle. 

dad-dy-long-legs ('i-long-legs), 
n. a name for various kinds of 
crane-fly. 

da-do (da'do), n. the solid block 
forming the body of a pedestal; 
an ornamental border around the 
lower part of the wall of a room, 
&c.: v.t. to ornament with a dado, 
daf-fo-dil (daf'o-dil), n. the nar¬ 
cissus. 

daft (daft), adj. simple; silly, 
dag-ger (dag'er), n. a short edged 
and pointed weapon, used for 
stabbing; a reference mark in 
printing (f). 


da-go (da/go), n. [pi. dagos 
('goz)], a nickname for a dark- 
complexioned person, especially of 
Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian 
descent; a sailor's name for a 
person speaking Portuguese or 
Spanish. 

da-guerre-o-type (da-ger'o-tip), 
n. a picture produced on a silvered 
plate. 

dah-lia (dlil'ya), n. [pi. dahlias 
('yaz)J, a composite plant, with 
large bright-colored flowers, 
dai-ly (da'li), n. [pi. dailies 
('liz) ], a newspaper or periodical 
published each week-day: adj. oc¬ 
curring or recurring each succes¬ 
sive day; diurnal: adv. day by 
day. 

8yn. diurnal. 

Ant. (see nightly), 
dain-ti-ness (-nes), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being dainty, 
dain-ty (dan'ti), n. [pi. dainties 
('tiz) ], something choice or de¬ 
licious : adj. refined as regards 
taste ; fastidious ; delicious ; ele¬ 
gant ; sensitive; choice, 
dai-ry (da'ri), n. [pi. dairies 
('riz)], a place where milk is 
kept and converted into butter 
and cheese, &c.; the shop where 
dairy produce is sold, 
dai-ry-pro-duce ('pro'dus), n. 

milk, cream, butter, cheese, eggs, 
dai ry ing (-ing), n. the business 
or occupation of a dairy farmer, 
dais (da'is), n. a raised platform, 
dai sied (da'zid), adj. full of, or 
adorned with, daisies. 

^^'. s y (da'zi), n. [pi. daisies 
( zizt], a low composite herb with 
a yellow disk, and white or rose- 
colored rays. 

dale J dal), n. a vale; glen, 
dal-li-ance (dal'i-ans), n. the act 
of dallying. 

(daH), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
dallied, < p.pr. dallying], to trifle 
away time; loiter; procrastinate; 
exchange caresses, 
dal-ton-ism (dawl'tun-izm) , n. 
color-blindness. 

dam (dam), n. a barrier across 
a watercourse; any artificial con- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









dam 


239 


dap 


trivance to stop the flow of water 
or a gas; a female parent: said of 
beasts: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dammed,' 
p.pr. damming], to coniine, or 
raise the level of, by a dam ; re¬ 
strain (usual with in or up). 
dam-age ('aj), n. injury or harm ; 
harm willfully done to a person's 
character, person, or estate: pi. 
money recovered for loss suffered: 
v.t. to injure: v.i. to receive in¬ 
jury. 

dam-ask ('ask), n. a rich silk fab¬ 
ric woven with elaborate pat¬ 
terns : a fine twilled table-linen; 
a fabric of silk and wool, silk and 
cotton, &c., with a flowered or 
variegated design; Damascus 
steel ^ or work; deep pink: adj. 
pertaining to, or made of, damask : 
v.t. to work flowers upon; orna¬ 
ment (metals) with wavy, silvery 
devices. 

damaskeen (-ffs-ken'), v.t. to 
apply decorative metallic designs 
to (a surface of steel, &c.). 
d a-m a s-s e (da-ma-sa/), adj. 
woven with a rich pattern to imi¬ 
tate damask; decorated with 
white on a white ground : said of 
porcelain. 

dame (dam), n. a title formerly 
used instead of mistress, written 
Mrs.; the mistress of an elemen¬ 
tary school; an elderly woman, 
damn (dam), v.t. to sentence to 
punishment judicially; consign to 
a certain fate ; condemn as bad or 
as a failure; to invoke a maledic¬ 
tion upon : v.i. curse inwardly: n. 
a curse. 

dam-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
state of being damned; ruina¬ 
tion by adverse criticism; punish¬ 
ment in a future state, 
dam-na-to-ry ('na-to-ri), adj. as¬ 
signing to, or containing a threat 
of, damnation. 

damned (damd), p.adj. con¬ 
demned to perdition; execrably 
bad; used sometimes adverbially 
as an intensive [printed d—d]. 
dam-ni-fy (dam'ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. damnified, p.pr. damnify¬ 
ing], to cause loss or damage to. 
dam num ('num), n. loss or dam¬ 
age capable of assessment by a 
jury. 


dam-o-sel ('o-zel), n. formerly a 
damsel, or the wife of a squire, 
damp (damp), n. moisture; fog; 
humid exhalation: adj. moist; 
foggy ; humid; dejected: v.t. to 
moisten; discourage; depress; 
diminish the vibrations of. 
dainp-er ('er), n. something 
which depresses or discourages; a 
contrivance for deadening the vi¬ 
brations of a musical instrument, 
damp-ness ('nes), n. humidity; 
moisture. 

dam sel ('zel), n. a maiden, 
dam-son (dam'zn), n. a small 
purple oval-shaped plum, 
dance (dans), v.i. to move with 
measured steps or to a musical 
accompaniment; perform the fig¬ 
ures of a dance; move nimbly, or 
merrily; exult: v.t. to give a 
dancing motion to ; perform as a 
dancer: n. a regulated movement 
of the feet to a rhythmical mu¬ 
sical accompaniment; a dancing 
party, less formal than a ball, 
dan-de-li-on (dan'de-li-un), n. a 
biennial composite plant with 
large yellow flowers and deeply 
notched leaves. 

d a n - d e r ('der), n. dandruff ; 
anger. 

dan-dle (dan'dl), v.t. to move up 
and down on the knee or in the 
arms in affectionate play; fondle, 
dan druff ('druf), n. scurf on 
the scalp. 

dan-dy ('di), n. [pi. dandies 
C'diz)], a fop; coxcomb; some¬ 
thing very neat and trim, 
dandyism (-izm), n. foppishness, 
danger ('jer), n. hazard; peril. 
aS Ujn. hazard, peril. 

Ant. (see safety), 
dan ger ous (-us), adj. involving, 
or beset with, danger; ready to do 
harm or injury; perilous ; hazard¬ 
ous. 

dan-gle (dang'gl), v.i. to hang or 
swing loosely; follow: v.t. to 
cause to dangle. 

dank (dangk), adj. humid; damp, 
dan-seuse (diing-sez'), n. a fe¬ 
male professional dancer; a bal¬ 
let-dancer. 

dap-per (dap'er), adj. small and 
active; trim and’ neat in appear¬ 
ance. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







dap 


240 


dau 


dap-pie (dap'l), adj. spotted; va¬ 
riegated : v.t. to variegate with > 
spots. 

dare (dar), v.i. [p.t. dared, durst, 
p.p. dared, p.pr. daring], to have 
courage; attempt; venture : v.t. 
to defy ; challenge, 
dare-dev-il ('dev-1), adj. charac¬ 
teristic of a reckless man: n. a 
reckless fellow r . 

daring (dar'ing), n. intrepidity: 

adj. fearless ; bold ; intrepid, 
dark (dark), adj. destitute of 
light; not reflecting light; wholly 
black or grey; producing gloom; 
unenlightened, mentally or physic¬ 
ally ; obscure; untried ; of a bru¬ 
nette complexion : n. darkness. 

Syn. dismal, opaque, obscure, 
dim. 

Ant. (see light). 

dark a-ges (a'jez), n.pl. the 
mediaeval period. 

dark en ('en), v.t. to make dark ; 
obscure ; render unintelligible : v.i. 
to become dark. 

dark-en-ing (-ing), n. twilight; 
gloaming. 

dark-ish ('ish) adj. somewhat 
dark. 

dark-ling ('ling), adj. dimly 
seen. 

dark-ly ('li), adv. with imper¬ 
fect light; not clearly ; mysteri¬ 
ously. 

dark-ness ('nes), n. absence of 
light, partial or total: physical or 
moral blindness; obscurity; 
gloom; wickedness, 
dark-some ('sum), adj. gloomy, 
darky ('i), n. [pi. darkies 
('iz)'J, a negro. 

dar-ling (diir'ling), n. a favor¬ 
ite ; pet: adj. tenderly beloved; 
very dear. 

darn (darn), v.t. to mend (a 
rent) by filling in the hole with 
yarn or thread by means of a 
needle: n. a patch made by darn¬ 
ing. 

dar-nel ('nel), n. the popular name 
of a grass, Lolium tremulentum, 
formerly supposed to be poisonous, 
dart (dart), n. a small lance or 
spear; a kind of eel-spear; the 
arrow of a blow-gun; a swift, sud¬ 
den movement; the dace: v.t. 
throw; give out or send forth : v.i. 


move swiftly; start suddenly and 


run quickly. 

Dar win i an (dar-win'i-an), adj. 
pertaining to Chas. Darwin, the 
naturalist (1S09-18S2.), or Dar- 
w r inism: n. an evolutionist. 
Darwinism (dar'win-izm), n. 
the theory of natural selection ad¬ 
vocated by Darwin, 
dash (dash), v.t. to throw vio¬ 
lently or hastily; break by colli¬ 
sion ; hurl; shatter; suffuse; de¬ 
press ; confuse; mingle; sketch 
rapidly: v.i. to rush with 

violence; fly off the surface with 
a violent noisy motion : n. a col¬ 
lision ; a slight addition ; ostenta¬ 
tious, parade; a mark (—) in 
writing or printing, 
dash-hoard (-bord), n. a splash¬ 
board ; a paddle-wheel float, 
das-tard (das'tard), n. a coward: 
adj. meanly shrinking from dan¬ 
ger ; cowardly. 

das-tard-li-ness (-lines), n. 

mean timidity, 
das-tard-ly (-li), adv. cowardly, 
data, pi. of datum (q.v.). 
date (dat), n. the time of an 
epoch or transaction; the in¬ 
scription which specifies when a 
writing or inscription was exe¬ 
cuted ; duration; the edible oval 
fruit of the date-palm: v.t. to 
mark with a date: v.i. to have 
a date; reckon. 

date-tree (-tre), n. a species of 
palm. 

da-tive (da'tiv), adj. denoting 
the case of a noun, pronoun, or 
adjective which expresses the re¬ 
moter object: usually indicated 
in English by to or for with the 
objective case: n. the dative case, 
datum ('turn), n. [pi. data 
('ta) ], something assumed, known, 
or conceded for the basis of an 
argument or inference [usually 
in pi.]. 

daub (dawb), v.t. to cover or 
smear with adhesive matter ; paint 
coarsely or unskilfully; plaster; 
flatter grossly: n. a coarse or 
rudely-executed painting; a 
smear; a cheap kind of mortar, 
daubing ('ing), n. a coarse paint¬ 
ing ; the application of rough mor¬ 
tar to a wall to imitate stone. 



late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











aau 


241 


des 


daub-y ('i), adj. viscous, sticky; 
like a daub. 

daugh-ter (daw'ter), n. the fe¬ 
male offspring of a man or 
woman; a female in a childlike 
relation; something conceived as 
feminine. 

daughter-in-law (-in-law), n. 
a son’s wife. 

daunt (dant), v.t. to intimidate; 
dishearten. 

daunt-less ('les), adj. fearless, 
dau-phin (daw'fin), n. the title 
of the eldest son of the King of 
France from 1349 to 1S30. 
dav-en-port (dav'en-port). n. a 
kind of small writing-desk ov 
-table. 

dav-it (dav'it), n. one of a pair 
of f-shaped uprights projecting 
over the side of a vessel for sus¬ 
pending or lowering a boat, 
da-vy (da'vi), n. [pi. davies 
('viz)], a miner’s safety-lamp 
surrounded by fine gauze wire, 
invented by Sir H. Davy, as a 
protection against fire-damp. 
Da-vy Jones (jonz), n. a hu¬ 
morous name for the spirit of 
the sea; a sea-devil. * 
daw (daw), n. a bird of the crow 
family; a jackdaw, 
dawdle (daw'dl), v.i. to waste 
time in a trifling manner; loiter: 
n. a dawdler. 

dawn (dawn), v.i. to begin to 
grow light; glimmer; break as 
the day: n. the first appearance 
of light in the morning; begin¬ 
ning. 

dawn-ing ('ing), n. daybreak; 
beginning. 

day (da), n. the period of light 
between sunrise and sunset; day¬ 
light ; sunshine; the space of 
twenty-four hours, reckoning from 
midnight to midnight (the civil 
day), or from noon to noon (the 
astronomical day) ; in the East, 
a distance that can be traveled in 
24 hours; a specified time or 
period. 

day-book ('book), n. a book 
in which the transactions of the 
day are entered in the order of 
their occurrence. 

day-break ('brak), n. the dawn, 
day-dream ('drem), n. a vision¬ 
ary fancy. 


days of grace (grits), n.pl. the 
customary period (three days) al¬ 
lowed for the payment of a bill 
of exchange after it becomes due. 
daysman (daz'man), n. [pi. 
daysmen ('men)], an umpire; a 
mediator. 

day-spring (spring), n. the 
dawn (Luke i. 78). 
daze (daz), v.t. to dazzle: n. 

the state of being dazed, 
daz-zle (daz'l), v.t. to overpower 
by a glare of light; dim by ex¬ 
cess of light; overpower by 
splendor: v.i. to be overpowered 
by light: n. excess of light, 
dea con (de'kn) n. the lowest 
order of the clergy in the An¬ 
glican Church; in non-episcopal 
churches, a layman appointed to 
assist the minister and manage 
the temporal affairs of a church, 
dead (ded), adj. destitute of life; 
inanimate; resembling death : in¬ 
active ; unprofitable ; monotonous ; 
tasteless; unerring; without relig¬ 
ious vitality ; flat; not transmit¬ 
ting a current; deprived of civil 
rights; out of the game or play: 
n. dead persons individually or 
collectively; the point or degree 
of greatest lifelessness: adv. ab¬ 
solutely ; exactly, 
dead-beat ('bet), adj. making 
successive movements with inter¬ 
vals of rest and no recoil; 
thoroughly exhausted: n. a dead¬ 
beat escapement. 

dead-cen-ter (-sen'ter), n. that 
position of a crank in which the 
crank-axle, crank-pin, and the 
connecting rod are all in a 
straight iine. 

dead-col-or-ing (-kul'er-ing), n. 
the first broad outlines of a pict¬ 
ure. 

dead-en (ded'n), v.t. to diminish 
the acuteness, intensity, or vigor 
of; retard; blunt; render non- 
conductive ; make insipid or stale ; 
deprive of gloss or brilliancy; kill 
(trees) by girdling, 
dead-eye (ded'I). n. a round, 
flat block of wood encircled with 
an iron band and pierced with 
three holes to receive lanyards: 
used for setting up rigging, 
dead-bead ('hed), n. a person 
who has a free pass on railways 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; m^on, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 


H9 






<fea 


242 


dea 


or to places of amusement, &c.; a 
wooden buoy: v.t. to furnish free 
admission to: v.i. to travel or 
gain admission without payment, 
dead let-ter (let'er), n. an un¬ 
claimed letter, the owner for 
which cannot be found; that 
which has lost its authority, 
dead-lift ('lift), n. a heavy 
weight; the last extremity, 
dead-lights ('lits), n.pl. strong 
wooden shutters placed over the 
cabin windows in stormy weather, 
dead-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the state 
of being deadly. 

dead-load ('lod), n. a constant 
motionless load. 

dead-lock ('lok), n. a lock worked 
on one side by a handle, and on 
the other side by a key; a situa¬ 
tion in which progress is im¬ 
possible. 

dead-ly ('li), ad}. causing death; 
destructive ; fatal; implacable : 
adv. implacably. 

Syn. fatal, destructive, mortal, 
dead-neap ('nep), n. the lowest 
stage of the tide. 

dead-ness ('nes), n. absence of 
life; inactivity. 

dead-reck-on-ing (-rek'un-ing), 
n. the calculation of a ship's 
place at sea by the log and the 
compass courses, allowi^s; for 
drift, leeway, &c. 

dead-set ('set), n. the fixed 
position of a dog in pointing 
game; a determined effort or 
attack: adj. determined to do 
something. 

dead-wa-ter (-waw't^’), n. the 
water that closes in .nder the 
stern of a ship; eddy-water, 
dead-weight ('wat), n. the 
weight of the vehicle in addition 
to the load to be carried; freight 
charged for by "**"'ght instead of 
by bulk: the heaviest part of a 
ship’s cargo. 

dead-wind ('wind), n. a wind 
blowing directly opposite to a 
ship’s course. 

dead-work ('werk), n. work at 
first unprofitable, but which leads 
the way to profitable production, 
as in opening a mine, 
deaf (def), ad], deprived of hear¬ 
ing ; unwilling to hear or pay re¬ 
gard to. 


j deaf-en (def'n), v.t. to make 
deaf; render impervious to sound, 
deafening (-ing), p.adj. making 
impervious to sound: n. material 
employed to deaden a floor or 
wall. 

deaf-ness ('nes), n. the state of 
being deaf. 

deal (d§l), n. an indefinite quan¬ 
tity, degree, or extent; a division 
of cards to the players; a mer¬ 
cantile combination ; the wood of 
the fir or pine tree cut into boards 
or planks: v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. dealt; 
p.pr. dealing], to distribute, ap¬ 
portion, or divide ; throw about; 
scatter: v.i. to have business; 
make a private arrangement, 
deal -er ('er), n. one who deals; 
a trader. 

deal-ing ('ing), n. conduct tow¬ 
ards others ; business intercourse ; 
traffic [frequently pi.]. 
dealt, p.t. of deal, 
dean (den), n. the presiding ec¬ 
clesiastical dignitary in cathedral 
and collegiate churches; the presi¬ 
dent of a faculty in a college; 
the oldest member, by reason of 
service, in ‘ a constituted body of 
which he acts as president, 
dean and chap ter (chap'ter), 
the governing body of a cathedral, 
comprising the dean, canons, or 
prebendaries. 

dean-er y (den'er-i), n. [pi. dean¬ 
eries (-iz)], the office, jurisdic¬ 
tion, or residence of a dean, 
dear (der), adj. expensive; costly; 
marked by scarcity or dearth ; be¬ 
loved ; highly esteemed ; precious : 
n. a darling; favorite: adv. at 
a high price or rate: inter j. ex^ 
pressing surprise, pity, or emotion. 

Syn. beloved, precious, costly 
expensive. 

Ant. (see despised, cheap), 
dearly ('li), adv. with great af¬ 
fection ; at a high price or rate, 
dear-ness ('nes), n. affection; 

high price; dearth, 
dearth (derth), n. want; scar¬ 
city ; famine. 

dear-y (der'i), n. a darling. Also 
dearie. 

death (deth), n. extinction of 
life or feeling; the state of the 
dead; a general mortality; decay; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









dea 


243 


dec 


destruction; spiritual ruin after 
physical death (Rom. viii. 6). 
iSyn. departure, decease, demise. 
Ant. (see life). 

death-bell ('bel), n. a passing 

bell. 

death - point ('point), n. the 
degree of heat or cold which de¬ 
stroys an animal organism, 
death-rate ('rat), n. the percent¬ 
age of deaths, usually reckoned 
at per thousand, among the popu¬ 
lation of a country, city, &c., for 
a given period. 

death’s-head (s'hed), n. a skull, 
or representation of a skull, em¬ 
blematic of death, 
death-watch ('woch), n. a vigil 
beside the dying person ; a guard 
set over a criminal prior to his 
execution; a small beetle which 
makes a ticking sound, super- 
stitiously supposed to forebode 
death. 

death-less ('les), adj. immortal, 
death-ly ('li). adj. mortal; fatal, 
de-bac-le (de-bak'l), n. the break¬ 
ing up of ice on a river; a stam¬ 
pede ; a violent flood carrying 
with it debris in great masses, 
de-bar (de-bar'), v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. 
debarred, p.pr. debarring], to shut 
out; exclude; hinder from ap¬ 
proach, enjoyment, or action ; pre¬ 
clude [with from], 
de-bark (de-bark'), v.i. to dis¬ 
embark. 

de-bar-ka-tion (-bar-ka'shun), n. 

the act of disembarking, 
de-base (de-bas'), v.t. to reduce 
from a higher to a lower state; 
lower in character, virtue, purity, 
or quality. 

de base ment ('ment), n. act of 
debasing. 

de-ba-ta-ble (de-ba't&-bl), adj. 

admitting of question or debate, 
de-bate (de-bat'), v.t. to contend 
for in words or arguments; medi¬ 
tate upon ; deliberate together: v.i. 
to argue or discuss a point; re¬ 
flect : n. contention in words or 
argument; controversy; discus¬ 
sion. 

de-bauch (de-bawch'), v.t. to cor¬ 
rupt in morals or principles; se¬ 
duce; pollute; vitiate: v.i. to en¬ 
gage in debauchery or riot: n. ex¬ 
cess in eating and drinking; lewd¬ 
ness. 


deb-au-chee (deb'o-she), n. a 
drunkard. 

de-bauch-er-y (de-baw'cher-i), n. 
[pi. debaucheries (-iz)], exces¬ 
sive intemperance; seduction from 
purity or virtue; corruption of 
fidelity. 

de-ben-ture (de-ben'tur), n. a 
written acknowledgment of a 
debt. 

de-bil-i-tant (de-bil'i-tant), adj. 
weakening. 

de-bil-i-tate ('i-tat), v.t. to en¬ 
feeble ; enervate. 

de-bil-i-ta-tion (-i-ta'shun), n. 

enervation. 

de-bil-i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. 
debilities (-tiz) ], abnormal func¬ 
tional weakness; languor, 
deb-it (deb'it), n. that which is 
owing, entered on the debtor side 
of a ledger; opposed to credit: adj. 
relating to debts: v.t. to charge 
with debt; enter on the debtor’s 
side of an account, 
deb-o-nair (deb-5-nar'), adj. of 
gentle manners or breeding; ele¬ 
gant. [French.] 

de-bouch (de-boosh'), v.i. to 
march out of a confined space 
into open ground, 
de-bou-clie (da-boo-sha'), n. an 
opening; a market for goods; an 
opening in military works for 
troops. [French.] 
de-bris (da-bre'), n. fragments; 
broken rubbish; loose pieces of 
rock, &c., at the base of a moun¬ 
tain. 

debt (det), n. that which is due 
from one person to another; obli¬ 
gation ; trespass. 

debt-or ('er), n. one who owes 
something to another; one who is 
in debt. 

debut (da-b55'). n. a first ap¬ 
pearance in society, or before the 
public. 

de-bu-tant (-boo-tang'), n. one 
who makes a debut: fem. debu¬ 
tante. 

dec-ade (dek'ad), n. a group of 
ten; ten consecutive years. * Also 
decad. 

de-ca-dence (de-ka'dens) , n. a 
state of dec^ 7 . Also decadency, 
de-ca-dent ('dent), adj. deteri¬ 
orating. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








dec 


244 


dec 


dec a gon (dek'a-gon), n. plain 
figure having ten sides and ten 
angles. 

dec-ag-o-nal (-ag'5-nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to a decagon, 
dec-a-gramme ('a-grarn), n. a 
weight of ten grammes. Also dec¬ 
agram. [French.] _ 
dec-a-he-dron (-he'dron), n. [pi. 
decahedra ('dra) ], a solid bounded 
by ten plane faces, 
dec-a-li-ter ('a-le-tr), n. a measure 
of capacity containing 10 liters = 
2 1-5 imperial gallons. [Fr.] 
dec-a-logue ('a-log), n. the ten 
commandments (Fx. xx.) ; the 
moral law. 

dec-a-me-ter ('a-me-tr), n. a 
measure of length of 10 meters 
=32.8 feet. [French.] 
de-camp (de-kamp'), v.i. to de¬ 
part speedily; go away secretly 
or unceremoniously, 
de-cant (de-kant'), v.t. to pour off 
gently. 

de-can-ter ('ter), n. an ornamen¬ 
tal glass bottle for holding wines, 
&c. 

de-cap-i-tate (de-kap'i-tat), v.t. 
to behead. 

de-cap-i-ta-tion (-i-ta'shun), n. 
beheading. 

dec-a-pod (dek'a-pod), adj. hav¬ 
ing ten feet or ten arms: n. a 
ten-footed crustacean, or ten¬ 
armed cephalopod. 

De-cap-o-da (de-kap'o-da), n.pl. 
the order of Crustacea which in¬ 
cludes those having ten feet, as 
lobsters, crabs, shrimps, &c., and 
cephalopods with ten arms, 
de -car-bon-ate (de-kar'bon-at), 
v.t. to deprive of carbon. Also 
decarbonize (-Iz). 

de -care (da-kar'), n. a superficial 
measure of 1,000 sq. meters = 
% acre (nearly). [French.] 
de-ca-stere (da-ca-ster'), n. a solid 
measure, ten times a cubic meter 
= 13 cubic yards (nearly). [Fr.] 
de-cay (de-ka'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
decayed, p.pr. decaying], to be¬ 
come impaired; rot; decline or 
fall: n. deterioration; decline; 
rottenness; corruption. 

Syn. decline, consumption. 

Ant. (see growth), 
de-cease (de-ses'), v.i. to die: n. 
death. 


de-ceit (de-set'), n. deception; 
falsehood. 

Syn. cheat, imposition, trick, 
delusion, guile, beguilement, 
treachery, sham. • 

Ant. (see truthfulness), 
de-ceit-ful ('fool), adj. full of 
deceit. 

de-ceit-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a de¬ 
ceitful manner. 

de-ceit-ful-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being deceit¬ 
ful. 

de-ceiv-a-ble (-sev'a-bl), adj. 
capable of being, or liable to be, 
deceived. 

de-ceive (-sev'), v.t. to mislead 
or cause to err; delude; impose 
upon ; disappoint. 

Syn. delude, impose upon, over¬ 
reach, gull, dupe, cheat. 
De-cem-ber (de-sem'ber), n. the 
twelfth month of the year. 

de-cem-vir ('ver), n. [pi. de¬ 
cemviri ('vi-ri)], one of ten Ro¬ 
man magistrates, especially one of 
those who possessed absolute au¬ 
thority in ancient Rome (451-449 
b. c.), and edited the laws known 
as the Twelve Tables, 
de-cem-vi-ral ('vi-ral), adj. per¬ 
taining to the decemviri. 

de-cem-vi-rate (-rat), n. a body 

of ten men in authority; their 
office, or term of office, 
de-cen-cy (de-sen-si), n. [pi. de¬ 
cencies (-siz)], the state of be¬ 
ing decent, or modest, 
de-cen-ni-al ('i-al), adj. lasting 
for or occurring every ten years. 

de-cent ('sent), adj. decorous; be¬ 
coming ; respectable; modest; 
passable. 

de-cep-tion (-sep'shun), n. the 
act of deceiving, the state of be¬ 
ing deceived ; fraud, 
de-cep-tive ('tiv), adj. tending to 
deceive. 

dec-i-are (des-i-ar'), n. a unit of 
superficial measurement, the tenth 
part of an are = 107.6 square 
feet. [French.] 

de-cid-a-ble (de-sid'a-bl), adj. 
capable of being decided. 

de-cide (de-sid'), v.t. to brjng 
to an issue or conclusion; fix the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








dec 


245 


dec 


end of; resolve: v.i. to give a 
judgment or decision ; arbitrate. 

Syn. .determine, settle, adjudi¬ 
cate, terminate, resolve, 
de-cid-ed ('ed), adj. free from 
ambiguity; determined ; unques¬ 
tionable^ resolute, 
deciduous (-sid'u-us), adj. fall¬ 
ing off at maturity, or in season; 
shed periodically, 
dec i gramme (des'i-gram), n. a 
metric weight, l-10th of a gramme 
=1.54 grains troy (nearly). Also 
decigram. 

dec-i-Xi-ter ('i-le-tr), n. a meas¬ 
ure of capacity, l-10th of a liter 
= 3.52 fluid ounces, 
de-cil-lion (de-sil'yun) , n. in 
France and the United States a 
unit followed by 33 ciphers; in 
England a unit followed by GO 
ciphers. 

dec-i-lux (des'i-luks), n. l-10th 
of a lux. 

dec-i-mal ('i-mal), adj. pertaining 
to, or based upon, the number 10: 
n. a decimal fraction, 
dec-i-mal place (plas), n. the 
place of a figure after the decimal 
point. 

dec-i-mal point (point), n. a dot 
separating a decimal fraction 
from a whole number, also indi¬ 
cating when standing alone its 
fractional character, 
dec-i-mal sys-tem (sis'tem), n. a 
system of reckoning or measuring 
by 10, or powers of 10. 
dec-i-mal-ly (-li), adv. by tens, 
dec-i-mate (des'i-mat), v.t. to 
select by lot and put to death, or 
punish, every tenth man ; destroy 
a large proportion of. 
dec-i-ma-tion (-ma'shun), n. the 
act of decimating; destruction on 
a large scale. 

dec-i-me-ter ('i-me-tr), n. a meas¬ 
ure of length, 1-lOth of a meter 
= 3.937 inches. 

de-ci-pher (de-si'fer), v.t. to read 
(secret writing) ; discover or 
make out the meaning of; solve; 
unravel. 

Syn. read, spell, interpret, solve, 
de-ci-sion (-sizh'un), n. the act 
of deciding ; determination ; judg¬ 
ment ; settlement. 


Syn. determination, conclusion, 
resolution, firmness. 

Ant. (see vacillation), 
de-ci-sive (-sl'siv), adj. final; 
conclusive. 

de-ci-stere (da-si-ster'), n. a 
cubic measure, l-10th of a stere 
3.532 cubic feet. [French.] 
deck (dek), v.t. to array in finery 
or ornaments; adorn ; to furnish 
with a deck: n. the plank floor¬ 
ing of a ship. 

deck-er ('er), n. one wlao, or that 
' which, decks; a ship having decks, 
deck-le-edged (dek'l-ejd), adj. 
having the edges rough and un¬ 
cut ; said of books, 
de-claim (de-klam'), v.t. to speak 
in a rhetorical style; speak as an 
exercise in elocution ; harangue, 
dec-la-ma-tion (dek-la-ma'shun), 
n. the art of declaiming accord¬ 
ing to rhetorical rules; impas¬ 
sioned oratory; distinct and cor¬ 
rect enunciation of words in 
vocal music. 

Syn. oratory, elocution, ha¬ 
rangue, effusion, debate, 
de-clam-a-to-ry (de-klam'a-to-ri), 
adj. pertaining to, or character¬ 
ized by, declamation ; noisy in 
style; appealing to the passions, 
dec-la-ra-tion (dek-la-ra'shun), 
n. the act of declaring or pro¬ 
claiming ; that which is declared; 
an assertion; publication; a 
statement reduced to writing. 

Syn. avowal, manifestation, 
statement, profession, 
de-clar-a-tive (de-klar'a-tiv), adj. 
explanatory. 

de-clar-a-to-ry ('a-to-ri), adj. 
affirmative. 

de-clare (de-klar'), v.t. to make 
knowntell openly or publicly; 
proclaim formally ; publish ; make 
a solemn affirmation before wit¬ 
nesses ; make a full statement as 
to goods, &c.: v.i. to make a dec¬ 
laration ; avow [with for or 
against ]. 

de-clen don (-lden'shun), n. de¬ 
cline ; i falling off, or away; 
deterioration; the inflection of 
nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, 
de-clin-a-ble (-klin'a-bl), adj. 

capable of being declined, 
de-clin-al ('&!), adj. ■ sloping 
downwards. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







dec 


246 


dec 


dec-li-nate (dek'li-nat), adj. 

curved downwards, 
dec-li-na-tion (dek-li-na'shun), n. 
the act or state of bending, or 
moving, downwards; oblique vari¬ 
ation from some definite direction ; 
deterioration ; decay ; the angular 
distance of a heavenly body N. or 
S. of the equator; non-acceptance, 
dec-li-na-tor ('li-na-ter), n. an 
instrument for determinating the 
declination and inclination of a 
plane. 

de-cline (de-klln'), v.i. to incline 
from a right line; bend or lean 
downwards; droop; draw to a 
close ; become weak ; deviate from 
rectitude: v.t. to refuse; bend 
downwards ; depress : inflect: n. 
diminution ; decay ; deterioration ; 
consumption. 

de-clin-o-graph ('o-graf), n. 
an automatic registering instru¬ 
ment for recording astronomical 
declinations. 

dec-li-nom-e-ter (dek-li-nom'e- 
ter), n. an instrument for measur¬ 
ing the declination of the mag¬ 
netic needle. 

de-cliv-i-tous (de-kliv'i-tus), adj. 
moderately steep. 

de-cliv-i-ty (-kliv'i-ti), n. [pi. 
declivities (-tiz)], a gradual de¬ 
scent ; deviation from a horizontal 
line; opposed to acclivity, 
de-coct (de-kokt'), v.t. the act of 
boiling anything to extract its 
essence. 

de -coc-tion (-kok'shun), n. an ex¬ 
tract obtained by boiling or di¬ 
gesting in hot water, 
de-col-late (-kol'at), v.t. to be¬ 
head. 

de-col-la-tion Ma'shun)., n. the 
act of beheading. 

de-col-le-te (da-kol-e-ta'), adj. 
cut low in the neck so as to ex¬ 
pose the neck and shoulders: said 
of a dress. Decolletee, fern, wear¬ 
ing a low-necked dress. [Fr.] 
de-com-po-sa-Me (de-com-po'za- 
bl), adj. capable of being decom¬ 
posed. 

de-com-pose (de-kom-poz'), v.t. 
to resolve into constituent ele¬ 
ments ; cause to decay or rot: v.i. 
to become decomposed; putrefy, 
de-com-pos-ite (-poz'It), adj. 
compounded a secbnd time. 


de-com-po-si-tion ('po-zish'un), 
n. the act of resolving into con¬ 
stituent elements ; analysis ; dis¬ 
integration. 

de com pound (-pound'), v.t. to 
compound things already com¬ 
pounded : adj. compounded more 
than once. 

dec-o-rate (dek'o-rat), v.t. to or¬ 
nament, embellish, adorn, or 
beautify; confer a badge of 
honor upon ; grace, 
dec-o-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. the 
art of decorating; an ornament or 
embellishment; a badge of honor. 
Dec-o-ra-tion Day (da), n. the 
day (May 30) on which the 
graves of those who fell in the 
Civil War (1S61-65) are deco¬ 
rated. Also Memorial Day. 
dec-o-ra-tive ('o-ra-tiv), adj. 

tending to decoration, 
dec-o-ra-tor (-ter), n. one who 
decorates; an artist or artisan 
who decorates rooms, &c. 
de co rous (de-ko' or dek'er-us), 
adj. marked by propriety; de¬ 
cent ; fit; proper. 

de-cor-ti-cate (de-k6r'ti-kat), v.t. 
to remove the bark, husk, or peel 
from. 

de-co-rum (de-ko'rum), n. pro¬ 
priety and decency of words, 
dress, and conduct, 
de-cos-tate (-kos'tat), adj. with¬ 
out ribs. 

de-coy (de-koi'), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
decoyed, p.pr. decoying], to lead 
or allure into danger by artifice: 
v.i. to be allured by means of a 
decoy : n. a deceptive stratagem ; 
a lure; a piece of enclosed water 
into which wild fowl are decoyed, 
de-coy-duck (-duk), n. a tame, or 
imitation, duck used to allure 
wild fowl: hence a person who 
entraps others. 

de-crease (de-kres'), v.i. to be¬ 
come less ; diminish ; abate ; 
wane; fail: v.t. to cause to grow 
less; reduce gradually in size or 
extent; dwindle: n. gradual dimi¬ 
nution, or decay; the amount 
or degree of lessening; the wane 
of the moon. 

Syn. diminish, lessen, wane, de¬ 
cline, retrench, curtail, reduce. 

Ant. (see growth). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; modn, ’ 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









dec 


247 


dee 


de-cree (de-kre'), n. an ordinance, 
law, or edict; a judical decision ; 
the award of an umpire or ar¬ 
bitrator; the predetermined pur¬ 
pose of God : v.t. to determine by 
a decree; ordain; constitute by 
edict; assign : v.i. to make a de¬ 
cree ; determine. 

decrement (dek're-ment), n. 
diminution. 

de-crep-it (de-krep'it), adj. en¬ 
feebled by age, or infirmity; 
wasted; worn out. 
de-crep-i-tate ('i-tat), v.t. to cal¬ 
cine (as salt) in a strong heat, 
causing a crackling sound, 
de-crep-i-tude ('i-tud), n. physi¬ 
cal infirmity caused by old age. 
de -crescent (-kres'ent), adj. 
growing less. 

de-cre-tal (-kre'tal), n. a papal 
decree; a book of edicts, 
de -cre-tive ('tiv), adj. having 
the authority of a decree, 
dec-re-tory (dek're-to-ri), adj. 
judicial; settled. 

de-cri-al (de-kri'al), n. clamorous 
censure. 

de-cri-er ('er), n. one who cen¬ 
sures. 

de-cry (de-krl'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
decried, p.pr. decrying], to blame 
clamorously ; cry down ; censure ; 
disparage. 

Je-cum-bent (-kum'bent), adj. 
lying down ; prostrate ; reclining, 
dec-u-ple (dek'u-pl), adj. ten¬ 
fold : n. a number repeated .10 
times: v.t. increase tenfold, 
de-cur-rent (-kur'ent), adj. rim¬ 
ing, or extending, downward : said 
of a plant. 

de-cur-sive ('siv), adj. running 
down. 

de-cus-sate (-kus'at), v.i. to in¬ 
tersect or cross at an acute angle: 
adj. intersected. 

ded-i-cate (ded'i-kat), v.t. to set 
apart by a solemn act or religious 
ceremony ; devote or set apart to 
some work or duty; inscribe, as 
a literary work. % 

Syn. devote, consecrate, offer, 
set, apportion. 

ded-i-ca-tion (-i-ka'shun), n. the 
act of dedicating; an inscription 
or address. 

ded-i-ca-tor ('i-ka-ter), n. one 
who dedicates. 


ded-i-ca-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to composing, or constitut¬ 
ing, a dedication. 

de-duce (de-dus'), v.t. to gather 
by reasoning; infer; derive [with 
from or out of]. 

de-duct (de-dukt'), v.t. to take 
away. 

de-duc-tion (-duk'shun), n. the 
act or process of deducting; sub¬ 
traction. 

de-duc-tive ('tiv), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to deduction. 

de-duc-tive-ly (-li), adv. by de¬ 
duction^ 

deed (ded), n. that which is done 
by a responsible agent; an act; 
an illustrious achievement; a 
written instrument for the trans¬ 
fer of real estate: v.t. convey by 
deed. 

Syn. act, action, commission, 
achievement, instrument, docu¬ 
ment. 

deem (dem), v.t. to think; deter¬ 
mine : v.i. to have, or be of, an 
opinion; judge. 

Syn. judge, estimate, consider, 
think, suppose, conceive. 

deem-ster (dem'ster), n. a judge 
or umpire; the title of either of 
the two chief judges of the Isle of 
Man. Also dempster. 

deep (dep), adj. extending far be¬ 
low the surface ; low in situation ; 
penetrating ; sagacious ; profound ; 
difficult to understand ; absorbed ; 
grave in tone, or low in pitch; 
strongly colored: n. that which 
is of great depth ; a great body of 
water. 

Syn. profound, subterranean, 
submerged, designing, abstruse, 
learned. 

Ant. (see shallow). 

deep-en ('en), v.t. to make deep 
or deeper; make darker; make 
sad; cloud: v.i. to become deep or 
deeper. 

deep-laid ('lad), adj. well-con¬ 
certed. 

deep-ness ('nes), n. depth; pro¬ 
fundity. 

deep-sea ('se), adj. pertaining to 
the open sea, or deeper parts of 
the ocean. 

deer (der), n. sing. & pi. a general 
name for solid-horned ruminants 
of the genus Cervus. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








aee 


248 


det 


deer-hound ('hound), n. a stag- 
hound. 

deer-lick (flik), a spot of salt 
ground, resorted to by deer to 
lick the earth. 

deer-stalk-ing ('stawk-ing), n. 
the hunting of deer by stealing 
upon them unawares, 
de-face (de-fas'), v.t. to mar or 
destroy the surface of; disfigure; 
impair the legibility of; injure; 
spoil. 

Syn. mar, spoil, injure, dis¬ 
figure. 

Ant. (see beautify), 
de face ment f'ment), n. the act 
of defacing; the condition of being 
defaced ; injury. 

de-fal-ca-tion (-fal-ka'shun), n. 
a deficit of funds through a breach 
of trust; embezzlement; diminu¬ 
tion. 

def-al-ca-tor (def'al-ka-ter), n. 
an embezzler. 

def-a-ma-tion (def-a-ma'shun), 
n. the act of injuring one’s good 
name or reputation without 
justification, either orally, or by 
a written communication, 
defamatory (de-fam'a-tb-ri), 
adj. containing that which is in¬ 
jurious to the character or repu¬ 
tation. 

de-fame (de-famM v.t. to injure 
or destroy the good reputation of; 
accuse falsely ; asperse ; vilify, 
de-fault (de-fawlt'), n. failure or 
omission to do any act; failure to 
satisfy the acts required in a law¬ 
suit : v.t. to make a default in; 
neglect: v.i. to make a default. 

Syn. lapse, forfeit, omission, ab¬ 
sence, want, failure, 
de-fault-er ('er), n. one who 
makes a default; one who fails to 
make a proper account of money 
or property intrusted to his 
charge. 

de fea sance (de-fe'zans), n. the 
annulment of a contract or deed, 
de-feat (de-fet'), v.t. to overcome 
or vanquish ; frustrate ; baffle : n. 
the act of defeating; frustration ; 
overthrow. 

def-e-cate (def'e-kat), v.t. to 
clarify: v.i. to become clear; dis¬ 
charge excrementitious matter 
from the bowels. 

def- e-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. clari¬ 


fication ; evacuation from the 
bowels. 

def-e-ca-tor (def'e-ka-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, purifies or 
cleanses; an apparatus for remov¬ 
ing feculent matter from juices, 

&c. 

de-fect (de-fekt'), n. an imperfec¬ 
tion, moral or physical; insuffi¬ 
ciency ; fault; error. 

Syn. imperfection, flaw, fault, 
blemish. 

Ant. (see beauty, improve¬ 
ment). 

de-fec-tion (-fek'shun), n. a fall¬ 
ing away from duty or allegiance; 
desertion. 

de-fec-tive ('tiv), adj. having a 
defect or flaw of any kind; in¬ 
complete ; faulty; wanting some 
of the usual grammatical forms, 
de-fexid (de-fend'), v.t. to guard 
or protect; maintain; vindicate 
one’s legal rights by force of ar¬ 
gument or evidence: v.i. to for¬ 
mally enter a defense to an ac¬ 
tion. 

Syn. guard, protect, justify, 
de-fend-ant ('ant), n. a person 
who is sued or accused in a civil 
or criminal court, 
de-fense (de-fens'), n. the act or < 
state of defending or being de¬ 
fended ; protection; vindication 
by force or argument; a defend¬ 
ant’s plea or answer. 

Syn. excuse, plea, vindication, 
bulwark, rampart, 
de-fen-si-bil-i-ty (-fen-si-bil'i-ti), 
adj, the quality of being defen¬ 
sible. 

defensible ('si-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being defended, 
de-fen-sive (-fen'siv), adj. serv¬ 
ing to defend or protect; car¬ 
ried on in defense, 
de-fer (de-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
deferred, p.pr. deferring], to put 
off to a future time; delay: v.i. 
to procrastinate. 

Syn. delay, postpone, put off, 
prorogue, adjourn. 

Ant. (see force, expedite), 
def-er-ence (def'er-ens), n. a 
yielding to the opinions or wishes 
of another; regard, 
def-er-ent ('er-ent), adj. convey¬ 
ing : n. that which conveys or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







def 


249 


def 


carries; a duct or vessel in the 
body which conveys fluids, 
def-er-en-tial (-er-en'shal), adj. 
characterized by, or expressing, 
deference. 

def-er-en-tial-ly (-li), adv. re¬ 
spectfully. 

de-fer-ment (de-fer'ment), n. de¬ 
lay. 

de-fi-ance (-fi'ans), n. contemptu¬ 
ous disregard ; a challenge, 
de-fi-ant ('ant), adj. character¬ 
ized by defiance. 

de-fi-cien-cy (-fish'en-si), n. [pi. 
deficiencies (-siz)], the state of 
being deficient: incompleteness ; 
insufficiency ; scarcity, 
de-fi-cient ('ent), adj. wanting; 
incomplete. 

Syn. short, wanting, inadequate, 
scanty, incomplete. 

Ant. (see complete). 
def-i-cit (def'i-sit), n. a falling 
off, or deficiency, in amount or 
quantity, especially of receipts, 
de-fi-er (de-fi'er), n. one who de¬ 
fies. 

def-i-lade (def-i-lad'), v.t. to 
raise, as a rampart, so as to pro¬ 
tect the lines of the defending 
parts from guns placed in a high 
position. 

de-file (de-fll'), v.t. to make foul 
or impure; tarnish; corrupt the 
chastity of: v.i. to march off in 
a file: n. a long narrow moun¬ 
tainous pass; a marching in file. 

Syn. pollute, corrupt, sully. 

Ant. (see beautify), 
de-file-ment ('ment), n. moral or 
physical pollution, 
de-fi-na-ble (-fln'a-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being defined, 
de-fine (de-fin'), v.t. to determine 
the limits of; describe the na¬ 
ture or properties of. 

Syn. fix, settle, determine, limit, 
def-i-nite (def'i-nit), adj. having 
fixed or distinct limits; certain; 
pointing out. 

def-i-nite-ly (-li), adv. certainly; 
distinctly. 

def-i-ni-tion (-nish'un), n. a brief 
description or explanation of the 
precise meaning of a term, phrase, 
&c.; a concise statement, 
de-fin-i-tive (de-fin'i-tiv), adj. 
determining; conclusive; n. a 


word used in grammar to define 
the signification of a noun. 
de£-la-grate (def'la-grat), v.t. to 
set fire to: v.i. to burn with such 
den and sparkling combustion, 
def-la-gra-tor ('la-gra-ter), n. an 
instrument for producing combus-. 
tion of metallic substances by 
electricity. 

de-flect (de-flekt'), v.t. to bend 
from a straight line: v.i. to 
swerve; bend or turn aside, 
de-flec-tion (-flek'shun), n. a 
bending. 

de-flec-tive ('tiv), adj. causing 
deflection. 

de-flec-tor ('ter), n. & pint© or- 
cone in a furnace pr lamp (;o bring 
flames or gase§ info close con^ 
tact, and thus increase combus¬ 
tion. 

de-flex-ure (-flek'shur), n. a bend¬ 
ing down. 

de-flower (de-flour'), v.t. to de¬ 
prive of flowers or bloom ; despoil 
of pristine grace or beauty ; de¬ 
prive of virginity, 
def-lu-ent (def'lu-ent), adj. run¬ 
ning downward: n. a river rising 
in a lake. 

de-£or-est (de-for'est), v.t. to 
clear of forest; cut down, clear 
away, or destroy the trees of. 
de-form (-f6rm'), v.t. to render 
ugly or unshapely; disfigure; 
mar. 

de-form-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. de¬ 
formities (-tiz) ], physical mal¬ 
formation ; disfigurement; want 
of beauty or harmony, 
de-fraud (-frawd'), v.t. to deprive 
of some right or interest by de¬ 
ception ; cheat; withhold wrong¬ 
fully. 

de-fray (de-fra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
defrayed, p.pr. defraying], to dis¬ 
charge (the expenses of any¬ 
thing) ; pay; settle. 

Syn. meet, liquidate, pay, dis- 
ch&r^G 

de-fray-al ('al), n. the act of 
defraying. 

deft (deft), adj. dexterous; 
handy; clever. 

de-funct (de-fungkt'), adj. dead; 
extinct: n. a dead person; the 
dead (collectively), 
de-fy (-fl'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. defied* 
p.pr. defying], to challenge or pro¬ 


late, mfir, mSsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; m96n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








250 


del 


deg 


yoke to strife; set at defiance; 
resist openly. 

de-gen-er-a-cy (de-jen'er-a-si), n. 

the state of being degenerate, 
de-gen-er-ate ('er-at), v.i. to 
become inferior in goodness or 
quality; become of a lower type; 
pass to an inferior or worse state; 
deteriorate : adj. deteriorated ; de¬ 
graded : n. a degenerate person or 
organism. 

de-gen-er-ate-ly (-li), adv. in a 
degenerate manner, 
de-gen-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. 
the act, state, or process of grow¬ 
ing worse ; degeneracy ; decline ; 
the morbid impairment of any 
structural tissue or organ, 
deg-lu-ti-tion (deg-ldo-tish'un), 
n. swallowing. 

de-gote (de-got'), n. oil distilled 
from the white birch: used for 
Russian leather. 

deg-ra-da-tion (deg-ra-da'shun), 
n. the act of degrading, 
de-grade (de-grad'), v.t. to re¬ 
duce in grade or rank; deprive of 
honors, office, or dignity; lower 
physically or morally ; tone down ; 
diminish; wear away, 
de-gree (de-gre'), n. a step or 
grade; rank or station; relation¬ 
ship between a person and the 
next in line of descent; rank con¬ 
ferred by a diploma after ex¬ 
amination ; one of three degrees in 
the comparison of an adjective or 
adverb ; a certain amount or inter¬ 
val ; the 360th part of the cir¬ 
cumference of a circle; 60 geo¬ 
graphical miles. 

Syn. grade, extent, measure, 
dehisce (de-his'), v.i. to gape 
open. 

de-his-cence ('ens), n. the open¬ 
ing of a capsule for the discharge 
of seeds, or of anthers for the 
discharge of pollen, 
de-his-cent ('ent), ad), opening, 
de-horn (-horn 7 ), v.t. to deprive 
of horns. 

de-hyp-no-tize (-hip'no-tiz), v.t. 

to awaken from hypnotism, 
de-i-fi-ca-tion (de-i-fi-ka'shun). n. 
the act of deifying; apotheosis, 
de-i-fy ('i-fi), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
deified, p.pr. deifying], to make, 
or exalt to the rank of, a deity; 
idolize. 


deign (dan), v.i. to condescend; 

vouchsafe: v.t. to permit, 
de-ism (de'izm), n. the creed of a 
deist. 

de-ist ('ist), n. one who believes 
in the existence of a personal God, 
but not in revealed religion, 
de-ist-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining to 
deism, or deists. 

de-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. deities 
(-tiz)], a god, goddess, or person 
worshipped as a divine being. 
De-i-ty, n. God; Jehovah; the 
character, nature, or attributes of 
God; the Godhead, 
de-ject (de-jekt'), v.t. to depress 
the spirits of; dishearten ; sadden, 
de-jec-tion (-jek'shun), n. low¬ 
ness of spirits; melancholy; de¬ 
pression ; evacuation, 
de-jeu-ner (da-shii-na'), n. the 
first formal meal of the day. 
de-laine (de-lan'), n. a light 
textile fabric of wool and cotton, 
de-lay (de-la'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de¬ 
layed, p.pr. delaying], to post¬ 
pone ; hinder for a time: v.i. to 
act or proceed slowly: n. post¬ 
ponement ; procrastination, 
de-le (de'le), v.t. to take out (a 
letter, &c.), in proof reading; n. 
a mark ( # ) that a letter, &c., is 
to be deleted. 

de-lec-ta-bil-i-tv (de-lek-ta-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being delec¬ 
table. 

de-lec-ta-ble ('ta-bl), adj. pleas¬ 
ing ; delightful. 

de-lec-ta-bly (-li), adv. delight¬ 
fully. 

de-lec-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. de¬ 
light ; pleasure. 

del-e-gate (del'e-gat), v.t. to 
send as a representative with 
authority to act; entrust; com¬ 
mit : n. one sent to represent 
and act for others. 

Syn. legate, deputy, representa¬ 
tive, substitute. 

del-e-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. the 
act of delegating; a person or 
body of persons chosen to act for 
others. 

de-lete (de-let'), v.t. to blot out; 

erase. 

del-e-te-ri-otrs (-te'ri-us), adj. 
harmful, morally or physically; 
poisonous. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; mo5n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








del 


251 


del 


de-le-tion (-le'shun), n. the act 
of deleting 

delf (delf), n. glazed earthen¬ 
ware. 

de-lib -er-ate (de-lib'er-at), v.t. 
to think upon or consider; weigh 
in the mind; ponder: v.i. to take 
counsel with one’s self or others: 
adj. circumspect; slow in deter¬ 
mining or in action; well-con¬ 
sidered. 

Syn. consider, meditate, con¬ 
sult, ponder, debate. 

de-lib-er-ate-ly (-li), adv. with 
careful consideration. 

de-lib-er-ate-ness (-nes), n. cir¬ 
cumspection. 

de-lib-er-a-tion (-er-a'shun), n. 
calm and careful consideration; 
slowness in action. 

de lib -er-a-tive (-tiv), adj. char¬ 
acterized by, or acting with, de¬ 
liberation. 

del-i-ca-cy (del'i-ka-si), n. [pi. 
delicacies (-siz)], the state or 
quality of being delicate; agree¬ 
ableness to the taste or other 
senses ; grace ; sensitiveness ; re¬ 
finement ; sensibility; considera¬ 
tion for the feelings of others; 
susceptibility to disease. 

Syn. nicety, dainty, refinement, 
tact, softness, modesty. 

Ant. (see boorishness, indeli¬ 
cacy ). 

del- i-ca-tes-sen (-ka-tes'en), p.pl. 
table delicacies. 

de-li -cious (de-lish'us), adj. 
highly pleasing to the senses, 
taste, or mind ; exquisite. 

Syn. sweet, palatable. 

Ant. (see nauseous). 

de-light (de-lit'), v.t. to gratify 
or please greatly; charm: v.i. be 
highly gratified or pleased (with 
in) : n. an extreme degree of 
pleasure; high satisfaction; joy. 

Syn. enjoyment, pleasure, hap¬ 
piness, transport, ecstasy, glad¬ 
ness, rapture, bliss. 

Ant. (see annoyance). 

de-light-ful ('fool), adj. afford¬ 
ing delight. 

de-lim-it (-lim'it), v.t. to mark 
out or fix the limits of, as ter¬ 
ritory ; bound. 

de-lin-e-ate (-lin'e-at), v.t. to 
mark out with lines ; sketch ; por¬ 


tray ; describe minutely and ac¬ 
curately in words, 
de-lin-e-a-tion (-e-a'shun), n. the 
act or art of delineating; a 
sketch, description, &c. 
de-lin-e-a-tor ('e-a-ter), n. one 
who delineates. 

de-lin-e-a-to-ry (-te-ri), adj. de¬ 
lineating. 

de-lin-quen-cy (-ling'kwen-si), n. 
[pi. delinquencies (-siz)], neglect 
of, or failure in, duty ; a misdeed; 
fault. 

de-lin-quent ('kwent), adj. fall¬ 
ing short of duty: n. one who 
neglects, or fails to perform, a 
duty ; an offender, 
del-i-quesce (del-i-kwes'), v.i. to 
melt and become liquid by absorb¬ 
ing moisture from the atmos¬ 
phere. 

del-i-ques-cence ('ens), n. the 
act, property, or state of deli¬ 
quescing. 

del-i-ques-cent ('ent), adj. lique¬ 
fying or melting on exposure to 
the atmosphere. 

de-lir-i-ous (de-lir'i-us), adj. 

lightheaded ; insane ; frantic with 
delight. 

de-lir-i-um ('i-um), n. excitement 
and aberration of the mind, caus¬ 
ed by fever, &c. 

de-lir-i-um tre mens (tre'mens), 
n. a disease of the brain caused 
by the excessive and prolonged use 
of intoxicating liquors, 
de-liv-er (de-liv'er), v.t. to set 
free; save; yield possession or 
control of ; send forth vigorously ; 
discharge ; communicate ; speak ; 
disburden of a child. 

Syn. liberate, free, rescue, pro¬ 
nounce, give, hand over. 

Ant. (see retain), 
de-liv-er-ance ('er-ans), n. the 
act of delivering; rescue; an au¬ 
thoritative utterance by an official 
or judge on some technical point, 
de-liv-er-y ('er-i), n. [pi. deliver¬ 
ies (-riz)], the act of delivering; 
a setting free; a surrender; trans¬ 
fer ; manner of utterance; a dis¬ 
tribution of letters, &c.; the act 
or manner of delivering a ball; 
• parturition. 

dell (del), n. a small secluded 
valley. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






De! 


252 


detn 


Del-pbic (del'fik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Delphi, or to the famous 
sanctuary of Apollo with its 
priestess, or the games celebrated 
there in honor of Apollo. Also 
Delphian. 

del-ta (del'ta), n. [pi. deltas 
('taz) ], an alluvial deposit, shaped 
like the Greek letter J formed 
at the mouth of a river; any tri¬ 
angular surface. 

del-ta-ic (-ta'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to a delta. 

del-toid ('toid), adj. shaped like 
a delta (/J) ; pertaining to the 
deltoid muscle of the shoulder, 
de-lude (de-lud'), v.t. to impose 
upon the mind or judgment of; 
beguile; deceive. 

deluge (del'uj), n. an inunda¬ 
tion ; a great overflowing of the 
land by water, especially that of 
the time of Noah (Genesis vii.) ; 
a sudden and resistless calamity : 
v.t. to overwhelm, 
de-lul (de-look), n. a female 
dromedary. 

de-lu-sion (-lu'zhun), n. the act 
of deluding; deceit; imposition; 
illusion. 

8yn. error, illusion, fallacy, 
hallucination. 

Ant. (see fact, reality), 
de-lu-sive (-lu'siv), adj. tending 
to delude or deceive; deceptive. 
Also delusory. 

delve (delv), v.t. to open with a 
spade ; fathom ; penetrate, 
de-mag-net-ize (de-mag'net-iz), 
v.t. to deprive of magnetic prop¬ 
erties. 

dem-a-gog-ic (dem-a-gog'ik), adj. 
characteristic of a demagogue. 
Also demagogical, 
dem-a-gog-ism ('a-gog-izm), n. 
the principles or practice of a 
demagogue. 

dem a gogue ('a-gog), n. a popu¬ 
lar and factious orator, especial¬ 
ly one who inveighs against con¬ 
stituted authority, 
de mand (de-mand'), v.t. to claim 
as by right or authority ; ask in 
a peremptory manner; summon : 
n. an authoritative claim; a 
peremptory request; the state of 
being much sought after, 
de-mand-ant ('&nt), n. a plain¬ 
tiff. 


de-man-toid (-man'toid), n. an 
emerald green garnet: used as a 
gem. 

de-mar-ca-tion (-mar-ka'shun), 
n. the act of defining, or mark¬ 
ing, the bounds of. 
de-march (de'mark) n. the ruler 
of a deme or district in Greece, 
de-mean (de-men'), v.t. to behave 
(with self). 

de mean or ('er), n. behavior; de¬ 
portment. 

de ment (-ment'), v.t. to make in¬ 
sane. 

de-men-tia (-men'shi-a), n. in¬ 
sanity. 

demesne (de-men'), n. landed 
estate attached to a manor: adj. 
pertaining to a demesne, 
dem-i (dem'i), a prefix signify¬ 
ing half , used in composition, as 
demf-quaver, a note equal in dura¬ 
tion to half a quaver, 
dem-i. Same as demy, 
dem-i-god (dem'i-god), n. an in¬ 
ferior deity; one whose nature is 
partly divine; the offspring of a 
god and a human being; a deified 
hero. 

dem-i-john (-jon), n. a large 
glass bottle with a small neck and 
large body, usually incased in 
wickerwork. 

de-mis-a-ble ( -miz'a-bl). adj. 

capable of being demised, 
de-mise (-miz'), n. the transfer of 
a right to, or of a title in. an es¬ 
tate through death or forfeiture: 
death, especially of a royal per¬ 
sonage ; the conveyance or trans¬ 
fer of an estate by will or lease 
for a term of years or in fee sim¬ 
ple : v.t. to give or grant by will: 
v.i. to pass by bequest or inherit¬ 
ance. 

de-mo-bil-ize (-mo'bil-iz), v.t. to 
disband or dismiss (troops that 
have been mobilized) ; change 
from a war to a peace footing, 
de moc ra cy (-mok'ra-si), n. [pi. 
democracies (-siz)], government 
by the people collectively by 
elected representatives; political 
or social equality. 

De-moc-ra-cy, n. the Democratic 
party or its principles, 
dem-o-crat (dem'6-krat), n. one 
w T ho advocates and upholds the 
principles of democracy. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; miite, nut; thin, then. 






Dem 


253 


den 


Dem o crat, n. a member of the 
Democratic party. 

dem-o-crat-ic (-krat'ik), or dem- 
o-crat-ic-al (-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to democracy. 

dem-o-crat-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
a democratic manner. 

dem-oi-selle (dem-wa-zel'), n. a 
young lady, or unmarried woman; 
the Numidian crane; a hand¬ 
some small dragon-fly. 

de-mol-ish. (de-mol'ish), v.t. to 
throw down; reduce to ruins; de¬ 
stroy ; annihilate. 

Syn. destroy, raze, ruin, over¬ 
throw. 

Ant. (see build, repair). 

dem-o-li-tion (dem-6-lish'un). n. 
the act or process of demolishing; 
destruction. 

demon (de'mon), n. an evil 
spirit; devil; a guardian spirit 
or genius. 

de-mon-e-tize (-mon'e-tiz), v.t. 
to deprive of standard value, as 
currency; withdraw from use as 
money. 

de-mo-ni-ac (-mo'ni-ak), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or influenced by, de¬ 
mons ; characteristic of a demon 
or evil spirit. Also demoniacal: 
n. a lunatic. 

de-mon-ism ('mon-izm), n. belief 
in demons; the nature of a de¬ 
mon. 

de-mon-ol-a-try (-ol'a-tri), n. 
devil worship. 

de-mon-ol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. a 
treatise on demons or evil spirits, 
as connected with the science of 
religion, or popular superstitions. 

de-mon-stra-ble (de-mon'stra-bl), 
adj. capable of being demonstrated. 

de-mon-strate (de-mon' or dem'- 
on-strat), v.t. to prove beyond 
the possibility of a doubt; teach 
by examples: v.i. to organize, or 
take part in, a party demonstra¬ 
tion. 

Syn. prove, show, exhibit, illus¬ 
trate. 

dem-on-stra-tion (dem-on-stra'- 
shun), n. the act of demonstrat¬ 
ing ; a proof beyond the possi¬ 
bility of a doubt; manifestation ; 
a public exhibition of sympathy 
with some political or social move¬ 
ment ; the exhibition and descrip¬ 
tion of examples in art and 


science teaching, especially 
anatomy. 

Syn. certainty, evidence, proof, 
deduction. 

de-mon-stra-tive ('stra-tiv), adj. 
having the power of demonstra¬ 
tion ; conclusive; manifesting the 
feelings openly and strongly: n. 
a demonstrative pronoun, 
dem-on-strat-or (-on-strat-er), n. 
one who demonstrates; a teacher 
of practical anatomy, or physical 
science. 

de-mor-al-ize ('al-Iz), v.t. to cor¬ 
rupt, or undermine, the morals of ; 
deprive of spirit or energy ; throw 
into confusion. 

demulcent (-mul'sent), adj. 
softening; lenitive: n. a medicine 
which allays irritation, 
de-mur (de-mur'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
demurred, p.pr. demurring], to 
hesitate; raise objections; to in¬ 
terpose a demurrer: n. an ob¬ 
jection or exception, 
demure (-mur'), adj. grave; so¬ 
ber ; decorous in bearing; affected¬ 
ly modest or grave, 
de-mure-ly (-li), pdv. in a de¬ 
mure manner. 

de-mure-ness ('nes), n. quality 
of being demure. 

demurrage (-mur'aj), n. the 
compensation paid by the freighter 
for the detention of a vessel in 
port beyond the stipulated time, 
de-mur-rer ('er), n. an issue on 
a point of law. 

de-my (de-mi), n. [pi. demies 
(miz')], a particular size of writ¬ 
ing and printing paper, 15 x 20 
. inches, and 17% x 22 inches re¬ 
spectively. 

den (den), n. the hollow cave of a 
wild beast; lair; subterraneous 
retreat; a squalid place of resi¬ 
dence ; a small or secluded apart¬ 
ment, used as a retreat for work 
and leisure. 

de-na-tion-al-ize (de-nash'un-al- 
Iz), v.t. to deprive of national 
rights or character; render local, 
de-nat-u-ral-ize (-nat'u-ra 1-Iz), 

v.t. to make unnatural; divest of 
the acquired rights of citizenship 
in a foreign country, 
de-na-tured (de-na'turd), adj. 
changed in nature or character; 
made unfit for its ordinary use 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






den 


254 


den 


by addition of other materials, 
as denatured alcohol. 

den-drite (den'drit), n. a stone 
or mineral with tree-like mark¬ 
ings. 

den-droid ('droid), adj. resem¬ 
bling a tree in appearance; ar¬ 
borescent. 

den-drol-o-gy (-drol'o-ji), n. the 
natural history of trees; a 
treatise on trees. 

den-drom-e-ter (-drom'e-ter), n. 
an apparatus for taking the 
heights and diameters of trees to 
ascertain their contents. 

den-gue (den'ga), n. the West 
Indian name for the dandy fever , 
an acute febrile epidemic disease 
with pain in the bones, and skin 
eruption. 

de-ni-al (de-m'al), n. the act of 
denying ; refusal; contradiction ; 
non-compliance. 

den-i-zen (den'i-zen), n. an in¬ 
habitant; citizen; an alien who 
has received letters patent admit¬ 
ting him to the rights of citizen¬ 
ship. 

de nom i nate (de-nom'i-nat), v.t. 
to designate; characterized by an 
epithet; name: adj. made up of 
units of a specified kind. 

de-nom-i-na-tion (-i-na'shun), n. 
the act of designating; a sect, 
class, or division. 

de-nom-i-na-tion-al (-al), adj. 
pertaining to, or carried on by, a 
sect. 

de-nom-i-na-tion-al-ism (-al- 
izm), n. a denominational or class 
spirit, or policy ; the opinion that 
education should be carried out. 
through religious bodies. 

de-nom-i-na-tion-al-ly (-li). adv. 
by sects. 

de-nom-i-na-tive ('i-na-tiv), adj. 
giving a name; formed from a 
substantive or adjectival stem; 
connotative: n. a verb formed 
from a substantive or adjectival 
stem. 

de-nom-i-na-tor ('i-na-ter), n. 
one who, or that which, denomi¬ 
nates ; the expression of a fraction 
which, when placed below the 
line, gives the name or value to 
the unit. 

de-no-ta-ble (de-not'a-bl), adj. 
that may be denoted. 


de-no-ta-tive (-no'ta-tiv), adj. 
having the power to denote or 
point out; significant, 
de-note (de-not'), v.t. to signify 
or identify by a visible sign ; in* 
dicate; betoken. 

de noue ment (da-ndo-mang'), n , 
the act of unraveling or solving 
a plot; outcome. 

denounce (de-nouns'), v.t. to 
threaten or accuse publicly; cen¬ 
sure; stigmatize; lay claim to (a 
new, or an abandoned mine), 
dense (dens), adj. thick; com¬ 
pact ; intense. 

den-si-ty (den'si-ti-), n. compact¬ 
ness ; mass of matter per unit of 
volume: depth of shade, 
dent (dent), n. a slight depres' 
sion caused by a blow or pres¬ 
sure ; the tooth of a wheel; a cog, 
card, comb, or metallic brush'. 
v.t. to make a dent in. 
den-tal (den'tal), adj. pertaining 
to the teeth; pronounced by the 
aid of the teeth : n. a letter pro¬ 
nounced by the aid of the teeth, 
den-ta-ry ('ta-ri), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to teeth. 

den-tate ('tat), adj. toothed. 
Also dentated. 

den-tic-u-late (-tik'u-lat), adj. 
furnished with small teeth. Also 
denticulated. 

den-ti-form ('ti-f6rm), adj. 
tooth-shaped. 

den-ti-frice ('ti-fris), n. tooth- 
powder. 

den-til ('til), n. one of the small 
square blocks or projections in 
cornices. Also dentel. 
dentilabial (-ti-la'bi-al), adj. 
articulated between the teeth and 
the lips. 

dentilingual (-lin'gwal), adj. 
formed between the teeth and the 
tongue. Dentolingual. 
den-tine (den'tin), n. the hard, 
dense, calcified tissue which forms 
the body of a tooth, 
den-ti-phone ('tl-fon), n. an an- 
diplione. 

den-tist ('tist), n. a dental sur¬ 
geon. 

den-tis-try ('tis-tri), n. dental 
surgerv. 

den-ti-tion (-tish'un), n. the 
process, or period, of cutting the 
teeth; arrangement of the teeth. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; ypte, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






dtn 


255 


dep 


den-toid ('toid), adj. tooth¬ 
shaped. 

den-u-da-tion (de-nu- or den-u- 
da'shun), n. the act of stripping 
or making bare. 

de-nude (de-nud'), v.t. to make 
bare or naked; lay bare (rocks) 
by erosive action, 
denun-c i-a-tion (-nun-si-a'- 
shun), n. the act of denouncing; 
a threat; menace, 
de nun ci a tor (-nun'si-a-ter), n. 
a denouncer. 

de-nun-ci-a-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, or containing, a 
denunciation. Denunciative, 
de-ny (de-m'), v.t. to refuse to be¬ 
lieve or admit; contradict; re¬ 
fuse to grant; abjure, 
de-o-dand (de'o-dand), n. any 
personal chattel which has caused 
death, and for that reason has 
been given to God (forfeited to 
the Crown) for pious uses, 
de-o-dor-ant (-o'der-ant), n. a 
deodorizer. 

de-o-dor-ize ('der-iz), v.t. to dis¬ 
infect. 

de-part (de-part'), v.i. to go or 
move away ; leave ; die ; desist. 

Syn. leave, quit, decamp, retire, 
withdraw, vanish. 

Ant. (see remain), 
de part ment ('ment), n. a sep¬ 
arate room or office for business; 
i a branch of business, study, or 
science; a territorial administra¬ 
tive division. 

de-part-ment-al ('al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a department; governed 
by departments. 

de-par-ture (par'chur), n. the 
act of departing; a going away; 
deviation ; death. 

de-pend (de-pend'), v.i. to rely 
for support; trust; hang down, 
de pend ence ('ens), n. the state 
of being dependent; connection ; 
reliance; trust. Also depend¬ 
ency (-si), [pi. dependencies 
(-siz)], a colony, 
de-pend-ent ('ent), adj. hanging 
down ; contingent; conditional; 
subordinate: n. one dependent 
upon another; a retainer; conse¬ 
quence. 

de-piet (de-pikt'), v.t. to paint or 
portray; describe or represent 
vividly. 


de-pil-a-to-ry (de-pil'a-to-ri). adj. 
having the power of removing 
hair: n. an application for remov¬ 
ing superfluous hairs, 
de-ple-tion (-ple'shun), n. the act 
of emptying or exhausting; blood¬ 
letting. 

de-plor-a-tole (-plor'a-bl). adj. 
worthy to be deplored; sad; cal¬ 
amitous ; grievous, 
de-plore (-plor'L v.t. to lament; 
grieve for. 

de-ploy (-ploi'), v.t. & v.i. [ p.t. 
& p.p. deployed, p.pr. deploying], 
to open out; extend in line so as 
to present a wider front: n. the 
act of deploying. Also deploy¬ 
ment. 

de-po-lar-ize (-po'l&r-Iz), v.t. to 
deprive of polarity, 
deponent (-pon'ent), adj. de¬ 
noting a Latin verb with a pas¬ 
sive form and an active meaning: 
n. a witness who makes an affi¬ 
davit to a statement of fact, 
de-pop-u-late (-pop'vi-lat), v.t. to 
deprive of inhabitants ; devastate •, 
lay waste. 

de-port (-port'), v.t. to carry 
from one country to another; 
banish; behave (one’s self). 

deportment ('ment), n. con¬ 
duct ; behavior. 

de-pose (-poz'), v.t. to remove 
from a throne, or other high sta¬ 
tion ; deprive of office-: v.i. testify 
on oath. 

de-pos-it (-poz'it), v.t. to put or 
set down; place; intrust to 
another for security : n. anything 
deposited; something committed 
to the care of another; a pledge; 
rocks produced by denudation or 
by the laying down of other for¬ 
mations. 

de-pos-i-ta-ry ('i-ta-ri), n. one 
with whom something is in¬ 
trusted ; a guardian, 
dep-o-si-tion (dep-o-zish'un). n. 
the act of depositing or deposing; 
that which is deposited or de¬ 
posed ; an affidavit, 
de-pos-i-tor (de-poz'i-ter), n. one 
who deposits. 

de-pos-i-to-ry ('i-to-ri), n. [pi. 
depositories (-riz)], the place 
where anything is deposited for 
security; a depot for the sale of 
publications. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









266 


der 


aep 


de-pot (de'po, or dep'd), n. a 
warehouse; a magazine for mili¬ 
tary stores, &c.; the headquarters 
of a regiment; a railway station, 
dep-ra-va-tion (dep-ra-va'shun), 
n. the act of depraving; deterior¬ 
ation. 

de prave (de-prav'), v.t. to make 
bad. 

de-praved (-pravd'), p.adj. mor¬ 
ally debased ; corrupt; made bad 
or worse. 

de-prav-i-ty (-prav'i-ti), n. the 
state of being depraved or cor¬ 
rupt ; wickedness, 
dep-re-ca-ble (dep're-ka-bl), adj. 
that which is, or should be, dep¬ 
recated. 

dep-re-cate ('re-kat), v.t. to pray 
against; disapprove strongly ; ex¬ 
press regret for. 

dep-re-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the 
act of deprecating; in litanies, a 
petition to be delivered from some 
spiritual or temporal evil, 
dep-re-ca-to-ry (dep're-ka-to-ri), 
adj. apologetic. 

de-pre-ci-ate (de-pre'shi-at), v.t. 
to lower the value, or rate, of; 
disparage: v.i. to fall in value, 
de-pre-ci-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of lessening the value or 
worth of; fall in value, 
dep-re-date (dep're-dat), v.t. to 
pillage; rob; lay waste; prey 
upon. 

dep-re-da-tion (-da/shun), n. the 
act of depredating, 
dep-re-da-tor (dep're-da-ter), n. 
a plunderer. 

dep-re-da-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. 
plundering. 

de -press (de-pres'), v.t. to press 
or thrust down ; humble ; dispirit; 
lower or cheapen, 
de-pressed . (-prest'), p.adj. cast 
down in spirits; lowered in posi¬ 
tion ; flattened from above, or 
vertically. 

de-pres-sion (-presh'un), n. the 
act of depressing; the sinking or 
falling in of a surface; abase¬ 
ment ; dejection of spirits; de¬ 
bility ; diminution or dullness of 
trade. 

de-pres-sor (-pres'er), n. one 
who, or that which, depresses ; a 
muscle that draws down an 
organ or part. 


dep-ri-va-tion ( dep-ri-va'shun), 
n. the act of taking away; desti¬ 
tution ; loss; the deposition of a 
cleric from his office or functions, 
de-prive (de-priv'), v.t. to take 
from ; dispossess ; debar; depose 
from office. 

Syn. strip, bereave, despoil, rob, 
divest. 

depth (depth), n. the state or 
degree of being deep; profound¬ 
ness ; extent of penetration; 
richness of tone or color, 
dep-u-ta-tion (dep-u-ta'shun), n. 
the act of deputing; the persons 
deputed. 

de-pute (de-put'), v.t. to appoint 
as an agent or deputy; send with 
authority to act on behalf of 
the principal. 

Syn. appoint, commission, 
charge, intrust, delegate, author¬ 
ize, accredit. 

dep-u-tize ^dep'u-tiz), v.t. to ap¬ 
point as a deputy, 
dep-u-ty ('u-ti), n. [pi. deputies 
(-tiz) ], one appointed to act for 
another; a delegate, 
de-rail (de-ral'), v.i. to run off 
the rails: v.t. to cause to leave 
the rails. 

de-range (-ranj'), v.t. to throw 
into confusion; disturb the nor¬ 
mal functions of; displace, 
de-range-ment ('ment), n. the 
act of deranging; insanity. 
Der-by (der'bi), n. [pi. derbies 
('biz)], a race, founded, 1780, 
for three-year-old horses, run 
annually at Epsom, England, 
der-by (der'bi), n. a kind of stiff 
felt hat, with convex crown and 
curved brim. 

der-e-lict (der'e-likt), adj. aban¬ 
doned; adrift: n. anything left, 
forsaken, or cast away inten¬ 
tionally, as at sea : pi. abandoned 
goods found at sea. 
der-e-lic-tion (-lik'shun), n. omis¬ 
sion, as of obligation or duty; 
the gaining of land by the per¬ 
manent retirement of the sea. 
de-ride (-rid'), v.t. to mock; 
laugh at: v.i. to indulge in mock¬ 
ery, scorn, or ridicule, 
de-rid-ing-ly ('ing-li), adv. with 
derision. 

de-ris-i-ble (-riz'i-bl), adj. open 
to derision. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








der 


257 


de& 


de-ri-sion (-rizh'un), n. the act 
of deriding ; ridicule ; scorn ; con¬ 
tempt. 

Syn. scorn, contempt, con¬ 
tumely, disrespect, 
de-ri-sive (-ri'siv), adj. express¬ 
ing derision. 

de-riv-a-ble (-rlv'iVbl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being derived ; deducible. 
der-i-va-tion (der-i-va'shun), n. 
the act of deriving, or the con¬ 
dition of being derived; the proc¬ 
ess of tracing a word from its 
original source ; evolution ; deduc¬ 
tion. 

Syn. origin, source, beginning, 
cause, etymology, root, 
de-riv-a-tive (de-riv'a-tiv), adj. 
derived or taken from another; 
obtained from some other by a 
deducible; secondary: n. a word 
prefix, or other modification, 
de-rive (-riv'), v.t. to draw from 
an original source; obtain by 
transmission or descent; trace (a 
word) to its original root or 
stem ; deduce ; infer, 
der-ma (der'ma), n. the true 
skin. 

der-mal ('mal), adj. pertaining 
to the, or consisting of, skin. 
Also dermic. 

der-ma-toid ('ma-toid), adj. like 
skin. 

der-ma-tol-o-gy (-tol'o-ji), n. the 
science which treats of the skin 
and its diseases. 

der-mic, another form of dermal, 
der-ni-er res-sort (der'ni-er re- 
z6r'), n. the last ■ resort or ex¬ 
pedient. 

der-o-gate ('o-gat), v.t. to take 
away; annul partially: v.i. de¬ 
tract (with from). 
der-o-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. the 
act of derogating; detraction; de¬ 
preciation. 

de-rog-a-to-ry (de-rog'a-td-ri), 
adj. tending to derogate from 
honor,' character, or value (with 
to, from). 

der-rick ('ik), n. an apparatus 
for hoisting heavy weights, 
der-rin-ger ('in-jer), n. a pocket 
pistol with a short barrel of very 
large caliber. 

der-vish ('vish), n. a Mohammed¬ 
an monk who professes extreme 
poverty, chastity, and humility, 


and leads a very austere life; a 
Soudanese adherent of the Madhi. 
des cant (des'kant), n. a varied 
song or melody ; a disquisition or 
comment: (des-kant'), v.i. to com¬ 
ment freely ; discourse at length, 
de-scend (de-send'), v.i. to pass 
from a higher to a lower position; 
fall upon or invade; be derived 
from ; fall in order of inheritance, 
or from one generation to 
another; move toward the south: 
said of a star: v.t. to move or 
pass along downwards, 
de-scend-ant ('&nt), n. one who 
is lineally descended from an 
ancestor; offspring, 
de-scend-ent ('ent), adj. descend¬ 
ing; sinking. 

de-scend-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. that 
may be descended; transmissible, 
de-scen-sion ('shun), n. the act 
of descending; a falling; declen¬ 
sion ; sinking downwards, 
de-scent (-sent'), n. change from 
a higher to a lower place; a 
sudden hostile invasion or attack; 
moral or social declension ; trans¬ 
mission of an estate; derivation 
from a common ancestor; birth; 
a passage from a higher to a 
lower pitch. 

de-scrib-a-ble (de-skrib'fi-bl), adj. 

capable of description, 
de-scribe (-skrib'), v.t. to deline¬ 
ate or trace out; narrate; set 
forth. 

Syn. delineate portray, ex¬ 
plain, illustrate, define, picture, 
de-scrip-tion (-skrip'shun), n. 
the act of describing; delineation 
by marks or signs; an account of 
anything in words or writing, 
de-scrip-tive ('tiv), adj. tending 
to, or serving to, describe; con¬ 
taining description, 
des-e-crate (des'e-krat), v.t. to 
divert from a sacred to a secular 
use; profane. 

Syn. profane, secularize, mis¬ 
use, abuse, pollute. 

Ant. (see keep holy), 
des-e-cra-tion (-kra'shun), n. 
profanation. 

de-sert (de-zert'), v.t. to forsake; 
abandon : v.i. abscond from duty: 
n. a reward or punishment de¬ 
served ; merit. 

des-ert (dez'ert), n. a barren tract 
incapable of supporting life or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, #7ien. 






des 


258 


des 


vegetation; a solitude: adj. per¬ 
taining to a desert. 

de-serve (-zerv'), v.t. to earn by 
service; be justly entitled to, or 
worthy of; merit: v.i. to be 
worthy or deserving (usual with 
well or ill). 

Syn. merit, earn, justify, win. 

de-serv-ed-ly ('ed-li), adv. justly. 

deshabille, same_ as dishabille. 

des-ic-cate (des'i-kat), v.t. to dry 
thoroughly; dry up; preserve by 
exhausting the moisture from: 
v.i. to become dry. 

des-ic-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the 
act of drying. 

des-ic-ca-tive (des'i-ka-tiv), adj. 
tending to dry. 

des-ic-ca-tor (-ter), n. an ap¬ 
paratus for drying foods and 
other substances. 

de-sid-er-ate (de-sid'er-at), v.t. 
to be in want or need of; desire 
to have. 

de-sid-er-a-tive (-tiv), adj. hav¬ 
ing desire. 

de-sid-er-a-tum (-a'tum), n. [pi. 

desiderata ('ta)], anything de¬ 
sired ; a want or desire generally 
felt and recognized. 

de-sign (-zln'), v.t. to draw, 
mark, or plan out; project; set 
apart mentally: v.i. to formulate 
designs or execute original work: 
n. an outline, plan, or drawing; 
project; intention. 

Syn. w., delineation, sketch, 
drawing, cunning, artfulness, 
contrivance. 

des-ig-nate (des'ig-nat), v.t. to 
indicate by marks, lines, or a de¬ 
scription the limits of; point out; 
distinguish; name: adj. desig¬ 
nated ; selected. 

des-ig-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
act of designating; nomination; 
appointment. 

de-sign-ed-ly (de-zin'ed-li), adv. 
intentionally. 

de-sign-ing (-zin'ing), adj. 
scheming; artful; cunning; in¬ 
sidious ; wily. 

de-sir-a-bil-i-ty (-zlr-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being de¬ 
sirable. 

de-sir-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. pleasing: 
agreeable. 

Syn. expedient, advisable, valu¬ 


able, acceptable, proper, judicious, 
beneficial, profitable, good, 
de-sire (-zir'), v.t. to wish earnest¬ 
ly for; crave: v.i. be in the state 
of desire: n. a longing for the 
possession of some object; a 
petition or prayer; natural or 
sensual tendency; the object 
longed for. 

Syn. longing, affection, crav¬ 
ing. 

de-sir-ous ('us), adj. full of de¬ 
sire. 

de-sist ('sist), v.i. to cease from. 

Syn. cease, stop, discontinue, 
drop, abstain, forbear. 

Ant. (see continue, persevere), 
desk (desk), n. a sloping frame 
or table for reading or writing 
upon; a clerk’s position, 
des-o-late (des'o-lat), v.t. ,to lay 
waste; deprive of inhabitants; 
overwhelm with sorrow: adj. de¬ 
prived of inhabitants ; solitary ; 
laid waste; abandoned; miser¬ 
able. 

Syn. bereaved, forlorn, for¬ 
saken, deserted, wild, waste, bare, 
bleak, lonely. 

Ant. (see pleasant, happy), 
des-o-late-ly (-li), adv. in a 
desolate manner. 

des-o-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
act of desolating; the state of 
being desolated; a solitude; ruin; 
destruction ; affliction ; misery, 
des-pair (-par'), v.i. to abandon 
all hope, or expectation; become 
hopeless: v.t. to lose hope or con¬ 
fidence in : n.- loss of hope or con¬ 
fidence ; hopelessness; desper¬ 
ation. 

des-patch (des-pach'), or dis¬ 
patch (dis-), v.t. to send off; 
expedite; put to death; finish 
quickly : n. speedy performance ; 
celerity; an express; an official 
document sent to a minister 
abroad. 

des-per-a-do (-per-a'do), n. a 
man reckless of danger; a wild 
ruffian. 

des-per-ate ('per-at). adj. regard¬ 
less of danger or consequences; 
reckless; hopeless. 

Syn. wild, daring, audacious, 
determined, reckless, 
des-per-ate-ly (-li), adv reck¬ 
lessly ; hopelessly. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mo5n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







des 


259 


det 


despicable ('pi-ka-bl), adj. 
contemptible. 

de-spise (-spiz'), v.t. to look 
down upon with scorn or con¬ 
tempt ; disdain. 

de-spite (-spit'), n. extreme con¬ 
tempt ; malicious anger; scorn; 
hatred: prep, notwithstanding, 
de-spite-ful-ly (-fool-li), adv. 
maliciously. 

de-spoil (-spoil'), v.t. to rob; de¬ 
prive. 

despond (-spond'), v.i. to be 
cast down in spirits; give way to 
despondency. 

des-pond-en-cy ('en-si), n. ab¬ 
sence of hope or courage; deep 
mental depression, 
des-pot (des'pot), n. an absolute 
irresponsible ruler ; an autocrat; 
tyrant. 

des-pot-ic (-pot'ik), adj. absolute 
in power; autocratic; irresponsi¬ 
ble ; arbitrary; tyrannical. Also 
despotical. 

des-pot-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
a despotic manner, 
des-pot-ism ('pot-izm), n. abso¬ 
lute power or government; 
tyranny. 

dessert (dez-zert'), n. a course of 
fruits, sweets, &c., usually served 
last at dinner. 

destination (des-ti-na'shun), 
n. purpose or end for which any¬ 
thing is appointed; ultimate de¬ 
sign ; goal; termination, 
des-tine (des'tin), v.t. to appoint 
to any use or purpose; fix un¬ 
alterably ; doom. 

des-ti-ny ('ti-ni), n. [pi. destinies 
(-niz)], premeditated lot; fate; 
inevitable necessity. 

Syn. fate, decree, doom, end. 
des-ti-tute ('ti-tut), adj. without 
means of existence; forsaken; 
poor; penniless. 

destitution (-tu'shun), n. 
poverty; want. 

de-stroy (de-stroi'), v.t. [ p.t. & 
p.p. destroyed, p.pr. destroying], 
to pull down; overturn ; lay 
waste; render desolate ; kill; put 
an end to; disprove, 
de-struc-ti-bil-i-ty (-struk-ti-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the quality of being de¬ 
structible. 

de-struc-ti-ble ('ti-bl), adj. that 
may be destroyed. 


de-struc-tion (-struk'shun), n. 
the act or process of destroying; 
subversion; overthrow; ruin; 
death. 

de-struc-tive ('tiv), adj. tending 
to, or causing, destruction; ruin¬ 
ous ; hurtful. 

Syn. detrimental, hurtful, nox¬ 
ious, injurious, deleterious, bale¬ 
ful, baneful, subversive. 

Ant. (see creative), 
de-struc-tive-ly (-li), adj. in a 
destructive manner, 
de-struc-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being destructive; a 
propensity to destroy, 
des-u-da-tion (des-u-da'shun), n. 
profuse sweating. 

des-ue-tude (des'we-tud), n, dis¬ 
use. 

Syn. disuse, discontinuance. 

Ant. (see maintenance), 
des-ul-to-ry (des'ul-to-ri), adj. 
passing from one thing to another 
without order or method ; cursory ; 
erratic. 

Syn. rambling, discursive, loose, 
unmethodical, superficial, unset¬ 
tled, erratic, fitful. 

Ant. (see thorough). 
des-ul-to-ri-ly (-ri-li), adv. in a 
desultory manner, 
des-ul-to-ri-ness (-ri-nes), n. the 
quality of being desultory; dis¬ 
cursiveness. 

de-tach (de-tach'), v.t. to discon¬ 
nect ; detail for a specific pur¬ 
pose ; send away from, 
de-tach-nient ('ment), n. the act 
of detaching ; the thing detached ; 
a body of troops, or certain ships, 
detached from the main body and 
sent on special service, 
de-tail (de-tal'), v.t. to relate 
minutely; enumerate; tell off for 
a given duty: v.i. to give details 
of: n. an item; a particular or 
minute account; a small detach¬ 
ment for special service: pi. 
minute parts of a picture, 
statue, &c. 

de-tain (de-tan'), v.t. to hold 
back; restrain from departure; 
retain in custody, 
de-tain-er ('er), n. one who de¬ 
tains; a writ for holding a per¬ 
son in custody. 

de-tain-ment ('ment), n. deten¬ 
tion. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





det 


260 


det 


de-tect (de-tekt'), v.t. to discover; 
bring to light; expose ; find out; 
ascertain the character of. 
de-tec-ta-ble (-tek'ta-bl), adj. 
that may he detected. Also de- 
tectible. 

de-tec-tion ('shun), m the act of 
detecting or its result; discovery, 
de-tec-tive ('tiv), adj. employed 
in detecting: pertaining to de¬ 
tectives, or detection: n. one 
whose business it is to trace 
wrong-doers. 

de-tec-tor ('ter), n. one who, or 
that which, detects; an appara¬ 
tus or device for indicating the 
presence of anything, 
de-tent (de-tent'), n. a pin, lever, 
or stud forming a stop in a 
clock, lock, &c. 

de-ten-tion (-ten'shun), n. the 
act of detaining or withholding; 
restraint; delay. 

de-ten-tive ('tiv), adj. employed 
in detaining. 

de-ter (de-ter'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
deterred, p.pr. deterring], to dis¬ 
courage, or hinder, by fear; re¬ 
strain ; dishearten. 

Syn. warn, stop, dissuade, ter¬ 
rify, scare. 

Ant. (see encourage), 
de-terge (-terj'), v.t. to cleanse, 
as a wound. 

de-te-ri-o-rate (-te'ri-o-rat), v.t. 
to reduce to an inferior quality or 
value; impair: v.i. to grow worse, 
de-te-ri-o-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. 
degeneracy. 

de-ter-mi-na-ble (-ter'mi-na-bl), 
adj. capable of being definitely 
ascertained; defined with clear¬ 
ness ; terminable. 

de-ter-mi-nant ('mi-nant), adj. 
causing determination: n. that 
which determines, decides, or es¬ 
tablishes something, 
de-ter-mi-nate ('mi-nat), adj. 
haying definite or fixed limits; 
clearly defined ; specific, 
de-ter-mi-na-tion (-na'shun), n. 
the act of determining; purpose; 
resolution. 

de-ter-min-a-tive ('min-fi-tiv), 
adj. determining, limiting, or de¬ 
fining ; tending to define the genus 
or species: n. that which serves 
to determine ’the quality or char¬ 


acter of something else; a demon¬ 
strative pronoun ; an ideograph. 

de-ter-mine (de-ter'min), v.i. to 
decide; end: v.t. to fix or settle 
the bounds of; put an end to; 
restrict. 

de-ter-mined ('mind), p.adj. reso¬ 
lute ; inflexible; fixed; circum¬ 
scribed ; limited. 

de-ter-min-ed-ly (-li), adv. reso¬ 
lutely. 

de-ter-rent (-cer'ent), adj. serv¬ 
ing, or tending, to deter: n. that 
which deters. 

de-test (-test'), v.t. to hate in¬ 
tensely. 

de-tes-ta-tion (de-tes- or det-es- 
ta'shun), n. extreme dislike or 
abhorrence; loathing. 

de-throne (-thron'), v.t. to re¬ 
move from a throne; deprive of 
authority. 

det-i-nne (det'i-nu), n. a writ for 
the recovery of chattels unlaw¬ 
fully detained. 

det-o-nate (det'5-nat), v.t. to 
cause to explode with a loud and 
sudden report: v.i. to explode 
loudly and suddenly. 

det-o-na-tion (-o-na'sliun), n. a 
sudden explosion with a loud re¬ 
port. 

det-o-na-tor ('5-na'ter), n. a sub¬ 
stance that detonates a percus 
sion cap. 

de-tour (de-toor'), n. a circuitous 

way. 

de tract (-trakt'), v.t. to draw 
or take away (with from) : v.i 
take away the reputation. 

de-trac-tion (-trak'shun), n. de¬ 
preciation ; defamation; slander. 

de-trac-tor ('ter), n. one who de¬ 
tracts ; a muscle that draws away 
some part. 

de-train (de-tran'), v.t. to re¬ 
move from a train, as troops: v.i . 
alight from a train. 

det-ri-ment (det'ri-ment), n. 
that which injures, reduces in 
value, or causes damage. 

Syn. loss, harm, injury, deteri¬ 
oration. 

Ant. (see benefit). 

det-ri-ment-al ('&!), adj. in¬ 
jurious. 

det-ri-ment-al-ly * ('al-li), adv. 

injuriously. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









261 


dev 


det 


de-tri-tal (de-tri't&l), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or consisting of, de¬ 
tritus. 

de-tri-tus ('tus), n. accumula¬ 
tions arising from fragments of 
rocks broken off or worn away ; 
debris; waste. 

de trop (de tro'), too much; out 
of place; not wanted; said of a 
person whose presence is not de¬ 
sired. 

deuce (dtis), n. the devil!; a card 
or dice with two spots; a term 
used in scoring at lawn tennis. 

deuce-ace ('as), n. the one and 
two thrown at dice. 

deu-to-plasm (du'to-plazm), n. 
the secondary or nutritive plasm 
or albuminous part of the yolk, 
which provides food for the em¬ 
bryo. 

Deut-zi-a (dut'zi-a), n. a small 
genus of- handsome Chinese and 
Japanese shrubs. 

dev (dav), n. one of the high 
powers or gods in nature. Also 
deva. 

de-va-chan (da'va-kan), n. in 
occultism, a state into which the 
higher spiritual life of man 
passes after death. 

de-va-chan-ee (-§'), n. one who 
is in the enjoyment of the de- 
vachan. 

de-vap-o-ra-tion (de-vap-o-ra/- 
shun), n. the change of vapor 
into water. 

dev-as-tate (dev'as-tat), v.t. to 
lay waste; desolate; ravage; 
plunder. 

dev as-ta-tioA (-ta'shun), n. the 
act of devastating; desolation; 
waste; destruction. 

dev-as-ta-tor ('as-ta-ter), n. one 
who devastates. 

develop (de-vel'op), v.t. to un¬ 
fold gradually; make known in 
detail; complete; to cause to go 
from a lower to a higher state; 
bring to view by inducing changes 
on a sensitized plate: v.i. to ad¬ 
vance from one stage to another: 
become gradually apparent. 

*S 'yn. unfold, amplify, expand, 
enlarge. 

de-vel-op-ment (-ment), n. the 
act of developing. 


de-vel-op-ment-al ('al), adj. 
pertaining to development, 
de-vest (de-vest'), v.t. to alien¬ 
ate or annul, as right or title: 
v.i. to be lost or alienated, 
de-vi-ate (de'vi-at), v.i. to turn 
aside from a certain course: di¬ 
verge ; err: v.t. to change the di¬ 
rection or position of. 
de-vi-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the act 
of deviating; digression ; wander¬ 
ing ; variation from established 
rule; error. 

de-vi-a-tor (-ter), n. one who 

deviates. 

de-vice (de-vis'), n. a contriv¬ 
ance ; invention; a stratagem; a * 
fanciful design or pattern; a 
heraldic emblem. 

Syn. artifice, expedient con¬ 
trivance. 

dev-il (dev'l), n. the Evil Spirit, 
Satan; a fallen angel; a false 
god or demon ; a very wicked 
person; a bold dashing fellow; 
a malicious spirit in a person; 
a printer’s apprentice; a machine 
for dividing rags or cotton in 
paper-making: v.t. to season 

highly with cayenne pepper cold 
cooked meat and then to fry it; 
prepare work for another; tear 
up in a machine, 
devil-fish (-fish), n. a large 
species of octopus, 
dev-il-ish (-ish), adj. diabolical; 
extremely wicked ; infernal; ex- 
cessive. 

dev-il-ish-ly (-li), adv. diabolic¬ 
ally ; excessively. 

dev-il-kin (-kin), n. a little devil, 
dev-il-ment (-ment), n. roughish- 
ness. 

dev-il-ry (-ri), malicious mis¬ 
chief ; diabolical wickedness, 
de-vi-ous (de'vi-us), adj. ram¬ 
bling; circuitous. 

de-vis-a-ble (-vis'a-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being imagined or be¬ 
queathed. 

de-vise (-viz'), vt. to imagine; 
scheme; contrive; concoct; be¬ 
queath by will: n. a gift of real * 
property by will; a will, 
dev-i-see (dev-i-ze'), n. the person 
to whom a bequest has been made, 
de-vi-ser (de-vi'zer), n. one who 
devises or invents. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, tfften. 






dev 


262 


dia 


de-vi-sor ('zer), n. one who be¬ 
queaths by will. 

de-void (-void'), adj. destitute of. 
Syn. void, wanting, destitute, 
unendowed, unprovided. 

Ant. (see full, complete), 
de-voir (dev-war'), n. a service 
or duty owed; an act of courtesy 
or respect (usual pi.). 
devolve (de-volv'), v.t. to trans¬ 
fer from one to another; trans¬ 
mit : v.i. to be transferred or 
| transmitted. 

de-vote (de-vot'), v.t. to dedicate 
or consecrate; consign to evil ; 
give up wholly to; apply (one’s 
self, &c.) to some object, 
dev-o-tee (dev-o-te'), n. a votary; 
enthusiast. 

de-vo-tion (de-vo'shun), n. the 
act of devoting or consecrating; 
the state of being devoted; strong 
affection; ardent love; religious 
worship; prayer (usually pi.). 
de-vo-tion-al (-al), ad), devout, 
de vour (de-vour'), v.t. to swal¬ 
low greedily or ravenously; con¬ 
sume or destroy rapidly; annihi¬ 
late ; enjoy with avidity, 
de-vout (-vout'), ad), devoted to 
religious thoughts and exercises; 
heartfelt. 

dew (du), ft. aqueous vapor con¬ 
densed from the atmosphere and 
deposited in small drops at even¬ 
ing ; that which falls lightly and 
in a refreshing manner, 
dew-claw ('claw), n. the little 
claw behind a dog’s foot; the 
false hoof of a deer, 
dew-i-ness (du'i-nes), ft. state of 
being dewy. 

dew-lap ('lap), ft..the loose skin 
that hangs from the neck of an 
ox or cow. 

dew-y (du'i), adj. moist with dew. 
dex-ter (deks'ter), adj. right: op¬ 
posed to left. 

dex-ter-i-ty ('i-ti), n. manual 
skill; mental or physical adroit¬ 
ness ; cleverness. 

Syn. aptitude, expertness, readi¬ 
ness, skill. 

dex-ter-ous (-us), adj. possessing 
manual skill; quick, mentally or 
physically; adroit; clever. Also 
dextrous. 

dex-trine ('trin), ft. a white gum¬ 


my substance found in plant sap, 
&c.: used as gum. 
dex-trose ('tros), ft. a white 
crystalline variety of sugar found 
in sweet fruits: as the grape, 
cherry, &c., and in diabetic urine, 
dey (da), w. the former title of 
the governor of Algiers, and of 
the chief of the Janissaries, 
di-a-base (di'a-bas), ft. a dark 
colored igneous rock; composed of 
augite, feldspar, and iron ; green¬ 
stone. 

di-a-be-tes (-a-be'tez), ft. a dis¬ 
ease characterized by a morbid 
and excessive discharge of urine, 
di-a-bet-ic (-bet'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to diabetes. 

di-a-bol-ic (di-a-bol'ik), or di-a- 
bol -ic-al (-al), adj. devilish; 
outrageously wicked; impious, 
di-a-bol-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
diabolical manner, 
di a-caus-tic (-a-kaws'tik), adj. 
denoting a caustic curve formed 
by refracted rays: ft. a diacaustic 
curve. 

di-ac-o-nal (-ak'o-nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to a deacon, 
di-ac-o-nate (-ak'd-nat), ft. the 
office or dignity of a deacon ; dea¬ 
cons collectively. 

di-a-cous-tics (di-fi-kous' or 

-koos'tiks), n.pl. the science of 
refracted sounds; diaphonics. 
di-a-crit-ic-al (-krit'ik-al), adj. 
serving to separate or distinguish ; 
sufficient to magnetize an iron 
core to one-half its saturation. 
Also diacritic. 

di-a-crit-ic-al mark (mark), n. 
a mark employed to distinguish 
letters or sounds which resemble 
each other, and to indicate their 
true pronunciation, as a, 6. 
di-a-dem ('a-dem), n. a crown; 
tiara. 

di-aer-e-sis, same as dieresis. 
di-a-glyph-ic (-glif'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or like, an intaglio: 
sunk into the general surface, 
di-ag-nose (-ag-nos'), v.t. to as¬ 
certain, as a disease, by its gener¬ 
al symptoms. 

di-ag-no-sis (-nd'sis), n. [pi. di¬ 
agnoses ('sezf ], scientific dis¬ 
crimination ; the recognition of a 
disease by its symptoms. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







dia 


263 


dia 


di-ag-nos-tic (-nos'tik), adj. char¬ 
acteristic : n. a symptom distin¬ 
guishing a disease. 

di-a-gom-e-ter (-gom'e-ter), n. a 
kind of electroscope for measur¬ 
ing and determining relative con¬ 
ductivity. 

diagonal (-ag'o-nal), adj. ex¬ 
tending from one angle to 
another: n. a straight oblique 
line dividing a rectangular figure 
into equal parts. 

di-ag-o-nal-ly (-li), adv. in a 
diagonal manner. 

di a gram ('a-grarn), n. a geo¬ 
metrical figure; a mechanical 
plan; an outline, drawing, or 
figure.. 

di-a-gram-mat-ic (-at'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or illustrated by, a 
diagram. 

di-a-gram-mat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), 
adv. by a diagram. 

di-a-graph ('a-graf), n. an in¬ 
strument for drawing figures or 
objects mechanically. 

di-al (di'al), n. an instrument for 
showing the time by the sun’s 
shadow; the face of a timepiece; 
any plate on which an index fin¬ 
ger marks revolutions, pressure, 
&c.; an insulated fixed wheel used 
in telegraphy : v.t. to measure or 
indicate by a dial; survey with a 
miner’s compass. 

di-a-lect ('a-lekt), n. the peculiar 
manner in which a language is 
spoken in a province or district of 
a country; idiom; a sub-division 
of a language. 

di-a-lect-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining 
to a dialect, or to logic. Also 
dialectical. 

di-a-lect-ics ('iks), n.pl. the art 
of reasoning. 

di-a-lec-ti-cian (-tish'an), n. a 
logician. 

di-a-lec-tol-o-gy (-tol'o-ji), n. 
that branch of philology which 
treats of dialects. 

di-al-ing ('al-ing), n. the art of 
constructing dials. 

di-a-logue ('a-log), n. a conver¬ 
sation between two or more per¬ 
sons ; a literary composition in 
which persons are represented as 
reasoning on, or discussing, a 
subject. 

di-al-y-sis (-al'i-sis), n. the break¬ 


ing up, or division, of one syllable 
into two; in Latin grammar, the 
change of j and v into i and u; 
the separation of different sub¬ 
stances in solution by diffusion 
through a moist membrane or 
septum. 

di-a-mag-net-ism (-mag'net- 
izm), n. the property possessed 
by certain bodies when under the 
influence of magnetism, and free¬ 
ly suspended, of taking a position 
at right angles to the magnetic 
meridian. 

di-am-e-ter (di-am'e-ter), n. the 
length of a line passing through 
the center of any object from one 
side to the other; the distance 
through the lower part of the 
shaft of a column. 

di-a-met-ri-cal (-a-met'ri-kal), 
adj. pertaining to a diameter; 
directly adverse or opposite. 

di-a-met-ri-cal-ly (-li), adv. in 
a diametrical manner. 

di a mond (di'a-mund), n. a gem 
of extreme hardness and refrac¬ 
tive power; a rhomboidal figure ; 
a playing card with one or more 
lozenge-shaped figures; a glass 
cutter’s tool; the smallest kind of 
type generally used (see type) : 
adj. resembling a diamond. 

di-a-mond-drill (-dril), n. a rod 
or tube furnished at the end with 
diamonds for boring very hard 
rock. 

di-a-pa-son (-a-pa'zon), n. the 
entire compass of a voice or in¬ 
strument ; a recognized musical 
standard of pitch; the founda¬ 
tion stops of an organ. 

di -a-per ('a-per), n. linen cloth 
woven in geometric patterns; a 
napkin; surface decoration of one 
or more simple figures repeated: 
v.t. to variegate or embroider; 
work in diaper. 

di-aph-a-ne (-af'a-ne), n. the art 
of imitating stained glass by 
transparencies on plain glass. 

diaphanous (-af'a-nus), adj. 
transparent. 

di-a-phan-to-graph (-fan'to- 

graf), n. an instrument for draw¬ 
ing objects from their reflection 
on a sheet of glass. 

di-a-plion-ic, same as diacoustic. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






dia 


264 


did 


di -a-pho-ret-ic (-fo-ret'ik), adj. 
producing perspiration: n. a su¬ 
dorific medicine. 

di -a-phragm ('a-fram), n. the 
midriff, Avhich divides the chest 
from the abdomen; any substance 
that intercepts or divides, 
di-a-phy-lac-tic (-fi-lak'tik), n. a 
preventive against disease, 
di-a-rist ('&-rist), n. one who 
keeps a diary. 

di -ar-rhce-a (di-a-re'a), n. a mor¬ 
bidly persistent purging or loose¬ 
ness of the bowels, 
di-a-ry ('a-ri), n. [pi. diaries 
(-riz)], a register of daily oc¬ 
currences or duties; a book for 
daily memoranda. 

di -a-stase ('fi-stas), n. a soluble 
nitrogenous ferment formed in ger¬ 
minating grain and animal fluids, 
and having the property of con¬ 
verting starch and dextrine into 
sugar. 

di-as-to-le (-as'to-le), n. the 
rhythmical expansion and dilata¬ 
tion of the heart and arteries 
in beating; the lengthening of a 
syllable naturally short, 
di-a-style ('a-stil), n. an arrange*- 
ment of columns in which the in¬ 
terspace between each measures 
3 or 4 diameters of the shaft, 
di-a-ton-ic (-§-ton'ik), adj. desig¬ 
nating the regular tones of a key 
or scale. 

di-a-tribe ('&-trib), n. a contin¬ 
ued discourse or disputation; a 
strain of violent abuse; bitter 
criticism. 

dib-ber (dib'er), n. an instru¬ 
ment with a sharp steel point; 
used by gardeners, miners, &c. 
dib-ble (dib'l), n. a gardening 
tool for making holes in the 
earth: v.t. plant with a dibble: 
v.i. dip bait gently into the water, 
dice (dis), n.pl. small cubes 
marked on the sides with one to 
six spots: used in games of 
chance: v.i. to play with dice: v.t. 
to decorate with woven patterns 
to resemble cubes; cut into cubes, 
di-chro-ism ('kro-iam), n. the 
property by which a crystallized 
body exhibits different colors ac¬ 
cording to the direction of light 
transmitted through it. 


di-chro-misiu. (-mizm), n. color 
blindness characterized by in¬ 
ability to see more than one of 
the three primary colors, 
dicing (di'sing), n. gaming with 
dice; stamped leather ornamented 
with squares. 

dick er ('er), v.i. to barter or 

trade on a small scale, 
dick-y (dik'i), n. [pi. dickies 
('iz)], a small separate shirt 
front; a seat at the back of a 
coach ; a child’s bib or pinafore; 
a donkey. 

di-crot-ic (di-krot'ik), adj. hav¬ 
ing a double or secondary pulse- 
beat. 

dic-tate (dik'tat), v.t. declare 
with authority ; express orally so 
that another may take words 
down in writing: v.i. to speak 
with final authority; prescribe: n. 
an injunction ; command; a con¬ 
trolling principle. 

>S 'yn. prompt, suggest, enjoin, 
order, command. 

dic-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the act 
of dictating; the thing dictated; 
authoritative utterance, 
dic-ta-tor ('ter), n. one who dic¬ 
tates ; one invested with absolute 
powers of government; an an¬ 
cient Roman magistrate with 
supreme authority, appointed in 
times of emergency, 
dic-ta-to-ri-al (-to'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to a dictator; abso¬ 
lute ; imperious. 

Syn. imperative, imperious, dom¬ 
ineering, arbitrary, tyrannical, 
overbearing. 

Ant. (see submissive), 
dic-ta-to-ri-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
dictatorial manner, 
diction (dik'shun), n. manner 
of speaking or expression; choice 
of words; style. 

dic-tion-a-ry (-a-ri), n. [pi. dic¬ 
tionaries (-riz) ], a book con¬ 
taining all, or the principal, words 
in a language, arranged alpha¬ 
betically, with their meanings, 
derivations, &c.; a lexicon; vo¬ 
cabulary ; wordbook, 
dic-tum ('turn), n. [pi. dicta 
(-t&)], a dogmatic or authorita¬ 
tive assertion ; aphorism, 
did, p.t. of do. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let: line, tin : vote, poMi, lot; moon, 
. cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








did 


265 


dif 


di-dac-tic (di-dak'tik), adj. teach¬ 
ing; instructing; explanatory. 
Also didactical. 

di-dac-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
a didactic manner. 

didactics ('tiks), n.pl. the art 
of teaching. 

di-dac-tyl (-dak'til), adj. having 
two digits, as fingers or toes: n. 
an animal with only two toes on 
each foot. 

did-dle (did'l), v.t. to overreach 
or cheat: v.i. to totter like a 
child; trifle. 

di-dec-a-he-dral (di-dek-a-he'- 
dral), adj. having the form of a 
ten-sided prism with a five-sided 
base. 

di-do (di'do), n. a caper. 

di-do-dec-a-he-dral (-do-dek-&- 
he'dral),. adj. having the form of 
a prism with 12 sides and a 6- 
sided base. 

did- y-mous (did'i-mus), adj. 
growing in pairs: paired or 
double. 

die (di), v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. died, 
p.pr. dying], to cease to live; 
expire; perish; wither; become 
extinct gradually; faint; sink, 
languish with pleasure. 

die (di), n. [pi. dies (diz)], a 
small cube (pi. dice, see dice) ; a 
piece of engraved metal with a 
device used for coining money, 
medals, &c. ; a tool used in cut¬ 
ting the threads of screws or bolts, 
&c.; a kind of knife used by en¬ 
velope makers, and in shoe fac¬ 
tories: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. died, p.pr. 
dying], to mold, stamp, cut with 
a die. 

Syn. expire, depart, perish, de¬ 
cline, languish, wane, sink, fade, 
decay. 

di-e-lec-tric (di-e-lek'trik), adj. 
non-conducting: n. any medium, 
as glass, &c., that transmits elec¬ 
tric force by induction. 

di-er-e-sis (-er'e-sis), n. a sign 
(..) placed over the second of 
two separate vowels to show that 
each has a separate sound in 
pronunciation, as aerated; a di¬ 
vision in a line or verse; cell-di¬ 
vision. Also diaeresis. 

di e-sis (dl'e-sis), n. the double 
dagger ( + ) used in printing; the 


difference between a greater and 
less semitone. 

di-et (di'et), n. solid or liquid 
food; manner of living, with spe¬ 
cial reference to food ; a delibera¬ 
tive convention ; a national or leg¬ 
islative assembly. 

Syn. food, victuals, nourish¬ 
ment, nutriment, sustenance, fare, 
di-e-ta-ry (di'e-ta-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to the rules of diet: n.pl. 
dietaries (-riz), a certain fixed 
allowance of food; system of diet, 
di-e-tet-ic (dl-e-tet'ik), adj. regu¬ 
lating food or diet. Also dietetic- 
al : n.pl. that branch of hygiene 
which relates to rules of diet, 
di-et-ing (di'et-ing), n. the act 
of eating according to regimen, 
dif-fer (differ), v.i. to be dis¬ 
similar ; be distinguished from, or 
have different properties or quali¬ 
ties ; disagree; contend, 
dif-fer-ence ('er-ens), n. the act 
or state of being unlike; dis¬ 
parity ; distinction ; controversy ; 
quarrel; on the Stock Exchange, 
the margin payable on settle¬ 
ment : v.t. to distinguish between ; 
discriminate; take the difference 
of. 

Syn. separation, disagreement, 
discord, dissent, estrangement, 
variety. 

dif-fer-ent ('£r-ent), adj. unlike; 
distinct. 

Syn. various, manifold, diverse, 
unlike, separate, distinct. 

Ant. (see similar). 
dif-fer-en-ti-a (-en'shi-fi), n. [pi. 
differentiae (-e)], that which dis¬ 
tinguishes one species from an¬ 
other of the same genus, 
dif-fer-en-tial ('shfil), adj. in¬ 
dicating a difference; having dif- 
erent velocities. 

dif-fer-en-tial cal-cu-lus (kal'- 
ku-lus), n. the method of finding 
an infinitely small quantity w’hich 
shall equal a given quantity when 
taken infinite times, 
dif-fer-en-tial du-ties (dfi'tiz), 
n.pl. duties levied unequally on 
similar produce from foreign coun- 
tries^ 

dif-fer-en-tial-ly (-li), adv. in a 
differential manner, 
dif-fer-en-ti-ate (-en'shi-at), v.t. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

^ook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







dif 


266 


dig 


to constitute a difference between ; 
specialize in structure or func¬ 
tions : v.i. to acquire a distinc¬ 
tive and separate character, 
dif-fer-en-ti-a-tion (-a/shun), n. 
the act of differentiating; speciali¬ 
zation. 

dif-fi-cult ('i-kult), adj. not easy; 
arduous; perplexing; not easily 
managed. 

Syn. hard, intricate, involved, 
perplexing, obscure, unmanage¬ 
able. 

Ant. (see easy). 

dif-fi-cul-ty (-kul-ti), n. [pi. diffi¬ 
culties (-tiz)], something that 
requires labor or skill to over¬ 
come ; scruple; objection; con¬ 
troversy: pi. complication of af¬ 
fairs; embarrassment; perplexity, 
diffidence ('i-dens), n. lack of 
self-reliance; modest reserve, 
dif-fi-dent ('i-dent), adj. lacking 
, self-reliance ; shy ; modest, 
diffraction (dif-rak' or di-frak'- 
shun), n. the act of turning aside 
a ray of light when passing the 
edge of an opaque body, 
dif-frac-tive ('tiv), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to diffraction. 

diffuse (dif-ffiz'), v.t. to pour 
out and spread all around; scat¬ 
ter; circulate: adj. (dif-fus'), 
widely spread; verbose; redun¬ 
dant. 

Syn. discursive, prolix, diluted, 
copious. 

dif-fu-si-bil-i-ty (-i-bil'i-ti), n. 

the capability of being diffused, 
dif-fu-si-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of being diffused. 

dif-fu-sion (dif-fu'zliun), n. the 
act of diffusing; a spreading 
abroad; the passing by osmosis 
through animal membranes, 
dif-fu-sive (-fus'iv), adj. capable 
of diffusing; spreading every way ; 
widely reaching. 

die: (dig), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. dug, or 
digged; p.pr. digging], to work 
' with a spade; cast up earth; 
study hard: v.t. to excavate; 
break up (ground); search; 
thrust or force in (with into ) : n. 
a poke or thrust; a plodding 
student. 

digest (di'jest), n. any compila¬ 
tion, abridgment, or summary of 
laws arranged methodically under 


proper heads, or titles; the Pan¬ 
dects of the Emperor Justinian; 
a synopsis: v.t. (di-jest') to ar¬ 
range methodically under proper 
heads or titles; classify ; dissolve 
in the stomach by the action of 
digestive juices; think over and 
arrange in the mind : soften and 
prepare by heat: v.i. to be di¬ 
gested, or prepared by heat, 
di-gest-er ('er), n. an apparatus 
for extracting the essence of a 
substance by heat, 
di-ges-ti-bil-i-ty (-jes-ti-bil'i-ti), 
n. the quality of being digestible, 
di-ges-ti-ble ('ti-bl), adj. capable 
of being digested, 
di-ges-tion (-jes'chun), n. the 
act of digesting; the conversion 
of food by the action of the gas¬ 
tric juices into soluble products; 
mental or physical assimilation, 
di-ges-tive ('tiv), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to digestion. 

dig-ger (dig'er), n. one who digs. 
Digger, n. a name of a class of 
Californian Indians who subsist 
chiefly on roots. 

dig-ging ('ing), n. the act of 
excavating: pi. a locality where 
mining operations, especially for 
gold, are carried on : residence, 
dig-it (dij'it). n. a finger or toe; 
a measure (% inch) ; l-12th of 
the diameter of the sun or moon; 
any one of the Arabic numerals, 
dig-i-tal ('i-tal), adj. pertaining 
to a digit. 

dig-i-tal-in ('i-tal-in), n. a pois¬ 
onous crystalline alkaloid obtained 
from the leaves of the foxglove. 
Dig-i-tal-is (-i-ta'lis), n. a genus 
of tall plants, the figworts, in¬ 
cluding the foxglove, 
dig-i-tate ('i-tat), adj. finger- 
shaped. 

dig-i-ti-grade ('i-ti-grad), adj. 
walking on the toes, as cats, 
dogs, &c. 

dig-ni-fied (dig'ni-fid). adj. in¬ 
vested, or marked, with dignity; 
noble; stately. 

dig-ni-fy ('ni-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
dignified, p.pr. dignifying], to in¬ 
vest with, or exalt in, dignity or 
rank; confer honor upon; ele¬ 
vate ; ennoble. 

Syn. aggrandize, elevate, invest, 
exalt, advance, promote, honor. 

Ant. (see degrade). 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









dig 


267 


dim 


dig-ni-ta-ry (-ta-ri), n. [pi. dig¬ 
nitaries (-riz)], one who holds a 
position of dignity or honor; an 
ecclesiastic who holds rank above 
a priest or canon, 
dig-ni-ty ('ni-ti), n. [pi. dignities 
(-tiz)], elevation of rank; degree 
of excellence; moral worth; 
qualities suited to inspire or com¬ 
mand respect and reverence, 
digraph (di'graf), n. combina¬ 
tion of two sounds or characters 
to represent one simple sound, as 
read. Also digram, 
di-gress (di- or di-gres'), v.i. to 
turn aside; deviate from the 
main subject or line of argument; 
wander. 

digression (-gresh'un), n. the 
act of digressing; the angular dis¬ 
tance of the planets Mercury and 
Venus from the sun. 
di-gres-sive (-gres'iv), adj. char¬ 
acterized by digression, 
di-gres-sive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
digressive manner, 
di-he-dral (-he'dral), adj. having 
two plane faces or sides, 
dike (dlk), n. an embankment or 
cutting of earth, especially one 
thrown up as a protection against 
the sea, floods, &c.; a mass of 
igneous instrusive rock. Also 
dyke: v.t. to surround, protect, or 
inclose with a dike; drain by 
ditching. 

di-lap-i-date (di-lap'i-dat), v.t. 
to bring into partial ruin by 
neglect or misuse: v.i. to become 
dilapidated. 

di-lap-i-da-tion ('i-da'shun), n. 
a state of partial ruin, especially 
through neglect or misuse, 
di-la-ta-bil i-ty (di- or di-la-ta- 
bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being 
dilatable. 

di la ta ble (-lat'a-bl), adj. ex¬ 
pansive. 

dil-a-ta-tion (dil-a-ta'shun), n. 
expansion. 

di-late (-lat'), v.t. to enlarge or 
expand in all directions; distend: 
v.i. to be extended or enlarged; 
speak fully and copiously. 

Syn. stretch, widen, expand, 
sw r ell, distend, enlarge, descant, 
expatiate. 

di-la-tor ('ter), n. one who, or 
that which, dilates; a surgical in¬ 
strument for opening or expand¬ 


ing an orifice, &c.; a muscle that 
dilates the parts on which it 
acts. 

dil-a-to-ry (dil'a-to-ri), adj. caus¬ 
ing, or tending to cause, delay ; 
slow; inactive. 

Syn. tardy, procrastinating, be¬ 
hindhand, lagging, dawdling. 

Ant. (see prompt). 

dilem ma (di- or di-lem'a), n. 
an awkward or vexatious situ¬ 
ation ; an argument which pre¬ 
sents an antagonist with alter¬ 
natives, each of which is fatal to 
his cause. 

dil-et-tan-te (-et-tan'te), n. [pi. 
dilettanti (-ti) ], one who pursues 
the fine arts, literature, or science, 
only for amusement; an amateur: 
opposed to connoisseur: adj. per¬ 
taining to dilettanti, or dilet¬ 
tantism. 

dil-et-tant-ism ('tizm), n. the 
characteristics of dilettanti; 
amateurish pursuit of art, litera¬ 
ture, &c. (used in a disparaging 
sense). 

dil-i-gence ('i-jens), n. careful 
attention ; assiduity ; industry ; a 
French stage-coach (de-la-zhans'). 

Syn. care, assiduity, attention, 
heed, industry. 

Ant. (see negligence). 

dill (dil), n. an herb belonging to 
the parsley family, with an aro¬ 
matic fruit. 

dill-y-dal-ly (dil'i-dal'i), v.i. [pt. 
& p.p. -dallied, p.pr. -dallying], 
to loiter; trifle. 

di-lute (di- or dl-lut'), v.t. to 
thin or weaken by the admixture 
of another fluid, especially water; 
weaken : v.i. to become thinner. 

di-lu-tion (-lu'shun), n. the act 
of diluting; a weak liquid. 

di-lti-vi-al (-lu'vi-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, produced by, or re¬ 
sulting from, a deluge or flood. 

dim (dim),' adj. [comp, dimmer, 
superl. dimmest], somewhat dark ; 
hazy ; obscure ; faint; tarnished ; 
ill-defined: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dim¬ 
med, p.pr. dimming]. to render ob¬ 
scure or less distinct; cloud; 
tarnish ; dull: v.i. to become dim; 
fade. 

dime (dim), n. a silver com = 
l-10th of a dollar, or ten cents: 
adj. of the value of a dime. 


late, mar, mask, -at, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





dim 


263 


dip 


dime nov-el (nov'el), n. a term 
applied to cheap sensational lit¬ 
erature. 

di-men-sion (di-men'sliun), n. 
the size or measured extent of a 
body; cubic capacity; the literal 
factor of an algebraic product or 
term: pi. magnitude or impor¬ 
tance. 

di-men-sion-al (-al), pertaining 
to dimension. 

diminish. (di-min'ish), v.t. to 
make less; reduce in bulk or 
amount; weaken; impair; de¬ 
tract from ; reduce by a semitone : 
v.i. to lessen ; dwindle. 

Syn. lessen, reduce, contract, 
curtail. 

Ant. (see increase). _ 
dim-i-nu-tion (dim-i-nu'shun), n. 
the act of making less; reduction ; 
lessening. 

di-min-u-tive (di-min'u-tiv), adj. 
below the average size; little; 
contracted; narrow: n. a word 
formed from another to express 
the sense of littleness._ 
dim-is-so-ry (dim'is-o-ri), adj. 
sending to the jurisdiction of an¬ 
other ; giving leave to depart, 
dim-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. dimities 
(-tiz) ], a cotton cloth of thick 
texture with a ridged surface, 
di-mor-phism (dl-mdr'fizm), n. 
the quality of assuming, crystal¬ 
lizing, or existing in, two forms, 
di -mor-phous ('fus), adj. exist¬ 
ing in two forms. Also dimorphic, 
dim-pie (dim'pl), n. a small de¬ 
pression or hollow in the cheek 
or chin; an indentation: v.i. to 
form dimples; sink in slight de¬ 
pressions : v.t. to mark with dim¬ 
ples. 

dim-ply ('pli), adj. full of, or 
marked with, dimples. Also dim¬ 
pled. 

din (din), n. a continued and vio¬ 
lent noise: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dinned, 
p.pr. dinning], to stun with noise; 
press with clamor or persistent 
repetition : v.i. make a clamor, 
dine (din), v.i. to take dinner: 
v.t. to give or provide a dinner 
for; feed. 

ding (ding), v.i. to sound, as a 
bell, with a continuous monoton¬ 
ous tone: v.t. to impress by noisy 
repetition. 


ding-dong ('dong), n. the sound 
of a metallic body produced by 
blows, as a bell. 

dinghy (ding'ji), n. the smallest 
boat of a man-of-war; an East 
Indian ferry-boat; a small boat 
without outriggers. Dinghey, 
dingy. 

din-gi-ly (-li), adv. in a dingy 
manner. 

din-gle (ding'gl), n. a narrow 
hollow between hills; the enclosed 
weather-porch of a house, 
dingle-dangle (-dang'gl), adv. 
swinging backwards and for¬ 
wards ; loosely pendent, 
din-go (ding'go), n. the Austral¬ 
ian wild dog. 

din-gy (din'ji), adj. dark-colored; 
dirty. 

din-ner ('er), n. the chief meal of 
the day; a dinner party, 
dint (dint), n. a mark left by a 
blow or pressure; force or power 
(with of) : v.t. to make a mark 
on or in. 

di-oc-e-san (di-os'e-s&n, or di'o- 
se-san), adj. of, or pertaining to, 
a diocese: n. a bishop, 
di o-cese ('o-ses), n. [pi. dioceses 
(-se-sez)], a bishop’s see; a bish¬ 
opric. 

di-op-tase (-op'tas), n. a vitreous 
emerald green ore of copper, 
di-op-tric ('trik), adj. assisting 
vision by means or the refraction 
of light in viewing distant objects. 
Also dioptrical. 

diorama (-ra'ma), n. an ex¬ 
hibition of pictures on movable 
screens, viewed through a large 
opening in a darkened room, 
di-o-rite (-rit), n. a granite-like 
rock consisting of triclinic feld¬ 
spar and hornblende, 
di-os-mose (-os'mds), n. the ming- 
ling of fluids through a permeable 
membrane. Also diosmosis, 
di-ox-ide (-oks'id), n. an oxide 
consisting of 2 atoms or' oxygen 
and 1 atom of a metal, 
dip (dip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dipped, 
dipt, p.pr. dipping], to plunge for 
a short time into a fluid; baptize 
by immersion; lower and raise 
quickly: vi. to immerse one’s self; 
enter slightly into anything; in¬ 
cline downwards; sink: n. the act 
of dipping; the inclination of the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











269 


dis 


dip 


magnetic needle, or the angle 
made by it; the angle of inclina¬ 
tion of strata to the horizon, 
diphtheria (dif- or dip-the'ri- 
&), n. a contagious throat-disease 
characterized by the formation of 
a false membrane in the air-pas¬ 
sages. Also diphtheritis. 
diph thong ('thong), n. the union 
of two vowel sounds pronounced 
in one syllable. 

di-plo-ma (di-plo'mil), n. a writ¬ 
ing on parchment or paper under 
sign and seal, conferring some 
honor, authority, &e. 
di-plo-ina-cy ('ma-si, or -plom'fL- 
si), n. [pi. diplomacies (-siz)], 
the art of conductiftg negotiations 
between two states or nations, or 
of transacting international busi¬ 
ness ; skill in conducting nego¬ 
tiations. 

dip-lo-mat (dip'lo-mat), n. a dip¬ 
lomatist. 

dip-lo-mat-ic (-mat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to diplomacy; character¬ 
ized by special tact in the manage¬ 
ment of affairs. 

dip-lo-mat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 

with diplomatic skill; with tact, 
di-plo-ma-tist (di-plo'ma-tist), n. 

one who is skilled in diplomacy, 
dip-per (dip'er), n. one who, or 
that which, dips; a water-fowl, 
dip-so-ma-ni-a (-so-ma'ni-a), n. 
a morbid and uncontrollable crav¬ 
ing for alcoholic drinks, 
dip-so-ma-ni-ac ('ni-ak), n. one 
who suffers from dipsomania: adj. 
pertaining to dipsomania. 

dip -te-ral ('te-r&l), adj. furnished 
with a double row of columns, as 
in temples; dipterous, 
dip-te-rous ('te-rus), adj. two¬ 
winged. 

dire (dir), adj. dreadful; mourn¬ 
ful. 

di-rect (dl-rekt'), adj. straight; 
not circuitous; open; plain: 
straightforward ; not of collateral 
descent; not retrograde: v.t. to 
aim or drive in a straight line; 
guide or show; point out or 
determine with authority: v.i. to 
act as a guide. 

di-rec-tion (-rek'shun), n. 
relative position; a command; 


order; guidance; the address of a 
person on a package, &c. 

8yn. aim, course, tendency, way. 
di-rect-ly ('li), adv. in a direct 
or straight line; immediately; 
openly. 

di-rect-ness ('nes) n. the quality 
of being direct; freedom from 
ambiguity. 

di-rect-or ('er), n. one who di¬ 
rects or superintends; one ap¬ 
pointed to transact the affairs of 
a company, &c.; a spiritual guide 
or adviser; a surgical instrument, 
di-rect-or-ate ('or-at), n. the 
office of a director; a body or 
board of directors, 
di-rect-o-ry ('o-ri), n. [pi. di¬ 
rectories (-riz)j, a book contain¬ 
ing the names, addresses, and 
occupations of the residents of a 
place; a body of directors; a 
book of ecclesiastical rules or di¬ 
rections for divine worship: adj. 
guiding; commanding, 
direful (dir'fool), adj. dreadful; 
dismal. 

dire-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a dire 
manner. 

dirge (derj), n. a funeral hymn, 
dir-i-gi-ble (dir'i-ji-ble), adj. 
that may be guided or steered: 
as. a dirigible balloon, 
dirk (derk), n. a dagger, 
dirt (dert), n. any foul or filthy 
substance; garden earth, 
dirt-i-ly ('i-li), adv. filthily; 
meanly. 

dirt-i-ness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being dirty, 
dirt-y ('i), adj. impure; soiled; 
morally unclean; disgusting; 
muddy; sleety; rainy; v.t. (p.t. 
& v.p. dirtied, p.pr. dirtying], to 
soil; sully ; tarnish, 
dis-, prefix . signifies separation, 
privation or negation, 
dis-a-bil-i-ty (dis-8-bil'i-ti). n. 
[pi. disabilities (-tiz)]. lack of 
physical, intellectual, or social fit¬ 
ness ; legal incapacity. 

Ryn. unfitness, incapacity, 
dis-a-ble (-a'bl). v.t. to deprive 
of power; disqualify ; impoverish ; 
incapacitate. 

dis-a-buse (-buz'), v.t. to clear 
from mistakes or false concep¬ 
tions ; set right. 


late, mar, mfisk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; m50r , 

eook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







dis 


270 


dla 


dis-af-fect (-&f-fekt'), v.t. to fill 
with discontent; alienate the af¬ 
fections from; disturb the func¬ 
tions of. 

dis-af-fec-tion f-fek'shun), n. 
alienation of affection ; disloyalty ; 
ill-will. 

dis-a-gree-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. ex¬ 
citing repugnance or displeasure : 

• n. that which is displeasing or 
unsatisfactory. 

dis-a-gree-a-ble-ness (-bl-nes), 
n. unpleasantness, 
disagreeably (-bli), adv. in a 
disagreeable manner, 
dis-ap-pear (-a-per'), v.i. to pass 
away ; vanish. 

dis-ap-pear-ance ('ans), n. re¬ 
moval from sight, 
dis-ap-point (-point'), v.t. to 
thwart or frustrate the hopes of; 
fail to keep an appointment with, 
dis-ap-point-ment ('ment). n. 
defeat or failure of expectation ; 
state of depression caused by fail¬ 
ure, &c. 

dis-arm (-arm), v.t. to deprive 
of arms; reduce to a peace foot¬ 
ing; render harmless: subdue, 
dis-arm-a-ment (-arm'§.-ment), n. 
the act of disarming; reduction 
to a peace footing, 
dis-ar-ray (-ra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
disarrayed p.pr. disarraying] 
throw into disorder; rout: n. neg¬ 
ligent or insufficient dress; con¬ 
fusion. 

dis-as-ter (-as'ter), n. a sudden 
or unexpected misfortune; a seri¬ 
ous accident. 

dis -as-trous ('trus), adj. occa¬ 
sioning loss or misfortune ; unfor¬ 
tunate ; calamitous, 
dis-band (-band'), v.t. to dismiss 
from military service; break up: 
v.i. to be dismissed, 
dis-bar (-bar'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
disbarred, p.pr. disbarring], to 
deprive a lawyer of his right to 
practice. 

dis-bur-den (-ber'dn), v.t. to re¬ 
move a burden from; relieve of 
anything annoying or oppressive: 
v.i. to ease one’s mind, 
dis-burse (-bers'). v.t. to expend, 
disbursement ('ment), n. 

money expended, 
disc, another form of disk, 
dis-card (-kard'), v.t. to cast off 
as useless; dismiss from service; 


reject as useless: v.i. in card¬ 
playing, to throw out cards not re¬ 
quired. 

dis-cern (di-zern'), v.t. to dis¬ 
tinguish mentally, or with the 
eye; judge or decide between: v.i. 
to make distinction. 

Syn. descry, observe, recognize, 
see, discriminate, separate, per¬ 
ceive. 

dis-cern-i-ble ('i-bl). adj. per¬ 
ceptible. 

discernment ('ment), n. acute¬ 
ness in judgment; penetration ; 
discrimination. 

dis-charge (-charj'), v.t. unload: 
disembark ; free from any burden, 
impediment, *or obligation ; exon¬ 
erate or acquit; free from re¬ 
straint or custody; let fly; ex¬ 
plode : perform (a trust or duty) : 
v.i. to send out liquid matter: n. 
the act of discharging; that which 
is discharged; an explosion; a 
flowing or issuing out; dismis¬ 
sion from office or employment; 
liberation. 

dis-ci-ple (di-si'pl), n. one who 
receives the teaching of another; 
a scholar: a follower, 
dis-ci-plin-a-ble (dis'i-plin-a-bl), 
adj. capable of instruction, or 
liable to disciplinary punishment, 
dis-ci-plin-a-ri-an (-plin-a'ri-fin ), 
adj. pertaining to discipline: n. 
one who advocates, or enforces, 
strict discipline. 

dis-ci-plin-a-ry ('i-plin-a-ri), adj. 
pertaining to discipline, 
dis-ci-pline ('i-plin), n. mental 
or moral training; education; 
subjection to control; military 
regulation ; chastisement; an in¬ 
strument of punishment: v.t. to 
train to obedience or efficiency; 
regulate; chastise. 

Syn. order, strictness, train¬ 
ing, coercion punishment, organi¬ 
zation. 

Ant. (see confusion, demorali¬ 
zation) . 

dis-claim (-klam'), v.t. to dis¬ 
own : repudiate. 

dis-claim-er ('er), n. disavowal; 
denial. 

dis-close (-kloz'), v.t. to uncover; 

reveal. 

dis-clos-ure ('ur), n. the act of 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








revealing anything secret; dis¬ 
covery ; uncovering, 
dis-coid ('koid). adj. disk-shaped, 
dis-col-or (-kul'er), v.t. to change 
from the natural color; give a 
inconsistency ; difference. Aiso dis- 
false complexion to ; stain, 
dis-com-fit (-kum'fit), v.t. to de¬ 
feat ; rout; frustrate thwart, 
dis-com-fi-ture ('fi-tur), m.x de¬ 
feat ; disappointment, 
dis com mode (-korn-od'), v.t. to 
inconvenience. 

dis-com-pose (-kom-poz'), v.t. dis¬ 
arrange ; vex: ruffle, 
dis-com-pos-ure ('ur), n. agita¬ 
tion ; unrest. 

dis-con-cert (-kon-sert'), v.t. to 
disturb the composure or self- 
possession of; frustrate. 
dis-cou-s«-late ('sd-lat), adj. 
hopeless; sad. 

dis-con-so-late-ly (-li), adv. hope¬ 
lessly ; sadly. 

dis-cord ('kord) n. disagreement; 
a confused noise; a combination 
of discordant sounds; disagree¬ 
ment in coloring or parts, 
dis-cord-ant ('ant), adj. at vari¬ 
ance ; inharmonious ; jarring ; in¬ 
congruous. 

dis-count (dis'kount), n. a sum 
deducted or allowed for prompt 
payment of an account; a deduc¬ 
tion made according to the cur¬ 
rent rate of interest: v.t. (dis- 
kount') to allow a discount on; 
advance money,, deducting a cer¬ 
tain rate per cent.; make a de¬ 
duction from; anticipate, 
dis-cour-age (-kur'aj), v.t. to de¬ 
prive or lessen the courage of; 
dishearten ; deter, 
dis-cour-age-ment ('ment), n. 
the act of depriving of confidence; 
that which destroys courage, 
dis-course (-kors'),w. speech or 
language; conversation; a trea¬ 
tise or dissertation ; sermon : v.t. 
& v.i. to talk or converse; utter; 
communicate ideas orally, 
dis-cov-er (dis-kuv'er), v.t. to 
bring to light; reveal; find (some¬ 
thing previously unknown!. 

Syn. make known, find, invent, 
contrive, expose, reveal, 
dis -cov-er-y (-i), n. [pi. discov¬ 
eries (-iz)], a bringing to light 
or making known, especially for 
tne first time; disclosure. 


dis-creet (-kret'), adj. prudent; 
circumspect. 

Syn. cautious, prudent, wary, 
judicious. 

Ant. (see indiscreet), 
discrepancy (-krep'an-si), n. 
crepance. 

Syn. disagreement, difference, 
variance. 

Ant. (see agreement), 
discrepant ('ant), adj. disagree¬ 
ing ; different. 

dis-crete (-kret'), adj. separate 
from others; distinct; not con¬ 
tinuous. 

dis-cre-tion (-kresh'un), n. pru¬ 
dence ; judgment: sagacity ; skill, 
dis-crim-i-nate (-krim'i-nat'', v.t. 
to observe or mark the differences 
between; select: v.i. to make a 
difference or distinction, 
dis-crim-i-na-tion (-i-na'shun), 
n. power of penetration; faculty 
of nice discernment. 

Syn. acuteness, discernment, 
judgment, caution, 
dis-crim-i-na-tive ('i-na-tiv ), 
adj. characteristic, 
dis-crim-i-na-tor ('i-na-ter), n. 

one who discriminates, 
dis-cur-sive (-ker'siv), adj. 
desultory. 

dis-cur-sive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
discursive manner, 
dis-cur-sive-ness (-nes), n. di¬ 
gression. 

dis-cuss (dis-kus'), v.t. to debate; 
agitate; reason upon; test 
(viands). 

dis-cus-sion (-kush'un), n. argu¬ 
ment ; debate; ventilation of a 
question. 

dis-dain (-dan'), v.t. to think 
unworthy ; deem unsuitable ; look 
upon with contempt or scorn : n. 
contempt; haughty, or indignant 
scorn. 

dis-dain-ful ('fool), adj. con¬ 
temptuous. 

dis-dain-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
disdainful manner, 
dis-ease (dis-ez'), n. any mental, 
moral, or physical disorder; mal¬ 
ady ; illness: v.t. to cause disease 
in ; derange. 

Syn. complaint, malady, dis¬ 
order, ailment, sickness. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









272 


<iis 


dis-em-bogue (dis-em-b5g'), v.t. 
to pour out or discharge at the 
mouth: said of a river: v.i. to find 
a vent, pass across, or out, at the 
mouth of a river. 

dis -em-bow-el (-bou'el), v.t. [ p.t. 
& p.p. disemboweled, p.pr. disem¬ 
boweling], to deprive of bowels; 
wound in the abdomen, so that 
the bowels protrude. 

dis-fig-u-ra-tion (-fig-u-ra'shun), 
n. deformity. 

dis-fig-ure (-fig'ur), v.t. to injure 
the shape, form, or beauty of; de¬ 
form, 

dis-fran-chise (-fran'chiz), v.t. 
to deprive of electoral or munici¬ 
pal privileges, especially to with¬ 
draw the power of voting in elec¬ 
tions. 

disgorge (-gorj'), v.t. to force 
out of the mouth or stomach with 
violence; surrender what has been 
unlawfully obtained; make resti¬ 
tution of. 

dis-grace (-gras'), n. the state 
of being out of favor; ignominy; 
shame; dishonor: v.t. to bring 
shame, reproval, or dishonor up¬ 
on ; dismiss with dishonor. 

Syn. disrepute, reproach, dis¬ 
honor, shame, odium. 

Ant. (see honor). 

dis-grace-ful ('fool), ad), char¬ 
acterized by, or occasioning, dis¬ 
grace. 

dis-grace-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
disgraceful manner. 

disguise (-giz'), v.t. to change 
the appearance of, as by an un¬ 
usual dress; counterfeit; conceal: 
n. a dress designed to conceal the 
identity of the wearer; counterfeit 
appearance; false pretense. 

di»-gust (-gust'), v.t. to cause 
aversion in, or repugnance to; 
offend the moral sense of: n. 
strong aversion or repugnance. 

Syn. dislike, distaste, loathing, 
abomination, abhorrence. 

Ant. (see admiration). 

dish (dish), n. a broad hollow 
vessel with a rimmed edge; food 
served in a dish : v.t. to put into a 
dish for serving at table (often 
with up) ; frustrate. 

dis-ha-bille (dis-a-bil'), n. un¬ 


dl* 


dress or negligent attire. Also 
deshabille. 

dis-heart-en (-har'tn), v.t. to 
discourage. 

di-shev-el (-shev'el), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. disheveled, p.pr. disheveling], 
to disorder (the hair) or cause 
it to hang negligently, 
dishonor (-on'er), v.t. to de¬ 
prive of honor; bring shame upon 
the character of; lessen the repu¬ 
tation of ; violate the chastity of ; 
refuse, or fail, to pay (a bill or 
note when due and presented) : n. 
disgrace ; ignominy ; shame, 
dis-hon-or-a-ble (-a-bl), adj. dis¬ 
creditable ; shameful; ignominious, 
dishonor a bly (-li), adv. in a 
dishonorable manner, 
dis-in-fect (dis-in-fekt'), v.t. to 
cleanse from infection ; to purify, 
disinfectant ('ant), n. an 
agent used to disinfect, 
dis-in-te-grate (-in'te-grat), v.t. 
to break up into component parts 
by mechanical agency : v.i. separate, 
dis-in-te-gra-tion (-gra'shun), n. 
the act of disintegrating; wearing 
down of rocks by atmospheric in¬ 
fluences ; separation, 
dis-junc-tive (-jungk'tiv), adj. 
serving, or tending, to disjoin oi 
separate: n. a disjunctive con¬ 
junction which connects grammat¬ 
ically two words or clauses dis¬ 
joined in meaning, 
disk (disk), n. an ancient quoit; 
a flat circular plate, or anything 
resembling it. Also disc. 

dis-like (dis-llk'), n. a strong 
feeling of repugnance or aversion; 
disrelish; antipathy: v.t. to re¬ 
gard with aversion ; be displeased 
w T ith. 

dis-lo-cate ('lo-kat), v.t. to put 
out of joint; interrupt the con¬ 
tinuity of. 

dis-lo-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the 
act of dislocating; a joint put 
out of its socket; a displacement 
of stratified rocks, 
dis-lodge (-loj'), v.t. to remove 
or drive out from a place of 
lodgment; drive from a hiding 
place or chosen station, 
dis-mal (diz'mal), adj. gloomy; 
depressing; dark; horrid: sor¬ 
rowful. 


Hate, mar, musk, cat, awl ; lie, her, let; line, tin : vote, p6rch, lot; raOon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, t/ien. 









d(s 


273 


dis 


dis-mal-ly (-li), adv. in a dismal 
manner. 

dis-man-tle (dis-mant'l), v.t. to 
strip or divest of furniture, equip¬ 
ment, or means of defense ; raze; 
demolish. 

dis-may (-ma'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
dismayed, p.pr. dismaying], to ter¬ 
rify ; dispirit; discourage; in¬ 
timidate : n. loss of courage 
through fear; a condition of ter¬ 
ror. 

Syn. terrify, frighten, scare, 
daunt, appal, dishearten. 

Ant. (see encourage), 
dis-mem-ber (-mem'ber), v.t. to 
cut or tear limb from limb; sever 
into parts and distribute; dislo¬ 
cate ; sever; divide, 
dis-miss (-mis'), v.t. to send 
away ; permit to depart; discharge 
from office or employment; efface 
from memory. 

Syn. send off, discharge, dis¬ 
card, banish. 

Ant. (see retain), 
dis-miss-al ('al), n. the act of 
dismissing ; removal from office, &c. 
dis-or-der (-or'der), n. want of 
order or arrangement; lack of 
system; irregularity; breach of 
public order; riot; mental or 
physical disease: v.t. to throw 
into confusion ; disturb the regu¬ 
lar mental or physical func¬ 
tions ; derange; ruffle, 
dis-or-dered ('derd), p.adj. dis¬ 
orderly ; irregular ; loose ; unruly ; 
disreputable. 

dis-or-der-ly (-li), ad], confused; 

unmethodical; turbulent; unruly, 
dis-par-age (-par'aj), v.t. treat 
with contempt; criticise unjustly ; 
depreciate, belittle, 
dis-par-age-ment (-ment), n. 
the act of disparaging; deprecia¬ 
tion; reproach; disgrace (often 
with to). 

dis-par-i-ty (-par'i-ti), n. [pi. 
disparities (-tiz)], inequality of 
rank, station, degree, or excel¬ 
lence ; disproportion, 
dis-part (-part'), n. the difference 
between the thickness of the muz¬ 
zle of a piece of ordnance and its 
breech. 

dis-pas-sion-ate (-pash'un-at), 
adj. free from passion ; calm ; un¬ 
prejudiced ; impartial. 


dis-pas-sion-ate-ly (li), adv. in 
a dispassionate manner. 

dis-patch, same as despatch. 

dis-pel (dis-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
dispelled, p.pr. dispelling], to 
drive away by, or as by, scatter¬ 
ing ; disperse; dissipate. 

Syn. scatter, drive away, dis¬ 
perse, dissipate. 

Ant. (see collect). 

dis-pen-sa-ble (-nen'sa-bl), adj. 
that for which a dispensation may 
be granted. 

dis-pen-sa-ry ('sa-ri), n. [pi. dis¬ 
pensaries (-riz)], a place where 
medicines are kept and made up; 
a charitable institution for pro¬ 
viding the poor with medical ad¬ 
vice and medicines. 

dis-pen-sa-tion (-sa'shun), n. the 
act of dispensing; distribution; 
that which is appointed or be¬ 
stowed by a higher power; the 
particular way by which, at dif¬ 
ferent periods, God has made 
known His dealings with man¬ 
kind ; the suspending of a rule or 
law in some particular case; a 
license granted from the pope, or 
by a bishop. 

dis-pense (dis-pens'), v.t. to deal 
out in portions; distribute; give 
forth effusively; excuse: v.i. to 
give dispensation ; distribute medi¬ 
cines. 

di-sper-mous (d!-sper'mus), adj. 
two seeded. 

dis-perse (dis-pers'), v.t. to scat¬ 
ter in different directions or 
parts ; diffuse ; spread ; cause to 
vanish; v.i. to separate; go to 
different pairts; vanish out of 
sight. 

dis-per-sion (-per'shun), n. the 
act of dispersing; the separation 
of light into different colored rays 
in passing through a prism. 

dis-per-sive ('siv), adj. tending 
to disperse. 

dis-pir-it (-pir'it), v.t. to depress 
the spirits of; dishearten ; render 
cheerless. 

dis-place (-plas'), v.t. to put out 
of place; disorder; depose from 
office or dignity. 

fiyn. derange, remove, disturb, 
confuse. 

Ant. (see adjust). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, lffir, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






274 


dis 


displacement ('ment), n. the 
act of displacing; substitution; 
apparent change of position; the 
weight of water displaced by a 
solid body immersed in it. 
dis-play (-pla'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
displayed, p.pr. displaying], to 
spread out; unfold ; exhibit; force 
into notice; manifest mentally or 
physically : v.i. to make a display. 

Syn. show, spread out, exhibit, 

. expose. 

Ant. (see hide). 

dis-pleas-ure (dis-plezh'ur), n. 
annoyance ; vexation ; distaste ; 
pique. 

dis-port (-port'), v.t. to amuse or 
divert (with self ) ; to display 
gaily: v.i. to play, 
dis-pos-a-ble (-poz'a-bl), adj. free 
to be employed; subject to dis¬ 
posal. 

dis-po-sal Cal). n. arrangement; 
order; control; right of bestow¬ 
ing. 

dis-pose (-poz'), v.t. to place; ar¬ 
range ; order ; distribute ; adapt; 
incline. 

Syn. arrange, place, order, give, 
bestow. 

dis-po-si-tion. (-izh'un), n. the 
act of disposing ; order ; method ; 
arrangement; tendency; natural 
temperament. 

dis-pu-ta-ble ('pu-t&-bl), adj. 
liable to be disputed; called in 
question. 

dis-pu-tant (-t&nt), adj. engaged 
in controversy: n. a controversial¬ 
ist. 

dis-pu-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. a 
verbal controversy; an altercation, 
dis-pu-ta-tious ('shus), adj. con¬ 
tentious. 

dis-pute (dis-put'), v.i. to debate; 
argue: v.t. contend for by words 
or actions; express doubt of; con¬ 
trovert : n. a controversy; alter¬ 
cation ; quarrel; contest. 

Syn. argue, contest, contend, 
question, impugn. 

Ant. (see assent), 
dis-qui-si-tiou. (-kwi-zish'un), n. 
a systematic investigation or dis¬ 
cussion of some subject; an 
elaborate essay. 

disrate (-rat'), v.t. to degrade 
or lower in rank, as a petty officer. 


disruption (-rup'shun), n. forci¬ 
ble separation; breach, 
dis-rup-tive ('tiv), adj. causing 

disruption. 

diss (dis), n. a reedy Algerian 
grass. 

clis-sect (-sekt'), v.t. to cut in 
pieces ; anatomize ; divide and ex¬ 
amine minutely. 

dis-sefc-tion (-sek'shun), n. the 
act of dissecting or cutting in 
pieces for critical examination; 
anatomy ; nice examination, 
dis-sec-tor ('ter), n. an anatom¬ 
ist. 

dis-seize (-sez'), v.t. to deprive of 
seizin or possession; dispossess 
unlawfully. 

dis-seiz-in ('in), n. the act of un¬ 
lawfully dispossessing a person of 
an estate. 

dissemble (-sem'bl). v.t. to hide 
under a false appearance; give 
the semblance of something else 
to: v.i. to act the hypocrite, 
dis-sem-bling (sem'bling), n. 
dissimulation. 

dis-sem-i-nate (-sem'i-nat), v.t. 
to scatter abroad, like seed; prop¬ 
agate ; diffuse. 

dis-sem-i-na-tor ('ter), n. one 
who, or that which, disseminates, 
dis-sen-sion (dis-sen'shun), n. 
strife; disagreement; breach of 
union; variance. 

dis-sent (-sent'), v.i. to disagree 
in opinion (with from ) ; refuse 
adherence to an Established 
Church : n. difference of opinion ; 
refusal to acknowledge or conform 
to an Established Church. 

Syn. disagree, differ, vary. 

Ant. (see assent), 
dis-sent-er ('er), n. a noncon¬ 
formist. 

dis-sen-tient ('slient), adj. dis¬ 
senting ; n. one who disagrees, 
dis-sent-ing (-sent'ing), p.adj. 
pertaining to, or characterized by, 
dissent; separating from an Es¬ 
tablished Church; pertaining to 
dissenters. 

dis-ser-ta-tion (-er-ta'shun), n. 
a formal argumentative discourse; 
treatise. 

dis-sev-er (-sev'er), v.t. to cut in 
two ; disjoin ; divide; separate. 


late, mar. mS.sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; modn, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







dis 


275 


dis 


dis-si-dence ('i-dens), n. disagree¬ 
ment. 

dissident ('i-dent), adj. not 
agreeing, or conforming: n. one 
who disagrees, or dissents, 
dis-sil-i-ent (-sil'i-ent), adj. 
springing asunder, or bursting 
open with force. 

dis-sim-u-late> (-sim'u-lat), v.i. & 
v.t. to dissemble; feign; disguise. 
dis-sim-u.-la-tion (-la'shun), n. 
hypocrisy ; false pretense; falla¬ 
cious appearance, 
dis-si-pate ('i-pat), v.t. to scatter 
completely; drive in different di¬ 
rections ; squander: v.i. to engage 
in dissipation. 

dissipated (-ed), p.adj. . scat¬ 
tered ; dispersed; characterized by 
dissipation. 

dis-si-pa-tion (-pa'shun), n. the 
act or state of being dissipated ; 
mental distraction; excessive in¬ 
dulgence in luxury, especially 
drink or vicious pleasures, 
dis-so-ci-ate (-sd'shi-at), v.t. to 
separate. 

dis-sol-u-bil-i-ty (-sol-u-bil'i-ti), 
n. the capacity of being dissolved, 
dis-sol-u-ble (-sol'u-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being dissolved or converted 
into a fluid. 

dis-so-lute ('so-lut), adj. given to 
vice or dissipation: loose in 
morals or conduct, 
dissolution (-lu'shun), n. the 
act of dissolving or liquefying; 
separation of component parts; 
separation of the soul from the 
body; death; a breaking up of a 
union of persons, as a society, &c. 
dis-so-lu-tion-ism (-izm), n. the 
social theory of anarchism or 
nihilism. 

dis-solv-a-ble (diz-olv'a-bl), adj. 
that may be dissolved. Also dis- 
solvible. 

dis-solve (-olv'), v.t. to liquefy; 
melt; terminate; annul : v.i. to 
become liquefied ; waste away ; 
separate. 

dis -so-nance ('o-nans), n. discord, 
dis-so-nant (-nant), adj. discord¬ 
ant. 

dis-suade (-swad'), v.t. to advise 
or counsel against; divert by argu¬ 
ment or persuasion. 


dis-sua-sion (-swa'zhun), n. the 
| act of dissuading; advice or per¬ 
suasion against a purpose or action, 
dis-sua-sive ('siv), adj. tending 
to dissuade: n. an argument em¬ 
ployed to dissuade, 
dis-syl-la-ble (-sil'a-bl), n. a 
word of two syllables, 
dis taff (dis'taf), n. \pl. distaffs 
('tafs)], the staff from which 
flax is drawn in spinning. 

dis-tance ('tffns), n. the space or 
interval between two objects or 
points; remoteness of time, rank, 
relationship or place; interval be¬ 
tween two notes ; reserve of man¬ 
ner ; alienation; v.t. to place re¬ 
motely ; leave behind in a race, 
distant ('tant), adj. remote; re¬ 
served. 

dis-taste (-tast'), n. aversion of 
the palate ; dislike ; disinclination, 
dis-taste-ful ('fool), adj. un¬ 
pleasant to the taste; expressive 
of dislike. 

dis-taste-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
distasteful manner, 
dis-tem-per (-tem'per), v.t. to 
disorder or disease; derange the 
functions of; compound (colors) 
for use in distemper painting: n. 
a disease; a catarrhal disease af¬ 
fecting young dogs ; a method of 
painting in specially prepared 
opaque colors mixed with a bind¬ 
ing medium soluble in water: used 
for mural decoration, &c. 
dis-tend (-tend'), v.t. to stretch 
out in all directions; expand: v.i. 
to swell. 

dis-ten-tion (-ten'shun), n. a 
swelling out. 

dis-tich ('tik), n. a couplet, 
dis-til (-til'), v.i. \p.t. & p.p. dis¬ 
tilled, p.pr. distilling], to fall in 
drops ; flow gently ; trickle forth ; 
practice the art of distillation: 
v.t. to let fall in drops; obtain 
by distillation ; rectify, 
dis-til-late ('at), n. the product 
of distillation found in the re¬ 
ceiver of a distilling apparatus, 
dis-til-la-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
process of distilling; the sub¬ 
stance drawn by the still, 
dis-tinct (-tingkt'), adj. sepa- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mooa, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








die 


276 


(lit 


rate ; different; clear; plain ; un¬ 
confused. 

Syn. clear, plain, obvious, dif¬ 
ferent, separate. 

Ant. (see obscure, indistinct), 
dis tinc-tion (-tingk'shun), n. 
mark of difference or superiority; 
eminence of rank or conduct; 
fame; discrimination, 
dis-tinc-tive ('tiv), adj. marking 
a difference or distinction; char¬ 
acteristic; discriminating; plain, 
dis-tin-gue (dis-tiin-ga'), adj . dis¬ 
tinguished. [French.] 
dis-tin-guish (-ting'gwish), v.t. 
to separate from others by some 
mark of honor or preference; 
designate by special character¬ 
istics ; discriminate ; make known : 
v.i. to make a distinction (with 
between). 

Syn. perceive, discern, mark 
out, divide, discriminate, 
dis-tin-guished ('gwisht), p.adj. 
eminent; celebrated ; conspicuous ; 
noted. 

Syn. famous, glorious, far- 
famed, noted, illustrious, eminent, 
celebrated. 

Ant. (see obscure; unknown), 
dis-tort (-tort'), v.t. to twist or 
turn from the natural shape or 
figure; twist; pervert from the 
true meaning; misrepresent, 
dis-tor-tion (-tor'shun), n. the 
act of distorting; perversion; a 
deformity. 

dis-tract (-trakt'), v.t. to per¬ 
plex ; harass; confuse the mind; 
bewilder; derange. 

Syn. perplex, bewilder. 

Ant. (see calm, concentrate), 
dis-tract-ile ('il), adj. widely 
separated. 

dis-trac-tion (-trak'shun), n. per¬ 
plexity; embarrassment; pertur¬ 
bation or mental distress; in¬ 
sanity. 

dis-tract-ive ('iv), adj. causing 
distraction. 

dis-train (-tran'), v.t. to seize 
and hold (goods or chattels) as 
security for payment of a debt: 
v.i. to levy a distress, 
dis-traint (-trant'), n. the act of 
distraining for debt, 
dis-trait (dis-tra'), adj. absent- 
minded. 


distraught (dis-trawt'), adj. be¬ 
wildered or harassed, 
dis-tress (dis-tres'), v.t. to inflict 
pain or suffering upon; grieve; 
harass; perplex ; in law, to seize 
for debt: n. physical or mental 
anguish; the act of distraining; 
goods taken in distraint, 
dis-trib-ute (-trib'ut), v.t. to deal 
out or divide; allot; apportion ; 
arrange according to classifi¬ 
cation ; dispose of separately; 
separate and return (as types) 
to their respective cases. 

Syn. allot, share, dispense, ap¬ 
portion, deal. 

Ant. (see collect), 
dis-tri-bu-tion (-tri-bu'shun), n. 
the act of distributing: apportion¬ 
ment ; arrangement; classification, 
dis-trib-u-tive (-trib'u-tiv), adj. 
pertaining to distribution: n. a 
distributive word, 
dis-trict ('trikt), n. a territorial 
division; circuit; region or tract 
of country. 

distrust (-trust'), n. want of 
confidence, faith, or reliance; 
suspicion; discredit: v.t. to have 
no confidence or trust in ; doubt; 
suspect. 

dis-trust-ful ('fool), adj. suspici¬ 
ous. 

dis-trust-f ully (-li), adv. 

suspiciously. 

dis-turb (-terb'), v.t. to trouble; 
vex; throw into confusion; agi¬ 
tate ; displace. 

Syn. derange, discompose, agi¬ 
tate, rouse, interrupt, confuse, 
trouble, annoy, vex, worry. 

Ant. (see pacify, quiet), 
dis-turb-ance ('ans), n. the in¬ 
terruption of a settled state; up¬ 
roar; mental agitation, 
dis-tyle ('til), n. a two-columned 
portico. 

di-sul-phate (di-sul'fat), n. a 
sulphate containing one ( atom of 
hydrogen, replaceable by a basic 
element. 

di-sul-phide ('fid), n. a sulphide 
in which two atoms of sulphur are 
contained. 

ditch (dich), n. a trench cut in 
the earth; a moat: v.i. make a 
ditch : v.t. surround with a ditch; 
run into a ditch. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vdte, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





dlt 


277 


div 


dit-to ('to), n. that which has 
been said ; a duplicate:. adv. as 
before; likewise. 

dit-ty ('i), n. [pi. ditties ('iz)], a 
little song. 

di-u-ret-ic (di-u-ret'ik). adj. pro¬ 
moting the secretion and flow of 
urine. 

di-ur-nal (-er'nal), adj. pertaining 
to a day; daily; performed in 24 
hours; active during the day¬ 
time : n. a day-book; journal, 
di-ur-nal-ly (-li), adv. daily, 
di-va (de'va), n. a prima donna, 
di-van (di-van'), n. a court of 
justice: a council of state in 
Turkey; a council-Tiall; a smok¬ 
ing-room ; cafe; couch, 
dive (dlv), v.i. to plunge head 
foremost into water; enter deeply 
into any subject or question: v.t. 
to explore by diving: n. a sudden 
plunge head foremost into water, 
di-verge (dl-verj'), v.i. to spread 
out from one point; recede from, 
di-ver-gence (-ver'jens), n. a re¬ 
ceding from each other; a tending 
apart. 

di -ver-gent ('jent), adj. tending 
to diverge. 

di-vers (di'verz), adj. various; 
sundry. 

di verse ('vers, or di-vers'), adj. 
essentially different; dissimilar; 
separate. 

di-vers-i-fi-ca-tion (-i-fi-ka'shun), 
n. variation. 

di-ver-si-fy (di-ver'si-fi), v.t. [ p.t. 
& p.p. diversified, p.pr. diversify¬ 
ing], to make different from an¬ 
other ; give variety to; discrimin¬ 
ate ; variegate. 

di-ver-sion ('shun), n. variation; 
alteration; pastime; the act of 
diverting the attention of an 
enemy from the real point of at¬ 
tack. 

di-vert (di- or di-vert'), v.t. to 
turn aside from any direction or 
course; draw away from; enter¬ 
tain ; amuse. 

di-vert-i-men-to (di-vert-i-men'- 
to), n. a light pleasant vocal or 
instrumental composition, 
di-ver-tisse-ment ('tiz-mang), n. 
amusement; recreation ; an entr’¬ 
acte, as a ballet, &c. 
di-vest (di-vest'), v.t. to strip or 


deprive of anything; despoil; 
make bare. 

di-vest-i-ture ('i-tur), n. surren¬ 
der of property. 

di-vide (di-vid'), v.t. to cut into 
two or more parts; separate; 
keep apart; disunite by discord; 
distribute: v.i. to be separated; 
cleave; diverge; have a share; 
vote by division: n. a watershed. 

Syn. apart, separate, distribute, 
deal out, sever, sunder, 
di -vi-ded skirt ('ed skert), n. a 
skirt made so as to combine both 
skirt and knickerbockers, 
div-i-dend (div'i-dend), n. a share 
of the profits of a public company 
or business; a sum paid pro rata 
out of a bankrupt’s estate; in¬ 
terest payable on money invested 
in the public funds; a number or 
quantity to be divided, 
div-i-div-i (div'i-div'i), n. astrin- 
gent. husks of a South American 
tropical plant, used for dyeing and 
tanning. 

div-i-na-tion (-i-na'shun), n. the 
act of divining; the pretended art 
of foreseeing future events by 
supernatural or magical agency, 
di-vine (di -vin'), adj. partaking 
of the nature of God; excellent in 
the highest degree; godlike; sa¬ 
cred ; holy; pertaining to theol¬ 
ogy : n. a theologian ; clergyman: 
v.t. to foretell by, or as by, div¬ 
ination ; presage: v.i. to conject¬ 
ure ; guess. 

Syn. godlike, holy, heavenly, 
sacred, a parson, clergyman, min¬ 
ister. 

diving (div'ing), n. the act of 
plunging into water; connected 
with, or used in, diving, 
diving-bell (-bel), n. a hollow 
apparatus supplied with air, used 
for, various purposes below the 
surface of the water, 
di-vi-ning-rod (-rod), n. a fork¬ 
ed rod or branch, as of witch- 
hazel, which, when held loosely in 
the hand, is said to be drawn 
down to the ground where water 
or minerals are situated, 
di-vin-i-ty (di-vin'i-ti), n. [pi. di¬ 
vinities (-tiz) ]. the state or quali¬ 
ty of being divine; Godhead; a 
pagan or heathen deity; theology. 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; mo5n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







dlv 


278 


dod 


di-vis i-bil-i-ty ( -viz-i-bil'i-ti), n. 

the quality of being divisible, 
di-vis-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of being divided; capable of di¬ 
vision without a remainder, 
di-vi-sion (-vish'un), n. the act 
or state of being divided; separa¬ 
tion ; a partition; section; dis¬ 
cord ; difference; the separating 
of the members of a legislative 
or municipal assembly in order 
to take a vote; two or more 
brigades under the command of a 
general officer; a section of a 
fleet under one commander; the 
process of finding how many times 
one number or quantity is con¬ 
tained in another. 

Jit -vis-ion-al (-al), ad}, pertain¬ 
ing to division. 

di-vi-sor (di-vl'zor), n. the num¬ 
ber by which another (the div¬ 
idend) is divided, 
di -vorce (-vors'), n. a dissolution 
of the marriage contract by legal 
authority; disunion: v.t. to dis¬ 
solve the marriage contract be¬ 
tween by legal authority; release 
from close union, 
di -vorce-ment ('ment), n. the act 
or process of divorcing (Deut. 
xxiv. 1). 

di-vort (di-v6rt'), n. a water¬ 
shed. 

di-vulge (di-vulj'), v.t. to make 
known, as something previously 
kept secret; disclose, 
di-zen (di'zn, diz'n), v.t. to deck 
out: dress. 

diz-zi -ness ('i-nes), n. giddiness, 
diz-zy (diz'i), adj. giddy, 
do (doo), v.t. [p.t. did, p.p. done, 
p.pr. doing], to perform; achieve; 
cause to bring about; make ready 
for some object or purpose; cheat 
or swindle: v.i. to act or be¬ 
have ; succeed ; suffice; fare as to 
health : n. a trick or hoax. 

Syn. effect, make, perform, ac¬ 
complish, finish, transact, 
do-cile (db'sil, or dos'il), adj. 
easy to teach; tractable; easily 
managed. 

Syn. tractable, teachable, com¬ 
pliant, tame. 

Ant. (see stubborn), 
do-cil-i-ty (do-sil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being docile. 


dock (dok), n. a place for con¬ 
structing and laying up ships; 
the place where a prisoner stands 
in a court to be tried; a coarse 
weed with broad leaves; the tail 
of a horse after it has been dock¬ 
ed : v.t. to cut off or curtail; de¬ 
duct from ; diminish, 
dock-age ('aj), n. reduction; 
provision or accommodation for the 
docking of vessels; money paid 
for the use of a dock, 
dock-et ('et), v.t. to mark the 
contents or titles of papers on the 
back of them; indorse: n. a di¬ 
rected label or ticket tied on 
goods; a summary of a larger 
writing; a digest. 

dock-yard ('yard), n. a place 
where ships are built and naval 
stores are kept. 

doc-tor ('ter), n. one skilled in 
any particular branch of knowl¬ 
edge ; an academical degree denot¬ 
ing the highest proficiency in a 
faculty of a university; a learned 
man; a medical practitioner: v.t. 
to treat medically; tamper with 
or give a false appearance to: v.i. 
to practice medicine; undergo 
medical treatment, 
doc-tor-ate (-at), n. the degree 
of doctor. 

doc-tri-naire (-tri-nar'), n. one 
who theorizes on political or 
other matters, disregarding prac¬ 
tical considerations: adj. vision¬ 
ary. 

doc-tri-nal ('tri-nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or containing, doctrine, 
doc-tri-nal-ly (-li), adv. in a 
doctrinal manner, 
doc-trine ('trin), n. that which 
is taught; the principles, belief, or 
dogma of any church, sect, or 
party. 

Syn. tenet, article of belief, 
creed, dogma, teaching, 
doc u ment ('ii-ment), n. a print¬ 
ed or written paper relied upon to 
establish some fact or assertion, 
or conveying information, 
doc-u men-ta-ry (-men'ta-ri), 
adj. pertaining to, derived from, 
or consisting of, documents, 
dodder (dod'er), n. a parasitical 
plant. 

do-dec-a-gon (do-dek'a-gon), n. a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






dod 


279 


dol 


figure with twelve sides and twelve 
angles. 

do-dec-a-he-dron (-he'dron), n. 

a solid having twelve faces, 
dodge (doj), v.i. to start aside 
and shift about; evade by craft; 
avoid ; practice tricky devices : v.t. 
to escape by starting aside: n. the 
act of dodging; a trick, 
do-do (do'do), n. [pi. dodos 
('doz)], a large extinct bird with 
a short neck, a large hooked bill, 
short wings and legs, 
doe (do), n. the female of a buck 
or fallow’ deer, or of an antelope, 
rabbit, or hare. 

doe-skin ('skin), n. the skin of 
a doe; a fine w’oolen cloth with a 
smooth finish. 

doff (dof), v.t. to take or put off, 
as clothes: v.i. remove the hat in 
saluting. 

dog (dog), n. a domesticated car¬ 
nivorous animal belonging to the 
genus Canis; name of various 
mechanical contrivances: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. dogged, p.pr. dogging], to 
hunt as a dog ; follow pertinacious¬ 
ly. 

dog-cart ('kart), n. a light cart 
with two transverse seats back 
to back. 

dog-days ('daz). n.pl. a period in 
July and August when the dog 
star or Sirius rises and sets with 
the sun : usually the hottest part 
of the summer. 

doge (doj), n. the title of the 
chief magistrates of the ancient 
republics of Venice and Genoa, 
dog-fish (dog'fish), n. a species of 
small littoral shark very destruc¬ 
tive to fish. 

dog-ged ('ed), adj. stubborn; 
pertinacious. 

dog-ger ('er), n. a tw’o-masted 
vessel w T ith a broad beam ; used in 
the cod and herring fisheries by 
the Dutch in the North Sea. 
dog-ger-el (-el), n. a kind of 
verse devoid of sense or rhythm : 
adj. weak and absurd in construc¬ 
tion : said of verse or poetry, 
dogma ('ma), n. [pi. dogmas 
('maz) or dogmata ('ma-ta)], 
an established principle, tenet, or 
doctrine; a doctrine stated in a 
formal manner and received by 
the Church as authoritative. 


dog-mat-ic (-mat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of, 
dogma; positive; authoritative; 
dogmatical: n.pl. doctrinal theol¬ 
ogy. 

8yn. positive, arrogant, im¬ 
perious, dictatorial, 
dog-mat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
a dogmatic manner, 
dog-xna-tism (-tizm), n. dog¬ 
matic or positive assertion of 
opinion. 

dog-ina-tize ('ma-tiz), v.i. to 
make dogmatic assertions; utter 
positive assertions without ad¬ 
ducing proof: v.t. to treat dog¬ 
matically. 

dog-trot ('trot), n. a gentle trot, 
clog-watch ('woch), n. one of 
tw r o watches on board ship of two 
hours each, between 4 and 8 p.m. 
dog-wood ('wood), n. the wild 
cornel. 

doi-ly (doi'li), n. [pi. doilies 
('liz)], a small mat or napkin: 
used on dessert plates, &c. 
doings (doo'ingz), n.pl. things 
done ; movements ; conduct; stir, 
doldrums ('drumz), n.pl. a 
sailor’s term for the tropical zones 
of calms and variable winds ; de¬ 
pression of spirits ; the dumps, 
dole (ddl), n. that which is dealt 
out sparingly; a charitable gift 
of money or food; alms: v.t. to 
deal out sparingly, 
dole-ful ('fool), adj. sorrowful; 
dismal. 

Syn. dolorous, woebegone, rue¬ 
ful, dismal, piteous. 

Ant. (see joyous), 
dole-ful-ly (-li), adv. sorrow¬ 
fully ; dismally. 

dol-er-ite (dol'er-It), n. a dark- 
colored basic igneous rock; ba¬ 
saltic greenstone. 

dole-some (dol'sum), adj. melan¬ 
choly. 

doll (dol), n. a girl’s puppet or 
toy baby; a childish-featured girl 
or woman. 

dol-lar ('ar), n. a silver coin cur¬ 
rent in the United States and 
Canada = 100 cents; a coin of 
various other countries, 
dol-ly ('i), n. [pi. dollies ('iz)l, 
a little doll; a block used in pile 
driving; an apparatus for wash¬ 
ing clothes; a contrivance for 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 












Do I 


280 


don 


washing ore in mining; in In¬ 
dia a brass tray on which fruit, 
flowers, &c., are presented as a 
complimentary offering. 

Dol-ly Var-den (var'dn), n. a 
woman’s dress of light bright- 
figured muslin, worn over a bright 
colored petticoat. 

dol -man ('man), n. a long outer 
garment worn by the Turks; a 
hussar’s uniform jacketa wom¬ 
an’s sleeveless mantle. 

dolmen ('men), n. a sepulchral 
monument, consisting of a large 
unhewn stone resting on two or 
more unhewn stones. 

dol-o-mite ('o-mlt), n. a crystal¬ 
line variety of magnesian lime¬ 
stone. 

dol-o-rif-ic (-rif'ik), adj. causing 
grief. 

dol-o-rous (dol'o-rus), adj. sor¬ 
rowful. 

do-lour (do'ler), n. sorrow; pain. 

dol-phin (dol'fin), n. the name of 
a cetaceous mammal of the genus 
Delphinus and allied genera. 

dolt (dolt), n. a heavy stupid fel¬ 
low. 

dom (dom), n. a title of respect 
applied to gentlemen in Portugal 
and Brazil ; in Portugal a title of 
the king and royal family. 

do-main (do-man'), n. lordship; 
authority; empire; landed prop¬ 
erty ; demesne. 

dome (dom), n. a hemispherical 
roof. 

do-mes-tic (do-mes'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the house or household 
affairs ; private; home-made : n. 
a household servant: pi. articles 
of home manufacture, especially 
cotton-cloths. 

do-mes-tic e-con-o-my (e-kon'd- 
mi), n. the art of managing 
household affairs in the best and 
thriftiest manner. 

do-mes-tic-al-ly (-al-li) adv. pri¬ 
vately. 

do-mes-ti-cate ('ti-kat), v.t. to 
make domestic; familiarize with 
domestic life; tame: v.i. to be¬ 
come domestic. 

do-mes-tic-i-ty (-tis'i-ti), n. [pi. 
domesticities (-tiz) ], the state of 
being domestic; domestic char¬ 
acter. 


dom-i-cile (dom'i-sil), n. a per¬ 
manent residence or place of 
abode; home: v.t. to establish in 
a fixed residence. 

dom-i-cil-i-a-ry ('i-a-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to the residence of a per¬ 
son or family. 

dom i nant ('i-nant), adj. exer¬ 
cising chief authority; ruling; 
predominant; ascending: n. the 
recitative note in Gregorian scales ; 
the fifth tone of a musical scale 
in anjr ascending key. 
dom-i-nate ('i-nat), v.t. to gov¬ 
ern ; rule; predominate over: v.i. 
to be dominant. 

dom-i-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
act of dominating; absolute 
authority; power, 
dom i neer (-i-ner'), v.i. to exer¬ 
cise authority arrogantly or tyran¬ 
nically ; bluster. 

do-min-ic-al (do-min'ik-al), adj. 
pertaining to Christ as Lord, or 
to Sunday: n. a dominical letter, 
do-min-i-cal let ter (let'er), n. 
one of the letters (ABODE 
F G) used in the calendar of the 
Prayer Book to ' denote Sunday 
throughout the year, and to deter¬ 
mine the date of Easter Day. 
dom-i-nie (c.om'i-ne), n. a school¬ 
master ; a clergyman of the Dutch 
Reformed Church, 
do min ion (do-min'yun) n. su¬ 
preme authority ; sovereignty ; in¬ 
dependent right or possession; a 
territory or country subject to the 
control of one government, 
dom-i-no (dom'i-no), n. [pi. domi¬ 
nos (-noz)], a large loose silk 
cape or cloak with large sleeves 
and a hood used as a masquerade 
garment; an ecclesiastical hood : 
pi. a game played with 28 oblong 
dotted pieces of bone or wood 
(dominoes). 

dom-pe-dro (-pe'drb), n. the 
name of the game of sancho-pedro 
when played with the joker. 

don (don), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. donned, 
p.pr. donning], to put on; invest 
with; assume: n. a Spanish title 
[Fcm. Dona] ; a fellow or col¬ 
legiate dignitary. 

do-nate (do'nat), v.t. to contrib¬ 
ute, especially to some religious 
or philanthropic object. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







don 


281 


aou 


do-na-tion (-na'shun), n. a char¬ 
itable gift; benefaction ; present, 
dc-na-tive (do-na'tiv), adj. vested 
or vesting by donation : n. a gift, 
do-na-tor (do-na'ter), n. a giver, 
done (dun), p.ndj. completed ; pub- 
• lished officially ; cooked sufficient¬ 
ly ; thoroughly fatigued ; cheated : 
interj. agreed ! 

do-nee (dd-ne'), n. a person to 
whom a gift or donation is made, 
don-go-la (don'go-la), n. a goat¬ 
skin, or sheepskin tanned to re¬ 
semble kid. 

do-ni (do'ni), n. a single-masted 
Ceylonese coasting vessel with a 
long sail. 

don-jon (don' or dun'jun), n. the 
principal tower or keep of a 
medimval castle, containing the 
prison. 

don-key (dong'ki), n. [pi. don¬ 
keys ('kiz)J, an ass; a stupid or 
obstinate fellow. 

don-na (don'na), n. a lady 
(Italian). 

don-nish (don'ish), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or characteristic of, a don. 
don-nism ('izm), n. academic 
• self-importance, 
do-nor (dd'ner), n. a giver, 
doom (doom), n. a judicial sen¬ 
tence of condemnation; the in¬ 
fliction of a sentence; irrevocable 
destiny; fate; ruin; the Day of 
Judgment: v.t. to pronounce con¬ 
demnation upon; sentence to 
punishment; ordain as a penalty. 

Syn. sentence, verdict, judg¬ 
ment, fate, lot, destiny, 
doomsday (doomz'da), n. the 
day of final and universal judg¬ 
ment. 

door (dor), n. the gate or entrance 
of a house; portal; means of 
access. 

dor (dor), n. a large black dung 
beetle with a characteristic dron¬ 
ing sound in flight. 

Do -ri-an (do'ri-an). adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or characteristic of, Doris, 
a small district of ancient Greece: 
n. a member of the Doric or 
Dorian race, one of the four great 
division of the ancient Greeks. 
Dor-ic (dor'ik). adj. Dorian: n. 
the broad hard dialect of the 
Dorians. 


Dor-ic order (or'der), the oldest 
and simplest of the three orders 
of Greek architecture. 
Dor-i-cism ('i-sizm), n. a Doric 
idiom, phrase, or peculiarity, 
dor-king (dor'king), n. one of a 
breed of domestic fowls, 
dor-man-cy ('man-si), n. 

quiescence. 

dor mant ('mant), adj. sleeping; 

quiet; in abeyance, 
dor-mer ('mer), n. a bedroom; a 
window pierced vertically in the 
side of a roof. 

dor-mi-to-ry ('mi-to-ri), n. [pi 
dormitories (-riz)], a large apart¬ 
ment capable of holding several 
beds. 

dor-mouse ('mous), n. [pi. dor¬ 
mice ('mis)], a small European 
squirrel-like rodent, 
dor-sal ('sal), adj. pertaining to, 
or situated near, the back, 
do-ry (do'ri), n. [pi. dories 
('riz)], a popular name for a 
golden-colored fish much esteemed 
for the table; the wall-eyed pike- 
perch ; John Dory; a small flat- 
bottomed skiff with a sharp prow, 
do -sage ('saj), n. the operation 
of putting into sparkling wines 
something to give them a distinc¬ 
tive taste. 

dose (dos), n. the quantity of 
medicine to be taken at one time; 
anything nauseous ; quantity : v.t. 
to give doses to; administer any¬ 
thing objectionable or nauseous. 

dost, 2 p. sing. pres, indie, of do. 
dot (dot), n. a small point or 

speck; a diminutive child: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. dotted, p.pr. dotting], 
to mark with dots or specks, 
do-tage (do'taj), n. imbecilitv of 
mind; foolish or excessive affec¬ 
tion. 

do-tard ('tard), n. one whose in¬ 
tellect is impaired by age; one 
who is foolishly affectionate: adj. 
imbecile. 

dote (dot), v.i. to exhibit the 
weakness of age ; bestow excessive 
love. 

dotk, 3 p. sing, indie, of do. 
dot-ter-el ('er-el), n. a small 

plover. 

doub-le (dub'l), adj. twofold : two 
of a sort; being in pairs; twice 
as much ; deceitful; insincere: n. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mOon. 

cook : mute, nut; thin, then. 






* 9 * 


dow 


flOU 


t wice the quantity ; a duplicate; 
trick; a turning back to escape 
pursuit; an apparition; a fold or 
lait: pi. changes rung on five 
ells; games played by two on a 
side: v.t. to make double; dupli¬ 
cate ; repeat; fold ; sail round or 
by: v.i. to increase to twice the 
quantity ; return on one’s track ; 
march at double quick time: adv. 
twice over. 

'&oub-le-bass (-bas), n. the larg¬ 
est violin. 

doub-le-dag-ger (-dag'er), n. a 
reference mark (t). 
doub-le en-ten-dre (dSobl ang- 
tang'dr), n. a word or phrase with 
a double meaning, one of which 
is usually indelicate, 
doub-le-ness (dub'l-nes), n. the 
state of being double; duplicity, 
doub-let (dub'let), n. a dupli¬ 
cate ; pair; a kind of close-fitting 
man’s garment. 

donb-loon ('15dn), n. a Spanish 
gold coin. 

doub-ly ('li), adv. twice the quan¬ 
tity or degree ; in a double or two¬ 
fold manner. 

doubt (dout), v.i. to waver in 
opinion ; hesitate ; be in suspense : 
v.t. to suspect; distrust; ques¬ 
tion : n. uncertainty of mind; sus¬ 
pense ; scruple ; perplexity ; appre¬ 
hension ; fear; disbelief. 

Syn. uncertainty, suspense, hes¬ 
itation, scruple, ambiguity. 

Ant. (see certainty), 
doubt-ful ('fool), adj. of uncer¬ 
tain issue ; questionable ; hazar¬ 
dous : insecure. 

doubt-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
doubtful manner. 

doubt-iug ('ing), adj. inspiring, 
or subject to, doubt; questionable, 
doubt-less ('les), adv. assuredly; 
certainly. 

doucbe (doosh), n. a jet or cur¬ 
rent of water directed upon some 
part of the body. 

dough (do), n. a soft mass of 
moistened flour yet unbaked, 
dough-ty (dou'ti), adj. valiant; 
strong. 

dough-ti-ly (-li), adv. valiantly, 
dough-ti-uess (-nes), n. valor; 
bravery. 

dough-y (do'i), adj. soft like 
dough. 

douse (dous), v.t. to plunge sud¬ 


denly into a liquid; drench; ex¬ 
tinguish ; strike; slacken or lower 
suddenly, as sails: v.i. to fall sud¬ 
denly into water; search for 
water or ores by a divining rod. 

dove (duv), n. a pigeon of the 
genus Columba; a term of en¬ 
dearment. 

dove-cote ('kot), n. a small house 
or box with compartments for 
doves. Dovecot. 

dove-tail ('tal), v.t. to join by a 
joint resembling a dove’s tail 
spread out; fit closely and ex¬ 
actly. 

dow-a-ger (dou'a-jer), n. the 
widow of a king, prince, or per¬ 
son of rank; a widow with a 
jointure. 

dow-di-ly ('di-li), adv. in a dowdy 
manner. 

dow-di-ness (-nes), n. the state 
of being dowdy. 

dow-dy ('di), n. [pi. dowdies 
('diz)j, a slatternly woman who 
affects finery : adj. slovenly or ill- 
dressed ; shabby. 

dow-el (dou'el), n. a pin to con¬ 
nect two pieces of wood by being 
sunk in the edges of each; a piece 
of wood driven into a wall to se-* 
cure something else: v.t. to 
fasten by dowels. 

dow-er ('er), n. that part of a 
husband’s property which his 
widow enjoys during her life; 
jointure; personal endowment. 

dowlas ('las), n. a kind of 
coarse linen cloth. 

down (doun), n. soft feathers, 
hair, or wool; the soft fibers of 
plants: pi. a tract of bare, hilly 
land used for pasturing sheep; 
banks or rounded hillocks of sand: 
adv. from a higher to a lower 
degree or position; at the lowest 
point; on the ground; below the 
horizon; from earlier to later 
times ; in hand, or on the counter; 
on paper, or in a book: adj. de¬ 
jected ; downcast: prep, along 
a descent; from a higher place 
to a lower; along the course or 
current of. 

dowu-cast ('kast), adj. directed 
downwards; sad: n. the ventila¬ 
ting shaft of a mine. 

dowu-fall ('fawl), n. a falling 
downwards; sudden fall from 
rank or reputation ; ruin. . 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pCrch, lot; m5bn, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









(Sow 


283 


dra 


down-grade ('grad), n. a down¬ 
ward movement; reverse of for¬ 
tune ; departure from the ortho¬ 
dox standard of belief, 
down-right ('rit), adj. straight 
to the point; blunt; unceremoni¬ 
ous : adv. perpendicularly; com¬ 
pletely ; thoroughly, 
down-ward ('ward), adj. tend¬ 
ing to the ground ; moving from a 
higher to a lower place, grade, or 
direction ; descending: adv. from 
a higher to a lower condition, 
state, or place; from the source. 
Also downwards. 

down y ('i), adj. covered with, or 
made of, down ; soft; restful; cun¬ 
ning ; artful. 

dow-ry (dou'ri), n. [pi. dowries 
('riz)j, the property a woman 
brings to her husband at mar- 
liage; gift or possession, 
dox-ol-o-gy (doks-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. 
doxologies (-jiz)], an ascription 
or short hymn of praise to God. 
doze (doz), v.i. to sleep lightly or 
fitfully: n. a light sleep, or nap. 
doz-y ('i), adj. sleepy, drowsy, 
drab (drab), n. a kind of thick 
dull brown or yellowish-grey 
woolen cloth; a tint of such a 
color: adj. of a drab color, 
drab ble (1), v.t. to make wet or 
dirty by dragging through mud 
or water: v.i. to fish with a long 
line and rod. 

drac (drak), n. an evil spirit; 
liliaceous palm-like plants, to 
which the dragon-tree belongs, 
drach-ma (drak'ma),w. [pi. drach¬ 
mae ('me), drachmas ('maz)], a 
Greek silver coin. Also drachm, 
draff (drfif), n. refuse from malt 
breweries ; hog’s-wash ; dregs, 
draft (draft), n. a sketch or out¬ 
line ; bill of exchange; an order 
for money; detachment of sol¬ 
diers ; the act of drawing a load; 
the state of being drawn; the act 
of drinking or the amount drunk 
at once; an outline or sketch; 
the act of sweeping with a net; 
the quantity of fish caught at one 
draw of the net; the depth of 
water a vessel draws or to which 
she sinlis; a current of air: v.t. 
to delineate or sketch out; call 
forth; select by a draft for mili¬ 
tary service. 


drag (drag), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
dragged, p.pr. dragging], to pull or 
draw along by force ; draw along 
slowly or heavily; haul; tug: v.i. 
to trail along the ground : n. the 
act of dragging; a net or appara¬ 
tus for drawing along the bot¬ 
tom of the water; a coach drawn 
by four horses; a kind of sledge 
for heavy loads; the difference 
between the draft of water for¬ 
ward or aft of a ship, 
drag-gle (drag'l), v.t. to wet or 
soil by dragging in the mud or 
along the ground: v.i. to become 
dirty or wet by dragging, 
drag-o-man (drag'o-man), n. [pi. 
dragomans (-manz)], in the East, 
an interpreter, guide, or agent 
for travelers, especially an in¬ 
terpreter attached to an embassy, 
&c. 

drag-on ('un), n. a fabulous ani¬ 
mal represented as a winged ser¬ 
pent or lizard; a fierce person ; a 
winged heraldic beast: adj. fierce; 
destructive. 

drag-on-fly (-fll), n. an insect 
with a long slender abdomen, large 
ej^es and wings. 

drag-on’s-blood (-z-blud), n. the 

red juice and gum of several 
South American and East Indian 
trees. 

dra-goon (dra-goon'), n. original¬ 
ly a kind of mounted infantry, 
now cavalry, either light or heavy, 
wearing helmets: v.t. to harass or 
reduce to submission by military 
force. 

drain (dran), v.t. to draw off 
gradually ; exhaust: v.i. to become 
dry: n. a channel or pipe for 
superfluous water; a sewer; the 
act of exhausting, 
drain-age ('aj), n. the act or 
means of draining; that which 
is drained off. 

drake (drak), n. a male duck, 
dram (dram), n. 1-Sth of an 
ounce troy, and l-16th of an 
ounce avoirdupois; a small quan¬ 
tity of spirituous liquor, 
dra-ma (dra'ma), n. a prose or 
poetical composition depicting a 
story of human life in character, 
&c., on the stage; theatrical enter¬ 
tainment ; dramatic literature or 
art. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

coeds ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








284 


dre 


dra 


dra-mat-ic (dra-mat'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or appropriate to, 
the drama. Dramatical, 
dra-mat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
q, dramatic manner, 
dram-a-tis per-so-nae (dram'a- 
tis per-so'ne), n. the characters in 
a play or drama, 
dram-a-tize (dram'a-tiz), v.t. to 
compose in the form of a drama; 
adapt for stage representation, 
dram-a-tur-gy ('a-ter-ji), n. the 
art of dramatic composition; rep¬ 
resentation and stage effect, 
drank, p.t. & p.p. of drink, 
drape (drap), v.t. to cover with 
cloth; arrange in folds or hang¬ 
ings. 

dra-per (dra'per), n. a dealer in 
woolen or cotton cloth, &c. 
dra-per-ied (-id), adj. furnished 
or covered with drapery, 
dra-per-y (-i), n. [pi. draperies 
(-iz) ], textile cloths or fabrics 
used for garments or hangings; 
costumes represented in sculpture 
or painting. 

dras-tic (dras'tik), adj. powerful; 
vigorous. 

draught (draft), n. Same as 
draft. 

draughts (drafts), n. the game of 
checkers. 

draw (draw), v.t. [p.t. drew, p.p. 
drawn, p.pr. drawing], to pull 
along or haul; raise; suck in; 
pull out; force out; elongate ; dis¬ 
embowel ; win, as in a lottery; 
drive or beat out; sketch ; draft; 
require a certain depth to float 
in ; entice or allure; induce; re¬ 
ceive ; write out; leave undecided : 
v.i. to produce motion; act as an 
inducement; shrink; come to¬ 
gether or near; practice drawing; 
settle in the water to a certain 
depth: n. the act of drawing; 
a lot or chance drawn; a game 
left undecided; a feeler; the act 
of drawing a covert. 

Syn. pull, haul, drag, attract, 
inhale, sketch, describe, 
draw-back ('bak), n. loss of ad¬ 
vantage ; a discouragement; mon¬ 
ey paid back, especially to an im¬ 
porter of goods on which customs 
duty has been paid on their being 
exported. 


draw-bridge ('brij), n. a bridge 
which may be wholly or partially 
lifted up. 

draw-ee (-e'), n. one on whom an 
order, bill of exchange, or a draft 
is drawn. 

draw-er ('er), n. one who draws; 
a draftsman ; a sliding box-like ar¬ 
rangement for holding clothes, pa¬ 
pers, &c.; one who draws a bill 
of exchange, or an order for the 
payment of money : pi. an under¬ 
garment worn by both sexes, cov¬ 
ering the lower part of the body 
and legs. 

drawing ('ing), n. delineation; 
attraction or motion ; a distribu¬ 
tion in a lottery: pi. the takings 
or receipts of a business. 

drawing-room (-room), n. a 
room for the reception of com¬ 
pany ; a formal reception by the 
sovereign, or a distinguished of¬ 
ficial ; the company assembled in 
a drawing-room. 

drawl (drawl), v.t. to utter in a 
slow, lazy tone: n. a slow, lazy 
manner of speaking. 

drawn (drawn), p.adj. left unde¬ 
cided ; disemboweled; contracted. 

dray (dra), n. a low, stoutly- 
built cart used for heavy loads. 

dread (dred), v.t. to fear greatly; 
anticipated with shrinking or ter¬ 
ror ; venerate: v.i. to be in great 
fear: n. apprehensive terror ; 
reverential awe: adj. awful ; sol¬ 
emn. 

Syn. fear, horror, terror, alarm, 
dismay, awe. 

Ant. (see boldness, assurance). 

dread-ful ('fool), adj. inspiring 
dread. 

Syn. fearful frightful, shock¬ 
ing, awful, horrible horrid, ter¬ 
rific. 

dread-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 

dreadful manner. 

dread-naught ('na^wt), n. a fear¬ 
less person; a thick woolen felted 
cloth. 

dream (drem), n. a train of 
thoughts or images passing 
through the mind during sleep; 
an idle fancv: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
dreamt, p.pr. dreaming], to see 
or imagine in sleep; think about 
vainly: v.i. to have a train of 
ideas in sleep. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







4re 


285 


an 


dream y ('i), adj. pertaining to, 
or full of, dreams; indistinct; 
visionary. 

drear (drer), adj. dismal; sorrow¬ 
ful. 

drear-i-ly ('i-li), adv. gloomily. 

d r e a r - y ('i), adj. cheerless ; 

gloomy. 

dredge (drej), n. a drag or in¬ 
strument for sweeping the bot¬ 
toms of rivers to bring up some¬ 
thing : v.t. to clean out and deepen 
by a dredge; gather with a 
dredge; sprinkle flour upon. 

dregs (dregz), n.pl. the sediment 
of liquor; lees; worthless matter. 

drei-bund (dri'bund), n. a triple 
alliance, especially that (1883) 
between Germany, Austria-Hung¬ 
ary, and Italy for mutual defense. 

drench (drench), v.t. to wet 
thoroughly; steep in moisture; 
forcibly administer a draft to : n. 
a large draft; a dose of medicine 
for a horse or cattle. 

Dresden (dres'den), n. a fine 
porcelain. 

dress (dres), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

dressed or drest, p.pr. dressing], 
to invest with, or as with, cloth¬ 
ing ; adorn ; deck out; embellish ; 
prepare or make ready; cook; 
curry or rub down; adjust to a 
straight line ; prune or trim : v.i. 
to put on clothes: n. a covering 
for the body ; elegant or fashion¬ 
able attire; external finish or 
ornament; plumage ; adjustment. 

Syn. clothing, attire, apparel, 
garments, costume, garb, livery. 

dress-er ('er), n. one who regu¬ 
lates or adjusts dress; a surgeon’s 
assistant; a set of shelves or 
open cupboard for plates, &c.; a 
combination of mirror and bureau. 

dressing ('ing), n. the act of 
putting on clothes; material used 
in sizing or stiffening fabrics; the 
smoothing of the surface of stone; 
sauce or stuffing used for pre¬ 
paring a dish; a beating; rep¬ 
rimand ; an external application 
to a wound; the preparation of 
mineral ores for the furnace. 

dressing-gown (-goun), n. a 
light, easy, loose gown worn while 
dressing or in dishabille. 


dress-y (dres'i), adj . fond of dress, 
especially showy or elaborate at¬ 
tire ; stylish. 

drest, p.t. & p.p. of dress, 
drew, p.t. of draw, 
drib-ble (drib'l), v.i. to fall in 
small drops; drip: v.t. to let fall 
in drops; give out or deal in 
small portions; in football to give 
a slight kick or shove to: n. a 
drizzling shower; a trickling out 
in small drops. 

drib-let (drib'let), n. a small 
piece, part, or sum. 
dried, p.t. & p.p. of dry. 
dri-er (dii'er), n. one who, or 
that which, dries; a substance 
added to paint, &c., causing it to 
dry quickly; an apparatus for 
drying off moisture, 
drift (drift), n. the direction in 
which anything is driven ; an im¬ 
pellent force; overbearing in¬ 
fluence ; an accumulation heaped 
up by sea or wind; tendency; 
scope; the horizontal passage of 
a mine; a collection of loose earth, 
rocks, &c., transported from a 
distance by the agency of ice; lee¬ 
way made in a gale; the direction 
of a current: v.t. to drive along, 
or in heaps; cover with driftage; 
v.i. to be carried along by a cur¬ 
rent, or by circumstances; ac¬ 
cumulate in heaps, 

Syn. purpose, meaning, scope, 
aim, tendency, direction, 
drift-age ('aj), n. that which is 
drifted; leeway caused by wind or 
sea currents. 

drill (dril), v.t. to pierce with a 
drill; bore; perforate; instruct 
thoroughly in the rudiments of 
any business, &c.; train; sow in 
lines or rows: v.i. to engage in 
military exercises: n. a tool for 
boring or making holes in a hard 
substance; a machine for sow¬ 
ing seeds in rows; military exer¬ 
cise. 

drill-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
using a drill; a heavy, firm twilled 
cloth. 

drinh (dringk), v.i. [p.t. drank, 
p.p. drunk, p.pr. drinking], to 
swallow a liquid ; imbibe alcoholic 
liquors habitually: n. any bever¬ 
age swallowed to quench thirst; as 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






286 


dm 


drl 


much liquor as can be taken at 
once; strong or intoxicating 
liquor. 

drip (drip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. drip¬ 
ped, p.pr. dripping], to fall in 
drops: v.t. to let fall in drops: n. 
that which falls in drops; a pro¬ 
jecting cornice to throw off rain, 
drive (driv), v.t. [p.t. drove, p.p. 
driven, p.pr. driving], to impel or 
urge forward by force; propel; 
communicate motion to; convey 
in a vehicle: v.i. to press, or be 
impelled forward with violence; 
travel in a carriage; aim a blow 
(with let ) : n. the act of driv¬ 
ing or impelling; a strong blow; 
a road prepared for driving; an 
excursion in a carriage; an an¬ 
nual gathering of cattle for brand¬ 
ing ; a forward blow given to a 
ball at cricket. 

Syn. compel, impel, ride, re¬ 
pulse, push. 

driv-el (driv'el), v.i. to slaver; 
be weak or foolish; talk or act 
like a fool or dotard, 
driv-en, p.p. of drive, 
driz-zle (driz'l), v.i. to rain 
slightly or in misty drops: n. 
fine misty rain. 

driz-zly ('li), adj. shedding fine 
rain. 

droit (droit, or drwa), n. equity; 
right of ownership, especially in 
land ; custom ; duty, 
drole (drol'), n. a funny fellow; 
buffoon. 

droll (drol'), adj. ridiculous; 
queer. 

Syn. funny, laughable, comic, 
whimsical, queer, amusing. 

Ant. (see solemn), 
drollery ('er-i), n. [pi. droll¬ 
eries (-riz)], the quality of be¬ 
ing droll; buffoonery, 
drolling ('ing), n. burlesque, 
droll-y ('i), adv. comically, 
dromedary (drum'5-da-ri), n. 
[pi. dromedaries (-riz)], one of 
a domesticated breed of camels 
distinguished for its speed and 
by having one hump, 
drone (dron), v.i. to utter in a 
monotonous tone or sound; live 
in idleness: v.t. to read in a 
monotonous tone.: n. a dull, 
monotonous tone; one of the pipes 
of a bagpipe; the male of the 


honeybee which produces HO 
honey; a lazy fellow, 
dro-ny (dro'ni), adj. like a drone, 
droop (droop), v.i. to sink or 
hang down ; languish ; bend down 
gradually: v.t. cause to hang 
down : n. the act of drooping, 
drop (drop), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 

dropped, dropt, p.pr. dropping], 
to fall in drops ; distil; sink to a 
lower position ; fall in death ; visit 
informally (with in) : v.t. to let 
fall; discontinue; utter casually; 
send off (a hasty note) : n. a 
globule of moisture; something 
that hangs like a drop; a small 
quantity of a liquid; a falling 
trap-door; the painted curtain of 
a theatre (drop-scene) : pi. medi¬ 
cine regulated by drops; lauda¬ 
num. 

drop-shutter (shut'er), n. a 

device, operated by a spring, for 
taking instantaneous photographs, 
drop-si-cal ('si-kal), adj. affected 
with dropsy. 

drop sy ('si), n. an unnatural ac¬ 
cumulation of serous fluid in any 
cavity of the body or its tissues ; a 
disease affecting the food-sac of 
young trout; blue swelling, 
dropt, p.t. & p.p. of drop, 
dross (dros), n. the scum or slag 
of melted metal ; sediment; ref¬ 
use. 

drought (drout), n. continued ab¬ 
sence of rain or moisture; dry¬ 
ness. 

drove, p.t. of drive: n. a collection 
of cattle or sheep driven in a 
body;. a crowd ; sprats caught 
early in the season, 
drown, (droun), v.i. to perish by 
suffocation in water: v.t. to suf¬ 
focate by immersion in water; 
overwhelm ; inundate ; deluge. 

Syn. inundate, swamp, sub¬ 
merge, overwhelm, engulf, 
drowse (drouz), v.i. to be heavy 
with sleepiness; be half-asleep: n. 
a light sleep. 

drowsi ness ('zi-nes), n. sleepi¬ 
ness. 

drow-sy ('zi), adj. sleepy; slug¬ 
gish. 

drub (drub), v.t. f p.t. & p.p. 
drubbed, p.pr. drubbing], to beat 
vigorously: n. a thump. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdreh, lot ; m66n r 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








287 


due 


Arts 


WLxNwdg® -.(-druj), v.i. to labor hard 
•art; mean ■or uncongenial tasks; 
■slawe: vJL to spend or pass la¬ 
boriously:: n. one employed in 
.'menial work who works hard for 
iinsuffibienit remuneration. 

drudg-er-y ('er-i), n. the work of 
<a drudge ; mean servile labor. 

drug (drug), n. an ingredient 
used i® medicine; a narcotic; an 
unsalable article: v.t. \p.t. & p.p. 
•drugged, p.pr. drugging], to mix 
drugs with; render stupid by a 
narcotic drug: v.i. to take drugs 
habitually. 

•drugget ('et), n. a coarse woolen 
fabric. 

<drug-gist ('ist), n. a dealer in 
drugs. 

dru id (droo'id), n. a priest of the 
ancient Kelts of Britain, Gaul, 
and Germany. 

drum (drum), n. an instrument 
of percussion, consisting of a hol¬ 
low cylinder with vellum at the 
ends, and beaten with sticks 
(drum-sticks) ; the tympanum of 
the -ear; a drum-shaped box for 
■figs; a cylinder or revolving 
shaft: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. drummed, 
p.pr. drumming], to beat a drum ; 
beat up recruits; tout for cus¬ 
tomers ; beat rapidly with the 
fingers: v.t. to play (a tune) on 
a drum ; din ; expel ignominiously 
(with out). 

drtim-head ('hed), n. the head or 
top of a drum ; the top of a cap¬ 
stan. 

drum-iner ('er), n. one who plays 
a drum ; a commercial traveler. 

drum-stick ('stik), n. the stick 
with which a drum is beaten ; the 
outer joint of a fowl’s leg from 
the knee to the heel. 

Drum-mond-liglit (hind-lit), n. 
another name for the limelight. 

drunk (drungk), p.p. of drink: 
n. a fit of drunkenness; a drunken 
person : adj. intoxicated. 

drunk ard ('nrd), n. one habit¬ 
ually drunk. 

drunk en ('en), p.adj. habitually 
intemperate. 

tdrruxk-en-ness (-nes), n. the 
state of being drunk ; habitual in¬ 
temperance ; frenzy. 

dry i(drl), adj. [comp, drier, su- 


perl. driest], free from moisture 
or wetness; not yielding juices; 
devoid of interest; unintentionally 
humorous or quaint; without 
sweetness or fruity flavor: v.t. 
free from moisture or juice; stop 
the flow of; parch: tr.i. to lose or 
be deprived of moisture. 

Syn. arid. parched, life¬ 
less, dull, tedious, uninteresting, 
meagre. 

Ant. (see moist, interesting, 
succulent). 

dry-ad (dri'ad), n. a wood 
nymph. 

dry-ly (hi), adv. without moist¬ 
ure ; in a dry manner; coldly; 
sarcastically. Also drily. 

dry-nurse ('ners), v.t. to rear 
without the breast. 

dry-salt ('sawlt), v.t. to cure by 
salting and drying, as meat. 

dn-al (dii'al). adj. expressing, or 
composed of, the number 2 : n. the 
form of the noun or verb connot¬ 
ing two persons or things. 

dn-al-ism (-izm), n. a twofold 
division ; the doctrine of two in¬ 
dependent and separate principles 
in man, the spiritual and the 
corporeal; the Gnostic theory that 
there are two independent eternal 
principles, one evil and the other 
good. 

dualist ('§l-ist), n. one who 
holds any of the theories of 
dualism. 

du-al-ist-ic (-al-ist'ik), adj. two¬ 
fold ; characterized by, or pertain¬ 
ing to, dualism. 

du-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being twofold; divi¬ 
sion into two. 

dub (dub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dub¬ 
bed, p.pr. dubbing], to invest with 
knighthood by striking the shoul¬ 
der with a sword; confer any 
rank, dignity, character, or name 
upon; rub, dress, or smooth: v.i. 
make a brisk noise: n. a tap or 
blow. 

du-bi-ous (du'bi-us), adj. doubt¬ 
ful. 

du-cal ('k&l), adj. pertaining to a 
duke. 

duc-at (duk'at), n. a gold or sil¬ 
ver coin formerly in use in Eu¬ 
rope : pi. money. 


Jate, Jiiar, >mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






due 


288 


dum 


duck-ess (duch'es), n. the consort 
or widow of a duke, 
duch-y ('i), n. [pi. duchies ('iz)L 
the territory, dominions, or juris¬ 
diction of a duke, 
duck (duk), n. any bird of the 
family Anatidse, especially the do¬ 
mestic duck; the female of this 
bird, as distinguished from the 
drake; an expression of endear¬ 
ment ; a strong linen untwilled 
fabric: pi. sailors’ trousers or 
light clothes worn in hot climates: 
v.i. to plunge th'e head under 
water and then withdraw it quick¬ 
ly ; bob the head, 
duck-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
putting under water; the sport of 
shooting wild ducks, 
ducking;-stool (-stool), n. a 
rtool in which female scolds were 
ducked in the water, 
duck-ling ('ling), n. a young 
duck. 

duck-weed ('wed), n. a common 
fresh-water plant eaten by ducks, 
duct (dukt), n. a passage, tube, 
or canal by which a fluid or se¬ 
cretion is conveyed, 
duc-tile ('til), adj. capable of be¬ 
ing drawn out into threads or 
wire ; tractable. 

duc-til-i-ty ('i-ti), n. flexibility, 
dude (dud), n. a kind of dandy, 
characterized by over-affectedness 
in manners, dress, &c. 
du-deen (du-den'), n. a short clay 
pipe. 

dudg eon (duj'un), n. sullen an¬ 
ger; resentment; ill-will, 
dud-ism (dud'izm), n. the affecta¬ 
tion or social peculiarities of 
dudes. Also dudeism. 
duds (dudz), n.pl. clothes, 
due (du), adj. owed or owing; 
payable; fulfilling obligation; 
suitable to a case; ascribable; 
proper : adv. exactly ; directly : n. 
that which is owed or required by 
an obligation; a custom, toll, trib¬ 
ute, or fee. 

Syn. owing to, attributable to, 
just, fair, proper, debt, right, 
du-el ('el), n. a combat between 
two persons with deadly weapons: 
V.i. to fight in a duel, 
du-el-ing (-ing), n. the fighting a 
duel. 

du-e-na (doo-a'nya), n. an elderly 


Spanish or Portuguese lady who 
acts as a guardian to a younger 
one ; a governess. Also duenna, 
du-et (du-et'), n. a vocal or in¬ 
strumental composition for two 
performers. Also duetto, 
du-e-ti-no (doo-a-te'no), n. a 
short duet. 

duff (duf), n. pudding of flour, 
&c., boiled in a bag; a vegetable 
growth accumulated in forest 
ground. 

duf-fer ('er), n. a peddler or 
hawker of feminine articles of at¬ 
tire, flash jewelry, &c.; a dull, 
stupid, inefficient person ; a fogy ; 
a spurious coin. 

duf-fing ('ing), adj. worthless; 
counterfeit. 

dug, p.t. & p.p. of dig: n. a teat, 
du-gong (du'gong), n. an aquatic 
herbivorous mammal resembling 
the seal and walrus; the sea-cow. 
dug-out (dug'out), n. a canoe 
hollowed out from a log; a rough 
kind of shelter excavated in the 
side of a_ hill or bank, 
duke (duk), the highest order of 
English nobility and ranking ne^_ 
below an archbishop and the 
princes of the blood; a continental 
prince or noble. 

duke dom ('dum), n. a duchy, 
dul-cet (dul'set), adj. sweet or 
pleasant to the ear; harmonious, 
dul-ci-an-a (si-an'a), n. a soft- 
toned stop. 

dul-ci-mer ('si-mer), n. an in¬ 
strument with wire strings which 
are struck with a rod. 
dull (dul), adj. slow of apprehen¬ 
sion or action ; stupid ; sluggish ; 
without sensibility ; not bright or 
clear to the eye; blunt; without 
wind : v.t. to deprive of sharpness ; 
make stupid or heavy; tarnish: 
v.i. to become calm : become dull 
or blunt. 

Syn. stupid, gloomy, sad, dis¬ 
mal, commonplace. 

Ant. (see bright), 
dull-ard ('ard), n. a stupid per¬ 
son ; blockhead. 

dul -ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being dull, 
du-ly (du'li), adv. in a fit and be¬ 
coming manner; fitly ; regularly, 
dumb (dum), adj. incapable of 
speech. 


State, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







dam 


289 


dur 


dumb-bell ('bel), n. one of a 
pair of heavy weights used for 
musculai exercise, 
ilumb-show ('sho), n. gesture 
without speech. 

dum my (dum'i), n. [pi. dummies 
('iz)], one who is mute or silent; 
that which imitates a reality ; an 
exposed hand at whist when three 
persons are playing: adj. fictitious, 
dump (dump), n. a thud or heavy 
sound ; anything short, thick, and 
heavy ; a place to discharge rub¬ 
bish in: pi. low spirits: v.t. to 
throw down and empty, especially 
abruptly ; unload from a cart: v.i. 
to unload by tilting, 
dump-ling (dump'ling), n. a pud¬ 
ding of paste or dough, often en¬ 
veloping: fruit or meat. -- 
dump-y ('i), adj. short and 
thick ; discontented ; sulky, 
dun (dun), adj. of a dull brown 
color: n. a creditor who presses 
persistently for payment of a 
debt; a fortified eminence; earth¬ 
work ; mound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
dunned, p.pr. dunning], to urge 
importunately, especially for a 
debt; cure, as codfish, after salt¬ 
ing, to impart a dark color, 
dunce (duns), n. a dull, ignorant 
person. 

Syn. simpleton, fool, ninny, 
idiot. 

Ant. (see sage), 
dun-der-head ('der-hed), n. a 
dolt; a numskull, 
dune (dun), n. a heap of drifted 
sand piled up on the sea-shore by 
the action of the wind, 
dun-fish ('fish), n. codfish cured 
by dunning. 

dung (dung), n. the excrement 
of animals ; anything filthy or rot¬ 
ten : v.t. to manure with dung, 
dun geon ('jun), n. the principal 
keep of a mediaeval castle; a dark 
underground cell ; a prison. 
Dun-kers ('kerz), n.pl. a sect of 
German-American Baptists, prop¬ 
erly termed Brethren, 
dunnage ('aj), n. loose wood, 
fagots, &c., stowed in the hold 
of a vessel to protect the cargo 
from injury. 

dun-nish ('ish), adj. inclined to 
dun color. 

dun-nite (dun'nlt), n. a pow¬ 


erful explosive, of American in¬ 
vention. 

du-o-dec-i-mal (du-o-des'i-mal), 
adj. consisting of, or computing 
by twelves or any power of 12: n. 
a twelfth power of anything: pi. 
a system of computing by twelves 
the number of square feet and 
inches in a rectangular area, 
du-o-dec-i-mo (1-mo), n. a sheet 
folded into 12 leaves (12mo) : 
said of a book. 

du-o-de-num (-de'num), n. [pi. 
duodena ('na)], the first por¬ 
tion of the small intestine, 
dup-a-ble (dup'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being duped. 

dupe (dup), n. one who is, or can 
be, easily tricked; a credulous 
person: v.t. to deceive by trick¬ 
ery ; cheat. 

du-plex (du'pleks), adj. double; 
compound: applied to the trans¬ 
mission of two telegraphic mes¬ 
sages over a single wire at the 
same time: v.i. to transmit 
telegraphic messages by the du¬ 
plex system. 

du-pli-cate ('pli-kat), v.t. to make 
or render double; make a copy 
or copies of: v.i. to celebrate Mass 
or receive the Eucharist twice in 
one day: adj. corresponding ex¬ 
actly with another; twofold; 
double; growing in pairs: n. fac¬ 
simile ; counterpart; an exact 
copy. 

Syn. copy, likeness, counterpart, 
imitation. 

Ant. (see model), 
du-pli-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the 
act of duplicating; a fold; multi¬ 
plication by 2. 

du-plic-i-ty (-plis'i-ti), n. deceit; 
hypocrisy. 

du-ra-bil-i-ty (du-ra-bil'i-ti), n. 
endurance. 

du -ra-ble ('ril-bll, adj. not per¬ 
ishing ; permanent; stable ; last¬ 
ing. 

Syn. lasting, permanent, abid¬ 
ing, continuing. 

Ant. (see ephemeral, perisha¬ 
ble). 

du-ra-bly (-li), adv. in a durable 
manner. 

du ra ma-ter ('ra ma'ter), n. 
the tough covering which en¬ 
velops the brain and spinal cord. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : lie. her. let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










290 


dyn 


dur 


du-ra-men (-ra'men), n. the in¬ 
ner or heart wood of an exogen¬ 
ous tree. 

durance ('r&ns), n. imprison¬ 
ment. 

du-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. continu¬ 
ance in time ; permanency. , 

du-ress (du-res r or du'res), n. re¬ 
straint of personal liberty by fear 
or physical force, compelling a 
person to do some act; imprison¬ 
ment. 

dur-ing (dur'ing), prep, in the 
time of; at some period of. 
du-rom-e-ter (du-rom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for testing the 
hardness of steel rails, 
durst, pt. of dare, 
dusk (dusk), adj. tending to 
darkness ; shadowy ; swarthy : n. 
incipient darkness, 
dusk-i-ly ('i-li), adv. w’ith a ten¬ 
dency to darkness or blackness, 
dust (dust), n. fine dry particles 
of matter; a stirring of such fine 
particles ; state of dissolution ; un¬ 
organized matter ; pollen ; obscur¬ 
ity ; confusion: v.t. to brush 
away dust from; cover with a 
powdered substance, 
dusty ('i), adj. [comp, dustier, 
superl. dustiest], covered with 
dust. 

Dutch (duch), adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, the Dutch or 
Low Germans of Holland, or their 
language. 

du-te-ous ('ti-us), adj. fulfilling 
duty ; obedient. 

du-ti-a-ble (du'ti-fi-bl), adj. sub¬ 
ject to duty. 

du-ti-ful (-fool), adj. respectful; 
obedient to parents, 
du-ti-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a duti¬ 
ful manner. 

du-ty ('ti), n. [pi. duties ('tiz)], 
obligatory service; tax, impost, or 
toll levied by Government on cer¬ 
tain articles. 

du-um-vir (-um'ver), n. [pi. du¬ 
umviri ('vi-ri), duumvirs 
('verz)], two ancient Roman offi¬ 
cers of high rank acting together 
in one capacity or public function, 
du-um-vir-ate ('ver-at), n. the 
joint office of the duumviri, 
dwarf (dwawrf), n. a human 
being, animal, or plant much be¬ 


low the average height: adj. of 
smaller size or height than the 
average: v.t. hinder from growing 
to the natural size: v.i. become 
stunted ; grow smaller. 

dwell (dwel), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
dwelt, p.pr. dwelling], to reside 
for a length of time; have a fixed 
abode; continue; linger: v.t. to 
inhabit. 

Syn. stay, stop, abide, sojourn, 
linger, 'tarry. 

dwell-iug ('ing), n. a house or 

place of abode. 

dwindle (dwin'dl), v.i. to be¬ 
come gradually less ; diminish v de¬ 
crease. 

Syn. pine, waste, diminish de¬ 
crease, fall off. 

Ant. (see grow). 

Dy-ak (dl'ak), adj. pertaining 
the natives of the Malay race 
inhabiting Borneo. 

dye (di), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dyed 
p.pr. dyeing], to stain or color: 
v.i. to follow the trade of a dyer. 
n. a coloring liquid or stain. 

dy-ing ('ing), p.adj. the passing 
away from life; decaying physic 
ally; drawing to a close; the acf 
of expiring. 

d y-n a c-t i-n o m-e-t er (-nak-tl 
nom'e-ter), n. an instrument foi 
measuring the intensity of the 
photogenic rays of light and com¬ 
paring the quickness of action of 
lenses in photography. 

dy-nain ('nam), n. a unit of work 
— 1 foot pound. # 

dy nam ic ('ik), adj. pertaining 
to mechanical forces not in 
equilibrium; effective. Also dy¬ 
namical : n. pi. that branch of 
mechanics which treats of the 
effects of force in producing 
motion. Also kinetics. 

dy-na-mi-tard ('na-ml-tard), n. 
one who advocates the use of 
dynamite as a revolutionary agent. 
Also dynamiter. 

dy-na-mite ('nfi-mlt), n. a highly 
explosive compound of nitro¬ 
glycerine mixed with sawdust oi 
infusorial silica: v.t. to destroy by 
dynamite. 

dy-na-mo ('nfi-mo), n. an electric 
machine for converting mechanic¬ 
al into electric energy. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






dye 


291 


dys 


dy nam o-graph (-nam'd-graf), 

n. an instrument for registering 
muscular power by compressing a 
spring held in the hand. 

dy-na-mom-e-ter (-na-mom'e- 
ter), n. an apparatus for measur¬ 
ing the force or power in moving 
a load, &c. 

dy-nas-tic (-nas'tik), ad), pertain¬ 
ing to a dynasty. 

dy-nas-ty ('nas-ti), n. [pi. dynas¬ 
ties (-tiz)], a line or succession 
of sovereigns of a particular 


family : the length of time during 
which a certain family reigns, 
dyne (din), n. the force which, 
acting upon a gramme per second, 
generates a velocity of 1 cen¬ 
timeter. 

dys-en-ter-y (dis'en-ter-i), ». a 
tropical disease akin to diarrhoea, 
attended with fever, 
dys-pep-si-a (-pep'si-a), n. in¬ 
digestion. 

dys-pep-tic ('tik), ad), pertaining 
to, causing, or afflicted with, 
dyspepsia. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 













eac 


292 


eas 


-E- 


each (ech), adj. & pron. every 
one; either. 

ea-ger (e'ger), adj. impetuous; 
vehement; earnest; keen ; enthu¬ 
siastic. 

Syn. hot, ardent, impassioned, 
forward, impatient. 

Ant. (see diffident), 
ea-gle ('gl), n. a bird of prey, 
genus Aquila, noted for its 
strength, size, and keenness of 
vision ; a gold coin of the United 
States = 10 dollars; the military 
standard of ancient Rome, 
ea-gle-wood (-wood), n. a highly 
fragrant resinous wood. Also 
agallochum. 

ea-glet ('glet), n. a young eagle, 
ear (er), n. the organ of hearing; 
delicate perception of sounds; at¬ 
tention ; a spike of corn ; anything 
that resembles an ear. 
eared (erd), adj. having ears, 
ear ing (er'ing), n. a small rope 
for fastening the upper corner of 
a sail to a yard or stanchion ; a 
plowing of land; the formation 
of ears, as in wheat, 
earl (erl), n. nobleman next in 
rank below a marquis, 
earldom ('dum), n. the posses¬ 
sions or dignity of an earl, 
ear-ly (er'li), adj. [comp, earlier, 
superl. earliest], before the usual 
time ; seasonable : adv. soon ; sea¬ 
sonably. 

ear-mark (er'mark), n. a mark 
for identification: v.t. to set a 
distinctive mark upon, 
earn (era), v.t. to gain as a just 
recompense for one’s labor, serv¬ 
ice, &c.; merit. 

Syn. acquire, obtain, win, gain, 
achieve. 

earn-est ('est), adj. in serious 
reality: serious in speech or 
action; ardent; zealous; eager: n. 
a portion of something given or 
done in advance as a pledge. 

Syn. ardent, serious, grave, sol¬ 
emn, warm. 

Ant. (see trifling), 
earn-ings ('ingz), n.pl. wages; re¬ 
ward. 


ear-ring (er'ring), n. an ear orna¬ 
ment. 

earth (erth), n. the inhabited 
terraqueous globe; the solid mate¬ 
rials which compose the globe; 
ground; soil; a region or land; 
worldly things or interests; the 
inhabitants of the globe ; that part 
of the ground forming part of an 
electric circuit: v.t. to hide or 
bury in the earth ; place in con¬ 
nection with the earth: v.i. to 
burrow. 

earth-en ('en), adj. made of 

earth. 

earth en ware (-war), n. vessels 

or other objects made of clay or 
a similar earthy substance. 

earth-ly ('li), adj. pertaining to 
the earth; sensual; worldly; 
possible; conceivable. 

earth-nut ('nut), n. the ground 
nut. 

earth-quake ('kwak), n. a shak¬ 
ing or trembling of the earth pro¬ 
duced by subterranean volcanic 
forces. 

earth-work ('werk), n. a cutting 
or embankment; an offensive or 
defensive fortification constructed 
chiefly of earth. 

earth-worm ('werm), n. a com¬ 
mon name for worms that live in 
the ground. 

earth-y ('i), adj. pertaining to, 
composed of, or resembling, the 
earth ; dull; coarse. 

ear-wax (er'waks), n. cerumen. 

ear-wig (er'wig), n. a well-known 
insect with a pair of curved for¬ 
ceps at its tail : v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
earwigged, p.pr. earwigging], to 
gain the ear of and influence by 
whispered or covert statements. 

ease (ez), n. freedom from pain, 
disturbance, labor, or affectation ; 
quiet; repose; facility: v.t. to 
free from pain, anxiety, or 
trouble; give rest or relief. 

Syn. calm, alleviate, allay, miti¬ 
gate, appease, assuage, pacify, dis¬ 
burden, rid. 

Ant. (see ajinoy, worry). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut, thin, then. 







eas 


293 


ecc 


ea-sel (e'zl), n. a wooden frame 
or tripod for supporting a canvas, 
blackboard, &c. 

easement (ez'ment), n. that 
which gives ease or relief; a right 
of accommodation in another’s 
land, or a right of passage, 
east (est), n. that part of the 
heavens where the sun is seen to 
rise; one of the four cardinal 
points; the eastern part of the 
earth : adj. coming from the east; 
near the altar of a church, as 
seen from the nave: adv. in an 
easterly direction. 

Cast (est), n. the Orient; eastern 
part of the United States. 
East-er (est'er), n. a festival of 
the Christian Church to commem¬ 
orate the resurrection of Jesus 
Christ: adj. pertaining to Easter, 
east-er-ly (-li), adv. situated, or 
moving towards, the east: adj. in 
the direction of the east, 
east-ern (est'ern), adj. situated 
towards, or lying in, the east. 
East-ern ('em), adj. Oriental. 
East-ern Church (cherch), n. 
the Orthodox Oriental or Greek 
Church. 

East-ern Empire (em-pir), n. 
that part of the later Roman 
Empire which had its capital at 
Byzantium (Constantinople). 
East-ern-er (-er), n. a person 
who resides in the eastern part 
of the United States. 

East-ern ques tion (kwes'chun), 
n. the term applied to the com¬ 
plicated internal problems arising 
out of the possession by the 
Turks of the southeast part of 
Europe, and their relations to 
Russia and. adjoining states, 
east-ing ('ing), n. the distance 
traversed by a vessel eastward 
from a given meridian, 
east-ward ('ward), adv. toward, 
or in the direction of, the east. 
Also eastwards. 

easy (-ez'i), adj. [comp, easier, 
superl. easiest], free from pain, 
disturbance, &c.; not burden¬ 
some ; moderate ; well-to-do ; cre¬ 
dulous ; natural; not formal; 
yielding; gentle; self-indulgent: 
adv. easily; n. diminution in speed 
while rowing. 

eat (et), v.t. [p.t. ate, p.p. eaten, 
p.pr. eating], to chew and swal¬ 


low, as food ; devour; consume : 
corrode; waste or wear away: 
v.i. to take food ; penetrate; taste, 
eau (o), n. \pl. eaux (oz), 
(French)], water, especially as 
applied to perfumes, cordials, spir¬ 
ituous waters, &c., as eau de 
cologne. 

eaves (Svz), n.pl. the edges of the 
roof which overhang a building, 
eaves-drop ('drop), v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. eavesdropped, p.pr. eaves¬ 
dropping], to listen to the private 
conversation of others, 
e-bau-choir (a-bo-shwar'), n. 
[Fr.] a large broad hewing 
chisel used by the statuaries, 
ebb (eb), n. the flowing back of 
the tide ; ebb-tide ; decline : v.i. to 
flow back or return, as the tide 
to the sea ; decline; recede, 
eb-lis (eb'lis), n. the Mohamme¬ 
dan Devil; in Mohammedan my¬ 
thology, the chief evil spirit, 
ebonite ('un-it), n. a hard dark 
variety of vulcanite, 
eb-on-ize (-iz), v.t. to make black 
by staining like ebony, 
eb-o-ny ('un-i), n. a hard, heavy, 
durable black-colored wood [pi. 
ebonies (-iz)], negroes: adj. 
made of, or like, ebony, 
e-boule-ment (a-bool'mang), n. 
[Fr.] the crumbling of a wall or 
fortification; a landslip; ava¬ 
lanche. 

eb-ul-li-tion (eb-u-lish'un), n. 
the act of boiling; effervescence; 
a sudden outburst cf feeling, 
eb-u-rine (eb'u-rin), n. an artifi¬ 
cial ivory. 

e-car-te (a-kar-ta'), n. a game of 
cards played by two persons with 
32 cards, from which those from 
two to six have been cast out. 
e-cau-date (e-kaw'dat), adj. tail¬ 
less. 

ec-bat-ic (ek-bat'ik), adj. denot¬ 
ing the relation of cause and ef¬ 
fect. 

ec-cen-tric ('sen-trik), adj. not 
situated in, or deviating from the 
center; peculiar in manner or 
character ; erratic : not having the 
same center: opposed to concen¬ 
tric : n. a circle or sphere not 
having the same center as another 
circle; a mechanical device for 
converting continuous circular mo- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ecc 


294 


ecr 


tion into reciprocating rectilinear 
motion. 

yn. irregular, anomalous, sing¬ 
ular, odd, abnormal, wayward, 
particular, strange. 

Ant. (see regular, ordinary), 
ec-cen-tric-i-ty (-tris'i-ti), n. [pi. 
eccentricities (-tiz)], deviation 
from a center; peculiarity of man¬ 
ner or character; idiosyncrasy, 
ec-cliy-mo-sis (-i-m5'sis), n. a 
livid spot on the skin, caused by 
extravasated blood, 
ee-cle-si-as-tic (e-kle-zi-as'tik), n. 
a person in holy orders; a clergy¬ 
man. 

ec-cle-si-as-tic-al (-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Church and its 
organization or government, 
ec-cle-si-as-tic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
an ecclesiastical manner, 
ec-cle-si-as-ti-cism (-as'ti-sizm), 
n. strong attachment to the forms, 
usages, organization, and privi¬ 
leges of the Church, 
ec-cle-si-ol-o-gy (-zi-ol'o-ji), n. 
the science which treats of the 
Church as an organized society, 
and of its development; science 
of church architecture and decora¬ 
tion. 

ech-e-lon (esh'e-lon), n. an ar¬ 
rangement of a body of troops in 
the form of steps; an arrange¬ 
ment of the vessels of a fleet in 
V form: v.t. to form in echelon, 
e-chi-no-derm (e-ki'no-derm), n. 
an individual of the Echinoder- 
mata, a class of animals in Cu¬ 
vier’s system which includes the 
star-fishes, sea-urchins, &c. 
e-chi-nus ('nus), n. [pi. echini 
('ni)], a sea-urchin; a rounded 
egg-shaped molding, 
ech o (ek'o), n. [pi. echoes ('oz)], 
the repetition of a sound caused 
by reflection ; the repetition of the 
words or opinions of others: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. echoed; p.pr. echo¬ 
ing], to emit an echo; give, or 
reflect back, a sound : v.t. to re¬ 
peat the sound of; repeat closely 
(the words. &c., of others), 
e-chom-e-try (e-kom'e-tri), n. the 
art of measuring the duration of 
sounds. 

eclair (a-klar'), n. a small ob¬ 
long cake containing favored 


cream, &c., covered on the top 
with sugar or chocolate, 
e-clair-cisse-ment (ses'mang), n. 
[Fr.] an explanation or clearing 
up of something previously ob¬ 
scure or misunderstood, 
e-clat (a-kla/), n. a bursting forth, 
as of applause or admiration ; re¬ 
nown ; striking effect; splendor, 
ec-lec-tic (ek-lek'tik), adj. select¬ 
ing or choosing from different sys¬ 
tems, doctrines, or sources; liber¬ 
al and broad in taste or belief: 
n. one of a class of ancient phil¬ 
osophers. 

ec-lec-ti-cism ('ti-sizm), n. the 
eclectic system of philosophy, 
e-clipse (e-klips'), n. the total or 
partial obscuration of the light, 
of a heavenly body caused by its 
entering the shadow of another 
body ; hence diminution : obscura¬ 
tion ; temporary failure : adj. per¬ 
taining to an eclipse: v.t. to cover 
or obscure by an eclipse; darken 
or conceal; overshadow, 
e-clip-tic (-klip'tik). n. the appar¬ 
ent path of the sun, or real path 
of the earth, in the heavens dur¬ 
ing a year. 

eclogue (ek'log), n. a pastoral 
poem. 

ec-o-nom-ic (ek-o, ore-ko-nom'ik). 
adj. frugal; saving; pertaining to 
domestic economy. Also econom¬ 
ical : n.pl. political economy, 
economically (-al-li), adv. 
with economy. 

economist (-kon'6-mist), n. one 
prudent in expenditure; a student 
of political economy, 
e-con-o-mize (/o-mlz), v.t. to man¬ 
age with care or frugality: v.i. to 
be careful in outlay, 
e-con-o-my ('5-mi), n. [pi. econo¬ 
mies (-miz)], the regulation of 
household affairs; frugality in ex¬ 
penditure ; any system of relig¬ 
ious laws, rites, or ceremonies. 
e-coi*-che (a-kor-sha), n. [Fr.] an 
anatomical model, represented as 
deprived of the skin; to exhibit 
for study the muscular system, 
e-cre-visse (a-kre-ves'), n. [Fr.] 
a piece of armor formed of over¬ 
lapping splints resembling the tail 
of the crawfish. 

e-cru (a-kroo'), adj. unbleached: 
said of the color of textile fabrics. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pQrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






ecs 


295 


edu 


ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. [pi. 
ecstasies (-siz)], the state of be¬ 
ing beside one’s self; excessive 
joy; a kind of cataleptic trance, 
ec-stat-ic (-stat'ik), adj. over¬ 
powering ; rapturous; entrancing. 
Also ecstatical. 

ec-stat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), a d v . 
rapturously. 

ec-ta-sis (ek'ta-sis), n. the pro¬ 
nunciation of a vowel as long, or 
its lengthening if short, 
ec-to-blast ('to-blast), n. an outer 
cell wall. 

ec-to-cyst ('sist), n. the outer 
covering of a polyzoon. 
ec-to-derm (-derm), n. the ex¬ 
ternal skin, or outer layer, of an 
animal or plant. 

ectoplasm (-plazm), n. the ex¬ 
terior protoplasm or sarcode of , a 
cell. 

ec-to-zo-a (-zo'a), n.pl. external 
parasites. 

ec-type (ek'tip), n. a reproduction 
or imitation of an original design, 
ec-ty-pog-ra-phy (-ti-pog'ra-fi), 
n. a method of etching in relief. 
«-cu (a-koo'), n. a mediaeval 
shield ; the name of various gold 
and silver coins formerly current 
in France. 

ec-u-men-ic (ek-u-men'ik), adj. 
general; universal ; pertaining to 
the Christian Church throughout 
the world; said of certain coun¬ 
cils of the Church. Also ecu¬ 
menical. 

ec ze ma ('ze-ma), n. an inflam¬ 
matory disease of the skin, 
ed-dy (ed'i), n. [pi. eddies ('iz)J, 
a contrary current of air or water 
causing a circular motion ; a 
small whirlpool: v.i. to move with 
a circular motion ; whirl, 
ed-el-weiss (a'dl-vis), n. a small 
perennial white, woolly, composite 
Alpine plant. 

E-den (e'dn), n. paradise; any 
particularly delightful region or 
residence. 

edge (ej), n. the thin, sharp, or 
cutting part of an instrument; ex¬ 
treme border ; brink ; margin ; 
keenness ; mental acuteness : v.i. 
to furnish with an edge or a 
border; exasperate; incite; move 
forward little by little: v.i. to sail 
close to the wind. 


Syn. border, brink, rim, brim, 
margin, verge. 

edged ('ejd), p.adj. furnished 
with an edge, border, or fringe. 

edge-tool (tool), n. any sharp 
tool. 

edging ('ing), n. that which 
forms an edge or border; narrow 
lace or embroidery for a garment; 
the operation of shaping or orna¬ 
menting anything, 
ed-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. fit to be eaten 
as food: n. something fit to be 
eaten (usually in pi.). 
e-dict (e'dikt), n. a public procla¬ 
mation or decree issued by a 
sovereign and having the force of 
a law. 

ed-i-fi-ca-tion (ed-i-fi-ka'shun), n. 
a building up in a moral or re¬ 
ligious sense; instruction, 
ed-i-fy ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
edified, p.pr. edifying], to build up 
or strengthen, especially in faith 
or ^morals; impart instruction to. 
ed-it ('it), v.t. to revise and pre¬ 
pare for publication ; direct, select, 
and adapt literary matter for the 
press; make a revision of. 
e-di-tioa (e-dish'un), n. the pub- 
Jished form of a literary work; 
the number of copies of a book, 
magazine, or newspaper published 
at.one time; reproduction, 
ed-i-tor (ed'i-ter), n. one who 
superintends, revises, or prepares 
a literary work for publication; 
one who conducts a newspaper, 
magazine, &c. 

ed-i-tor-i-al (-tor'i-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to an editor, or his duties: 
n. a leading article, 
ed-i-tress ('i-tres), n. a female 
editor. 

ed-u-cate ('u-kat), v.t. to impart 
knowledge to; cultivate the moral 
or intellectual faculties of; in¬ 
struct ; train. 

ed-u-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the 
act, process, or result of edu¬ 
cating ; the systematic training of 
the moral and intellectual 
faculties; the rearing of animals. 

Syn. culture, information, learn¬ 
ing, study, instruction. 

Ant. (see ignorance), 
ed-u-ca-tion-ist ('shun-ist). n. 
one versed in the art, theory, and 
methods of education; one who 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; mobrn 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









eau 


296 


eft 


advocates the promotion and ex¬ 
tension of education, 
od-u-ca-tor (-ka-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, educates ;• a tutor ; 
an educationist. 

educe (e-dus'), v.t. to draw out; 

evolve; bring to light, 
e-duc-tion (e-duk'shun), n. the 
act of exhausting, as steam, 
e-due-tive ('tiv), adj. drawing 
out. 

eel (-el), n. an elongated fish, 
destitute of ventral fins, having 
a slippery mucous skin, 
eel-buck ('buk), n. a funnel- 
shaped wicker basket for catching 
ells. 

eel-fare ('far), n. the passage of 
young eels up a stream; a brood 
of eels. 

eel-pout ('pout), n. the burbot, 
e’en (en), contraction of even 
and evening. 

e’er (ar), contraction of ever, 
ee-rie (e'ri), adj. lonely; weird; 
gloomy; mysterious. Also eery, 
ef-face (ef-fas'), v.t. to obliter¬ 
ate ; render indistinguishable; 
destroy. 

Syn. blot out, expunge, obliter¬ 
ate, wipe out, cancel, erase, 
ef-face-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. capable 
of being effaced. 

ef-face-ment ('ment), n. oblitera¬ 
tion. 

ef-fect (ef-fekt'), v.t. to pro¬ 
duce as a cause, consequence, or 
result; accomplish ; fulfil: n. re¬ 
sult ; purpose; realization; effi¬ 
ciency ; purport: pi. goods; per¬ 
sonal estate. 

Syn. consequence, result, issue, 
event, execution, operation, 
ef-fect-ive ('iv), adj. having the 
power to effect; operative; effi¬ 
cient ; powerful: n. a soldier fit 
for duty. 

Syn. efficient, operative, service¬ 
able. 

Ant. (see vain, ineffectual), 
ef-fect-u-al ('u-al), adj. produc¬ 
ing, or having, effect; completely 
operative; efficient, 
ef-fect-u-al-ly (-li), adv. in an 
effectual manner. 

ef-fem-i-na-cy (-fem'i-na-si), n. 
the quality of being effeminate; 
womanish softness or delicacy; 
unmanliness. 


ef-f em-i-nate ('i-nat), v.t. to 
make womanish or delicate; un¬ 
man : v.i. become womanish: adj. 
having the qualities or character¬ 
istics of a woman; delicate or un¬ 
manly. 

efferent ('fer-ent), adj. con¬ 
veying or discharging outwards, 
effervesce (-ves'), v.i. to be in 
a state of natural ebullition ; bub¬ 
ble or hiss. 

effervescence ('ens), n. the 
state or condition of effervescing; 
irrepressible excitement; a dis¬ 
play of feeling. 

ef-fer-ves-cent ('ent), adj. gently 
bubbling and hissing from the 
giving off of gas. 

ef-fer-ves-ci-ble ('i-bl), adj. 

capable of effervescing, 
qf-fete f-fet'), adj. worn out; bar¬ 
ren ; exhausted. 

efficacious (-i-ka'shus), adj. 
producing, or capable of produc¬ 
ing, a desired effect, 
efficacy (-ka-si), n. power to 
produce results or effects; ability. 

Syn. efficiency, energy, agency, 
instrumentality. 

ef-fi-cieii-cy (-fisli'en-si), n. ef¬ 
fectual agency or power; the 
state of being efficient, 
ef-fi-cient ('ent), adj. producing 
or causing effects or results: 
powerful ; ready: n. an agent or 
cause; a oualified person. 

Syn. effectual, effective, com¬ 
petent, capable, able, fitted, 
effigy ('i-ji), n. [pi. effigies 
(-jiz)], an image; a likeness or 
figure in sculpture, painting, or 
on coins, &c. 

ef-flo-resce (-flo-res'), v.i. to blos¬ 
som ; become covered with a whit¬ 
ish crust or fine white crystals, 
ef-flo-res-cence ('ens). n. the 
time or state of flow-ering; the 
production of flowers; redness of 
the skin; the formation of fine 
white crystals on the surface of 
efflorescing substances, 
ef flo-res-cent ('ent), adj. blos¬ 
soming. 

ef-flu-ence ('flu-ens), n. an issu¬ 
ing out. 

ef-flu-ent (-ent), adj. flowing or 
issuing forth : n. a stream which 
flows out of another or forms the 
outlet of a lake. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awd ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







off 


297 


e]a 


ef-flu-vi-al ('vi-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to effluvia. 

ef-flu-vi-um ('vi-um), n. [pi. ef¬ 
fluvia (-a)], an invisible subtle 
emanation; disagreeable exhala¬ 
tions arising from decaying mat¬ 
ter. 

ef flux ('fluks), n. the act of flow¬ 
ing out; effluence ; emanation ; a 
passing away. 

e£-fo-li-a-tion (-fol-i-a'shun), n. 
the depriving of leaves: said of 
a plant. 

effort ('fort), n. strenuous ex¬ 
ertion, physical or mental; strug¬ 
gle ; attempt. 

ef-front-er-y (-frunt'er-i), n. im¬ 
pudence. 

ef-ful-gence (-ful'jens), n. a 
great luster, brightness, or splen¬ 
dor. 

ef-fu-sion (-fu'zhun), n. the act 
of pouring out, or shedding forth; 
an outpouring of thought or 
sentiment; the escape of a fluid 
from the vessel inclosing it. 
ef-fu-sive ('siv), adj. pouring 
forth freely or widely, 
eft (eft), n. a newt, 
e-gad (e-gad'), interj. an exclama¬ 
tion of wonder, pleasure, or ad¬ 
miration. 

egg (eg), n. the oval or roundish 
body laid by birds and certain 
other animals, from which their 
young are produced; something 
shaped like an egg; the germ or 
first principle of anything: v.t. to 
urge on or incite; pelt with eggs, 
egg-ing ('ing), n. incitement, 
e-gis, same as aegis, 
eg-lan-tine ('lan-tin), n. the dog- 
rose. 

eg-o (eg'o), n. self; personality, 
ego-ism (-izm), n. the habit of 
regarding self as the center of 
everything; the doctrine that 
everything is uncertain but the 
fact of one’s existence, 
eg-o-ist (-ist), n. an adherent of 
egoism. 

eg-o-tism (eg'o-tizm), n. self-ex¬ 
altation in thought, speech, or 
writing; vanity. 

Syn. conceit, vanity, self-confi¬ 
dence. 

Ant. (see modesty), 
eg-o-tist (-tist), n. one character¬ 
ized by egotism. 

eg-o-tis-tic ('tik), adj. pertaining 


to, or characterized by, egotism. 
Also egotistical. 

e-gre-gious (e-gre'jus), adj. ex¬ 
traordinary. 

e-gress ('gres), n. departure, 
e-gret ('gret), n. a species of 
heron; a heron’s plume; the 
feathery down of seeds, 
e-gypt-ol-o-gy ('6-ji), n. the 
science or scientific investigation 
of Egyptian antiquities and hiero¬ 
glyphics. 

ei-der (i'der), n. a large marine 
duck, the down of which is an 
article of commercial value, 
ei-do-graph ('do-graf), n. an 
apparatus for copying drawings, 
&c. 

ei-do-scope (-skop), n. an instru¬ 
ment for producing an infinite 
variety of geometrical figures, 
eight (at), adj. one more than 7: 
a cardinal numeral : n. the sum 
of 7 and 1 ; a symbol (8, VIII., 
viii.), denoting this number, 
eight-een (at'en), adj. one more 
than 17: a cardinal numeral: n. 
the sum of 17 and 1; a symbol 
(18, XVIII., xyiii.), denoting this 
number. 

eight-een-mo (-mo), n. a book 
whose sheets are folded into 18 
leaves. Octodecimo, 
eight-een th ('enth), adj. next 
in order after 17th: an ordinal 
numeral, 

eighth (at'th), adj. next after 
seventh: an ordinal numeral: n. 
an interval of an octave, 
eight-i-eth (at'i-eth), adj, next to 
seventy-ninth. 

eight-score ('skor), adj. contain¬ 
ing eight times twenty: n. one 
hundred and sixty, 
eight-y ('i), adj. eight times ten. 
ei-kon (i'kon), n. [pi. eikones 
('ko-nez)], a holy image; a 
sacred picture used in the Greek 
Church. 

eis-wool (Is'wool), n. a fine kind 
of worsted. 

ei-ther (e' or i'ther ), adj. one or 
the other of two; both: pron. 
one of two: conj. the correlative 
to or. 

e-jac-u-late (e-jak'u-lat), v.t. to 
utter suddenly : v.i. to utter ejacu¬ 
lations. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








eja 


298 


ele 


e-jac-u-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
act of uttering suddenly; an ex¬ 
clamation. 

e-jac-u-la-to-ry ('u-la-to-ri), adj. 

uttered suddenly or sharply, 
e-ject (e-jekt'), v.t. to cast forth; 

dismiss from office; evict, 
e-jec-ta ('a), n.pl. refuse, 
e-jec-tion (-jek'shun), n. expul¬ 
sion. 

e-ject-ive ('iv), adj. pertaining 
to ejection. 

e-ject-ment ('ment), n. the act 
of ejecting; an action for the 
recovery of lands, &c. 
e-ject-or ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, ejects, 
e-joo-fiber (a-joo-fi'ber), n. a 
strong black fiber, used in com¬ 
merce. 

eke (ek), v.t. to extend or length¬ 
en (with out) adv. also; like¬ 
wise [poet.]. 

e-lab-o-rate (e-lab'o-rat), v.t. to 
produce with labor; improve or 
refine with study or labor: adj. 
highly-finished ; complicated, 
e-lab-o-rate-ly (-li), adv. in an 
elaborate manner, 
e-lab-o-ra-tor (-ra-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, elaborates, 
el -a-in, same as olein, 
e-lan (a-lang'), n. dash, 
el-and (el'and), n. the Cape elk. 
e-lapse (-laps'), v.i. to slip or 
glide away ; run out without no¬ 
tice. 

elastic (-las'tik), adj. spring¬ 
ing back; having the power of re¬ 
turning to its original form; re¬ 
bounding ; springy; capable of ex¬ 
tension : n. an elastic woven fabric 
made in part of india-rubber, 
e-las-tie-i-ty (-tis'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being elastic; power 
to recover from depression. 

e-las-tic-tis-sue (-tish'u), n. 
elastic light yellow tissue in the 
ligaments of the vertebrae, 
e-late (-lat'), v.t. to raise the 
spirits of; cause to feel exultant; 
excite; puff up. 

e-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the state 
of being elated; joyful elevation 
of mind. 

el-bow (el'bo), n. the joint or 
bend of the arm; anything bent 


or curved like an elbow: v.t. to 
thrust on one side: v.i. to jut 
into an angle; push rudely, 
el-der ('der), adj. older; exceed¬ 
ing another in age; prior in time, 
origin, or appointment: n. one 
older in age, rank, or station; 
a lay member of the Jewish San¬ 
hedrim ; one of a body of laymen, 
in certain churches, authorized to 
superintend its spiritual interests, 
and to assist the minister; a 
shrub or tree with a spongy pith 
and purple berries, 
el-der-ly ('li), adj. somewhat old. 
el-dest ('dest), adj. oldest; first¬ 
born. 

El Do ra do (do-ra'do), n. an im¬ 
aginary country in South Ameri¬ 
ca, fabled to be very rich in gold 
and precious stones: hence an in¬ 
exhaustible treasure, 
e-lect (e-lekt'), v.t. to choose for 
any office or use ; choose by ballot; 
select from a number: adj. taken 
in preference ; chosen to an office 
but not yet invested with the dig¬ 
nity : n.pl. those chosen to eternal 
life by Divine Sovereignty, 
e-lec-tion (-lek'shun), n. the act 
of electing ; voluntary preference ; 
the act of choosing a person for 
some office or function by show of 
hands, or ballot; the selection by 
Divine Sovereignty of certain in¬ 
dividuals to eternal life; one of 
the five points of Calvinism, 
e-lec-tion-eer (-shun-er'), v.i. to 
employ means for influencing the 
result of an election, 
e-lec-tion-eer-ing ('ing), n. the 
act of canvassing for, or the 
means employed to secure, votes 
at an election. 

e-lect-ive (-lekt'iv), adj. regu¬ 
lated by choice; exerting the pow¬ 
er of choice; opposed to hered¬ 
itary ; having the tendency to 
attract, or combine with, 
e-lect-or ('er), n. one legally 
qualified to vote; a member of a 
United States electoral college; 
one of the German princes who 
formerly possessed the power of 
electing the Emperor. 

e-lect-or-al (-al), adj. pertaining 
to elections or electors; having 
the rights of an elector. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let: line, tin : vote, pbreh, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






ele 


299 


ele 


e-lect-or-al col lege (kol'ej), n. 

body or representatives elected by 
• the voters of the several states 
to choose a president of the 
United States. 

e-lect-or-ate ('dr-at), n. the 
whole body of persons entitled 
to vote; the dignity or territory 
of an elector of the old German 
empire. 

electric ('trik), adj. pertaining 
to. containing, generated by, or 
produced by, electricity; mag¬ 
netic. Also electrical, 
e-lec-tric-al-ly (-al-li), adv. by 
electricity. 

e-lec-tri-cian (-trish'un), n. one 
who is skilled in the science of 
electricity; the maker or vendor 
of electrical appliances, 
e-lec-tric-i-ty (-tris'i-ti), n. an 
imponderable and invisible agent 
producing light, heat, chemical de¬ 
composition, and other physical 
phenomena; the science of the 
laws and phenomena which char¬ 
acterize electricity, 
e-lec-tri-cute (-kut), v.t. same as 
electrocute. 

e-lee-tri-fi-a-ble ('tri-fi-a-bl), adj. 
capable of receiving, being charged 
with, or transmitting, electricity, 
e-lec-tri-fi-ca-tion (-fi-ka'shun), 
n. the act of electrifying; the 
state of being electrified, 
e-lec-tri-fy ('tri-fi), v.t. [ p.t. & 
p.p. electrified, p.pr. electrifying], 
to charge with, or act upon, by 
electricity; pass an electric cur¬ 
rent through. Also electrize, 
e-lec-tro, a prefix denoting elec¬ 
tricity as the motive power, or 
operating agent, used in many 
words, the meaning of which is 
self-evident, as eZecfro-engrave, 
electro-gild. &c. 

e-lec-tro-bi-ol-o-gy (-bl-ol'o-ji), 
n. mesmerism. 

e-lec-tro-cau-ter-y (-kaw'ter-i), 
n. cauterizing by a platinum wire 
heated by electricity, 
e-lec-tro-cute ('tro-kut), v.t. to 
put to death (a criminal) by an 
electric current. 

electrocution (-ku'shun), n. 

the act of electrocuting, 
e-lec-trode (e-lek'trod), n. either 
of the terminals of an electric 
source; anode or cathode. 


e-lec-tro-dy-uam-ics (di-nam'- 
iks), n. that branch of physics 
which treats of electric currents, 
e-lec-tro-dy-na-mom-e-ter (-na- 
mom'e-ter), n. an instrument for 
measuring the strength of an elec¬ 
tric current. 

e-lec-tro-grapb (-graf), n. an 
apparatus used in preparing cop¬ 
per cylinders for printing fabrics 
and wall-papers. 

e-lec-trog-ra-phy (-trog'ra-fi), n. 
a process of copying fine engrav¬ 
ings on copper or steel by means 
of an electro-copper deposit. 

e-lec-tro-ki-net-ics (-ki-net'iks). 
n. that branch of electrical 
science which treats of electric 
currents, or electricity in motion, 
as distinguished from electro¬ 
statics. 

e-lec-tro-lier (-tro-ler'), n. an 
ornamental metal bracket for 
supporting electric lamps, 
e-lec-trol-y-sis (-trol'i-sis), n. the 
decomposition of a chemical com¬ 
pound by electricity into its com¬ 
ponent parts. 

e-lec-tro-lyze ('tr5-llz), v.t. to 
decompose by the direct action of 
electricity or galvanism, 
e-lec-tro-mag-net (-mag'net), n. 
a coil of soft iron rendered mag¬ 
netic by the passage of an electric 
current through it. 
e-lec-tro-mag-net-ics (-mag-net'- 
iks), n. the science of electro¬ 
magnetism. 

e-lee-tro-mas-sage ('mas-aj'), n. 
massage with the application of 
an electric current, 
e-lec-tro-met-al-lur-gy (-met'al- 
er-ji), n. the art of precipitating 
certain metals from their solu¬ 
tions, or of separating metals 
from their ores, &c., by a slow 
electric current. 

e-lec-trom-e-ter (-trom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
amount of electrical force, 
e-lec-tro-mo-tor (-mo'ter), n. any 
arrangement, or apparatus, which 
produces or excites an electric 
current; a dynamo, 
e-lec-tron (e-lek'tron), n. one of 
the corpuscles of which atoms 
are composed; an electrical unit. 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 











ele 


300 


ele 


e-lec-tro-neg-a-tive (-neg'a-tiv), 
adj. having a tendency to pass 
to the positive pole in electrolysis, 
e-lec-trop-a-thy (-trop'a-thi), n. 
the treatment of diseases by elec¬ 
tricity. 

e-lec-tro-phone (-fon), n. an in¬ 
strument for producing resonant 
sounds by electric currents; a 
form of telephonic transmitter, 
e-lec-troph-o-rus (-trof'o-rus), n. 
an instrument for generating stat¬ 
ical electricity by induction. 
e-1 e c-t r o-p li o-t o m-e-t e r (-fo- 
tom'e-ter), n. an instrument for 
comparing the brightness of vari¬ 
ous lights with that produced by 
an electric spark, 
e-lec-tro-pho-to-mi-crog-ra-pliy 
(-fd-to-mi-krog'ra-fi), n. photo¬ 
graphing by electric light objects 
magnified by the microscope, 
e-lec-tro-phys-i-ol-o-gy (-fiz-i-ol'- 
o-ji), n. that branch of electricity 
which investigates the electric 
phenomena of living organisms, 
e-lec-tro-plate ('tr5-plat), v.t. to 
cover or give a coating of metal 
to by means of a current of elec¬ 
tricity : n. an article thus coated: 
generally applied to silver plate, 
e-lec-tro-pos-i-tive (-poz'i-tiv), 
adj. tending to pass to the nega¬ 
tive pole in electrolysis, 
e-lec-tro-scope (-skop), n. an 
electrometer. 

e-lec-tro-ther-a-peu-tics, see 

electropathy. 

e-lec-tro-tech-nics (-tek'niks), n. 
the science of the processes or 
methods in which electricity is 
applied to the industrial arts, 
e-lec-tro-tint-ing (-tint'ing), n. 
a method of producing a design, 
&c., in relief on a metal plate, 
the lines of which when exposed 
in an electro bath are protected 
by an agent. 

e-lec-tro-type ('tro-tip), n. a fac¬ 
simile in metal of any object made 
by covering a mold, plate, &c., 
with a coating of copper by the 
action of a galvanic electric cur¬ 
rent : v.t. to take a copy of by 
electrical deposition, 
e-lec-trum ('trum), n. amber; 

German silver plate, 
e-lec-tu-a-ry (-lek'-tu-a-ri), n. a 
purgative composed of powders 
and fruit preserves. 


el-e-e-mos-y-na-ry (el-e-mos'i-na- 
ri), adj. pertaining to alms; de¬ 
voted to charitable purposes; de¬ 
pendent upon charity: n. one 
who lives on alms, 
el-e-gance ('e-gans), n. [pi. ele¬ 
gances (-gan-siz)], the state or 
quality of being elegant; polish ; 
refinement; symmetry, 
el-e-gant (-gant), adj. character¬ 
ized by refinement and good taste ; 
refined; polished; beautiful in 
form, color, or design, 
el-e-gi-ac (el-e-ji'ak, or e-le'ji-ak), 
adj. pertaining to, or of the na¬ 
ture of, an elegy; plaintive; 
mournful: n. a song expressing 
sorrow; a funeral song, 
e-le-git (e-le'jit), n. a writ of 
execution under which a creditor 
can hold a debtor’s goods until 
his claim is satisfied, 
el-e-gy (el'e-ji), n. [pi. elegies 
(-jiz)], a funeral song or ode; 
dirge ; requiem. 

el-e-ment (el'e-ment). n. a first 
or constituent principle; a com¬ 
ponent or essential part; a sub¬ 
stance which cannot be decom¬ 
posed by any known method; 
natural environment; ingredient; 
pi. the letters or sounds of the 
alphabet; the Eucharistic bread 
and wine. 

el-e-men-tal ('tal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or characteristic of, an ele¬ 
ment ; fundamental. Also elemen¬ 
tary. 

elephant ('e-fant), n. a large 
five-toed proboscidian mammal 
with a flexible trunk and large 
tusks. 

elephantiasis (-ti'a-sis), n. a 
cutaneous disease resembling lep¬ 
rosy. 

elephantine ('tin), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or resembling, an ele¬ 
phant ; huge; unwieldy, 
el-e-phan-toid ('toid), adj. like 
an elephant. 

el-e-vate (el'e-vat), v.t. to raise 
from a lower to a higher position ; 
ennoble ; animate ; inspire; . raise 
by training or education; to in¬ 
toxicate slightly. 

el-e-va-tion (-va'shun), n. the act 
of elevating; the state of be¬ 
ing elevated; a sketch plan of 
the front or principal side of a 
building; the altitude of a heaven- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrcli, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








ele 


301 


elo 


ly body above the horizon; rais¬ 
ing of the land by seismic or other 
agency; slight intoxication, 
el-e-va-tor (-ter), n. that which 
raises up or exalts; a hoisting 
machine or lift; a warehouse for 
the storage of grain, 
el-e-va-to-ry (-td-ri), adj. tending 
to elevate. 

e-lev-en (e-lev'n), adj. 10 with 1 
added: a cardinal numeral; n. 
the sum of 10 with 1 added, 
e-lev-enth (-lev'nth), adj. next 
in order after 10th: an ordinal 
numeral; constituting one of 11 
parts: n. one of 11 equal parts, 
elf (elf), n.i [pi. elves (elvz)], 
a diminutive mischievous sprite 
supposed to haunt hills and wild 
daces; a dwarf; fairy.' 
elf-child ('child), n. a child be- 
ieved to have been left by the 
dairies in the place of one stolen 
by them ; a changeling, 
el-fin ('fin), n. an inhabitant of 
fairyland; a sportive child: adj. 
pertaining to elves, 
elf-fire (elf'fir), n. will-o’-the- 
wisp. 

elf-ish ('ish), adj. resembling, or 
caused by, an elf; mischievous, 
elf-kin ('kin), n. a little elf. 
elf-lock ('lok), n. a knot of hair 
twisted in an intricate manner, 
e-lic-it (e-lis'it), v.t. to draw out. 
e-lide (-lid'), v.t. to slur over, or 
cut off, as a final vowel. 


el-i-gi-bil-i-ty (el-i-ji-bil'i-ti), n. 

the quality of being eligible, 
el-i-gi-ble (el'i-ji-bl), adj. capable 
of being, or fit to be, chosen ; legal¬ 
ly qualified. 

e-lim-i-nate (e-lim'i-nat), v.t. to 
leave out of consideration, or cast 
aside. 


Syn. drive out, expel, thrust 
out, eject, cast out, oust, dislodge, 
banish, proscribe. 

el-i-quate (el'i-kwat), v.t. to 
separate or melt out, as metal 
from ore. 

e-li-sion (e-lizh'un), n. the cutting 
off of a vowel or syllable for the 
sake of euphony, as o’er for 
over. 


elite (a-let'), n. the choicest part, 
as of society, a profession, an 
army, &c. 

e-lix-ir (-lik'ser), n. an imaginary 


liquid of the alchemists supposed 
to be capable of prolonging life 
indefinitely, and of changing baser 
metals into gold; a tincture, 
essence, or cordial, 
elk (elk), n. a very large deer of 
North America and Northern 
Europe; the moose-deer, 
elk-wood ('wood), n. the wood of 
the umbrella-tree. 

ell (el,, n. a measure formerly 
used for cloth, varying in differ¬ 
ent countries, an English ell 
being 45 inches. 

el-lipse (el-lips'), n. one of the 
sections of a cone; the elliptical 
orbit of a planet. 

el-lip-sis ('is), n. the omission of 
a word or words in a sentence, the 
sense of which is obvious, 
el-lip-soid ('oid), n. an elliptical 
spheroid. 

el-lip-tic (-lip'tik). adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or formed like, an ellipse; 
having a part omitted. Also el¬ 
liptical. 

el-lip-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in an 
elliptical manner. 

el-lip-tic-i-ty (-lip-tis'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being elliptic; the ex¬ 
tent of any divergence of any 
ellipse from the circle, 
elm (elm), n. a tree of various 
species belonging to the genus 
Ulmus. 

el-o-cu-tion (el-o-kf/shun), n. the 
art, manner, or style of speaking 
in public; delivery, 
el-o-cu-tion-a-ry (-a-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to elocution, 
el-o-cu-tion-ist (-ist), n. one 
skilled in, or a teacher of, the art 
of elocution. 

el-od (el'od), n. the odic force of 
electricity. 

e-loge (a-lozh'), n. a funeral ora¬ 
tion, especially one pronounced on 
the death of a member of the 
French Academy. 

El-o-him (el'o-him), n. one of the 
Old Testament names of God. 
e-lon-gate (e-16ng'gat), v.t . to 
stretch out; extend ; lengthen, 
e-lon-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. ex¬ 
tension. 

e-lope (e-lop'), v.i. to escape 
privately; run away with a lover 
or paramour. 

e-lope-ment ('ment), n. running 

away. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awd ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











elo 


302 


emb 


el-o-quence (el'o-kwens), n. the 
art of speaking with fluency and 
elegance. 

Syn. oratory, rhetoric, declama¬ 
tion. 

el-o-quent (-kwent), adj. having 
the power of fluent and elegant 
oratory. 

else (els), adv. besides; otherwise, 
else-where ('hwar), adv. in an¬ 
other place. 

e-lu-ci-date (e-lus'i-dat), v.t. to 
make clear; render intelligible; 
illustrate. 

Syn. make plain, explain, clear 
up, illustrate. 

e-lu-ci-da-tor ('i-da-ter), n. one 
who elucidates; an expositor, 
e-lude (e-lud'), v.t. to avoid by 
artifice or dexterity ; shun ; escape. 

Syn. evade, escape, avoid, shun, 
e-lu-sion (-lu'zhun), n. evasion; 
artifice. 

e-lti -sive ('siv), adj. deceptive; 
fallacious. 

e-lu-sory ('so-ri), adj. evasive; 
deceptive. 

el-van ('van), adj. pertaining to 
elves. 

el-ver ('ver), n. a young conger, 
elves, pi. of elf. 

e-lys-i-an (-liz'i-an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to elysium ; yielding the high¬ 
est enjoyment. 

U-lys-i-um ('i-um), n. the Greek 
Paradise or residence of the 
blessed after death; a condition of 
perfect happiness, 
em (em), n. the square body of 
any size of type, serving as a 
unit of measurement, 
e-ma-ci-ate (e-ma'shi-at), v.i. to 
lose flesh gradually; pine away ; 
v.t. to make thin, 
em a nate (em'a-nat), v.i. to flow 
out, issue, or proceed, as from a 
source. 

e-man-ci-pate (e-man'si-pat), v.t. 
to liberate from servitude or bond¬ 
age ; set free; enfranchise, 
e-man-ci-pa-tor (-pa-ter), n. a 
liberator. 

e-mar-gin-ate (-inar'gin-at), adj. 
indented at the edges; having 
the apex notched, 
e-mas cu-late (-mas'ku-lat), v.t. 
to castrate; deprive of virility; 
weaken by expurgation: adj. cas¬ 
trated ; deprived of vigor. 


em balm (em-bam'), v.t. to pre¬ 
serve from decay by balsams or 
aromatic spices; keep from putre¬ 
faction by antiseptics, 
embank f-bangk'), v.t. to in¬ 
close with a bank; protect by a 
bank. 

embankment ('ment), n. a 
bank of earth, stones, &c., for 
protection or defense, 
em bar go (-bar'go), n. [pi. em¬ 
bargoes ('goz)], an order by au¬ 
thority prohibiting the depart¬ 
ure of vessels from a port, 
embark (-bark'), v.t. to put on 
board ship ; venture or invest: v.i. 
to go on board a vessel; engage 
in any affairs. 

em-bar-rass (-bar'fis), v.t. to 
hinder; perplex; involve in pe¬ 
cuniary difficulties-; distress. 

Syn. perplex, entangle, distress, 
trouble. 

Ant. (see assist). 

em bar rass ment (-ment), n. 
confusion of mind; pecuniary diffi¬ 
culties. 

embassy ('ba-si), n. [pi. em¬ 
bassies (-iz) ], the public func¬ 
tion, mission, or official residence 
of an ambassador; a legation, 
em-bat-tled (-bat'ld), p.adj. fur¬ 
nished with battlements; drawn 
up in battle array, 
embed (-bed'), v.t. to lay in, or 
as in, a bed ; set in surrounding 
matter. 

em-bel-lish (-bel'ish), v.t. to 
make beautiful; set off by orna¬ 
mentation. 

Syn. adorn, decorate, bedeck, 
beautify, deck. 

Ant. (see disfigure), 
em-ber ('ber), n. a small live 
coal or unextinguished smolder- 
ing ashes. 

em-bez-zle (-bez'l), v.t. to appro¬ 
priate fraudulently, as property 
entrusted to one’s care, 
em-bit-ter (-bit'er), v.t. to make 
bitter, or more bitter; exasper¬ 
ate. Also imbitter. 
em-bla-zon (-bla'zn), v.t. to adorn 
with heraldic figures;' blazon; 
decorate; celebrate the praises of. 
em-bla-zon-ry (-ri), n. \pl. em¬ 
blazonries (-riz)j, heraldic deco¬ 
ration. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; mo5n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








emb 


303 


emb 


emblem ('blem), n. a symbolical 
figure or design; a visible sign 
of an idea. 

Syn. sign, figure, image, symbol, 
em-ble-ma (-ble'rna), n. a mosaic; 
a detachable figure with which the 
ancients ornamented gold, silver, 
or other metallic vessels, 
em-blem-at-ic (blem-at'ik), adj. 
pertaining to an emblem ; symboli¬ 
cal. Also emblematical, 
em-blem-at-ic-al-ly ( al-li), adv. 

in an emblematical manner, 
em-ble-ments ('ble-ments), n.pl. 
annual crops produced by the 
labor of the cultivator, 
ein-bod-i-er (-bod'i-er), n. one 
who embodies. 

embodi ment ('i-ment), n. the 
act of embodying, or uniting in 
a whole. 

em bod y (-bod'i), v.t. [p.f. & p.p. 
embodied, p.pr. embodying], to 
collect into one mass or united 
whole; invest with, or as with, 
a material body : v.i. to coalesce, 
em-bold-en (em-bold'en), v.t. to 
encourage. 

Syn. inspirit, animate, encour¬ 
age, cheer, urge, impel, stimulate. 

Ant. (see discourage), 
em-bo-lism ('bo-lizm), n. an in¬ 
tercalation ; the insertion of days, 
months, or years into the calendar 
to produce regularity of time; 
the presence of obstructing clots 
in the blood vessels, 
em-bo-lus ('bo-lus), n. [pi. em¬ 
boli (-11) ], something inserted 
and acting in another thing, as a 
piston-rod. 

em-bon-point ( iing-bong-pwang'), 
n. [Fr.] plumpness of figure, es¬ 
pecially of the bust, 
em bos om (em-booz'um), v.t. to 
hold in the bosom ; inclose in the 
midst; shelter. 

em boss (-bos'), v.t. to cover with 
bosses or studs; raise in relief 
from the surface, 
em-boss-ing ('ing), n. the art of 
producing raised or projecting 
figures or designs in relief on sur¬ 
faces. 

em bou chure (ang-boo-shur'), n. 
[Fr.] the mouth of a river, a 
cannon, &c. ; the mouthpiece of a 
musical wind instrument, 
em-bow-el (-bou'el), v.t. [p.t. & 


p.p. emboweled, p.pr. emboweling], 
to remove the intestines from; 
disembowel. 

em bow er (-bou'er), v.t. to cover 
with, or as with, a bower: v.i. to 
rest, as in a bower; form a bower, 
em-brace (-bras'), v.t. to take in 
close, or press to the bosom with 
affection ; hug ; cling to ; receive 
with willingness; in law, to at¬ 
tempt to influence by threats or 
bribes: v.i. to join in an embrace: 
n. the act of embracing; a clasp¬ 
ing in the arms; a hug. 
em bra cer y (-bra'ser-i), n. the 
act of attempting to corrupt or 
influence a jury. 

em-bra-sure ('zhur), n. an open¬ 
ing in a wall or parapet from 
which to fire guns; a window or 
door having its sides slanted on 
the inside. 

em-bro cate ('bro-kat), v.t. to 
moisten and rub, as a diseased or 
injured part, with a lotion, 
em-bro-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. a 
liniment for applying to, or rub¬ 
bing, an injured part of the body, 
em-broid-er (-broid'er), v.t. to 
decorate with needlework; em¬ 
bellish with additions, 
em-broid-er-y (-i), n. [pi. em¬ 
broideries (-iz) 3, ornamental 
work of gold, silver, silk, &c., 
executed with the needle; embel¬ 
lishment. 

embroil (-broil'), v.t. to throw 
into confusion; involve in con¬ 
tention ; mix up; entangle, 
em-bry-o ('bri-o), n. [pi. embryos 
(-oz)], the first germ or rudi¬ 
ment of an organism ; the first or 
undeveloped state of anything, 
em-bry-og-e-ny (-oj'e-ni), n. the 
development of the embryo in the 
ovule. 

em-bry-ol-o-gist (-ol'o-jist), n. 
one who studies, or is skilled in, 
embryology. 

em-bry-ol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. that 
branch of biology which treats of 
the development of embryos, 
em-bry-on-ic (-on'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or resembling, an em¬ 
bryo ; rudimentary, 
em-bry-o-plas-tic (-plas'tik), adj. 
pertaining to the formation and 
development of an embryo, 
em-bry-o-scope ('bri-o-skop), n. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; aoon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








emb 


304 


emp 


an instrument for the observation 
of the development of embryos, 
em-bry-ot-o-my (-ot'o-mi), n. the 
extraction of an embryo or foetus 
by cutting. 

emendation (em-en-da'shun), 
n. the alteration or correction of 
a text, so as to give an improved 
reading. 

em-en-da-tor (-ter), n. one who 
corrects or improves the text of a 
work. 

eni-er-ald (em'er-ald), n. a pre¬ 
cious stone of a rich, deep green 
color: a variety of beryl ; a size 
of type: adj. of a color like the 
emerald. 

em-er-ald-ine (-in), n. a dye of 
a dark green color, 
e-merge (e-merj'), v.i. to rise up. 
or come forth, from anything 
which conceals; become apparent, 
e.-mer-gen-cy (-mer'jen-si), n. [pi. 
emergencies (-siz)], a sudden oc¬ 
casion ; pressing necessity ; strait; 
crisis: adj. pertaining to, or used 
in, an emergency. 

e-mer-i-tus (-mer'i-tus), adj. re¬ 
tired from service with honor: 
said of a university or college pro¬ 
fessor. 

e-mer-sion (-mer'shun), n. the 
act of emerging; the reappearance 
of a heavenly body after an 
eclipse. 

em-er-y (em'er-i), n. a very hard 
variety of corundum: used when 
powdered for grinding or polish¬ 
ing. 

e-met-ic (e-met'ik), adj. inducing 
vomiting: n. a medicine possess¬ 
ing emetic properties, 
e-met-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. so as 
to cause vomiting, 
e-meute (a-mut'), n. a seditious 
or revolutionary outbreak; riot, 
em i grant (em'i-grant), n. one 
who quits his own country to 
settle in another: adj. moving 
from one country to another; per¬ 
taining to, or used by, emigrants, 
em-i-grate ('i-grat), v.i. to leave 
one’s country to settle in another. 

Syn. immigrate, migrate, 
eminence (em'i-nens), n. that 
which is lofty ; elevation ; height; 
exalted rank, station, celebrity, or 
repute; a title given to cardinals, 
em inent (-nent), adj. high in 


office, rank, or reputation ; distin¬ 
guished ; exalted; conspicuous. 

Syn. distinguished, signal, con¬ 
spicuous, noted, prominent, ele¬ 
vated, renowned, famous, glori¬ 
ous, illustrious. 

Ant. (see obscure, unknown), 
e-mir (e-mer'), n. a prince: a 
title of dignity given to a Mo¬ 
hammedan prince or chieftain. 
Also ameer, amir, 
em-is-sa-ry (em'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. 
emissaries (-riz)], a person, or 
agent, sent on a mission, especial¬ 
ly of a secret nature, 
emission (e-misli'un), n. the act 
of sending out; that which is 
issued at the time, as bank notes, 
e-mis-sive (-rnis'iv), adj. send¬ 
ing out. 

e-mit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t & p.p. 
emitted, p.pr. emitting], to send 
or give forth ; issue, as an order 
or decree; to print and send into 
circulation, as bank notes. 

Syn. give out, throw out, ex¬ 
hale, discharge, vent, 
em-met *('et), n. an ant. 
emollient (e-mol'yent), adj. 
softening: n. a medicine that has 
a softening effect on living tis¬ 
sues. 

e-mol-li-o-type ('i-6-tip), n. a 
picture taken on opal glass by 
the collodio-chloride process, 
e-mol-u-ment ('u-ment), n. profit; 
remuneration ; income ; pecuniary 
gain. 

e-mo-tion (-mo'shun), n. mental 
agitation; excited feeling; pas¬ 
sion. 

Syn. perturbation, agitation, 
trepidation, tremor, mental con¬ 
flict. 

e-mo-tion-al (-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or characterized by, 
emotion. 

e-mo-tion-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. the 

quality of being emotional, 
e-mo-tive (-mo'tiv), adj. produc¬ 
ing emotion. 

em pale. Same as impale, 
em-per-or (em'per-er), n. the 
sovereign or supreme ruler of an 
empire. 

em-pha-sis ('fa-sis), n. a particu¬ 
lar stress of the voice on a word 
or words in reading or speak¬ 
ing; special force of language or 
thought. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










emp 


305 


ena 


emphasize ('fa-siz), v.t. to pro¬ 
nounce with emphasis; bring out 
clearly and distinctly, 
em-phat-ic (-fat'ik), adj. ut¬ 
tered with emphasis; forcibly sig¬ 
nificant; impressive; earnest. 
Also emphatical. 

em-phat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
an emphatic manner, 
em-pire ('pir), n. supreme power 
or dominion; imperial rule or 
sovereignty; the region ruled 
over by an emperor or sovereign ; 
sway; control. 

em-pir-ic (-pir'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, founded upon, or derived 
from, experience. Also empirical, 
em-pir-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
an empirical manner, 
em-pir-i-cism ('i-sizm), n. obser¬ 
vation, or practical experience 
apart from scientific knowledge; 
the practice of medicine without 
the usual medical training or 
qualification ; quackery, 
em-ploy (-ploi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
employed, p.pr. employing], to 
give occupation to; keep busy; 
exercise; make use of; apply or 
devote to an object: n. occupation. 

Syn. occupy, busy, take up with, 
engross. 

em-ploy-ee (-e').w. one who works 
for another [French employe 
(-a)]. 

em ploy ment ('ment), n. busi¬ 
ness ; occupation. 

Syn. business, avocation, en¬ 
gagement, office, function, trade, 
profession, occupation, calling, 
vocation. 

em po ri um (-po'ri-um), n. a 
commercial center or place of 
trade; a large shop, 
em pow er (-pou'er), v.t. to au¬ 
thorize ; enable. 

em-pres-a-ri-o (-pres-a'ri-o), n. a 
contractor who introduces foreign 
settlers to Mexico by arrangement 
with the government, 
em-press ('pres), n. a woman in¬ 
vested with sovereign sway over 
an empire; the consort or widow 
of an emperor. 

emp-ti-ness (emp'ti-nes), n. the 
state of being empty; want of 
knowledge or sense, 
emp ty ('ti), adj. [comp, emptier, 
superl. emptiest], containing noth¬ 
ing ; vague ; unsatisfactory ; desti¬ 


tute of force, knowledge, or sense; 
fasting; vacant: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
emptied, p.pr. emptying], to de¬ 
prive of the contents; pour out; 
discharge; make vacant: v.i. to 
become empty; discharge itself: 
n.pl. (empties), an empty vessel, 
packing case, or sack. 

emp ty ing (-ing), n. the act of 
making empty: pi. the lees of 
beer or cider, used as yeast (pro¬ 
nounced emptins). 

em-pyr-e-an (em-pir'e-an), adj. 
pertaining to the highest and pur¬ 
est region of heaven, or the re¬ 
gion of pure fire; ethereal. Also 
empyreal. 

e-mu (e'mu), n. a large Australian 
ostrich-like bird. 

em-u-late (em'u-lat), v.t. to 
strive to equal or excel; vie with ; 
rival. 

emulator (-la-ter), n. a rival; 
competitor. 

e-mul-gent (e-mul'jent), adj. 
draining out; applied to the ar¬ 
teries and veins: n. an emulgenf 
vessel; a medicine that promotes 
a flow of bile. 

emulous (em'u-lus), adj desir¬ 
ous to excel; rivaling; competi¬ 
tive. 

e-mul-sion (e-mul'shun), n. any 
liquid preparation resembling 
milk; a substance suspended in 
gelatine or collodion, used in the 
preparation of dry photographic 
plates. 

en-a-ble (en'a-bl), v.t. to make- 
able ; furnish with adequate means 
or power; empower. 

en-act (-akt'), v.t. to decree; pass 
into law; act the part of. 

en-act-ing clause (klawz), n. 
the introductory clause of a bill 
or act, usually commencing “Be 
it enacted.” 

enactment ('ment), n. the act 
of enacting; a statute; the pass¬ 
ing of a bill into law. 

en-act-or ('er), n. one who en¬ 
acts. 

en am el (-am'el), n. an opaque, 
semi-transparent, or colored sub¬ 
stance, or glass, used in coating 
the surface of metals or por¬ 
celain, and afterwards fired ; any¬ 
thing enameled; any smooth hard 
coating, especially the dense white 


late, mar, mfisk, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pCrch, lot; m©5n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






ena 


806 


end 


substance of tlie teeth: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. enameled, p.pr. enameling], 
to lay on, cover, or decorate with 
enamel; adorn with various hues : 
v.i. to practice the art of enamel¬ 
ing. 

en-am-or .(-am'er), v.t. to capti¬ 
vate. 

en camp (-kamp'), v.i. to form a 
camp; halt on the march; go 
into camp or settle in temporary 
quarters: v.t. to form into a camp, 
en camp ment ('ment), n. a tem¬ 
porary resting place for an army 
or company of travelers, 
en-caus-tic (-kaws'tik), adi. per¬ 
taining to the art of painting in 
burnt wax. 

en-caus-tic-tile (-til), n. a varie¬ 
gated paving-tile inlaid on ground 
of another color. 

enceinte (iing-sangt'), n. the 
line of works which forms the 
main inclosure of a fortress or 
place; a close or precinct: adj. 
with child; pregnant [Fr.] 
en-cliain (en-chan'), v.t. to hold 
fast with or as with, a chain, 
enchant (-chant), v.t . to charm 
or subdue, as by spells or sor¬ 
cery ; bewitch ; fill with delight, 
enchantment ('ment), n. the 
use or practice of magic, sorcery, 
charms, &c.; the state of being 
enchanted; rapture, 
encircle (-ser'kl), v.t. to form, 
or inclose, in a circle; enclasp; 
embrace. 

en-co-mi-as-tic (en-ko-mi-as'tik), 
adj. bestowing praise; eulogistic, 
encomium ('mi-um), n. [pi. 
encomiums (-umz)], formal 
praise; eulogy. 

en com pass (-kum'pas), v.t. to 
surround. 

Syn. encircle, surround, gird, 
beset. 

encore (ang-kor'), adv. once 
more ; again : n. a repetition in re¬ 
sponse to a call by an audience: 
v.t. to call for a repetition of (any 
particular port of a performance.), 
encounter (en-koun'ter), v.t. 
to come upon suddenly; meet face 
to face: v.i. to come into colli¬ 
sion ; meet in combat: n. a sud¬ 
den or accidental meeting; con¬ 
flict ; battle. 

Syn. attack, conflict, combat, 


assault, onset, engagement, bat¬ 
tle, action. 

en cour age (-kur'aj), v.t. to give, 
or inspire with, courage; stimu¬ 
late. 

Syn. countenance, sanction, 
support, foster, cherish, inspirit, 
en-cour-age-ment (-ment), n. 
the act of encouraging ; that which 
gives courage or incites to action 
or perseverance. 

en-cri-nite ('kri-nit), n. a stone- 
lily. 

encroach (-kroch'), v.i. to in¬ 
vade gradually or by stealth ; in¬ 
fringe; intrude (usually with on 
or upon). 

en-croach-ment ('ment), n. in¬ 
trusion. 

encumber (-kum'ber), v.t. to 
impede ; retard ; clog ; obstruct; 
load with debt or other legal 
liabilities. 

en-eum-brance ('brans), n. that 
which encumbers; a lien or liabil¬ 
ity attached to real property, 
en-cyc-lic-al (-sik'lik-al), adj. sent 
to all members of a class or com¬ 
munity ; intended for general cir¬ 
culation Also encyclic: n. a cir¬ 
cular letter sent by the Pope to 
the bishops, treating of topics 
of general ecclesiastical interest, 
en-cy-clo-pae-di-a or encyclope¬ 
dia (-sl-klo-pe'di-a), n. the circle 
of the arts and sciences; a dic¬ 
tionary of the arts, sciences, and 
literature; a comprehensive sum¬ 
mary of knowledge; a cyclopaedia, 
en-cy-clo-pse-dic (-pe'dik), adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
an encyclopaedia. Also encyclo¬ 
pedic. 

en-cy-clo-pae-dist (-pe'dist), n. a 
compiler of an encyclopaedia; one 
whose studies embrace all knowl¬ 
edge. Also encyclopedist, 
en-cyst (-sist'), v.t. & v.i. to in¬ 
close, or become inclosed, in a 
cyst or vesicle. 

end (end), n. the extreme limit 
or terminal point of anything; 
purpose in view; design; neces¬ 
sary termination, or logical out¬ 
come ; death: v.t. to bring to an 
end ; finish ; terminate ; destroy : 
v.i. to come to an end; die. 

Syn. aim, object, purpose, re¬ 
sult, conclusion, upshot, close, ex- 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










307 


ene 


end 


piration, termination, extremity, 
sequel. 

eu-dan-ger (en-dan'jer), v.t. ex¬ 
pose to, or bring into, dagger; 
hazard. 

en dear (der), v.t. to make dear 
or beloved; attach to one’s self, 
en dear ment ('ment), n. affec¬ 
tion. 

en deav or (-dev'er), v.i. to strive 
for the attainment of some ob¬ 
ject ; attempt: n. an effort or at¬ 
tempt ; physical or intellectual ex¬ 
ertion towards the attainment of 
some object. 

Syn. attempt, try, essay, strive, 

aim. 

en dem ic (-dem'ik), adj. peculiar 
to a nation, people, or locality: 
applied to a disease, 
ending (end'ing), n. result; end. 
endo and endon, a prefix used 
in many scientific words, mean¬ 
ing within, denoting internal 
growth, as endoderin, endoplasm, 
en-do-carp (en'do-karp), n. the 
inner coat or shell of a fruit, 
en-do-gen ('do-jen), n. an endog¬ 
enous plant: pi. one of the pri¬ 
mary classes of the vegetable 
kingdom, in which the plants in¬ 
crease by internal growth and 
elongation at the summit, and 
have a distinct pith, 
endogenous (doj'en-us). adj. 
pertaining to the endogens; origi¬ 
nating or growing within, 
en-do-scope ('do'skop), n. an in¬ 
strument used for examining some 
internal part of the body, as the 
urethra. 

en-dos-mo-sis (-dos-m5'sis), n. 
the transmission of a fluid inward 
from outside when two fluids are 
separated by a porous septum, 
endosperm ('do-sperm), n. the 
albumen of a seed, 
en dow (-dou'), v.t. to bestow a 
fund or income upon ; settle upon ; 
furnish, as with some gift or 
quality (with with). 
endowment ('ment), n. the act 
of endowing; that which is be¬ 
stowed, settled, or appropriated to 
any object; that which is given 
er bestowed on the person or 
mind : pi. natural gifts, 
en-due (-du'), v.t. to clothe; in¬ 
vest ; assume; furnish with some 


moral or spiritual gift. Also in¬ 
due. 

en-dur-a-bil-i-ty (-dur-a-bil'i-ti), 
n. the quality of being endurable, 
en-dur-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. bear¬ 
able. 

endurance (-dtir'ans), n. the 
capacity to endure ; power of suf¬ 
fering without succumbing; con¬ 
tinuance ; fortitude. 

Syn. continuation, duration, for¬ 
titude, patience, resignation, 
en-dure (-dur'), v.t. to support 
without breaking or yielding; put 
up with ; remain in: v.i. to har¬ 
den ; remain in the same state. 

Syn. last, continue, support, 
bear, sustain, suffer, brook, sub¬ 
mit to, undergo. 

Ant. (see perish), 
en dur ing ('ing), adj. permanent, 
end-ways (end'waz), adv. on end; 
with the end forward or upper¬ 
most ; lengthwise. Also endwise, 
en-e-ma (en'e-ma), n. an injec¬ 
tion thrown into the rectum as a 
medicine. 

en-e-my ('e-mi), n. [pi. enemies 
(-miz)], one hostile to another; 
foe; antagonist; a hostile army. 

Syn. foe, antagonist, adversary, 
opponent. 

Ant. (see friend), 
en-er-get-ic (-er-jet'ik), adj. pos¬ 
sessing, or displaying, energy; 
vigorous in action ; forcible: n.pl. 
physical, as distinguished from 
vital dynamics. 

Syn. industrious, effectual, effi¬ 
cacious, powerful, binding, strin¬ 
gent, forcible, nervous. 

Ant. (see lazy). 

en-er-gi-co (-er'je-ko), adj. with 
energy, force, and strong accen¬ 
tuation [Mus.]. 

en-er-gize ('er-jlz), v.t. to endow 
with energy; v.i. to act with 
energy. 

en-er-gy ('er-ji), n. [pi. energies 
(-jiz) ], internal or inherent 
power ; vigorous operation ; power 
efficiently and forcibly exerted; 
capacity for performing work ; em¬ 
phasis. 

en-er-vate (en'er-vat or e-ner'- 
vat), v.t. to deprive of nerve, 
force, or vigor; render effeminate 
or feeble; debilitate. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







enf 


308 


enh 


eu-fa-mille (ang fa-mel'), with 
one’s family ; at home; in domes¬ 
tic fashion, without formality, 
en-fee-ble (en-fe'bl), v.t. to weak¬ 
en ; relax. 

enfeoff (-fef'), v.t. to invest with 
a feud, fief, or fee; give, sell or 
convey lands in fee to. 
en-fi-lade (-fi-lad'), n. a straight 
line or passage; the situation of 
a place or a body of men liable 
to be raked with shot through its 
whole extent: v.t. to pierce or 
rake with shot in a straight line, 
en-force (-fors'), v.t. to put into 
execution with vigor; compel; 
make clear or intelligible, 
en-fran-cliise (-fran'chiz), v.t. to 
liberate or set free; make free 
of a state, city, or corporation; 
confer the electoral franchise 
upon; admit to the right of vot¬ 
ing in public elections, 
en gage (en-gaj'), v.t. to pledge 
or bind by oath or contract; make 
liable for a debt; secure for aid 
or employment; encounter in bat¬ 
tle ; occupy the time or attention 
of; interlock: v.i. to promise or 
assume an obligation; occupy 
one’s self; enter a conflict. 

Ryn. employ, busy, occupy, at¬ 
tract, invite, allure, entertain, en¬ 
gross, take up, enlist, 
engaged (-gajd'), p.adj. busy or 
occupied; affianced, 
en-gage-ment (-gaj'ment), n. the 
act of engaging; the state or con¬ 
dition of being engaged ; betroth¬ 
al ; occupation ; a conflict between 
armies or fleets. 

en-gag-ing ('ing), adj. winning; 
pleasing. 

en-gen-der (-jen'der), v.t. to be¬ 
get ; excite: v.i. to come into ex¬ 
istence. 

en-gine (-jin), n. anything used 
to effect a purpose; a machine 
by which power is applied for 
the performance of work; an ap¬ 
paratus for producing some me¬ 
chanical effect: v.t. to furnish or 
fit up a vessel with engines, 
en-gi-neer (-ji-ner'), n. one who 
is skilled in the principles or 
practice of any branch of engi¬ 
neering ; one who has charge of 
and manages an engine; one who 
carries through a scheme or un¬ 
dertaking by skill or astuteness: 


v.t. to plan, lay out, or direct, 
as an engineer, the formation or 
execution of, as a road or work, 
en-gi-neer-ing ('ing), n. the art 
of constructing and using ma¬ 
chinery ; the art and science by 
which natural forces and mate¬ 
rials are utilized in structures 
or machines. 

Eng-lish (ing'glish), adj. be¬ 
longing to, characteristic of, or 
pertaining to, the language or the 
people of England, or those de¬ 
scended from them: n. the Eng¬ 
lish people or the language spoken 
by them; a size of printing-type 
(see type) : v.t. to give a twist¬ 
ing or spinning motion to, as a 
ball at billiards so as to deflect 
it from its course, 
en-grail-ment (en-gral'ment), n. 
a ring of dots round the edge of 
a coin or medal. * 
en-grain, another form of ingrain, 
en grave (eu-grav'), v.t. to cut 
or carve in sunken patterns; in¬ 
cise with figures or lines; im¬ 
press deeply or indelibly, 
engraving ('ing), n. the act, 
process, or art of producing de¬ 
signs, &c., incised or relief, on 
metal, stone, or hard wood; that 
which is engraved; an impression 
from an engraved plate, 
engross (-gros'), v.t. to pur¬ 
chase in the gross or bulk; mo¬ 
nopolize ; write in a large distinct 
round hand. 

Syn. absorb, take up, busy, oc¬ 
cupy, engage, monopolize, 
engrossment ('ment), n. the 
act of acquiring large or undue 
quantities of things; the act of 
engrossing documents ; that which 
has been engrossed; attention to 
one thing to the exclusion of 
everything else, 
en-gulf, same as ingulf. 

Syn. swallow up, absorb, im¬ 
bibe, drown, submerge, bury, en¬ 
tomb, overwhelm. 

enhance (-bans'), v.t. to raise 
in esteem; advance; heighten in 
price or value. 

en har mon ic (-har-mon'ik), adj. 
proceeding by smaller intervals 
than a semitone. Also enharmon- 
ical. 

en-har-mon-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 

in an enharmonic manner. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then 







enh 


309 


ens 


en har mon ic scale (skal), n. 
a musical scale having more than 
12 tones to the octave, 
en-hy-drite (-hi'drit), n. any min¬ 
eral containing water, 
e nig ma (e-nig'ma), n. a riddle, 
e-nig-mat-ic (-mat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to an enigma ; obscure or 
puzzling. Also enigmatical. « 
e-nig-mat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 

in an enigmatical manner, 
en-join (-join'), v.t. to direct 
with authority or urgency; en¬ 
force ; prohibit or restrain by an 
injunction. 

Syn. order, ordain, appoint, 
prescribe. 

en-joy (-joi'), v.t to feel or per¬ 
ceive with pleasure; have the 
use or possession of. 
en joy ment ('ment), n. the act 
of enjoying; pleasure or gratifi¬ 
cation. 

Syn. pleasure, gratification. 

Ant. (see grief, sorrow, sad¬ 
ness) . 

en-kin-dle (-kin'dl), v.t. to set 
on fire; rouse. 

en-large (-larj'), v.t. to make 
larger; extend in limits or dimen¬ 
sions ; amplify; extend to more 
purposes or uses; release from 
confinement; dilate upon: v.i. to 
become larger; expatiate. 

Syn. increase, extend, augment, 
broaden, swell. 

Ant. (see diminish), 
en-light-en (-lit'n), v.t. to illumi¬ 
nate ; make clear to the mind; 
furnish with increased knowledge ; 
elevate morally or spiritually. 

Syn. illumine, illuminate, in¬ 
struct, inform. 

Ant. (see befog, becloud), 
enlist (-list'), v.t. to enroll, as 
for military service; register; 
gain over, or employ in some 
cause: v.i. to engage one’s self 
for military service, 
enlistment ('ment). n. the act 
of enlisting; the state of being 
enlisted. 

en-liv-en (-liv'n), v.t. to make 
vigorous, active, or vivacious; ex¬ 
hilarate; inspirit. 

Syn. cheer, vivify, stir up, ani¬ 
mate, inspire, exhilarate. 

Ant. (see sadden, quiet'i. 
en masse (ling mas'), [Fr.] col¬ 
lectively ; altogether. 


en-mi-ty ('mi-ti), n. [pi. enmities 
(-tiz) ], animosity; hatred; hos¬ 
tility ; ill-will. 

Syn. animosity, hostility, ill- 
will, maliciousness. 

Ant. (see friendship), 
en-no-ble (-nb'bl), v.t. to make 
noble ; dignify ; exalt; make fa¬ 
mous or illustrious, 
en-nui (ang-we'), n. [Fr.] lan¬ 
guor of mind; listlessness, 
e-nor-mi-ty (e-nor'mi-ti), n. [pi. 
enormities (-tiz)], something out¬ 
rageous or extemely immoder¬ 
ate ; an atrocity. 

enormous ('mus), adj. excess¬ 
ive ; very great; immense ; huge ; 
extremely wicked. 

Syn. gigantic, colossal, huge, 
vast, immense, prodigious. 

Ant. (see insignificant), 
en pas-sant (ang pas-sang'), 
[Fr.] by the way. 
e-nough (e-nuf'), adj. sufficient; 
n. a sufficiency: adv. so as to be 
sufficient; very ; quite: interj. 
stop! 

Syn. sufficient, plenty, abun¬ 
dance. 

Ant. (see want), 
en-quire, same as inquire, 
en rage (en-raj'), v.t. to throw 
into a rage. 

en-rail (-ral'), v.t. to place a car 
upon rails; opposed to derail, 
en rap-port (ling rap-por'), [Fr.] 
in sympathy with (with with). 
en-rapt (-rapt'), adj. enraptured, 
enrapture (-rap'tur), v.t. to 
transport with delight; please in¬ 
tensely ; charm. 

Syn. enchant, fascinate, charm, 
captivate, bewitch. 

Ant. (see repel). 

en re-gle (ang ra'gl), [Fr.] in 
due order. 

en-rich (en-rich'), v.t. to make 
rich : fertilize ; store ; adorn, 
enrobe (-rob'), v.t. to clothe; 
invest. 

en-roll (-rol'), v.t. to insert in a 
register ; enlist: record. Also enrol. 

Syn. enlist, list, register, record, 
en route (iing root), [Fr.] on the 
way. 

ens (enz), n. [pi. entia (en'shi- 
a)]. an entity: existence: being, 
en san guine (en-sang'gwin), v.t. 
[Fr.] to smear or cover with 
blood. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl: he, her, let: line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; m5on, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








ens 


310 


ensconce (-skons'), v.t. to hide; 

fix securely or comfortably ; settle, 
en-sem-ble (ang-siing'bl), n. [Fr.] 
the whole. 

en-sheathe (-shet/t'), v.t. to 

sheathe. 

en-shrine (en-shrln')» v.t. to 

place in a shrine ; keep sacred, 
en-shroud (-shroud'), v.t. to cover 
with, or as with, a shroud ; conceal, 
en-si-form ('si-form), adj. sword¬ 
shaped. 

ensign ('sin), n. a flag; badge; 

the lowest rank in the navy, 
en-si-lage ('si-laj), n. fodder or 
vegetable produce stored in a silo : 
v.t. to preserve in a silo, 
enslave (-slav'), v.t. to bring 
into, or reduce to, slavery; en¬ 
thrall. 

ensnare (-snar'), v.t. to take 
in, or as in, a snare; take by 
craft; allure. 

en-sne (-su'), v.i. to follow as 
a consequence; succeed, 
en suite (ang swet'), in a series, 
en sure, same as insure, 
en-tab-la-ture (tab'la-tiir), n. the 
whole parts on the top of a pillar 
or column, composed of archi¬ 
trave, frieze, and cornice, 
en-tail (en-tal'), n. an estate in 
fee limited to a particular heir 
or heirs: v.t. to leave or settle, 
as if by entail; involve; necessi¬ 
tate. 

en-tan-gle (-tang'gl), v.t. to in¬ 
volve ; tangle ; ensnare ; perplex ; 
bewilder. 

enter ('ter), v.t. to go or come 
into ; begin ; penetrate ; set down 
in writing; join or become a mem¬ 
ber of; initiate into a business, 
&c.; place on the records of a 
court: v.i. to effect an entrance; 
come in. 

en-ter-ic (-ter'ik), adj. pertaining 
to. or situated near, the intestines, 
enteritis (-T'tis), n. inflamma¬ 
tion of the small intestines, 
en-ter-o-zo-a (-ter-o-zd'&), n.pl. 

intestinal parasites, 
en-ter-prise ('ter-prlz), n. an un¬ 
dertaking of importance or risk; 
boldness; energy and invention. 

Syn. undertaking, endeavor, 
venture, energy. 

en-ter-pris-ing (-ing), n. adven¬ 
turous, energetic, and progressive. 


-A • i 


en-ter-tain (-tan'), v.t. t« re¬ 
ceive and treat hospitably ; af¬ 
ford diversion to; keep in the 
mind; take into consideration: 
v.i. to receive guests hospitably, 
entertaining ('ing), p.adj. 

amusing; diverting, 
en-ter-tain-ment ('ment), n. 
tlfe act of entertaining; hospi¬ 
tality at table; a feast or ban¬ 
quet ; a diverting performance; 
amusement. 

enthrall (-thrawl'), v.t. to en¬ 
slave ; bring or hold under some 
overmastering influence, 
en throne (-thron'), v.t. to place 
on a throne; invest with sover¬ 
eign power and authority, 
en-tliuse (-thfiz'), v.t. to ren¬ 
der enthusiastic: v.i. manifest 
enthusiasm. 

en-thn-si-asm (-thii'zi-azm), n. 
elevation of fancy ; ardor of mind ; 
fervent zeal; fanaticism. 

&yn. earnest devotion, zeal, 
ardor. 

Ant. (see ennui, lukewarm¬ 
ness ). 

en-tliu-si-ast ('zi-ast), n. one 
who is filled with enthusiasm ; one 
who thinks himself to be in¬ 
spired ; a visionary; fanatic. 

Syn. fanatic, visionary, 
enthusiastic (-as'tik), adj. 
given to, or characterized by, en¬ 
thusiasm ; ardent; zealous, 
en-thu-si-as-tic-al-ly ( -al-li), 
adv. with enthusiasm, 
entice (-tls'), v.t. to attract or 
allure; tempt. 

en-tire (-tlr), adj. complete in 
all parts; whole; undivided or 
unbroken; unalloyed ; consisting 
of one piece: adv. entirely; 
wholly: n. the whole; entire beer, 
en-tire-ly ('li), adv. fully; com¬ 
pletely. 

en-tire-aess ('nes), n. the state 
or quality of being entire; com¬ 
pleteness. 

en-tire-ty ('ti), n. completeness; 
the whole. 

en-ti-tle (en-tl'tl). v.t. to give a 
title, name, or designation to; 
style; give a right to. 
en-ti-ty ('ti-ti), n. [pi. entities 
(-tiz)], anything that exists, or is 
supposed to exist; being. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot-, m5on 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ent 


311 


env 


ento, ent, a prefix forming many 
compounds with scientific words, 
meaning within , interior. 
entomb (en-todm'), v.t. to place 
in, or as in, a tomb, 
en-tomb-ment (/ment), n. the 
act of placing in a tomb, 
en-to-moid ('to-moid), ad}, re¬ 
sembling an insect, 
en-to-mol-o-gy (-to-mol'o-ji), n. 
that branch of zoology which 
treats of insects and their habits, 
en-to-mol-o-gist (-jist), n. a stu¬ 
dent of entomology, 
eu-to-moph-a-gus (-mof'a-gus), 
adj. insect-eating, 
en-ton-ic (-ton'ik), adj. having 
great tension; strained, 
entourage (ang-too-razh'), n. 

associates; surroundings, 
en-tr’-acte (ang'tr-akt), n. the 
interval between the acts of a 
play or opera ; a musical interlude, 
en-to-zo on (-to-zo'on), n. [pi. en- 
tozoa ('a)], a parasite living in 
the intestines of another animal, 
entrails ('tralz), n.pl. the intes¬ 
tines. 

en-train (-tran'), v.t. to dispatch 
(troops) by train, 
en trance ('trans), n. the act of 
entering ; a passage ; avenue ; the 
entry of a ship, or goods, at the 
custom house of a port. 

Syn. gate, access, opening, en¬ 
try, portal. 

Ant. (see egress, exit), 
en-trap (-tran'). v.t. to take in, 
or as in, a trap; inveigle; en¬ 
snare. 

en-treat (-tret), v.t. to solicit ear¬ 
nestly ; importune ; beseech, 
en-treat-y (-tret'i), n. [pi. en¬ 
treaties ('iz) ], an earnest peti¬ 
tion or request; prayer, 
entree (ang-tra'), n. entrance; 
admission ; a subordinate or side 
dish. 

en-tre-mets (ang-tr-ma/), n.pl. 

[Fr.] side dishes; a made dish, 
en-trench, same as intrench, 
entre-nous (iing'tr-noo), [Fr.] 

confidentially. 

en-tre-pas (pa), n. [Fr.] an 
amble. 

en-tre-pot (iing'tr-po), n. a com¬ 
mercial center for the distribution 
of goods; a free port where 
foreign merchandise is kept in 
bond. [Fr.] 


en-trust, same as intrust, 
en-ti’y (en'tri), n. [pi. entries 
('triz)], an entrance; passage; 
entree; the act of entering and 
inscribing in a book; item; the 
act of taking rightful possession 
of lands or tenements, or felo¬ 
niously entering another’s prem¬ 
ises. 

entwine (-twin'), v.t. to twine 
around; twist together, 
enumerate (e-nu'mer-at), v.t. 
to reckon or name singly ; count; 
go over in detail, 
e nu mer a tion (-a/shun), n. the 
act of numbering; counting up; 
a catalogue; list, 
e-nun-ci-a-ble (-nun'shi-a-bl), 
adj. capable of being enunciated, 
enunciate ('shi-at), v.t. to 
declare or proclaim; utter; ex¬ 
press ; speak. 

e-nun-ci-a-tion (-a/shun), n. defi¬ 
nite or declaratory statement; 
articulation ; the words in which 
a proposition is expressed, 
e-nun-ci-a-tive ('shi-a-tiv), adj. 
declaratory. 

e-nun-ci-a-tor ('shi-a-ter), n. one 
who enunciates or declares, 
envelop (-vel'up), v.t. to sur¬ 
round with, or as with, a wrap¬ 
per ; hide; cover. 

en-vel-ope (en'vel-op), n. a case 
or wrapper, usually gummed, for 
safe conveyance of a letter by 
post, &c.; covering; wrapper; an 
investing integument; exterior 
fortified works. 

envelopment (-vel'up-ment), 
n. the act of enveloping; a cover¬ 
ing ; wrapper. 

en ven om (-ven'um), v.t. make 
poisonous; infuse venom into; 
embitter. 

en-vi-a-ble ('vi-a-bl), adj. excit¬ 
ing envy; capable of awakening 
the desire to possess, 
en-vi-a-bly (-bli), adv. in an en¬ 
viable manner. 

envious ('vi-us), adj. feeling, 
or characterized by, envy; jeal¬ 
ous. 

Syn. jealous, suspicious. 

Ant. (see trustful, friendly), 
en vi ron (-vi'run), v.t. to sur¬ 
round or inclose ; encompass ; hem 
in: n.pl. places near a town or 
city; suburbs. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








env 


312 


epi 


en-vi-ron-ment (-ment), n. that 
which surrounds; external cir¬ 
cumstances of an organism, 
en voy ('voi), n. a diplomatic rep¬ 
resentative, second in rank to 
an ambassador; one sent on a 
special mission. 

en-vy ('vi), v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. envied, 
p.pr. envying], to grudge; feel 
displeasure at the excellence or 
prosperity of; covet: v.i. to feel 
or exhibit envy: n. malice, ill- 
will ; displeasure felt at the ex¬ 
cellence of another; an object of 
envy. 

en-wrap^ (-rap'), v.t. to wrap up. 
en-zo-ot-ic (-zo-ot'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to a disease which af¬ 
fects animals of a particular dis¬ 
trict. 

e-pact (e'pakt), n. the excess of 
the solar over the lunar month, 
about 11 days in the year, 
e-paul-ment (e-pawl'ment), n. a 
sidework to protect troops in 
flank. 

ep-au-let (ep'aw-let), n. an orna¬ 
mental badge sometimes worn on 
the shoulder by naval and mili¬ 
tary officers. 

ep-en-the-sis (-en'the-sis), n. the 
insertion of a letter or syllable 
in the middle of a word, 
e-pergne (e-pern'), n. an orna¬ 
mental stand with a dish and 
branches for holding flowers, &c. 
eph-em-er-a (ef-em er-a), n. [pi. 
ephemerae (-ret], that which ex¬ 
ists but for a day ; a May-fly. 
epli-em-er-al ('er-al), adj. exist¬ 
ing only for a day; short-lived, 
epli-em-er-is ('er-is), n. [pi. 
ephemerides (-er'i-dez) ], an as¬ 
tronomical almanac showing the 
daily positions of the sun, moon, 
and planets. 

epli-od (ef'od), n. a priestly vest¬ 
ment worn by the Jewish high 
priest. 

eph-or (ef'er), n. [pi. ephori (- 1 ), 
ephors (-erz)], one of the five 
Spartan magistrates, 
epic (ep'ik), adj. heroic; narra¬ 
tive : said of a poem : n. a narra¬ 
tive poem of some heroic deed or 
event. 

ep-i-carp ('i-karp), n. the outer 
layer or skin of a fruit, 
ep-i-cene ('i-sen), adj. of com¬ 


mon gender: n. a noun common to 
both genders. 

ep-i-cra-ni-um (-i-kra'nu-um), n. 

the scalp of the cranium or skull, 
ep i cure ('i-kur), n. one devoted 
to luxury, especially of a dainty 
kind. 

ep-i-cu-re-an (-ku-re'&n), adj. 
luxurious ; devoted to the 
pleasures of the table: n. a volup¬ 
tuary ; gormand ; epicure, 
ep-i-cy-cle ('i-sl-kl), n. a small 
circle whose center is situated on 
the circumference of a greater 
circle. 

ep-i-cy-cloid ('kloid), n. a curve 
described by a point in the cir¬ 
cumference of one circle which 
rolls upon the convex circumfer¬ 
ence of another circle, 
ep-i-dem-ic (-i-dem'ik), adj. at¬ 
tacking many at the same time: 
said of a disease: n. a disease 
haying this characteristic, 
ep-i-der-mal (-der'mal), adj. per¬ 
taining to the epidermis. Also 
epidermic. 

ep-i-der-mis ('mis), n. the cuticle 
or scarf skin; the outer coating 
or bark of a plant, 
ep-i-gen-e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. the 
hypothesis that the germ is 
created by the division or segmen¬ 
tation of a fecundated egg-cell, 
ep-i-glot-tis (-glot'is), n. the 
leaf-shaped cartilage which covers 
the upper part of the larynx in the 
act of swallowing, 
ep-i-gram ('i-gram), n. a verse or 
short poem ending in some in¬ 
genious or witty turn; a pithy 
phrase. 

epigrammatic (at'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
an epigram; pointed. Also epi- 
grammatical. 

ep-i-gram-mat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), 

adv. in an epigrammatical man¬ 
ner ; pointedly and concisely, 
epigraph ('I-graf), n. an in¬ 
scription on a building, monument, 
&c.; a motto or quotation prefixed 
to^a literary work, 
ep-i-lep-sy ('i-lep-si), n. a chronic 
nervous disease accompanied by 
loss of consciousness and convul¬ 
sions. 

ep-i-lep-tic ('tik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or affected with, epilepsy: 
n. one affected with epilepsy. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










epl 


313 


equ 


ep-i-logue ('i-log), n. a poem or 
speech at the conclusion of a play, 
ep-i-or-nis (-dr'nis), n. a gigantic 
fossil bird. 

E-piph-a-ny (e-pif'a-ni), n. a 
Church festival (Jan. 6) to com¬ 
memorate the visit of the Magi to 
Bethlehem, and the manifestation 
of Christ to the Gentiles, 
e-pis-co-pa-cy (e-pis'ko-pa-si), n. 
church government by bishops; 
prelacy. 

e-pis-co-pal ('ko-pal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characterized by, 
episcopacy; vested in a bishop, 
e-pis-co-pa-lian (-pa'lian), adj. 

pertaining to episcopacy. 
E-pis-co-pa-lian, adj. pertaining 
to the Protestant Episcopal 
Church: n. a member, or sup¬ 
porter, of such church, 
e-pis-co-pal-ly (-li), adv. by 
episcopal authority, 
e-pis-co-pate ('ko-pat), n. the 
office and dignity of a bishop; 
bishopric. 

ep-i-sode (ep'i-sod), n. an inci¬ 
dent ; a digression, or incidental 
narrative. 

ep-i-sod-ic (-sod'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to an episode; adventitious. 
Also episodical. 

ep-i-sod-ic-al-ly (-&1-H), adv. 
incidentally. 

ep-i-sperm (-sperm), n. the outer 
covering of a seed, 
e-pis-tle (e-pis'l), n. a letter; a 
written communication or mes¬ 
sage. 

e-pis-to-la-ry ('td-la-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to letters, 
ep-i-taph (ep'j-taf), n. a 
memorial inscription on a tomb or 
monument. 

epithet ('i-thet). n. an adjective 
denoting any quality either good 
or bad; appellation, 
e-pit-o-me (e-pit'6-me), n. a sum¬ 
mary ; abridgment; compendium, 
e-pit-o-mize ('5-miz), v.t. to de¬ 
scribe briefly; condense, 
ep-i-zo-an (ep-i-zo'an), n. [pi. 
epizoa ('a)], a parasitic animal 
which lives on the exterior of 
another animal. 

ep-i-zo-ot-ic (ep-i-zo-ot'ik), adj. 
parasitic on animals; prevailing 
among animals. 

ep-i-zo-6-ty (ep-i-zo'o-ti), n. an 


epidemic influenza prevailing 
among animals, especially horses. 

ep-och (ep'ok or e'pok), n. a 
point of time from which' succeed¬ 
ing years are reckoned; era; 
date. 

ep-ode (ep'od), n. the last part of 
an ode; a burden or refrain in 
music. 

ep-o-nym ('o-nim), n. the pre¬ 
sumed ancestor or founder of a 
race, tribe, city, nation, &c.; sur¬ 
name. 

ep-som salts ('sum sawltz), n.pl. 
sulphate of magnesia. 

e-qua-bil-i-ty (e-kwa-bil'i-ti), adj. 
evenness. 

e-qua-ble ('kwa-bl), adj. uni¬ 
form ; consistently equal; propor¬ 
tionate. 

e-qua-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
equable manner. 

e-qual ('kvral), adj. of the same 
extent, or magnitude; uniform; 
adequate; of the same rank, de¬ 
gree, or value ; just; parallel: n. 
one of the same age, rank, office,' 
talents, &c.: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

equaled, p.pr. equaling], to be, be¬ 
come or make equal; return a full 
equivalent for. 

Syn. equable, even, like, alike, 
uniform. 

Ant. (see unequal). 

e-qual-i-ty (-kwal'i-ti), n. [pi. 
equalities (-tiz)j, the state of 
being equal; uniformity; even¬ 
ness ; equability. 

e-qual-ize ('kwal-iz), v.t. to make 
equal; render uniform. 

e-qual-ly (-li), adv. in an equal 
manner; in the same degree; uni¬ 
formly ; in equal parts or shares. 

e-qua-nim-i-ty (-kwa-nim'i-ti), n. 
evenness of temper or mind; 
calmness. 

e-quate (-kwat'), v.t. to reduce to 
an average; put in the form of 
an equation. 

e-qua-tion (-kwa'shun), n. in 
mathematics, a proposition ex¬ 
pressing the equality of two 
quantities, the sign = being 
placed between them; a repre¬ 
sentation of a chemical reaction 
expressed by symbols. 

equator (-kwa'ter). n. the 
imaginary circle which passes 


\ 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







equ 314 erb 


round the middle of the earth and 
divides it into two equal parts, 
e-qua-tp-ri-al (-to'ri-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to the equator: n. a tele¬ 
scope mounted on two axes, one 
axis being parallel to the axis 
of the earth’s rotation : used for 
keeping any star constantly in the 
field independently of the earth’s 
rotation. 

e-qua-to-ri-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
line with the equator. 

«q-uer-ry (ek'wer-i), n. [pi. 
equerries (-iz)j, an officer in the 
house of a prince or nobleman, 
who attends him in public, and 
has the supervision of his horses, 
■e-ques-tri-an (e-kwes'tri-an), adj. 
pertaining to horses or horseman¬ 
ship ; performing with horses: n. 
one skilled in horsemanship, 
equestrienne (-kwes-tri-en'), 
n. a skillful horsewoman, 
equi, a prefix meaning equal , 
equally , same, found in many 
words, the sense of which is 
usually self-evident, as equi¬ 
angular, equidistant, equitovm, &c. 
c-qui-lat-er-al (e-kwi-lat'er-al), 
adj. having all the sides equal: n. 
a figure with equal sides, 
e-qui-lib-ri-um (-lib'ri-um), n. 
equality of weight, power, force, 
&c.; equipoise. 

e-quine te'kwin). adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or resembling, a horse or 
horses. 

e-qui-noc-tial (-kwi-nok'shal), 
adj. pertaining to the equinoxes: 
n. the equinoctial line, 
e-qui-noc-itial-ly (-li), adv. in 
the direction of the equinoctial 
line ; 

equinox ('kwi-noks), n. the 
point of intersection of the ecliptic 
and the equator: the time the 
sun enters one of the two equi¬ 
noctial points when the days and 
nights are of equal duration, 
■e-quip (e-kwip'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
equipped, p.pr. equipping], to fur¬ 
nish or fit out; accoutre; prepare 
or qualify. 

eq-ui-page (ek'wi-paj), n. the 
arms and outfit of an army, ves¬ 
sel, traveler, &c.; the carriage, 
horse, liveried servants of a per¬ 
son ^of rank or gentleman, 
e-quip-ment (e-kwip'ment), n. 


articles or supplies necessary for 
any particular service; arms, 
horses, &c., required for military 
service; rolling-stock or plant of 
a railway. 

e-qui-poise (e'kwi-poiz), n. equi¬ 
librium ; equality of weight, 
e-qui-pon-der-ant (-pon'der-ant), 
adj. of the same weight, 
eq-ui-ta-ble (ek'wi-ta-bl), adj. 
impartial; just. 

eq-ui-ta-bly (-bli), adv. justly; 
impartially. 

eq-ui-ty ('wi-ti), n. [pi. equities 
(-tiz) ], justice; just regard to 
right or claim; impartiality; the 
administration of law according 
to its spirit and not according to 
the letter. 

e-quiv-a-lence (e-kwiv'a-lens), n. 
equality of value or power; in 
chemistry, the property of hav¬ 
ing equal valency. Equivalency, 
e-quiv-a-lent ('a-lent), adj. equal 
in value or power; the same in 
significance or effect; commensu¬ 
rate : n. a thing of the same value, 
weight, power, effect, &c. 
equivocal ('o-kal), adj. of a 
doubtful or double significance; 
ambiguous; open to suspicion or 
doubt; uncertain. 

Syn. dubious, doubtful, in¬ 
definite, obscure. 

equivocally (-li), adv. in an 
equivocal manner, 
equivocate ('o-kfit), v.i. to use 
words of double meaning; prevari¬ 
cate. 

e ra (e'ra), n. the point of time 
from which a series of years is 
reckoned; period; the beginning 
of a new geological system or 
formation. 

e-rad-i-cate (e-rad'i-kat), v.t. to 
destroy thoroughly; exterminate. 

Syn. root out, extirpate, exter¬ 
minate. 

e-rase (-ras'), v.t. to obliterate 
by, or as by, scratching, or blot¬ 
ting out; expunge, 
e-ra-ser (-ra'ser), n. a knife or 
prepared india-rubber for rubbing 
out pencil-marks, &c. 
e ra sure ('zhur), n. the act of 
erasing. 

erbium (er'bi-um), n. a rare 
metal; one of the elements. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let: line, tin : vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mtlte, nut; thin, then. 






*re 


315 


ery 


ere (ar), conj. & prep, before; 
sooner than. 

Er-e-bus (er'e-bus), n. a place of 
utter darkness; Hades, 
e-rect (e-rekt'), v.t. to raise up¬ 
right ; construct; build; raise; 
establish ; distend or stiffen : adj. 
upright; firmly uplifted; bold or 
unshaken. 

e-rec-tile (-rek'til), adj. having 
the property of, or susceptible to, 
erection. 

e-rec-tion ('shun), n. the act of 
constructing or raising edifices; a 
structure or building, 
e-rec-tive ('tiv), adj. tending, or 
serving, to erect, or to build up. 
erector ('ter), n. one who 
erects; a muscle that erects any 
part. 

er-e-mite (er'e-mit), n. an as¬ 
cetic ; a hermit; a religious re¬ 
cluse. 

er-e-thism (er'e-tliizm), n. un 
natural excitation of some organ 
or tissue of the body, 
erg (erg), n. a unit of work in the 
centimeter-gram-second system. 
Also ergon. 

erg-me-ter ('me-ter), n. an in¬ 
strument for measuring the 
strength of an electric current in 
ergs. 

er-go (er'go), adv. therefore; con¬ 
sequently. 

er-gom-e-ter (-gom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring work 
performed or force produced, 
ergot ('got), n. a black horn-like 
fungus, growing upon rye, &c. 
erg-ten ('ten), n. a unit of work 
= 10,000,000,000 ergs, 
er-in-ite ('in-it), n. a rich emer¬ 
ald-green arseniate of copper, 
ermine (er'min), n. a weasel¬ 
like animal, much valued for its 
fur, which becomes white in 
winter, except the tip of the tail, 
which remains black; the emblem, 
dignity, or office of a judge, 
er-mined ('mind), p.adj. clothed 
or invested with ermine, 
em (ern), n. an eagle. Also erne, 
erode (e-rod'), v.t. to eat away; 
corrode. 

e-rose (-ros'), adj. toothed ir¬ 
regularly, as if gnawed away : said 
of a leaf. 


erosion (-ro'zhun), n. the act of 
eroding; gradual destruction or 
eating away; an eroded part, 
e-ros-ive (-ros'iv), adj. gnawing 
or wearing away. 

e-ros-trate (-ros'trat), adj. beak¬ 
less. 

e-rot-ic (-rot'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or caused by, love ; amorous : n. 
an amatory poem or composition, 
err (er), v.i. to commit an error 
or mistake ; wander; deviate from 
the path of rectitude, 
errand (er'and), n. a message; 
commission. 

er-rant ('rant), adj. roving; 
wandering. 

errantry (-ri), n. knight-er¬ 
rantry. 

er-rat-ic (-rat'ik), adj. wander¬ 
ing ; irregular; eccentric: n.pl. 
boulders transported by natural 
agencies from their original site, 
er-rat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. ir¬ 
regularly. 

er-ra-tum (-ra'tum), n. [pi. er¬ 
rata ('ta)J, an error in printing 
or writing. 

er-ro-ne-ous (-ro'ne-us), adj. 
characterized by error; incorrect; 
mistaken ; wrong. 

Syn. incorrect, inaccurate, in¬ 
exact. 

Ant. (see exact). 

er ror ('er), n. deviation from the 
truth; mistake; blunder; an ir¬ 
regularity. 

Syn. blunder, mistake. 

Ant. (see truth). 

Erse (ers), adj. pertaining to the 
Kelts of Ireland or Scotland, or to 
their language, 
erst (erst), adv. formerly, 
e-ruc-ta-tion (e-ruk-ta'shun), n. 
the act of throwing off wind from 
the stomach. 

er-u-dite (er'u-dlt), learned, 
er-u-di-tion (-dish'un), n. knowl¬ 
edge obtained by the study of 
books; learning. 

e-rupt-ed. (e-rupt'ed), adj. violent¬ 
ly ejected. 

e-rup-tive (-rup'tiv), adj. burst¬ 
ing forth. g 

e-ryn-go (e-ring'go), n. sea-hollyr 
er-y-sip-e-las (er-i-sip'e-las), n. 
an inflammation of the skin, ac¬ 
companied with fever. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









esc 


316 


ess 


es-ca-lade (es-kfl-lad'), n. the act 
of scaling the walls of a fortified 
place by means of scaling-ladders: 
v.t. to storm by scaling-ladders, 
es-ca-la-tor (es-ca-la'tor), n. a 
moving or revolving stairway, 
es-cal-lop. Same as scallop, 
es ca pade (-pad'), n. a breach of 
propriety ; misdeed ; freak, 
es-cape (-kap'), v.t. to flee from; 
get out of the way of; avoid; 
enjoy immunity from: v.i. to get 
out of danger; fly: n. a getting 
away from danger; flight; de¬ 
liverance. 

es-cape-ment ('ment), n. a me¬ 
chanical device for securing regu¬ 
larity of movement, 
es-carp (-karp'), v.t. to give a 
steep slope to: n. the side of the 
ditch next the rampart forming a 
steep slope. 

es carp ment ('ment), n. the pre¬ 
cipitous face of a ridge of high 
land. 

escheat (-chet), v.t. to forfeit 
through failure of heirs: v.i. to 
revert to the crown or lord of the 
manor by reason of forfeiture or 
failure of heirs: n. land or tene¬ 
ments which fall to the crown or 
lord of the manor by forfeiture or 
failure of heirs. 

eschew (-chu'), v.t. to shun; 
avoid. 

es-cort (es'kdrt), n. a body of 
armed men acting as a guard : a 
retinue: v.t. (es-kCrt') to accom¬ 
pany ; convoy. 

es-cri-toire (-kri-twar'), n. a 
writing desk, table, or bureau, 
es-cu-lent ('ku-lent), adj. eat¬ 
able. 

es-cutch-eon (-kuch'un), n. a 
shield on which the heraldic arms 
of a family are emblazoned. 
Es-ki-mo ('ki-mo), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to one of a tribe of diminutive 
people inhabiting Greenland and 
adjacent parts. Also Esquimau, 
e soph a gus (e-sof'a-gus), n. the 
gullet or canal through which food 
and drink pass to the stomach. 
Also oesophagus. 

es-o-ter-ic (es-o-ter'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to doctrines taught priv¬ 
ately ; secret; confidential, 
es-o-ter-ist ('o-ter-ist), n. an oc¬ 
cultist. 


es-pal-iers (-pal'yerz), n.pl. fruit 
trees trained on a trellis, 
es-par-to (-par'to), n. a species of 
Spanish grass used for making 
paper. 

es-pe-cial (-pesh'al), adj. partic¬ 
ular; chief. 

es-pe-cial-ly (-li), adv. particu¬ 
larly ; chiefly. 

Syn. chiefly, particularly, prin¬ 
cipally. 

Ant. (see generally), 
es-per-an-to (es-per-an'to), n. a 
recently invented artificial lan¬ 
guage, designed for international 
use, in commerce and otherwise, 
es-pi-o-nage ('pi-o-naj), n. the 
act or practice of spying to detect 
wrongdoing, or of employing spies 
or secret agents. 

es-pla-nade (-pla-nad'), n. a level 
walk or drive, especially by the 
seaside ; a lawm ; glacis, 
es-pous-al (-pouz'al) adj. per¬ 
taining to the act of espousing: 
n. the act of espousing or be¬ 
trothing : pi. the ceremony of con¬ 
tracting a man and woman to each 
other in marriage, 
es-pouse (-pouz'), v.t. to prom¬ 
ise, engage, or give in marriage; 
w r ed; adopt; advocate or defend, 
as a cause. 

es-prit de corps (-pre' de kor'), 
a spirit of common devotion, 
honor, interest, binding together 
men of the same profession, so¬ 
ciety, &c. 

es-py (-pi'), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. es¬ 
pied, p.pr. espying], to see at a 
distance; discover (something in¬ 
tended to be hid) ; see unex¬ 
pectedly. 

Es qui mau, same as Eskimo, 
es-quire (-kwlr'), n. originally 
the armor-bearer or attendant on 
a knight; a title next below a 
knight; a title applied to pro¬ 
fessional men, justices of the 
peace, and often used instead of 
Mr. in the address of a letter, 
es-say ('sa), n. a short written 
composition or treatise; an at¬ 
tempt; experiment: v.t. (es-sa'), 
[p.t. & p.p. essayed, p.pr. essay¬ 
ing], to try or attempt. 

Syn. dissertation, tract, treat¬ 
ise. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ess 


317 


eth 


es sence ('ens), n. the concen¬ 
trated preparation of any sub¬ 
stance ; volatile matter; perfume ; 
that in which the real character 
of a thing consists, 
es-sen-tial (-sen'shal), adj. nec¬ 
essary to the existence of a thing : 
most important?; indispensable; 
pure ; volatile ; highly rectified, 
es-sen-ti-al-i-ty (-shi-al'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being es¬ 
sential. 

es-sen-ti-al-ly (-li), adv. in the 
highest degree. 

es-tab-lish (-tab'lish), v.t. to fix 
firmly; settle: prove legally; 
strengthen ; restore. 

Syn. t build up, confirm. 

Ant. * (see overthrow). 
es-tab-lish-ment (-ment), n. the 
act of establishing; ratification; 
settlement; a place of residence 
or business ; household ; income ; 
a form of religion connected with 
the state. 

es-tate (-tat'), n. condition of 
life; rank, position, or quality; 
the title or interest one has in 
lands or tenements; property in 
general: pi. orders or classes of 
men in a country; a legislative 
assembly composed of these 
classes. 

esteem (-tern'), v.t. to set a 
high value upon ; respect; prize ; 
consider: n. favorable opinion; 
estimation ; respect; reverence. 

Syn. regard, respect. 

Ant. (see contempt). 
es-thet-ics, same as aesthetics, 
es-ti-ma-ble ('ti-ma-bl), adj. 
worthy of regard, esteem, or 
honor; calculable, 
es-ti-mate ('ti-mat), v.t. to com¬ 
pute ; determine the value of: n. 
the computed cost or value of any¬ 
thing; appraisement. 

Syn. appraise, appreciate, es¬ 
teem, compute, rate, 
es-ti-ma-tion (-ma-shun), n. cal¬ 
culation ; appraisement; honor, 
respect, or esteem; conjecture, 
es-top (-top'), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. es¬ 
topped, p.pr. estopping], to place 
under estoppel; bar 
es-top-pel ('el), n. a legal impedi¬ 
ment. 

es-to-vers (-tb'verz), n.pl. ali¬ 


mony ; wood taken for his own 
use by a tenant, 
es-trade (-trad'), n. a level place; 
a slightly raised platform, 
es trange (-tranj'), v.t. to alien¬ 
ate ; keep at a distance; turn from 
kindness to indifference or enmity 
(with from). 

es-tra-pade (-tra-pad'), n. the ef¬ 
fort of a horse in trying to throw 
his rider, by kicking, rearing, &c. 
es-trich ('trich), n. a trade name 
for fine ostrich down, 
es-tu-a-ri-al (-tu-a'ri-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or formed in, an es¬ 
tuary. Also estuarine, 
es-tu-a-ry ('tu-a-ri), n. [pi. es¬ 
tuaries (-riz)], the mouth of a 
tidal river. 

et caet-er-a (et set'er-a), and 
others of the same kind; and so 
forth. Also et cetera, 
etch (ech), v.t. to engrave by bit¬ 
ing out with an acid the design 
previously drawn with an etching- 
needle : v.i. to practice etching, 
e-ter-nal (e-ter'nal), adj. with¬ 
out beginning or end ; everlasting; 
perpetual; incessant. 

Syn. endless, everlasting. 

Ant. (see finite). 

E-ter-nal, n. an appellation of 
God (with The). 

e-ter-nal-ly (-li), adv. perpetual¬ 
ly. 

e-ter-ni-ty ('ni-ti), n. [pi. eter¬ 
nities (-tiz)j, infinite duration; 
unending existence, 
e-te-si-an. (e-te'zhi-an), adj. noting 
the north or northeast wind which 
in early spring prevails over 
Europe. 

e-ther (e'ther), n. an extremely 
fine fluid, lighter than air, sup¬ 
posed to pervade all space and to 
infiltrate the suns and planets; a 
volatile inflammable liquid pro¬ 
duced by the distillation of alcohol 
with sulphuric acid, 
e-the-re-al (-the're-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or formed of, ether; 
airy; exquisite; heavenly, 
e-the-re-al-ly (-li), adv. in an 
ethereal manner. 

e-ther-ol (e'ther-ol), n. a yellow¬ 
ish, viscid, oily hydrocarbon, 
eth-i-cal (eth'i-kal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to ethics; moral. Also ethic. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






eth 


318 


eup 


eth-ics ('iks), n.pl. the science 
that treats of the principles of 
human morality and duty ; moral 
philosophy; morals. 
E-thi-o-pi-an (-thi-o'pi-an), adj. 
pertaining to Ethiopia: n. a na¬ 
tive of Ethiopia. 

ethmoid (eth'moid), n. a light, 
spongy, sieve-like bone, which 
forms the roof of the nose, 
eth-nic ('nik), adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of. races or 
peoples. Also ethnical, 
eth-nog-ra-phy (-nog'ra-fi), n. 
the scientific description of races 
and nations of mankind, 
eth-nol-o-gy (-nol'o-ji), n. the 
science that treats of races of 
men, their characteristics, &c. 
eth-ol-o-gy (-ol'6-ji), n. the 
science of ethics. 

e-thos (e'thos), n. the character¬ 
istic genius of a people, insti¬ 
tution, or system. 

ethyl (eth'il), n. a monatomic 
fatty hydrocarbon radical, con¬ 
tained in alcohol and ether, 
eth-yl-ene (-en), n. heavy car- 
buretted hydrogen, or olefiant gas. 
e-ti-o-late (e'ti-o-lat), v.t. to 
blanch or whiten by exclusion 
from sunlight. 

et-i-quette (et'i-ket), n. the con¬ 
ventional rules or ceremonial 
observed in polite society; good 
breeding. 

et-y-mo-log-ic-al (et-i-mo-lo j'ik- 
&1), adj. pertaining to etymology, 
et-y-mo-log-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
an etymological manner, 
©t-y-mol-o-gist (-mol'o-jist), n. 
one who is proficient in etymology. 
Also etymologer. 

et-y-mol-o-gize (-mol'o-jiz), v.t. 
to investigate the origin and 
primary meaning of words, 
et-y-mol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. [pi. ety¬ 
mologies (-jiz)], that branch of 
philology which treats of the 
origin and derivation of words; 
that part of grammar which treats 
of the parts of speech and their 
inflections. 

et-y-mon ('i-mon), n. the root of 
a word or its primitive signifi¬ 
cation. 

eu-ca-lyp-tol (u-ka-lip'tol), n. a 
liquid contained in eucalyptus oil. 
En-ca-lyp-tus ('tus), n. [pi. Eu¬ 


calypti ('tl)], a genus of Aus¬ 
tralian evergreen trees, some 
spices of which furnish gum and 
a valuable medicine, 
eucalyptus, n. a tree of the 
genus above defined, 
eu-cliar-ist (u'kar-ist), n. the 
Holy Communion ; the sacrament 
of the Lord’s Supper; the ele¬ 
ments, bread and wine, used in 
that sacrament. 

eu-clia-ris-tic (-ris'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the eucharist; express¬ 
ing thanksgiving. Also eucliaris- 
tical. 

euchre ('ker), n. a particular 
game of cards, those between seven 
and ace being discarded: v.t. to 
prevent an opponent in the game 
from scoring : hence to outwit, 
eu-di-om-e-ter (-di-om'e-ter), v. 
a graduated instrument for meas¬ 
uring the volume of a gas. 
eu-geu-ics (u-jen'-iks), n. race 
culture; the restriction of mar¬ 
riage to persons adapted to pro¬ 
duce healthy offspring, 
eulogist (-jist), n. one who eulo¬ 
gizes. 

eu-lo-gis-tic ('tile), adj laudatory, 
eulogize ('lo-jiz), v.t. to praise 
highly; commend. 

eulo-gy (-ji), n. [pi. eulogies 
(-jiz)], the praise of anyone 
spoken or written; panegyric, 
eu nuch ('nuk), n. a castrated 
person, especially an attendant in 
a harem. 

euphemism C'fem-izm), n. the 
substitution of a delicate or pleas¬ 
ing expression in place of that 
which is offensive or indelicate, 
euphemistic (-is'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characterized by, 
euphemism. 

eu-phon-ic C-fon'ik), adj. sound¬ 
ing pleasantly to the ear. Also 
euphonical, euphonious, 
eu-plio-ni-ous (-fon'i-us), adj. 

pleasing or sweet in sound, 
eu-pho-ni-um (-fo'ni-um), n. a 
bass brass musical instrument, 
euphony ('fo-ni), n. [pi. eu¬ 
phonies (-niz)], an agreeable 
sound, or pronunciation, 
euphuism ('fu-izm), n. the 
pedantic or affected use of words 
or language. 


late, mar, mfisk, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






eur 


eve 


3iy 


eu-roc-ly-don (-rok'li-don), n. a 
tempestuous northeasterly wind 
prevalent in the Levant. Also 
euraquilo. 

Eu ro pe an (-ro-pe'an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Europe, 
eu-sta-chi-an. (-sta'ki-an), adj. 
noting a tube which leads from 
the cavity of the tympanum of 
the ear to the pharynx, 
eu-tec-tic (-tek'tik), adj. melting 
at a low temperature, 
eu-than-a-si-a (-than-a'zhi-a), n. 
a painless, easy death. Also 
euthanasy. 

e-vac-u-ate (e-vak'u-at), v.t. to 
make void or empty; discharge 
through the excretory passages; 
abandon possession, or withdraw 
from. 

evade (-vad'), v.t. to elude; es¬ 
cape by artifice, stratagem, or 
sophistry. 

Syn. equivocate, prevaricate, 
e-vad-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable of 
being evaded. Also evadable. 
ev a nes cent (ev-a-nes'ent), adj. 
disappearing gradually from 
sight; vanishing. 

e-van-gel (e-van'jel), n. good 
news, especially that of the Gos- 
pel. 

e-van-gel-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Gospel, or the four 
Gospels; maintaining the funda¬ 
mental doctrines of the Protestant 
faith; spiritually minded. Also 
evangelic: n. one who holds evan¬ 
gelical doctrines. 

e-van-gel-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in an 
evangelical manner, 
e-van-gel-ism ('jel-izm), n. the 
doctrine and preaching of evan¬ 
gelical principles. Also evangel¬ 
icalism. 

e-van-gel-ist (-ist), n. one of the 
four writers of the Gospel; an 
itinerant preacher, 
e-van-gel-ize ('jel-iz), v.t. to in¬ 
struct in the Gospel; convert to 
Christianity. 

e-vap-o-rate (-vap'o-rat), v.i. to 
disperse in vapor; pass away 
without effect: v.t. to convert into 
vapor. 

e-vap-o-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. the 
slow conversion of a fluid into 
vapor. 


e-va-sion (-va'zhun), n. the act 
of evading; an excuse; equivo¬ 
cation ; subterfuge, 
e-va-sive (-va'siv), adj. tending,. 

or seeking to evade; elusive, 
e-va-sive-ly (-li), adv. with eva¬ 
sion. 

eve (ev), n. the fast or vigil be¬ 
fore a church festival, or saint’s 
day; the period immediately pre¬ 
ceding some important event ; 
evening [Poet.]. 

e-vec-tion (-vek'shun), n. a pe¬ 
riodical irregularity of the moon’s 
motion. 

even (e'vn), adj. level; uniform; 
smooth; parallel; divisible by 2 
without a remainder; equal; bal¬ 
anced ; calm; whole: n. evening 
[Poet.] : v.i. to level or make 
even : v.t. to be quits : adv. verily; 
exactly; noting emphasis; but 
also. 

Syn. level, plain, smooth. 

Ant. (see uneven), 
e-ven-ing ('vn-ing), n. the close 
of the day and beginning of the 
night; the latter end of life, 
e-ven-ly (-li), adv. in an even 
manner; smoothly ; uniformly ; 
impartially. 

e venness (-nes), n. smoothness; 
uniformity; regularity; equality 
of surface; equanimity, 
e-vent (-vent'), n. an occurrence: 
incident; consequence of an ac¬ 
tion ; any single item in a pro¬ 
gram of snorts or games. 

Syn. accident, adventure, in¬ 
cident, occurrence, 
e-vent-ful ('fool), adj. full of in¬ 
cidents or events; momentous, 
e-ven-tide ('vn-tid), n. evening, 
e-ven-tu-al (-ven'tu-Hl), adj. 
happening as a result; ultimate; 
contingent. 

e-ven-tu-al-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. 
eventualities (-tiz)], a possible 
occurrence; a propensity to take 
cognizance of events or facts, 
e-ven-tu-al-ly (-li), adv. ultimate¬ 
ly- 

e-ven-tu-ate ('tu-at). v.i. to hap¬ 
pen ; terminate; result, 
ev-er (ev'er) adv. at any time; 
always; without end ; in any de¬ 
gree. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 








eve 


320 


exa 


ev-er-glade (-glad), n. a low, 
swampy tract of land, with patch¬ 
es of tall grass. 

«v-er-green. (-gren), n. a tree or 
plant which retains its foilage 
throughout the year: adj. always 
green, or fresh. 

ev-er-last ing (-last'ing), adj. 
perpetual: n. eternity; a plant 
whose flowers retain their color 
when dried; a kind of stout 
woolen material. 

3Bv-er-last-ing, n. God, the Eter¬ 
nal. 

ev-er-more (-mor), adv. eternally ; 

always. 

e-vert (e-vert'), v.t. to destroy; 
overthrow; turn outwards. 

eve-ry (ev'ri or ev'er-i) adj. the 
whole, taken one at a time; each. 

Syn. all, any, both, each, 
either. 

e-vict (e-vikt'), v.t. to expel or 
dispossess by legal process. 

e-vic-tion (-vik'shun), n. the act 
of evicting. 

ev-i-dence (ev'i-dens), n. indu¬ 
bitable certainty; proof; testi¬ 
mony : v.t. to prove; make evident 
or plain. 

ev-i-dent (-dent), adj. plain; ob¬ 
vious. 

ev-i-den-tial (-den'shal), adj. 
proving clearly. 

ev-i-den-tial-ly (-li), adv. as evi¬ 
dence. 

e-vil (e'vl), adj. morally bad; 
wicked ; sinful; unfortunate ; mis¬ 
chievous ; disastrous ; worthless: 
adv. badly; unkindly: n. moral 
depravity ; injury ; affliction. 

Syn. harm, mischief, misfor¬ 
tune. 

Ant. (see good). 

e-vil-eye (-1), n. an influence 
for injury, supposed to be exerted 
by certain persons who cast a 
malignant glance at anyone. 

e-vil-ly (-li), adv. maliciously; 
wickedly. 

e-vince (e-vins'), v.t. to manifest 
or make evident; demonstrate. 

e-vin-ci-ble (-vin'si-bl), adj. 
capable of proof or demonstra¬ 
tion. 

e-vis-cer-ate (-vis'er-at), v.t. to 
disembowel. 

e-voke (-vok'), v.t. to call forth. 

ev-o-lu-tion (ev-o-lu'shun), n. 


development or growth; the move¬ 
ments of troops in marching or 
on the battle field; the extraction 
of roots of any arithmetical or 
algebraical power; the gradual 
development or descent of forms 
of life from simple or low or¬ 
ganized types consisting of a 
single cell. 

ev-o-lu-tion.-al (-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or resulting from, evolu¬ 
tion. Also evolutionary, 
ev-o-lu-tion-ist (-ist), adj. per¬ 
taining to evolution: n. one who 
maintains the doctrine of evolu¬ 
tion ; tactician. 

ev-o-lu-tive (-tiv)' adj. evolu¬ 
tionary. 

e-volve (e-volv'), v.t. to develop; 

unfold ; expand; work out. 
ewe (u) n. a female sheep, 
ew-er ('er). n. a large water jug, 
used in the toilet, 
ex, prefix, meaning out of, be¬ 
yond, from; before words denot¬ 
ing occupation or office, it indi¬ 
cates previous occupancy, 
ex-act (egz-akt'), adj. very cor¬ 
rect or accurate ; precise ; method¬ 
ical ; strict; particular: v.t. re¬ 
quire or claim authoritatively; 
compel to be paid; insist upon as 
a right. 

Syn. nice, particular, punctual. 

Ant. (see inexact) 
ex-act-ing ('ing), p.adj. making 
unreasonable demands; oppres¬ 
sive ; severe; arduous, 
ex-ac-tion (-ak'shun), n. the act 
of exacting; extortion, 
ex-act-ly ('li), adv. accurately; 
precisely. 

ex-act-ness ('nes), n. accuracy; 
precision. 

ex-act-or ('er), n. one who exacts, 
ex-ag-ger-ate (egz-aj'er-at), v.t. 
to enlarge or heighten by over¬ 
statement ; color highly, 
ex-alt (-awlt'), v.t. to elevate in 
rank, station, or dignity; raise 
on high ; glorify or extol." 

Syn. ennoble, dignify, raise. 

Ant. (see humble), 
ex am ine (-am'in), v.t. to scrutin¬ 
ize or investigate carefully ; search 
or inquire into; interrogate as a 
witness; test orally or by papers 
the knowledge, qualifications, &c., 
of, as a candidate for a degree or 
office ; experiment; analyze; test. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook : mute, nut; thin, then. 






exa 


321 


exc 


ex am i nee (-i-ne'), n. one who 
is examined. 

example (-am'pl), n. a pattern; 
a model or copy; an illustration 
of a rule or precept; sample; 
specimen; one punished for the 
admonition of others. 

Syn. model, pattern, sample, 
standard, type. 

ex-as-per-ate (egs-as'per-at), v.t. 
to irritate exceedingly; enrage 
greatly ; embitter ; intensify : adj. 
covered with hard, stiff points: 
said of a plant. 

ex ca-the-dra (eks ka-the'dra), 
adv. with an air of official author¬ 
ity ; dogmatically. 

ex-ca-vate (eks'ka-vat), v.t. to dig 
or hollow out; scoop or cut out. 
ex-ca-va-tion (-va'shun), n. a 
hollow cavity formed by cutting 
or digging out earth; an open 
earth-cutting. 

ex-ca-va-tor (-va-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, excavates; a dig¬ 
ging machine. 

ex-ceed (ek-sed'), v.t. to go be¬ 
yond the limit or measure of; sur¬ 
pass ; excel; transcend: v.i. to be 
greater; go beyond bounds. 

Syn. excel, outdo, surpass, tran¬ 
scend. 

Ant. (see fall short), 
ex-ceed-ing ('ing), p.adj. very 
great. 

ex-ceed-ing-ly (-li), adv. ex¬ 
tremely. 

ex-cel (-sel'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. ex¬ 
celled, p.pr. excelling], to possess 
good qualities in a great degree: 
v.t. surpass ; outdo in comparison ; 
to be superior to. 
ex-cel-lence (-ens), n. the state 
of excelling in anything; superior 
merit, goodness, or virtue, 
ex-cel-len-cy (-en-si), n. [pi. ex¬ 
cellencies (-siz)], a title of honor 
of various high officials, as an 
ambassador, governor, &e. 
ex-cel-lent (-ent), adj. of great 
value, merit, or virtue; highly use¬ 
ful or desirable; eminently dis- i 
tinguished for goodness, or ability, 
ex-cel-si-or ('si-er), adj. yet 
higher. 

ex-cept (-sept'), v.t. to omit or 
leave out; exclude: v.i. to object 
(with to) : prep, omitting; with¬ 


out inclusion of; besides: conj . 
unless. 

exception ('shun), n. the state 
of being excepted; omission ; ex¬ 
clusion ; objection; offense taken 
(with to) ; a formal objection to 
a decision of a court during trial. 

ex-cep-tion-a-ble (-a-bl), adj. 
objectionable. 

ex-cep-tion-al (-al), adj. unusual. 

Syn. uncommon, rare, extraor¬ 
dinary. 

Ant. (see common). 

excep tion-ally (-li), adv. un¬ 
usually. 

ex-cerpt (-serpt'). v.t. to take out 
or select from, as a book; quote: 
n. a selection or extract from a 
book or writing. 

ex-cess (-ses'), n. that which ex¬ 
ceeds the ordinary limit, measure, 
or experience; overplus; super¬ 
fluity ; intemperance. 

Syn. surplus, waste, dissipation, 
lavishness. 

Ant. (see economy). 

ex-cess-ive ('iv), adj. extreme; 
unreasonable. 

ex-change (eks-chanj'), v.t. to 
give in return for an equivalent; 
barter, give, resign, or abandon: 
n. the act of exchanging; barter; 
reciprocity; the act of resigning 
onb thing for another; a place 
where merchants meet (often 
’change). 

ex-change-bro-ker ( bro'ker), n. 
a broker who negotiates foreign 
bills. 

ex-change-a-ble ('fl-bl), adj. 
that may be exchanged ; ratable. 

ex chang er ('er), n. a money¬ 
changer. 

ex cheq uer (-chek'er), n. a treas¬ 
ury ; cash or funds; formerly an 
English court of law, now merged 
into the Queen’s Bench division of 
the High Court of Justice. 

ex-cis-a-ble (ek-slz'a-bl), adj. 
dutiable. 

ex-cise (-siz'), v.t. to levy an ex¬ 
cise duty upon : n. an inland tax 
levied on commodities of home 
production and consumption. 

ex-ci-sion (-sizh'un), n. the act of 
cutting out, or off; the state of 
being cut off ; destruction ; ruin ; 
amputation. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









exc 


322 


exc 


ex-ci-ta-bil-i-ty (-sit-tS-bil'i-ti), 

n. [pi. excitabilities (-tiz)], the 
state or quality of being excitable 
or easily stirred up; sensitiveness 
to irritation. 

ex-ci-tant (-si'tant), n. a stimu¬ 
lant. 

ex-ci-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the 
act of exciting; the excitement 
produced. 

ex-cite (-sit'), v.t. to animate; 
rouse up; encourage; put into 
motion or action. 

Syn. awaken, provoke, rouse, 
stir up. 

Ant. (see lull), 

ex-cit-ed ('ed), p.adj. aroused; 
provoked. 

ex-cit-ing ('ing), p.adj. tending 
to excite; stirring; lively, 
ex-cite-xnent ('ment), n. the 
state of being excited ; commotion ; 
sensation; stimulation ; warmth 
of temper. 

ex-claim (eks-klam'), v,i. & v.t. 
to cry out abruptly and pas¬ 
sionately ; to vociferate, 
ex-cla-ma-tion (-kla-ma'shun). n. 
an abrupt or clamorous outcry; 
an expression of surprise, pain. 
&c.; a mark (!) in writing or 
printing to denote emotion, sur¬ 
prise, &c. 

ex-clam-a-to-ri-ly (-li), adv. in 
an exclamatory manner, 
ex-clam-a-to-ry (-klam'a-to-ri), 
adj. containing, expressing, or us¬ 
ing, exclamation. 

ex-clave ('klav), n. a small part 
of a country lying within the ter¬ 
ritory of another power, 
ex-clude (-klud'), v.t. to shut 
out; hinder from entrance or ad¬ 
mission ; prohibit; debar; except, 
ex-clu-sion (-klu'zhun), n. the 
act of excluding; the state of be¬ 
ing excluded; omission, 
ex-clu-sion-ist (-ist), n. one who 
■would debar another from any 
privilege or right. 

ex-clu-sive ('siv), adj. tending to 
exclude; illiberal; shutting out 
from limits fixed by law: n. one 
who excludes all but a few from 
his society or fellowship, 
ex-cog-i-tate (-koj'i-tat), v.t. to 
invent; discover by thinking, 
ex-com-mu-ni-ca-ble (-kom-mu'- 


* 

ni-ka-bl), adj. deserving, or pun¬ 
ishable by, excommunication, 
ex com mu ni cate ('ni-kat) T v.t. 
to punish by cutting off from the 
membership and communication 
of the church. 

ex-co-ri-ate (-ko'ri-at), v.t. to 
strip off the skin; rub or gall; 
abrade. 

ex-cor-ti-ca-tion (-kor-ti-ka'- 

shun), n. the act of stripping off 
bark. 

ex cre ment ('kre-ment), n mat¬ 
ter discharged from the body of 
an animal after digestion, 
ex-cre-men-tal (-men'tal), adj. 

of the nature of excrement, 
ex-cre-men-ti-tious (tish'us ), 
adj. pertaining to, or consisting 
of, excrement. 

ex cres cence (-kres'ens), n. an 
unnatural or disfiguring out¬ 
growth. 

ex cres cent ('ent), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to an excrescence; super¬ 
fluous. 

ex-cre-ta (-kre'ta), n.pl. useless 
matter eliminated from the body, 
ex-cre-tion ('shun), n. the 
throwing off or ejection of waste 
matter from the body, 
ex-cre-to-ry ('to-ri), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to excretion : n. [pi. excretories 
(riz) ], a duct or vessel that trans¬ 
mits excreted matter, 
ex-cru-ci-ate (-kru'shi-at), v.t. to 
inflict severe pains upon; torture, 
ex-cru-ci-a-ting (-a-ting), adj. 
agonizing. 

ex-cru-ci-a-tion (-a'shun), n. 
agony; torture. 

ex-cul-pate (-kul'pat), v.t. to 
clear from the imputation of a 
fault; exonerate. 

ex-cul-pa-to-ry ('pa-to-ri), adj. 
vindicatory. 

ex-cnr-rent (-kur'ent), adj. run¬ 
ning out beyond the edge: said 
of trees or leaves, 
ex-cur-sion (-ker'shun), n. a 
pleasure trip; a short or rapid 
tour; a digression. 

Syn. jaunt, ramble, tour, trip, 
ex-cur-sive ('siv), adj. rambling, 
ex-cur-sus ('sus). n. a disserta¬ 
tion supplemental to a work, 
giving additional information on 
certain points; a digression, 
ex-cu-sa-ble (-kuz'a-bl), adv. 
pardonable. 


iate, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; v5te, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook : mute, nut; thin, then. 






cxc 


323 


exh 


excusably (-bli), adv. pardon¬ 
ably. 

ei-cuse (-khz'), v.t. to extenuate 
by apology ; pardon ; free from ob¬ 
ligation or duty ; remit; justify : 
n. (-kps'), a plea offered in ex¬ 
tenuation of some fault or neglect 
of duty ; apology ; pretext. 

•ex-e-at ('e-at), n. leave of ab¬ 
sence from a college; permission 
granted by a bishop to a priest 
to depart from bis diocese, 
ex-e-crate ('e-kriit), v.t. to im¬ 
precate evil upon ; detest; abhor, 
execration (-kra'shun), n. the 
act of executing; performance; 
detestation. 

exe cute ('e-kut), v.t. to per¬ 
form ; carry into effect; put to 
death; pursue to the end; make 
valid or legal by signing or seal¬ 
ing : v.i. to perform any act or 
office; play some piece of music. 

Syn. fulfill, perform, 
execution (-ku'shun), n. the 
act of executing; performance; 
manner of carrying anything into 
effect; completion; a legal war¬ 
rant or order; the act of giving 
validity to a legal instrument; 
capital punishment; destruction ; 
effective work or operation, 
executive (egz-ek'ii-tiv), adj. 
pertaining to the governing body; 
administrative; active: n. an 
official, or body, charged with car¬ 
rying the laws into effect; the ad¬ 
ministrative branch of a govern¬ 
ment. 

ex-ec-u-tor ('u-ter), n. a person 
appointed by a testator to see that 
the terms of his will are duly car¬ 
ried out. Fern. executrix, 
ex-ec-u-to-ry ('u-to-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to the execution of laws; 
carrying out official duties; to be 
performed at a future period, 
ex-e-ge-sis (eks-e-je'sis), n. ex¬ 
planation or interpretation of a 
text or passage, especially of the 
Bible. 

ex-e-get-ic (-jet'ik), adj. exposi¬ 
tory ; interpretative. Also exeget- 
ical : n.pl. the science which deals 
with the interpretation of Script¬ 
ure. 

exemplar (egz-em'plar), n. 
something to be copied, or serving 
as a model; example. 


exemplary (-em'pla-ri), adj. 
serving as a copy or model; com¬ 
mendable. 

exemplification (pli-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. illustration by example 
ex-em-pli-fy ('pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. exemplified, p.pr. exemplify¬ 
ing], to illustrate by example; 
transcribe. 

exempt (-empt'), v.t. to free 
from some duty or obligation; 
grant immunity to : adj. free from 
some duty or obligation (with 
from) : n. a person thus set free, 
an exon. 

Syn. free, cleared. 

Ant. (see subject), 
exequatur (eks-e-kwa'ter), n. 
a written recognition of a consul 
or commercial agent given by the 
foreign government to which he 
is accredited, authorizing him to 
exercise his authority in the place 
where he is stationed, 
ex-er-cise ('er-slz), v.t. to train 
by use; exert; practice; employ 
actively ; make anxious ; harass : 
v.i. to undergo training: n. bodily 
exertion; mental or physical de¬ 
velopment ; labor; practice; a 
lesson or example for practice. 

Syn. practice. 

ex-er-ci-tor (egs-er'si-ter), n. the 
person to whom the profits of a 
ship belong. 

ex-ergue (-erg'), n. the small 
space beneath the principal design 
on a coin or medal for the in¬ 
sertion of a date, &c. 
ex-ert (-ert'), v.t. to put forth; 

use with an effort, 
ex-e-unt (eks'e-unt), they go out: 
a word used in plays to denote 
that the actors retire from the 
stage. 

ex-fo-li-a-tion (-fo-li-a'shun), n. 

the act of scaling or peeling off. 
ex-ha-la-tion (eks-ha-la'shun), n. 

the act of exhaling; emanation, 
ex-hale (-hal'), v.t. to breathe 
forth; emit or send out; cause to 
evaporate: v.i. to rise in vapor, 
ex-haust (egz-awst'), v.t. to 
empty by drawing off the con¬ 
tents ; drain; weaken; wear out 
by exertion: discuss or treat 
thoroughly : adj. wholly or partial¬ 
ly deprived of strength. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









cxh 


324 


exp 


ex-haust-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being exhausted, 
ex-haust-ive ('iv), adj. exhaust¬ 
ing ; complete. 

Syn. thorough, complete. 

Ant. (see cursory), 
ex-hib-it (egz-ib'it and eks-hib'- 
it,), v.t. to present to view; dis¬ 
play ; show; manifest publicly; 
present formally or officially ; ad¬ 
minister : n. a legal document pre¬ 
sented in proof of facts; an object 
offered for public view, 
ex-lii-bi-tion (-hi-bish'un), n. the 
act of exhibiting; a public show; 
a private benefaction for the sup¬ 
port of a scholar at a university, 
ex-hil-a-rate (egz-il'a-rat and eks- 
hil'a-rat), v.t. to make joyous, 
glad, or cheerful; enliven, 
ex-hort (egz-ort and eks-hort'), 
v.t. to incite by appeal or argu¬ 
ment to good deeds; caution; ad¬ 
monish. 

ex-hort-a-tive ('a-tiv), adj. con¬ 
taining exhortation, 
ex-hort-a-to-ry ('a-to-ri), adj. 
tending to exhort. 

ex hume (eks-hum'), v.t. to dis¬ 
inter. 

ex-i-gen-cy (eks'i-jen-si), n. [pL 
exigencies (-siz)], pressing ne¬ 
cessity or demand ; urgency. 

Syn. emergency. 

ex-i-gent ('i-jent), adj. urgent; 
pressing. 

©x-ile (ex'll) v.t. to banish from 
one’s native country: n. the state 
of being banished from one’s na¬ 
tive country; the condition of liv¬ 
ing away from one’s home or 
friends. 

ex-ist (egz-ist') v.i. to have ex¬ 
istence ; live. 

ex-is-tence ('ens), n. the state of 
being ; life ; duration ; occurrence, 
ex-is-tent ('tent), n. having be¬ 
ing. 

ex-it (eks'it), n. the act of go¬ 
ing out; egress; the departure of 
an actor from the stage, 
exo, a prefix, meaning on the out¬ 
side, occurring in many scientific 
words. 

ex-ode (eks'od), n. an interlude, 
&c., at the conclusion of a play, 
ex of-fic-i-o (of-fish'i-o), by vir¬ 
tue of office. 

ex-o-gen ('o-jen) n. a plant which 


increases year by year by the ad¬ 
dition of layers outside the pre¬ 
vious bark: opposed to endogen. 
ex og en ous (-oj'en-us), adj. per¬ 
taining to exogens or their method 
of growth. 

ex-on-er-ate (egz-on'er-at), v.t. to 
free from the imputation of a 
fault; acquit; justify ; relieve or 
discharge from a responsibility, 
duty, &c. 

e x-o n-e r-a-t i v e (-a-tiv), adj. 

tending to exonerate, 
ex-opb-thal-mi-a (eks-of-thal'- 
mia) n. abnormal prominence of 
the eyeball. 

ex-or-bi-tance (egz'or-bi-tans) n. 
going beyond due limits; excess. 
Also exorbitancy. 

ex-or-bi-tant (-tant), adj. ex¬ 
cessive. 

ex-or-cise (eks'or-siz), v.t. to ex¬ 
pel (an evil spirit) by prayers or 
incantations; pronounce exor¬ 
cisms over. 

exorcism (-sizm), n. the act 
of expelling evil spirits, 
ex-or-cist (-sist), n. one who 
exorcises; one of the minor or¬ 
ders in the Roman Catholic and 
Greek Churches. 

ex or di um (egz-or'di-um), n. the 
opening part of a speech or com¬ 
position. 

ex-os-mose (eks'os-mos), n. the 
passage outwards through a mem¬ 
brane of gases and liquids, 
ex-o-ter-ic (-o-ter'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the uninitiated public: 
opposed to esoteric, 
ex-ot-ic (-ot'ik), adj. foreign, 
expand (-pand'), v.t. to distend; 
dilate; extend: v.i. to increase in 
size. 

ex-panse (-pans'), n. a continuous 
area ; the firmament; extent, 
ex-pan-si-ble (-pan'si-bl), adj. 
capable of, or permitting, expan¬ 
sion. 

ex pan sion (-pan'shun), n. the 
state of. being expanded, 
ex-pan-sive ('siv), adj. capable 
of being expanded; widely ex¬ 
tended ; large. Also expansile, 
ex parte (par'te), adj. one¬ 
sided. 

ex-pa-ti-ate (-pa'shi-at), v.i. to 
enlarge in statement or language; 
be copious in discussion. 


/ate, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then . 






exp 


325 


exp 


ex-pa-tri-ate (-pa'tri-at), v.t. to 
drive from one’s native country, 
ex-pect (-pekt'), v.t. to wait for; 
look for with an apprehension of 
something good or evil, 
ex pect ance ('ans), n. the act or 
state of expecting. Also expect¬ 
ancy. 

ex-pect-ant ('ant), adj. waiting 
in expectation; presumptive, 
ex-pec-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the 
act of looking forward to; antic¬ 
ipation ; contingent prospect of 
wealth. 

ex-pec-to-rant ('to-rant), n. a 
medicine that promotes expectora¬ 
tion. 

ex-pec-to-rate ('to-rat), v.t. to 
eject from the lungs by coughing, 
&c.; spit. 

ex-pec-to-ra-tion (-td-ra'shun), 

n. the act of expectorating; the 
mucous matter expectorated, 
ex-pe-di-en-cy (-pe'di-en-si), n. 
[pi. expediencies (-siz)], suita¬ 
bility to an end or purpose; fit¬ 
ness ; propriety. Also expedi¬ 
ence. 

ex-pe-di-ent ('di-ent), adj. fit; 
convenient'; suitable; proper: n. 
that which aids as a means to an 
end; device. 

ex-pe-dite ('pe-dlt), v.t. to hast¬ 
en ; facilitate. 

ex-pe-di-tion (-dish'un), n. haste; 
despatch; promptness; a march, 
voyage, &c., by an army or several 
persons for some particular pur¬ 
pose. 

«x-pe-di-tion-a-ry (-a-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, or constituting, an 
expedition. 

ex-pe-di-tious ('us), adj. quick; 
speedy. 

ex-pei (-pel'), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. ex¬ 
pelled, p.pr. expelling], to drive 
away; force out; send away by 
authority; exclude, 
ex-pend (-pend'), v.t. to lay out; 
spend. 

ex-pend-i-ture ('i-tur), n. a lay¬ 
out, as money, time, labor, 
disbursement. 

ex-pense (-pens'), n. expenditure; 
drain on resources; detriment; 
cost. 

ex-pens-ive ('iv), adj. causing ex- 

pense. . 

ex-pe-ri-ence (-pen-ens), n. 


mg 

&c.*‘ 


knowledge gained by trial and 
practice ; test; practice ; spiritual 
exercise of mind. 

ex-pe-ri-en-tial-ism (-en'sh&V- 
izm), n. the theory that all knowl¬ 
edge is based upon experience, 
ex-per-i-ment (-per'i-ment), n. a 
trial or operation to discover 
something previously unknown; 
proof; trial: v.i. to search out by 
trial. Also experimentalize. 

Syn. proof, trial, test, 
ex-per-i-ment-al (-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or founded on, experi¬ 
ment ; guided, or learned by ex¬ 
perience. 

ex-per-i-ment-al-ly (-li), adv. by 
experiment. 

ex-pert (-pert'), adj. skilful, 
through practice or experience; 
adroit; dexterous, 
ex-pi-ate ('pi-at), v.t. to atone 
for. 

ex-pi-a-to-ry (-a-to-ri), adj. hav¬ 
ing the power or nature of atone¬ 
ment. 

ex-pi-ra-tion (-pi-ra'shun), n. ter¬ 
mination. 

ex-pire (-pir'), v.t. to breathe out 
from the lungs: v.i. to die. 
ex-pi-ry ('pi-ri), n. the end. 
ex-plain (-plan'), v.t. to make in¬ 
telligible or clear; expound or 
interpret. 

Syn. expound, interpret, illus¬ 
trate, elucidate. 

ex-pla-na-tion (-pla-na'shun), n. 
the act of explaining ; elucidation ; 
interpretation ; a mutual clearing 
up of a misunderstanding, 
ex-plan-a-to-ry (-plan'a-to-ri), 
adj. serving to explain, 
ex-ple-tive ('ple-tiv), n. a word 
not necessary for the sense in¬ 
serted in a sentence for orna¬ 
ment or to fill up a verse: adj. 
filling up; added or inserted for 
emphasis, &c. 

ex-pli-ca-ble ('pli-ka-bl), adj. 
that may be explained or inter¬ 
preted. 

ex-pli-ca-tive (-ka-tiv), adj. serv¬ 
ing to explain. Also explicatory, 
ex-plic-it (-plis'it), adj. plain; 
definite. 

Syn. express. 

Ant. (indefinite), 
ex-plode (-nlod), v.i. to burst 
forth with sudden noise and vio¬ 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pGrcb, lot; m56n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thm, the n. 











326 


exp 


*>xp 


lence; collapse: v.t. to cause to 
pass from a solid to a gaseous 
state ; refute ; demolish, 
ex ploit f-ploit'), v.t. to make use 
of for one’s own profit; put to 
use ; explore in search of; explain 
at length: n. a remarkable deed 
or heroic act. 

ex-ploi-ta-tion (-ploi-ta'shun), n. 
the act of exploiting; the improve¬ 
ment of lands, working of mines, 
&c.; an examination to utilize 
natural resources previously neg¬ 
lected : selfish utilization, 
ex-plo-ra-tion (-pl5-ra'shun), n. 
the act of exnloring; careful in¬ 
vestigation or search, especially 
geographical research, 
ex-plore (-pl5r'), v.t. to search 
into or examine thoroughly ; travel 
in or over (a country) to discover 
its characteristic features, &c. 
ex-plo-sion (-plo'zhun), n. the 
act of exploding; a sudden burst¬ 
ing with a loud report; a sudden 
and violent outbreak, 
ex-plo-sive ('siv), adj. pertaining 
to, or causing, explosion : n. any 
substance that causes an explo¬ 
sion ; a mute consonant. 
ex-po-ne»t (-po'nent), n. the in¬ 
dex of an algebraical power; one 
who explains or interprets the 
principles of something, 
ex-po-nen-tial (-nen'shal), adj. 
pertaining to an exponent, 
ex-port (-port'), v.t. to send or 
carry out of a country, as mer¬ 
chandise : v.i. to send goods to a 
foreign country: (eks'port) n. a 
commodity carried to a foreign 
country. 

ex-pose (-poz'), v.t. to lay open; 
put forward for sale; leave to the 
action of any force or circum¬ 
stance ; disclose; place in peril; 
lay open .to censure or ridicule, 
ex po se (-po-za'), n. an exposure, 
ex-po-si-tion (-zish'un), n. an ex¬ 
planation or interpretation; an 
exhibition. 

ex-pos-i-tor (-poz'i-ter), n. one 
who expounds or interprets, 
ex-pos-i-to-ry ('i-to-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or conveying, exposi¬ 
tion. Also expositive, 
ex post fae-to (post fak'to), 
(Latin, after the deed is done), 
a law enacted with retrospective 
effect. 


ex-pos-tu-late (-pos'tu-lat), v.i. 
to reason earnestly or remonstrate 
(followed by with, on or upon). 
ex-pos-tu-la-to-ry ('tu-la-to-ri), 
adj. pertaining to, containing, or 
of the nature of, expostulation, 
ex-po-sure (-po'zhur), n. the act 
of exposing ; situation ; aspect, 
expound (-pound'), v.t. to set 
forth, explain, or interpret; make 
clear. 

ex-press (-pres'), v.t. to exhibit 
by language ; utter ; show ; repre¬ 
sent ; squeeze out; despatch by 
express: adj. plainly stated; 

exact; resembling precisely ; not 
implied ; specially prepared; per¬ 
taining to quick or direct con¬ 
veyance : n. a person or vehicle 
that carries letters or small pack¬ 
ages expeditiously; an express- 
train ; a message or despatch ; a 
regular and systematic method of 
conveyance for passengers, mails, 
goods of small bulk, &c. 

Syn. declare, signify, utter, tell, 
ex-press-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being expressed, in any 
sense of the word, 
ex-press-ion (-presh'un), n. the 
act or power of representing any¬ 
thing ; a saying; mode of speech ; 
transient change of the counte¬ 
nance ; modulation of the voice, 
ex-press-ive ('iv). adj. serving to 
express; full of significance; 
forcibly. 

ex-press-ive-ly (-li), adv. in an 
expressive manner, 
ex- press - ly (-pres'li), adv. 

plainly; specially, 
ex-press-man ('man), n. the per¬ 
son who takes charge of express 
matter and attends to its delivery ; 
the driver of an express wagon, 
ex-pro-pri-a-tion (-pro-pri-a'- 
shun), n. the exclusion of a small 
owner from the ownership of 
land, &c. 

ex-pnl-sion (-pul'shun), n. forci¬ 
ble ejection. 

ex-nul-sive ('siv), adj. serving to 
expel. 

ex punge (-punj'), v.t. to blot 
out; erase ; destroy ; obliterate, 
ex-pur-gate ('per-gat), v.t. to re¬ 
move whatever is offensive to good 
taste or morality from: said of 
books. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 










exp 


327 


ext 


ex-pur-ga-toi (-ga-ter), n. one 
who expurgates. 

ex-pur-ga-to-ry ('ga-to-ri), adj. 

serving to expurgate, 
ex-qui-site ('kwi-zit), adj. re¬ 
fined ; delicate; nice; accurate; 
choice ; excellent; highly finished ; 
very sensibly felt; extreme: n. a 
person over refined in dress; a 
dandy. 

extant ('tant), adj. still exist¬ 
ing. 

ex-tem-po-ra-ne-ous (-tem-po-ra'- 
ne-us), adj. unpremeditated ; with¬ 
out previous notes or study ; off¬ 
hand. Also extemporary. 

*S \yn. extempore, impromptu, off¬ 
hand. 

Ant. (see prepared). 
ex-tem-po-re ('po-re), adj. with¬ 
out study or premeditation, 
ex-tem-po-rize ('po-rlz), v.t. to 
compose on the spur of the mo¬ 
ment : v.i. to discourse, &c., with¬ 
out notes or previous study, 
ex-tend (-tend'), v.t. to stretch 
out; enlarge ; amplify ; continue ; 
diffuse; communicate; dissemi¬ 
nate : v.i. to reach to any dis¬ 
tance ; be prolonged. 

&'yn. reach, stretch. 

Ant. (see abridge), 
ex-ten-si-ble (-ten'si-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of extension. Also exten¬ 
sile. 

ex-ten-sion ('shun), n. the act of 
extending; the state of being ex¬ 
tended : a branch line of railway, 
&c.; space regarded as having 
dimensions. 

ex-ten-sive ('siv), adj. having 
great extent; wide; comprehen¬ 
sive. 

ex-ten-sive-ly (-li), adv. widely; 
largely. 

ex-ten-som-e-ter (-som'e-ter), n. 
a micrometer for measuring the 
expansion of a body, 
ex ten sor (-ten'ser), n. a muscle 
that extends, or straightens, a limb, 
ex-tent (-tent'), n. the space or 
degree to which a thing is ex¬ 
tended ; size; compass; reach ; a 
writ of execution, 
ex-ten-uate (-ten'u-at), v.t. to 
offer excuses for; palliate; miti¬ 
gate. 

ex-ten-n-a-tor (-a-ter), n. one 
who extenuates. 


ex-ten-u-a-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. 
palliative. 

ex-te-ri-or (-te'ri-er), adj. out¬ 
ward ; external: n. that which is 
outside; outer surface, 
ex-ter-mi-nate (-ter'mi-nat), v.t. 
to destroy utterly; annihilate; 
root out. 

Syn. destroy, eradicate, uproot, 
annihilate. 

Ant. (see increase). 

ex-ter-mi-na-tor (-na-ter), n. 
one who, or that which, extermi¬ 
nates. 

ex-ter-mi-na-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. 
pertaining to extermination ; serv¬ 
ing to exterminate, 
ex tern (-tern'), n. a non-resident 
scholar: adj. external; visible, 
ex-ter-nal (-ter'nal), adj. out¬ 
side; exterior; superficial; objec¬ 
tive ; foreign: n. an exterior or 
outward part; an outward form, 
rite, or ceremony. 

ex-ter-nal-ly (-li), adv. out¬ 
wardly. 

ex-ter-ri-to-ri-al-i-ty (-ter-ri-to- 
ri-al'i-ti), n. the right possessed 
by ambassadors to live under the 
laws of their own country, 
ex-tinct (-tingkt'), adj. extin¬ 
guished ; put out; quenched ; worn 
out; inactive. 

ex-tinct-eur ('ur or -tang-tur'), 
n. a portable fire-extinguisher, 
ex-tin-guish (-ting'gwish), v.t. 
to put out; pay off and satisfy in 
full; eclipse. 

ex-tin-guish-er (-er), n. one 
who, or that which, extinguishes; 
a hollow cone for extinguishing a 
light. 

ex-tir-pate ('ter-pat), v.t. to 

eradicate ; destroy ; exterminate, 
ex-tir-pa-tive (-tiv), adj. capable 
of, or tending to, extirpate. Also 
extirpatory. 

ex-tir-pa-tor (-ter), n. one who, 
or that which, extirpates, 
ex-tol (-tol;, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ex¬ 
tolled, p.pr extolling], to praise 
highly ; magnify ; laud ; celebrate, 
ex-tor-sive (-tor'siv), adj. tending 
to extort. 

ex-tort (-tort'), v.t. to obtain by 
threats, violence, or injustice; 
v.i. to practice extortion, 
ex-tor-tion (-tor'shun), n. the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ext 


328 


exu 


act or practice of extorting; op¬ 
pressive or unjust exaction, 
ex-tor-tion-ate ('shun-at), adj. 
characterized by extortion; un¬ 
just. 

ex-tor-tion-ate-ly (-li), adv. in 
an extortionate manner, 
ex-tor-tion-er ('shun-er), n. one 
who practices extortion. Also ex¬ 
tortionist. 

ex-tra, a prefix meaning over and 
above; beyond; besides, found in 
numerous words, the sense of 
which is self-evident, as extra- 
official, cotfra-parochial, extra- ju¬ 
dicial, extra-mural, &c. 
ex-tra ('tra), adj. additional: n. 
something not included in the 
usual fee or charge; an edition of 
a newspaper issued in addition to 
the regular edition, or for some 
particular object. 

ex-tract (-trakt'), v.t. to draw 
out of; pull out; select from a 
larger literary work: n. (eks'- 
trakt) a substance extracted by 
distillation, solution, &c.; an ab¬ 
stract or excerpt from a book; 
quotation. 

ex-tract-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being extracted. Also ex¬ 
tractable. 

ex-trac-tion (-trak'shun), n. the 
act of extracting; lineage, birth, 
or descent. 

ex-tract-or ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, extracts, 
ex-tra-dite ('tra-dlt), v.t. to sur¬ 
render (a person) to another 
government under the terms of a 
treaty of extradition, 
ex-tra-di-ta-ble (-di'ta-bl). adj. 

liable or subject to, extradition, 
ex-tra-di-tion (-dish'un), n. the 
surrender by the government of 
one nation to another of a person 
guilty of a crime, in accordance 
with the terms of a treaty exist¬ 
ing between the two nations, 
ex-tra-dos ('dos), n. the exterior 
curve of an arch. 

ex-trane (eks-tran'), adj. for¬ 
eign ; not in accord with the 
hypnotized subject: n. one who is 
extreme. 

ex-tra-ne-i-ty (eks-tra-ne'i-ti), n. 
externality. 

ex-tra-ne-ous ('ne-us), adj. ex¬ 
ternal ; foreign. 


ex-traor-di-na-ry (-tror'di-na-ri, 
or -tra-or'di-na-ri), adj. beyond or 
-out of the usual course; uncom¬ 
mon ; unusual; remarkable ; rare ; 
i eminent; special, 
extravagance (-trav'a-gans) 
n. excess in anything, especially 
expenditure; profusion, 
ex-trav-a-gant ('a-gant), adj. ex¬ 
ceeding reasonable limits; waste¬ 
ful ; prodigal; irregular; need¬ 
lessly lavish in expenditure; 
i visionary. 

Syn. lavish, profuse, prodigal. 

Ant. (see parsimonious), 
ex-trav-a-gan-za (-gan'za), n. a 
stage burlesque; an irregular 
piece of music; a wild flight of 
language or feeling, 
ex-trav-a-sate ('a-sat), v.t. to 
force out of a duct or vessel, as 
blood: v.i. to escape out of the 
proper vessel. 

extreme (-trem'), adj. of the 
' highest degree ; last; utmost; fur¬ 
thest ; final; most severe or 
strict; uncompromising: n. the 
utmost degree of anything; ex¬ 
tremity ; excess; end: pi. points 
at the greatest distance from 
each other. 

ex-treme-ly ('ll), adv. exceed¬ 
ingly. 

ex-trem-ist ('ist), n. a supporter 
of extreme views or practice, 
ex-trem-i-ty (-trem'i-ti), n. [pi. 
extremities (-tiz) ], the utmost 
point or degree; remotest part; 
utmost violence, vigor, or neces¬ 
sity ; end: pi. the limbs, 
ex-tri-cate ('tri-kat), v.t. to free 
from difficulties, complications, or 
perplexity ; disembarrass, 
ex-tri-ca-ble ('tri-ka-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being extricated, 
ex-trin-sic (-trin'sik), adj. ex¬ 
ternal ; not inherent or essential; 
foreign. 

ex-trin-sic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. out¬ 
wardly. 

ex-tro-ver-sion (-tro-ver'shun), 

n. the turning of an inner part 
outward. 

ex trude (-trud'), v.t. to thrust 
out. 

ex u ber ance (-u'ber-ans), n. su¬ 
perabundance. 

ex-u-ber-ant (-ant), adj. copious, 
ex-ude (-ud ; ), v.t. to discharge 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrcK lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










exu 


329 


eyr 


gradually through pores: v.i. to 
flow out slowly. 

ex-ult (egz-ult'), v.i. to rejoice in 
triumph ; be glad above measure, 
ex-ul-tant ('ant), adj. rejoicing 
triumphantly. 

ex-u-vi-a (eks-u'vi-e), n.pl. the 
cast off skins, shells, &c., of ani¬ 
mals ; fossil remains of animals, 
eye (i), n. the organ of sight; the 
eyeball; sight; observation ; view ; 
a small perforation; bud; that 
which resembles an eye: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. eyed; p.pr. eyeing], to 
watch closely; keep in view; 
scrutinize. 

eye-ball ('bawl), n. the globe of 
the eye. 

eye-bright ('brit), n. the plant 
euphrasy, of the figwort family, 
eye-brow ('brou), n. the hairy 
arch above the eyes, 
eye-lash ('lash), n. the ridge of 
hair that lines the eyelid, 
eye-let ('let), n. a small hole to 
receive a lace or cord, 
eye-lid ('lid), n. the movable skin 


which covers over and closes the 
eye. 

eye-op-en-er (-op'en-er), n. any¬ 
thing that opens the eyes; some¬ 
thing incredible, as news; an 
early dram of spirits, 
eye-piece ('pes), n. the lens or 
lenses in an optical instrument 
through which the image of an 
object is magnified and viewed, 
eye-sight ('sit), n. the sight of; 

the eye; range of vision; view, 
eye-sore ('sor), n. anything that 
offends the sight. 

eye-spot ('spot) n. a rudimen¬ 
tary visual organ; an eye-Uke 
marking. 

eye-tooth ('tooth), n. [pi. eye¬ 
teeth ('teth)], one of the upper 
canine teeth in the human jaw., 
ey-ot (i'ot) n. a little, island in 
a river or lake. Also ait. 
ey-ra ('ra), n. the wild cat of 
Texas. 

eyre (ar), n. a circuit of itinerant 
judges. 

ey-rie (e' or a'ri), n. the nest of 
a predatory bird. Also eyry. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then . 












ra 


330 


fac 


-P 


fa (fa), n. the fourth note in the 
sol-fa musical notation — F. 
fable (fa'bl), n. a short fictitious 
narrative intended to convey some 
moral; an idle story or falsehood : 
v.t. to feign; fabricate: v.i. to 
speak falsely or untruthfully. 

Syn. apologue, novel, romance, 
tale. 

fab-ric (fab'rik), n. an edifice or 
building; a woven, felted, or 
knitted material. 

fab-ri-cate ('ri-kat), v.t. to con¬ 
struct ; form by manufacture or 
art; invent falsely, 
fab-ri-ca-tor (-ka-ter), n. one 
who fabricates. 

£ab-u-list ('u-list), n. a writer of 
fables; a liar. 

fab-u-lize ('u-llz), v.i. to com¬ 
pose, write, or relate fables, 
fab-u-lous ('u-lus), adj. ficti¬ 
tious ; mythical. 

fa-cade (fa-sad') n. front eleva¬ 
tion. 

face (fas), n. the countenance; 
dial of a clock, &c.; front; vis¬ 
age ; surface; appearance; out¬ 
ward aspect; confidence ; personal 
influence ; an expressive grimace ; 
value, excluding discount or in¬ 
terest: said of a note, &c. (face- 
value) : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. faced, 
p.pr. facing], to meet in front; 
oppose with boldness or confi¬ 
dence ; stand opposite to; cover 
with an additional surface: v.i. to 
turn the face. 

Syn. visage, countenance, 
faced (fast), p.adj. having a face; 
dressed, as stone or tea; fur¬ 
nished with a covering of harder 
metal. 

fa-cer (fas'er), n. a blow in the 
face; a quick retort; an unex¬ 
pected check. 

fac-et (fas'et), n. a small surface 
or face; one of the minute planes 
into which the surface of a 
diamond is cut: v.t. to cut or 
work a facet upon, 
fa - ce - ti - ae (fa-se'shi-e), n.pl. 
witty sayings; books character¬ 
ized by coarse wit. 


fa-ee-tious ('shus), adj. humor¬ 
ous ; jocular. 

Syn. pleasant, jocular, jocose. 

Ant. (see serious), 
fa-cial ('shal), adj. pertaining to 
the face. 

fa-cial an gle (ang'gl) n. the 
angle formed by the two lines 
drawn respectively from the nos¬ 
trils to the ear, and from the 
nose to the forehead: used in 
craniometrieal calculations, 
fa-cial-ly (-li), adv. as regards 
the. face. 

fa-ci-es ('shi-ez), n. the face; the 
general resemblance or aspect of 
any^ group of organisms or rocks, 
fac-ile (fas'il), adj. yielding; 
pliant; affable. 

facile prin-ceps (prin'seps), 

easily first. 

fa-cil-i-tate (fa-sil'i-tat), v.t. to 
make easy or less difficult; lessen 
the labor of. 

fa cil i ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. facilities 
(-tiz)J, freedom from difficulty; 
dexterity; ease; pliancy; ready 
compliance: pi. the means by 
which the performance of any 
act may be more easily accom¬ 
plished. 

fa-cing (fa'sing), n. a covering in 
front for ornamental or other 
purposes; a method of coloring 
tea, &c.: pi. military movements 
in drill in turning to the right. 
Jett, &c.; the collars, cuffs &c of 
different color to the coat on a 
military uniform. 

fac-sim-i-le (fak-sim'i-le) n. an 
exact reproduction, counterpart, 
or likeness of an original, 
fact (fakt). n. anything that is 
done.; reality: event; truth, 
fac-tion (fak'shun), n. a party in 
disloyal opposition ; dissension, 
fac-tious ('shus), adj. given to, 
or characterized by, faction; 
turbulent. 

fac ti-tious (-tish'us), adj. artifi¬ 
cial ; sham. 

fa.c-ti-tive ('ti-tiv), adj. causa¬ 
tive. 

factor ('ter), n. an agent who 
transacts business for another; 


late, mar, ma?4r cot, awl: he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

rook, mute, nut; thin, then. 










fac 


331 


tai 


one of two or more quantities 
(multiplier and multiplicand) 
which, multiplied together, give a 
product; any circumstance, &c., 
which produces a result: v.t. to 
manage or act as a factor for; 
resolve into mathematical factors. 

Syn. agent. 

factorage (-aj), n. a factor’s 
commission. 

factory ('to-ri), n. [pi. facto¬ 
ries (-riz)], a manufactory; a 
trading settlement, 
fac to tum (-to'tum), n. a man 
of all work. 

fac-u-lae ('ii-le), n.pl. luminous 
spots on the sun’s surface, 
fac-ul-ta-tive ('ul-ta-tiv), adj. 

enabling; permissive, 
faculty ('ul-ti), n. [pi. facul¬ 
ties (-tiz)], any mental or physi¬ 
cal power; mental capacity ; skill 
obtained by practice; ability; 
ease; readiness; the members col¬ 
lectively of any one of the 
learned professions, especially the 
medical; the masters and profess¬ 
ors of a department in a uni¬ 
versity. 

fad (fad)* n. a crotchet; a pet 
idea or hobby ; a passing fashion, 
fad-dist ('ist), n. one given to 
fads. 

fad-dy (_'i), adj. given to fads, 
fade (fad), v.i. to lose color or 
distinctness ; languish ; wither ; 
droop; die away. 

fad-ing ('ing), n. decay; loss of 
color. 

fae-cal (fe'kal), adj. pertaining to 
excrement or sediment, 
faeces ('sez), n.pl. excrement; 
sediment. 

faec-u-la, same as fecula. 
fag (fag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fagged, 
p.pr. fagging], to work hard; 
grow weary; drudge for another: 
v.t. to tire out or exhaust; to 
compel to drudge for another: n. 
one who drudges for another; a 
school-boy who performs menial 
duties for another in a higher 
class; fatigue or weariness; 
drudgery. 

fag-end ('end), n. the latter or 
meaner part of anything; the 
frayed end of a piece of cloth, 
rope, &c. 

fag-ot ('ot), n. a bundle of sticks 


bound together; a bundle of fish 
laid up for drying; a bundle of 
scrap- or wrought-iron or steel to 
be worked over; a kind of meat- 
cake of pork: v.t. to form into 
fagots. ✓ 

fag-ot-ing (-ing), n. a method of 
ornamenting textile fabrics. 
Fah-ren-heit (fa'ren-hit). n. the 
name of a thermometer-scale, hav¬ 
ing 32° as its freezing point, and 
212° as the boiling point of 
water. 

fa-ience (fa-yangs'), n. a variety 
of decorated majolica ware, 
fail (fal), v.i. to fall short; be 
deficient; waste away; decline ; 
turn out badly ; become bankrupt: 
v.t. to be wanting, or insufficient 
for ; forsake : n. failure ; omission. 

Syn. to fall short, be deficient. 

Ant. (see accomplish), 
fail-ing ('ing), n. a fault; weak¬ 
ness ; imperfection ; the act of be¬ 
coming bankrupt. 

faille (fal, or f&'ye), n. a soft un¬ 
twilled silk used for dresses or 
bonnet trimmings, &c. 
fail-ure (fal'ur), n. the act of 
failing; omission; neglect or non¬ 
performance ; want of success; 
lapse; the act of becoming bank¬ 
rupt. 

fain (fan), adv. willingly; 
gladly. 

faint (fant), v.i. to become 
feeble ; lose consciousness ; swoon ; 
lose courage and hope: adj. 
feeble; languid; depressed; spirit¬ 
less ; not bright or vivid in color; 
not loud or clear; n. a sudden 
loss of consciousness: pi. the im¬ 
pure spirit which distils over first 
and last in making whisky. 

Syn. feeble, languid. 

Ant. (see forcible), 
faini-ing ('ing), n. a sudden and 
temporary loss of consciousness; 
syncope. 

fair (far), adj. beautiful; hand¬ 
some ; pleasing to the eye or 
mind; free from any dark hue; 
spotless ; not cloudy ; fine ; favor¬ 
able ; prosperous ; just; equitable ; 
civil; legible ; above mediocrity ; 
of good reputation; reasonable; 
passably good ; blowing direct; the 
female sex (with the ) ; a market 
held at particular times: adv. dis¬ 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








fai 


332 


fal 


tinctly; openly; honestly; on 
good terms; legibly. 

Syn. equitable, honest, reason¬ 
able. 

Ant. (see unfair), 
fairly ('li), adv. honorably; 
openly. 

fair-ness ('nes), n. the quality of 
being fair; beauty ; equity ; clear¬ 
ness ; candor. 

fair-y (far'i), n. [pi. fairies 
(-iz)], an imaginary being of 
graceful and diminutive human 
form, supposed to interfere in hu¬ 
man affairs for good or evil; an 
elf; fay ; sprite ; brownie : adj. 
pertaining to, or resembling, 
fairies. 

fair-y-laxid (-land), n. the sup¬ 
posed abode of fairies; an en¬ 
chanting and pleasant abode, 
fair-y ring (ring), n. a small 
circle of grass greener than the 
turf surrounding it, caused by an 
underground fungus, 
fait ac-com-pli (fat a-kang-ple'), 
n. [Fr.] something already done, 
faitli (fath), n. belief; trust in 
the honesty and truth of another; 
the assent of the mind to Divine 
revelation ; unshaken adherence ; 
fidelity ; honesty ; a system of doc¬ 
trines or tenets. 

Syn. creed. 

Ant. (see unbelief, infidelity), 
faith-ful ('fool), adj. full of 
faith ; trustworthy ; truthful; hon¬ 
est ; loyal: n. Christians in full 
communion (with the). 

Syn. true, loyal, constant. 

Ant. (see faithless), 
faith-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a faith¬ 
ful manner. 

fake (fak), v.t. to fold or coil; 
to cover up imperfections of, or 
fabricate with the view of decep¬ 
tion ; steal: n. a coil or turn of 
a rope; a cheat or dodge; canard ; 
hohx; a swindler or trickster, 
fakement ('ment), n. fraud; de¬ 
ception. 

fak-er ('er), n. one who fakes; a 
swindler; pickpocket. 

Fa-kir (fa ker), n. a Mohamme¬ 
dan ascetic or mendicant priest, 
fal-eate (fal'kat), adj. sickle¬ 
shaped. Also falciform, 
fal-chion (fawl'shun), n. a short, 
slightly curved sword, with a 
broad blade. 


fal-con ('kn or faw'kn), n. a 
predatory bird with a hooked 
beak, trained for hunting, 
fal-con-er (faw'kn-er) n. one 
who trains or sports with falcons, 
fal-con-ry (faw'kn-ri), n. the art 
of training hawks to pursue other 
birds. 

faid-stool (fawld'stool), n. a lit¬ 
any-stool, or -desk; the bishop’s 
chair near the altar, 
fall (fawl), v.i. [p.t. fell, p.p. fall¬ 
en, p.pr. falling], to drop from a 
higher to a lower place; drop 
from an erect posture; descend; 
sink; flow into; perish; be de¬ 
graded or disgraced; happen; 
apostatize or fall into sin ; begin 
with ardor; become the property 
of: adj. pertaining to the au¬ 
tumn : n. the act of falling; dis¬ 
tance through which anything 
falls ; overthrow ; ruin ; death ; 
cadence ; waterfall; cataract; de¬ 
crease in value; a veil; autumn. 

Syn. drop, droop, sink, tumble. 

Ant. (see rise). 

fallacious (fal-la'shus), adj. de¬ 
ceptive. 

fal-la-cy ('a-si), n. [pi. fallacies 
(-siz)], a deceptive or false ap¬ 
pearance ; mistake; an unsound 
method of reasoning; sophism, 
fall-en (fawl'n), p.adj. sunk to a 
lower state or condition; de¬ 
graded ; ruined; outcast; over¬ 
thrown ; dead. 

fal-li-bil-i-ty (fal-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state of being fallible; lia¬ 
bility to err. 

fal-li-ble ('i-bl), adj. liable to be 
deceived, mislead, err, or fail, 
fall-ing (fawl'ing), p.adj. moving 
or hanging downwards ; sinking ; 
declining; decreasing in value or 
quantity : n. the act or process of 
falling; descent; downward dis¬ 
placement. 

fal-lo-pi-an (fal-o'pi-an), adj. 
pertaining to the ducts which con¬ 
vey the ova to the uterus, 
fal-low ('o), v.t. to make or keep 
fallow: adj. plowed but not sown 
for the season; untilled; neg¬ 
lected ; of a pale yellow or red- 
dish-yellow color: n. land plowed 
but left unseeded, 
fal-low-deer (-der), n. a species 
of deer of yellowish-brown color, 
with branched and recurved horns. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








fal 


333 


fan 


false (fawls), adj. untrue; dis¬ 
honest ; disloyal; perfidious ; coun¬ 
terfeit ; not well founded; unre¬ 
liable ; made for temporary use; 
not in harmony: adv. falsely, 
false-hood ('hood), n. an un¬ 
truth ; lie. 

false-keel (-kel), n. the timber 
below the main keel, 
fal-set-to (fawl-set'o), n. an ar¬ 
tificial tone higher in key than 
the natural compass of the voice, 
fal-si-fy (' si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
falsified, p.pr. falsifying], to 
make, or prove to be, false; coun¬ 
terfeit ; forge: v.i. to lie. 
fal-si-ty ('si-ti)- ; n. [pi. falsities 
(-tiz) ], the quality of being false ; 
an untruth; false statement. 
Fal-staf-fi-an (f awl'staf-i-an), 
adj. resembling Falstaff: hence 
boasting; coarsely jovial, etc. 
fal-ter ('ter), v.t. to utter in a 
weak trembling manner (with 
out) 9 : v.i. to exhibit moral or 
physical hesitancy ; waver; trem¬ 
ble ; fail in utterance, 
fame (fam), n. public report; 
rumor ; celebrity ; renown. 

Syn. renown, reputation, 
famed ('d), adj. renowned; cele¬ 
brated. 

fa-mil-iar (fa-mil'yer), adj. well 
acquainted, or intimate, with ; do¬ 
mestic ; affable; easy; uncon¬ 
strained; unceremonious; habit¬ 
uated by custom: n. a spirit or 
demon supposed to attend at the 
call of a necromancer; a domes¬ 
tic of the papal household, 
fa-mil-i-ar-i-ty (-i-ar'i-ti), # n. 
f pi. familiarities (-tiz)], inti¬ 
macy ; ease of conversation; free¬ 
dom from ceremony or conven¬ 
tionality ; a liberty or freedom, 
f a-mil-iar-ize (/yer-Iz), v.t. to 
make familiar; habituate, 
fam-i-ly (fam'i-li), n. [pi. fami¬ 
lies (-liz)], a household; children 
as distinguished from the parent; 
a body of persons descended from 
a common ancestor; tribe ; race ; 
genealogy ; noble lineage ; class ; a 
group of animals larger than a 
genus, but less than an order; an 
order [Bot.]. 

fam-ine (fam'in),. n. extreme 
dearth; great scarcity, 
fam-ish ('ish), v.t. & v.i. to 
starve. 


famous (fa'mus), adj. renowned; 
conspicuous; noted. 

Syn. celebrated, renowned, illus¬ 
trious. 

Ant. (see obscure), 
fa-mous-ly (-li), adv. in a fa¬ 
mous manner; admirably, 
fam-u-lus ('u-lus), n. the fa¬ 
miliar spirit of a magician; an 
assistant. 

fan (fan), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fanned, 
p.pr. fanning], to cool with a 
fan; agitate the air, as with a 
fan ; ventilate ; winnow : n. a flat 
implement used to cool the face by 
agitating the air; an instrument 
for exciting a current of air; any¬ 
thing resembling a fan in shape; 
a winnowing implement, 
fa-nat-ic (fa-nat'ik), n. one who 
is intemDerately zealous. or 
wildly extravagant, especially on 
religious subjects: .adj. charac¬ 
terized by fanaticism; visionary. 
Also fanatical. 

fa-nat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 
fanatic manner. 

fa-nat-i-cism ('i-sizm), n. extrav¬ 
agant or frenzied z©al; wild en¬ 
thusiasm. 

fan-cied (fan'sid), adj. imaginary, 
fan-ci-er ('si-er), n. one who 
breeds or sells animals and birds; 
an amateur. 

fan-ci-ful ('si-fool), adj. influ¬ 
enced by the fancy; unreal; 
whimsical; wild. 

Syn. capricious, fantastical, 
whimsical. 

fan-ci-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a fan¬ 
ciful manner. 

fan-cy ('si), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fan¬ 
cied, p.pr 4 fancying], to imagine; 
take a liking to; be pleased with: 
v.i. to imagine; suppose: adj. or¬ 
namental ; elegant; imaginary; 
characterized bv variety: n. crea¬ 
tive imagination ; idea; notion; 
liking; caprice; pet pursuit; 
sporting characters, as pugilists, 
&c. (with the). 

Syn. imagination. 

fan-dan-go (-dang'go), n. a lively 
Spanish dance; a lively ball, 
fane (fan), n. a temple; church, 
fan-fare (fan'far), n. a flourish 
of trumpets; noisy ostentatious 
parade. 

fan-far-o-nade (-o-nad'), n. 


% 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pSrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






ran 


334 


far 


blustering talk or swagger: v.i. to 
make a noisy parade, 
fang (fang), n. the lower part of 
a tooth set in the socket; the 
poison-tooth of a serpent; a tusk, 
claw, talon, or pointed tooth, 
fan-ion (fan'yun), n. a small ban¬ 
ner. 

fan-tail ('tal), n. a variety of 
pigeon. 

fan-tan ('tan), n. a Chinese 
gambling game. 

fan-ta-si-a (-ta' or ta'zhi-a), n. 
a musical composition not re¬ 
stricted by the usual laws of form 
or time. 

fan-tas-tie (-tas'tik), adj. odd; 
whimsical; grotesque ; unreal; 
imaginary. Also fantastical, 
fan-tas-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
a fantastic manner, 
fan-ta-sy, see phantasy, 
far (far), adj. \com. farther, fur¬ 
ther, super!, farthest, furthest], 
remote ; distant; extending widely 
or at length; contrary to design 
or purpose; alienated: adv. re¬ 
motely ; very much ; to a certain 
point or degree; to a great dis¬ 
tance ; widely. 

far-ad (far'ad), n. a unit of 
electric capacity. 

farce (fars), n. a short comedy 
in which qualities and actions are 
much exaggerated; ridiculous or 
empty parade. 

far-ci-cal (far'si-kal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of, a 
farce; ludicrous". 

far-ci-cal-ly (-li), adv. in a far¬ 
cical manner. 

far-cy ('si), n. a disease of 
horses, closely allied to glanders, 
far-dage ('daj), n. loose wood, 
&c., stowed among the cargo to 
prevent it from moving, or to 
protect it from bilge water, 
fare (far), v.i. to be in any 
state, either good or ill ; be en¬ 
tertained with food; live; suc¬ 
ceed ; result: n. the sum paid for 
a journey by rail, &c.; a person 
conveyed for hire in a vehicle; 
provisions of a table; entertain¬ 
ment ; the quantity of fish taken 
by a smack. 

fare-well ('wel), interj. may you 
fare well or prosper; good-bye: 
adj. noting, or accompanying, a 
parting: n. an adieu. 


Syn. adieu, parting salutation, 
conge, good-bye. 

far-fetched ('fecht), adj. un¬ 
natural ; forced. 

fa-ri-na (fa-re' or fa-rl'na). n. 
starch ; flour or meal obtained by 
grinding the seeds of cereals and 
leguminous plants, 
far-i-na-ceous (na'shus) adj. 
consisting of, or made from, 
farina; like meal, 
far-i-nose (far'i-nos), adj. pro¬ 
ducing, or covered with, farina; 
mealy. 

farm (farm), n. a portion of land, 
cultivated by one person, with the 
buildings, &c., appurtenant to it: 
v.t. to cultivate (land) at a 
fixed rental; lease or let: v.i. to 
carry on the operation of farming, 
farm-er ('er), n. one who culti¬ 
vates a farm; an agriculturist; 
one who collects revenues, taxes, 
&c., for a certain commission or 
rate. 

farm-ing ('ing), adj. pertaining 
to, or engaged in, agriculture: n. 
the leasing out, or collection of 
taxes, revenues, &c., for a certain 
commission or rate per cent, 
fa-ro (fa' or fa'ro), n. a game of 
chance, played with cards: so 
called from the picture of Pha¬ 
raoh, -which formerly was printed 
on one of the cards, 
far-ness (far'nes), n. distance; 
remoteness. 

far rago (far-ra'go), n. a med¬ 
ley ; hotch-potch. 

far-ri-er ('i-er), n. one who shoes 
horses; a veterinary surgeon, 
far-ri-er-y (-i), n. the occupation 
of shoeing horses; veterinary 
surgery. 

far-row ('6), v.t. to give birth 
to: said of pigs: n. a litter of 
pigs: adj. noting a cow not calv¬ 
ing in a given season, 
far-ther (far'f7?er), adj., comp. 
of far; more distant or remote: 
additional: adv. more remotely: 
conj. moreover. 

far-thing ('thing), n. l-4th of an 
English penny. 

far-thin-gale (-gal), n. a kind of 
hoop-skirt formed of circles of 
whalebone, worn by women of 
the 16th and 17th centuries. 
Also farthingdale. 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let: line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut ^ thin, then. 









fas 


335 


fat 


fas-ces (fas'ez), n.pl. a bundle of 
rods containing an axe, carried by 
the lictors before the magistrates 
of ancient Rome as a symbol of 
authority. 

fas-ci-a (fash'i-a), n. [pi. fasciae 
(-e)L a filet or belt; a broad 
volute; a jutting brick course be¬ 
yond the windows ; a ligature ; the 
board over the top of the window 
of a shop, on which the owner’s 
name, &c., are inscribed, 
fas-cic-u-late (fas-ik'u-lat), adj. 
formed of, or growing in, bun¬ 
dles. Also fasciculated, 
fas-ci-cle ('i-kl), n. a small col¬ 
lection, group, or bundle; a serial 
division of a book, 
fas-ci-nate ('i-nat) v.t. to in¬ 
fluence the mind or will of as if 
by enchantment; bewitch ; capti¬ 
vate : v.i. to exercise a bewitching 
or captivating power, 
fas-ci-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
act of fascinating; the state of 
being fascinated ; any invisible in¬ 
fluence that overpowers the mind 
or will; bewitchment; charm, 
fas-cine (-en'), n. a cylindrical 
bundle of sticks or fagots bound 
together, used for fortifying 
ditches, building earthworks, &c. 
fash-ion ('un), n. the shape or 
form of anything; conventional 
custom or usage, especially in 
dress; compliance with the rules 
of good society; method ; general 
practice: v.t. to mold, shape, or 
form ; accommodate. 
£ash-ion-a-ble (-a-bl), adj. ac¬ 
cording to the prevailing mode; 
made in accordance with the fash¬ 
ion of the day ; observant of the 
rules of polite society and its 
usages; well-bred, 
fast (fast), v.i. to abstain from 
food, either from necessity, or as 
a religious obligation : n. ab¬ 
stinence from food ; religious mor¬ 
tification by abstinence, 
fast (fast), adj. quick; speedy in 
motion; expeditious; in advance 
i of the standard : said of a time¬ 
piece : firm ; immovable; close; 
faithful; dissipated; gay: adv. 
rapidly ; firmly. 

Syn. rapid, quick, fleet, expe¬ 
ditious. 

Ant. (see slow). 


fast-day (-da), n. a day set 
apart by civil or ecclesiastical 
authoritv for religious fasting, 
fast-en (fas'n), v.t. to fix se¬ 
curely; make fast; bolt or bar; 
v.i. to seize or take hold: gen¬ 
erally with on. 

fast-en-ing (-ing), n. the act of 
making fast; a bolt or clasp, 
fas-tid-i-ous (-tid'i-us), adj. 

squeamish ; overnice. 
fast-ing (fast'ing), n. abstinence 
from food, especially as a religious 
observance. 

fast-land ('land), n. upland, 
fast-ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being fast; a fortress 
or natural stronghold . 
fat (fat), adj. [comp, fatter, 
supcrl. fattest], corpulent; fleshy; 
adipose; greasy; unusually ex¬ 
tended : said of type; broad; slug¬ 
gish ; stupid ; dull; lucrative ; fer- . 
tile; affluent; n. a solid, oily, 
yellow or white substance form¬ 
ing part of the tissue of ani¬ 
mals ; the best or richest of any¬ 
thing : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fatted, 
p.pr. fatting], to fatten; cause to 
gain flesh: v.i. to become fat. 
fa-tal (fa'tal), adj. causing death 
or destruction ; mortal; fateful, 
fa-tal-ism (-izm), n. the doctrine 
that all things happen by irresisti¬ 
ble necessity overruling all things, 
fa-tal-ist (-ist), n. a believer in 
the doctrine of fatalism, 
fa-tal-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to fatalism, 
fa-tal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. fatali¬ 
ties (-tiz)], predetermined order 
or series of events: destiny; a 
calamity; fatal occurrence, 
fa-tal-ly ('tal-i), adv. in a fatal 
manner. 

fa-fa mor ga na (fa'ta mor-ga'- 
na), n. a name for the mirage 
sometimes seen near the straits of 
Messina. 

fate (fat), n. destiny; inevitable 
necessity; death or destruction; 
predestined lot: pi. the three 
classic goddesses, Clotho, La- 
chesis, and Atropos. who presided 
over the destinies of mankind, 
fa-fed (fn'ted), p.aij. decreed by 
fate; destined. 

fate-ful (fat'fool), adj possessing 
fatal power; determining destiny; 
fatal. 


date, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





fat 


336 


faw 


fa-ther (fa'ther), n. a male parent 
or ancestor; one who stands in 
the relation of a father; an 
originator or founder; the official 
title of a confessor of the Roman 
Catholic Church, the superior of 
a convent, and of an ancient 
Roman senator; the senior mem¬ 
ber of any class, profession, or 
body; an ecclesiastical writer of 
the Early Christian Church: v.t. 
to adopt as a son or daughter; 
to ascribe to anyone as his off¬ 
spring or production: with on. 
Fa-ther, n. the Creator, God. 
fa-ther-hood (-hood), n. pater¬ 
nity. 

fa-ther-land (-land), n. one’s na¬ 
tive country. 

fa-ther-ly (-li), adj. pertaining 
to a father; kind, affectionate, as 
a father: adv. like a father, 
fath-om (fat/i'um), n. a measure 
of length = 6 ft.: v.t. to reach; 
ascertain the depth of. 
fa-tigue (f§.-teg'), n. weariness; 
toil; bodily or mental exhaustion : 
v.t. to weary with bodily or mental 
exertion; tire ; harass. 

Syn. weariness, lassitude. 

Ant. (see vigor). 

fa-tigue-du-ty (du'ti), n. labor 
a soldier is employed in distinct 
from the practice of arms, 
fat-ling ('ling), n. a young ani¬ 
mal fattened for slaughter, 
fat-ness ''nes), n. the quality or 
state of being fat; corpulency; 
fertility. 

fat-ten ('n), v.t. to make fat, 
plump, or stout; feed for the 
table; make fertile or abundant, 
fat-ty ('i), adj. consisting, or 
having the qualities of, fat; 
greasy; oily. 

fa-tu-i-ty (fa-tu'i-ti), n. weakness 
of intellect; obstinate folly, 
fat-u-ous Ou-us), adj. weak in 
intellect; silly ; obstinately fool¬ 
ish ; illusory. 

fau-bourg (fo'boorg), n. a sub¬ 
urb. 

fau-ces (faw'sez). n.pl. the upper 
part of the throat and entrance 
to the gullet. 

fau-cet ('set), n. a short pipe 
with a valve, used for drawing 
out liquor. 

faugh (faw), interj. an exclama¬ 


tion expressive of disgust or ab¬ 
horrence. 

fault (fawlt), n. a slight crime 
or offense ; blemish ; defect; omis¬ 
sion ; the loss of scent in hunting: 
said of a hound; fracture of 
strata ; an accidental leak in an 
electric circuit; an improper ser¬ 
vice in lawn-tennis, 
fault-find-er ('finder), n. one 
given to finding fault; a mechani¬ 
cal device for discovering faults 
in an electric circuit, 
fault-y ('i), adj. imperfect; er¬ 
roneous. 

faun (fawn), n. a classic wood¬ 
land deity resembling the satyrs 
in appearance. 

fauna (faw'na), n. \pl. faunae 
('ne), faunas ('naz)] f the ani¬ 
mals characteristic of any partic¬ 
ular region, or geological period, 
fau-teuil (fo-tal' or -tul'), n. [Fr.] 
an upholstered arm chair; mem¬ 
bership in the French Academy; 
the seat of a president, &c. 
faux-pas (fo pa'), n. [Fr.] an 
error or slip, especially in respect 
of good manners or morality. 
Fa-vo-ni-an (fa-vo'ni-an), adj. 
pertaining to Favonius the west 
wind: hence auspicious, 
fa-vor (fa'ver), n. kindness; sup¬ 
port ; patronage; good will; 
facility ; partiality ; bias ; a love 
token ; a bunch of ribbons worn 
on some special occasion; a let¬ 
ter : v.t. to regard with favor; 
befriend; facilitate; resemble in 
features; spare. 

fa-vor-a-ble (-&-bl), adj. propiti¬ 
ous ; advantageous; friendly; 
partial. 

fa-vored (' verd), adj. featured, 
fa-vor-ite (-it), n. one who, or 
that which, is particularly es¬ 
teemed ; one regarded with un¬ 
due preference; a person or ani¬ 
mal considered to have the best 
chance of winning in a contest: 
adj. preferred; esteemed, 
favoritism (-izm), n. the dis¬ 
position or tendency to favor one 
person or class in preference to 
others possessing equal claims ; 
partiality. 

fawn (fawn), n. a young deer: 
v.i. & v.t. to court servilely (with 
on or upon) ; to exhibit affection 
by leaping upon, cringing or lick- 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 

















law 


S37 


ing the hand of a person: said 
of a dog. 

fawn ing ('ing), n. gross, or ser¬ 
vile, flattery. 

fay (fa), n. an elf: fairy: v.t. to 
fit (two pieces of wood) flush to¬ 
gether: v.i. to fit closely: adj. 
fated; dead [Scotch]. 

faze (faz). v.t. to worry; annoy; 
frighten ; disturb; produce an ef¬ 
fect on. 

fe-al-ty (fe'&l-ti), n. the duty 
of a vassal or tenant to his feudal 
superior; loyalty. 

fear (fer), n. apprehension of evil 
or danger; dread; anxiety; so¬ 
licitude ; reverence: v.t. to regard 
with apprehension ; dread: v.i. to 
be in fear; feel anxiety. 

Syn. timidity, timorousness. 

Ant. (see bravery). 

fear-ful ('fool), adj. affected with 
fear ; timorous ; apprehensive ; in¬ 
spiring fear. 

fear-ful-ly (-li), adv. in fear; so 
as to cause fear. 

fear-less ('les), adj. intrepid. 

fear-less-ness (-nes), n. intre¬ 
pidity 

fear-some (fer'sum), adj. fearful; 
terrible. 

fea-si-bil-i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. prac¬ 
ticability. 

fea-si-ble (fe'zi-bl), adj. practi¬ 
cable. 

fea-si-bly ('zi-bli), adv. practi¬ 
cably. 

feast (fest), n. a sumptuous re¬ 
past, especially in commemoration 
of some event, &c.; a festival, es¬ 
pecially of the Church ; anything 
affording pleasure to the palate 
or mind: v.t. to entertain 
sumptuously ; delight: v.i. to feed 
sumptuously; enjoy one’s self. 

feat (fet), n. a notable achieve¬ 
ment, deed, or performance. 

featb-er (fetA'er). n. part of the 
exterior covering of a bird; a 
plume; something resembling a 
feather; the water thrown up by 
the turn of the blade of an oar; 
kind or class: v.t. to ornament 
with feathers; cover with, or as 
with, feathers; turn the blade 
of (an oar) horizontally when 
leaving the water: v.i. to become 
covered with, or something resem¬ 
bling, feathers. 


fed 


feather-brained (brand), adj , 
giddy. 

feath-er-edged (-ejd), adj. thin 

at the edges. 

feath-er-weight (-wat), n. in a 
handicap, the least weight that 
can be put on a racehorse, 
feath-er-y (-i). adj. covered with, 
or resembling, feathers; very 
light. 

fea-ture (fe'tiir),. n. the cast of 
the face: lineament; principal 
part; outline ; characteristic ; ap¬ 
pearance. 

fea-tured (turd), adj. having a 
particular cast of face, 
feaze (fez), v.t. to disturb; dis¬ 
concert ; frighten, 
feb-ri-fuge (feb'ri-fuj), n. a 
medicine that lessens or dispels 
fever. 

feb-rile (feb' or fe'bril), adj. per¬ 
taining to. accompanied by, or in¬ 
dicating fever, 
fe-cal, same as fsecal. 
fe-ces, same as faeces, 
fec-u-la (fek'u-la), n. farina; 

starch; chlorophyll, 
fec-u-lence ('lens), n. the quality 
of being feculent; dreg*. Also 
feculency. 

fec-u-lent ('lent), adj. contain¬ 
ing, or full of, dregs or sedi¬ 
ment ; turbid ; muddy, 
fec-und (fek' or fe-kund'), adj. 
fruitful; prolific. 

fec-uu-date (fek'un-dat), v.t. to 
make fruitful or nrolific ; fertilize ; 
impregnate. 

fec-un-di-ty ('di-ti), n. fruitful¬ 
ness ; prolificness; fertility of in¬ 
vention ; germination 
fed, p.t. & p.p. of feed, 
fed-er-al (fed'er-al). adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, constituting, or founded 
upon, a league or treaty; con.- 
sisting in a union or compact be¬ 
tween the states, esecially of the 
United States or Switzerland; 
confederated: n. a supporter of 
federalism. 

Fed-er-al, adj. supporting the 
cause of the Union in the Ameri¬ 
can civil war ( 1801 -’ 65 ) : n. one 
who favored the Union cause in 
that war. 

fed-er-al-ism (-izm), n. the doc¬ 
trine of federal union, and the 
support of the central government 
of the United States. 


late, mar, mftsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pQrch, lot; moon* 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





red 


lei 


338 


fed-er-al-ize (-Iz), v.t, to bring 
together in a political federacv: 
v.i. to unite under a federal form 
of government. Also federate, 
fed -er-ate (-at), adj. united by 
compact. ' • 

fed-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. a 
league; federal government, 
fed-er-a-tive (-tiv), adj. forming 
a league or confederacy; federal, 
fee (fe), n. a compensation or 
payment for service rendered, es¬ 
pecially professional service; a 
gratuity; an heritable or in¬ 
herited estate: land held from a 
superior; feud: v.t. to pay or 
give a fee to. 

fee-ble (fe'bl), adj. weak; want¬ 
ing in physical strength or mentdl 
vigor: infirm: v.t. to weaken, 
feed (fed), v.t. to give food to; 
nourish; graze or pasture; sup¬ 
ply’ with necessaries : furnish with 
materials, as a machine: v.i. to 
eat; subsist (with on or upon) : 
n. a certain quantity of food 
given to animals at one time; 
fodder; pasture ; a banquet, 
feed-er ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, feeds ; one who fattens cat¬ 
tle ; that which nourishes or sup¬ 
plies the needs of or increases 
the importance or value of; a 
branch canal or railway; an elec¬ 
tric wire supplying a current to a 
main conductor. 

feed-ing ('ing), n. the act of eat¬ 
ing : pasture. 

feed-pipe (-pip), n. a pipe which 
supplies water to the boiler of a 
steam-engine. 

feed-pump (-pump), n. a force- 
pump .which supplies water to the 
boiler of a steam-engine, 
feel (fel), v.t. to perceive by the 
♦touch; be conscious of; under¬ 
stand ; test; be influenced or 
moved by ; experience, as pleasure 
or pain ; examine by touching or 
handling: v.i. seem to the touch; 
have the passions moved: n. the 
sense of feeling: touch ; sensation, 
feel-er ('er), n. one who. or that 
which, feels; that part of an in¬ 
vertebrate animal which serves 
as an organ of touch, as the an¬ 
tennae of insects, &c.; something 
put forth as a means of gaining 
information not directly obtain¬ 
able. 


feeling ('ing), p.adj. easily af¬ 
fected : sympathetic: of great sen¬ 
sibility : nerceptible by touch : n. 
sense of touch; physical or mental 
sensation ; perception ; tenderness. 

Syn. sensibility, susceptibility. 

Ant. (see insensibility), 
fee-simple ( -sim'pl), n. an es¬ 
tate in land or tenements held 
by a person in his own right, 
without restrictions, 
feet, pi. of foot. 

fee-tail (fe'tal), n. an estate 
entailed to a person and his heirs, 
feign (fan), v.t. to pretend; in¬ 
vent. 

feigned (fund), adj. pretended; 
counterfeited. 

feint (fant), n. a pretense - mock 
attack. 

feld-spar (feld'spar), n. a name 
for various crystalline minerals 
occurring in igneous rocks, com¬ 
posed principally of silicate of 
aluminia. Also felspar, 
fe-lic-i-tate (fe-lis'i-tat), v.t. to 
congratulate. 

fe-lic-i-tous ('i-tus), adj. charac¬ 
terized by. or causing, happiness; 
appropriate. 

fe-lic-i-tous-ly (-li), adv. hap¬ 
pily ; suitably. 

fe-lic-i-ty ('i-ti). n. [pi. felicities 
(-tiz)], a condition of supreme 
happiness: blissfulness; pros¬ 

perity : appropriateness; a neat or 
well-chosen expression, 
fe-line ('lin); adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, a cat; stealthy; 
treacherous. 

fell (fel), v.t. to hew, cut. or 
knock, down : cause to fall; turn 
down (a seam): adj. cruel; 
savage: barbarous: hideous: 

powerful: n. the skin of an ani¬ 
mal : a hem laid level with the 
material : a rocky or barren hill; 
small pieces of ore. 
fellah ('?.). n. \pl. fellahs ('&z). 
fellaheen (-hen')], in Egypt and 
Syria, a peasant or laboring man. 
fel-loe, same as felly, 
fel-low ('o). n. a companion or 
associate: one of the same kind; 
compeer: one of a pair; an in¬ 
dividual : one held in slight es¬ 
teem : a member of an incor¬ 
porated society; a graduate mem¬ 
ber of a college who holds a 
fellowship; the trustee of a col¬ 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin : vote, nbrch, lot ; md6n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







fe! 


339 


fen 


lege: adj. associated or joined 
with (used in composition). 

fellow-ship (-ship), n. associa¬ 
tion ; communion ; intimacy ; so- 
ciety; joint interest or feeling; a 
college endowment for the sup¬ 
port of a fellow ; one of the rules 
of arithmetic. 

fel-ly ('i), n. [pi. fellies ('iz)l, 
one of the curved pieces of wood 
which form the rim of a wheel; 
the rim. Also felloe. 

felo-de-se (fe'lo-de-se), n. a 
suicide. 

fel-on (fel'un), n. one guilty of 
felony; a whitlow: adj. malig¬ 
nant ; traitorous. 

fe-lo-ni-ous (fe-ld'ni-us), adj. 
done with the intention of com¬ 
mitting crime; malignant. 

fel-o-ny (fel'o-ni), n. [pi. felonies 
(-niz)], a crime punishable by 
death or imprisonment in a state 
prison. 

fel-site ('sit), n. a variety of 
feldspar. 

fel-spar ('spar), n. same as feld¬ 
spar. 

felt, p.t. of feel. 

felt (felt), n. an unwoven fabric 
composed of wool or wool and 
hair, compacted together by pres¬ 
sure or heat. 

felting ('ing), n. 'the material of 
which felt is made, or the process 
of manufacturing it. 

fe-luc-ca (fe-luk'a), n. a small 
sailing-vessel propelled by lateen 
sails and oars, used in the 
Mediterranean. 

fe-male (fe'mfil), n. one of that 
sex which conceives and pro¬ 
duces young; the plant or flower 
which bears the pistil and re¬ 
ceives the pollen of the male 
flower: adj. pertaining to that 
sex which produces young; 
feminine ; womanly ; having pistils 
but destitute of stamens; noting, 
in mechanics, something, as a 
hollow, into which another part 
fits. 

feme cov-erte (fern or fam kuv'- 
ert), n. a married woman. Also 
femme coverte. 

feme sole (sol), n. an unmarried 
woman. Also femme sole. 

fem-i-nine (fem'i-nin), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of. 


women ; delicate ; tender; sensi¬ 
tive ; wanting in manly charac¬ 
teristics; effeminate: n. a woman. 

Syn. female, womanly, effem¬ 
inate. 

Ant. (see manly). 

fem-i-nin-i-ty (-i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being feminine; 
womankind. 

femme de cliam-bre (fam' de 
shang'br), n. [Fr.] a lady’s- 
maid ; chambermaid. 

fem-o-ral (fem'o-ral), adj. per¬ 
taining to the thigh. 

fe-mur (fe'mer), n. the thigh¬ 
bone. 

fen (fen), n. low, flat, marsh land, 
covered with sedges, &c.; a kind 
of mold or moss causing disease 
in hops. 

fence (fens), r.i. to practice fenc¬ 
ing ; deposit stolen property with 
a confederate : v.t. guard or pro¬ 
tect ; defend; to inclose or sur¬ 
round with a fence; fortify: n. 
the art of fencing; defense; 
guard; a boundary consisting of 
posts, wire, &c.; inclosure; skill 
in debate; a receiver of stolen 
goods. 

fen-ci-ble (fen'si-bl), adj. capable 
of defense, or being defended: n. 
a soldier enlisted' for home serv¬ 
ice. 

fenc-ing ('ing), n. the art of skil¬ 
fully using a foil or sword for 
attack or defense: materials used 
for constructing a fence; a col¬ 
lection of fences ; guard ; skilful 
debate. 

fend (fend), v.t. to ward off: pro¬ 
tect with a fender. 

fend-er ('er), n. a cushion of rope, 
or piece of wood hung over the 
side of a vessel to prevent injury 
by contact with a landing-stage, 
&c.; a metal guard in front of 
a fireplace to prevent the hot coal 
falling upon the floor; a dev : ce 
affixed to the front of a street 
car to prevent injury to pedes¬ 
trians. 

fenks (fenks), n. whale-blubber 
refuse: used as a manure. 

fen-nec ('ek), n. small African 
fox. 

fen-nel (fen'el), n. an aromatic 
biennial herb of the parsley 
family, with yellow flowers. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 






fen 


340 


fey 


fenny ('ni), adj. full of fens; 
marshy. 

fent (fent), n. a slit in a gar¬ 
ment for convenience in putting 
it on ; placket; remnant, 
ferae na-tu-rae (na-tu're), n. [L.] 
in law, wild animals as distin¬ 
guished from those domesticated, 
fe-ral (fe'ral), adj. wild; undo¬ 
mesticated. 

fe-ri-al ('ri-al), adj. pertaining 
to week days, especially those 
which are not festivals or fasts; 
pertaining to holidays, 
fer ment (fer'ment), n. a micro¬ 
scopic fungus which produces fer¬ 
mentation ; internal commotion; 
tumult: v.t. (fer-ment'), to pro¬ 
duce fermentation in ; excite : v.i. 
to be in a state of fermentation ; 
effervesce; be excited, 
fer-men-ta-tion (-men-ta'shun), 
n. the chemical decomposition 
which takes place in an organic 
substance exposed to the air, due 
to the action of microscopic or¬ 
ganisms or to unorganized fer¬ 
ments ; excitement, 
f er-men-ta-tive (-men'ta-tive), 

adj. causing, or characteristic of, 
fermentation. 

fern (fern), n. a cryptogamous or 
flowerless plant with broad and 
feathery fronds or leaves, on the 
under surface of which the re¬ 
productive seeds are situated, 
fern-er-y ('er-i), n. [pi. ferneries 
(-iz)], a place where ferns are 
cultivated. 

fern-y ('i), adj. fern-like, or 
abounding in ferns, 
fe-ro-cious (fe-ro'shus), adj. 
savage; fierce; rapacious; of 
cruel nature. 

Syn. fierce, savage, wild, bar¬ 
barous. 

Ant. (see mild). 

fe-roc-i-ty (-ros'i-ti), n. [pi. fe¬ 
rocities (-tiz) ], savageness or 
cruelty of disposition; inhuman 
cruelty. 

fer-rate (fer'at), n. a salt of fer¬ 
ric acid. 

fer-ret (fer'et), n. a domesticated 
variety of polecat, employed to 
hunt rats and rabbits from their 
holes; a kind of blinding; an 
iron rod used for making the rings 
at the mouths of bottles, or try¬ 
ing melted glass: v.t. tb search 


minutely or discover by Gunning 
methods (with ont). 
fer-ret-er ('er), n. one who fer¬ 
rets. 

fer-ret-to (-ret'to), n. a prepara¬ 
tion of copperwith sulphuric acid : 
used in coloring glass, 
fer-ri-age ('i-aj), n. money paid 
for conveyance by ferry, 
fer-ric ('ik), adj. pertaining to, 
containing, or extracted from, 
iron. 

fer-ric ac-id (as'id), n. an acid 
composed of 3 atoms of oxygen 
and 1 of iron. 

fer-ric ox-ide (oks'Id), n. red ox¬ 
ide of iron ; haematite, 
fer-ro (fer'ro), a prefix , denoting 
the presence of iron in a sub¬ 
stance. 

fer-ro-cy-an-ic (-sl-an'ik), adj. 
pertaining to an acid formed by 
the union of iron and cyanogen, 
fer-ro-man-ga-nese (-mang'ga- 
nez), n. an allby of iron and man¬ 
ganese, used in the Bessemer proc¬ 
ess of manufacturing steel, 
fer-ro-fype (-tip), n. a photo¬ 
graph taken upon a sensitized iron 
plate. 

fer-rous (fer'us), adj. pertaining 
to, or obtained from, iron, 
fer-rous ox-ide (oks'id), n. mon¬ 
oxide of iron. 

fer-ru-gi-nous (-ru'ji-nus), adj, 
containing, or impregnated with, 
iron ; rust-colored, 
fer-rule ('ril), n. a metal ring 
placed at the end of a stick, &c., 
to strengthen it. 

fer-ry ('i), n. [pi. ferries ('iz)], 
a passage across a river, &c.; a 
ferry-boat; the place where a fer¬ 
ry-boat lands its passengers: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. ferried, p.pr. ferry¬ 
ing], to convey across a river, &c., 
in a boat: v.i. go across water in 
a boat. 

fer-tile (fer'til), adj. producing 
abundantly; fruitful; reproduc¬ 
tive ; rich in resources or inven¬ 
tion. 

Syn. fruitful, prolific, plenteous, 
productive. 

Ant. (see sterile), 
fer-til-i-za-tion (-i-za'shun), n. 
the act or process of making 
fertile; impregnation, 
fer-til-ize ('til-Iz), v.t. to make 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








ter 


341 


feu 


fertile; render fruitful; impreg¬ 
nate. 

fer-til-i-zer (-zer), n. any ma¬ 
terial used as a manure for the 
land. 

fer-til-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being fertile; 
abundance; fecundity; richness 
of resources or invention, 
fer-ule ('ul), n. a rod or flat stick 
used for chastisement: v.t. to 
chastise with a ferule, 
fer ven cy (fer'ven-si), n. earnest¬ 
ness ; ardor. 

fer-vent ('vent), adj. zealous; 

earnest; vehement; very hot. 
fer-vent-ly ('li), adv. with fervor, 
fer-vid ('vid), adj. burning; ar¬ 
dent ; fiery ; intense ; eager ; vehe¬ 
ment. 

fer-vor ('ver), n. intensity of 
feeling ; zeal; warmth, 
fes-tal ('tal), adj. pertaining to 
a feast; joyous ; festive ; hilari¬ 
ous. 

fes-tal-ly (-li), adv. festively, 
fes-ter ('ter), v.t. to cause to 
fester or rankle: v.i. to become 
ulcerated ; suppurate ; rankle ; be¬ 
come putrid; rot: n. an ulcer¬ 
ous or purulent sore ; act of fester¬ 
ing or rankling. 

fes-ti-val ('ti-val), n. a joyful 
celebration in commemoration of 
some event, religious or civil; an 
entertainment on behalf of some 
charity at which fruit, &c., is 
sold. 

fes-tive ('tiv), adj. pertaining to 
a feast; gay ; joyous ; merry, 
fes-tive-ly (-li), adv. in a fes¬ 
tive manner. 

fes-tiv-i-ty (-tiv'iiti), n. [pi. 
festivities (-tiz) ], social gaiety 
at an entertainment or feast; 
merrymaking; joyfulness; a fes¬ 
tival. 

fes-toon (-toon'), n. a wreath or 
garland suspended at the extrem¬ 
ities and hanging in a curve; 
an architectural ornament of such 
form: v.t. to decorate with, or 
form into, festoons, 
fe-tal, same as foetal, 
fetch (fech) v.t. to go after and 
bring; obtain as its price; call 
for and accompany: heave, as a 
sigh ; fascinate: v.i. to move and 
turn ; reach or get: n. an artifice 
or trick; the deep long breath, 


as of a person dying; a wraith ; 
the appearance at night of a light 
resembling a candle, supposed to 
portend death (fetchlight). 
fete (fat), n. a festival or holi¬ 
day ; v.t. to entertain, or honor, 
with festivities. 

fete cham-pe-tre (sh&ng-pa'tr), 
n. a rural or open-air festival, 
fete day (da), n. a birthday cele¬ 
bration, especially the day of the 
saint whose name one bears- 
[ French]. 

fet-i-cide, same as foeticide, 
fet-id (fe'tid, or fet'id), adj. giv¬ 
ing forth an offensive smell; stink¬ 
ing. 

fe-iish (fe'tish, or fet'ish), n. any 
material object, as a stone, 
weapon, feather, &c., supposed by 
the negroes of Western Africa to 
be the abode of a spirit, and to 
give to its possessor power over 
such a deity : hence any object of 
unreasoning devotion; image or 
idol. Also fetich, 
fe-tish-ism (-izm), n. the wor¬ 
ship of. or belief in, fetishes ; un¬ 
reasoning or superstitious devo¬ 
tion. Also fetichism. 
fe-tisli-iuan (-man), n. a medi¬ 
cine-man. 

fet-lock ('lok), n. a tuft of hair 
behind a horse’s pastern joint; 
the pastern joint, 
fet-locked ('lokt), adj. having 
fetlocks; secured or fastened by 
the fetlocks. 

fetter ('er), n. a chain or shackle 
for the feet (usually pi.) ; a re¬ 
straint ; hindrance: v.t. to place 
fetters upon ; chain ; bind ; hin¬ 
der ; restrain. 

Syn. bondage, custody, durance, 
irons, shackles. 

fet-tle (fet'l), v.i. to repair; 
work with activity; clean up: 
v.t. to put in order; cover or 
line; fasten : n. good condition or 
repair; fuss, 
fe-tus, same as foetus, 
feud (fud), n. an inveterate quar¬ 
rel between clans or families; 
blood-feud; quarrel; enmity; 
hatred. 

feud (fud) n. a fief, or land 
held from a lord on condition of 
rendering him feudal service. 
Also feod. 

feu-dal ('dal), adj. pertaining to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






fen 


342 


fic 


a feud or quarrel; pertaining to, 
or founded upon, a feud or fief, 
feu-dal-ize (/dal-Iz), v.t. to con¬ 
form to feudalism, 
feu-dal-ist (-ist), n. one skilled 
in feudal law. Also feudist; an 
upholder of feudalism, 
feu-dal-i-ty (-dal'i-ti), n. the state 
of being feudal; feudal principles 
or constitution. 

feu-dal-ly (-li), adv. in accord¬ 
ance with the principles of feudal¬ 
ism. , 

feu-dal sys-tem (sis'tem), n. the 
politico-social system formerly 
prevalent in Europe during the 
Middle Ages of holding lands on 
condition of military service. 
Feudalism. 

feu-da-to-ry (-da-to-ri), n. [pi. 
feudatories (-riz)], one holding 
land by feudal tenure; a vassal: 
adj. pertaining to, or held by, 
feudal tenure. Also feudary. 
feu-de-joie (foo de zhwa'), n . 
an expression of public rejoicing, 
as the firing of guns, or burning 
of bonfires. 

feud-ist, same as feudalist, 
feuil-le-ton (foo-i-tang') n. [Fr.] 
that section of a French news¬ 
paper which is devoted to light 
literature, critical notices, fiction, 
&c.; a newspaper serial, 
fe-ver (fe'ver) n. a disease 
characterized by marked increase 
of heat of the skin, quickened 
pulse, great debility, thirst, &c.; 
a condition of extreme nervous 
excitement: v.t. to put into a 
fever. 

fe-ver-few (-fu), n. a plant of 
the aster familv, formerly es¬ 
teemed as a febrifuge, 
fe-ver-ish. (-ish), ad}, affected 
with, indicating, or resembling, 
fever. , 

few (fu), adj. [comp, fewer, 
superl. fewest] not many ; small 
in number; limited, 
fewness ('nes), n. smallness of 
number. 

fez (fez) n. a brimless, close 
fitting, felt hat, usually red. with 
a black tassel: worn by Turks, 
Egyptians, &c. 

fi-a-cre (fe-ii'kr), n. a hackney- 
coach [French]. 

fi an ce (fe-iing-sa), n. one who 


is betrothed or affianced. Fern. 
fiancee. 

fi-as-co (fe-iis'ko), n. a complete 
or ludicrous failure, as of some 
enterprise of which high hopes 
were entertained, as a musical 
performance, &c .; a flask or bot¬ 
tle. 

fi-at (fl'at), n. a peremptory order 
or decree: an order of a court 
authorizing certain proceedings, as 
in bankruptcy. 

fib (fib), n. a falsehood; white 
lie: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fibbed, p.pr. 
fibbing], to tell fibs; to deliver 
a quick succession of blows, 
fib-ber ('er) n. one who tells fibs, 
fi-ber (fi'ber). n. a slender, 
thread-like substance, or filament; 
raw material which can be sepa¬ 
rated into threads for making up 
textile fabrics. 

fi-bri-form ('bri-form), adj. fiber¬ 
like. 

fi-bril ('bril), n. a small fiber, 
fi-bril-lae ('e), n.pl. minute sub¬ 
divisions of a root, as of the 
lichens. 

fi-bril-lose (-os), adj. composed 
of, or covered with, fibrils, 
fibrin (fi'brin), n. a white al¬ 
buminoid substance which forms 
the clot of blood; the fibrous part 
of flesh; gluten obtained from 
corn, &c. Also fibrine. 
fi-brin-ous (-us), adj. composed 
of, or of the nature of, fibrin, 
fx-broid ('broid), adj. of the 
structure of, or containing, fiber, 
fi-bro-in ('bro-in), n. the princi¬ 
pal constituent of raw silk, cob¬ 
webs, and horny sponge-tissue, 
fi-brous ('brus), adj. composed 
of, or of the nature of, fibers, 
fib-ster (fib'ster\ n. a liar in a 
small way. 

fib-u-la ('u-la), n. [pi. fibulae 
(-le)], the outer and smaller of 
the two bones which form the 
lower leg; an ancient ornamental 
brooch or safety-pin. 
fl-chu (fe-shoo'), n. a light three- 
cornered article of ladies’ dress 
worn on the neck, or over the 
neck and shoulders, 
fick-le (fik'l) adj. capricious; in¬ 
constant. 

fic-tile (fik'til). adj. nerta.ining to 
pottery; readily molded; plastic. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; modn, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 












343 


fie 


fk 


fic-tion ('shun), n. the act of 
feigning or inventing; that which 
is feigned or invented; a literary 
production of the imagination in 
prose form, as a novel, romance. 
&c.; a legal assumption for the 
purpose of convenience, the 
furtherance of justice, &c. 

Syn. falsehood, fabrication. 

Ant. (see fact). 

fic-tion-al (-al), adj. pertaining 
to, characteristic of, or created 
by, fiction. 

fic-tion-ist (-ist); n. a writer of 
fiction. 

fic-ti-tions (-tish'us), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of. 
fiction ; false ; unreal, 
fid (fid) n. an iron or wooden bar 
to support a topmast; a large 
tapering wooden pin for opening 
the strands of a rope: v.t. to put 
into place and secure by a fid. 
Also fidd. 

fi-dal-go (fi-dal'go), n. a Portu¬ 
guese nobleman ; hidalgo, 
fid-dle (fid'l), n. a violin ; a frame 
used on board ship to prevent arti¬ 
cles from rolling off the table in 
stormy weather: v.i. to play the 
fiddle or violin: v.t. to cheat by 
artifice. 

fid-dle-de-dee (-de-de), inter). 
nonsense!: n. a piece of non¬ 
sense. 

fid-dle-fad-dle (-fad'l), n. non¬ 
sense ; trifling conversation: v.i. 
to talk nonsense: fuss about 
trifles: adi. fussy about trifles, 
fid-dler (fid'ler), n. a violinist: a 
name of the common sandpiper: 
sixpence; one who is fussy about 
trifles. 

fid-dle-stick (-stik), n. a bow for 
playing upon the fiddle or violin : 
interj. nonsense! (usually in pi.). 
fid-dling (fid'ling), n. the act of 
playing the violin : p.adj. trifling. 

^ fi-del-i-ty (fi-del'i-ti). n. [pi. fidel¬ 
ities (-tiz)j, integrity; faithful 
adherence to obligation or duty: 
honesty” lovalty; reliability, 
fid-fad (fid'fad), n. fiddle-faddle, 
fidg-et (fij'et), n. one who is 
fidgety; nervous restlessness 
(often in pi.) : v.t. to put in a ; 
fidget: worry: v.i. to move about 
uneasily or restlessly, 
fidg-et-i-ness (-i-nes), n. the state 
of being fidgety. 


fidg-et-y ('et-i), adj. restless; im¬ 
patient. 

fi-du-cial (fi-du'sh&l), adj. of the 
nature of a trust; practical con¬ 
fidence. 

fi-du-ci-a-ry ('shi-a-ri), n. [pi. 
fiduciaries (-riz)], a trustee; one 
who depends for salvation on 
faith without works: adj. per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of, 
a trust; confident; unwavering, 
fie (fl), interj. for shame! Also 
fv, fye. 

fief (fef), n. a fee or feud: a 
landed estate or manor held under 
a feudal superior, 
field (feld), n. a piece of land en¬ 
closed for tillage or pasture; open 
country; a region yielding some 
natural product; site of a battle; 
sphere of action ; a wide expanse ; 
space within which telescopic or 
microscopic objects are viewed; 
out-door work; in heraldry, the 
surface of the shield; the ground 
upon which a game is played; the 
competitors in a race, hunt, &e.: 
v.t to catch or stop and return to 
the wicket-keeper, as a ball at 
cricket, &c.: v.i. to act as a 
fielder; in a race, bet on the field 
against the favorite, 
field-al-low-ance ( a-lou'ans), n. 
extra pay given to officers on 
active service. 

field-ar-til-ler-y (-ar-til'er-i), n. 
artillery so mounted as to be 
readily handled in active service, 
field-book (-book), n. a survey¬ 
or’s note-book. 

field-day (-da), n. a military re¬ 
view ; a day of unusual excite¬ 
ment or display; a day devoted to 
outdoor scientific research, 
field-glass (-glas), n. a small 
portable telescope, 
field-mar-slial (-mar'shal). n. 
the highest rank in the British 
army. 

field-of-fi-cer (-of'i-ser), n. a 
major, lieutenant-colonel, or col¬ 
onel. 

field-sports (-sportz), n.pl. out¬ 
door diversions, especially shoot¬ 
ing, hunting, &c. 

field-work (-werk), n. outdoor 
operations or observations, 
fiend (fend), n. an infernal be¬ 
ing ; demon ; one who is intensely 


late, mar, mask. cat. awl : he. her, let: line, tin : vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








fie 


344 


fit 


malicious or wicked; a mono¬ 
maniac. 

fiend-ish ('ish), adj. like a fiend, 
fierce (fers), adj. savage; violent; 
merciless ; ferocious ; unrestrained, 
fierce-ly ('li), adv. in a fierce 
manner. 

fi-e-ri fa-ci-as (fi'e-rl fa'shi-as), 
(Latin, cause it to be done), a 
writ of execution authorizing a 
levy on the goods and chattels of 
the person against whom it is is¬ 
sued. 

fier-i-ly (fir'i-li), adv. in a fiery 
manner. 

fier-i-ness (-nes), n. the quality 
of being fiery ; heat of temper, 
fie-ry f'ri), adj. [comp, fierier, 
superl. fieriest], pertaining to, or 
consisting of, fire; passionate; 
easily roused ; fervent; ardent, 
fife (fif), n. a shrill-toned musical 
instrument of the flute class: v.t. 
to play (a tune) on a fife, 
fif-teen (fif'ten), adj. consisting 
of 5 and 10; a cardinal numeral: 
n. the number made up of 5 and 
10; one point scored at lawn-ten¬ 
nis. 

fif-teenth ('tenth), adj. next in 
order after 14th: n. a fifteenth 
part. 

fifth (fifth), adj. next in order 
after 4th : n. one of 5 equal parts ; 
in music an interval of three 
tones and a semi-tone ; the domi¬ 
nant. 

fifth-ly ('li), adv. in the fifth place, 
fif-ti-eth (fif'ti-eth), adj. next in 
order after 49th: n. one of 50 
equal parts. 

fif-ty ('ti), adj. consisting of five 
times 10: n. [pi. fifties ('tiz)], 
the number which amounts to five 
times 10. 

fig (%), n. the pear-shaped fruit 
of the fig-tree; the fig-tree; a 
snap of the fingers in token of 
contempt; anything insignificant 
or worthless, 
fig-gy ('i), adj. fig-like, 
fight (fit), v.i. [pt. & p.p. fought, 
p.pr. fighting], contend in battle 
or in arms; make war; offer re¬ 
sistance : v.t. to war against; 
strive for the mastery of; ma¬ 
noeuvre in battle, as ships: n. a 
combat; battle or engagement; 
contest. 


fighting ('ing), adj. pertaining 
to conflict; qualified, or trained, 
to fight; skilled in warfare: n. a 
combat. 

fig-leaf (fig'lef), n. the leaf of a 
fig-tree; a light covering in the 
form of a fig-leaf to conceal 
nakedness. 

fig-mar-i-gold (-mar'i-g5ld), n. a 
plant which produces a fig-shaped 
fruit. 

fig ment ('ment), n. an inven¬ 
tion ; fiction. , 

flg-u-line ('u-lin), n. potter’s 

clay. 

fig-u-rant ('u-rant), n. an opera 
dancer who performs as one of 
the group. Fem. figurante, 
fig-u-ra-tive ('u-ra-tiv), adj. rep¬ 
resenting by figure ; symbolical; 
unreal; metaphorical, 
fig-u-ra-tive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
figurative manner, 
fig-are ('ur), n. the outline or 
shape of a person or object; ap¬ 
pearance ; an image or statue; 
representation of a person by 
drawing or painting; idea.; pat¬ 
tern ; type; sign or character de¬ 
noting a number; a movement in 
a dance; musical phrase, or re¬ 
peated theme ; a horoscope ; value 
or cost; in logic, the character of 
a syllogism as determined by the 
place of the middle term ; a space 
bounded on all sides by lines or 
planes: v.t. to form into any de¬ 
terminate shape; shown by re¬ 
semblance ; represent; symbolize ; 
adorn or cover with figures; cal¬ 
culate or compute: v.i. to be con¬ 
spicuous ; cipher. 

Syn. allegory, emblem, meta¬ 
phor, symbol, picture, type, 
fig-ured ('urd), adj. covered or 
adorned with figures ; symbolized ; 
pictured; indicated by figures 
[Mus.]. 

fig-ure-liead (-bed), n. a carved 
representation of a human or 
other figure placed at the prow of 
a ship; a person who is only 
nominally important, 
fig-ur-ing (fig'ur-ing), n. compu¬ 
tation. 

fig-wort (fig'wert), n. a plant 
used as a specific for piles, 
fil-a-ment ('a-ment), n. a fine 
thread, or thread-like process or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






fil 


345 


fil 


appendage; the stalk of an 
anther. 

fil-a-men-ta-ry (-men'ta-ri), adj. 
consisting of, or resembling, a 
filament. 

fi-lar (friar), adj. pertaining to, 
or furnished with, threads; hav¬ 
ing fine threads stretched across 
the field of view: said of a mi¬ 
croscope, &c. 

filbert (fil'bert), n. the edible 
nut of the cultivated hazel. 

filch (filch), v.t. to pilfer; rob. 

file (fil), n. a wire, &c., on which 
papers are strung for preserva¬ 
tion or reference; a bundle of 
papers fastened together and en¬ 
dorsed with the date, contents, 
&c., of each; a line of soldiers 
ranged one behind the other; a 
tool of hard steel with small 
grooves on the surface, used for 

• cutting and smoothing: v.t. to cut 
or smooth with a file; string 
(papers, &c.) on a file, or place 
them away, endorsed, for future 
reference; place among the rec¬ 
ords of a court or house of legis¬ 
lature: v.i. to march‘in a file or 
line. 

fil-i-al (fil'i-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or befitting, a son or daughter; 
due to a father. 

fil-i-al-ly (-li), adv. in a filial 
manner. 

fil-i-a-tion (-a'shun), n. affilia¬ 
tion. 

fil-i-bus-ter (-i-bus'ter), n. a free¬ 
booter; buccaneer; a lawless mili¬ 
tary adventurer who invades a 
foreign country: v.i. to act as a 
filibuster; to delay legislation by 
obstructive tactics, 
fil-i-form (fil'i-form), adj. thread¬ 
like. 

fil-i-gree ('i-gre). adj. made of, or 
relating to, work in filigree: n. 
ornamental work, resembling lace, 
in gold or silver wire; something 
delicate and ornamental, but not 
lasting. 

fil-i-greed ('i-gred), adj. orna¬ 
mented with, or as with, filigree, 
fi-ling (fi'ling), n. the act of 
using a file; pi. fine fragments 
rubbed off by the action of a file. 
Fil-i-pi-no (fil-i-pe'no), n. a na¬ 
tive of the Philippine Islands, 
fill (fil), v.t. to make full; sat¬ 
isfy ; crowd ; engage ; occupy ; em¬ 


ploy : v.i. to become full or re¬ 
plete ; be distended ; pour a glass 
or vessel full: n. as much as pro¬ 
duces complete satisfaction; sa¬ 
tiety. 

fill-er ('er), rt. one who, or that 
which, fills; a funnel for filling 
bottles, &c.; composition for stop¬ 
ping up holes or pores in a ma¬ 
terial before painting it; the body 
of a cigar. 

fil-let ('et), n. a narrow band of 
metal, linen, silk, &c., worn 
around the forehead, for securing 
the hair; the fleshy part of the 
thigh: said of veal; a boneless 
lump of meat or fish served flat 
or rolled together and tied round; 
a raised rim, narrow ornament, or 
molding ; a plain line or band ; the 
loins of a horse: v.t. to bind with 
a fillet; ornament with a fillet; 
make into fillets, as veal, &c. 
fil-ling (fil'ing), p.adj. serving to 
fill; occupying the whole space; 
satiating: n. something that 

serves to fill up a vacant space, 
cavity, or pore: pi. prepared wort, 
fil-lip ('ip), n. a sudden sharp 
jerk or stroke with the finger; an 
incitement: v.t. to strike with the 
nail of the finger by a sudden 
movement; project: v.i. to aim a 
fillip. 

fil-lis-ter ('is-ter), n. a rabbet- 
, plane; a groove or rabbet on the 
outer edge of a window-sash to 
receive glass. 

fil-ly ('i), n. [pi. fillies ('iz)l, a 
young mare; a bold, lively girl, 
film (film), n. a thin skin or fila¬ 
ment ; a thin covering of some 
sensitized substance to receive a 
photographic impression; v.i. to 
become covered with a film, 
film-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or qualitv of being filmy, 
film-y (!'), adj. composed of, or 
resembling, films. 

fi-lo-floss (fiio-flos), n. a fine 
soft thread, used in embroiderv. 
fi-lo-plume (-plum), n. a long 
slender feather with a delicate 
shaft. 

fl-lose C'los), adj. thread-like, 
fi-lo-selle ('lo-zel), n. a kind of 
floss-silk. 

fil-ter (fil'ter), n. any material or 
apparatus by which water or any 
other liquid is purified; a contriv- 


»Ste. mar, mSsk, cat, awl; he, her. let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








fil 


346 


I 


fin 


ante for arresting particles of 
steel, dust, &c., in the air; a 
strainer: v.t. to purify, as a 
liquid. 

filth (filth), n. foul matter: dirt; 

defilement, moral ot physical, 
fil-thi-ly (-li), adv. in a filtlily 
manner. 

fil-thi -ness (-nes), n. unclean- 
ness; impurity. 

filth-y f'i), ad]. [ comp, filthier. 
superl. filthiest], foul; dirty; un¬ 
clean, morally or physically; ob- 

SCGIl^. 

fil-trate (fil'trat), n. a liquid 
which has been filtered: v.t. to 
filter. 

fin (fin), //. one of the organs of 
locomotion of a fish, 
fi-na-ble (fln'a-bl). ,adj. liable to 
a fine; capable of being refined, 
fi-nal (fl'nal), adj. pertaining to 
the end; ultimate: finishing: de¬ 
cisive : n. that which is last, or 
makes an end ; the deciding heat 
of an athletic contest, 
fi-nal cause (kawz), n. the end 
for which a thing is done, 
fi-na-le (fe-na'la), n. the last 
passage in a musical composition ; 
the final act, &c.. of a scene or 
performance ; termination ; end. 
fi-nal-i-ty (fl-nal'i-ti), n. com¬ 
pleteness. 

fi-nal-ly (fl-nal-li), adv. lastly; 
completely. 

fi nance (fi-nans'). n. the public 
revenue of a government or state; 
the science of the profitable man¬ 
agement of monetary affairs: v.t. 
to manage the financial arrange¬ 
ment of: v.i. to raise money for 
some special object, 
fi-nan-cial (-nan'shal), adj. per¬ 
taining to finance. 

Syn. fiscal, monetary, pecuni¬ 
ary. 

fi-nan-cial-ly Mi). adv. with re¬ 
spect to finance. 

fin -an-cier ffin-an-ser'), n. one 
who is skilled in the principles of 
banking, or conducts private or 
public financial affairs, 
fin-hack (fin'bak), n. a variety of 
whale, havine the dorsal fin 
prominent. Also finner, razor- 
back. 

finch (finch), n. the common name 
for various small birds, as the 
chaffinch, canary, &c. 


find (find), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. found, 
p.pr. finding], to discover; obtain 
by searcning; ascertain by ex¬ 
periment ; meet by accident; re¬ 
gain, as something lost; supply ; 
declare by judicial verdict: n. the 
discovery of something valuable. 

Syn. descry, discover, espy. 

Ant. (see lose, overlook). 

find er ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, finds; a small telescope at¬ 
tached to a larger one to locate 
some particular star, &c., to be 
examined by the larger instru¬ 
ment. 

fin de sie-cle (fang de sia'kl) 
[French], at the end of the cen¬ 
tury. 

find-ing (flnd'ing), n. discovery; 
the verdict of a jury, or court: pi. 
the tools, &c.. which a workman 
himself supplies. 

fine (fin), n. money paid as a 
penalty; forfeiture: v.t. to impose 
a monetary penalty upon; purify; 
refine; clarify. 

Syn. forfeit, forfeiture, mulct, 
penalty. 

fine (fin), adj. slender; thin; 
keen ; pure ; refined ; subtle ; deli¬ 
cate ; elegant; of small diameter; 
very handsome; noble; showy ; 
admirable ; splendid ; beautiful in 
thought or language; free from 
clouds or rain; dexterous;. dis¬ 
criminating ; artful: adv. very 
much ; finely. 

Syn. delicate, nice. 

Ant. (see coarse). 

fine-cut ('kut), adj. delicately cut 
or chiseled; cut fine, as tobacco. 

fine-draw ('draw), v.t. to sew up 
neatly, as a rent, so that it is im¬ 
perceptible ; draw out to extreme 
tenuity, as wire. 

fine-drawn ('drawn), adj. spun 
very fine : over-subtle ; far-fetolmd. 

fine-ly ('li), adv. in a fine man¬ 
ner. 

fineness ('nes), n. the state or 
ouality of being fine; in an alloy, 
the quantity of pure metal con¬ 
tained. 

fi-ner-y (fl'ner-i), n. [pi. fineries 
(iz)], personal adornment, as 
fine or showy clothes, &c.; out¬ 
ward show. 

fi-nesse ffi-nes'), n. artifice or 
stratagem : skill ; dexterity : finess- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






tin 


34? 


fir 


ing at whist: v.i. to use artifice 
or skill to accomplish some end; 
in playing whist, to endeavor to 
take a trick with a lower card 
than that held by an opponent, 
while holding a higher card, 
fin ger (fing'ger), n. ope of the 
five divisions of the hand ; one of 
the four digits of the hand, as 
distinguished from a thumb; a 
finger's breadth; any mechanical 
contrivance resembling a finger; 
an index; musical touch: v.t. to 
handle, or perform, with the 
fingers ; meddle with ; steal; pil- 
• fer: v.i. to use the fingers skil¬ 
fully in performing upon a musi¬ 
cal instrument. 

fin-gered ('gerd), p.adj. having 
fingers; played with the fingers; 
marked to show how the fingers 
are to be used. 

fin-ger-er ('ger-er), n. one who 
fingers; a pilferer, 
fin-ger-ing (-ing), n. the act of 
touching with the fingers; the act 
of manipulating the fingers on a 
fingered instrument; fine work 
executed by the fingers; a loose- 
twisted woolen yarn, used for 
knitting stockings, &c. 
fin-ger-ling ('ling), n. a young 
trout. 

fin-ger-stall (-stawl). n. a pro¬ 
tective covering for. an injured 
finger. 

lin-i-al (fin'i-al), n. a pointed 
ornament at the top of a spire, 
gable, &c. 

fin-i-cal ('i-ltal), adj. fastidious; 
over particular. 

fin-i-cal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the char¬ 
acteristic of being finical, 
fin-i-cal-ly (-li), adv. in a finical 
manner. 

finikin ('i-kin), adj. fussy or 
affectedly precise in trifles, as in 
dress, manner, &c.; a variety of 
pigeon. Also finicking, 
fi-ning (fi'ning), n. the act or 
process of purifying or refining; 
clarification. 

fi-nis (finis), n. the end. 
fin-isk (fin'ish), v.t. to bring to 
an end; complete; put an end to; 
conclude ; make perfect; polish : 
kill or render powerless: v.i. to 
come to an end; expire :n. com¬ 
pletion ; careful elaboration; the 
final touches given to a work. 


fin-isbed ('isht), p.adj. complete; 
of superior excellence or quality; 
carefully elaborated, 
fi-nite (fi'nit), adj. having lim¬ 
its: n. that which is finite (.with 
the). 

fi-nite-ly (-li), adv. in a limited 

degree. 

fi-nite-ness (-nes), n. the state of 
being finite. 

fin-let (fin'let). n. a small fin. 
finned (find), adj. having fins, 
fin-ny ('ni), adj. having fins; re¬ 
sembling. or abounding in, fish, 
fi-nos (fe'nos), n. wool of the 
merino sheep of the second best 
quality. 

fiord (fyord), n. a long narrow 
inlet or arm of the sea between 
high rocks or banks, 
fir (fer), n. the name of various 
cone-bearing trees of the genus 
Abies, and allied genera; a fir- 
tree. 

fire (fir), n. heat and light evolved 
by ignition and combustion; the 
result of combustion of bodies; a 
burning ; conflagration ; flame ; 
discharge of firearms; light; in¬ 
tensity of feeling: ardor; spirit; 
severe trial or affliction: v.t. to 
set on fire; inflame; kindle; bake, 
as porcelain ; explode; excite vi¬ 
olently; irritate; illuminate; cau¬ 
terize: v.i. to become ignited; be 
inflamed; discharge firearms; ring 
a peal of bells all together. 

Syn. glow, heat, warmth, 
fire-arms ('armz), n.pl. rifles, 
cannon, &c. 

fire-ball ('bawl), n. a grenade; 
meteor. 

fire-bal-loon ('bal-loon), n. a 
balloon inflated by hot air; a 
balloon sent up with fireworks, 
which become ignited when at a 
certain height. 

fire-box ('bolts), n. in a locomo¬ 
tive engine, the receptacle for the 
fire. 

fire-brand ('brand), n. a piece of 
burning wood; an incendiary; 
one who inflames the passions of 
others. 

fire-bug ('bug), n. an incendiary, 
fire-clay ('Ida), n. a kind of clay 
capable of resisting intense heat, 
fire-cracker ('krak-er), n. a small 
explosive firework. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mGon, 

cook ; mute, nut; tlnn, then. 










fir 


348 


fis 


fire-damp ('damp), n. carbur- 
etted hydrogen. 

fire-dog ('dog), n. an andiron, 
fire-en-gine ('en-jin), n. a hand 
or steam engine for ejecting water 
through hose to extinguish a fire, 
fire-es cape ('es-kap), n. a kind 
of ladder for rescuing persons 
from the upper parts of a build¬ 
ing on fire. 

fire-fly ('fll), ft. a winged insect 
which emits light at night, 
fire-irons ('I-erns), n.pl. the 
shovel, poker, and tongs, 
fire-kiln ('kil) , ft. an oven, 
fire-man ('man), n. [pi. firemen 
('men)], one trained to extin¬ 
guish fires; a stoker, 
fire-ship ('ship), w. a ship filled 
with combustibles, set fire to and 
floated among the vessels of an 
enemy. 

fire-side ('sld), ft. the hearth: 

hence domestic life and comfort, 
fire wa ter ('waw-ter), n. ardent 
spirits [American Indian], 
fire-work ('werk), ». a prepara¬ 
tion of gunpowder, sulphur, char¬ 
coal, &c., inclosed in a cardboard 
or paper case, which, when ig¬ 
nited, scintillates and explodes: 
pi. a pyrotechnic display, 
fire-wor-ship ('wer-ship), n. the 
worship or veneration of fire as a 
deity. 

fir-ing ('ing). n. the act of dis¬ 
charging firearms; the application 
of intense heat, as in baking, &c.; 
fuel; cauterization, 
fir-kin (fer'kin), ft. a small 
wooden vessel for holding butter, 
lard, &c.; a measure of capac¬ 
ity = l-4th of a barrel; 9 gals, 
firm (ferm), adj. hard; compact; 
solid ; closely compressed ; unyield¬ 
ing ; not easily moved; rigorous; 
staunch ; unfaltering ; steadfast: 
ft. the title or style under which 
a mercantile house transacts its 
business; a mercantile partner¬ 
ship. 

Syn. constant, solid, steadfast, 
fixed, stable. 

Ant. (see weak), 
firmament (fer'ma-ment), n. 
the sky. 

fir-man ('man, or 'man), n. a 
special degree, edict, or license of 
an oriental potentate, as of the 
Turkish Sultan. 


first (ferst), adj. the ordinal of 
one; foremost in place, rank, 
dignity, time, excellence, &c.; 
earliest; most important; chief : 
adv. before all others in order, 
place, rank, time, &c.; sooner: ft. 
the beginning; the upper part of 
a vocal or instrumental duet, trio, 
&c. [Mus.]. 

gyn. foremost, chief, earliest. 

Ant. (see last). 

first-chop ('chop), adj. of the 
first quality. 

first-class ('klas), adj. of the 
highest excellence, rank, or qual¬ 
ity. 

First-day ('da), ft. the name 
given to Sunday by the Society 
of Friends. 

first-fruits (-fruts), n.pl. the 
first gatherings of the produce of 
the season; the first profits of 
any office or undertaking. 

first-hand ('hand), ft. the mate 
of a fishing-smack : adj. obtained 
direct from the producer or 
grower. 

first-ling ('ling), ft. the first¬ 
born ; first produced. 

first-ly ('li), adv. in the first 
place. 

first-mate ('mat), ft. in the mer¬ 
chant service, the officer next in 
rank to the captain. 

first-rate .('rat), adj. of the 
highest excellence; having the 
highest quality or character: ft. 
a warship of the first class: adv. 
excellently. 

firth, same as frith. 

fis-cal (fis'kal), adj. pertaining to 
the exchequer or public revenues; 
financial: n. a state treasurer 
[Spanish]. 

fish (fish), ft. [pi. fish, fishes 
('ez)], a vetebrate, cold-blooded, 
aquatic animal furnished with 
permanent gills; the flesh of fish 
used as food; a machine for hoist¬ 
ing an anchor; a piece of wood 
fastened to another to strengthen 
it; one of the signs (Pisces) of 
the zodiac, a counter used at 
cards: v.t. to search in quest of 
fish; catch (fish) ; seek for and 
bring to light; draw up; 
strengthen by spars: v.i. to try to 
catch fish ; seek to gain or obtain 
something by artifice or indirect 
methods. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








tis 


349 


fit 


fish-beam ('bem), n. a beam of 
timber bulging downwards, 
fish-block ('blok), n. a hoisting- 
block for raising the flukes of an 
anchor to the gunwale, 
fish-dav-it ('dav-it), n. a strong 
spar, or crane, for fishing the 
anchor. 

fisli-er ('er), n. one who fishes; 
the pekan. 

fish-er-inan (-man), n. one whose 
occupation it is to catch fish; a 
fishing-smack. 

fish-er-y ('er-i), n. [pi. fisheries 
(-iz)], the business of catching 
fish; a fishing-ground; the right 
to fish at a particular time or 
ground. 

fish-garth ('garth), n. a fish- 
weir. 

fish-gig ('gig), n. a pronged in¬ 
strument for spearing fish. Also 
fizgig. 

fish-glue ('gloo), n. isinglass, 
fish-hawk ('hawk), n. the os¬ 
prey. 

fish-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being fishy, 
fish ing ( 'ing), n. the art, sport, 
or business of taking fish; a 
fishing-ground ; the operation of 
hoisting an anchor up to the gun¬ 
wale of a vessel. 

fish-joint ('joint), n. a pair of 
iron plates for fastening the ends 
of two rails together, 
fish-maw ('maw), n. the sound of 
a fish. 

fish-mon-ger ('mung-ger), n. one 
who sells fish. 

fish-sound ('sound), n. the swim¬ 
ming or air-bladder of a fish, 
fish-tor-pe-do ('tor-pe-do), n. a 
submarine torpedo somewdiat re¬ 
sembling a fish in shape, 
fish-weir ('wer), n. a dam for 
stopping or preserving fish, 
fish-wife ('wif), n. a woman 
who retails fish. Also fish- 
woman. 

fish-y ('i), adj. pertaining to, con¬ 
sisting of, abounding in. or like, 
fish ; dull; vacant; questionable ; 
incredible. 

fis-si, prefix , meaning cleft, oc¬ 
curring in various scientific words, 
as /hm-parous, propagating or 
multiplying by fission, 
fis-sile (fis'il), ad), capable of be¬ 
ing split: said of rocks. 


fis-sion (fish'un). n. the act of 
cleaving or- splitting up into 
parts; the spontaneous division 
of a simple organism into two 
parts, each of which becomes a 
new individual, 
fis-sip-a-rous. See fissi. 
fis-si-ped (fis'i-ped), adj. having 
the toes separated : n. an animal 
belonging tc the Fissipedia, a di¬ 
vision of carnivorous mammals, 
including the dogs, cats, &c. 
fis-sure (fish'ur), n. a cleft or 
crack; a narrow opening; fur¬ 
row : v.t. to make a fissure: v.i. 
to crack. 

fist (fist), ft. the hand when 
closed or clenched: v.t. to grip or 
strike with the fist, 
fis-tic (fis'tik), adj. pertaining to 
pugilism. 

fisticuffs ('ti-kufs), n. a combat 
with the fists: boxing, 
fis-tu-la ('tii-la), n. a deep pipe¬ 
like ulcer. 

fis-tu-lose (-los), adj. of the na¬ 
ture of a fistula; hollow like a 
pipe. Also fistulous, 
fit (fit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fitted, 
p.pr. fitting], to make fit or suit¬ 
able ; adapt; accommodate to any¬ 
thing; qualify; adjust; equip; 
benefit: v.i. to be proper or suit¬ 
able: n. adaptation of one thing 
to another; suitability: adj. 
[comp, fitter, superl. fittest], con¬ 
venient: suitable; prepared; 

qualified. 

Syn. accommodate, adapt, ad¬ 
just, suit. 

fit (fit), n. a sudden attack of dis¬ 
ease attended with convulsions, 
and often with loss of conscious¬ 
ness ; a temporary mental par¬ 
oxysm, or attack of pain or ill¬ 
ness ; caprice. 

fitch (fitsli). n. the pole-cat. 
fit-ful (fit'fool), adj. capricious; 
spasmodic. 

fit-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a fitful 
manner. 

fit-ly (fit'li), adv. suitably; prop¬ 
erly. 

fit-ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being fit. 
fit-ter ('er), n. one who adjusts 
pipes, or puts the parts of a ma¬ 
chine together; one who fits on 
and shapes an article of dress; a 
coal-broker. 


late, mar, mask, cat awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 
* cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







tit 


350 


fit-ting ('int?) p.adj. suitable; 
appropriate: n.pl. the necessary 
fixtures, &c., of a house or shop, 
fit-ty ('i), adj. subject to fits, 
five (flv), adj. consisting of 4 and 
1: a .cardinal numeral : n. the 
sum of 4 and 1 : pi. a game re¬ 
sembling tennis. 

five-fold ('fold), adj. five times as 
much or as great; multiplied by 
5 . 

fix (files), v.t. to make fast, se¬ 
cure. or stable; direct steadily ; 
set or place permanently ; adjust; 
transfix; deprive of volatility; 
predispose : v.i. to become solid or 
firm ; settle down : n. an awkward 
situation ; quandary. 

Syn. determine, establish, settle, 
limit. 

fix-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the act of 
fixing; stability; absence of vola¬ 
tility ; reduction from a fluid to 
a solid state. 

fix-a-tive ('fi-tiv)*, n. something 
that serves to fix, as a mordant, 
&c. 

fixed (fikst), p.adj. firm; lasting; 
settled; permanent; stable; es¬ 
tablished ; resolute; not volatile, 
fixed bod-y (bod'i), n. a sub¬ 
stance not readily volatilized, as 
a fixed oil. 

fix-ed-ly (fiks'ed-li), adv. stead¬ 
ily ; firmly. 

fix-ed-ness (-ues), n. the state of 
being fixed ; absence of volatility, 
fixed star (star), n. a star 
which retains relatively the same 
position in the heavens, 
fix-ing (fiks'ing), n. the act of 
making firm, or rendering perma¬ 
nent ; the act of adjusting or 
amending; a cast to carry a 
shaft-bearing: pi. ornaments, out¬ 
fit, apparatus. &c. 
fix-i-ty ('i-ti), n. stability; per¬ 
manence. 

fix ture (fiks'tur), n. that which 
is firmly fixed: an article of fur¬ 
niture fixed to a house and re¬ 
garded as part of it. 
fiz-gig (fiz'gig), n. a firework 
made of damp powder; a flirting, 
giddy girl. 

fizz (fiz), n. a hissing noise; an 
effervescent beverage, as sparkling 
champagne: v.i. to make a fizzing 
noise. Also fizzle. 


fla 


fjeld (fyeld), n. a lofty barren 
tableland [Norwegian], 
fjord. Same as fiord, 
flab-bi-ly (flab'i-li), adv. in a 
flabby manner. 

flab bi -ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being flabby, 
flabby ('i), adj. easily shaking 
or yielding to the touch : lacking 
muscle; mentally or physically 
feeble. 

fla-bel-late (-bel'at), adj. fan- 

shaped. 

fla bel-lum (fla-bel'um), n. [pi. 
flabella ('a)], a large fan carried 
by the Pope’s attendants; in the 
Greek Church, a fan used to 
drive away flies from the chalice 
during the celebration of the 
eucharist. 

flac-cid (flak'sid), adj. flabby; 
weak. 

flac-cid-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state 
of being flaccid. 

flag (flag), n. a piece bf cloth or 
bunting on which usually some 
device is wrought, used as a 
standard, ensign, signal, &c.; a 
plant of the genus Iris; a flag¬ 
stone: v.i. [n.t. & p.p. flagged, 
p.pr. flagging], to become weary; 
lose vigor; hang down: v.t. 
signal with a flag; pave with 
flagstones. 

flag-el-lant (flaj'el-ant), adj. 
using a whip or scourgb: n. one 
who scourges himself for religious 
discipline. 

flag-el-la-ta (-a'ta), n.pl. a class 
of infusorians with whip-like ap¬ 
pendages. 

flag-el-late ('el-at), v.t. to whip; 

adj. having whip-like processes, 
flage-o-let (flaj'o-let), n. a musi¬ 
cal instrument of the flute class, 
flag-ging (flag'ing), n. pavement 
of flagstones. 

fla - gi - tious (fla-jish'us), adj. 
atrocious; wicked; highly crim¬ 
inal. 

flag-of-fi-cer (-of'i-ser), n. an ad¬ 
miral. 

flag-on (flag'un), n. a large drink¬ 
ing vessel with a narrow mouth, 
fla-grant (fla'grant), adj. openly 
wicked ; heinous ; glaring ; notori¬ 
ous. 

fla-gran-te de-lic-to (-gran'te 
dp-lik'to) [Latin], in the very act. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then . % 






fla 


361 


fla 


flag stone ('ston), n. a large flat 
paving stoae. 

flail (flal), n. a wooden instru¬ 
ment for threshing wheat, &c., by 
hand. 

flake (flak), n. a small film of 
anything loosely held together, as 
snow ; a thin scaly piece of any¬ 
thing ; a carnation with a single 
color in stripes on a white ground : 
v.t. & v.i. to form into flakes; 
scale or peel off. 

flake-wkite ('whit), a. pure 
white lead. 

flak-y ('i), adj. consisting of 
flakes or layers. 

flam (flam), n. a falsehood; 

freak ; blarney false pretense, 
flam-beau ('bo), n. [pi. flam¬ 
beaux ('boz)], a lighted torch; a 
large ornamental candlestick. . 
flam boy ant (-boi'ant), adj. de¬ 
noting a florid or showy style, es¬ 
pecially as deficient in good taste; 
denoting the French Pointed 
Gothic, characterized by flame¬ 
like tracery. 

flame (flam), n. fire; ardor of 
temper or passion; glow of im¬ 
agination ; excitement; a sweet¬ 
heart : v.t. to heat; excite: v.i. to 
burst into flame ; blaze. 

Syn. blaze, flare, flash, glare, 
fla-men (fla/men), n. one of fif¬ 
teen priests in ancient Rome de¬ 
voted to the service of a special 
deity. 

flam ing (flam'ing), adj. giving 
forth flames ; blazing ; causing ex¬ 
citement ; violent. 

flamingo (fla-ming'go), n. a 
long-legged, web-footed, red-col¬ 
ored bird. 

fla-min-go-plant (-plant), n. a 
handsome hot-house plant belong¬ 
ing to the arum family, 
flam-mule (flam'ul), n. a little 
flame, especially the small flame 
symbolizing Chinese and Japanese 
deities. 

flamy (flam'i), adj. resembling 
flame; flame-colored, 
flang (flang), n. a miner's double- 
pointed pick. 

flange (flanj), n. a raised or pro¬ 
jecting rim for preventing a wheel 
slipping, or as an attachment: v.t. 
to attach a flange to. 
flank (flangk), n. the fleshy part 
of an animal between the ribs 


and hip; the side of an army, 
regiment, or building; that part 
of a fortification constructed to 
defend another: v.t. to attack or 
turn the flank or side of (an 
army) ; guard on the flank: v.i. 
to border or touch (with on) : 
adj. pertaining to, or cut from, 
the flank. 

flank er ('er)> n. one of a body 
of troops thrown out to protect a 
line of march ; a man who walks 
on the flank of grouse-drivers to 
keep the birds in the line re¬ 
quired. 

flan-ncl (flan'el). n. a soft-tex¬ 
tured, loosely-worn cloth with a 
light nap. 

flan-neled ('eld), adj. covered in 
flannel. 

flan-nel-et (-et), n. a soft cotton 
material resembling flannel. 

flap (flap), n. anything broad and 
flexible hanging loosely, and fas¬ 
tened on one side : the motion or 
noise of anything broad and flat; 
a slap; the tail of a coat: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. flapped], to strike 
with, or as with, a flap; let fall; 
move backwards and forwards 
rapidly: v.i. to move, as wings, 
with noise. 

flap-per ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, flaps; a flipper. 

flare (flar), n. a large, unsteady, 
glaring light: v.i. to burn with a 
broad, unsteady light; be offen¬ 
sively showy in dress. 

flash (flash), n. a sudden, quick, 
transitory blaze or light; sudden 
outburst, as of merriment, wit, or 
passion ; a short, transient state; 
a body of water driven by vio¬ 
lence ; a sluice abo-e a shoal on 
navigable rivers for easing the 
water for the nassage of boats: 
v.t. to cause to act, burst, or ap¬ 
pear suddenly ; cover with a thin 
coating of colored glass: v.i. to 
shine with a sudden, quick, tran¬ 
sient blaze or light; act. or 
burst forth, suddenly; gleam; 
splash : ad j. pertaining to thieves 
or their language; cheap and 
gaudy; sham; vulgarly ostenta¬ 
tious or showy. 

flash light (-lit), n. a momen¬ 
tary, brilliant light for taking 
photographs. 


4 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 













352 


fie 


na 


% 


flash-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a flashy 
manner. 

flash-i-ness ('i-nes), n. gaudiness. 

flasb-ing ('ing), n. a name for 
various operations in glass-mak¬ 
ing : pi. pieces of lead or other 
metal used as a cap-joint to keep 
roofs, &c., watertight: adj. emit¬ 
ting flashes. 

flash-ing-point (-point), n. the 
temperature below the burning- 
point, at which the vapor of a 
volatile liquid will ignite and ex¬ 
plode : used as a test for illumi- 
nants. 

flashy ('i), adj. brilliant, but 
empty ; gaudy. 

flask (flask), n. a small bottle: a 
vessel, usually metal or leather, 
for holding powder or shot. 

flat (flat), adj. level; even; 
smooth; prostrate; horizontal; 
insipid ; positive ; downright; low : 
said of prices; dull: said of sales; 
without interest; wanting relief 
or prominence: said of figures in 
painting; sounded below the true 
pitch: n. a level or extended 
plain ; a shallow ; shoal; story or 
floor of a house; the broad or 
plane part of a thing; surface 
without relief or prominence; de¬ 
pression in thought or language; 
a musical sign (b) which lowers 
the succeeding note half a tone; 
one of the halves of a scene which 
meet in the middle of the stage 
of a theater; a person easily 
duped: adv. in a level or prostrate 
position. 

Syn. level, even. 

flat-flsk ('fish), n. any fish with 
a compressed body, having its 
eyes situated on one side, and the 
under side colorless, as the sole. 

flat-ten ('n), v.t. to lay flat; 
make level or even; beat down; 
depress; make dull, insipid, or 
tasteless ; lower in tone : v.i. to 
become flat or level; become in¬ 
sipid. 

flat-ter ('er), v.t. to gain over or 
please by complimentary speech ; 
soothe; persuade; raise false 
hopes or expectations: v.i. to 
employ flattery. 

flat-ter-ing (-ing), p.adj. pleas¬ 
ing to pride or vanity ; fallacious ; 
partial. 

flat-ter-y ('er-i), n. [pi. flatter¬ 


ies (-iz) ], insincere compliment¬ 
ary speech; adulation; false 
praise. 

flat-ting ('ing), n. the act or 
process of making flat or smooth ; 
the process of rolling metal into 
sheets by cylindrical pressure; 
the sounding of a note below the 
true pitch; a method of house 
painting by which the paint ap¬ 
pears lusterless; a coat of size 
laid over gilding to protect it. 
flat-u-lence ('u-lens), n. disten¬ 
sion of the stomach, caused by 
gases generated within it; empti¬ 
ness ; conceit. Also flatulency, 
flat-u-lent ('u-lent), adj. affected 
with, or tending to produce, flatu¬ 
lence ; pretentious; conceited, 
flat-wise ('wiz), adv. with the 
flat side downwards, 
flaunt (flant and flawnt), v.i. to 
make an ostentatious display in 
dress: v.t. behave or exhibit 
pertly or impudently: n. the act 
of flaunting ; a boast; brag, 
flav, prefix, occurring in various 
scientific compound words, mean¬ 
ing yellow. Also flavi, flavo. 
flavor ('ver), n. a particular 
smell or taste: v.t. to impart a 
flavor to. 

flavoring (-ing), n. an essence 
or extract for giving a flavor to 
anything. 

flaw (flaw), n. a blemish; inher¬ 
ent defect; crack : v.t. to make a 
flaw in ; crack. 

flax (flaks), n. a plant of the 
genus Linum, the fiber of which 
is spun into linen cloth, 
flax en ('en), adj. resembling, or 
made of, flax; of golden color: 
said of the hair. Also flaxy, 
flax-seed ('sed), n. linseed, 
flay (fla), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flayed, 
p.pr. flaying], to strip off, skin; 
torture. 

flea (fle), n. a small blood-sucking 
insect of the genus Pulex, re¬ 
markable for its agility and irri¬ 
tating bite. 

flea-bane ('ban), n. a plant of 
the aster family. 

flea-bite ('bit), n. the bite of a 
flea; the red spot it causes; a 
trifling w r ound or trouble ; a very 
small quantity. 

flea-king ('king), n. a light cov- 


late, mar, mask, cat; awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









fie 


353 


fli 


ering of reeds under the thatch 
of a house. 

iLeam (flem), n. a lancet for bleed¬ 
ing cattle. 

fleck (flek), n. a streak or spot: 
v.t. to streak or spot; variegate. 

flec-tion. Same as flexion. 

fledge (flej), v.i. to acquire the 
full plumage or feathers necessary 
for flight. 

fledg-ling ( 'ling), n. a young 
bird just fledged. 

flee (fle), v.t. [p.t. fled, p.pr. 
fleeing], to run away from; 
avoid: v.i. to hasten away from 
danger ; scatter ; disappear. 

fleece (fles), n. the whole wool 
shorn from a slieep at one time: 
■v.t. to deprive of the wool or 
fleece; strip; plunder by in¬ 
justice or fraud ; cover with, or as 
with, a fleece. 

fleece-wool ('wool), n. wool cut 
from a living animal. 

fleec-y ('i), adj. resembling a 
fleece; woolly. 

fleer (fler), n. mockery or con¬ 
tempt expressed in words or gest¬ 
ure : v.i. to mock or sneer; grin 
contemptuously. 

fleet (fl§t), adj. swift; rapid; 
nimble: n. a company of warships 
or merchant vessels; a creek or 
inlet: v.t. to move or pass rapidly 
over; skim. 

fleet-ing ('ing), p.adj. passing 
quickly. 

flense (flens), v.t. to cut up and 
strip the blubber from: said of 
a whale or seal. Also flench, 
flinch. 

flesh (flesh), n. that part of an 
animal body underlying the skin, 
and composed of soft muscular 
tissue; animal food; pulp of 
fruit, &c.; the body: opposed to 
soul; human nature or race ; car¬ 
nal state or appetites; present 
life; kindred: adj. resembling 
flesh in color or appearance: v.t. 
to satiate or glut; inure or harden 
by practice; initiate; make fa¬ 
miliar with. 

flesh-i-ness ('i-nes), n. corpu¬ 
lence. 

flesh-li-ness ('li-nes), n. car¬ 
nality. 

flesh ly ('li), adj. pertaining to 
the body ; corporeal; human : car¬ 
nal ; lascivious : adv. carnally. 


flesh-y ('i), adj. [comp, fleshier, 
superl. fleshiest], full of flesh; 
plump ; corpulent; succulent; 
gross. 

Fletch-er-ism (fletch'er-ism), n. 
a system of diet in which the food 
is thoroughly masticated. Named 
after Howard Fletcher, its advo¬ 
cate. 

fleur-de-lis (fioor-de-le'), n. [pi. 
fleurs-de-lis], the royal bearing 
or emblem of France; the name 
for various species of iris, 
flew, p.t. of fly. 

flex-i-bil-i-ty (fleks-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being 
flexible. Also flexibleness, 
flex-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. easily bent ; 
pliant; yielding to persuasion. 
Also flexile. 

Syn. pliant, pliable, ‘ductile, 
supple. 

Ant. (see inflexible), 
flex-ion (flek'shun), n. the act or 
process of bending; a curve; in 
grammar, inflection, 
flexor (fleks'er), n. a muscle 
that acts in bending the joints: 
opposed to extensor, 
flex-ure ('ur), n. the act of 
bending; the part bent; a curve 
or fold; joint. 

flick (flik), n. a light, quick 
stroke, as with a whip: v.t. to 
whip lightly. 

flicker ('er), v.i. to move with 
an unsteady and quick motion; 
flutter with the wings: n. an un¬ 
steady light or movement; the 
golden-winged -woodpecker of 
North America. 

flick-er-ing (-ing), n. the state 
of burning unsteadily, 
fli-er (fli'er), n. one who flies, or 
flees; a fugitive: that part of a 
machine that regulates and equal¬ 
izes motion: an essay or feeler: 
vl. a straight flight of steps, 
flies, pi. of fly. 

flight (flit), n. the act, process, 
manner, or power of flying; hasty 
departure; birds flying together, 
or produced in the same season ; 
a soaring forth; extravagant 
sally : the distance traveled by a 
projectile; a shower or volley; a 
series of steps. 

fiight-i-ly ('i-li) , adv. capriciously. 


late, mar, m&sk. cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






fit 


354 


flo 


flight- i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being flighty. . 

flight-y ('i), adj. changeful; 
capricious; extravagant in fancy; 
wild; giddy. 

flim-si-ly (flim'zi-li), adv. in a 
flimsy manner. 

Aim -si-ness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being flimsy, 
flimsy ('zi), n. [pi. flimsies 
('ziz)], a thin manifold paper, 
especially that used for making 
reporting copies; a bank-note: 
adj. unsubstantial; thin ; weak ; 
ineffective. 

flinch (flinch), v.i. to shrink or 
draw back, as from pain, danger, 
&c.: n. the act of flinching, 
flin-xler (flin'der), n. a splinter; 
fragment. 

fling (fling), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flung, 
p.pr. flinging], to throw or hurl; 
drive by violence; scatter; cast to 
the ground : v.i. to flounce; throw 
out the legs violently: n. the act 
of throwing or casting; a sneer or 
gibe; kick or leap; unrestrained 
pleasure ; dash ; a Highland dance, 
flint (flint), n. a variety of 
quartz; a flint implement; any¬ 
thing proverbially hard, 
flint-y ('i), adj. composed of, or 
resembling, flint; hard ; obdurate, 
flip (flip) . n. a liquor of beer, i 
spirit, sugar, &c.; a short quick 
stroke; a flick: v.t. to jerk with 
the fingers; strike with a short 
quick blow. 

flip-flap ('flap), n. the noise 
caused by something flapping: adv. 
with a flapping sound, 
flip -pan-cy (flip'an-si), n. pert- 
ness; thoughtless fluency of 
speech. 

flip-pant ('tint), adj. character¬ 
ized by thoughtless levity of 
speech, or pertness. 
flip-per ('er), n. a broad fin, arm, 
or paddle used in swimming, as 
that of the whale, seal, or turtle, 
flirt (flert), v.t. move to and fro 
with a short rapid action ; throw 
with a quick elastic motion : v.i. 
make love from mere amusement; 
coquette: n. a coquette; a sudden 
jerk- or toss. 

flir-ta-tion (fler-ta'shun), n. the 
act of flirting. 


flir-ta-tious ('shus), n. inclined 
to flirt. 

flir-ting ('ting), n. coquetry: adj. 
coquettish. 

flit (flit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flitted, 
p.pr. flitting], to remove (a 
thing) from one house to another 
[Scotch] : v.i. to pass lightly and 
swiftly along; fly away; skim ; 
migrate. 

flitch (flich), n. the side of a 
hog salted and cured, 
flit-ter-mouse (flit'er-mous), n. 
a bat. 

flit-ting (flit'ing). n. the act of 
flying or moving lightly and 
swiftly; a remoyal. 
flix (fliks), n. soft fur. 
float (flot), v.t. to cause to rest or 
be conveyed on the surface of a 
liquid; convey without effort or 
will; to start, sell, or dispose of; 
smooth or level plaster with a 
float: v.i. to be buoyed up on the 
surface of a liquid or gaseous 
fluid ; move lightly or glide with¬ 
out apparent effort: drift about: 
n. anything that floats on the 
surface of a liquid or buoys up 
something; a raft; the cork or 
quill used in angling: a ball-cock; 
a plasterer’s tool for spreading 
and smoothing; the water-gauge 
of a steam-boiler, 
float-er ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, floats; a voter not belong¬ 
ing to any particular party, 
float-ing, p.adj. swimming, or 
buoyed up, on the surface of a 
liquid; free to move about; cir¬ 
culating ; not fixed or settled; 
ready for use: n. the act or state 
of anything that floats, 
floc-cil-la-tion (flok-sil-a'shun), 
n. the picking of bed-clothes by 
a delirious patient: regarded as a 
serious symptom. 

floc-cose (flok'os). adj. covered 
with soft hair or wool; woolly, 
floc-ou-lence ('u-lens), n. the 
state of being flocculent. 
floc-cu-lent ('u-lent), adj. woolly, 
floc-cu-lus ('u-lus), n. [pi. floc- 
culi (-11)], a small flake; a small 
tuft of down or wool-like hair, 
floc-cus ('us), n. [pi. flocci ('si)], 
the long tuft of hair which ter¬ 
minates the tail of certain quad- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 









ric » 


355 


no 


rupeds, as the lion; the down on I 
an unfledged bird. 

flock (flok), n. a company or col- j 
lection of sheep or birds; a con¬ 
gregation ; crowd ; a lock of wool ; 
fibrous material used for stuffing 
upholstery, &c.: v.i. to come to¬ 
gether in a flock ; assemble. 

Syn. brood, group, covey, bevy, 
swarm. 

floe (flo), n. a large flat mass of 
floating ice. 

floe-rat ('rat), n. the ringed seal. 

flog (flog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flogged, 
p.pr. flogging], to whip: chastise; 
to lash (the water) with the line 
in angling. 

flog-ging ('ing), n. a whipping. 

flood (flud), n. a great flow of 
water; inundation; the deluge; 
high tide; the sea ; an abundant 
supply or outpouring of anything : 
v.t. to deluge; inundate; over¬ 
flow. 

flood-gate ('gat), n. a gate in a 
water-way, which when opened 
allows the water to escape when 
at a certain height. 

flood-tide ('tid), n. the rising 
tide. 

floor (flor), n. the part of a 
house, room, &c., on which one 
treads; story; a level suite of 
rooms; any smooth or level area ; 
pavement; the part of a legislative 
chamber occupied by the mem¬ 
bers : v.t. to cover with a floor; 
put to silence ; strike down. 

floor-age ('aj), n. the area of a 
floor. 

floorer t/er), n. a knock-down 
blow'; an unanswerable question 
or argument. 

floor ing ('ing), n. materials for 
floors; floors collectively; pave¬ 
ment. 

flop (flop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. flopped, 
p.pr. flopping], to strike frequent¬ 
ly ; unfold with a jerk: v.i. to 
plump down; fall loosely and 
flatly: n. the sound caused by a 
soft flat body coming suddenly in 
contact with the ground: adv. 
suddenly. 

flo ra (flb'ra), n. the wild plants 
of a particular region, district, or 
geological period; a description of 
such plants. 

floral ('ral), adj. pertaining to, 


I resembling, or consisting of, 
flowers. 

flo ral en vel ope (en'vel-op), n. 

the corolla and calyx of a flow r er. 
flo-ran ('ran), n. fine-grained tin 
ore. 

flo-re-a-ted ('re-a-ted), adj. orna¬ 
mented with floral decorations. 
Also floriated. 

flo res cence (flo-res'ens), n. the 
flowering of a plant, 
fio-ret ('ret), n. a little flower, 
flo-re-tum ('re-turn), n. a botan¬ 
ical garden specially devoted to 
flowers. 

flo-ri-cul-tu-ral (-ri-kul'tiir-al). 

adj. pertaining to floriculture, 
flo-ri-cul-ture ('ri-kul-tur), n. 

the culture of flowers, 
floriculturist ('tur-ist), n. 

one w y ho is skilled in floriculture, 
flor-id (flor'id), adj. bright in 
color ; brilliant with decorationc ; 
profusely embellished, 
flor-id-ly (-li), adv. in a florid 
manner. 

flor-in ('in), n. a European silver 
coin, ranging in value in different 
countries from 40 to 50 cents, 
flo-rist (flo'rist), n. one who culti¬ 
vates flowers for pleasure, or sells 
them for profit. 

flo-ry-boat (flo'ri-b5t), n. a small 
boat for conveying passengers be¬ 
tween a steamboat and the shore 
at low tide. 

flosh (flosh), n. a receptacle into 
which ore is put for stamping, 
floss (flos), n. floss-silk; the soft, 
dowmy, silken substance in the 
husks of certain plants; the slag 
on the surface of molten iron in a 
puddling-furnace; a small stream, 
floss-silk ('silk), n. an inferior 
untwisted soft silk, 
floss-y ('i), adj. like floss; downy, 
flo-ta-tion (flo-ta'shun), n. the 
act or state of floating; the 
science of floating bodies, 
flo-til-la (-til'&), n . a fleet of 
small vessels. 

flot sam (flot'sam), n. goods lost 
in shipwreck, and found floating 
upon the sea. Also flotson. 
flounce (flouns), n. a narrow 
piece of cloth sewed to the skirt 
of a dress or petticoat, with 
the low'er border loose and spread¬ 
ing ; a sudden jerk or movement 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl : he, h§r, let'; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






flo 


356 


f 


flu 


of the body, indicative of im¬ 
patience : v.t. to furnish or trim 
with flounces: v.i. to throw 
about the limbs and body, 
flonnc-ing ('ing), n. material for 
flounces. 

floun der (floun'der), v.i. to strug¬ 
gle, roll, or proceed with difficulty, 
as an animal in the mire: n. a flat 
sea-fish ; a bootmaker’s tool, 
flour (flour), n. the fine meal of 
ground wheat; a fine soft powder : 
v.t. to sprinkle flour upon, 
flour-ish (flur'ish), v.i. to pros¬ 
per or thrive; be vigorous; be 
copious or flowery in language; 
embellish: v.t. swing about or 
brandish; give flourishes to: n. 
a figure formed by lines or 
strokes fancifully drawn ; the act 
of brandishing: a musical passage 
intended only for display; os¬ 
tentatious parade. 

Syn. prosper, thrive. 

Ant. (see decav;. 
flour-isli-ing (-ing), p.adj. pros¬ 
perous ; thriving; vigorous; os¬ 
tentatious. 

flour y (flour'i), adj. resembling, 
consisting of, or covered with, 
flour. 

flout (flout), v.t. to insult; treat 
contemptuously ; jeer ; v.i. to scoff ; 
sneer: n. an insult; scoff, 
flow (flo), v.i. to run or spread, 
as water; circulate; glide; rise, 
as the tide; melt; issue forth : v.t. 
to overflow or inundate: n. a cur¬ 
rent or stream ; copiousness ; the 
rise of the tide. 

flow er (flou'er), n. that part of a 
plant which contains the repro¬ 
ductive organs ; blossom ; the best, 
or choicest, part of anything; 
the prime; a figure or ornamental 
expression: pi. a light powdery 
substance obtained by sublima¬ 
tion : v.i. to put forth flowers; 
blossom or bloom: v.t. ornament 
or cover with flowers, 
flow er et (-et), n. a little flower, 
flow-er-ing-fern ('er-ing-fern), n. 

the Osmunda regalis. 
flow-er-y ('er-i), adj. abounding, 
or adorned, with flowers; highly 
figurative or embellished, 
flow ing (flb'ing), p.adj. moving, 
or pouring forth, as a stream; 


copious ; fluent; hanging loosely 
or swaying, 
flown, p.p. of fly. 
fluc-tu-ate (fluK'tu-at), v.i. to 
roll to and fro, as a wave; un¬ 
dulate ; rise and fall; be irresolute 
or wavering. 

flue (flu), n. a pipe or passage 
to convey away smoke, hot air, 
&c.; soft downy matter; fluff, 
flu en cy (flu'en-si), n. the quality 
of being fluent. 

fluent ('ent), adj. possessing 
readiness and ease of speech; 
voluble ; eloquent. 

Syn. flowing, glib, voluble, un¬ 
embarrassed, ready. 

Ant. (see hesitating), 
fluey ('i), adj. like flue; fluffy, 
fluff (fluf), n. light down or fur 
nap : v.t. to spread out, as feath¬ 
ers : n. a flash. 

fluff! -ness ('nes), n. the quality 
of being fluffy. 

fluff-y ('i), adj. consisting of, or 
covered with, fluff; feathery, 
flu-id (flu'id), adj. liquid or gase¬ 
ous : n. a substance the particles 
of which are readily separable. 

Syn. gas! liquid. 

flu-id-i-ty (-id'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being fluid, 
fluke (fliik), n. the broad part of 
an anchor which is fixed into the 
ground; a flounder; a parasitic 
disease in sheep; a variety of 
potato; one of the two lobes of 
a whale’s tail ; a lucky stroke in 
billiards: v.i. to score by a lucky 
stroke;, use the flukes in swim¬ 
ming : said of a whale, 
fluk-y ('i), adj. like a fluke; ob¬ 
tained by chance, 
flume (fluin), n. a channel for the 
conveyance of water, 
flum mer y (flum'er-i), n. a jelly 
made of flour; blanc-mange; in¬ 
sipidity ; humbug, 
flung, p.t. & p.p. of fling, 
flunk (flungk), n. a complete fail¬ 
ure : v.i. to fail completely; re¬ 
tire through fear, 
flunk-y ('i) ; n. [pi. flunkies 
('iz)], a liveried servant; a 
toady; snob; a foolish incau¬ 
tious speculator. Also flunkey, 
flunk-y-ism ('i-izm), n. the char¬ 
acteristics of a flunky. Also 
flunkeyism. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






flu 


357 


flu o -resce (flo5-o-res'), v.i. to ex¬ 
hibit fluorescence, 
flu-o-res-cence ('ens), n. the 
quality existing in certain trans¬ 
parent bodies of giving oft under 
the action of light a color differing 
from their own ; the property 
possessed by certain substances of 
becoming luminous when exposed 
to X-rays or other forms of radi¬ 
ant energy. 

flu- o res cent ('ent). adj. pertain¬ 
ing to fluorescence ; possessing the 
capacity of fluorescing, 
fiu-or-ic (-or'ik), adj. pertaining 
to. or obtained from, fluorine, 
flu-o-ride ('o-rid), n. a compound 
of fluorine with a metallic base, 
flu-o-rine ('o-rin), n. an elemen¬ 
tary gaseous body allied to 
chlorine. 

flu-or-o-scope (floo'er-o-skop), n. 
a device for use in making X-ray 
examinations on a screen covered 
with fluorescent material, 
flu or-spar ('er-spar), n. a trans¬ 
parent or semi-transparent min¬ 
eral, composed of fluoride of cal¬ 
cium. Also fluorite, 
flur ry (flur'i), v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. 
flurried, n.pr. flurrying], to agi¬ 
tate, confuse, or bewilder: n. sud¬ 
den commotion or excitement; 
hurry; a sudden gust, 
flush, (flush), v.t. to cause to 
blush; excite; clean out with a 
rush of water; drive from cover: 
said of game birds: v.i. to blush ; 
glow: n. a sudden rush of water; 
flow of blood to the face; sudden 
excitement or impulse; a flock 
of game birds suddenly started; 
abundance; bloom; growth; a 
hand of cards all of the same suit: 
said of cribbage ; a bog or morass : 
adj. level with the surface; quite 
full: abundant; plentifully sup¬ 
plied with money ; vigorous : adv. 
so as to be level, 
flush deck (dek), n. a deck level 
from stem to stern, 
flush-ing ('mg), n. the act of 
cleansing out by a copious flow 
of water; a glow of red in the 
face. 

flus-ter (flus'ter). v.t. to confuse 
or agitate; hurry: n. agitation 
or confusion; excitement, 
flute (flut), n. a tubular wind- 


fly 


instrument furnished with finger- 
holes and keys; a long channel or 
groove cut in the shaft of a 
column ; crimping or furrowing: 
v.t. to sound as a flute; form 
parallel grooves or channel in; 
crimp or forrow. 

flu-ti-na (-te'na), a kind of ac¬ 
cordion. 

flu-ting (flu'ting), n. a channel 
or groove; fluted work; a flute¬ 
shaped crimp. 

flu-tist ('tist), n. a performer on 
the flute. 

flut-ter (flut'er), v.i. to move or 
flap the wings rapidly; move 
rapidly and irregularly; be in 
agitation or uncertainty: v.t. to 
throw into confusion : n. a quick 
and irregular motion ; vibration ; 
•state of excitement or anxiety, 
flut-ter-wheel (-hwel), n. a 
water-wheel connected with a 
chute. 

flu-ty (flu'ti), adj. flute-like in 
tone. 

flu-vi-al (flii'vi-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, growing or living in, or 
caused by, rivers. Also fluvatile. 
flux (fluks), n. any flow or issue 
of matter: flow of the tide; a 
substance added to assist in the 
reduction of a metal by fusion: 
v.t. to melt or fuse, 
flux-ion (fluk'shun), n. the act 
of flowing or melting; matter that 
flows: pi. in mathematics, the 
analysis of infinitely small varia¬ 
ble quantities. 

fly (fli), v.i. [p.t. flew, p.p. flown, 
p.pr. flying], to move through, or 
rise in, the air with wings; pass 
swiftly; be driven through the 
air; move rapidly; run away; 
part with violence; burst; fade: 
v.t. to avoid or shun ; cause to fly 
or float in the air; flutter: n. [pi. 
flies (fllz)], a two-winged insect 
of many species, including the 
house-fly, Musca domestica; an 
artificial fly used in angling; a 
disease in turnips; a hackney car¬ 
riage: adj. wide awake, 
fly-blow ('bio), n. the egg or larva 
of a fly: v.t. & v.i. [p.p. flyblown, 
p.pr. flyblowing], to lay eggs in 
’ meat, &c., and taint it. 
fly-ing ('ing), n. the action of 
the verb to fly: p.adj. adapted for 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







358 


fol 




flight; floating ; waving ; brief, or 
hurried. 

fly-ing-bridge (-brij), n. a tem¬ 
porary bridge. 

fly-ing-but-tress (-but'tres), n. 
an arched brace for strengthening 
and supporting a part of a build¬ 
ing wh i# ch rises above the rest, 
fly -ing-fish. (-fish), n. a fish with 
long pectoral fins, which has the 
power of sustaining itself in the 
air for a short time, 
fly-ing-jib (-jib), n. a sail be¬ 
yond the jib. 

fly-wheel (fll'hwel), ft. a heavy 
wheel in a machine which regu¬ 
lates its motion. 

foal (fol), n. the young of a horse, 
ass, or camel: v.i. to bring forth 
young: said of a mare, &c. 
foam (f5m), n. the white sub¬ 
stance formed on a liquid by 
violent agitation or fermentation; 
spume: v.t. to cause to foam : v.i. 
to gather foam ; be enraged ; froth, 
fob (fob), n. a small pocket, es¬ 
pecially for a watch: v.t. to cheat, 
fo-cal (fo'kal), adj. pertaining to, 
or placed at, a focus, 
fo-cal dis-tance (dis'tans), n. 
the distance between the optical 
center of a lens or mirror and the 
point where the rays converge, 
fo -cus (fo'kus), n. [pi. focuses 
(-ez), foci ('si)], the point where 
a system of rays of light or heat 
meet after being reflected or re¬ 
fracted ; any central point: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. focused, p.pr. focus¬ 
ing], to bring to a focus or center. 
Also focalize (-iz). 
f od-der (fod' er), n. food for 

horses, cattle, or sheep; a weight 
for lead = 21 cwt. (Also foth- 
er) : v.t. to feed with fodder, 
foe (fo), n. a personal enemy; 

ill-wisher; an adversary in war. 
foehn ffon), n. a warm, dry, Al¬ 
pine wind, prevalent in Switzer¬ 
land. 

foe-man (fo'man). n. [pi. fomen 
('men)], an adversary in war. 
fce-tal (fe'tal), adj. pertaining to 
the foetus. 

foet-i-cide ('i-sTd), n. the destruc¬ 
tion of a foetus in the womb; 
criminal abortion. 


fce-tus ('tus), n. the young of 
viviparous animals in the uterus, 
fog (fog), n. condensed watery 
vapor near the surface of the sea 
or land : bewilderment: a cloud or 
haze obscuring a photographic 
plate; the after-grass of autumn ; 
winter pasture: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
fogged, p.pr. fogging], to become 
foggy. 

fog-banks ('bangk), n. a dense 
mass of fog at sea, appearing like 
land in-the distance, 
fog-gi-ly (fog'i-li), adv. in a fog¬ 
gy manner; dimly, 
fog-gi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being foggy. 

fog-gy ('i). adj. abounding in, or 
filled with, fog; bewildered; ob¬ 
scure ; obtuse. 

fo-gy (fo'gi), n. [pi. fogies 
('giz)], a person of old-fashioned 
or eccentric habits. Also fogey, 
fogie. 

foh-at (fo'at). n. a term used in 
occultism to denote the connect¬ 
ing-link between mind and matter, 
foi-ble (foi'bl), n. a failing or 
imperfection in character; the 
weakest part of the blade in a 
sword. 

foil (foil), v.t. to baffle or frus¬ 
trate ; defeat; n. a long thin fenc¬ 
ing weapon with a button on the 
end; the trail of hunted game: a 
thin plate, or sheet of metal; a 
contrast to set something off to 
advantage; a small arc in the 
tracery of a Gothic window. &c. 
foist (foist), v.t. to place in 
wrongfully or surreptitiously; 
paim off slyly (with in, into , 
upon). 

fold (fold), v.t. to bend one part 
over another ; inclose ; wrap up : 
shut bn in a pen or fold: n. a 
part bent or doubled over an¬ 
other: a plait: a pen for sheep: a 
bend of a stratum ; flock of sheep ; 
the .Church. 

fold -er ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, folds; a name for various 
instruments or contrivances for 
folding, 

fol-de-rol (fol'de-rol), n. mere 
nonsense: an idle fancy or con¬ 
ceit: a silly trifle, 
fold-ing ('ing), n. the act or 


late, mar, m^sk, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









fol 


359 


fon 


process of doubling one part over 
another. 

folding-doors (-dorz), n.pl. a 
pair of doors hung on opposite 
side-posts and meeting in the mid- 
dle.. 

fo-li-a-ceous (fo'li-a'shus), adj. 
resembling, shaped like, or having, 
leaves; consisting of thin plates 
or laminae. 

fo-li-age f'li-aj), n. leaves col¬ 
lectively ; the artistic representa¬ 
tion of leaves, flowers, &c., as in 
architectural decoration, 
fo-li-a-ted ('li-a-ted), p.adj. beat¬ 
en, formed into, or covered with, 
thin plates; splitting into la¬ 
minae ; decorated with leaf-like or¬ 
namentation. 

fo-li-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the act 
of leafing; the act or process of 
beating a metal into thin plates; 
lamination: said of a mineral; 
the number of the leaves of a 
book. 

fo-li-o (fo'li-o), n. a book of the 
largest size formed by folding a 
sheet of paper once; a page of 
MS. or printed matter; the 
right and left hand pages of a 
ledger, &c. : in legal documents 
72 words of MS., 100 words in 
congressional proceedings; a case 
for music, &c.: adj. having a 
sheet of paper folded once: v.t. 
to page. 

fo-li-ole (fo'li-ol), n. a leaflet, 
fo-li -ose ('li-os), adj. resembling 
a leaf; covered with leaves, 
folk (folk or fok), n. people in 
general : nation or race; one’s 
relatives. 

folk-lore ('lor), n. popular tra¬ 
ditions, customs, beliefs, &c. 
folk-song ('song), n. a popular 
song oi ballad, illustrative of the 
common life of the people, 
fol-li-a (fol-le'a), n. a kind of 
musical composition consisting of 
.varieties on a given air. 
fol-li-cle (fol'i-kl), ii. a seed- 
vessel ; a very small tube or 
cavity ; a simple gland, 
fol-lic-u-lar (-ik'u-lar), adj. like 
a follicle. 

fol-low (fol'o), v.t. to go or come 
after ; pursue ; succeed in order ; 
accompany ; attend : espouse the 
opinions or cause of; imitate or 
conform to; watch or attend to 


closely; to practice: v.i. to go or 
come after another; result: n. 
a particular stroke in billiards or 
croquet. 

Syn. succeed, ensue, imitate, 
copy? pursue. 

fol-low-er (-er) ; n. one who fol¬ 
lows another; a" disciple, attend¬ 
ant, or dependent; one of the 
same sect or party; a maidserv¬ 
ant’s sweetheart. 

Syn. partisan disciple, adher¬ 
ent, retainer, pursuer, successor, 
fol-low-ing ('o-ing), adj. suc¬ 
ceeding: n. vocation or calling; 
disciples or adherents collectively, 
fol-ly (fol'i), n. [pi. follies ('iz)l, 
want of understanding; foolish¬ 
ness ; unbecoming conduct; crimi¬ 
nal weakness; sin. 

Syn. silliness, foolishness, im¬ 
becility, weakness. 

Ant. (see wisdom), 
fo ment (fo-ment'), v.t. to bathe 
with warm or medicated liquids; 
excite; stir up or instigate, 
f o-men-ta-tion (-men-ta'shun), 
n. the act of fomenting; warm or 
medicated liquids applied to a 
diseased part; incitement, 
fo-mes (fo'mez), n. [pi. fomites 
('mi-tez)], a porous substance, as 
wool, &c., capable of retaining 
germs, and thus communicating 
contagion. 

fond (fond), adj. affectionate; 
loving; ardently attached or de¬ 
voted ; partial to; injudiciously, 
foolishly indulgent (with of). 

Syn. enamored, attached, affec¬ 
tionate. 

Ant. (see distant), 
fon-dle (fon'dl), v.t. to caress; 
treat with tenderness; handle 
tenderly ; v.t. to exhibit fondness, 
fon-dling ('dling), n. one who, 
or that which, is fondled, 
fon-du (fong-doo'), adj. in calico 
printing and paper hangings, the 
gradual blending of one color into 
another. 

font (font), n. a stone receptacle 
to hold the water used in bap¬ 
tizing : a complete assortment of 
a particular kind of type, 
font-al ('SI), adj. pertaining to 
a font. 

fon-ta-nel (fon'ta-nel), n. one of 
the six open spaces in the skull 
of an infant; a seton. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her. let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










too 


360 


for 


food (food), n. nutriment; ma¬ 
terial. 

fool (fool), n. a person devoid of 
reason or intelligence; idiot; one 
who acts in a foolish manner; a 
victim or butt; a compound of 
crushed gooseberries with cream : 
v.t. to make a fool of ; treat with 
contempt; disappoint, 
fool -er-y ('er-i), n. [pi. fooleries 
(-iz) ], habitual folly; absurd 
conduct or action, 
fool-har-di-ness ('har-di-nes), n. 

a courage without sense, 
fool-har-dy ('har-di), adj. fool¬ 
ishly bold ; daringly rash ; regard¬ 
less of consequences. 

Syn. venturesome, incautious, 
hasty, adventurous, rash. 

Ant. (see cautious), 
fool-ing ('ing), n. foolish speech 
or conduct; buffoonery ; banter ; 
idle interference. 

fool-ish ('ish), adj. acting with¬ 
out reason or judgment; weak- 
minded ; silly; ridiculous; tri¬ 
fling ; contemptible. 

Syn. simple, silly, irrational, 
brainless, imbecile, crazy, absurd, 
preposterous, ridiculous, nonsen¬ 
sical. 

Ant. (see wise, discreet), 
fool-isb-ly (-li), adj. in a foolish 
manner. 

fool-ish-ness (-nes), n. folly, 
fools-cap (fodlz'kap), n. a size 
of paper about 17 in. X 14 in.: 
originally water-marked with the 
cap and bells formerly worn by 
professional jesters, 
foot (foot), n. [pi. feet (fet)], 
that part of the leg on which an 
animal walks or stands; the lower 
part, base, foundation, or end of 
anything; that part of a boot or 
stocking which receives the foot; 
a measure = 12 in.; infantry 
soldiers; a certain number of 
syllables constituting part of a 
verse: v.t. to add a foot to, as a 
stocking; add figures in a column, 
and place the total at the bottom: 
v.i. to dance; go on foot, 
foot-ball ('bawl), n. a large in¬ 
dia-rubber ball encased in leather, 
used in the game of football, 
foot-ing ('ing), n. ground or sup¬ 
port for the feet; tread; a firm or 
assured position ; dance ; an enter¬ 
tainment given by a new employ^, 


&c., to his fellow workmen; state 
or condition. 

foot-man ('man), n. [pi. foot¬ 
men ('men)], a livery servant 
who attends a carriage, waits at 
table, &c. 

foot-pad ('pad), n. a highway¬ 
man who robs on foot, 
foot-pound ('pound), n. the unit 
of energy = work required to 
raise 1 lb. through a space of 1 
ft. 

foots (footz), n.pl. the sediment 
of oil or sugar. 

fop (fop), n. a dandy; pretentious 
fool. 

Syn. dandy, dude, beau, cox¬ 
comb, puppy, jackanapes. 

Ant. (see gentleman), 
fop-per-y ('er-i), n. [pi. fopper¬ 
ies (-iz)], dandyism, 
fop-pisb ('ish), adj. affected in 
dress and manners, 
for (fOr), prep, in place of; on 
account of; for the sake of; not¬ 
withstanding ; to the number or 
amount of: conj. because; since : 
prefix, meaning thoroughly , before , 
greatly , with a privative, or 
negative force. 

for-age (for'aj), n. , food for 
horses and # cattle; a search for 
provisions v.i. to wander about 
in search of provisions: v.t. to 
supply with forage, 
for-ag-iug (-ing), n. the act of 
searching for forage, 
foramen (fo-ra'men), n. [pi. 
foramina (ram'i-na)], a short 
passage or opening, as in a bone, 
or ovule. 

f o-ram-i-na-ted (-ram'i-na'ted), 
adj. furnished with small holes 
or foramina. Also foraminate. 
foray (for'a), n. a predatory ex¬ 
pedition in border warfare: v.t . to 
plunder or ravage, 
for-bade, p.t. of forbid, 
for-bear (-bar), v.t. [p.t. forbore, 
p.p. forborne, p.pr. forbearing], 
to abstain from; excuse; spare: 
v.i. to restrain one’s self; be 
patient: n. an ancestor. Also 
forebear. [Scotch.] 

Syn. abstain, refrain, withhold, 
for-bear-ance ('ans), n. 
patience; indulgence; self-com¬ 
mand. 

for-bid (-bid'), v.t. [p.t. forbade. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






for 


361 


for 


p.p. forbidden, forbid, p.pr. forbid¬ 
ding], to prohibit; command not 
to do; oppose. 

for-bid-ding ('ing), p.adj. repel¬ 
lent ; disagreeable, 
force (fdrs), n. active power; 
vigor ; strength ; energy ; violence ; 
power to persuade or convince; 
validity ; legality ; efficacy ; mean¬ 
ing ; troops; armament; a trained 
or organized body; unlawful 
violence to property or person; 
any cause that produces, or tends 
to produce, motion, or a change 
of motion, in a body; a water¬ 
fall : v.t. to compel; overpower 
by strength ; impel; push ; press; 
strain; cause to grow or ripen 
by artificial means: v.i. to en¬ 
deavor. 

Syn. strength, vigor, dint, 
might, energy, power, violence, 
army, host. 

forced (forst), p.adj. strained ; af¬ 
fected. 

force-meat (fbrs'met), n. meat 
chopped fine and seasoned, 
for-ceps (fOr'seps), n. pincers or 
pliers for seizing and extracting 
anything. 

for-ci-ble (for'si-bl), adj. charac¬ 
terized by mental or physical 
power ; vigorous ; violent, 
for-ci-bly ('si-bli), adv. in a 
forcible manner; vigorously; 
violently. 

ford (ford), n. a shallow part of a 
stream, &c., which can be crossed 
by men or animals: v.t. to wade 
through, or pass over without 
swimming. 

fore, a prefix meaning before, in 
front , much used in composition: 
its meaning is usually self-evident, 
fore and aft (aft), the entire 
length of a ship, 
fore-arm (for'arm), n. the arm 
between the wrist and elbow: v.t. 
to prepare for attack or resistance 
before the time of need, 
fore-bear. See under forbear, 
fore-bode (-bod'), v.i. to presage, 
especially evil; feel a presenti¬ 
ment of: v.i. to foretell (evil), 
fore-bow ('bo), n. the pommel of 
a saddle. 

fore-cast ('kast), n. a previous 
contrivance; foresight; predic¬ 
tion of the weather; v.t. (for- 


kast'), to plan or calculate before¬ 
hand ; foresee; predict. 

Syn. forethought, foresight, pre¬ 
meditation, prognostication, 
fore-cas-tle (for'kas-1 or fok'sl), 
n. the part of a vessel forward of 
the foremast, where the seamen 
take their meals and sleep, 
fore-close (for-kloz'), v.t. to cut 
off from the right of redemption: 
said of a mortgage, 
fore-fa-ther ('fa-t/ier), n. a male 
ancestor. 

Fore-fa-ther’s Day ('fa-f/ierz 
da), n. Dec. 21, the day when the 
Pilgrim Fathers landed at Ply¬ 
mouth, Mass., 1620: observed as 
an anniversary in New England, 
&c. 

fore-gath-er (-gat/i/er), v.i. to 
assemble; associate (with with). 
fore-go (-go'), v.t. [p.t. forewent, 
p.p. foregone, p.pr. foregoing], to 
renounce or refrain from; give 
up : v.t. precede. 

Syn. quit, relinquish, let go, 
waive. 

fore-head (for'ed), n. that part 
of the face between the eyes and 
the hair; brow. 

foreign (for'en), adj. belonging 
to another nation or country; 
alien; exotic; extraneous; re¬ 
mote. 

for-el ('el), n. a kind of parch¬ 
ment used for covers of books, 
fore-land (for'land), n. point of 
land projecting into the sea; 
headland. 

fore-lock ('lok), n. a lock of hair 
growing on the forehead ; a linch¬ 
pin. 

fore-man ('man), n. [pi. fore¬ 
men ('men)], the spokesman of 
a jury; an overseer, 
fore-most ('most), adj. chief; 
first. 

fo-ren-sic (fo-ren'sik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or used in, courts of 
justice or public debate. . 
fo-ren-sic med-i-cine (med'i- 
sin), n. medical jurisprudence, 
fore-reach (for-rech'), v.t. tp gain 
upon : v.i. to forge ahead in stays : 
said of a vessel. 

fore-run (-run') v.t. [p.t. fore¬ 
ran, p.p. forerun, p.pr. forerun¬ 
ning], to run before; precede; an¬ 
nounce. 

fore-run-ner ('er), n. a messenger 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





ror 


362 


for 


sent before; herald; somethin? 
that precedes a person or event. 

Syn. herald, harbinger, pre¬ 
cursor, omen. 

fore-sail ('sal), n. a large square 
sail, the principal one on the 
foremast. 

fore-shore ('shor), n. that part 
of a beach or shore situated be¬ 
tween the high and low water 
marks. 

fore-short-en (-short'n), v.t. to 
depict (figures as they appear to 
the eye when viewed obliquely) 
so as to convey the impression of 
full length. 

fore-skin ('skin), n. the prepuce. 

fore-speech ('spech), n. a pref¬ 
ace. 

for-est (for'est), n. a large ex¬ 
tent of ground covered with trees; 
woodland; an uncultivated tract 
of land, more or less covered with 
trees and undergrowth: adj. per¬ 
taining to a forest; rustic; syl¬ 
van : v.t. to cover with trees or 
forest. 

fore-stall (-stawl'), v.t. to be be 
forehand with; anticipate; buy 
up in advance. 

fore-stay ('sta), n. a strong rope 
reaching from the foremast-head 
to the bow of a vessel to 
strengthen the foremast. 

for-est-er (for'est-er), n. one 
skilled in forestry, or an officer 
who has charge of a forest: an 
inhabitant of a forest or wild re¬ 
gion. 

for-est-ry ('est-ri), n. the art of 
cultivating forests or managing 
timber. 

fore-top (fbr'top), n. the plat¬ 
form at the head of a foremast. 

fore-top-mast (-mast), n. the 
mast immediately above the fore- 
.mast. 

fore-wind ('wind), n. a favorable 
wind. 

for-feit (for'fit), n. a fine or pen¬ 
alty: v.t. to lose (some position, 
right, or advantage) by breach of 
conditions, omission, or conduct: 
adj. alienated or lost. 

for-fei-ture ('fi-tur), n. the act of 
forfeiting; that which is forfeited; 
penalty. 

for-fenci (fend'), v.t. to ward off. 

for gave, p.t. of forgive. 


forge (f5rj and forj), v.t. to 
fashion (a piece of metal) by 
heating and hammering; form 
into shape; invent; counterfeit, 
with intent to defraud; impel for¬ 
ward : v.i. to be guilty of the 
crime of forgery; go slowly or 
with difficulty: n. an open fire 
in which a blacksmith heats irons 
by forced draught, and fashions 
the metal while hot; a place 
where metal is forged; smithy; 
workshop. 

Syn. coin, invent, frame, feign, 
fabricate, counterfeit, 
forge-a-ble ('a-bl). adj. capable 
of being forged. * 

forg-er ('er), n. one w T ho com¬ 
mits the crime of forgery; a 
fabricator. 

for-ger-y (-i), n. the act of 
counterfeiting the handwriting of 
another with intent to defraud; 
the act of counterfeiting coin, 
for-get (for-get'), v.t. [p.t. for¬ 
got, p.p. forgotten, p.pr. forget¬ 
ting], to lose the remembrance of; 
overlook or neglect: slight, 
for-get-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. liable 
to be forgotten. 

for-get-ful ('fool), adj. apt to 
forget; careless ; negligent; heed¬ 
less. 

for-get-ful-ly (-li) . adv. in a for¬ 
getful manner. 

for-get-ful-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being forgetful; loss of 
remembrance ; neglect, 
for-get-me-not ('me-not), n. a 
perennial plant with small bright 
sky-blue flowers. 

for-giv-a-ble (-giv'a-bl), adj. that 
may be forgiven. 

for-give (-giv'), v.t. [p.t. forgave, 
p.p. forgiven, p.pr. forgiving], to 
pardon; remit, as a sin, offense, 
debt, &c.: v.i. to exhibit forgive¬ 
ness. 

aS 'yn. pardon, remit, absolve, ac¬ 
quit, excuse, except, 
for-give-ness ('nes), n. pardon; 
remission. 

for-got-ten, p.p. of forget, 
fork (fork), n. an instrument 
with two or more prongs; any¬ 
thing resembling, or branching 
like, a fork; the branch of space 
caused by the junction of two 
roads or rivers: v.t. to raise. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her. let; line, tin : vote, pbrch. lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








for 


363 


for 


throw, or dig with a fork; steal: 
v.i. to branch off. 
forked (forkt), adj. shaped like 
a fork; opening into two or more 
parts; zigzag, as lightning, 
for-lorn (-lorn'), adj. abandoned; 
deserted ; destitute ; miserable ; be¬ 
reft ; hopeless. 

Syn. forsaken, abandoned, de¬ 
serted, desolate, lone, lonesome, 
for-lorn-hope (-hop), n. a body 
of men detached for some service 
of exceptional peril; a hopeless 
enterprise. 

form (form), n. the external ap¬ 
pearance or shape of anything; 
image ; likeness ; orderly arrange¬ 
ment ; beauty ; symmetry ; deter¬ 
minate shape or structure; estab¬ 
lished practice, or ritual; a mold 
or pattern ; an official formula ; a 
long bench without a back; a 
class; state of high condition or 
fitness; the bed or seat of a hare; 
types, plates, &c., imposed in a 
chase ready for printing (forme) : 
v.t. to give shape .to; create; 
mold to a particular pattern; 
conceive or imagine ; constitute ; 
devise; adjust: v.i. to take shape. 

Syn. ceremony, solemnity, ob¬ 
servance, rite, figure, shape, con¬ 
formation, fashion, appearance, 
representation, semblance. 
fox*m-al ('&!), adj. according to 
form or established rules ; precise ; 
ceremonious ; conventional; essen¬ 
tial ; having the outward form 
without the inward reality. 

Syn. ceremonious, precise, ex¬ 
act, stiff, methodical, affected. 

Ant. (see information, nat¬ 
ural). 

forma 1-de-hyde (form-al'de- 
hld), n. a gas obtained by the par¬ 
tial oxidation of methyl alcohol, 
used largely as a disinfectant and 
as an antiseptic. 

form-al-in (form'al-in), n. a 40 
per cent, solution of formaldehyde, 
used for preserving specimens for 
biological work. Also formol. 
form-al-ism (-izm), n. exact and 
scrupulous observance of outward 
forms and conventional usages, 
especially in religious duties, 
form-al-ist (-ist), n. a scrupulous 
observer of outward forms, 
for-mal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi- for¬ 


malities (-tiz) ], strict adherence 
to external or customary forms; 
ceremony ; method or mode, 
form-ally ( -li ), adv. in a formal 
manner. 

for mate (for'mat), n. a salt of 
formic acid. 

for-ma-tion (-ma'shun), n. the 
act of forming; that which is 
formed ; structure; figure; pro¬ 
duction ; a group of strata of 
nearly the same age having cer¬ 
tain common characteristics, 
for-ma-tive ('ma-tiv), adj. giving 
or serving to form; plastic; 
germinal: n. a word formed by 
adding a prefix, or suffix, 
for mer ('mer), adj. preceding in 
time or place ; first mentioned : n. 
a maker; author. 

Syn. antecedent, anterior, pre¬ 
vious, prior, preceding, foregoing, 
for-mer-ly (-li), adv. anciently; 
some time ago. 

for-mic ('mik), adj. pertaining 
to, or produced by, ants; derived 
from formic acid, 
for-mic ac-id (as'id), n. a color¬ 
less corrosive acid consisting of 
oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, ob¬ 
tained from oxalic acid and 
glycerine: originally obtained 

from the bodies of red ants, 
for - mi - cant ('mi-kant) , adj. 

weak : said of the pulse, 
for-mi-ca-tion (-mi-ka'shun), n. 
irritation of the skin, resembling 
that made by the creeping of 
ants. 

for-mid-a-ble ('mid-a-bl), adj. 

exciting dread ; fearful; powerful, 
formidably (-li), adv. in a 
formidable manner, 
for-mu-la ('u-la), n. \pl. formu¬ 
las (-laz), formulae (-le) ], a pre¬ 
scribed form, rule, or model; a 
group of symbols, expressing the 
composition of a chemical com¬ 
pound ; a formal statement of 
faith or doctrine; a prescription ; 
the expression of a rule by alge¬ 
braic symbols. 

for-mu-la-ry (-ri), n. [pi. formu¬ 
laries (-riz)], a book of stated 
and prescribed forms, or of 
prayers, ritual, &c.; a formula. 

I for mu late ('u-lat), v.t. to put 
into the form of, or reduce to. a 
formula; fix or state, in definite 
terms. 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 












for 


364 


for 


form-yl ('il), n. the hypothetical 
base of formic acid, 
for-ni-cate (forn'i-kat). v.i. to 
commit fornication : adj. arched ; 
vaulted. 

for-ni-ca-tion (-i-ka'shun), n. the 
illicit sexual intercourse of un¬ 
married persons ; adultery ; idol¬ 
atry ; an arching or vaulting, 
fornix (for'niks), n. [pi. fornices 
('ni-sez)j, in anatomy, an arch¬ 
shaped part; the upper shell of an 
oyster. 

for-sake (-sak'), v.t. [ p.t. for¬ 
sook, p.p. forsaken, p.pr. forsak¬ 
ing], to leave; desert; abandon; 
depart from. 

for-sooth (-sooth'), adv. verily; 
in truth. 

for-swear (-swar'), v.i. [p.t. for¬ 
swore, p.p. forsworn, p.pr. for¬ 
swearing], to swear falsely; com¬ 
mit perjury : v.t. to deny an oath ; 
' abjure. 

fort (fort), n. an inclosed forti¬ 
fied place ; castle ; fortress, 
fort-a-lice ('a-lis), n. a small 
fort or fortified outwork. > 
forte (fort), n. one’s strong 
point, or special talent, 
forth (forth), adv. onward in 
time, place, or order; forward; 
abroad ; away. 

fortli-com-ing (-kum'ing), adj. 
ready, or about to appear: n. a 
coming forth. 

forth-with (-with), adv. immedi¬ 
ately. 

for-ti-eth (for'ti-eth), adj. next 
in order after 39th : n. one of 40 
equal parts. 

f or-ti-fi-ca-tion (-ti-fi-ka'shun), 
n. the art or science of fortifying; 
a military defensive work; a 
strengthening. 

Syn. fort, citadel, fortress, 
stronghold. 

for-ti-fi-er ('ti-fl-er), n. one w T ho 
fortifies. 

for-ti-fy (-ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
fortified, p.pr. fortifying], to 
strengthen against attack by mili¬ 
tary works; make strong; en¬ 
courage or confirm : v.i. to erect 
works of defense. 

for-ti-tude ('ti-tud), n. mental 
strength to endure suffering or 
adversity with courage; patient 
endurance. 


Syn. endurance, resolution, 
fearlessness, dauntlessness. 

Ant. (see weakness), 
fort-night (fort'nit), n. 14 days, 
fort-night-ly (-li), adv. once 
every 14 days. 

for-tress ('tres), n. a large -per¬ 
manent fortified place for defense 
or security ; castle, 
for-tu-i-tous (-tu'i-tusl. adj. hap¬ 
pening by chance; accidental, 
fortuity ('i-ti), n. [pi. fortui¬ 
ties (-tiz)] an accidental oc¬ 
currence ; chance. 

for-tu-nate ('tu-nat), adj. hap¬ 
pening by good fortune; lucky; 
auspicious; successful. 

Syn. lucky, happy, auspicious, 
prosperous, successful. 

Ant. (see unfortunate). 
for-tu-nate-ly (-li), adv. luckily; 
auspiciously. 

for tune ('tun), n. the good or ill 
that happens to mankind ; chance ; 
fate ; estate ; wealth ; possessions ; 
future destiny. 

Syn. chance, fate, luck, doom, 
destiny, ‘ property, possession, 
riches. 

for tune-hunter (-hun'ter). n. 
one who seeks to marry an heir¬ 
ess, or wealthy woman, 
for-ty ('ti), adj. one more than 
39: n. the sum of 10 and 30. 
for-um (for'um) n. [pi. fora 
('a), forums ('umz)], the public 
place of meeting in ancient Rome, 
where the law courts, public offi¬ 
ces, &c., were situated: hence a 
place of public resort, or court of 
law. 

forward (for'werd), adv. on¬ 
ward ; in advance; toward the 
forepart: adj. situated near the 
front; early i» season or prepa¬ 
ration ; ready ; prompt; presump 
tuous ; unreserved ; not over-mod 
est; eager ; earnest; impertinent: 
.interj. on ! v.t. to help forward ; 
quicken or hasten; improve; 
transmit. 

forwardness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being forward; 
impertinence; pertness. 
for warder (-er) n. one who 
forwards or promotes; a merchant 
who transmits goods; the work¬ 
man who forwards the rough work 
in bookbinding to the finisher. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







for 


365 


fou 


for-wards. Another form of for¬ 
ward. adv. 

fos-sil (fos'il), n. any organic 
body which by burial in the 
earth’s strata has become petri¬ 
fied ; a person antiquated in his 
ideas: adj. pertaining to, of the 
nature of, or converted into, a 
fossil; dug from the earth ; anti¬ 
quated. 

f os-sil-if-er-ous (-if'er-us), adj. 

containing fossils, 
fos-sil-ize (-Iz), v.t. to petrify: 

v.i. to become antiquated, 
fos-ter ('ter), v.t. to nourish: 
nurse; rear up; sustain or sup¬ 
port ; cherish. 

Syn. cherish, nurse, tend, har¬ 
bor, nurture. 

Ant. (see neglect), 
f os-ter-broth-er (-bruth'er ), n. 
a brother by nursing, but not by 
birth. 

foster-child (-child), n. a child 
nursed or reared by one who is 
not its parent, 
foth-er. Same as fodder, 
fought, p.t. & p.p. of fight, 
foul (foul), adj. offensive, morally 
or physically; dirty; impure; 
scurrilous ; filthy ; hateful; loath¬ 
some ; disgraceful; unfair; cloudy 
and stormy ; contrary, as a wind : 
thick with weeds, &c.; entangled, 
as an anchor: n. a wilful col¬ 
lision : v.t. to. make foul or dirty ; 
sully or defile; come into collision 
with : v.i. to become foul or dirty. 

Syn. impure, nasty, filthy, dirty, 
unclean, defiled. 

Ant. (see pure, clean), 
fou-lard (fo5-lard'). n. a light 
silk, or silk-cotton washable dress 
fabric; a silk handkerchief for 
wear round the neck or head, 
fou-mart ('mart), n. the pole-cat. 
found, p.t. & p.p. of find, 
found (found), v.t. to lay the 
basis of; build; fix firmly; es¬ 
tablish ; originate; form by melt¬ 
ing a metal and pouring it into a 
mold ; cast. 

foun-da-tion (foun-da'shun), n. 
the basis or lowest part of a 
structure ; groundwork ; the prin¬ 
ciples or origin of anything; an 
endowment or endowed institu¬ 
tion ; the first stitches in knitting 
or crocheting. 


foun-der (foun'der), n. one who 
founds or originates; builder; one 
who casts metal: v.t. to sink by 
filling with water; disable or 
make lame: said of a horse: v.i. 
to fill and sink ; go lame, 
found-ling (found'ling), n. a 
child found whose parent is un¬ 
known. 

foun-dry ('dri), n. [pi. foun¬ 
dries ('driz)], the place where 
metal casting is carried on. 
fount (fount), n. a fountain or 
spring; original source, 
fountain (foun'tan), n. a natu¬ 
ral or artificial spring of water; 
the head or source of a river: a 
jet or spout of water; the first 
cause or origin. 

fountain-head (-hed), n. the 
spring from which a stream 
flows; the first source, 
foun-tain-pen, n. a pen having a 
reservoir of ink in the holder, 
four (for), adj. consisting of 1 
more than 3; a cardinal numeral: 
n. the sum of 3 and 1 ; a four- 
oared boat, or its crew, 
four-chette (foor-shet'), n. a 
forked surgical instrument; the 
wish-bone of a bird; the frog of 
a horse’s foot. 

four-fold (for'fdld), n. a quan¬ 
tity four times as much : adj. four 
times told. 

four-gon (foor-gong'), n. a mili¬ 
tary ammunition wagon, or bag¬ 
gage carriage. 

Fou-ri-er-ism (foo'ri-er-izm). n 
the socialistic and cooperative 
system advocated by Fourier, the 
French socialist. 

four-in-hand (for'in-hand), n. a 
coach drawn by four horses and 
driven by one person ; a necktie, 
worn tied in a knot so as to leave 
the ends hanging vertically: adv. 
with a team of four horses, 
four-neau (fdor-n5'), n. the 
chamber of a mine in which the 
powder is placed. 

four-o’-clock ('o-klok), n. a 
flower, the Marvel of Peru, 
four-score ('skor), adj. 80. 
four-teen ('ten), adj. consisting 
of 4 more than 10: n. the sum of 
4 and 10. 

four-teenth ('tenth), adj. fourth 
in order after 10th : n. one of 14 
equal parts. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








fou 


366 


fra 


fourth (forth), adj. next in order 
after third: n. one of 4 equal 
parts; a musical interval of two 
tones and one semitone. 

Fourth, n. the fourth day of July ; 

Independence Day. 
fourth-ly ('li), adv. in the fourth 
place. 

fo-vil-la (fo-vil'a), n. the gummy 
fertilizing protoplasmic liquid of 
pollen grain. 

fowl (foul), n. a gallinaceous 
bird, especially the domestic cock 
or hen; poultry; birds collective¬ 
ly : v.i. to catch or kill wild birds 
for sport or food, 
fowl-er ('er), n. one who catches 
or kills wild birds for sport or 
food. 

fowl-ing ('ing), n. the act or 
practice of catching or shooting 
wild birds. 

fowl-ing-piece (-pes), n. a light 
gun used for ordinary sporting, 
fox (foks), n. a canine mammal 
with a long bushy tail, belonging 
to the genus Vulpes, notorious for 
its cunning: hence a sly, cunning 
person; a small strand of rope, 
formed by twisting several rope- 
yarns together: v.t. to make sour, 
or turn reddish; repair: said of 
boots; watch slyly: v.i. to turn 
sour or become reddish; act as a 
spy. 

fox-hats ('batz), n. a genus of 
bats with a fox-like head, 
fox-brush, ('brush), n. the tail 
of a fox. 

foxed (fokst), p.adj. stained, as 
timber, or spotted, as prints, 
books, &c„ with a reddish discol¬ 
oration ; repaired with leather: 
said of a boot. 

fox-glove ('gluv'i, n. a plant of 
the genus Digitalis, especially the 
purple foxglove, the leaves of 
which are used medicinally, 
fox-grape ('grap), n. a variety 
of grape. 

fox-hound ('houndD n. one of a 
breed of dogs used for fox-hunting, 
fox-i-ness ('i-nes), n. sly cunning, 
or shrewdness; the state of being 
decayed, or sour. 

fox-squir-rel ('skwer-el), n. the 
North American tree squirrel, 
fox-tail ('tal), n. the name of 
various species of grass; the tail 
of a fox. 


fox-y ('i), adj. pertaining to, or 
resembling, a fox; cunning; 
crafty ; reddish-brown ; soured ; 
discolored. 

foy-er (fwa-ya'), n. the lobby of a 
theater. 

fra-cas (fra'kas), n. a noisy quar¬ 
rel. 

frac-tion (frak'shun), n. a part 
broken off; act of breaking; the 
state of being broken ; a part of 
a unit, as %. 

frac-tion-al (-til), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or constituting, a fraction ; 
very small. 

frac-tious ('slius), adj. unruly; 
cross. 

Syn. cross, captious, petulant, 
touchy, testy, peevish, fretful, 
splenetic. 

Ant. (see tractable), 
frac-ture ('tur), n. a part 
broken; a break caused by vio¬ 
lence; separation; the direction in 
which a mineral breaks so as to 
show its texture: v.t. to break or 
crack, as a bone, &c. 
frag-ile (fraj'-il), adj. easily 
broken ; weak ; delicate. 

Syn. brittle, frail, delicate, 
feeble. 

Ant. (see strong), 
frag-ile-ly (-li), adv. in a fragile 
manner. 

frag-ile-ness (-nes), n. the state 
of being fragile. 

fra-gil-i-ty (fra-jil'i-ti), n. the 
state of being fragile, 
frag ment (frag'ment). n. a part 
broken off from a whole; an im¬ 
perfect part. 

frag-inent-al (-al), adi. pertain¬ 
ing to, or composed of, fragments, 
disconnected; made of parts of 
preexistent rock; conglomerate. 
Also fragmentary, 
frag-men-ta-tion (-ta-shun), n. 
fission. 

fra grance (frfi'grans), n. the 
state or quality of being fragrant. 
Also fragrancy. 

fra-grant ('grant), adj. sweet¬ 
smelling. 

frail (fral), adj. fragile; brittle; 
weak, physically or morally; in¬ 
firm : n. a basket made of rushes, 
fraise (fraz), n. palisading formed 
of inclined or horizontal stakes, 
fra-ma-hle (fram'a-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being framed. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








fra 


367 


frti 


frame (fram), n. something con¬ 
structed or composed of parts 
fitted and joined together; that 
on which anything is held or 
stretched ; any contrivance for in¬ 
closing, admitting, or supporting 
something ; a compositor’s stand ; 
an inclined table of planks for 
washing ore; shape; temper; 
state: v.t. to fit (one thing) into 
another; shape or form; adjust 
or regulate ; invent; adapt: v.i. to 
wash ore on a frame, 

Syn. construct, invent, coin, 
fabricate, forge, mold, feign, make, 
compose. 

frame-bridge ('brij), n. s. timber 
bridge, 

framer ('mer), n. one ..ho 
frames; a contriver, 
frame-work ('werk), n. that 
which incloses or supports some¬ 
thing else. 

franc (frangk), n. a French coin, 
the unit of monetary value = 
19.3 cents. 

fran-cbise (fran'chlz), n. the 
constitutional right of suffrage: 
a particular privilege or right 
granted by a sovereign or by a 
legislative body to an individual, 
or to a corporation ; the district j 
or jurisdiction to which a particu¬ 
lar privilege extends. 

Syn. right, exemption, immu¬ 
nity, privilege, freedom, suffrage. 
Fran-co, a form used in compo¬ 
sition to denote France, or 
French, as the Franco-German 
war. 

fran-co-lin (frang'ko-lin ^. n. a 
bird allied to the partridge, 
frang-i-bil-i-ty (franj-i-bil'i-ti), ! 
n. the state or quality of being 
frangible. 

frang-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. easily 
broken. 

frank (frangk), adj. open or in¬ 
genuous ; candid ; outspoken ; un¬ 
reserved : n. a signature that ex- ' 
empts mail-matter from payment 
of postage; a letter privileged to 
go post-free: v.t. to send or have 
conveyed free of charge. 

»S Vyn. artless, candid, sincere, 
free, easy, familiar, open, ingen¬ 
uous, plain. 

Ant. (see tricky, insincere), 
frank-in-cense ('in-sens), n. a 


fragrant inflammable resin burnt 
as incense. 

frank-ly ('li), adv. candidly, 
openly. 

frankness ('nes), n. candor; 
openness. 

fran-tic (fran'tik), adj. violently 
mad or distracted; outrageous; 
transported by passion. 

Syn. distracted, mad, furious, 
raving, frenzied. 

Ant. (quiet, subdued), 
fran-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 
frantic manner. 

frap (frap), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 

trapped, p.pr. trapping], to 
strengthen or draw together by 
ropes crossing each other; under¬ 
gird. 

frap-pe (-pa'), adj. chilled with 
ice. 

fra-ter-nal (fra-ter'nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, becoming, or like, 
brothers. 

fra-ter-nal-ly (-li), adv. in a 
fraternal manner, 
frat-er-nize (frat'er-niz), v.i. to 
associate or hold fellowship as 
brothers. 

fra-ter-ni-ty (fra-ter'ni-ti), n. 
[pi. fraternities (-tiz) ], brotherly 
relationship; a body of men asso¬ 
ciated together by a common bond 
of interest, especially of a relig¬ 
ious character; men of the same 
profession or class, 
frat-ri-cide (frat'ri-sld), n. the 
crime of killing a brother; one 
who kills a brother, 
fraud (frawd), n. deceit; artifice; 
trick ; cheat; a humbug. 

Syn. deceit, deception, duplicity, 
guile, cheat, imposition. 

Ant. (see honesty), 
fraud-u-lence ('u-lens), n. de¬ 
ceitfulness ; trickery; unfairness, 
fraud-u-lent ('u-lent), adj. char¬ 
acterized by, founded on, or ob¬ 
tained by, fraud. 

fraught (frawt), adj. laden; 
charged. 

frax-in (fraks'in), n. a crystal¬ 
line substance obtained from the 
bqrk of the ash tree. Also frax- 
inin. 

fray (fra), n. a riot; quarrel; a 
chafe or rub: v.t. to chafe or wear 
away. 

fray-ing ('mg), n. the act of 
wearing away by friction; the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






fre 


368 


fre 


peeling off of the velvet of a 
deer’s horn. 

freak (frek), n. sudden or ca¬ 
pricious change of mind, or 
whim; a prank; an abnormal 
animal or plant: v.t. to varie¬ 
gate ; spot or streak. 

Syn. fancy, humor, vagary, 
whim, caprice, crotchet. 

Ant. (see purpose, resolution). 

freek-le (frek'l), n. a brownish 
spot in the skin: v.t. to mark 
with freckles: v.i. to become 
freckled. 

freck-ly ('li), adj. marked with 
freckles. 

free (fre), adj. [comp, freer, 
superl. freest], without restraint; 
at liberty; permitted; liberal; 
generous ; open ; free from guilt; 
independent; familiar; licentious; 
not arbitrary or despotic; spir¬ 
ited ; not attached or fixed; un¬ 
combined ; invested with the fran¬ 
chise, &c. (with of) : v.t. to set 
at liberty ; emancipate ; rid or ex¬ 
empt; clear: adv. gratuitously. 

Syn. liberal, generous, bounti¬ 
ful, bounteous, munificent, frank, 
artless, candid, familiar, open, in¬ 
dependent, unconfined, unreserved, 
unrestricted, exempt, clear, loose, 
easy, careless. 

Ant. (see slavish, costly, 
stingy). 

free-board ('bord), n. that part 
of the side of a ship between the 
upper side of the deck and the 
water-line. 

free-boot-er ('bdot-er). n. one 
who roves about for plunder or 
pillage ; buccaneer. 

free cit-y (sit'i), n. a city having 
an independent franchise and 
government. 

freed-man (fred'man), n. [pi. 
freedmen ('men)], a slave who 
has been legally emancipated. 

free-dom (fre'dum), n. the state 
of being free; liberty; independ¬ 
ence ; ease in performance; par¬ 
ticular privilege; absence of con¬ 
ventionality ; undue familiarity. 

Syn. liberty, independence, un¬ 
restraint, familiarity, license, 
franchise, exemption, privilege. 

Ant. (see slavery). 

free-hand ('hand), adj. drawn 
by the hand without the aid of 
instruments. 


free-hand-ed (-ed), adj. gener¬ 
ous ; liberal. 

free-hold ('hold), n. an estate or 
tenement held by fee-simple, fee- 
tail, or for life. 

free-lance ('Ians), n. one of a 
class of mediaeval soldiers who 
sold their services to fight for the 
highest bidder; one who acts, 
speaks, or writes irrespective of 
any party. 

freeman ('man), n. [pi. freemen 
('men) ], one in the enjoyment of 
liberty: one possessed of certain 
franchises or municipal privileges. 

Free ma son ('ma-sn), n. a mem¬ 
ber o*. a secret society in the 
Mid j Ages, consisting formerly 
c- s’ died craftsmen, now a social 
association professing principles 
of brotherly love, charity, and 
mutual aid. 

Free ma son ry (*ri), n. the sys¬ 
tem, rites, &c., of the Free¬ 
masons. 

free port (port), n. a port where 
no duties are levied on merchan¬ 
dise. 

Free-soil ('soil), adj. opposed to 
the extension of slavery: said of 
the party formed at Boston, 
United States, 1848, to restrict 
slavery. 

free-stone ('ston), n. a sandstone 
suitable for working. 

free-think-er ('thingk-er), n. one 
who forms his opinions independ¬ 
ently of others; one who rejects 
revelation in religion, and dog¬ 
matic belief; a latitudinarian. 

free trade (trad), n. trade with 
other countries unrestricted by 
tariffs or customs duties. 

free-will ('wil), adj. voluntary; 
holding the theological doctrine 
that man is free to exercise his 
will for good or evil. 

freez-a-ble (frez'a-bl), adj. that 
may be frozen. 

freeze (frez), v.t. [p.t. froze, p.p. 
frozen, p.pr. freezing], to congeal 
or harden into ice; kill by cold : 
v.i. to be congealed with cold ; be 
chilled with cold; be at or below 
the temperature of 32°. 

freez-ing-point ('ing-noint). n. 
32° above 0° in the Fahrenheit 
scale (0° Centigrade), at which 
water freezes. 

freight (frat), n. the goods with 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






fre 


369 


frl 


which a vessel is loaded; cargo; 
goods carried by rail; the sum 
paid or charged for the convey¬ 
ance of goods: adj. used for con¬ 
veying goods: v.t. to load with 
goods for conveyance; hire or 
charter. 

freight-age (aj), ,i. charge for 
freight; cargo. 

freight-car ('kiir), n. a railway 
car for transporting freight. 

freight-er ('er), n. one who 
freights a ship or car; shipper; a 
vessel for conveying freight. 

french (french), adj. pertaining 
to France, its inhabitants, or 
language. 

french-i-fy ('i-fi), v. [p.t. & p.p. 
frenchified. p.pr. frenchifying], to 
infect with French manners, 
characteristics, or customs. 

french leave (-lev), n. departure 
without ceremony or notice. 

fren-zied (fren'zid). p.adj. af¬ 
fected with frenzy ; delirious. 

fren-zy ('zi), n. [pi. frenzies 
'ate)], violent agitation; tempor¬ 
ary madness; fury: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. frenzied, p.pr. frenzying], to 
throw into a frenzy ; render mad. 

fre-quen-cy (fre'kwen-si), n. the 
repeated occurrence of a thing at 
short intervals. 

fre-quent ('kwent). adj. recur¬ 
ring often: v.t. (fre-kwent), to 
resort to, or visit often. 

Syn. often, common, usual, gen¬ 
eral. 

Ant. (see rare). 

fre-qnen-ta-tive ('ta-tiv). adj. in 
grammar, noting repetition, as 
certain verbs. 

fre-quent-ly (-li), adv. often; re¬ 
peatedly. 

fres-co (fres'kS), n. [pi. frescos, 
frescoes ('koz)], a method of 
wall-painting in water-colors on 
fresh plaster: v.t. to decorate or 
paint in fresco. 

fresh (fresh), adj. new ^recent; 
unfaded; uninjured by time; in 
good condition; not forgotten; 
healthy; strong and active; not 
wearied ; lively ; brisk ; pure and 
cool; not salt; inexperienced ; in¬ 
toxicated : n. a spring; freshet; 
the union of fresh and salt water 
in a river. 

fresh-en ('en), v.t. to make 
fresh; render less salt; ’revive; 


slacken (a rope) to relieve the 
part exposed to friction: v.i. to 
become vigorous ; grow fresh ; lose 
saltness. 

fresh-et ('et), n. a flood caused 
by melting snow or heavy rain, 
fresh-man ('man), n. [pi. fresh¬ 
men ('men)], a college student in 
his first year. 

fresh-water ('waw-ter), adj. 
pertaining to, living in, found in, 
or formed in, fresh water; ac' 
customed to river navigation or 
the coasting trade, 
fret (fret), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fret¬ 
ted, p.pr. fretting], to wear away 
by friction; injure by rubbing; 
corrode ; agitate ; vex ; irritate ; 
make rough on the surface; orna¬ 
ment with raised or interlaced 
work; variegate: v.i. to be worn 
away by friction or ■corrosion ; be 
agitated or irritated; utter peev¬ 
ish complaints : n. the act or 
process of fretting; an ornament 
formed by small bands or fillets 
interlacing each other at right 
angles; perforated or interlaced 
ornamental work ; an agitation on 
i the surface of a liquid; chafing, 
or irritation; a small piece of 
ivory or wood on the keyboard of 
certain stringed instruments. 

Syn. gall, chafe, agitate, irri¬ 
tate, vex. 

fret-ful ('fool), adj. peevish; ir¬ 
ritated. 

fret-saw ('saw), n. a long, thin, 
narrow saw with fine teeth, used 
for cutting frets. 

fret-te (-ta'), adj. decorated with 
fretwork. Also fretted, 
fret-work ('w£rk), n. carved, 
raised, or open ornamental work, 
fri-a-bil-i-ty (fri-ft-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being friable. 
Also friableness. 

fri-a-ble ('a-bl). adj. readily 
crumbled, or reduced to powder, 
fri-ar ('5r), n. one of a mendi¬ 
cant order of monks in the 
Roman Catholic Church, 
fri-a-ry (-ri), n. a monastery, 
fric-as-see (frik-a-se'), n. a dish 
of chicken, rabbit, or other meat 
cut into small pieces, stewed and 
fried with gravy or sauce: v.t. to 
make into, or dress like, a fric¬ 
assee. 

fric-a-tive (hl-tiv), n. a name for 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; m5dn 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









frl 


370 


frl 


certain letters, as th, sli, zh, pro¬ 
duced by the friction of the 
breath issuing through the narrow 
aperture of the organs of articu¬ 
lation. 

fric-tion ('shun), n. the act of 
rubbing; attrition ; resistance to 
the motion of a body, caused by 
contact with the surface upon 
which it moves; the act of rub¬ 
bing to stimulate the circulation 
of the blood vessels; irritation or 
disagreement caused by divergence 
of opinion. 

fric-tion-al (-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or produced by, friction. 
Fri-day (fii'da), n. the sixth day 
of the week: named from the 
Scandinavian deity Frigga, the 
goddess of love, 
fried, p.t. & p.p. of fry. 
friend (frejid), n. one attached 
to another by affection, regard, or 
esteem; an intimate acquaint¬ 
ance ; a supporter or favorer of a 
cause, &c.; an ally; a term of 
salutation. 

Friend, n. a member of the Soci¬ 
ety of Friends. 

friend-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being friendly, 
friend-ly ('li ),adj. pertaining to 
a friend; having the characteris¬ 
tics of a friend; amicable; affa¬ 
ble ; genial; convenient; favor¬ 
able : adv. amicably. 

Syn. amicable, social, sociable. 

Ant. (see distant, cool), 
friend-sliip ('ship), n. intimacy; 

united with affection or esteem; 
' mutual attachment; good-will. 
Frie-sian (fre'zian), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Friesland, its inhabitants, 
or its language. Also Frisian, 
frieze (frez), n. the middle part 
of the entablature of a column 
between the architrave and cor¬ 
nice : usually ornamented with 
sculpture. &c.; a coarse woolen 
cloth with a rough shaggy nap on 
one side. 

frig-ate (frig'at), n. formerly a 
/ . warship with an upper flush 
deck, carrying from 24 to 50 guns, 
frig-ate-bird (-herd), n. a swift 
raptorial bird allied to the pelican, 
frig-er-a-to-ry (frij'er-a-to-ri), n. 
a cooling or refrigerating cham¬ 
ber. • 


fright (frit), n. a sudden and vio¬ 
lent fear; alarm ; a person whose 
dress or appearance is ridiculous, 
fright-en ('n), v.t. to terrify, 
friglit-ful ('fool), adj. terrible; 
dreadful; alarming ; shocking ; 
grotesque. 

iSyn. fearful, dreadful, dire, 
direful, terrific, awful, horrible, 
horrid. 

^rightfully (-li), adv. terribly; 
grotesquely. 

frig-id (frij'id), adj. without 
warmth; wintery; cold in tem¬ 
perament; stiff; formal; dull, 
fri-gid-i-ty (fri-jid'i-ti), n. the 
state of being frigid ; coldness, 
fri-jole (fre-hol'), n. a bean much 
cultivated in Mexico as an ar¬ 
ticle of food. 

frill (fril). n. a pleated or crimped 
edging of fine linen to a garment, 
as a shirt front, &c.: ruffle: pi. 
affectation of manner; ornamenta¬ 
tion of dress, &c.: v.i. to ruffle or 
shiver the feathers with cold: 
said of a hawk: v.t. to make into 
a frill. 

frill-ing ('ing), n. gathered trim¬ 
ming or edging for garments, 
fringe (frinj), n. an ornamental 
border of hanging cords, &c.; any 
border or edging resembling a 
fringe: v.t. to border with, or as 
with, a fringe. 

frin-gy ('ji), adj. fringe-like, 
frip-per-y (frip'er-i), * n. old 
clothes or furniture; the place 
where old clothes are sold ; trade 
in second-hand clothes: adj. 
trumpery; contemptible, 
frisk (frisk), v.i. to gambol or 
dance in frolic: n. a gambol, 
dance, or frolic. 

fris-ket (fris'ket), n. a light 
frame for holding down the sheet 
while the impression is being 
printed. 

fris-ki-ness ('ki-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being frisky, 
fris-ky ('ki), adj. lively in action ; 

sprightly ; gay ; frolicsome, 
frit (frit), n. the mixture of sand 
and fluxes from which glass is 
made after being calcined and 
baked in a furnace prior to fu¬ 
sion : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fritted, p.pr. 
fritting], to decompose and melt 
partially. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









fri 


371 


rro 


frit-fly ('fli), n. a small fly in¬ 
jurious to wheat. 

frith (frith), n. an inlet of the 
sea at the mouth of a river; estu¬ 
ary [Scotch]. Also firth; a kind 
of weir for capturing fish, 
frit-ter (frit'er), v.t. to waste by 
degrees; cut up as meat into 
small pieces for frying: n. a small 
piece of meat cut for frying; a 
small cake with meat or fruit 
in it. 

frivolity (fri-vol'i-ti), n. [pi. 
frivolities (-tiz)J, levity; a tri¬ 
fling act, thought, or action, 
friv-o-lous (friv'o-lus), adj. tri¬ 
fling ; trivial; petty; silly; in¬ 
clined to levity. 

Syn. trifling, trivial, petty. 

Ant. (see serious, earnest), 
fri-zette (fri-zet'), n. a small 
piece of hair worn as a bang. 
Also frisette. 

frizz (friz), v.t. to curl or crisp; 
form into little hard burrs: said 
of the nap of cloth : n. that which 
is frizzed, as hair, 
friz-zle (friz'l), v.t. to curl on hot 
coals; curl or frizz: n. a crisped 
lock of hair. 

fro (fro), adv. away from; back¬ 
ward. 

frock (frok), n. a loose upper gar¬ 
ment worn by children and wom¬ 
en ; dress; a monk’s habit; a 
coarse over-garment worn by la¬ 
borers, &c.; an undress regimental 
coat. 

frock-coat ('kot), n. a close- 
fitting strait-bodied coat with wide 
skirts of the same length before 
and behind. 

frog (frog), n. a small tailless am¬ 
phibious animal of the genus 
Rana; a tender horny substance 
growing in the middle of the sole 
of a horse’s foot; a spindle- 
shaped button or toggle used for 
fastening military cloaks, ladies’ 
mantles, &c.; a section of a rail¬ 
way line where the rails diverge, 
frogged (frogd), adj. ornamented 
or fastened with frogs, 
frog-ging ('ing), n. ornamenta¬ 
tion with frogs ; fishing with frogs 
as live bait. 

frol-ic (frol'ik), n. a scene of 
merry-making or gaiety; a sport¬ 
ive outburst; wild prank: adj. 
sportive; merry or gay: v.i. to in¬ 


dulge in tricks of mirth and lev¬ 
ity ; play wild pranks, 
frol-ic-some (-sum), adj. full of 
frolic. 

from (from), prep, out of, away; 
since; noting source or beginning, 
distance, logical or physical se¬ 
quences. 

frond (frond), n. the union of 
a leaf and a branch; the leaf of a 
fern, palm, or seaweed, 
frons (fronz), n. [pi. frontes 
(fron'tez) ], the forehead, 
front (frunt), n. the forehead; 
the forepart or foremost of any¬ 
thing ; van ; the most conspicuous 
part; impudence or boldness; a 
false shirt-bosom or dickey: adj. 
situated at the front: v.t. to 
stand, or he situated, opposite to, 
or over against: v.i. to have the 
front turned in a particular di¬ 
rection. 

front-age ('aj), n. the front part 
of a building or its area, 
fron-tal (fron'tal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the front or forehead: n. 
something worn on the forehead ; 
an ecclesiastical hanging in front 
of an altar; a small pediment over 
a window or door, 
fron-tier (fron'ter), n. the bound¬ 
ary or limits of a country: adj. 
pertaining to, or situated near, the 
boundary of a country; contig¬ 
uous. . 

fron-tis-piece (fron'tis-pes), n. 
an illustration facing the front 
page of a book. 

front-let (frunt'let), n. a fillet or 
band worn on the forehead; a 
Jewish phylactery ; the margin of 
the head of a bird behind the bill, 
fron ton (fron'ton), n. the en¬ 
trance to a building ornamented, 
frost (frost), n. minute frozen 
particles of moisture; the tem¬ 
perature of the atmosphere which 
causes the congelation of water; 
hoar-frost; an enterprise ending 
in failure: v.t. to cover with, or as 
with, hoar-frost: injure by frost; 
sharpen (horses’ shoes) in frosty 
weather. 

frost-ed ('ed), p.adj. covered 
with, resembling, or injured by, 
frost. 

frost-i-ly ('i-li), adv. with frost, 
or excessive cold. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









fro 


372 


fug 


frost-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being frosty, 
frost-ing ('ing), n. a preparation 
of fine sugar and white of egg for 
covering cakes; rough powdered 
glass used in decorative work, 
frosty ('i), adj. [comp, frostier, 
superl. frostiest], producing, or 
accompanied with, frost; frozen ; 
hoary ; cold or distant in manner, 
frotli (froth), n. the mass of bub¬ 
bles formed on the surface of a 
liquid by agitation, or fermenta¬ 
tion ; foam; superficial knowl¬ 
edge ; vapid eloquence, 
froth-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a frothy 
manner. 

froth-i-ness (/i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being frothy, 
froth-y ('i), adj. [comp, frothier, 
superl. frothiest], full of, or com¬ 
posed of, froth ; empty ; frivolous ; 
unsubstantial. 

frou-sy. Same as frowsy, 
frow (frou), n. a German or 
Dutch woman; slattern; (fro), 
potato-flour; a tool used for 
cleaving shingles, staves, &c. 
fro-ward (fro'werd), adj. per¬ 
verse ; wayward. 

frown (froun), n. a contraction 
of the brows indicative of dis¬ 
pleasure, &c.: v.i. to contract the 
brows to indicate displeasure, &c.; 
scowl; lower. 

frow-zy (frou'zi), adj. musty; 
untidy. 

froze, p.t. of freeze, 
froz-en (troz'en), p.adj. con¬ 
gealed, benumbed, or killed with 
cold; icy; wanting in'warmth of 
feeling or sympathy, 
fruc-ti-fy (fruk'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. fructified, p.pr. fructifying], 
to make productive; fertilize: v.i. 
to bear fruit._ 

fruc-tose ('tos), n. sugar in ripe 
fruit or honey. 

frn-gal (fru'gal), adj. thrifty; 
economical. 

Syn. provident, economical, sav¬ 
ing. 

Ant. (see wasteful, extrava¬ 
gant). 

fru-gal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. thrift; 
economy. 

fru-gal-ly (-li), adv. with econ¬ 
omy. 

fru-giv-o-rous (fru-jiv'o-rus), 
adj. fruit-eating. 


fruit (frut), n. the product of a 
tree or plant containing the seed; 
product; result or profit; off¬ 
spring : v.i. to produce fruit, 
fruit-age ('aj), n. fruit collect¬ 
ively ; product. 

fruit-er-er ('er-er), n. one who 
deals in fruit. 

fruit-ful ('fool), adj. yielding 
fruit; prolific. 

Syn. fertile, prolific, productive, 
abundant, plentiful, plenteous. 

Ant. (see barren, sterile), 
fruit-ful-ly (-li), adv. abun¬ 
dantly. 

fruit-ful-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being fruitful, 
fruit-ing ('ing), p.adj. bearing 
fruit. 

fru-i-tion (fru-ish'un), n. the 
bearing of fruit; realization ; en¬ 
joyment derived from use or pos- 
session. 

fruit-y (frut'i), adj. full-flavored; 
rich. 

frumen ty (fru'men-ti), n. food 
made of wheat and boiled milk, 
frus-trate (frus'trat), v.t. to de¬ 
feat or disappoint; thwart; nul¬ 
lify : adj. vain; useless; void. 

Syn. defeat, foil, balk, disap¬ 
point. 

frus-trum ('trum), n. [pi. frus- 
tra ('tra)], that part of a solid 
next the base, as a cone, pyramid. 
&c., which is left after cutting off 
the top. 

fry (frl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fried, 
p.pr. frying], to cook or roast 
with fat in a pan over a fire: v.i. 
to be cooked with fat in a pan; 
be subjected to intense heat: n. a 
dish of things fried ; a swarm of 
young fish. 

fuch-si-a (fu'shi-a), n. a garden 
plant with handsome pendulous 
elongated flowers. 

fud-dle (fud'l), v.t. to stupefy 
with drink; intoxicate: v.i. to be¬ 
come intoxicated. 

fudge (fuj), n. a made-up story; 
interj. nonsense! ; v.t. to make or 
do in a bungling, careless man¬ 
ner : v.i. to contrive by imperfect 
or improvised means, 
fu-el (fu'el), n. combustible ma¬ 
terial for supplying a fire; any¬ 
thing that serves to inflame or 
sustain passion or excitement. • 
fu-ga-cious (fu-ga'shus), adj. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





fug 


373 


fum 


fleeting; volatile; falling off very 
early. 

fu-gal ('gal), adj. pertaining to a 
fugue. 

fugh (fob), inter}, an exclama¬ 
tion of disgust. 

fu-gi-tive (fu'ji-tiv), adj. unsta¬ 
ble ; volatile; fleeting; not perma¬ 
nent; fleeing from danger, pur¬ 
suit, or duty: n. one who flees 
from danger, pursuit, or duty; a 
runaway or deserter; one who 
takes shelter with another power 
to escape punishment, 
fu-gi-tive-iy (-li), adv. in a fugi¬ 
tive manner. 

fugleman (fu'gl-man), n. [pi. 
fuglemen (-'men)], a trained sol¬ 
dier who stands in front of a line 
of men and leads them by his 
movements in their drill, 
fugue (fug), n. a musical compo¬ 
sition in which the parts follow 
each other with repetitions at cer¬ 
tain intervals. 

fu-gu-ist ('ist), n. a composer or 
performer of fugues, 
ful -crum (ful'krum), n. [pi. 
fulcra ('kra),fulcrums ('krumz)], 
that part of a lever on which it 
r^sts 

fui-fii or ful fill (fool-fil'), v.t.to 
complete or accomplish ; execute ; 
perform or carry out, as that 
which is promised, foretold, or an¬ 
ticipated. 

»S Ujn. accomplish, effect, com¬ 
plete. 

ful-fill-ment ('ment), n. accom¬ 
plishment : completion ; execution, 
ful-gen-cy (ful'jen-si), n. bright¬ 
ness ; splendor. 

full (fool), adj. filled; having no 
empty space; well supplied; 
stored ; saturated ; satiated ; copi¬ 
ous ; rounded out; plump; ex¬ 
pressing much ; clear ; distinct; 
sonorous; having the whole disk 
illuminated : said of the moon : n. 
the highest state, extent, or meas¬ 
ure : v.i. to pucker : v.t. scour and 
thicken, as cloth, in a mill: adv. 
tion; directly; quite. [Full is 
without diminution or qualifica- 
used in composition to express 
full extent or degree , its meaning 
being generally self-evident, as 
fuU- armed, full-hedged, &c.l 
full age, n. age of twenty-one 
years. 


full-back ('bak), n. in football, 
the player furthest from the goal 
of the opposing side, 
full-butt ('but), adv. meeting di¬ 
rectly and violently, 
full-dress ('dres), n. dress re¬ 
quired for formal or ceremonial 
occasions. 

full-drive ('driv), adv. with full 
speed or vigor. 

full -er ('er), n. one who fulls 
cloth. 

full-er’s-eartli ('erz-erth), n. a 
soft clay used for fulling cloth 
and the removal of grease, 
full-y (fool'i), adv. completely; 
abundantly. 

Syn. completely, abundantly, 
perfectly. 

ful-mi-nate (ful'mi-nat), v.i. to 
cause to explode; send out or 
utter (a threat or denunciation, 
as a papal bull) : v.i. to thunder; 
make a loud sudden noise; deto¬ 
nate : n. a detonating compound 
formed of a salt of fulminic acid, 
ful-mi-na-ting powder (-ing 
pou'der), n. an explosive sub¬ 
stance which on being struck de¬ 
tonates with a loud report, 
ful-min-ic acid (-min'ik as'id), 
n. an acid composed of cyanogen 
and oxygen. 

fulsome (ful'sum), adj. offen¬ 
sive ; gross. 

Syn. coarse, gross, sickening, of¬ 
fensive, rank. 

Ant. (see moderate), 
fulvous (ful'vus), adj. tawny; 
saffron-colored. 

ful-wa (ful'wa), n. the butter- 
tree of India; the butter obtained 
from it. 

fu-ma-role (fu'ma-rol), n. a 
small hole from which volcanic 
smoke issues. 

fum-ble ('bl), v.i. to grope or feel 
about; handle or attempt some¬ 
thing in an awkward manner: v.t. 
to manage awkwardly, 
fume (fum), n. vapor or exhala¬ 
tion, especially of a narcotic or 
suffocating nature; mental irrita¬ 
tion or agitation; v.i. to emit 
smoke; pass off in gas or vapor; 
to be in a passion; v.t. fill with 
gas or vapor; exhale, 
fu-mi-gate ('i-gat), v.t. smoke; 
perfume; disinfect by the action 
of smoke or vapor. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








fum 


374 


fun 


fumitory ('mi-td-ri), n. a plant, 
the leaves of which were formerly 
used as a specific for skin dis¬ 
eases. 

fun (fun), n. mirth; drollery; 
sport: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. funned, 
p.pr. funning], to indulge in fun, 
f u-nam-bu-list (f u-nam'bu-list), 
n. a rope-walker or -dancer, 
func-tion (fungk'shun), n. the 
discharge or performance of any 
duty, office, or business; faculty ; 
power; the office of any organ, 
animal or vegetable; public or of¬ 
ficial ceremony ; any mathematical 
quantity considered as formed 
from another quantity, the change 
in the one affecting the other cor¬ 
respondingly : v.i. to perform a 
function ; act. 

func-tion-al (-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or performing, a function ; of¬ 
ficial. 

func-tion-a-ry (-a-ri), n. [pi. 
functionaries (-riz)]. one who 
holds an office, or discharges some 
trust; an official. 

fund (fund), n. established stock 
or capital; money set apart for 
carrying out some permanent or 
temporary object; a permanent 
debt due by a government on 
which interest is paid at a certain 
rate per cent.; a stock in reserve: 
pi. money: v.t. to place in, or con¬ 
vert into, a fund. 

fun-da-ment (fun'da-ment), n. 
the base of the body; anus; foun¬ 
dation. 

fundamental ('al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a foundation or basis ; 
essential; primary : n. a primary 
or essential principle; basis; the 
note on which a chord is formed 
[Mus.]. 

fun-da-men-tal bass (has), n. 
that part in musical harmony 
which contains the fundamental 
notes of chords. 

fun-da-nien-tal-ly (-li), adj. in a 
fundamental manner, 
fund-ed (fund'ed), p.adj. con¬ 
verted into a permanent loan ; in¬ 
vested in the public funds, 
fund-ed debt (det), n. that part 
of a public debt for the payment 
of the interest of which certain 
funds are appropriated, 
funding ('ing), n. the act or 
process of converting money lent 


to the government into a perma¬ 
nent fund bearing a fixed rate of 
interest; investment in govern¬ 
ment stocks or funds, 
fun dus (fun'dus), n. the base or 
depth of anything, 
fu-ner-al (fii'ner-al), n. the cere¬ 
mony of burying a dead human 
body and the procession of mourn¬ 
ers accompanying it: adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, befitting, or used at, a 
funeral. 

fu-ne-re-al (-ne're-ftl), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or suitable for, a fu¬ 
neral ; mournful; sad. 
fu-ne-re-al-ly (-li), adv. in a fu¬ 
nereal manner. 

fun gous (fung'gus), ad/, pertain¬ 
ing to the nature of fungi; 
spongy; excrescent; growing up 
suddenly. 

fungus ('gus), n. [pi. fungi 
(fun'ji), funguses (-ez)], a 
cryptogamous plant not contain¬ 
ing chlorophyll, as a mushroom, 
toadstool, &c.; a spongy excres¬ 
cence. 

fu-ni-cle (fu'ni-kl), n. a small 
cord, ligatui’e, or fiber, 
fu-nic-u-lar (-nik'u-lar), adj. per¬ 
taining to, composed of, or .re¬ 
sembling, a funicle or funiculus; 
rope-shaped. 

fu-nic-ti-lus ('u-lus), n. [pi. fu¬ 
niculi (-li)], a small cord, liga¬ 
ture, or fiber; a little stalk or 
cord-like appendage uniting a seed 
with the placenta, 
funk (fungk), n. an overpowering 
or offensive odor; cowardice; a 
kick; ill-temper (Scotch] ; fright: 
v.i. to be in a state of cowardly 
fear; to kick backwards [Scotch], 
fun-nel (fun'el), n. a wide¬ 
mouthed conical vessel terminat¬ 
ing in a spout for pouring liquids 
into close vessels; the chimney of 
a steamship or steam-engine, 
fun-neled ('eld), adj. having, or 
resembling, a funnel, 
fun-ni-ly ('i-li), adv. in a funny 
manner. 

fun-ning ('ing), n. merry jesting, 
fun-ny ('i). adj. [comp, funnier, 
saperl. funniest], comical; droll; 
provoking _ laughter; ludicrous ; 
queer ; curious ; strange : n. a long 
narrow clinker-built pleasure boat 
rowed with sculls, 
funny-bone (-bon), n. the 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl : he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, Men. 







fur 


375 


fus 


lower part of the elbow over 
which the nerve of the ulna 
passes. 

fur (fer), n. the soft hair of cer¬ 
tain animals, growing thickly 
upon the skin ; morbid matter col¬ 
lected on the tongue; the calcare¬ 
ous coating on the interior of a 
boiler, &c.: pi. the dressed skins 
of fur-bearing animals, used for 
apparel or ornament: adj. consist¬ 
ing, lined, or trimmed, with fur: 
v.t. [p.t. furred, p.pr. furring], 
to cover, line, or trim with fur; 
cover with a calcareous deposit or 
morbid matter. 

fur-be-low ('be-lo), n. an orna¬ 
ment of feminine attire, 
fur-bisli ('bish), v.t. to make 
bright by rubbing, polishing, or 
burnishing ; renovate, 
fur-cate ('kat), adj. forked, 
fu-ri-ous (fu'ri-us), adj. full of 
fury ; frenzied ; mad ; tempestu-' 
ous. 

Syn. violent, boisterous, velie-. 
ment, dashing, sweeping, rolling, 
impetuous, frantic. distracted, 
stormy, angry, raging, fierce. i 

Ant. (see calm). 

furl (ferl), v.t. to roll up and se¬ 
cure to something, as a sail, flag, 
&c. 

fur-long (fer'long), n. l-8tli of a 
mile. 

fur-lough ('15), n. leave of ab¬ 
sence : v.t. to grant leave of ab¬ 
sence to. 

fur nace ('nas), n. a chamber or 
apparatus for producing a violent 
heat to reduce ores; metals, &c.; 
severe trial. 

fur-nish ('nish), v.t. to supply' 
with what is requisite; fit out; 
equip: v.i. to improve in flesh and 
condition : said of a racehorse, 
fur-nish-ing (-ing), n. the act of 
providing with furniture, 
fur-ni-ture ('ni-tur), n. the nec¬ 
essary equipments of a house, 
ship, oi’ a trade ; outfit; equipage ; 
trappings of a horse, 
fu rore (fu'ror, or fii-ro're), n. a 
great outburst of excitement or 
enthusiasm. 

fur-ri-er (fur'i-er), n. one who 
prepares or sells furs; fur- 
dresser. 

fur-row (fur'o), n. a trench 
made in the ground by a plow; a 


groove; wrinkle: v.t. to plow; 
make grooves or wrinkles in. 
.fur-ry (fur'i), adj. covered with, 
or consisting of, fur. 
fur-ther (fur'f/ter), adj. more dis¬ 
tant ; additional: adv. to a 
greater distance or degree; more¬ 
over; also: v.t. to promote: help 
forward. 

furtherance (-ans), n. ad¬ 
vancement. 

fur-ther-more (-mor), adv. more¬ 
over ; besides. 

fur-ther-most (-most), adj. most 
remote. 

fur-thest ('the st), adj. most dis¬ 
tant in time or degree: ado. at, 
or to, the greatest distance, 
fur-tive (fer'tiv), adj. sly; se¬ 
cret ; steadthy. 

fu-ry (fu'ri), n. [pi. furies 
('riz)], violent or uncontrollable 
rage; madness; one of the three 
avenging deities of Greek mythol¬ 
ogy ; a termagant woman, 
furze (ferz), n. a hardy spiny 
shrub, belonging to the bean 
family. 

furz-y ('i), adj. covered with 
furze. 

fuse (fuz), v.t. to liquefy by 
heat; melt: v.i. to become melted 
by heat; blend, as if melted: n. 
a small tube filled with an in¬ 
flammable material, or a cord im¬ 
pregnated with such material, 
used for exploding gunpowder. &c. 
tu-see (fu-ze'), n. a kind of 
match, used for igniting tobacco ; 
a grooved cone in a watch, &c.. 
around which the chain is wound, 
fu-sel-oil ('zel-oil), n. an oily 
poisonous product produced in 
rectifying grape-, potato-, or corn- 
spirit. 

fu-si-ble (fuz'i-bl), adj. capable 
of being fused. 

fu-sil (fu'zil). n. the old flint¬ 
lock musket. 

fu-si-leer ('zi-ler), n. the name of 
several British line regiments. 
Also fusilier. 

fu-sil-lade (-zi-lad'), n. a simul¬ 
taneous discharge of firearms: 
v.t. to shoot down or kill by a 
fusillade. 

fu-siu-ist ('zin-ist). n. an artist 
who draws with charcoal crayons, 
fu-sion ('zhun), n. the act or 
process of melting by heat; the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









fus 


376 


fyk 


state of being fused or melted; 
union by, or as by, melting, 
fuss (fus), n. unnecessary or irri¬ 
tating activity, especially in small 
matters ; disorderly bustling about; 
confusion; stir: v.i. to worry, 
fuss-y ('i), adj. making a fuss, 
fus-ta-nelle (-ta-nel'),' n. the 
short white skirt worn by modern 
Greeks. 

fus-tian ('chan), n. a kind of 
coarse twilled cotton cloth, as 
corduroy, velveteen, &c.; an in¬ 
flated or pretentious style in 
writing or speaking; bombast: 
adj. made of fustian ; bombastic, 
fus-ti-ness ('ti-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being fussy, 
fust-y ('ti), adj. [comp, fustier, 
superl. fustiest], ill-smelling; 
moldy ; meddlesome ; officious, 
fu-tile ('til), adj. vain; useless. 

Syn. trifling, trivial, frivolous, 
useless. 

Ant. (see effective). 


fu-tile-ly (-li), adv. in a futile 
manner. 

fu-til-i-ty (-til'i-ti), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being futile, 
futt-ocks (fut'oks), n.pl. the up¬ 
right curved ribs of a ship spring¬ 
ing from the keel, 
f ut-tock-shrouds ('ok-shrouds), 
n.pl. the short shrouds which go 
to the shrouds above, 
fu-ture ('tur), adj. that will be 
hereafter: n. time yet to come; 
a tense in grammar; a commodity, 
&c., sold or bought for future de¬ 
livery. 

fu-tu-ri-ty ('i-ti). n. [pi. futuri¬ 
ties (-tiz) ], time to come; future 
events. 

fuzz (fuz), n. fine minute parti¬ 
cles of down, wool, &c.: v.i. to fly 
off in fuzz. 

fuzz-y ('i), adj. covered with, or 
like, fuzz, 
fy. Same as fie. 

fyke (fik) . n. a kind of fish-trap. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 


♦ 










377 


gab 


gal 


^G- 


pab (gab), n. idle chatter; lo¬ 
quacity ; a hook on the eccentric 
rod of a steam-engine; the mouth 
[Scotch] : v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gabbed, 
p.pr. gabbing], to chatter, 
gab-ar-dine (-er-den'), n. a coarse 
smock frock. 

gab-ble (gab'l), v.t. to utter rap¬ 
idly without sense: v.i. to chat¬ 
ter incoherently ; n. rapid inco¬ 
herent talk. 

ga-bi-on (ga'bi-un), n. a large 
cylindrical bottomless basket 
filled with earth: used for pur¬ 
poses of military defense, &c. 
ga-bi-on-nade (ga-bi-o-nad'), n. 
a defensive work formed of ga¬ 
bions. 

ga-ble (ga'bl), n. the triangular 
end of a building. 

ga-blet (ga'blet), n. a small orna¬ 
mental gable: used for the sum¬ 
mit of niches, &c. 
gad (gad), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gadded, 
p.pr. gadding], to roam about in 
a purposeless manner: n. the act 
of roaming about without an ob¬ 
ject ; an iron or steel pointed min¬ 
ing tool; a gadfly, 
gad-fly ('fli), n. [pi. gadflies 
('fliz)], a fly that stings cattle, 
gad-o-li-nite ('o-li-nit), n. a sili¬ 
cate of yttrium. 

gad-wall ('wawl), n. a large 
fresh-water duck, esteemed as 
game. 

Gael (gal), n. a Scottish High¬ 
lander. 

Gael-ic (Mk), adj. pertaining to, 
or belonging to, the Keltic inhabi¬ 
tants of the Scottish Highlands, 
or to their language: n. the lan¬ 
guage of the Gaels. Also Gad- 
helic, Galic. 

gaff (gaf). n. a large hook for 
landing salmon, &c.; a boom or 
yard to extend the upper edge of 
a fore-and-aft sail; a low-class 
theater, &c., admission to which is 
a penny: v.t. to seize or land with 
a gaff. 

gaff-top-sail ('top-sl), n. a light 
sail set above a gaff, 
gag (gag), n. something placed in 


the mouth to hinder speech: v.t . 
[p.t. & p.p. gagged, p.pr. gagging], 
to stop the mouth of, with, or as 
with, a gag; silence by force ; in¬ 
troduce one’s own words, &c., into: 
said of an actor,_ &c. 

gage, gauge (gaj), n. a standard 
of measure; the number of feet a 
vessel sinks in the water; posi¬ 
tion of one ship to another 
and the wind; a measuring rod; 
the distance between the rails of 
a railway line: v.t. to ascertain 
the capacity or contents of; esti¬ 
mate. 

gage-a-ble (gaj'a-bl), adj. that 
may be gaged. 

gag-er (gaj'er), n. one who 
gages. See gauger. 

gag-ger ('er), n. one who gags; 
a T-shaped piece of iron used by 
founders. 

gahn-ite (gan'It), n. a greenish 
and dark-brown mineral; zinc- 
spinel. 

gai-e-ty (ga'e-ti), a. [pi. gaieties, 
(-tiz)], the state or quality of be¬ 
ing gay ; merriment; pleasure ; 
finery. 

gai-ly (ga'Ii), adv. merrily; finely. 

gain (gan), n. advantage; profit; 
a mortise: v.t. to obtain, as profit 
or advantage ; earn ; win ; arrive 
at: v.i. to improve or make prog¬ 
ress ; increase; advance. 

Syn. profit, emolument, advan¬ 
tage, benefit, winnings, earnings. 

Ant. (see loss). 

gain-say ('sa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
gainsaid, p.pr. gainsaying], to 
contradict: speak against; oppose. 

gair-isb, same as garish. 

gait (gat), n. manner of walking; 
way or course. 

gait-er ('er), n. a covering of 
cloth for the ankle, fitting over the 
top of the boot; a shoe with a 
cloth top. 

ga-la ('la), n. a festive show; 
pomp. 

ga-lac-tic (ga-lak'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the secretion or flow of 
milk; pertaining to the Milky 
Way. 


late, mar, mask. cat. awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot: moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ga! 


378 


Gal 


ga-lac-to, a prefix meaning milk, 
forming compound words, as ga- 
/aefophagus, feeding on milk. 

ga-lan-ga (-lang'ga), n. the name 
for various species of Alpinia, 
from the rootstocks of which an 
aromatic medicine, used in China, 
is obtained. 

gal-an-tine (gal'an-tin), n. a dish 
composed of chickens, veal, or 
other white meat, boned, seasoned, 
tied up, boiled, and served cold 
in its own jelly. 

gal-a-te-a (-a-te'a), n. a cotton 
fabric with blue and white stripes. 

Gal-ax-y ('aks-i), n. the Milky 
Way. 

g 1-ax-y, n. an assemblage of 
splendid persons or things. 

gal-banum ('ba-nurn), n. an 
odorous and bitter gum resin used 
in medicine. 

gale (gal), n. a strong wind, less 
violent than a tempest; a quarrel; 
noisy merriment; bog myrtle. 

ga-le-ate (ga'le-at), adj. wearing, 
covered with, or shaped like, a 
helmet. 

ga-le-na (ga-le'na), n. sulphide of 
lead. 

gal-i-ot (gal'i-ot), n. a heavily- 
built two-masted trading vessel. 

gal-i-pot ('i-pot), n. a white resin¬ 
ous juice which exudes from pine 
trees. 

gall (gawl /, n. the bile; anything 
very bitter; malignant feeling; 
rancor; the gall-bladder : the mor¬ 
bid excrescence of plants caused 
by insects; gall-nut; a wound 
caused by friction; low-lying 
marshland with rank vegetation : 
v.t. to break the skin off by fric¬ 
tion ; wear away; vex; fret; 
harass; impregnate with an in¬ 
fusion of gall-nuts; v.i. to fret; 
be vexed, &c. 

gallant (gal'ant), adj. brave; 
high-spirited: chivalrous: n. a 
person of sprightly and gay man¬ 
ners ; a beau. 

gal-lant (gal-ant'), adj. showing 
courtesy and respectful defer¬ 
ence to women : n. a man who is 
attentive to women (used either 
in a good or bad sense) : v.t. to 
pay court to; accompany or es¬ 
cort. 

Syn. brave, bold, courageous, 


gay, fine, showy, intrepid, heroic, 

f GO. li GSS 

g a 1-1 k n t-1 y (gal'ant-li), adv. 
bravely, (gal-ant'li) politely. 

gal-lant-ry ('ant-ri), n. [pi. gal¬ 
lantries (-riz)], bravery; heroic 
courage ; polite and deferential at¬ 
tention to women; court paid to 
women for immoral purposes; in¬ 
trigue. 

gal-late ('at), n. a salt of gallic 
acid. 

gal-la-tin ('a-tin), n. coal tar oil 
used in the Bethell process for 
preserving timber. 

gal-le-ass ('e-as), n. a large low- 
built three-masted vessel propelled 
by sails and oars, and carrying 
twenty or more guns. 

gal-le-on ('e-on), n. a large 
Spanish three-decked vessel, for¬ 
merly used as a warship, or as a 
merchantman for trading to South 
America. 

gal-ler-ied ('er-id), adj. furnished 
with galleries. 

gal-ler-y ('er-i), n. [pi. galleries 
(-iz)], a long apartment serving 
as a means of communication to 
others; corridor; the upper seats 
of a theater, church, assembly- 
room. &c.; a building, or room, 
used for the exhibition of works 
of art, &c.; a covered passage in 
a work for defense or for commu¬ 
nication ; a balcony at the stern 
of a large ship. 

gal-ley ('li), n. [pi. galleys 
('liz) ], a low, flat, one-decked ves¬ 
sel propelled by oars, and some¬ 
times with sails, formerly rowed 
by slaves or convicts; an open 
boat used by British men-of-war, 
river police, and customs officers ; 
the cook-house of a ship; a flat, 
oblong frame for holding composed 
type. 

Gal-lic ('ik), adj. pertaining to 
ancient Gaul, or modern France. 

gal-lic ac-id (as'id), n. an or¬ 
ganic crystalline compound found 
in gall-nuts, tea, &c. 

Gal-li-can ('i-kan), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Gaul, or France, or the Ro¬ 
man Catholic Church in France. 

Gal-li-cism ('i-sizm), n. a French 
idiom. 

Gal-li-cize ('i-slz) , v.t. to conform 
to the French idiom. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







379 


gam 


gal 


gall ing (gawl'ing), p.adj. chaf¬ 
ing ; irritating. 

Syn. chafing, irritating, vexing. 

Ant. (see soothing). 
gal-li-nip-per (gal'i-nip-er), n. a 
large mosquito. 

gal-li-pot ('i-pot), n. a small 
glazed earthenware jar. 
gal-li-um ('i-um), n. a metallic 
element. 

gallivant ('i-vant), v.i. to flirt; 

idle or gad about with women, 
gal-li-vat ('i-vat), n. a large, 
two-masted, quick-sailing boat, 
used by Malay pirates, 
gall-nut (gawl'nut), n. a round 
excrescence produced on the oak 
by the puncturing of the leaf-buds 
by an insect, the gall-beetle. The 
gall contains tannin, and is used 
in the manufacture of ink, dyeing, 
&c. 

gal lon (gal'un), n. a liquid meas¬ 
ure — 4 quarts; a dry measure 
= 1-Sth of a_ bushel, 
gal-loon (-oon'), n. a cotton, silk, 
or worsted fabric used for dress 
trimmings; a thin tape made of 
metal woven in silk, worsted, &c., 
used for uniforms, 
gal-lop ('up), n. the rapid for¬ 
ward springing movement of a 
horse ; the act of riding at a gal¬ 
lop : v.i. to run with leaps, like a 
horse; ride a horse at a gallop; 
hasten. 

gal-lo-pade (-lo-pad'), n. a lively 
dance; music appropriate to it; a 
curvetting or sidelong gallop, 
gal-lop-er (-er), n. one who gal¬ 
lops. 

gal-loping (-ing), p.adj. going at 
a gallop ; progressing very quickly, 
gal-lows ('oz), n. a wooden struct¬ 
ure consisting of two uprights 
with a cross bar on the top: used 
for hanging criminals; execution 
by hanging. 

gall -stone (gawl'ston), n. a con¬ 
cretion formed in the gall bladder 
or biliary duct. 

ga-lore (ga-lor'), adv. in great 
plenty. 

ga-losh (ga-losh'), n. an overshoe 
of india-rubber. Also goloshe. 
gal-van-ic (gal-van'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to galvanism; voltaic; 
spasmodic. 

gal-van-ism (-izm), n. that 
branch of electric science which 


treats of currents arising from the 
chemical action of certain bodies 
placed in contact, or an acid on a 
metal. 

gal-van-ize (-iz), v.t. to affect 
with galvanism; to imbue with fic¬ 
titious animation ; to electrotype, 
gal-va-nog-ra-phy (-va-nog'ra- 
fi), n. a method of reproducing by 
the electrotype process copies of 
stone and metal objects, so as to 
resemble a copper-plate engraving, 
gal-va-nom-e-ter (-va-nom'e-ter), 
n. an instrument for measuring 
the presence, extent, and direc¬ 
tion of an electric current, 
gal-va-nom-e-try (-nom'e-tri), n. 
the art, science, or process of 
measuring currents of electricity, 
gal-van-o-scope ('os-kop), n. an 
instrument for measuring delicate 
currents of electricity, 
gam-bier (gam'ber), n. a vege¬ 
table extract used medicinally as 
an astringent, and for tanning and 
dyeing. 

gam-bit ('bit), n. an opening in 
chess in which a pawn, or piece, 
is sacrificed to obtain a favorable 
position for the action of the more 
important pieces. 

gam-ble ('bl), v%i. to practice 
gaming; play for money; risk 
money on an event or contin¬ 
gency : v.t. to squander in gaming 
(with away). 

gam-bler ('bier), n. one who 
gambles, especially one who gam¬ 
bles as a business, 
gam-boge (-booj'), n. a yellow 
gum-resin obtained from Cam¬ 
bodia, used as a pigment, and as a 
drastic purgative. 

gam-boised ('boizd), adj. quilted 
or padded. 

gam-bol ('bol), n. a dancing or 
skipping about for joy or sport: 
frolic; v.i. [p.t. & p.p. gamboled, 
p.pr. gamboling], to skip about 
sportively ; frolic, 
gam-brel ('brel), n. the hock of a 
horse; a bent stick, resembling a 
horse’s leg, used by butchers, 
gam-brel-roof (-roof), n. a 
curved roof. 

gam-broom (-broon'), n. a twilled 
linen fabric used for linings._ 
game (gam), n. a sport or diver¬ 
sion; fun: frolic; a single match 
at play; the advantage required 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











gam 


380 


gar 


% 

in order to win ; wild animals pur¬ 
sued and killed by shooting or 
hunting; any object of pursuit: pi. 
athletic contests: adj. pertaining 
to game; ready; plucky: v.i. to 
play at any sport or diversion; 
play for a stake or prize. 

Syn. play, pastime, diversion, 
sport, amusement, 
game-cock ('kok), n. a cock bred 
and trained for fighting, 
game-fowl ('foul), n. one of a 
breed of fancy poultry, of a pug¬ 
nacious disposition, kept for fight¬ 
ing. 

game-ful ('fool), adj. sportive, 
game-ly ('li), adv. pluckily. 
game-some ('sum), adj. merry; 
sportive. 

gam-ete (gam'et), n. a protoplas¬ 
mic body that in conjunction with 
another forms a zygote, 
gam-in ('in), n. a precocious 
street child; street Arab, 
gam-ing (gam'ing), n. the act of 
playing games for stakes; gam¬ 
bling. 

gam-mon ('un), v.t. to impose 
upon a person by inducing him to 
believe improbable stories ; hoax ; 
to defeat at the game of back¬ 
gammon ; cure by salting and 
smoking; attach or fix a bowsprit 
to a ship: n. a hoax; imposition; 
the buttock of a hog salted and 
smoked : interj. nonsense ! 
gam-nt (gam'ut), n. the lines and 
spaces upon which musical notes 
are written or printed: hence en¬ 
tire range or extent, 
gam-y (gam'i), adj. having the 
flavor of game. 

gan-der (gan'der), n. a male 
goose. 

gang (gang), n. a number of per¬ 
sons associated together for a par¬ 
ticular purpose; a selected num¬ 
ber of a ship’s company for spe¬ 
cial duty; a lode or course; the 
matrix in which an ore is em¬ 
bedded. (Colloquial) an associa¬ 
tion of political leaders for per¬ 
sonal advantage, often by fraudu¬ 
lent methods. Also gangue. 

Syn. band, horde, company, 
troop, crew. 

gang-board ('b5rd), n. a plank 
with pieces of wood fastened on it 
for going on board a vessel. 


gang-er ('er), n. the foreman of 
a gang of workmen, especially of 
navvies or platelayers, 
gan-gli-on ('gli-on), n. [pi. gan¬ 
glia (-a), ganglions (-onz)], an 
enlargement in the course of a 
nerve; an encysted tumor on a 
tendon. 

gan-gli-on-ic (-gli-on'ik), adj. 

pertaining to a ganglion, 
gan-grene ('gren), n. the first 
state of mortification: v.t. to mor¬ 
tify : v.i. to become mortified, 
gang-ue, see under gang, 
gang-way (gang'wa), n. a nar¬ 
row platform of horizontal planks 
used as a temporary passageway, 
or to enter a ship; a passage into 
or out of any place; a passage¬ 
way between two rows of seats; 
that part of a ship’s side, within 
or without, by which persons en¬ 
ter or depart; the waist of a ves¬ 
sel or clear way by the side of the 
bulwarks; the main level in a 
mine. 

gan-net ('et), n. the solan goose, 
gant-let, same as gauntlet, 
gaol, same as jail, 
gap (gap), n. an opening; cleft; 
passage ; hiatus ; breach : v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. gapped, p.pr. gapping], to 
make a gap in. 

Syn. breach, chasm, hollow, 
cavity, cleft, crevice, rift, chink, 
gape (gap), v.i. to open the mouth 
wide, as from drowsiness, wonder, 
&c.; yawn; open as a fissure or 
chasm: n. the act of gaping; 
yawn; the opening between the 
mandibles of birds; the width of 
the mouth of a fish when opened: 
pi. a disease in poultry, 
gar (gar), n. a garfish, 
gar-age (gar-aj'), n. a place in 
which automobiles are kept, 
garb (garb), n. a dress; external 
form: v.t. to clothe, 
gar-bage Fbaj), n. offal; refuse, 
gar-ble (gar'bl), v.t. to cleanse 
by sifting; select such parts of as 
are wanted or may serve some 
particular purpose, 
gar-board ('bord), n. the first 
plank fastened to the keel on the 
outside. 

gar-5011 ('song'), n. a boy; waiter 
[French]. 

gar-den ('dn), n. a piece of 
ground set apart for the cultiva¬ 


te, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






381 


gar 


gas 


tion of flowers, fruit, vegetables, 
&c.; a place specially delightful 
or fertile: v.t. to cultivate 
as a garden : v.i. to lay out and 
cultivate a garden. 

gar-den-ing ('dn-ing), n. horti¬ 
culture. 

gare (gar), n. coarse wool grow¬ 
ing on the legs of sheep. 

gar-fish (gar'fish), n. a marine 
fish with a long body and spear¬ 
like snout. 

gar-get ('get), n. a disease in cat¬ 
tle. 

gar-gle ('gl), n. a medicinal 
liquid for washing the throat and 
mouth: v.i. to wash the throat 
and mouth with a gargle. 

gargoyle ('goil), n. in Gothic 
architecture, a projecting stone 
w T aterspout, often in the form of 
a grotesquely-shaped man or ani¬ 
mal. 

gar-i-hal-di (gar-i-bal'di), n. a 
loose blouse-shaped shirt, usually 
red. 

gar-ish (gar'ish), adj. gaudy; 
dazzling. 

gar-land (gariand), n. a chaplet 
or wreath made of flowers, &c.; a 
collection of choice extracts of 
prose or poetry; a netted provi¬ 
sion-bag used bv sailors; in her¬ 
aldry, a wreath of laurel, or oak- 
leaves and acorns: v.t. to deck or 
adorn with a garland. 

gar-lic (iik), n. a bulbous- 
rooted plant of the lily family, 
with a strong pungent taste and 
unpleasant smell. 

gar ment ('ment), n. any article 
of clothing: pi. clothing col¬ 
lectively. 

gar-ner ('ner), n. a granary: v.t. 
to store for preservation in, or 
as in, a granary; gather up. 

gar-net ('net), n. a precious 
stone. 

gar-nish ('nish), v.t. to adorn; 
embellish with something laid 
round a dish : n. an ornament or 
decoration; something laid round 
a dish as an embellishment. 

Syn. embellish, adorn, beautify, 
deck, decorate. 

gar-nish-ee (-§'), n. the person 
in whose hands the property of 
another is attached pending the ] 


satisfaction of the claims of a 
third party. 

garnishment (-ment), n. an 
embellishment; a w r arning or sum¬ 
mons : especially a notice to a 
party not to pay money, &c., to a 
defendant, but to appear in court, 
gar-ni-ture ('ni-tfir), n. embel¬ 
lishment. 

gar-pike ('plk), n. the garfish, 
gar-ret (gar'et), n. the uppermost 
room of a house. 

gar-ri-son ('i-sn), n. a body of 
troops stationed in a fort or forti¬ 
fied place ; a fortified place with 
troops, guns, &c.: v.t. to furnish 
(a fortified place) with troops, 
gar-rot ('ot), n. a kind of torni- 
quet; a sea-duck. 

gar-rote (-rot'), n. an instrument 
for strangling a criminal: used in 
Spain; strangulation: v.t. to 
execute with a garrote or by 
strangling; seize by the throat so 
as to render a person helpless 
and then to rob him. 
gar-rot-er ('er), n. one wdio is 
guilty of the crime of parrot¬ 
ing. 

gar-ru-li-ty (-roo'li-ti), n. inces¬ 
sant and inconsequent loquacity, 
gar ru lous (-lus), adj. charac¬ 
terized by garrulity; verbose, 
gar-ter (gar'ter), n. an elastic 
band, &c., by which a stocking 
is held up on the leg; the dis¬ 
tinctive badge of the Order of 
the Garter, the highest order of 
British knighthood (instituted 
about 1348 by Edward III.) : 
v.t. to bind or fasten with a gar¬ 
ter ; invest with the Order of 
the Garter. 

gar-ter-fish (-fish), n. a long 
thin-bodied fish. 

gar-ter-snake (-snak), n. an in¬ 
nocuous yellow striped snake, 
common in America, 
garth (garth), n. a fish-w r eir. 
gas (gas), n. [pi. gases ('ez)l. 
matter in its most rarefied 
state: opposed to fluid, and 

solid; carburetted hydrogen used 
for lighting and cooking; empty 
talk: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gassed, 

p.pr. gassing], to impose upon by 
empty talk: v.i. to boast or in¬ 
dulge in empty talk, 
gas-con-ade (-kun-ad'), n. boast- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awd ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






382 


gat 


gas 


ful or blustering talk: v.t. to 
bluster; boast. 

gas-e-lier ('e-ler), n‘ a gas-burn¬ 
ing chandelier. 

gas-e-ous ('e-us), adj. having the 
nature or form of gas. 
gash (gash), n. a deep or gaping 
wound : v.t. to cut deep, 
gas-i-fy (gas'i-fl), v.t. \p.t. & 

p.p. gasified, p.pr. gasifying], to 
convert into gas. 

gasket ('ket), n. a flat plaited 
cord by which the sails are furled 
or tied to the yard; hemp, &c., 
used for packing the piston of a 
steam-engine, &c.; a thin round 
piece of rubber, metal, &c., placed 
between two flat surfaces to make 
a water-tight joint, 
gas-o-gene ('o-jen), n. an ap¬ 
paratus for making aerated bever¬ 
ages. 

gas-o-lier, another form of gas¬ 
elier. 

gas-o-line ('o-len), n. a volatile 
inflammable colorless product of 
petroleum : used for heating pur¬ 
poses, &c. 

gas om e ter (-om'e-ter), n. a cir¬ 
cular hollow reservoir for stor¬ 
ing gas, open at the bottom and 
closed at the top; an apparatus 
for measuring gases, 
gas-om-e-try ('e-tri), n. the 
science or process of measuring 
gas. 

gas-o-scope ('o-skop), n: an in¬ 
strument for detecting the 
presence of inflammable gas. 
gasp (gasp), n. a convulsed pain¬ 
ful effort to catch the breath : v.i. 
to catch the breath with difficulty ; 
crave earnestly: v.t. to breathe 
out in gasps (with away). 
gasp-ing ('ing), n. convulsive or 
difficult breathing, 
gas-sing (gas'ing), n. pretentious 
talk. 

gas-sy ('i), adj. impregnated 
with gas: given to pretentious 
talk ; inflated. 

gastero, a prefix, meaning the 
stomach: found in various com¬ 
pound scientific words, as yas- 
teropod. one of the gasteropoda. 
Also gastro. 

gasteropoda (gas-ter-op'o-da), 
n.pl. a division of univalve mol- 
lusks, which move by means of a 
broad muscular foot under the 


belly, including the snails and 
slugs. Also gastropoda, 
gas-ter-op-o-dous (-dus), adj. 
pertaining to the gasteropoda, 
gas-tral-gi-a (-tral'ji-a), n. neu¬ 
ralgia of the stomach; stomach¬ 
ache. 

gas-trie ('trik), adj. x^ertaining to 
the stomach. 

gas-tric juice (jus), n. a.thin 
acid fluid secreted in the mucous 
membrane of the stomach: the 
chief agent in digestion, 
gas-tri-tis (-tii'tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of the stomach, 
gas-tro-ceph-a-li-tis (sef-a-li'- 
tis), n. inflammation of the 
stomach and brain, 
gas-tro-en-te-ri-tis (-en-te-ri'- 

tis), n. inflammation of the stom¬ 
ach and intestines, 
gastronomic (-tro-nom'ik), adj. 
I^ertaining to gastronomy. Also 
gastronomical. 

gas-tro-nom-ic-al-ly (-al'li), adv. 

in a gastronomic manner, 
gastronomist (-tron'o-mist), w. 
an epicure. 

gas-tron-o-my (-tron'o-mi), n. 
the art of good eating, or the prep¬ 
aration of food. 

gas-trop-o-da, same as gaster¬ 
opoda. 

gateli (gach), n. plaster, 
gate (gat), n. a frame of wood, 
iron, &c., closing an entrance or 
passage, usually moving on 
hinges; a large entrance to a city, 
castle, &c.; an avenue ; entrance ; 
power. 

gath-er (gatli'er), v.t. to assem¬ 
ble ; collect: bring into one place; 
pick up ; glean ; pluck ; accumu¬ 
late ; pucker or plait; infer: v.i. 
to congregate; generate pus; in¬ 
crease ; ripen : n. a plait or pucker 
in cloth, made by drawing thread 
through the folds. 

Syn. inck, cull, assemble, mus¬ 
ter, infer, collect. 

Ant. (see scatter), 
gath-er-ing (-ing), n. the act of 
assembling together; an assem¬ 
blage; a charitable contribution; 
au abscess or suppurating tumor, 
gat-ling gun (gat'ling gun), n. 
a cannon with numerous small 
barrels, which are discharged in 
succession by turning a handle. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






gau 


383 


gel 


gaud (gawd), n. finery; orna¬ 
ment. Also gaudery. 
gaud i ly ('i-li), adv. in a gaudy 
manner. 

gaud-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the 
quality of being gaudy, 
gaud-y ('i), adj. [comp, gaudier, 
superl. gaudiest], showy; vulgarly 
gay or fine. 

Syn. showy, flashy, tawdry, gay, 
glittering, bespangled. 

Ant. (see sombre), 
gauge (gaj), same as gage, 
gaug-er ('er), n. one who gauges; 
an officer of excise who ascertains 
the contents of casks, 
gaug-ing ('ing), n. the art or 
science of measuring the contents 
of vessels of capacity. 

Gaul (gawl), n. an inhabitant of 
ancient Gaul or France, 
gaunt (gant), adj. pinched and 
lean. 

Syn. emaciated, scraggy, skinny, 
meagre, lank, attenuated, spare, 
lean, thin. 

Ant. (see well fed), 
gaunt-lef (gant'let), n. a mili¬ 
tary or naval punishment, for¬ 
merly practiced, by which the cul¬ 
prit was compelled to run be¬ 
tween two lines of soldiers or 
sailors, who chastised him with 
rods, ropes, &c.; a series of un¬ 
pleasant events; a mailed glove, 
or one with a long wrist-ex¬ 
tension. Also gantlet, gantlo’pe. 
gaunt-let-ed (-ed), adj. wearing 
a gauntlet. 

gaur (gawr), n. a large fierce, 
dark-colored ox found in Indian 
jungles; Bengal bison, 
gauze (gawz), n. a very thin light 
transparent silk or cotton fab¬ 
ric; lighc open-work material, 
as wire gauze. 

gauz-y ('i), adj. thin and semi¬ 
transparent, like gauze, 
gave, p.t. of give, 
gav-el (gav'el), n. a small mal¬ 
let ; a small unbound sheaf; toll 
or custom; v.t. to bind into 
sheaves 

ga-vi-al (ga'vi-al), n. the croco¬ 
dile of the Ganges, with a long, 
narrow snout. 

ga-votte (ga-vot'), n. a lively, but 
dignified, dance of the minuet 
class; a dance-tune in common 
time. 


gawk (gawk), n. a simpleton; 
cuckoo. 

gawk-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being gawky. 

gawk-y ('i), adj. awkward; un¬ 
gainly : n. a tall, awkward, stupid 
person. 

gay (ga), adj. lively; merry; full 
of spirits; cheerful; sportive; 
given to pleasure; licentious. 

Syn. cheerful, merry, lively, 
jolly, sprightly, blithe. 

Ant. (see solemn), 
gay-al ('al), n. a short-horned, 
semi-domesticated East Indian ox. 
gaze (gaz), v.i. to look earnestly 
and fixedly: n. a steady, fixed 
look. 

ga-zelle (ga-zel'), n. a small, ele¬ 
gant, swift-footed antelope, with 
large, soft, black eyes, 
gazette (-zet'), n. English gov¬ 
ernment bi-weekly newspaper con¬ 
taining official announcements; 
newspaper : v.t. to publish in a 
gazette. 

gaz-et-teer (gaz-e-ter'), n. a dic¬ 
tionary of geographical names 
gear (ger), n. accoutrements; ap¬ 
paratus ; tackle ; harness ; dress ; 
the moving parts of machinery: 
v.t. to put gear on; harness; 
dress. _ , 

gear-ing ('ing), n. a train of 
toothed wheels for transmitting 
motion ; ropes and tackle, 
gear-wkeel ('hwel), n. a cog¬ 
wheel. 

geck-o (gek'o), n. the wall-lizard, 
gee (je), v.i. to turn to the off 
side ; to move ; stir, 
geese, pi. of goose, 
gel-a-ti-nate (jel'a-ti-nat), v.t. to 
convert into gelatine or a jelly- 
like substance: v.i. to be convert¬ 
ed into gelatine. Also gelatinize, 
gel-a-tine ('a-tin), n. a transpar¬ 
ent nitrogenous animal substance 
found in bones, hoofs, connective 
tissue, &c., from which it is ex¬ 
tracted by boiling, &c.; animal 
jelly. Also gelatin, 
gel-a-tine pro cess (pro'ses), n. 
a method of photo-engraving by 
taking a negative uii a gelatine 
film impregnated with a bichro¬ 
mate. 

gel-a-tion (-a'sliun), n. solidifica 
tion. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; mo3n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









gel 


384 


gen 


geld (geld), v.t. to castrate: 
said of horses; deprive of any 
essential part. 

geld-iug ('ing), n. castration; a 
young horse which has been cas¬ 
trated. 

gel-id (jel'id), adj. intensely cold; 
icy. 

gel-id-i-ty ('i-ti), n. intense cold; 
iciness. 

gel-ose (jel'os), n. a vegetable 
gummy isinglass prepared from 
seaweed and Chinese moss, 
gem (jem), n. a precious stone; 
leafbud ; any perfect or rare ob¬ 
ject; jewel: v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 

gemmed, p.pr. gemming], to adorn 
with, or as with, gems, 
gem-el-win-do w (-win'do), n. a 
window with two bays, 
gem-i-nate ('i-nat ), adj. growing 
or occurring in pairs, 
gem-i-na-tion (-i-na'shun), n. du¬ 
plication. 

Crem-i-ni ('i-n!). n.pl. one of the 
signs in the zodiac (Castor and 
Pollux) ; the Twins, 
gem-mule ('ul), n. a small bud; 
an ovule; a kind of cell produced 
by certain molds, 
gem-my ('mi), adj. full of, set 
with, or resembling, a gem; 
spruce. 

ge-mote (ge-mot'), n. an assem¬ 
bly ; the court of the hundred, or 
local court. 

gems-bok (gemz'bok), n. the 
South African antelope, 
gen-appe (jen-ap'), n. a smooth 
worsted yarn, used for fringes, &c. 
gendarme (zhang-darm'), n. 
[Fr.] [pi. gendarmes], in France 
and Belgium, an armed policeman, 
gen darm er ie ('er-e), n. [Fr.] 
gendarmes collectively, 
gen-der (jen'der), n. the gram¬ 
matical distinction of sex, ex¬ 
pressed by suffixes, prefixes, or by 
a different word: v.t. to produce. 

Syn. sex. 

ge-ne-a-log-ic-al (je-ne or jen-e- 
a-loj'ik-al), adj. pertaining to 
genealogy; exhibiting descent, 
ge-ne-al-o-gist (-al'o-jist), n. one 
skilled in tracing pedigrees or 
genealogy. 

ge-ne-al-o-gize ('o-jlz), v.i. to 
trace family lineage, 
ge-ne-al-o-gy ('o-ji), n. [p'l. 


genealogies (-jiz) ], family pedi¬ 
gree ; lineage; the science that 
treats of tracing pedigrees, 
gen-e-ra, pi. of genus, 
gen-er-al (jen'er-al), adj. relating 
to a whole genus, kind,, class, 
order, or race; not special or 
particular; pertaining to the 
majority ; not restricted; usual; 
ordinary ; common ; extensive but 
not universal; indefinite; taken as 
a whole; senior or highest, as 
Postmaster-General: n. the whole ; 
the chief part; a general principle 
or statement; the populace; the 
commander of an army division or 
brigade; the chief of a religious 
order; the roll of a drum to sum¬ 
mon troops (usually generate). 

Syn. usual, universal, cus¬ 
tomary. 

Ant. (see rare). 

gen-er-al-is-si-mo (-is'i-mo), n. a 
commander-in-chief, 
gen-er-al-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. 
generalities (-tiz) ], the state of 
being general: opposed to specific ; 
bulk; majority. 

gen-er-al-i-za-tion ('i-za'shun), 
n. the act or result of generaliz¬ 
ing; an induction, 
gen-er-al-ize ('er-al-Iz), v.t. to 
reduce to, or arrange in, a genus 
or genera; infer inductively, as a 
general principle from particular 
instances. 

geiL-er-al-ly (-al-i), adv. common¬ 
ly ; in the main; without exact 
limitation. 

gen-er-al-sbip (-ship), n. the 
office, rank, or military skill of a 
general; skilful tactics or leader¬ 
ship. 

gen-er-ate ('er-at), v.t. to pro¬ 
duce ; procreate ; originate ; trace 
out or form by motion. 

Syn. form, make, beget, produce, 
gen-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act or process of generating; a 
single succession in natural de¬ 
scent ; people of the same period; 
progeny. 

Syn. formation, race, breed, 
stock, kind, age, era. 
gen-er-a-tive ('er-a-tiv), adj. per¬ 
taining to generation; having the 
power to generate, 
gen-er-a-tor ('er-a-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, generates; a 
machine in which steam or gas is 


late, mar, mask, cat, awd ; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








385 


gen 


produced; the principal sound or 
sounds by which other musical 
sounds are produced, 
ge-ner-ic (je-ner'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to a genus, kind, or class: 
opposed to specific; comprehen¬ 
sive. Also generical. 
ge-ner-ic-al-ly (-&l-li), adv. with 
respect to a genus or generic 
characteristics. 

gen-er-os-i-ty (jen-er-os'i-ti), n. 
[pi. generosities (-tiz)J, the 
quality of being generous; liber¬ 
ality ; magnanimity; munificence, 
gen-er-ous (-er-us), adj. charac¬ 
terized by liberality ; munificent; 
bountiful; high-minded; honor¬ 
able ; strong; stimulating. 

Syn. beneficent, noble, honor¬ 
able, bountiful, liberal, free. 

Ant. (see niggardly), 
gen-e-sis ('e-sis), n. the act or 
process of producing or originat¬ 
ing; beginning. 

gen-et (-et'), n. an animal allied 
to the civet, valued for its fur; 
the fur of a cat made in imitation 
of genet. Also genette. 
gen-et ('et), n. a small Spanish 
horse. Also jennet, 
ge-ni-al (je'ni-al), adj r kindly and 
sympathetic in disposition; cord¬ 
ial ; contributing to cheerfulness 
and life; agreeably warm and 
cheerful. 

Syn. cordial, hearty, festive, 
joyous. 

Ant. (see distant, cold), 
ge-ni-al-i-ty (' i-ti), n. the quality 
of being genial; cheerfulness, 
ge-ni-al-ly (-li), adv. in a genial 
manner. 

ge-nic-u-late (je-nik'u-lat), adj. 

having knee-like joints, 
ge-nie, same as jinn, 
ge-ni-i, pi. of genius, 
gen-i-tal (jen'i-tal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to generation, 
gen-i-tiv-al ('i-tiv-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to the genitive case, 
gen-i-tive ('i-tiv), n. a gram¬ 
matical case, indicating origin, 
possession, or relation, 
gen-ius (jen'ius), n. innate bent 
of mind or disposition; remarka¬ 
ble aptitude or natural endowment 
for some special pursuit, &c .; 
character or essential principle; 
embodiment; a person possessed 


gen 


of high mental powers or faculties 
(pi. geniuses) ; a good or evil 
spirit supposed to preside over 
the destinies of men (pi. genii). 

Syn. intellect, invention, talent, 
taste, nature, character, adept. 

gen-o-blast (jen'o-blast), n. the 
nucleus of an impregnated ovum. 

Gen- o-ese (-o-ez'), adj. pertaining 
to Genoa, or to its inhabitants. 
Also Genovese. 

gen-re (zhang'r), n. a style of 
painting or sculpture representing 
some scene of common life. 

gens (jenz), n. [pi. gentes (jen'- 
tez)], among the ancient Romans, 
a clan, house, or subdivision of a 
curia. 

gen-teel (jen-tel'), adj. graceful 
or elegant in manners or dress; 
polite; well-bred. 

Syn. refined, polished, fashion¬ 
able, polite, well-bred. 

Ant. (see boorish). 

gen-tian ('shian), n. a bitter 
herb with tonic roots. 

Gen-tile ('til), adj. belonging to 
a non-Jewish people: n. one who 
is not a Jew\ 

gen-til-i-ty (-til'i-ti), n. [pi. gen¬ 
tilities (-tiz) ], high or gentle 
birth ; good breeding ; social status 
and refinement. 

gen-tle ('tl), adj. mild and re¬ 
fined in manner and disposition; 
kindly ; moderate in action ; peace¬ 
ful ; docile; easy; well born or 
descended: n. the larva of the 
flesh-fly; a trained falcon. 

Syn. placid, mild, bland, meek, 
tame, docile. 

Ant. (see rough, uncouth). 

gen-tle-folks (-foks), n.pl. per¬ 
sons of good birth or breeding. 

gen-tle-man (-man), n. [pi. gen¬ 
tleman (-men)], one who is en¬ 
titled to bear a coat of arms; a 
well-bred and honorable man; a 
person of independent income; a 
term of politeness, used in ad¬ 
dressing an assembly. 

gen-tle-wom-an (-woom'an), n. 
[pi. gentlewomen (-wim'en)], a 
woman of good birth and breed¬ 
ing; lady. 

gen-tly (jen'tli), adv. in a gen¬ 
tle manner. 

gen-try ('tri), n. the upper class 
of society. 


late, m^r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







386 


Qer 


*en 


gen-u-flec-tion (-u-flek'shun), n. 
bending of the knee, especially 
in worship. Also genuflexion, 
gen-u-ine ('u-in), adj. real, un¬ 
adulterated ; belonging to, or de¬ 
rived from, the original or true 
stock; not hypocritical; open. 

Syn. real, true, unaffected, sin¬ 
cere. 

Ant. (see false). 

genus (je'nus), n. [pi. genera 
(jen-er-a) ], that which has under 
it several species or sub-genera, 
having certain common character¬ 
istics ; in logic, a class made up 
of two or more species or sub¬ 
ordinate classes. 

geo, a prefix, meaning earth, 
forming the first element of many 
scientific words, as ^eobotanical, 
pertaining to geographical bot¬ 
any. 

ge-o-cen-tric (je-o-sen'trik). adj. 
pertaining to the center of the 
earth; having the earth as the 
center; viewed from the earth 
as a center. 

ge-ode ('od), n. a rounded nodule 
of stone, usually hollow and 
lined with crystals, 
ge-od-e-sy (-od'e-si), n. the science 
of measuring large portions of 
the earth’s surface; the deter¬ 
mination of the earth’s figure 
and size. 

ge-o-det-ic (je-o-det'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, determined by, or car¬ 
ried out by, geodesy. Also geo- 
detical. 

ge-o-det-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. by 
geodesy. 

ge-o-det-ic line (lin), n. the 
shortest line between any two 
points on the earth’s surface, 
ge-og-ra-pher (-og'ra-fer), n. one 
who is versed in, or a writer on, 
geography. 

ge-o-graph-ic-al (-5-graf'ik-S.l), 
adj. pertaining to geography, 
ge-o-graph-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. 

with reference to geography, 
geography (-og'ra-fi), n. [pi. 
geographies (-fiz)], the science 
that describes the surface of the 
earth, and its division into con¬ 
tinents, kingdoms, &c. 
ge-o-log-ic-al (-o-loj'ik-al), adj. 

pertaining to geology, 
ge-o-log-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. ac¬ 
cording to geology. 


ge-ol-o-gist (-ol'o-jist), n. one 
versed in geology. 

ge-ol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. the science 
that investigates the structure of 
the earth, the successive physical 
changes it has undergone, and the 
causes which have operated in 
producing such alterations in the 
crust of the globe, 
geometer (-om'e-ter), n. a 
geometrician. 

ge-o-met-ric (-o-met'rik), adj. 
pertaining to, or done by, geome¬ 
try. Also geometrical, 
ge-om-e-tri-cian (-om-e-trish'an 1, 
n. one who is skilled in geome¬ 
try. 

ge-om-e-try (-om'e-tri), n. [pi. 
geometries (-triz)j, that branch 
of mathematics that treats of the 
measurement of lines, angles, sur¬ 
faces, and solids, with their vari¬ 
ous relations; a text-book on ge¬ 
ometry. 

geor-gic (jor'jik), adj. pertaining 
to husbandry or rural: n. a poem 
on agriculture. 

ge-ot-ro-pism (je-ot'ro-pizm), n. 
a tendency in the roots of cer¬ 
tain plants to turn in the direction 
of the earth. 

ge-ra-iiium (-ra'ni-um), n. a 
plant of various species, cultivated 
for its handsome scarlet or white 
flowers. 

germ (jerm), n. the rudimentary 
form of an organism; origin; 
first principle. 

Ger-man (jer'man), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Germany, its inhabitants, 
or language; of the same stock or 
parentage; germane, 
germander (-man'der), n. a 
wild plant of the mint family with 
a blue flower, used sometimes as 
a substitute for hops, 
germane (jer-man'), adj. re¬ 
lated ; akin; relevant; appropri¬ 
ate. 

Ger man ic (-man'ik). adj. per¬ 
taining to Germany; Teutonic. 7 
Ger man ism (-izm), n. a Ger¬ 
man idiom, custom, or character¬ 
istic; love of German institutions, 
ger-ma-ni-nm (-ma'ni-um), n. 
one of the metallic elements. 

Ger man ize (-Iz), v.t. to make 
German, in language, customs, 
&c. 

Ger-man-mil-let (-mil-et), n. an 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






Ger 


387 


edible grain obtained from a 
grass. 

Ger man-sil ver (-sil-ver), n. a 
white alloy of zinc, nickel, and 
copper. 

Ger-man-text (-tekst), n. a 
black letter type similar to Old 
English and modern German, 
ger-mi-cide (jer'mi-sid), n. a 
substance used to destroy disease 
germs. 

ger-mi-nal ('mi-nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to a germ or seed-bud. 
ger-mi-nant ('mi-nant), adj. 

sprouting; gradually developing, 
ger-mi-nate ('mi-nat), v.i. to 
sprout or bud; begin to develop 
into a higher form. _ 
ger-mi-na-tion. (-na'shun), n. the 
first act of growth in a seed, bud, 
or germ. 

ger-mule (jer'mul), n. a small or 
incipient germ. 

ger-ry-man-der (ger'i-man-der), 
v.t. to divide, as a state, voting 
district, &c., so as to give an un¬ 
fair advantage to a particular 
political party ; misrepresent; gar¬ 
ble. 

ger und (jer'und), n. a kind of 
verbal noun. 

ges-ta-tion (jes-ta'shun), n. preg¬ 
nancy. 

ges-ta-to-ry ('ta-to-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to gestation, 
ges-tic-u-late (-tik'u-hit), v.i. to 
make gestures or motions, as in 
speaking or attracting_ attention, 
ges-tic-u-la-tor (-la-ter), n. one 
who gesticulates. 

ges-ture ('ti'ir), n. a movement of 
the face, body, or limbs, to ex¬ 
press ideas, emotions, &c. 

Syn. attitude, action, posture, 
get (get), v.t. [p.t. got, p.p. got, 
gotten, p.pr. getting], to obtain; 
procure ; win ; gain ; acquire ; 
deserve; meet with; realize; 
learn ; procreate ; prevail upon : 
v.i. to arrive at; become; find 
time, opportunity, &c.; depart 
quickly. .. . 

Syn. obtain, earn, gam, attain, 
procure, achieve. 

get-ter ('er), n. one who gets or 

acquires. . 

get-ting ('ing), n. acquisition; 

profit. , , 

get-up ('up), n. style, as of 

dress, &c. 


gib 


gew gaw (gu'gaw),. n. a showy 
trifle. 

gey-ser (gi'ser), n. an intermit¬ 
tent hot or boiling spring from 
which water or mud is ejected. 
Also gey sir. 

ghast-li-ness (gast'li-nes), n. the 
quality or state of being ghastly, 
ghast-ly ('lit, adj. death-like; 
pale ; haggard ; cadaverous ; hor¬ 
rible. 

Syn. pallid, wan, hideous, grim, 
shocking. 

ghaut (gawt), n. in India, a 
mountain pass; chain of mount¬ 
ains ; a flight of steps to a river, 
or to a temple; approach; a 
wharf. Ghat. 

gher-kin (ger'kin), n. a small 
cucumber used for pickling. 
Ghet-to (get'o), n. [pi. ghettos 
('oz)], ghetti ('i)j, the Jews’ 
quarter. 

ghost (gost), n. the spirit of a 
deceased person ; apparition ; the 
soul; breath of life; shadow; re¬ 
motest likelihood; a false image 
due to some defect in a lens. 

Syn. spectre, sprite, apparition, 
shade, phantom. 

ghost-ly ('li), adj. pertaining to 
the soul; spiritual; supernatural, 
ghoul (gool), n. a supposed de¬ 
mon who robs graves and feeds on 
the flesh of the dead, 
gi-ant (ji'ant), n. a man of ex¬ 
traordinary bulk or stature; one 
possessed of great physical or in¬ 
tellectual power; one of a race 
of monstrous size who, according 
to classic mythology, assailed the 
gods: adj. like a giant; huge, 
giaour (jour), n. the term ap¬ 
plied by Mohammedans to unbe¬ 
lievers, especially Christians, 
gih-her (gib'er), v.i. to speak in¬ 
coherently. 

gib-ber-ish (-ish), n. rapid inco¬ 
herent talk: adj. incoherent, 
gib-bet (jib'et), n. a gallows: v.t. 
to hang on a gibbet; expose to 
public scorn or ridicule, 
gib-bon (gib'un), n. a long armed 
anthropoid ape of Southern Asia, 
gib-bos-i-ty (-os'i-ti), n. [pi. gib¬ 
bosities (-tiz)], a round or swell¬ 
ing prominence. 

gib-bous ('us\ adj. protuberant; 
irregularly rounded; between full 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











388 


gin 


gib 


and half-full: said of the moon; 
humpbacked. Also gibbose. 
gibe (jib), n. a scoff; taunt; 
sneering or sarcastic expression: 
v.t. to sneer at; taunt: v.i. to 
use gibes ; cast reproaches ; sneer ; 
scoff. 

Syn. scoff, sneer, flout, jeer, 
mock, taunt, deride, 
gib-let (gib'let), n. one of the 
edible internal parts of a fowl, 
goose, &c. 

gid (gid), n. a disease in sheep, 
gid-di-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being giddy. 

gid-dy ('i), adj. [ comp, giddier, 
superl. giddiest], having a con¬ 
fused whirling sensation in the 
head ; frivolous ; fickle. 

Syn. unsteady, flighty, thought¬ 
less. 

Ant. (see steady), 
gift (gift), n. something given or 
bestowed ; present; donation ; of¬ 
fering ; benefaction; natural tal¬ 
ent. 

Syn. donation, benefaction, 
grant, alms, gratuity, boon, pres¬ 
ent, faculty, talent. 

Ant. (see purchase), 
gift-ed ('ed), adj. talented, 
gig (gig), n. a two-wxieeled open 
chaise drawn by one horse; a 
rotary machine for raising nap 
on cloth; a long ship’s boat, 
rowed by alternate oars, and 
usually reserved for the command¬ 
ing officer; a racing boat; a 
whirligig; a fish-gig: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. gigged, p.pr. gigging], to fish 
with a fish-gig. 

Bi -gan-tic (ji-gan'tik), adj. huge; 
colossal. 

Syn. colossal, huge, enormous, 
vast, prodigious, immense. 

Ant. (see diminutive), 
gig-gle (gig'l), v.i. to laugh in a 
nervous, foolish, tittering man¬ 
ner : n. a nervous, silly laugh, 
gild ( gild), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gild¬ 
ed, gilt, p.pr. gilding], to overlay 
or wash with gold; give a fair 
external appearance to; illumi¬ 
nate : n. another form of guild, 
gild-ing ('ing), n. the art or proc¬ 
ess of overlaying or covering with 
gold; gold leaf, powder, &c., ap¬ 
plied to a surface; a superficial 
covering designed to give a fair 
external appearance. 


gill (gil), n. the respiratory organ 
of aquatic animals, especially 
fishes; the wattle of a fowl; a 
deep, narrow glen through which 
a rivulet flows: pi. the thin spore¬ 
bearing lamellae, or plates, under 
a cap of certain fungi, as a mush¬ 
room. 

gill (jil), n. l-4th of a pint; 
ground-ivy : a wanton girl; sweet¬ 
heart. 

gill-ing (gil'ing), n. a salmon of 
the second year. 

gil-ly-flow-er (jil'i-flou-er), n. 
one of various plants of the 
mustard family, as the wall¬ 
flower, stock, «fec. 

gilt (gilt), adj. covered with, or 
yellow like, gold : n. gilding, 
gim-bal (jim'bal), n. one of two 
brass rings moving within each 
other at right angles; used for 
suspending a mariner’s compass, 
chronometer, &c. 

gim-crack ('krak), adj. showy, 
but of no value; trumpery: n. a 
pretty, useless thing; toy. 
gim-let (gim'let), n. a small 
boring-tool with a pointed screw 
at the end: v.t. to make a hole 
in with a gimlet. 

gimp (gimp), n. a kind of inter¬ 
laced silk twist or trimming inter¬ 
woven with wire or cord : used for 
furniture, dresses, &c.: v.t. to 
border with gimp, 
gin (jin), n. an aromatic alcoholic 
liquid flavored with juniper ber¬ 
ries; a trap or snare; a machine 
for clearing cotton fibers from the 
seeds; a portable hoisting-ma¬ 
chine ; a pile-driving machine: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ginned, p.pr. gin¬ 
ning], to catch in a trap; clear 
cotton. 

ginger ('jer), n. the scraped and 
dried root of a pungent aromatic 
East & West Indian plant, 
gin-ger-ade (-ad'), n. an aerated 
beverage flavored with ginger, 
gin-ger-beer (-ber), n. an effer¬ 
vescent beverage made from gin¬ 
ger, yeast, cream of tartar, and 
sugar. 

ginger-bread (-bred), n. a dark 
colored cake made of flour, ginger, 
molasses, sugar, &c. 
gin-gei*-ly (-li), adv. cautiously; 
daintily. 

ging-ham (ging'am), n. a cotton 


late, mar, mask, cat, aw r l ; he, her, let; line, tin f vote, pGrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin. then. 







389 


Gla 


gin 


dress-cloth dyed in the yarn be¬ 
fore weaving; an umbrella, 
ging-ko (ging'ko), n. a Japanese 
tree with handsome foliage; the 
maiden-hair tree, 
ginn, same as jinn, 
ginseng (jin'seng), n. an herb 
with an aromatic root, much 
valued in China. 

Gipsy (jip'si), n. [pi. Gipsies 
('siz)], one of a wandering, dark- 
skinned, and dark-eyed race, of 
Eastern, probably Hindu, origin ; 
the language of the Gipsies 
(Romany) ; a person of dark 
complexion ; a lioydenish girl: v.i. 
[p.t. &. p.p. gipsied, p.pr. gipsy- 
ing], to picnic or camp out in the 
woods. Also Gypsy, 
gi-raffe (ji-raf'), n. the camel¬ 
opard. 

gir-an-dole (jir'an-dol), n. a 
branching chandelier; a kind of 
rotating firework. 

gir-a-sol ('a-sol), n. a variety of 
opal; the fire-opal. Also girasole. 
gir-ba (gir'ba), n. a stiff leather 
water vessel, used in Africa, 
gird (gerd), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

girded, girt, p.pr. girding], to sur¬ 
round with a flexible substance; 
bind ; encircle ; gibe ; taunt, 
gird-er ('er), n. the main beam 
in a floor. 

gir-dle (ger'dl), n. a belt or zone 
for the waist; anything that en¬ 
compasses like a girdle; a cir¬ 
cular band round the shaft of a 
column: v.t. to bind with, or as 
with, a girdle; enclose; to make 
a cut round the bark of the trunk 
of a tree and so kill it. 
girl (gerl), n. a female child; 

young unmarried woman, 
girt (gert), p.t. of gird: p.adj. 
moored so taut by two cables as 
not to swing to the wind or tide, 
girth (gerth). n. the band by 
which the saddle is kept secured 
on a horse; the circumference of 
a tree, animal, &c.; anything that 
binds or encircles, 
gist (jist), n. the substance of 
a matter; main point; object, 
git-tern, (git'ern), n. a cithern, 
give (giv), v.t. [p.t. gave, p.p. 
given, p.pr. giving], to bestow; 
confer without price or reward; 
grant; yield ; deliver; supply ; 


enable; emit: v.i. to give gifts; 
yield to pressure; grow moist: n. 
elasticity. 

8yn. grant, bestow, confer, 
yield, impart. 

giz-zard (giz'ard), n. the mus¬ 
cular part of the intestinal canal 
in certain birds. 

gla-brous (gla'brus), adj. bald; 
smooth. 

gla-ce (-sa'), adj. iced or cooled: 
n. a^thin shiny silk. 

gla-ci-al ('shi-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, consisting of, or caused 
by, ice. 

gla-ci-ate ('shi-at), v.t. to cover 
over with, or transform into, ice. 

gla-ci-er (gla'shi-er or glas'i-er). 
n. a vast accumulation of ice and 
snow found in the valleys and 
ravines of lofty mountains which 
moves slowly down the slopes till 
it melts or breaks off into ice¬ 
bergs. 

gla-cis (gla'sis), n. a sloping bank 
of earth directly in front of a 
fortification and designed for its 
defense; a protective slope on an 
ironclad to throw off hostile shot. 

gla-cure (-stir'), [Fr.] n. a thin 
glaze on the finer sorts of pottery. 

glad (glad), adj. [comp, gladder, 
superl. gladdest], in a state of hi¬ 
larity ; joyous; gay; pleased; 
cheerful; satisfied. 

Syn. pleased, cheerful, joyful, 
gladsome, gratified, cheering. 

Ant. (see sad). 

glad-den ('n), v.t. to make glad: 
v.i. to rejoice. 

glade (glad), n. an open space 
or passage in a wood or forest; 
an open space surrounded by ice. 

glad-i-ate (glad'i-at), adj. sword¬ 
shaped. 

glad-i-a-tor ('i-a-ter), n. in an¬ 
cient Rome a professional swords¬ 
man who fought in the arena with 
other men or animals; a combat¬ 
ant. 

glad-i-a-to-ri-al (-a-to'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to gladiators or their 
combats. 

gla-di-o-lus (gla-di'o-lus), n. the 
sword-lily. 

glad-some (glad'sum), adj. joy¬ 
ous : gay ; pleased ; cheerful. 

Glad-stone ('ston or 'stun), n. a 
four-wheeled pleasure-carriage car¬ 
rying two passengers; a long nar- 


Iate, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






390 


gla 


row traveling bag with a wide 
mouth. 

glair (glar), n. the white of egg, 
used as size or varnish; any 
sticky or glairy matter, 
glair-y ('i), adj. consisting of 

S lair. 

_ aive, same as glave. 
glam our (glam'er), n. a charm 
on the eyes causing them to see 
things differently from what they 
are in reality; fascination; 
witchery : v.t. to fascinate. Glam- 
er. 

glance (glans), n. a sudden shoot 
of light; quick passing look of 
the eye ; a quick momentary view ; 
a lustrous ore: v.i. to shoot a 
sudden ray; view with a quick 
movement of the eye: v.t. to 
shoot or dart suddenly or ob¬ 
liquely ; allude to in passing, 
gland (gland), n. a bodily organ 
by which secretion is carried on ; 
small secreting organ for sap in 
plants; an acorn; a name for 
various mechanical contrivances, 
glan-ders ('erz), n.pl. a conta¬ 
gious disease in horses, in which 
mucus is discharged profusely 
from the nostrils, 
glan-dn-lar ('u-lar), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, resembling, or having 
glands; covered with hairs tipped 
with glands : said of a plant, 
glan-dule ('ul), n. a small gland, 
glare (glar), n. a bright dazzling 
light; overpowering luster: a 
fierce piercing look: v.i. to shine 
with a dazzling overpowering 
light; look with fierce piercing 
eyes; be excessively gaudy in 
dress or ornamentation : adj. hav¬ 
ing a smooth slippery surface, as 
ice. 

glar-ing ('ing), p.adi. emitting 
or reflecting a dazzling light; 
gaudy. 

glass (gifts), n. a hard, brittle, 
transparent substance formed of 
silica and certain metallic oxides; 
an instrument or vessel made of 
glass: a drinking glass, or the 
quantity contained in it; a mir¬ 
ror; lens; a telescope, or barome¬ 
ter : adj. pertaining to, or made of, 
glass ; vitreous : v.t. to mirror, or 
reflect in a mirror; glaze, 
glass-wort ('wert), n. a plant 


gle 


from which a soda is obtained; 
used in glass-making, 
glau-ber-ite (glaw'ber-It), n. a 
mineral formed of sulphate of 
lime, and sulphate of soda, 
glau-ber’s-salt ('berz-sawlt), n. 
sulphate of soda, used medicinally 
as a strong purgative, 
glau cous (glaw'kus), adj. sea- 
green ; green with a bluish-grey 
tinge; covered with bloom of a 
bluish-white color, 
glave (glav), n. a cutting weapon 
fixed to a pole, somewhat resem¬ 
bling d halbert, formerly used by 
foot soldiers. Also glaive, 
glaze (glaz), v.t. to furnish with 
glass; overlay with a transpar¬ 
ent substance resembling glass: 
v.i. to become glassy or glazed : n. 
the vitreous or glassy coating on 
potter’s ware. 

gla-zier ('zher), n. one whose 
business is to set glass in win¬ 
dows, &c. 

gla-zing ('ing). n. a glaze; the 
operation of setting glass, or ap¬ 
plying a glaze; window-panes; 
glass; semi-transparent colors 
passed thinly over other colors to 
tone down their effect, 
gleam (glem), n. a stream or 
shoot of light; brightness: v.i. to 
emit brightness; shoot, or dart, as 
rays of light. 

Syn. glimmer, glance, glitter, 
shine, flash. 

glean (glen), v.t. to gather, as 
grain that the reapers have left; 
collect little by little, or piece 
by piece; infer: v.i. to gather 
gleanings: n. a collection made by 
gleaning; a collection, as of her¬ 
rings. 

glean-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
collecting after reapers: that 
which is collected laboriously from 
various sources. 

glebe (gleb), n. land belonging to 
a parish church, or ecclesiastical 
benefice; in mining, a plot of land 
containing ore. 
glede (gled), n. the kite, 
glee (gle), n. gaiety; mirth: ex¬ 
hilaration ; a musical composition 
for voices in harmony. 

Syn. gayety, merriment, mirth, 
joviality, joy, hilarity. 

Ant. (see sorrow). 


late, m&r, mftsk, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pSrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









gle 


391 


glo 


glee-ful ('fool), adj. merry, joyous, 
gleet (glet), n. a thin mucous dis¬ 
charge resulting from gonorrheal 
disease. 

glen (glen), n. a narrow valley; 

a secluded hollow between hills, 
glib (glib), adj. voluble; flippant: 

n. the tongue ; smooth talk, 
glid-der-y (glid'er-i), adj. slip¬ 
pery. 

glide (gild), v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. glid¬ 
ed, p.pr. gliding], flow or move 
along smoothly and noiselessly ; to 
slur [Music] : n. the act of glid¬ 
ing ; a gliding movement; a slur 
[Music], 

Xyn. slip, slide, run, roll on. 
gliff (glif), n. a glimpse; brief 
interval: sudden fear, 
glim (glim), n. a light or candle, 
glim-mer ('er), v.i. to shine 
faintly and intermittently: n. a 
faint intermittent light; sheen. 

Syn. gleam, flicker, glitter, 
glimpse (glimps), n. a weak, 
faint light; transient view ; slight 
trace: v.t. to catch a glimpse of: 
v.i. to glance; appear for the 
moment. 

glin (glin), n. a haze on the hori¬ 
zon at sea, indicative of a storm, 
glint (glint), n. a gleam of light; 
sly glance: v.i. to gleam or 
flash out. 

gli-o-ma (gli-o'ma), n. a tumor 
of rapid growth on the brain, 
spinal cord, or auditory nerve, 
glis-sade (glis-ad'), n. the act of 
sliding down a glacier; a glide in 
dancing: v.i. to slide, especially 
down a glacier. 

glis-san-do (-san'do), n. in piano¬ 
forte playing, a run by sliding the 
fingers over the keys; in violin¬ 
playing, a quick slur, 
glis-ten (glis'n), v.i. to sparkle 
with light; shine: n. a glitter, 
glit-ter (glit'er), v.i. to sparkle 
with light; gleam; be showy, at¬ 
tractive, or specious: n. bril¬ 
liancy ; specious luster. 

»S 'yn. gleam, shine, glisten, glis¬ 
ter. radiate. 

gli-zade (gli-zad'). n. a sliding 
movement of the foil in fencing, 
gloam (glom). v.i. to begin to 
grow dark, like twilight; exhibit 
sullenness or gloom, 
gloaming ( r ing), n. twilight: 
adj. pertaining to twilight. 


gloat (glot), v.i. to stare or gaze 
earnestly or with admiration, 
often in a bad sense with feelings 
of lust and cruelty, 
glo-bal (glo'bal), adj. pertaining 
to a globe; world-wide, 
glo-bate ('bat), adj. globe-shaped, 
globe (glob), n. a spherical body; 
ball; the terraqueous earth (with 
the) ; a sphere on which are rep¬ 
resented the divisions of the earth, 
&c. ( terrestrial globe), or the 

heavenly bodies (celestial globe). 
globe-fisb ('fish), n. a fish capa¬ 
ble of inflating itself to a globu¬ 
lar shape. 

globe-flow-er ('flou-er), n. a 
plant of the crowfoot family with 
globular-shaped flowers, 
globe-trot-ter ('trot-er), n. an 
extensive traveler, 
globi, a prefix in various scien¬ 
tific words, meaning a ball, or 
ball-shaped. Globo. 
glo-bin ('bin), n. a constituent of 
red blood corpuscles, 
glo b-u-1 a r (glob'u-lar), adj. 
globe-like; spherical. Also glo¬ 
bose. 

glob-ule ('ul), n. a small spheri¬ 
cal particle; a minute homoeo¬ 
pathic pill; a blood- or lymph- 
corpuscle. 

glob-u-lin ('u-lin), n. an albu¬ 
minous proteid substance forming 
one of the constituents of the 
blood and cellular tissue of plants, 
glome (glom), n. a roundish head 
of flowers. 

glom-er-ate (glom'er-at), adj. 
gathered into a roundish head or 
mass. 

glon-o-in (glon'o-in), n. a pure 
nitro-glycerine. 

gloom (gloom), n. partial dark¬ 
ness ; obscurity ; melancholy * de¬ 
pression ; sadness; sullenness: v.i. 
to be, or become, cloudy ©r par¬ 
tially dark; present a gloomy as¬ 
pect : v.t. to make gloomy; de¬ 
ject or sadden. / 

Syn. cloud, darkness, dimness, 
blackness, dullness, sadness. # 

Ant. (see light, brightness, joy). 
gloom-i-ly ('i-li). adv. in a 
gloomy manner. 

gloom-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being gloomy. 

gloom-y ('i). adj. \comp. gloomi¬ 
er, superl. gloomiest], overspread 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







392 


glo 


*«* 


with, or enveloped in, darkness; 
dismal; melancholy ; dispirited ; 
cheerless; morose. 

Syn. lowering, lurid, dim, dusky, 
sad, glum. 

Ant. (see bright, clear), 
glo-ri-a (glo'ri-&), n. an ascrip¬ 
tion of praise, especially the 
Gloria in Excelsis and Gloria 
Patria ; a musical setting of 
these. 

glo-ri-fl-ca-tion (-ri-fi-ka'shun), 
n. the act of glorifying; exalta¬ 
tion to honor and dignity; a jolli¬ 
fication. 

glo-ri-fy ('ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
glorified, p.pr. glorifying], to raise 
in honor and dignity; magnify 
,■ and honor in worship; adore; 
beautify. 

Syn. magnify, celebrate, adore, 
exalt. 

glo-ri-ole ('ri-ol), n. a circle of 
light. 

gle-ri-o-sa (-ri-o's&), n. a genus 
of plants of the lily family, with 
bright red or yellow flowers, 
glo-ri-ous ('ri-us), adj. full of 
glory ; illustrious ; celebrated ; 
magnificent; exalted. 

Syn. famous, renowned, distin¬ 
guished, noble, exalted. 

Ant. (see infamous), 
glo-ry ('ri),w. [pi. glories ('riz)], 
splendor; magnificence; bright¬ 
ness ; praise ascribed in adora¬ 
tion ; distinction ; renown ; honor ; 
the Divine perfection or presence; 
the felicity of heaven; in art, a 
circle of rays surrounding the 
head of a saint: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
gloried, p.pr. glorying], to rejoice 
or exult (with in). 

Syn. honor, fame, renown, 
splendor, grandeur. 

Ant. (see infamy), 
gloss (glos), n. luster from a pol¬ 
ished surface; specious show ; an 
explanation or comment to eluci¬ 
date some difficulty or obscurity 
in the text; a plausible, specious 
representation: v.t. to explain by 
notes or- comments; palliate by 
plausible representation ; varnish ; 
make glossy: v.i. to annotate, 
glos-sa ('a), n. [pi. gloss® ('§)], 
the tongue, especially of insects, 
glos-sa-ri-al (-a/ri-M), adj. per¬ 


taining to, or of the nature of, 
a glossary. 

glos-sa-ry ('&-ri), n. [pi. glossa¬ 
ries (-riz)], a dictionary of obso¬ 
lete, obscure, or technical words, 
glos-si-ly ('i-li), adv. in a glossy 
manner. 

glos-si-ness ('i-nes), n. superficial 
luster. 

glos-si-tis (-i'tis), n. inflamma¬ 
tion of the tongue, 
glosso, a prefix in scientific words 
meaning tongue , or tongue-like, as 
glossocele, protrusion of the 
tongue due to inflammation, 
glos-so-graph (glos'o-graf), n. an 
instrument for recording the vi¬ 
brations of the tongue in speaking, 
glos-sog-ra-phy (-og'ra-fi), n. an 
anatomical description of the 
tongue. 

glos-sol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. that 
branch of anthropology which 
treats of the classification of lan¬ 
guages ; comparative philology, 
glos-son-o-my (-on'o-mi), n. the 
science of language and the laws 
which govern it. 

glos-sy ('i), adj. [comp, glossier, 
superl. glossiest], having a lus¬ 
trous smooth surface ; smooth and 
plausible. 

glot-tal (glot'al), adj. pertaining 
to, or produced by, the glottis, 
glot-tic ('ik), adj. pertaining to 
the tongue. 

glot-tis ('is), n. the small elastic 
oblong opening at the top of the 
windpipe. 

glove (gluvi, n. a hand-covering 
with a separate sheath for each 
finger: pi. boxing-gloves: v.t. to 
cover with, or as with, a glove, 
glov-er ('er), n. a maker or seller 
of gloves. 

glov-ing ('ing), n. glove-making, 
glow (glo), v.i. to shine -with in¬ 
tense heat; radiate heat and 
light; be incandescent; be red or 
flushed; be animated with pas¬ 
sion, love, zeal, &c.: n. intense or 
shining heat; incandescence; red¬ 
ness, or brightness of color; pas¬ 
sion ; ardor. 

glow-er (glou'er), v.i. to stare 
with a threatening or angry 
countenance; frown, 
glow-worm (glo'werm), n. a 
beetle, the wingless female of 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







393 


glo 


« 

gno 


which emits a shining green light 
at night. 

glox-in-i-a (gloks-in'i-a), n. a 
genus of tropical plants with bell¬ 
shaped flowers. 

gloze (gloz), v.t. to gloss over. 

glu-cic ac-id (gloo'sik as'id), n. 
a colorless honey-like compound 
obtained by the action of acids 
from cane-sugar. 

glu-ci-num (-si'num), n. a metal¬ 
lic element resembling magnesium. 

glu-cose ('kos), n. the particular 
form of sugar existing in many 
animal and vegetable organisms; 
it is produced for commercial use 
by the action of sulphuric acid 
on starch. 

glue (gloo), n. a tenacious viscid 
cement made by boiling some ani¬ 
mal substance to a jelly: v.t. to 
unite or cement with glue. 

glu-ey ('i), adj. like glue; sticky. 

glum (glum), adj. gloomy; 
moody; sullen. 

glume (gloom), n. the husk of 
corn or grasses. 

glut (glut), n. a superabundance: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. glutted, p.pr. 

glutting], to fill to repletion; 
oversupply. 

Syn. gorge, stuff, cram, cloy, 
satiate, blockup. 

glu-ten (gloo'ten), n. a tough 
grey albuminous substance ob¬ 
tained from wheat and other 
grains. 

glu-ti-nous ('ti-nus), adj. viscid; 
gluey. 

glut-ton (glut'n), n. one who 
eats to excess; a carnivorous 
animal, the wolverine. 

glut-ton-ize (-Iz), v.i. to act as 
a glutton. 

glut-ton-ous (-us), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or characterized by, glut¬ 
tony. 

glut-ton-y ( i), n. [pi. gluttonies 
(-iz)], the act or habit of eating 
to excess. 

glyc-er-ic ’(glis'er-ik), adj. ob¬ 
tained from glycerine. 

glyc-er-ide (-id), n. an ether of 
glycerine. 

glyc-er-ine (glis'er-in), n. a sweet 
colorless viscid liquid obtained 
from oils, fat, &c.; used exten¬ 
sively in various manufactures 
and medicine. Also glycerin. 


glyc-er-ol, another name for glyc¬ 
erine. 

gly-co-gen (gll'ko-jen), n. a 
white insoluble starch-like sub¬ 
stance obtained from the livers of 
animals. 

gly-col (gli'kol, or 'kol), n. a 
viscid liquid, intermediate between 
glycerine and alcohol, 
glyph (glif), n. a perpendicular 
fluting. 

glyph-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining to 
carving or sculpture: n. a hiero¬ 
glyphic. 

glyph-og-ra-phy (-og'r&-fi), n. a 
method of producing engravings 
in relief for printing, similar to 
electrotypy, after etching the pict¬ 
ure on a copperplate covered 
thinly with wax. 

glyp-tic (glip'tik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to engraving on gems ; figured : 
n.pl. the art of engraving de¬ 
signs on precious stones, ivory, 
&c. 

glyp-to-graph ('to-graf), n. a 
design cut or engraved on a gem. 
gnarl (narl), n. a knot on the 
trunk or branch of a tree, 
gnarled ('d), adj. full of knots; 
distorted. 

gnash (nash), v.t. to strike to¬ 
gether, as the teeth: v.i. to grind 
the teeth in anger or agony, 
gnat (nat), n. a small stinging 
winged insect of several species, 
allied to the mosquito, 
gnaw (naw), v.t. to bite off, or 
eat away, by degrees; corrode; 
bite in agony, rage, or despair; 
fret: v.i. to exercise the teeth in 
biting repeatedly; act as if by 
continual biting. 

gneiss (nis), n. a crystallized rock 
composed of quartz, mica, and 
feldspar. 

gnome (nom), n. a fabulous de¬ 
formed, diminutive goblin, sup¬ 
posed to dwell in the earth or to 
be the guardian spirit of miners; 
a pithy or sententious saying, 
gno-mic ('mik), adj. dealing in, 
or containing, pithy or sententious 
sayings ; didactic. Also gnomical, 
gno-mide ('mid), n. a female 
gnome, supposed to keep guard 
over diamonds. 

gno-mi-o-met-ri-cal (-mi-o-met'- 
ri-kal), adj. employed in the 
measurement of angles. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awd ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pSrcli, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







gno 


394 


god 


gnomon ('mon), n. the style 
which by its shadow on a dial 
shows the time of day; the fig¬ 
ures made up of the two comple¬ 
ments of a parallelogram, to¬ 
gether with either of the paral¬ 
lelograms about the diameter, 
gno-mon-ics ('iks), n.pl. the sci¬ 
ence of dialing. 

gno-si-ol-o-gy (no-si-ol'd-ji), n. 
that branch of philosophy that 
treats of the principles of cogni¬ 
tion. 

gno-sis ('sis), n. higher knowl¬ 
edge or insight. 

Gnos-tic (nos'tik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Gnostics or the adher¬ 
ents of Gnosticism, 
gnos-tic, adj. knowing; shrewd. 
Gnos-ti-cism ('ti-sizm), n. a sys¬ 
tem of religion and Greek and 
Oriental philosophy (lsc-(>th 
century A. D.) intermediate be¬ 
tween Christianity and paganism, 
gnu (noo), n. a ruminant horned 
animal with a head resembling a 
buffalo, of the antelope kind, in¬ 
habiting South Africa, 
go (go), v.i. [p.t. went, p.p. gone, 
p.pr. going], to depart; proceed; 
move on ; pass from one state or 
place to another ; conduce ; con¬ 
tribute ; be habitually used or 
said ; pass current; succeed ; fall 
out or terminate; move by mech¬ 
anism ; strike, as a clock; act 
in harmony with ; fit or suit; be 
expended: carry young in the 
womb : n. the fashion ; enterprise 
or push; difficulty or scrape; a 
glass of spirits. 

Syn. depart, proceed, move, 
budge. 

goa ('a), n. the Tibetan gazelle, 
goad (god), n. a pointed stick to 
urge on cattle: v.t. to urge on 
with, or as with, a goad ; stimu¬ 
late : v.i. to act as a goad, 
goaf (gof), n. [pi. goaves 
(govz)], a place left in the old 
workings of a coal mine; the coal- 
waste left there. 

goal (gol), n. the winning post at 
a race or at football: hence, the 
end aimed at. 

goat (got), n. a ruminating 
horned quadruped with long hair, 
goa-tee (g5-te'), n. a goat-like 
beard. 


gob-ble (gob'l). v.t. to swallow 
hastily or greedily: v.i. to utter 
a cry like a turkey : n. the noise 
of a turkey; a quick straight 
stroke in putting at golf, 
go-be-lin (go'be-lin, gb'blin, go-be¬ 
lting'), n. a superior kind of 
French tapestry. 

go-be-tweeu. ('be-twen), n. an 
intermediary. 

gob-let (gob'let), n. a drinking- 
vessel with a stem and without a 
handle. 

gob-lin ('lin) , n. an evil,, mis¬ 
chievous spirit; gnome; fairy, 
go-by (go'bi), n. [pi. gobies 
('biz)], a fish of peculiar shape, 
go-by ('bl), n. avoidance; eva¬ 
sion. 

go-cart ('kart), n. a contrivance 
for teaching children to walk ; a 
child’s cart; a light village cart. 
God (god), n. the Supreme Deity, 
and self-existent Creator or Up¬ 
holder of the Universe, 
god, n. a supernatural being con¬ 
ceived of as possessing divine 
powers or attributes; idol; a per¬ 
son or thing deified or honored to 
excess; an occupant of the upper 
gallery of a theater. 

Syn. Creator,. Lord, Almighty, 
Jehovah, Omnipotence, Provi¬ 
dence. 

god-cliild ('child), n. one for 
whom one is sponsor at baptism, 
god-dess ('des), n. a female deity; 
a woman of superior charms or 
excellence. 

god-fa-ther ('fa-ther), n. one 
who acts as sponsor to another 
at baptism: v.t. to act as god¬ 
father to. 

God-head Ched), n. the Divine 
essence, nature, and attributes; 
the Supreme Deity, 
god-hood ('hood), n. divinity, 
god-li-ness ('li-nes). n. piety; 
devotion. 

god-ly ('li). adj. devout; pious. 

. Syn. righteous, devout, holv, 
pious, religious. 

God-inan ('man), n. the union of 
deity and manhood in Jesus 
Christ. 

god-moth-er ('muffc-er). n. a fe¬ 
male sponsor at baptism, 
go-droom (gd-droon'). n. fluting 
or beading of olive shape. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





God 


395 


gon 


God’s-a-cre (godz'a-ker), n. a 
churchyard. 

god-send (god'send), n. unex¬ 
pected assistance or acquisition, 
god-speed ('sped), n. success, 
god-wit ('wit), n. a curlew-like 
bird. 

go er (go'er), n. one who, or that 
which, goes. 

gof-fer (gof'er), v.t. to form 
flutes in ; crimp. 

gof-fer-ing (-ing), n. fluting for 
frills, &c.; indented ornamenta¬ 
tion on the edge of a Ipook. 
gog-gle (gog'l), v.i. to strain en¬ 
roll the eyes: adj. staring; promi¬ 
nent : n. a strained or affected 
rolling of the eyes: pi. a particu¬ 
lar kind of spectacles for pro¬ 
tecting the eyes from dust, ex¬ 
cessive light, &c. 

go-ing (go'ing), n. the act of de¬ 
parting or moving ; state of roads, 
goi-ter (goi'ter), n. a swelling of 
the glands in the front part and 
side of the neck: prevalent in 
mountainous districts, 
goi-trous ('trus), adj. affected 
with goiter. 

Gol-con-da (gol-kon'da), n. a 
mine of wealth. 

gold (gold), n. a metallic element, 
soft, ductile, and of a bright yel¬ 
low color when pure; money; 
wealth ; precious or pure quality ; 
in archery, the bull’s-eye. 
gold-beat-er ('be-ter),. n. one 
who beats gold into thin leaves 
for gilding. 

gold-bug ('bug), n. one who ad¬ 
vocates gold as the only money 
standard. 

gold-carp ('kiirp). n. the gold¬ 
fish. 

gold-en (gold'n). adj. formed of, 
consisting of. or resembling, gold; 
shining; lustrous like gold; 
bright; most valuable ; excellent, 
gold-en age, n. the fabled prime¬ 
val age of perfect human happi¬ 
ness and innocency. 
gold-en num ber (num'ber), n. 
a number which shows the year 
of the moon’s cycle, 
gold-en-pbeas-ant (-fez-ant), n. 

a handsome Chinese pheasant, 
gold-en rod (rod), n. a tall 
plant of the aster family with 
yellow flowers. 

gold-en rule (rool), n. the rule 


to treat others as we ourselves 
wish to be treated (cf. Matthew 
vii. 12). 

gold-fields ('feldz), n.pl. aurifer¬ 
ous deposits and diggings in 
Australia, Alaska, California, 
South Africa, &c. 

gold-finch ('finch), n. a beautiful 
singing bird with yellow-streaked 
wings and a red throat, 
gold-fish ('fish), n. an orange-col¬ 
ored fresh-water fish <5f the carp 
family. 

gold-smith ('smith), n. a worker 
in gold, or dealer in gold-plate, 
gold-y-locks (-loks),»i. a common 
name for various plants with yel¬ 
low flowers, as the buttercup, 
golf (golf), n. a game played with 
a small gutta-percha ball and 
club-headed sticks, the object be¬ 
ing to drive the ball into a series 
of small holes with the fewest 
possible strokes: v.i. to play golf. 
Gol-go-tha (gol'go-tlia), n. (He¬ 
brew the place of a skull), the 
place where Jesus Christ was 
crucified. 

gol-go-tha, n. a burial place, 
gom-mer (gom'er), n. milled ara- 
elcorn (an inferior wheat) : much 
used in parts of Germany as an 
ingredient in soups, 
gom-phi-a-sis (-fi'a-sis), n. loose¬ 
ness of the teeth. 

go-mu-ti (gd-mdo'ti), n. a tough 
hair-like fiber obtained from the 
sago-palm: used for cordage; 

ejoo. 

gon-ad (gon'ad), n. a germ-gland, 
go-nag-ra (go-nag'ra), n. gout in 
the knee. 

gon-do-la (gon'do-la), n. a long 
narrow Venetian pleasure boat 
propelled by one oar; a flat-bot¬ 
tomed boat or railway car used 
for carrying coal, produce, &c. 
gon - do - lier (-do-ler'), n. the 
rower of a gondola, 
gon-do-li-no (-le'no), n. a racing 
gondola. 

gone (gon), p.adj. ruined; lost; 
characterized by faintness or 
weakness; carried away: said of 
a spar, &c. 

goneness ('nes), n. a state of 
weakness or collapse, 
gon-er ('er), n. one who is lost 
or ruined. 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 












gon 


396 


gor 


gonfalon ('f5.-lon), n. standard 
or ensign, usually with streamers, 
gong (gong), n. a tambourine¬ 
shaped musical instrument of 
bronze, which is struck by a pad¬ 
ded stick. 

go-ni-om-e-ter (go-ni-om'e-ter), 
n. an instrument for measuring 
angles. 

gono, a prefix in many scientific 
words, meaning generation, repro¬ 
duction, as monoblast, a reproduc¬ 
tive cell or bud. 

gon-o-phore (gon'o-for), n. the 
generative bud or receptacle of a 
hydrozoan; in plants, an elon¬ 
gated receptacle elevating the 
pistil and stamens above the 
floral envelope. 

gon-or-rhoe-a (-re'a), n. a vene¬ 
real disease. 

good (good), adj. [comp, better, 
superl. best], having excellent 
qualities ; proper, fit for, adapted, 
or conducive to, any particular 
object; pious ; moral; kind ; well- 
disposed : favorable; beneficial ; 
convenient; useful; unblemished ; 
adequate ; expedient; reliable ; 
well-informed ; full; not irritable : 
n. that which contributes to hap¬ 
piness ; moral qualities; pros¬ 
perity; benefit: pi. household fur¬ 
niture; merchandise: interj. an 
expression of assent or pleasure. 

# Syn. virtuous, righteous, up¬ 
right, just, true. 

Ant. (see wicked, bad). 

Good Fri-day (frl'da), n. a fast 
held in commemoration of the 
crucifixion of Jesus Christ on the 
Friday before Easter Day. 
good-li-ness ('li-nes), n. grace; 
physical beauty. 

good-ly ('li), adj. [comp, good¬ 
lier, superl. goodliest], good-look¬ 
ing ; noble; considerable; pleas¬ 
ant. 

good-man ('man), n. the master 
of a house. 

goodness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being good; benevo¬ 
lence ; excellence. 

goods and chat-tels (chat'lz), n. 

personal property, 
good-wife Cwlf), n. [pi. good- 
wives ('wlvz) ], the mistress of a 
house. 

good-will (-wil'), n. benevolence; 


kindly feeling; the value a busi¬ 
ness has over and above stock-in- 
trade, &c.; the money paid for 
such value; friendly disposition, 
good-y t'i), adj. affectedly or 
weakly pious ; namby-pamby : n. 
(pi. goodies), a person affectedly 
or weakly pious; a poor old 
rustic woman; a kind of sweet¬ 
meat. 

goo-gul (goo'gul), n. a gum ob¬ 
tained from a tree of the myrrh 
family. 

goose (goos), n. [pi. geese (ges)], 
a web-footed domesticated bird of 
the genus Anser; a tailor’s 
smoothing iron ; a silly person, 
goose-ber-ry (gooz'ber-i), n. [pi. 
gooseberries (-iz)], the fruit of a 
shrub of the genus Ribes; the 
shrub itself: adi. made of goose¬ 
berries. 

goose-neck (goos'nek), n. a bent 
iron fitted to the extremity of a 
boom or yard. 

goose-wing ('wing), n. a stud¬ 
ding-sail ; the lower corner of a 
fore-sail or square main-sail when 
the body of the sail is furled, 
go-pher (go'fer), v.i. to mine un¬ 
systematically : n. a North Ameri¬ 
can burrowing, rat-like rodent; a 
wood mentioned in the Old Testa¬ 
ment (Gen. vi. 14). 
go-ral (Tal), n. the Nepaul an¬ 
telope. 

Gor-di-an (gor'di-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Phrygian King 
Gordius, or to the intricate knot 
tied by him in his harness, which 
Alexander the Great cut with 
his sword. 

gor-di-an, n. anything intricate or 
difficult. 

gore (gor), n. congealed or clot¬ 
ted blood; a triangular piece 
sewn into a dress, sail, &c.; a 
narrow or triangular piece of 
land: v.t. to pierce as with a 
horn ; furnish with gores: said of 
a garment, &c. 

gorge (gorj), n. the throat; gul¬ 
let ; that which is gorged or 
swallowed ; a narrow passage be¬ 
tween mountains or hills: v.t. to 
swallow with greediness or in 
large mouthfuls; satiate: v.i. to 
feed greedily. 

Syn. glut, fill, cram, stuff, sa¬ 
tiate. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









gor 


397 


gov 


gorged (gorj'd), adj. having a 
gorge; in heraldry, bearing a 
crown or the like about the neck, 
gor-geous ('jus), adj. glittering- 
in various colors; splendid; 
showy ; inclined to magnificence. 

Syn. superb, grand, magnificent, 
splendid. 

Ant. (plain, simple), 
gor-get ('jet), n. a protective 
piece of armor for the throat or 
neck; a crescent-shaped breast¬ 
plate. 

Gor gon ('gun), n. one of three 
sisters in Greek mythology whose 
aspect was so terrible that any¬ 
one who beheld them was turned 
to stone. 

gor - go - uei - a (-go-ni'a), n.pl. 
masks carried in the form of 
Gorgons’ heads: used as keystones 
in arches. 

go-ril-la (go-ril'a), n. an African 
anthropoid ape some 5 ft. in 
height with powerful limbs; the 
largest ape known, 
gor-mand (gor'mand), n. a 
greedy or ravenous eater ; glutton ; 
a connoisseur in table delicacies, 
gormandize (-iz), v.i. to eat 
greedily or voraciously, 
gorse (gors), n. the common 
furze; whin. 

gors-y ('i), adj. covered with 
gorse. 

gor-y (gor'i), adj. covered or 
stained with gore, 
gos hawk (gos'hawk), n. a rap¬ 
torial bird of the hawk family, 
gos-ling (goz'ling), n. a young 
goose; a catkin. 

gospel (gos'pel), n. the an¬ 
nouncement of the salvation of 
mankind by Jesus Christ; the 
history of the life and doctrines 
of Jesus Christ, contained in the 
four canonical books of SS. Mat¬ 
thew, Mark, Luke* and John; a 
selection from these in the Church 
service; the general doctrines of 
the New Testament; something 
received as infallibly true: adj. 
pertaining to the gospel, 
gos-pel-er (-er), n. an evangel¬ 
ist ; the priest who reads the gos¬ 
pel at the altar. 

gos sa mer ('a-mer), n. a very 
fine spider’s web which floats in 
the air; a very thin soft filmy 


strong gauze: adj. very thin, like 
gossamer; flimsy. 

gos-sip ('ip), n. familiar or idle 
talk; scandal; a babbler; for¬ 
merly a sponsor, neighbor, or 
friend: v.i. to tell idle tales about 
others ; tattle ; chat, 
got, p.t. of get. 

Goth (goth), n. one of an ancient 
Teutonic tribe that overran the 
Roman Empire (3rd and 4th 
centuries A.D.) ; an uncivilized 
person, especially one who is des¬ 
titute of artistic taste. 

Goth-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining to 
the Goths or their language; de¬ 
noting the style of architecture 
characterized by high and pointed 
arches, clustered columns, &c.: n 
the language of the Goths; the 
Gothic or pointed style of archi¬ 
tecture. 

gouge (gouj), n. a rounded hol¬ 
low chisel for cutting grooves or 
holes; a swindle: v.t. to scoop 
out with a gouge: v.i. force out 
the eye with the thumb or finger, 
goug-er ('er), n. one who, and 
that which, gouges; a swindler, 
gou-ra-mi (goo'ra-mi), n. an 
Oriental fish, cultivated for food. 
Also goramy. 

gourd (gord), n. a plant and 
fruit of various species of the 
genus Cucurbita, the shell of 
which is used for holding liquids; 
a gourd-shaped vessel, 
gour met (goor'ma'), n. an epi¬ 
cure. 

gout (gout), n. a painful inflam¬ 
matory disease of the joints or ex¬ 
tremities, especially of the great 
toe. 

gout-y (gout'i), adj. pertaining 
to, or affected with, gout, 
gov-ern (guv-ern), v.t. to control 
by authority; regulate; direct; 
manage ; steer ; restrain ; require 
to be in a particular mood, case, 
&c.: v.i. to exercise authority; 
administer the law. 

Syn. rule, direct, manage, com¬ 
mand. 

gov-ern-ance (-ans), n. govern^ 
ment; control. 

gov-ern-ante (-ant), n. a gow 
erness; duenna. 

gov-ern-ess (-es), n. a lady who 


*ate, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






gov 


398 


gra 


/ 


trains and instructs children ; an 
instructress; teacher, 
governing (-ing), p.adj. exer¬ 
cising control; prevalent; ruling, 
government (-ment), n. the 
act of governing; administration 
of public affairs; established state 
of legal authority; executive 
power; self-control; relation be¬ 
tween two words by which one 
determines the case or mood of 
another. 

Syn. rule, state, control, swdy. 
gov ern men tal (-men'tal), adj. 
pertaining to, connected with, or 
proceeding from, the government, 
gov ern or ('ern-er), n. one who 
is invested with supreme author¬ 
ity ; chief ruler; tutor; a me¬ 
chanical device for regulating the 
speed of an engine, &c. 
gown (goun), n. a woman’s 
outer garment, or dress; a long 
loose robe worn by university or 
professional men ; the emblem of 
peace; a long loose outer cover¬ 
ing or wrapper, as a dressing- 
gown, &c. 

gowned (gound), adj. attired in 
a gown. 

gowns-man (z'man), n. one who 
wears a gown professionally; a 
civilian. 

gowt (gout), n. a sluice in an em¬ 
bankment for letting out water, 
grab (grab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

grabbed, p.pr. grabbing], to seize 
suddenly and forcibly; snatch : n. 
a sudden and forcible seizure; a 
large East Indian coaster with 
two or three masts, 
grab-ble ('1), v.i. to feel about; 
grope. 

gra-bonge (gra-boozh'), n. a card 
game. 

grace (gras), n. any excellence, 
characteristic attraction, or en¬ 
dowment, natural or acquired; 
elegance of action or language; 
beauty; embellishment; the un¬ 
merited favor and love of God 
towards man in Christ; divine 
sanctifying, regenerating, and pre¬ 
serving influence; spiritual ex¬ 
cellence ; virtue; a brief prayer 
before or after meals; a respect¬ 
ful title of address applied to an 
arch-bishop or duke; behavior or 
demeanor; indulgence or priv¬ 


ilege ; in music, an ornamental 
note or passage; an act, vote, or 
decree of the governing body of a 
university or college: v.t. to adorn 
or embellish; honor; dignify; 
favor. 

grace-ful ('fool), adj. full of 
grace or beauty; easy and elegant 
in manner or demeanor. 

Syn. becoming, comely, elegant, 
beautiful. 

Ant. (see awkward). 

grace-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
graceful manner. 

grace-note ('not), n. an orna¬ 
mental note. 

gra-cious (gra'shus), adj. show¬ 
ing or bestowing grace, kindness, 
or mercy ; affable ; polite. 

Syn. merciful, kindly, benefi¬ 
cent. 

grack-le (grak'l). n. a starling¬ 
like bird. 

gra-date (gra'dat), v.t. to pro¬ 
duce in grades ; blend by gradation. 

gra-da-tim (gra-da'tim), adv. by 

degrees. 

gra-da-tion (gra-da'shun), n. a 
regular advance or progress, step 
by step; regular arrangement; a 
gradual blending of one tint into 
another ; series ; order. 

grad-a-to-ry (grad'a-to-ri), adj. 
proceeding by gradations: suited 
for walking: n.pl. (gradatories) 
a series of steps leading from a 
cloister into a church. 

grade (grad), n. a step or degree 
in rank, dignity, quality, order, 
&c.: the rise or descent of a rail¬ 
road, &e.: v.t. to level and pre¬ 
pare (ground) for laying the 
rails of a railw T ay; arrange in a 
regular series: v.i. to take rank. 

grade-ly ('li). adv. decently; 
properly. 

gra-di-ent (gra'di-ent), adj. ad¬ 
vancing by steps; walking or run¬ 
ning on legs; ascending or de¬ 
scending in a certain proportion : 
n. the incline of a railway or 
road ; in meteorology, the rate of 
atmospheric pressure or tempera¬ 
ture. 

gra-din, gra-dine (gra'din, gra¬ 
din'), n. a sculptor’s toothed 
chisel; one of a tier of seats as 
in an amphitheatre. 

grad-u-al (grad'u-al), adj. pro- 


lfite, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; mo5n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






399 


gra 


ceeding by degrees; step by step ; 
regular and slow: n. a response 
sung after the Epistle; an ancient 
book of anthems or scripture sen¬ 
tences : so called because some 
were chanted on the steps of the 
pulpit. Also graduate, grail. 

Syn. slow, progressive. 

Ant. (see sudden), 
grad-u-al-ly (-li), adv. in a grad- 
•ual manner. 

grad-u-ate ('u-at), n. one on 
whom an academical degree has 
been conferred : v.t. to mark with 
degrees or a scale; temper: v.i. 
to take or receive an academical 
degree; change by degrees: adj. 
having been graduated, 
grad-u-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
conferring or reception of an 
academical degree; regular pro¬ 
gression ; a marking into degrees 
or parts. 

grad-u-a-tor ('u-a-ter), n. an in¬ 
strument for dividing lines into 
equal minute parts; an electro¬ 
magnet for making and breaking 
gradually a telegraphic circuit, 
gra-dus (gra'dus), n. a dictionary 
of Greek and Latin prosody 
(Gradus ad Parnassum), 
graf-fi-to (graf-fe'to), n. [pi. 
graffiti ('te)], rude writing, or 
sketching, on the wall of an an¬ 
cient building, as at Rome, 
graft (graft), n. a small shoot of 
a tree inserted into another tree : 
hence somethin? incorporated with 
a foreign stock; an unlawful 
or irregular perquisite; a bribe: 
v.t. to insert as a shoot in 
another tree; join so as to re¬ 
ceive support from another thing: 
in surgery, to transplant (tissue) : 
v.i. to practice grafting; to accept 
bribe money. 

grail (gral). n. a dish or chalice, 
especially the Holy Grail (San- 
greal). the cun used by Jesus 
Christ at the Last Supper, said 
to have been preserved by Joseph 
of Arimathea, who collected in it 
some of the blood which flowed 
from our Lord on His crucifixion ; 
a gradual. Also graal. 
grain (gran), n. any minute 
hard mass; a single seed of corn ; 
the smallest particle or amount: 
a unit of weight = l-20th of a 


gra 


scruple, l-24th of a pennyweight; 
the arrangement of particles in 
a body; texture; a red dye ob¬ 
tained from cochineal insects: pi. 
the refuse of malted barley: v.t c 
form into vrains ; to paint in imi¬ 
tation of the grain of wood, 
grain-er ('er), n. one who imi¬ 
tates the grain or texture of 
wood; a graining tool, 
grain-ing ('ing), n. painting in 
imitation of the grain or texture 
of wood ; a process in dyeing; the 
pebbling of paper or leather in 
bookbinding, 
gram, see gramme, 
gra-ma-grass (gra'ma-gras), n. 
a low pasture grass of the West 
and Southwest United States, 
gra-mer-cy (gra-mer'si), interj. 
great thanks. 

gram-i-niv-o-rous (gram-i-ni v'o- 
rus), adj. feeding on grasses, 
gram-ma-logue ('a-log), n. in 
phonography, a word represented 
by a single sign. 

gram-mar ('er),. n. the art of 
speaking or writing a language 
correctly; the science that treats 
of the principles that govern the 
correct use of language; an ele¬ 
mentary treatise. 

gram-ma-ri-an (-ma'ri-an), n. 
one who is versed in grammar; a 
philologist. 

gram-mat-ic-al (-mat'ik-al), adj. 
pertaining to grammar, or its 
rules. 

gram-mat-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
a grammatical manner, 
gram-mat-i-cism ('i-sizm), n. a 
point in grammar, 
gram-mat-i-cize ('i-siz), v.t. to 
render grammatical, 
gramme (gram), n. the unit of 
weight in the metric system, 
15.43 grains troy. Also gram, 
gram-mo-pet-a-lous (o-pet'a- 
lus), adj. having the petals very 
narrow. 

gram o phone ('o-fon), n. an in¬ 
strument for recording and re¬ 
producing speech. 

gram-pus ('pus), n. a large ceta¬ 
cean, akin to the porpoise ; a cor¬ 
pulent person. 

gran-a-dil-la (gran-&-dil'&), n. 
the edible fruit of a species of 
passion-flower. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot’ moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











gra 


400 


grana ry ('a-ri), n. [pi. grana¬ 
ries (riz)], a store-house for 
grain; a country where grain is 
the chief product. 

grand (grand), adj. high in dig¬ 
nity or power: illustrious; chief; 
great; magnificent; splendid ; sub¬ 
lime ; noble; of striking excel¬ 
lence or impressive dignity; con¬ 
ceived or expressed in dignified 
language; comprehensive; com¬ 
plete ; the second degree of parent¬ 
age or descent: n. a grand piano. 

Syn. majestic, stately, digni¬ 
fied, lofty, elevated, exalted, 
splendid, gorgeous, superb, mag¬ 
nificent, sublime, pompous. 

Ant. (see shabby), 
gran-dam (gran'dam), n. a 
grandmother; an old woman, 
grand-child (grand'clnld), n. the 
child of one’s son or daughter, 
grand-daugh-ter ('daw-ter), n. 
the daughter of one’s son or 
daughter. 

gran-dee (gran-de'), n. a Spanish 
nobleman of the highest rank, 
grandeur ('jtir), n. greatness; 
vastness ; sublimity ; splendor of 
appearance ; social distinction and 
display ; elevation of thought, sen¬ 
timent, or demeanor, 
grand-fa-ther (grand'fii-t/ier), n. 
the father of one’s father or 
mother. 

gran - dil - o - fluent (gran-dil'o- 
kwent), adj. speaking in, or 
characterized by, a lofty or bom¬ 
bastic style. 

gran-di-ose ('di-os), adj. really or 
affectedly grand or impressive, 
grand mother (muth-er), n. the 
mother of one’s parent, 
grand-par-ent ('par-ent), n. the 
parent of one’s parent, 
grand-sire ('sir), n. a grand¬ 
father ; male ancestor, 
grand-son ('sun), n. the son of 
one’s son or daughter, 
grand viz-ier (viz'er), n. the 
chief minister of the Turkish Em¬ 
pire. 

grange (granj), n. a farm with 
its dwelling-house, appurtenances, 
&c .; a local lodge of the Patrons 
of Husbandry. 

gran-ite (gran'it), n. a massive 
crystalline rock composed of 
quartz, feldspar, and mica. 


gra 


gran-it-ic (-it'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or formed of, granite, 
gran-i-toid (gran'i-toid), adj. re¬ 
sembling granite. 

gra-niv-o-rous (gra-ni v'o-rus), 

adj. eating grain ; living on seeds, 
gran-ny, abbreviation of grand¬ 
mother. 

grant (grant), v.t. to give or con¬ 
fer, especially in response to a re¬ 
quest; admit as true (what has 
not been proved) ; concede; trans¬ 
fer the title of, for any good con¬ 
sideration : n. the act of granting; 
a gift; a bestowing; an allow¬ 
ance ; the thing conveyed; an ad¬ 
mission or concession. 

Syn. bestow, impart, give, 
yield, cede, allow, confer, invest, 
grant ee (-§'), n. the person to 
whom property is transferred by 
deed, &c. 

grant-er ('er), n. one who grants, 
grant-or ('er), n. one who trans¬ 
fers property by deed, &c. 
gran u lar (gran'ff-lar), adj. com¬ 
posed of, or resembling, grains 
or granules. 

gran-u-late ('u-lat), v.t. to form 
into grains or small masses; 
roughen the surface of: v.i. to be¬ 
come granular. 

gran-ule ('ul), n. a small grain 
or particle. 

gran-u-lose ('u-lds), n. the more 
soluble part of starch grains in 
plants, capable of being formed 
into sugar. 

grape (grap), n. the fruit of the 
grape-vine; a vine of the genus 
Vitis; grape-shot, 
gra-per-y ('er-i), n. a vinery, 
grape-shot ('shot), n. a cluster 
of small shot arranged in tiers of 
three shots each between plates, 
so as to disperse when fired, 
graph-ic (graf'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the art of writing or de¬ 
lineating ; vividly described; well 
delineated ; life-like. Also graphi¬ 
cal. 

Syn. forcible, telling, pictur¬ 
esque, vivid, pictorial, 
graphically (-al-li), adv. in a 
graphic manner. 

graph-ite ('it), n. a metallic va¬ 
riety of carbon. 

gra-phit-ic (gra-fit'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or obtained from, 
graphite. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








gra 


401 


gra 


grapho, a prefix meaning writing 
or delineation. 

graphology (graf-ol'o-ji), n. 
the art of describing character by 
the handwriting. 

graph-om-e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring the de¬ 
grees in an angle. 

graph-o-phone (-fon), n. an in¬ 
strument resembling the phono¬ 
graph, but having a rubber cyl¬ 
inder instead of one of wax. 

graph-o-type ('b-tip), n. a chem¬ 
ical process for producing surface- 
blocks speedily ; the chalk process. 

grap-nel (grap'nel), n. a kind of 
small anchor usually with flukes ; 
heavy tongs used for lifting 

stone, ice, &c. 

grap-ple (grap'l), v.t. to lay fast 
hold of: v.t. struggle or contend 
in close fight: n. a close fight; a 
seizing; close hold, as in wrest¬ 
ling, &c.; a mechanical device for 
taking hold of anything. 

grasp (grasp), v.t. to seize or 

catch at; hold by clasping or 

contracting: v.i. to endeavor to 

seize; struggle or grapple; lay 
hold of greedily; encroach: n. a 
seizure of the hand; reach of the 
hand ; power of seizure; hold ; in¬ 
tellectual capacity. 

Syn. catch, seize, gripe, clasp, 
grapple. 

grasp-ing ('ing), p.adj. avari¬ 
cious. 

grass (gras), n. field or hill past¬ 
ure ; herbage having hollow- 
jointed stalks, a husky calyx, and 
the seed single; springtime: that 
which is subject to decay: v.t. to 
cover with grass or turf; bleach, 
by exposure on grass; pasture or 
graze. 

grass-hop-per ('hop-er), n. a 
small nimble insect of the locust 
kind. 

grass-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being grassy. 

grass-wid ow (-wid-o), n. a wife 
whose husband is abroad. 

grass-y ('i), adj. abounding in, 
covered with, or like, grass. 

grate (grat), n. a framework of 
iron bars to hold fuel; a set of 
bars: v.t. to rub or wear away by j 
the friction of a rough body ; pro- j 
duce a sound by the friction of ! 
rough or hard surfaces; grind I 


down; furnish with a grate: v.t. 
make a harsh noise; produce men¬ 
tal irritation. 

grateful ('fool), adj. thankful; 
pleasurable. 

Syn. agreeable, pleasing, wei 
come, thankful. 

Ant. (see harsh). 

grate-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a grate¬ 
ful manner. 

gra-tic-u-la-tion (gra-tik-u-la'- 
shun), n. the art of dividing a 
plan, &c., into small squares for 
reduction or enlargement. 

gr at-i-f i-ca-tio n (grat-i-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act of gratifying; 
satisfaction; pleasure; reward or 
recompense. 

Syn. enjoyment, pleasure, de¬ 
light, reward. 

Ant. (see disappointment). 

grat-i-fy ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
gratified, p.pr. gratifying], to af¬ 
ford pleasure to ; indulge ; delight; 
humor. 

grat-iug (grat'ing), n. an open 
framework or lattice of bars: 
p.adj. harsh, irritating. 

gra-tis (gra'tis), adv. gratui¬ 
tously. 

grat-i-tude (grat'i-tud), n. the 
state of being grateful ; appre¬ 
ciation of favors received; thank¬ 
fulness. 

grat-toir (grat-twar'), n. a 
chipped stone or flint inplement. 

gra-tu-i-tous (gra-tu'i-tus), adj. 
freely bestowed ; voluntary : with¬ 
out cause or provocation; granted 
without merit or claim. 

gra-tu-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. gratui¬ 
ties (-tiz)], a donation or pres¬ 
ent ; free gift. 

gra va men (gra-va'men), n. 
cause of complaint or action. 

grave (grav), adj. serious; sol¬ 
emn ; thoughtful ; sedate; im¬ 
portant ; in grammar, the grave, 
or long-sounding accent; plain; 
slow in movement; very deep in 
pitch [Mus.] : n. an excavation in 
the earth for the reception of a 
dead body; place of interment; 
place o l great slaughter or mor¬ 
tality ; the place of the dead 
(Hades) : v.t. to shape or carve 
by cutting with a chisel; engrave. 

Syn. .serious, sedate, solemn, 
sober, pressing, heavy, tomb. 

Ant. (see giddy). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








gra 


402 


gre 


gravel (grav'l), v.t. to cover with 
gravel; run aground on a beach : 
said of a vessel; embarrass; lame 
a horse by gravel under the shoe: 
n. fragments of rock coarser than 
sand, and frequently intermixed 
with it; a disease occasioned by 
the presence of calculi in the 
bladder and kidneys, 
gravelly (-li), adj. composed of, 
or abounding in, gravel, 
grave-ly (grav'li), adv. in a 
grave manner. 

grav-er ('er), n. a cutting tool 
used by engravers and sculptors; 
an engraver, or carver in stone, 
gra-vied (gra'vid), adj. covered 
or served with gravy, 
gra-vim-e-ter (gra-vim'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
specific gravity of liquid or solid 
bodies. 

grav-i-met-ric (grav-i-met'rik), 
adj. determined by weight, 
grav-ing (grav'ing), n. the act of 
engraving or incising; the clear¬ 
ing of the bottom of a ship, 
grav-i-tate (grav'i-tat), v.i. to be 
acted upon or attracted by the 
force of gravity; be naturally at¬ 
tracted. 

grav-i-ta-tion (-i-ta'shun), n. the 
force which attracts material 
bodies to each other, 
grav-i-ty ('i-ti), n. that force 
which tends to draw all bodies 
towards the center of the earth ; 
weight; importance ; seriousness ; 
solemnity; weight of guilt; low¬ 
ness of a tone or note [Mus.j. 
gra vy (gra'vi), n. [pi. gravies 
('viz)], the fatty juice from 
roasting flesh. 

gray, another form of grey, 
gray-ling (grading), n. a fresh¬ 
water fish of the salmon family, 
graze (graz), v.t. to furnish pas¬ 
ture for; touch or rub lightly: v.i. 
to eat grass; move along while 
grazing: n. a slight rub or touch, 
gra-zier (gra'zher), n. one who 
pastures cattle or breeds them for 
the market. 

grease (grez), n. soft animal fat; 
oily matter; inflammation of the 
hoof and fetlock in horses, with a 
fetid discharge: v.t. to smear or 
• rub with grease; cause to move 
easily; bribe. 

greas-er ('er), n. one who, or that 


which, greases; a Mexican, or 
Mexican creole. 

greas-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a greasy 
manner. 

greas-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being greasy. 

greas-y ('i), adj. [comp, greasier, 
superl. greasiest], resembling, 
smeared, or spotted with, grease; 
oily ; unctuous ; foggy ; muddy. 

great (grat), adj. large; chief; 
principal ; weighty ; marvelous ; 
eminent; illustrious; high in 
rank or position ; sublime ; noble ; 
able; accomplished ; long-contin¬ 
ued ; magnanimous ; high-minded ; 
wealthy ; sumptuous ; proud ; 
swollen ; pregnant; intimate ; de¬ 
noting a step of ascending or 
descending consanguinity: adv. 
very much : n. the whole, or gross ; 
noble, or influential, people. 

Syn. big, huge, large, majestic, 
vast, grand, noble, august. 

Ant. (see small). 

Great-er Brit-ain ('er-brit'n), n. 
the colonies of Great Britain. 

great prim-er (grat prim'er), n. 
a size of type (see type). 

great seal (sel), n. the chief of¬ 
ficial seal of a kingdom, govern¬ 
ment, state, &c. 

Great Spir-it (spir'it), n. the 
title applied to the Supreme 
Being by the Red Indians. 

greaves (grevz), n.pl. armor to 
protect the legs from the ankle 
to the knee; the sediment of 
melted tallow. 

grebe (greb), n. a four-toed tail¬ 
less diving bird. 

Gre-cian (gre'shan), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Greece; a native or in¬ 
habitant of Greece; a Greek 
scholar. 

Gre-cian bend (bend), n. a 
fashion prevalent amQng women 
in 1868 of bending the body for¬ 
ward in walking. 

Gre-cisin ('sizm), n. a Greek 

idiom. 

Gre-cize (gre'slz). v.t. to make 

Grecian; translate into Greek: 

v.i. to imitate the Greeks in lan¬ 
guage, manner, &c. 

Greco, a prefix meaninsr Greek. 

greed (gred), n. avarice; greedi¬ 
ness. 

greed-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a 

greedy manner. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









403 


gri 


gre 


greed-i-ness ('i-nes), u. the 
quality of being greedy. 

Syn. avidity, eagerness, vorac¬ 

ity. 

Ant. (see generosity). 

greed-y ('i), adj. [comp, greedier, 
superl. greediest], voracious; 
gluttonous ; eagerly desirous ; cov¬ 
etous. 

Greek (grek), adj. pertaining to. 
or resembling, Greece or the 
Greeks; Hellenic: n. a Grecian ; 
the language of ancient and mod¬ 
ern Greece; something unintelli¬ 
gible. 

Greek Churck (cherch), n. the 
Eastern or Oriental Church. 

Greek-cross ('kros), n. a cross 
with four equal arms. 

Greek-fire ('fir), n. an inflam¬ 
mable material used by the an¬ 
cient Greeks in warfare: said to 
have been inextinguishable in 
water. 

Greek or-ders (or'derz), n.pl. 
in architecture, the Doric, Ionic, 
and Corinthian orders. 

green, (gren), adj. having the 
color of growing grass or plants ; 
of a color composed of blue and 
yellow; fresh; flourishing; un¬ 
ripe ; not salted; immature; inex¬ 
perienced ; raw ; pale ; sickly ; not 
four months old : said of a goose: 
n. the color of growing grass or 
plants; a color composed of blue 
and yellow: a grass plot or com¬ 
mon : v.t. to make green: v.i. to 
become green. 

green-back ('bak), n. a paper 
money (U. S. legal-tender note) 
with a green back, first issued in 
1862. 

green-finch ('finch), n. the 
green grosbeak. 

green-fly ('fli). n. a green plant- 
. louse. 

green-horn ('horn), n. a simple¬ 
ton ; novice. 

green-house ('hous), n. a con¬ 
servatory. 

green-room ('room), n. the act¬ 
ors’ retiring-room in a theater. 

green sick-ness ('sik-nes), n. 
chlorosis. 

greet (gret), v.t. to salute in 
kindness or respect; congratulate : 
v.i. to exchange greetings. 

greet-ing ('ing), n. salutation; 
welcome. 


gre-ga-le (gra-ga'la), n. a cold 
dry northeast wind prevailing at 
Malta; the euroclydon. 
gre-ga-ri-an (gre-ga'ri-an), adj. 

living in herds ; common, 
greg-a-ri-na (greg-a-ri'na), n. a 
very minute parasite belonging 
to the Protozoa. 

gre-ga-ri-ous (gre-ga'ri-us), adj. 
associating or going together in 
herds. 

grege (grej), n. raw silk. 
Gre-go-ri-an cal en dar (kal'en- 
der), n. the reformed calendar 
introduced, 1582, by Pope Greg¬ 
ory XIII. 

Gre-go-ri-an chant (chant), n. 
the mediaeval system of choral 
music, introduced by Pope Greg¬ 
ory the Great; plain song, 
gre-mi-al (gre'mi-al), n. an eccle¬ 
siastical vestment worn by a 
bishop of the Roman Catholic 
Church. 

gren-ade (gren-ad'), n. an explo¬ 
sive shell fired by a fuse and 
thrown by hand. 

gren - a - dier (gren-a-der'), n. 
originally a foot' soldier who threw 
grenades, now a soldier of the 
Grenadier Guards, 
gren-a-dine (-a-den'). n. a dress 
fabric of thin gauzy silk or wool; 
a dyestuff. 

gres (gra), n. a fine stoneware 
made in Germany, 
grew, p.t. of grow, 
grey (gra), adj. of a white color 
with a mixture of black; hoary; 
mature: n. the color of white 
mixed with black : a grey horse, 
grey-beard ('berd), n. an old 
man. 

grey-hound ('hound), n. a slen¬ 
der swift hound used for coursing, 
grid-dle (grid'l), n. a broad shal¬ 
low pan, used for cooking cakes; 
a large sieve for sifting ore. 
grid-dle-cake (-kak), n. a thin 
butter cake. • 
gride (grid), v.t. to jar harshly, 
grid-e-lin (grid'e-lin), n. a color 
mixed of white and red, or a grey 
violet. 

grid-iron ('Irn), n. a grated iron 
utensil for broiling meat or fish : 
a contrivance for examining and 
repairing the hulls of ships, 
grief (gref), n. mental pain on 
account of present or past trou- 


liite. mar. mask. cat. awl: he. her. let: line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook : mute, nut: thin, the n. 








404 


*rl 


ble; that which causes sorrow or 
sadness; physical pain. 

Syn. affliction, sorrow, trial, 
woe, tribulation. 

Ant. (see joy). 

griev-ance (grev'ans), n. a sense 
of wrong or oppression; just or 
supposed ground of complaint; 
an injustice; cause of annoyance, 
grieve (grev), v.t. to cause to ex¬ 
perience grief; afflict mentally : 
v.i. to he in sorrow ; lament. 

Syn. mourn, lament, sorrow, 
pain, hurt, wound, bewail. 

Ant. (see rejoice), 
griev-ous ('us), adj. causing grief 
or sorrow; hard to be borne; 
painful; oppressive ; pitiable ; 
atrocious; vexatious. 

Syn. painful, afflicting, heavy, 
baleful, unhappy. 

grif-fin ('in), n. a fabulous ani¬ 
mal with the body and legs of a 
lion, the wings and beak of an 
eagle, and with listening ears; a 
watchful chaperon. Also griffon 
and gryphon. 

grig (grig), n. a grasshopper; 

cricket; the sand-eel; heather, 
grill (gril), v.t. to broil; tor¬ 
ment, as if by grilling: v.i. to be 
broiled: n. a gridiron; grilled 
meat. 

gril-lade (-ad'), n. the act of 
grilling; grilled meat, 
gril-lage ('aj), n. an arrange¬ 
ment of sleepers and crossbeams 
forming a foundation in loose or 
marshy soil_ for erections, 
gril-le ( gre-la'), n. lace with a 
background of parallel bars, 
grille (gril), n. an open grating 
or screen of wrought metal: a 
kind of frame for hatching fish, 
grim (grim), adj. [comp, grim¬ 
mer. superl. grimmest], of a for¬ 
bidding aspect; stern and surly ; 
hideous; frightful; cruel; un¬ 
yielding. # 

gri-mace (gri-mas'), n. a distor¬ 
tion of the countenance ; smirk : 
v.i. to make grimaces, 
gri-mal-kin (-mawl'kin), n. an 
old cat. 

grime (grim), n. foul matter; 
dirt deeply ingrained: v.t. to 
make dirty or grimy, 
gri-mi-ly ('i-li), adv. in a grimy 
manner. 




gri-mi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being grimy. 

gri-my ('i), adj. full of grime, 
grin (grin), n. the act of closing 
the teeth apd showing them; a 
broad smile: v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. 

grinned, v.pr. grinning], to show 
the teeth in laughter, scorn, or 
pain : v.t. to express by grinning, 
grind (grind), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
ground, p.pr. grinding], to pulver¬ 
ize or reduce to powder by fric¬ 
tion ; sharpen or smooth by fric¬ 
tion ; grate ; oppress ; harass ; pre¬ 
pare for examination ; study hard : 
v.i. to perform the act of grind¬ 
ing ; be rubbed together; turn a 
mill: n. the act of grinding; hard 
study for an examination ; labori¬ 
ous and tedious work. 

Syn. crush, oppress, grate, 
harass, afflict. 

grind-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, grinds; a molar 
tooth; one who coaches pupils 
for an examination, 
grind-stone ('ston), n. a flat, cir¬ 
cular stone for sharpening tools. 
&c. 

grin-ning-ly (grin'ing-li), adv. 
with a grin. 

grip (grip), n. a grasp with the 
hand; a holding fast; that by 
which anything is held firmly; a 
particular mode of grasping the 
hand, as among Freemasons; 
grasping power; a small ditch or 
trench; grippe: v.t. to grasp, or 
se.ize: v.i. to take fast hold, 
gripe (grip), n. a clasping with 
the hand or arms; a squeeze; 
pressure; pinching distress: pi. 
colic: v.t. to hold with closed 
fingers; grasp; hold tightly; 
seize ; clutch ; oppress ; pinch : v.i. 
to take firm hold, 
grip-ing ('ing), adj. avaricious, 
grippe (grip, or grep), n. influ¬ 
enza. Also grip. 

grip-per (grip'er), n. one who, or 
that which, grips; a mechanical 
device, for seizing and holding, 
gri-saille (gri-zal' or gri-za'ya), 
n. a method of painting in grey 
tints, so as to represent a solid 
body in bas-relief, 
gri-sette (gre-zet'), n. a Parisian 
shop-girl; a French girl of the 
operative class who dresses co- 
quettishly ; a moth. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








405 


gro 


gri 


gris-kin (gris'kin), n. a hog’s 
spine. 

gris-ly (griz'li), adj. terrible; 
savage-looking. 

Syn. terrible, hideous, grim, 
ghastly, dreadful. 

Ant. (see pleasing), 
gris-ly, same as grizzly, 
gri-son (gri'sun), n. a carnivo¬ 
rous mammal of South America 
resembling a weasel, 
grist (grist), n. grain for grind¬ 
ing ; ground corn; provision or 
supply. 

gris-tle (gris'l), n. cartilage, 
gris-tly ('li), adj. cartilaginous, 
grit (grit), n. rough, hard parti¬ 
cles, as sand, &c.; a hard sand¬ 
stone composed of sharp silicious 
grains; the coarse part of meal; 
firmness of character; courage: 
pi. oats hulled and coarsely 
ground. 

grit-ti-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being gritty. 

gritty ('i), adj. composed of, 
containing, or resembling, grit; 
courageous. 

griz-zly ('li), adj. somewhat grey : 
n. the grizzly bear, large, fierce 
bear of North America, 
groan (gron), n. a low, deep 
sound uttered in pain or sorrow ; 
a deep, rumbling sound expressive 
of disapprobation or ridicule; a 
low, dismal sound, as of the wind : 
v.i. to utter a groan ; lament; be 
burdened: v.t. to express disap¬ 
proval of by groans, 
groat (grot), n. formerly a silver 
coin current in England, value 
4d.; a trifling sum: pi. hulled 
oats. 

gro-cer (gro'ser), n. one who 
sells groceries. 

gro-cer-y (-i), n. [pi. groceries 
(-iz)], tea, coffee, sugar, spices, 
&c. (usually pi.) ; a grocer’s shop; 
a grog-shop. . 

grog (grog), n. a mixture of 
spirits and water; spirituous 
liquor: v.t. to make into grog by 
the addition of water, 
grog-ger-y ('er-i), n. a low 
drinking place; a grog-shop, 
grog-gi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being groggy. 

grog-ging ('ing), n. the extrac¬ 
tion of spirits from empty casks 
by hot water. 


groggy ('i), adj. tipsy; moving 
with an unsteady gait: said of 
horses; staggering as if dazed: 
said of a pugilist, 
groin (groin), n. the depressed 
part of the human body between 
the thigh and the belly ; the angu¬ 
lar curve made by the intersection 
of two arches: v.t. to build or 
form into groins. 

grommet (grom'et), n. a ring 
formed of a strand of rope laid 
round ; an eyelet of metal; a can¬ 
non-wad made of rope, and 
rammed between the powder and 
the ball. 

groom (groom), n. a man or boy 
who has charge of horses; a bride¬ 
groom ; the title of several officers 
of the royal household: v.t. to 
feed and take care of, as a groom 
does a horse; curry and brush, 
groomsman (grdomz'man), n. 
one who attends a bridegroom; 
best man. 

groove (groov), n. a channel or 
furrow, especially as cut by a 
tool; settled habit or routine: v.t. 
to form or cut a groove in. 
grope' (grop), v.i. to feel one’s 
way with the hands, as in the 
dark; seek blindly: v.t. to search 
out, as in the dark, by feeling with 
the hands. 

gros (gro), n. a heavy silk fabric, 
gros-beak (gros'bek), n. the name 
of various warblers with a large 
stout beak, allied to the finches, 
gros-grain (gro'gran), n. a stout 
double-corded silk, 
gross (gros), adj. bulky: thick; 
coarse; rude; indelicate; flagrant; 
dull; heavy; corpulent; dense; 
whole: n. 12 dozen ; main body; 
mass; entire amount. 

Syn. coarse, outrageous, un¬ 
seemly, shqmeful, indelicate. 

Ant. (see delicate). 
gros-su-line (gros'ti-lin), n. a 
principle obtained from certain 
acid fruits, as gooseberries. Also 
grossaline. 

grot (grot), n. a grotto [Poet.], 
gro-tesque (gro-tesk'), adj. fan¬ 
tastically or oddly formed; ex¬ 
travagant; whimsical; ridiculous: 
n. whimsical ornamentation, fig¬ 
ures, or scenery; the incongruous 
or uncouth in art. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





gro 


406 


gru 


grot-to (grot'o), n. a natural or 
artificial cavern in the earth, 
grot-to-work (-werk), n. orna¬ 
mental work in imitation of grot¬ 
tos. 

ground (ground), n. the earth or 
soil; surface of a floor or pave¬ 
ment ; land ; territory ; country ; 
estate; foundation ; cause or rea¬ 
son ; origin ; original principle; a 
fundamental or preparatory part 
in various arts; plain song: pi. 
dregs or sediment: v.t. to place or 
set on, or in, the ground; settle 
in first principles; base; cover 
with paint or plaster; run 
aground : v.i. to take the ground ; 
place dependence on : adj. funda¬ 
mental : p.t. & p.p. of grind, 
ground-hog ('hog), n. the wood¬ 
chuck ; the aardvark. 
ground-sel ('sel), n. a weed of 
the aster family with yellow 
flowers. 

ground-swell ('swel), n. a 
broad, deep, heavy, rolling sea, 
caused by a distant storm or 
earthquake. 

group (groop), n. a small crowd 
or assemblage; a cluster;/an as¬ 
semblage of figures or objects 
forming an artistic whole; a divi¬ 
sion of organisms with certain 
characteristics ; the chief division 
of a geological system: v.t. to 
form into a group. 

Syn. assembly, cluster, collec¬ 
tion, clump, order, class, 
grouse (grous), n. red and black 
heath-game ; partridge ; pheasant; 
prairie-hen. 

grout (grout), n. mortar or ce¬ 
ment mixed with gravel, used for 
foundations and joints of mason¬ 
ry ; a fine plaster for ceilings; 
coarse meal: v.t. to surround or 
fill in with grout, 
grout-y (grout'i), adj. cross; 
sulky; dreggy. 

grove (grov), n. a small wood; a 
row of trees shading an avenue, 
grov-el (grov'el), v.i. to v lie 
prone; move with the body pros¬ 
trate on the ground ; be mean or 
debased. 

Syn. crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak, 
grov-el-er (-er), n. one who 
grovels. 

grov-el-ing (-ing), p.adj. lying 
prostrate ; mean ; undignified. 


grow (gro), v.t. [p.t. grew, p.p. 
grown, p.pr. growing], to culti¬ 
vate : v.i. to increase in stature 
or size by natural organic devel¬ 
opment ; be produced by vegeta¬ 
tion ; increase; flourish ; thrive ; 
become; advance; become fixed or 
attached. 

Syn. increase, vegetate, expand, 
advance. 

Ant. (see decay, diminution), 
growl (groul), n. a deep angry 
snarl or murmur: v.i. to snarl or 
murmur like a dog; grumble. 

Syn. grumble, snarl, murmur, 
complain. 

growl-er ('er), n. one who, and 
that which, growls; a North 
American perch; a four-wheeled 
cab; pitcher or pail of beer, 
grown, p.p. of grow, 
growth (grdth), n. the progress¬ 
ive increase of animal or vege¬ 
table bodies; advancement; in¬ 
crease ; progress ; result; effect, 
grub (grub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

grubbed, p.pr. grubbing], to dig 
up; root out of the ground; pro¬ 
vide with food : v.i. to drudge or 
toil; perforrp dirty work: n. the 
larva of a beetle, moth, or other 
insect; food; a sloven or dirty 
person. 

grub-ber ('er), one who, or that 
which, grubs. 

grudge (gmj), v.t. to regard 
with envy or discontent; give or 
take with reluctance: n. secret 
malice or ill-will; an old dislike 
or quarrel. 

Syn. malice, rancor, spite, 
pique, hatred, aversion, 
gru-el (groo'el), n. a light semi¬ 
liquid food made of oatmeal, &c., 
for invalids. 

grue-some (groo'sum), adj. hor¬ 
rible of aspect; inspiring gloom or 
horror. 

gruff (gruf), adj.' rough or surly 
in voice or manner; harsh; 
hoarse. 

Syn. rough, rugged, blunt, rude, 
harsh, surly, bearish. 

Ant. (see pleasant), 
gru-gru (gr5o'gr55), n. the larva 
of a South American weevil, 
cooked for food as a delicacy, 
grum-ble (grum'bl), v.i. to mur¬ 
mur discontentedly; find fault. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






gru 


407 


guf 


grumbling ('bling), n. the act 
of murmuring discontentedly, 
gru-mous (grod'mus), adj. con¬ 
sisting of clustered grains; thick 
or clotted. 

grump i ly (grump'i-li), adv. in 
a grumpy manner, 
grump-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the 
state of being grumpy, 
grumpy ('i), adj. surly; cross; 
low-spirited. 

grunt (grunt), n. the guttural 
noise of a hog; an edible marine 
American fish: .v.i. to make a 
noise like a hog. 

gru-yere (groo-yar'), n. a Swiss 
or French cheese made from skim- 
milk. 

gry-po-sis (gri-po'sis), n. an in¬ 
growing of the nails. Also gryph- 
osis. 

grys-bok (gris'bok), n. a South 
African antelope. 

gua-co (gwa'ko), n. tropical 
American plant, used as a specific 
for snake-bites. 

Guai-a-cum (gwi'a-kum), n. a 
genus of tropical American and 
West Indian shrubs and trees 
from which a resin, extensively 
used in medicine, is obtained, 
guan (gwan), n. a gallinaceous 
bird of South America, 
gua-na-co (gwa-na'ko), n. the 
wild llama of the Andes, 
gua-nif-er-ous (gwa-nif'er-us), 
adj. yielding guano, 
guanine ('nin), n. a principle 
found in guano, pancreatic juice, 
&c. 

gua-no ('no), n. the dung of sea¬ 
birds found in thick layers in 
South America and Africa, yield¬ 
ing a valuable manure, 
guarantee (gar-an-te'), n. an 
engagement made by a third per¬ 
son to secure the fhlfillment of 
an agreement; one who becomes 
surety for the performance of an¬ 
other’s acts: v.t. to undertake 
that another shall perform a cer¬ 
tain stipulation ; warrant; be re¬ 
sponsible for. Also guaranty, 
guar an tor ('an-tor), n. one who 
guarantees, or makes, a guaranty, 
guaranty, the legal form of 
guarantee. 

guard (gard), v.t. to watch over 
or protect; preserve by caution; 


shield or defend : v.i. be cautious 
(with against ) : n. security or 
defense against injury or attack ; 
a state of vigilance or caution; 
attention ; any contrivance or de¬ 
vice for security; an official in 
charge of a train ; a man or body 
of men employed for defense or 
control. 

guarded ('ed), p.adj. defended; 

careful; cautious; circumspect, 
guard i an ('i-an), n. one who 
has the care of the person or 
property of another; a warden: 
adj. protecting; tutelary, 
guard-ship ('ship), n. a war¬ 
ship stationed at a port or har¬ 
bor for its jirotection. 
guards-man (z'man), n. [pi. 
guardsmen ('men)], an officer or 
soldier of the guards, 
gua-va (gwa'va), n. a tree of 
tropical America yielding a pear- 
shaped fruit, from which a jelly 
is made. 

gu-ber-na-to-ri-al (gu-ber-na-to'- 
ri-al), adj. pertaining to a gov¬ 
ernor or to his office, 
gudgeon (guj'un), n. a small 
edible fresh-water fish; a person 
who is easily imposed upon; an 
iron pin or shaft on which a 
wheel revolves. 

guer don (ger'dun), n. a reward, 
guer-il-la (ger-il'a), n. one of an 
irregular force engaged in harass¬ 
ing an enemy in small bands; 
petty warfare: adj. belonging to, 
or consisting of, guerillas; per¬ 
taining to irregular warfare. 
Guern sey (gern'zi), n. a breed of 
dairy cattle from the island of 
Guernsey. 

guern-sey (gern'zi), n. a close-fit¬ 
ting knitted woolen shiyt. 
guess (ges), n. a conjecture; the 
act of guessing: v.t. to hit upon 
at random ; believe or think: v.i. 
to conjecture. 

guess-work ('werk), n. random 
conjecture; work performed by 
guess. 

guest (gest), n. one who is en¬ 
tertained at the house or table 
of another. 

gue-vi (gwa've), n. a South Afri¬ 
can antelope. 

guf-faw (guf-faw'), n. a rude 
boisterous laugh. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






408 


gum 


guf 


guf-fer ('er), n. the eel-pout, 
guhr (goor), n. a loose earthy de¬ 
posit found in the clefts and 
cavities of rocks. 

guib (gwib), n. a West African 
antelope. 

guid-a-ble (gld'a-bl), adj. that 
may be guided. 

guid-ance ('ans), n. direction; 
leading. 

guide (gld), n. one who leads or 
directs; conductor; director; a 
soldier or other person who ob¬ 
tains information for an army; 
that by which one directs his 
course; a guide-book: v.t. to lead 
or direct; influence; regulate; 
govern by counsel, 
guide-book ('book), n. a hand¬ 
book for the direction of travel¬ 
ers. 

gui-don (gi'dun), n. the forked 
flag of a troop of light cavalry; 
the flag of a guild or confra¬ 
ternity. 

guild (gild), n. a fraternity; cor¬ 
poration ; association. Also gild, 
guild-er ('er), n. the Dutch 
florin, value about 40.2 cents, 
guile (gfl), n. deceit; cunning; 
duplicity. 

Syn. deceit, fraud. 

Ant. (see candor), 
guile-ful ('fool), adj. full of 
guile. 

guill-e-mot (gil'e-mot), n. a 
species of auk. 

guil-loche (gil-losh'), n. a series 
of interwoven or twisted orna¬ 
ments. 

- guil-lo-tine ('o-ten), n. an appa¬ 
ratus for beheading a criminal by 
means of a heavy knife sliding in 
two upright grooves : v.t. (-o-ten') 
to behead with the guillotine, 
guilt (gilt), n. the state of one 
who is liable to a penalty; sin; 
criminality. 

guilt-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a guilty 
manner. 

guilt-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being guilty. 

guilt-y ('i), adj. [comp, guiltier, 
superl. guiltiest]*, justly charge¬ 
able with a crime; wicked; crim¬ 
inal ; not innocent. 

8yn. culpable, sinful, criminal, 
guin-ea (gin'e), n. a gold coin, 
formerly current in England, 
value 21s. or about $5. 


guin-ea-fowl (-foul), n. a grey¬ 
ish-blue gallinaceous bird with 
white spots, originally from 
Guinea. 

guin-ea-pig (-pig), n. a small 
domesticated South American ro¬ 
dent, allied to the cavy. 
gui-pure (ge-pur'), n. a kind of 
lace or gimp. 

guise (giz), n. external appear¬ 
ance ; dress; mien, 
gui-tar (gi-tar'), n. a six-stringed 
instrument, on the principle of 
the violin, played with the fingers, 
gu-la (gu'la), n. [pi. guise f 'le)]. 

n. the gullet; throat, 
gu-lar ('lar), adj. pertaining to 
the gula. 

gulch (gulch), n. a rocky or 
rough narrow valley, 
gulf (gulf), n. an arm of the sea 
extending into the land, interme¬ 
diate in size between a bay and 
sea; a deep place in the earth; 
an abyss; whirlpool; something 
insatiable. 

gulf stream (strem), n. a vast 
and important warm ocean-cur- 
rent flowing out from the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

gull (gul), n. a web-fcoted sea- 
fowl with long wings; one who 
is easily cheated: v.t. to cheat; 
deceive; impose upon, 
gul-let ('et), n. the throat; 
oesophagus. 

gullibility (gul-i-bil'i-ti), n. 

capacity for being gulled, 
gul-li-ble (gul'i-bl), adj. capable 
of being easily deceived, 
gul-ly ('i), n. [pi. gullies ('iz) ], 
a channel or hollow worn by 
water; narrow ravine; a metal 
tram-rail or -plate, 
gulp (gulp), v.t. to swallow down 
eagerly or in large draughts: n. 
the a.ct of gulping; swallow, 
gum (gum)’, n. the soft fleshy 
part of the jaws by which the 
teeth are surrounded; a semi¬ 
transparent viscid vegetable sub¬ 
stance that exudes from certain 
trees and shrubs and hardens on 
the surface: v.t. [p.t. & p.p 

gummed, p.pr. gumming], to 
smear or unite with gum. 
gum ar-a-bic (ar'&-bik), n. a 
gum obtained from various specie 0 
of acacia. 

gum-bo (b5). n. a dish or soup 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







gum 


409 


gut 


made from the gummy pods of 
the okra ; a Creole patois; prairie 
mud. 

guin-mi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being gummy, 
gum-my ('i), adj. like gum. 
gump - tion (gump'shun), n. 
quickness of perception ; common 
sense; in the fine arts, the art of 
preparing colors. 

guxnp-tious ('slius), adj. shrewd; 
smart. 

gun (gun), n. an instrument for 
discharging shot, by the force of 
an explosive: v.i. to shoot with 
a gun. 

gun-boat (gun'bot), n. a warship 
of light draught, next in size to 
a cruiser, carrying several heavy 
guns. 

gun-cot-ton ('kot-n), n. a highly 
explosive substance formed by the 
action of nitric and sulphuric 
acid upon cotton, or some other 
vegetable fibre. 

gun-lire ('fir), n. the hour at 
which the morning and evening 
gun is fired. 

gun-jab t'ja). n. the hemp plant 
of India. Also ganja. 
gun-met-al ('met-al), n. an alloy 
of copper and tin. 
gunnel, same as gunwale, 
gun ner ('er), n. one who works 
a gun ; an artilleryman ; a war¬ 
rant-officer in the navy who has 
charge of the ordnance of a war- 
vessel and ordnance-stores, 
gun-ner-y ('er-i), n. the science 
of artillery. 

gun ning Cing), n. the shooting 
of game with a gun. , 

gun-ny ('i), n. [pi. gunnies ('iz)l, 
a coarse heavy sackcloth of jute 
or hemp. 

gunpowder ('pou-der), n. an 
explosive substance composed of 
sulphur, niter and charcoal; a fine 
kind of green tea. 

Gun-ter’s chain (gun'terz chait), 
n. a surveyor’s chain used in 
measuring land, fid ft. long, and 
divided in 100 links of 7.92 in. 
each. 

Gun-ter’s scale (skal), n. a 
large nlane scale, with various 
lines of numbers engraved upon 
it, by means of which surveyors’ 


and navigators’ calculations are 
determined. 

gun-wale (gun'l), n. the upper 
edge of the side of a ship next to 
the bulwarks. 

gur-gi-ta-tion (ger-ji-ta'shun), n. 
a state of boiling, or whirling 
round. 

gur-gle (ger'gl), v.i. to flow or 
run with a purling, bubbling 
sound: n. a purling, bubbling 
noise. 

gur-glet ('glet), n. a porous 
earthen vessel for cooling water, 
gur-net ('net), n. an edible sea- 
fish with a large angular head 
and rough bony skin. Also gur¬ 
nard. 

gur-rah (gur'ii), n. a plain coarse 
Indian muslin. 

gur-ry ('i), n. in India, a small 
native fort; crude oil from the 
livers of fish. 

gusb (gush), n. a sudden and vi¬ 
olent flow of a liquid from an in¬ 
closed space; outburst; an ex¬ 
travagant display of sentiment: 
v.i. to issue with violence and ra¬ 
pidity ; flow copiously; be extrav¬ 
agantly sentimental, 
gush-er ('er). n. one who, or that 
which, gushes; an oil well that 
discharges its contents without 
the aid of machinery, 
gus-set (gus'et), n. a small trian¬ 
gular piece of cloth inserted in a 
garment to strengthen or enlarge 
a part. 

gust (gust), n. a sudden squall; 
a sudden and violent outburst of 
passion. 

gus-ta-to-ry ('tA-to-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to the taste, 
gust-ful ('fool), adj. full of gusto, 
gus-to ('to), n. zest; relish, 
gus-ty ('i), adj. characterized by 
gusts. 

gut (gut), n. the intestinal canal ; 
an intestine; catgut; a narrow 
channel or strait: v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
gutted, p.pr. gutting], to extract 
the entrails of; eviscerate; to 
plunder, or empty entirely, 
gut-ta-per-cha (-per'cha), n. a 
reddish-brown horn-like sub¬ 
stance ; the inspissated juice of 
the gutta-percha tree ( Isonandra 
gutta ) of the Malay Archipelago, 
gut-ter ('er), n. a channel for 
carrying away water: v.t. to cut 


late, mar, mAsk, cat. awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vbte. pArch. lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









410 


gut 


gy r 


% 


into small channels; furnish 
with gutters: v.i. to run in drops, 
guttering (-ing), n. a making 
into hollows; the act of falling in 
drops; material for making gut¬ 
ters. 

gut-tur-al ('er-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or produced in, the throat: 
n. a letter produced in the throat, 
gut-tur-al-ly (-li), adv. in a gut¬ 
tural manner. 

guy (gl), n. a rope, chain, &c., to 
swing and keep steady a heavy 
body; an effigy, especially of Guy 
Fawkes; a person oddly or dowd- 
ily dressed : v.t. to steady or guide 
with a guy; ridicule; delude, 
guz-zle (guz'l), v.i. to drink greed¬ 
ily and immoderately: n. intoxi¬ 
cating liquor; a drunken debauch, 
guz-zy ('i). n. an East Indian cot¬ 
ton cloth. * 

gwin-i-ad (gwin'i-ad), n. a Welsh 
trout; the powan. Also guiniad. 
gymn, a prefix meaning naked, 
destitute of, occurring in many 
compound words. Also gymno. 
gym-nan-thous (jim-nan'thus), 
adj. without calyx or corolla, 
gym-na-si-um (-na'zi-um), n. [pi, 
gymnasia (-a)], a building where 
gymnastic exercises are practiced ; 
a school for the higher branches 
of literature and art; in ancient 
Greece, a place for athletic ex¬ 
ercises, provided with baths, &c., 
also, in connection with it, apart¬ 
ments in which philosophic dis¬ 
cussions were carried on. 
gymnast ('nast), n. one who 
practices, or is expert in, gym¬ 
nastics. 

gym-nas-tic ('ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or of the nature of, gymnas¬ 
tics. 

gym-nas-tics ('iks), n.pl. athletic 
exercises; the art of developing 
the physical powers by athletic ex¬ 
ercises. 

gymno, prefix see gymn. 


gym-no-gens (jim'no-jer.s), n.pl. 
plants having naked seeds, or not 
inclosed in an ovary, 
gym-no-tus (jim-no'tus), n. the 
electric eel of South America, 
gyn-ar-chy (jin'ar-ki), n. gov¬ 
ernment by a woman ; female rule, 
gyne, a prefix meaning woman, fe¬ 
male. Also gyneco. 
gyn-e-coc-ra-cy (jin-e-kok'ra-si), 
n. female rule or supremacy. 
Also gyneocracy. 

gyn-e-col-o-gy (jin-e-koro-ji), n. 
that branch of medical science 
which treats of the functions and 
diseases of women, 
gyn-e-ol-a-try ('ol'a-tri), n. ex¬ 
cessive homage paid to women, 
gyno, prefix meaning ovary or 
pistil, occurring in various botan¬ 
ical terms, as gynophore, the long 
stalk upon which some ovaria are 
situated, as in the passion flower, 
gyp-sum (jip'sum), n. sulphate of 
lime; plaster of paris. 

Gypsy, same as Gipsy, 
gy-r&l (ji'ral), adj. rotatory; 
whirling. 

gy-rate ('rat), v.i. to revolve 
round a central point; rotate; 
wheel. 

gy-ra-to-ry ('ra-to-ri), adj. re¬ 
volving in a circle, 
gyre (jir), n. a fetter for the 
legs: v.t. to fetter, 
gyro, a prefix in various scientific 
words meaning a circle, round. 
gy-ro-scope (ji'ro-skop), n. an 
instrument for demonstrating the 
laws of dynamics governing ro¬ 
tating bodies. 

gy-ro-scope-rail-way (-ral'wa), 
n. a recent invention of a single¬ 
rail railway, each car being kept 
erect by the rotary force of two 
gyroscopes in rapid opposite mo¬ 
tion. The car used is called by 
the inventor a gyro-car. 
gy-ro-stat (-stat), n. an instru¬ 
ment for demonstrating the dy¬ 
namics of rotating rigid bodies. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot ‘ moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








ha 


411 


hac 


-H- 


ha (ha), inter}, an expression of 
wonder, joy, hesitation, &c.: v.i. 
to express wonder, &c.; hesitate, 
haaf (haf), n. a deep-sea fishing- 
bank off the Shetlands. 
ha-be-as cor pus (ha'be-as kor'- 
pus, Latin, have the body), a writ 
to produce a prisoner at a stated 
time and place to declare the 
cause of his detention, 
hab-er-dash-er (hab'er-dash-er), 
n. a dealer in small wares, as rib¬ 
bons, lace, tapes, needles, &c. 
hab-er-dash-er-y (-i), n. the 
wares sold by a haberdasher; a 
haberdasher’s shop, 
hab-er-geon ('er-jun), n. a coat 
of mail covering the neck and 
breast. 

ha-bil-i-ment (ha-bil'i-ment), n. 
an article of clothing: pi. dress, 
ha-bil-i-tate ('i-tat). v.i. to be¬ 
come qualified. 

hab-it (hab'it), n. ordinary 
course of conduct; general con¬ 
dition or tendency ; disposition ; 
established custom; dress; a wo¬ 
man’s riding-dress ; the distinctive 
dress worn by members of a re¬ 
ligious order: v.t. to dress; fur¬ 
nish with a habit. 

Syn. custom, practice, 
hab-it-a-ble ('it-a-bl), adj. fit to 
be dwelt in. 

hab-it-ant ('it-ant), n. a dweller; 
permanent resident; a farmer of 
French descent, in Canada and 
Louisiana. 

hab-i-tat ('i-tat), n. the natural 
locality of animals, plants, &c., in 
their wild state; geographical 
range. 

hab-i-ta-tion (-i-ta'shun), n. res¬ 
idence or place of abode; natural 
locality; a Primrose League lodge, 
hab-i-ted ('i-ted), p.adj. wearing 
a habit or dress. 

ha-bit-u-al (ha-bit'u-al), adj. 
formed or acquired by use; cus¬ 
tomary ; inveterate, 
ba-bit-u-al-ly (-li), adv. by 
habit. 

ha-bit-u-ate ('u-at), v.t. to make 
familiar by use or custom ; famil¬ 
iarize. 


habitude (hab'i-tud), n. habit; 
customary manner or mode; fa¬ 
miliarity. 

ha-bit-u-e (lm-bit'u-a), n. one 
who habitually frequents a place 
of amusement, &c. 
hac-i-en-da (a-the-en'da, or has- 
i-en'da), n. in Spanish America* 
a large plantation on which the 
owner is resident; an isolated 
farm; an establishment for rais¬ 
ing stock, farm produce, &c. 
hack (hak), v.t. to cut irregularly 
and into small pieces; injure by 
cutting; notch; kick (the shins of 
another) at football; let out for 
. ( hire; n. a notch; hollow irregular 
cut; a horse let out for hire; a 
kick on the shins at football; a 
carriage let out for hire ; a hack¬ 
ney-coach ; a literary drudge; a 
drying frame for fish; a place 
where green bricks are dried; a 
feeding rack. 

hack-ber-ry ('ber-ri), n. a large 
North American forest-tree, with 
an edible fruit. 

hack-but ('but), n. an arquebus, 
hack-ee ('e), n. the chipmunk, 
hack-i-a ('i-a), n. a lofty South 
American tree of the madder fam¬ 
ily- 

hack-ing ('ing), adj. notching; 
irritating and wearing: said of a 
cough: n. the stacking of bricks 
for drying; a particular method 
of massage; a process in gem 
cutting. 

hack-le (hak'l), v.t. to dress or 
comb, as flax or hemp; tear into 
pieces; mangle in cutting: n. an 
implement with sharp spikes for 
cleansing flax or hemp; unspun 
fiber; a long narrow feather in 
the neck of a cock, used for mak¬ 
ing artificial flies for angling; a 
feather fly for angling, 
hack-ma-tack ('ma-tak), n. the 
red American larch, or tamarack, 
hack-ney ('ni), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
hackneyed, p.pr. hackneying], to 
wear out by constant use; make 
commonplace: adj. let out for 
hire; common or trite: n. a hack- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, iot; mooD. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









hac 


412 


hal 


ney-coach ; a horse kept for hire; 
a nag. 

kack-ney-coach (-koch), n. a li¬ 
censed carriage that plies for 
hire. 

hack-neyed ('nid), p.adj. worn 
out; commonplace, 
had, p.t. of have, 
had-dock ('ok), n. a sea-fish of 
the cod family. 

Ha-de-an (ha-de'an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Hades. 

Ha-des ('dez), n. the abode and 
state of the dead, 
kad-ing (liad'ing), n. the devia¬ 
tion from the vertical of a vein 
or stratum; underlay, 
hsema, a prefix meaning blood , oc¬ 
curring in many scientific words. 
Also hsem, hiemat, haemo, hemo. 
ksem-a-chrome (hem'a-krdm). n. 

the coloring matter of the blood, 
hsem-a-dro-mom-e-ter (-dro- 
mom'e-ter), n. an instrument for 
determining the velocity of the 
flow of blood. 

hse-mal (he'mal), adj. pertaining 
to the blood. 

kaem-a-lo-pi-a (hem-a-lo'pi-a). n. 
disease of the eye in which sub¬ 
jects appear red. 

ksem-a-tem-e-sis (-a-tem'e-sis), n. 
vomiting of blood from the stom¬ 
ach. 

kse-mat-ic (he-mat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the blood: n.pl. that 
branch of physiology that treats 
of the blood. 

hsem-a-toid (liem'a-toid), adj. 
blood-like. 

kaem-o-glo-bin ( L o-glo'bin), n. 

same as hemoglobin, 
kae-mop-ty-sis (he-mop'ti-sis), n. 

same as hemoptysis, 
haem-or-rhage (hem'o-raj), n. 

same as hemorrhage, 
kaem-or-rkoids ('o-roids), n.pl. 

same as hemorrhoids, 
kaft (haft), n. a handle of a tool 
or knife: v.t. to furnish with a 
haft or handle. 

kag (hag), n. a witch; an ugly 
old woman; a cartilaginous fish, 
parasitic in the bodies of other 
fish. 

hag-gard ('ard), adj. "worn and 
anxious in appearance; lean and 
hollow-eyed. 

kag-gle ('1), v.i. to higgle. 


kaik (lmk), n. an outer woolen 
garment with colored stripes worn 
by the Arabs. 

kail (hal), n. frozen raindrops; a 
call or salutation: v.i. to pour 
down hail: v.t. to pour down or 
out like hail; call to or salute. 

Syn. accost, address, greet, 
salute, welcome. 

kail-y ('i), adj. consisting of, or 
like, hail. 

kair (liar), n. one of the small 
horny fibrous tubes with a bulb¬ 
ous root growing out of the skin 
of a mammal; the mass of such 
horny fibrous tubes ; minute hair¬ 
like filaments on the surface of 
plants. 

kair-split-ting ('split-ing), adj. 
making oversubtle or very minute 
distinctions, in reasoning or state¬ 
ment. 

kair-spring ('spring), n. a very 
fine spring to regulate the balance 
wheel of a watch, 
kair-trigger (har'trig-er), n. 

a secondary trigger of a gun. 
kair-y ('i), adj. covered with, 
abounding in, or resembling, hair, 
kake (hak), n. an edible seafish 
allied to the cod. 
ka-la-tion (ha-la'shun), n. a halo 
on a photographic plate, 
kal-berd (hal'berd), n. a mediaeval 
weapon consisting of a long staff 
to which an axe was affixed with 
a spear-like point. Also halbert, 
kal-cy-on ('si-un), adj. pertaining 
to the kingfisher ; peaceful: happy ; 
calm: n. the kingfisher: from the 
fable that its hatching season was 
in calm weather. 

kale (hal). adj. sound bodily; 
healthy; hearty: v.t. to drag or 
draw by violence, 
kalf (hiif), n. [pi. halves 
(hiivz)], one of two equal parts; 
a school term ; in football, a half¬ 
back: adv. equally ; partly : adj. 
consisting of a half; approximat¬ 
ing. 

kalf-and-kalf, n. a mixture of 
ale and porter, or of old and new 
ale. 

kalf-blood ('blud), n. one whose 
parents are of different races; 
relationship between persons who 
have one parent in common, 
kalf-breed ('bred), n. a person 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, Jot ; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






413 


ham 


oaf 


of mixed blood: as, an Indian 
half-breed. 

half-caste ('kast), n. a person of 
an East Indian parent on one 
side and of a European on the 
other. 

hal-i-but (hal'i-but), w.* a large 
edible flatfish. 

hal i-core (i-kor), n. the dngong. 

hall (hawl), n. a large room for 
the transaction of public business, 
entertainments, &c.; a court of 
justice; the first large room of 
a house; a manor-house; a col¬ 
lege dining*room; the dinner 
served there; the public room of a 
corporation or guild; a minor 
college. 

hal-le-lu-jah (hal-e-ldo'ya), n. 
(Hebrew, Praise ye Jehovah) an 
ascription of praise to God; a 
musical composition having as its 
theme such an ascription of 
praise: adj. singing, or contain¬ 
ing. hallelujah. Also alleluiah. 

hal liard, same as halyard. 

hal li -er (hal'i-er), n. a birding 
net. 

hal-lion (hal'yen), n. a worthless 
fellow; a vixen or virago. 

hall-mark (hawl'mark), n. the 
official mark of the Goldsmiths’ 
Company and other English assay 
offices, attesting the quality of the 
gold and silver articles on which 
it is impressed : hence' a mark or 
proof of genuineness. 

hal-loo (ha-lo), inter}, an excla¬ 
mation to call attention to or 
cheer one; a shout to attract at¬ 
tention, or to cheer or urge on : 
v.t. to shout out; incite or cheer 
on, as dogs: v.i. to cry out loudly. 
Also holloa. 

hal-low (hal'o'l v.t. to consecrate ; 
devote to sacred purposes; revere. 

Hal loween (-en'), n. the Eve 
of All Saints or All Hallows, 
Oct. 31. 

hal-lu-ci-na-tion (hal-loo-si-na.'- 
shun), n. belief in something 
imaginary ; delusion ; error. 

ha-lo (ha'lo), n. a ring or circle 
of light round the sun or moon, 
caused by refraction; a ring of 
light or nimbus. 

hal-o-gen (hal'o-jen), n. an ele¬ 
ment as chlorine, bromine, iodine, 
and fluorine, which ’forms saline 


compounds by combining with oth¬ 
er elements. 

hal-oid ('oid), adj. resembling 
salt. 

halt (hawlt), n. the act of limp¬ 
ing ; a stop in marching: adj. 
crippled or lame: v.i. to be lame; 
limp; be dubious or hesitate; to 
stop in marching, 
hal-ter ('er), n. one who halts; 
a rope for hanging criminals; a 
rope for leading or holding a 
horse: v.t. to put on, or secure 
with, a halter. 

halve (hav); v.t. to divide into 
two equal parts; fasten together, 
as timbers, 
halves, pi. of half, 
hal-yard (hal'yard), n. a rope or 
tackle 'for hoisting a sail, fia^, 
&c. Also halliard, 
ham (ham), n. the hinder part of 
the thigh ; a thigh of an animal, 
especially a pig, salted and 
smoked ; a house ; village ; in place 
names of Anglo-Saxon origin, as 
Totten ham. 

Ham-a-me-lis (-a-me'lis), n. an 
order of shrubs, to which the 
witch-hazel belongs, and from 
which a medicinal extract is ob¬ 
tained. 

Ham burg ('berg), n. a rich kind 
of black grape; a breed of black 
domestic fowl. 

hame (ham), n. one of the curved 
bars on the collar to which the 
traces of a draught horse are 
fastened. 

ham-er-kop (ham'er-kop), n. an 
African bird with hammer-shaped 
feathers on its head, 
ham-i-form ('i-form), adj. hook¬ 
shaped. 

ham-let ('let). n. a small village, 
liam-mer ('er), n. an instrument 
with a handle and iron head for 
driving nails, beating metals, &c.; 
anything resembling a hammer in 
its action or shape: v.t. to beat 
with, or as with, a hammer^ 
forge; beat; work in the mind:' 
v.i. to work hard. 

ham-mer-beam (-bem), n. a 
horizontal piece of timber pro¬ 
jecting from the inside of a wall, 
ham-mer-cloth (-kloth), n. the 
cloth which covers a coach-box. 
ham-mock ('ok), n. a swinging 
bed usually of network or canvas. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot: moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








ham 


414 


han 


ham per ('per), n. a large wick¬ 
er-work basket for carrying food, 
&c.; the rigging of a ship: v.t. to 
put into, or inclose in, a hamper; 
embarrass ; perplex ; impede, 
ham-shack-le ('shak-1), v.t . 
fasten the head of an animal to 
one of its forelegs, as a horse, 
ham ster ('ster), n. a species of 
grain-storing rat with two cheek- 
pouches and a short tail, 
ham-string {'string), v.t. [ p.t. & 
p.p. hamstrung, p.pr. hamstring¬ 
ing], to lame by cutting the ten¬ 
dons of the ham : n.'pl. the strong 
sinews at the back of the knee, 
hand (hand), n. the divided and 
terminal extremity of the human 
arm connected with the wrist, a 
similar organ terminating the 
fore-limb of certain animals; 
something resembling a hand in 
appearance or use; a measure of 
4 in.; dexterity in manipulation 
or performance; right or left 
side ; possession ; style of writing ; 
an employe who labors with his 
hands; a sailor; cards held; a 
game; pledge of betrothal; near¬ 
ness ; gain ; advantage ; agency of ; 
index of any kind; turn of a 
player to serve the ball at tennis, 
&c.; a shoulder of pork: v.t. to 
give or transmit with, or as with, 
the hand; assist or lead with the 
hand : adj. pertaining to, or used 
by, the hand. 

handicraft ('i-kraft), n. the 
work or skill of an artificer; 
manual skill, or labor: adj. per¬ 
taining to manual labor, 
hand-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a handy 
manner. 

hand-i-ness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being handy, 
hand-i-work (-werk), n. work 
done, or produced by, the hands, 
handkerchief (hang'ker-chif), 
n. a pocket handkerchief; a silk 
or cotton square for the neck, 
handle (hand'l), n. that part of 
a tool, vessel, &c., grasped by the 
hand; an instrument or occasion : 
v.t. to touch or feel with the 
hand ; manage ; manipulate ; dis¬ 
course on; act toward or treat; 
buy, sell, or invest in: v.i. to 
work with the hands, 
hand-maid ('mad), n. a female 


servant or attendant. Also hand¬ 
maiden. 

hand-screw ('skroo), n. a lifting- 
jack. 

hand-sel ('sel), n. an earnest 
given to make good a contract; 
the act nf using anything for the 
first time; a gift, especially at 
the time of the New Year: v.t. to 
give a handsel to ; use or do for 
' the first time. 

hand-some ('sum), adj. pleasing 
to look upon; well-formed; ele¬ 
gantly dressed ; graceful ; liberal; 
generous; ample. t 
hand-spike ('splk), n. a wooden 
lever for moving heavy weights, 
heaving, &c. 

hand-y ('i), adj. [comp, handier, 
superl, handiest], dexterous; skil¬ 
ful ; convenient; close at hand; 
manageable. 

hang; (hang), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
hung, hanged, p.pr. hanging], to 
suspend, to fasten to something 
so as to be movable; suspend by 
the neck; cause to droop; dis¬ 
play ; show aloft; attach or 
fasten; furnish with ornaments 
or drapery suspended or fastened 
to the walls, &c.; catch fast: v.i. 
to* be suspended ; bend forward ; be 
dependent upon ; dangle ; cling; 
be in a deadlock: n. method of 
hanging; manner of doing or 
using; general tendency; slope, 
hang-dog ('dog), adj. of degraded 
or sneaking appearance, 
hang-er ('er), n. one who hangs; 
that by which something is hung 
or suspended ; a kind of cutlass, 
hang-ing ('ing), p.adj. suspended 
or dangling; suggesting or in¬ 
volving death by hanging: n. the 
act of putting to death by the 
punishment of the halter: pi. 
drapery for a room, 
hang-man ('man), n. [pi. hang 
men ('men)], a public execu- v 
tioner. 

hang-nail ('nal), n. a small piece 
of skin hanging from the root of 
a finger-nail; an agnail, 
ha-nif (ha-nef'), n. an orthodox 
Mohammedan; a monotheistic 
Arab, before the time of Moham¬ 
med. 

hank (hangk), n. two or more 
skeins of thread, silk, wool, &c., 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon- 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








han 


415 


har 


fastened together; one of the 
wooden rings to which a fore-and- 
aft sail is bent; a withy or rope 
for fastening a gate: v.t. to form 
into hanks. 

kank-er ('er), v.i. to desire eager¬ 
ly (with after). 

han-ky-pan-ky ('ki-pang'ki), n. 

jugglery : adj. tricky ; cheating, 
hanse (lians), n. a confederacy of 
merchants or commercial towns. 
Han-se-at-ic (-e-at'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Hanse towns or 
their confederacy. 

Hanse town (toun), n. a town 
confederated with another for 
mutual trade and protection, 
han som ('sum), n. a two-wheeled 
cab. 

hap (hap), v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. happed, 
p.pr. happing], to happen; befall 
casually: v.t. cover or wrap 
• [Scotch]: n. chance; a casual 
event; a cloak or w rapper 
[Scotch]. 

hap-haz-ard ('haz-ard), n. 

chance; accident: adv. by chance, 
hap-less (hap'les), adj. unfortu¬ 
nate ; unlucky ; unhappy, 
hap-lo-ma ('lo-ma), n. an outer 
cloth for an altar, 
kap-ly ('li), adv. by chance; per¬ 
haps. 

happen ('n), v.i. to chance; oc¬ 
cur. 

Syn. befall, chance, occur, 
hap-pi-ly (' i-li), adv. success¬ 
fully ; by good fortune; felicitous¬ 
ly. 

hap-pi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being happy; good fortune; 
felicitousness. 

Syn. beatitude, blessedness, 
bliss, felicity. 

Ant. (see unhappiness), 
hap-py ('i), adj. [comp, happier, 
super!. happiest], enjoying pleas¬ 
ure or good ; successful; prosper¬ 
ous ; lucky; living in concord; 
satisfied ; propitious ; felicitous, 
hap-tic ('tik), adj. relating to the 
sense of touch. 

ha-ra-ki-ri (ha'ra-ke-ri), n. for¬ 
merly, in .Japan, a method of 
suicide by ripping open the bowels, 
permitted to nobles and military 
officers so as to escape the in¬ 
dignity of a public execution or 
official disgrace. Called also 


happy despatch: hari-kari 
(wrongly). 

ha rangue (ha-rang'), n. a public 
address or oration, especially ex¬ 
tempore : v.i. to deliver a ha¬ 
rangue : v.t. to address by a 
harangue. 

kar-ass (har'as), v.t. to annoy 
or vex; fatigue or weary with 
labor or importunity; to tire out 
and annoy an enemy by incessant 
petty attacks. 

kar-ass-ing (-ing), p.adj. fatigu¬ 
ing ; annoying. 

kar-ass-inent (-ment), n. the act 
of harassing; the state of being 
harassed. 

kar-kin-ger (har'bin-jer), n. a 
precursor; forerunner: v.t. an¬ 
nounce ; foretell; usher in. 

kar-kor ('ber), n. a port or 
haven for ships; any place of 
refuge or safety; formerly an 
inn or lodging: v.t. to shelter or 
protect; cherish. 

Syn. haven, port. 

kar-bor-age (*hj), n. a port or 
anchorage for ships. 

kai*d (hard), adj. compact and 
solid; firm ; not easy to be pierced 
or broken; unyielding; difficult 
of accomplishment; laborious; 
fatiguing ; cruel; oppressive ; 
severe ; keen ; austere ; inflexible ; 
unfeeling; exacting; not easily 
granted ; rough ; coarse ; unpros- 
perous.; uttered gutturally; stiff 
or formal • adv. forcibly ; laborious¬ 
ly ; diligently; tempestuously; 
closely; near; roughly; to the 
utmost extent; so as to become 
hard; with vexation, trouble, or 
sorrow’: n. a roadway of hard ma¬ 
terial by the sea; a pier or land¬ 
ing-place : pi. the refuse of flax 
or w’ool; alum and salt mixed 
together, used for giving a white 
color to bread. 

Syn. firm, solid, arduous, diffi¬ 
cult. 

Ant. (see easy, soft). 

kard-en ('n). v.t. to make hard or 
harder; confirm in impudence or 
wickedness ; toughen ; inure : v.i. 
to become hard or harder. 

hard-i-kood ('i-hood), n. effront¬ 
ery ; boldness; physical endurance. 

kard-i-Iy ('i-li), adv. with hardi¬ 
hood. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









416 


har 


bar 


hard-la-bor ('la-ber), n. work 
imposed as an additional punish¬ 
ment to a term of imprisonment. 

hardly ('li), adv. with difficulty; 
scarcely ; vigorously ; severely ; 
without delicacy; coarsely; un¬ 
favorably. 

hardness ('nes), n. the quality 
of being hard. 

bard-pan ('pan), n. in raining, a 
stratum of gravel or sand; a solid 
foundation. 

hardship ('ship), n. oppression; 
severe labor or want; injustice. 

hard-tack ('tak), n. large hard 
cracker or biscuit baked for army 
and navy use. 

hard-ware ('war), n. manufac¬ 
tured articles of metal. 

hare (har), n. a rodent, with long 
ears and a short tail, larger than 
a rabbit, characterized by its 
great timidity. 

harebell ('bel), n. species of 
campanula, the bluebell of Scot¬ 
land. 

hare-brained ('brand), adj. vola¬ 
tile ; wild. 

hare-foot ('foot), n. a long*nar¬ 
row foot; a fast runner. 

hare-hound ('hound), n. a har¬ 
rier. 

hare lip ('lip), n. a malformation 
of the upper lip, which is divided 
in the middle. 

ha-rem (ha' or ha'rem), n. the 
apartments of the women and 
children in a Mohammedan house; 
the wives and concubines of a 
Mohammedan. Also hareem, ha- 
ram. 

hare’s-foot (harz'foot), n. a 
species of fern; a kind of clover; 
the foot of a hare used in mak¬ 
ing up by actors. 

hare’s-tail ('tal), n. a species of 
cotton-grass allied to the bul¬ 
rushes. 

har-i-cot (har'i-ko), n. a kind of 
stew of meat and vegetables; the 
kidney-bean. 

hark (hark), v.i. to listen. Also 
harken. 

har-le-quin (har'le-kwin), n. the 
performer in a pantomime who 
wears parti-colored garments and 
carries a talismanic wand; adj. 
fantastic or full of trickery ; parti¬ 


colored : v.i. to make fun by sport¬ 
ive tricks. 

harlequinade ( ad'), n. that 
part of a pantomime in which the 
harlequin appears; an extrava¬ 
ganza. 

har-lot ('lot), n. a prostitute, 
har-lot-ry (-ri), n. the trade or 
practice of prostitution, 
harm (harm), n. injury; hurt; 
damage; moral evil or wrong-do¬ 
ing : v.t. to inflict hurt, damage, 
or injury upon. 

Syn. injury, hurt, wrong, in¬ 
fliction. 

Ant. (see benefit), 
har-mel ('mel), n. an herb of the 
rue family used in the East as 
a vermifuge and disinfectant, 
harm-ful (harm'fool), adj. hurt¬ 
ful ; injurious. 

harm-ful-ly (-li), adv. injuriously, 
harmonic (har-mon'ik), adj. t 
pertaining to, or producing, har¬ 
mony ; musical ; concordant; har¬ 
monious ; also harmonical: n.pl. 
the science of musical sounds, 
har-mon-i-ca (-mon'i-ka), n. a 
musical instrument the tones of 
which are produced by friction 
from a number of musical glasses 
filled to various heights with 
water; a mouth-organ; an oblong 
musical instrument consisting of 
a number of glass slips which are 
struck by a mallet. Also har- 
monicon. 

har-mon-ic-al-ly ('ik-al-li), adv. 

in a harmonic manner, 
harmonic tri-ad (tri'ad), n. 
the common chord, consisting of 
its third and perfect fifth, 
harmonious (-mo'ni-us), adj 
concordant; musical; symmetrical, 
har-mon-i-phon (-mon'i-fon), n, 
a musical wind instrument with 
reeds and a keyboard, 
harmonize ('mo-niz), v.t. to 
render harmonious; cause to 
agree; reconcile: v.i. to agree; be 
in peace and friendship; corre¬ 
spond. 

har-mo-nist ('mo-nist), n. one 
who is skilled in harmony ; an ex¬ 
pounder of the harmony of the 
Scriptures, especially of the Gos¬ 
pels. 

har mo ni um (-mo'ni-um), n. a 
reed-organ. 

har mo ny ('mo-ni), n. [pi. liar- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl;.lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









tiar 


417 


has 


monies (-niz)], the quality of be¬ 
ing pleasing to the ear; unison; 
just adaptation of parts to one 
another, so as to form a connected 
whole; accord in feeling, senti¬ 
ment, &c.; a literary work show¬ 
ing the agreement between par¬ 
allel or similar histories or pas¬ 
sages. 

Syn. accord, concord, agree¬ 
ment, union. 

Ant. (see discord), 
harness ('nes), n. the working 
gear of a horse; the accoutrement 
and armor of a knight; any ar¬ 
rangement, as of straps, &c., for 
performing some mechanical oper¬ 
ation : v.t. to put harness upon; 
equip, as a knight, 
harp (harp), n. a musical stringed 
instrument of triangular shape, 
played with the fingers: v.i. to 
play on the harp; dwell tediously 
or persistently on some particular 
subject (with on or upon). 
harping ('ing), n. the act of 
playing upon a harp: pi. the 
breadth of a ship at the bow. 
harpoon (-poon'), n. a long 
barb-headed spear having a line 
attached to the staff, for strik¬ 
ing and killing whales: v.t. to 
strike with a harpoon, 
harp-si-chord ('si-kord), n. a 
stringed instrument with a key¬ 
board, the precursor of the piano¬ 
forte. 

harp-y ('i ), n. [pi. harpies ('iz)l, 
in classical mythology, one of 
three winged monsters, the 
daughters of Neptune and Terra, 
with a woman’s face, and the 
body and sharp claws of a vulture, 
exceedingly rapacious and filthy : 
hence, an extortioner; a large 
crested American eagle, 
har-ri-dan (har'i-dan), n. an ugly 
ill-tempered old woman, 
har-ri-er ('i-er), n. a variety of 
dog used for hunting hares; a 
species of hawk. 

har row ('o>, n. an agricultural 
instrument for breaking up clods 
and casting earth upon sown 
land: v.t. to break up, tear, or 
draw over with a harrow; lacer¬ 
ate or torment. 

har-ry ('i), v.t. f p.t. & p.p. har¬ 
ried, p.pr. harrying], to plunder, 


lay waste; annoy or vex; tease; 
harass: v.i. to make predatory 
raids. 

harsh (harsh), adj. discordant; 
jarring; rough to the ear, taste, 
or touch; austere. 

Syn. rough, rigorous, severe, 
gruff, morose. 

Ant. (see gentle), 
hart (hart), n. the male of the 
red deer. 

hart-beest ('best), n. a large 
African antelope. 

harts-horn (hartz'liorn), n. the 
antler of a hart; a volatile prep¬ 
aration of ammonia. 

hart’s-tongue ('tung), n. a 
British fern. 

har-um-scar-um (har'um-skar'- 
um), adj. giddy; wild; reckless; 
untidy. 

ha-rus-pex (ha-rus'peks), n. [pi. 
haruspices ('pi-sez)J, an ancient 
Roman diviner or soothsayer who 
foretold events by inspecting the 
entrails of sacrificial victims. 
Also aruspex. 

har-vest (har'vest), n. the sea¬ 
son of reaping and gathering in 
the harvest: v.t. to gather in, as 
corn; reap. 

har vest-home (-hom), n. a har¬ 
vest festival. 

harvest-moon (-moon), n. the 
full moon which falls near the 
time of the autumnal equinox, 
about Sept. 23. 

harvest-mouse (mous), n. a 
small field mouse which builds a 
round nest in the stalks of corn, 
hash (hash), n. a dish of meat 
cut and cooked with vegetables; 
a mixture; v.t. to chop small and 
mix. 

hash-ish ('esh), n. an intoxicant 
made from Indian hemp; bhang, 
has-let (has'let). n. the liver, 
heart, and lungs of a sheep, 
hasp (hasp), n. a clasn folded 
over a staple and secured with a 
padlock: v.t. to shut or secure 
with a ha so. 

has-sock (has'ok), n. a padded 
mat or cushion for kneeling upon 
in church, &c.; a kneeler. 
hast, 2nd per., sing., pres.t. of 
have. 

haste (hast), n. quickness of 
movement; celerity; speed; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let: line, tin; vote, pSrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









has 


418 


urgency; precipitancy; vehe¬ 
mence : v.t. to hasten, 
hasten (lia'sn), v.t. to cause to 
make haste; hurry; urge for¬ 
ward : v.i. to move with speed; 
be quick. 

Syn. accelerate, dispatch, ex¬ 
pedite, speed. 

Ant. (see delay). 

hastily ('sti-li), adv. in a hasty 
manner. 

ha-sty ('sti), adj. [comp, hastier, 
superl. hastiest], precipitate: 
quick; speedy; eager; vehement; 
rash. 

Syn. hurried, ill-advised. 

Ant. (see deliberate), 
ha-sty-pud-ding (-pud-ing), n. 
a pudding of flour or meal and 
water or milk stirred together 
and boiled. 

hat (hat), n. a covering for the 
head, with a crown and brim; a 
cardinal’s rank and dignity, 
hat-band ('band), n. a band 
worn round the hat; a black 
cloth band worn as a token of 
mourning. 

hatch (hach), v.t. to produce 
(young) from eggs; plot or con¬ 
trive ; shade by narrow lines; 
close with, or as with, a hatch: 
n. the number of young produced 
from eggs at a sitting; brood; 
plot; a narrow line in engraving, 
or drawing; a door with an open¬ 
ing over it; a half-door: pi. doors 
or openings by which a descent 
is made from one deck of a ship to 
another. 

hatch-boat ('bot), n. a half¬ 
decked fishing-vessel with a well 
for holding fish. 

hatch-er-y ('er-i). n. a place 
where eggs are artificially hatched, 
especially those of fish, 
hatch-et ('et), n. a small axe. 
hatching ('ing), n. a kind of 
drawing or engraving by narrow 
parallel or crossed lines, 
hatch-ment ('ment), n. the es¬ 
cutcheon or armorial bearings of 
a deceased person, placed in front 
of his house, on a tomb, in a 
church, &c. 

hatch-way ('wa), n. a rectangu¬ 
lar opening in the deck of a ves¬ 
sel for passage below, 
hate (hat), v.t. to dislike intense¬ 
ly ; abhor; detest: n. hatred. 


hav 


hate-ful ('fool), adj. causing 
hate. 

Syn. odious, detestable. 

Ant. (see lovable), 
hate-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a hate¬ 
ful manner. 

ha-tred ('tred) , n. bitter aversion ; 
continued hostility of feeling; de¬ 
testation. 

Syn. enmity, ill-will, rancor. 

Ant. (see friendship), 
hatted (hat'ed), adj. wearing a 
hat. 

hat-ter ('er), n. a maker of hats, 
hau-ber-geon (haw'ber-jun), n. 
a short hauberk. 

hau-berk ('berk), n. a coat of 
armor formed of steel rings, reach¬ 
ing below the knees, 
haugh-ti-ly (haw'ti-li), adv. in a 
haughty manner. 

haugh-ty ('ti), adj. [comp, haugh- 
> tier, superl. haughtiest], proud 
and disdainful; supercilious : con¬ 
temptuous. 

Syn. arrogant, disdainful, super¬ 
cilious, proud. 

haul (hawl), v.t. to pull or draw 
with force; transport by drawing: 
v.i. to change the course of a 
ship; shift: said of the wind: n. 
a strong pull ; draught of a net; 
quantity caught at one time; 
distance over which anything is 
drawn. 

haul-age ( 'aj), n. the act or proc¬ 
ess of hauling; charges for haul¬ 
ing. 

haul-er (hawl'er), n. one who, or 
that which, hauls, 
haulm (hawm), n. the stalks or 
stems of grain, beans, &c.; stub¬ 
ble. 

haunch (hanch), n. the fleshy 
part of the hip and buttock; a 
joint of venison or mutton; 
shoulder of an arch, 
haunt (hant), n. a place of ac¬ 
customed resort: v.t. to visit fre¬ 
quently or habitually; trouble 
with frequent visits, as an ap¬ 
parition. 

haut-boy (ho'boi). n. a wind in¬ 
strument of the flute class: the 
oboe. 

hau-teur (ho-to5r'), n. haughty 
bearing or spirit. 

Ha van a (ha-van'&), n. a cigar 
made of Cuban tobacco, 
have (hav), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. had. 


late, mftr, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






bav 


419 


hea 


p.pr. having], to possess; take; 
hold or bear; enjoy; desire; be 
obliged ; bring forth ; cheat; ob¬ 
tain the advantage of. 

Syn. hold, occupy, possess, own. 
haven (na'vn), n. a sheltered 
anchorage for ships; harbor; 
place of shelter and safety, 
hav-er-sack (hav'er-sak), n. a 
strong coarse linen bag in which 
soldiers carry their rations when 
marching. 

ha-ver-si-an ca nals (ha-ver'si- 
an ka-nalz'), n.pl. small longitudi¬ 
nal canals in the bones conveying 
the vessels of nutrition, 
hav-il-dar ('il-dar), n. a native 
sergeant of an Indian infantry 
regiment. 

hav-ing ('ing), n. the act or state 
of possession. 

hav oc ('ok), n. wide and general 
destruction ; devastation, 
haw (haw), n. the fruit of vari¬ 
ous species of hawthorn; an ex¬ 
crescence under the third eyelid 
of a horse; a hedge or inclosure; 
a hesitation in speech. 

Ha wai ian (ha-wl'yan), adj. per¬ 
taining to Hawaii, its inhabitants, 
or language. 

haw-finch (haw'finch), n. the 
common grosbeak, 
hawk (hawk), n. a name for vari¬ 
ous species of raptorial birds al¬ 
lied to the eagles and falcons; a 
forcible effort to clear the throat 
of phlegm ; a square board, with 
a short handle, for holding mor¬ 
tar: v.t. to cry, or carry about, 
for sale: v.i. to make a forcible 
effort to cough up phlegm ; to fly 
trained hawks at birds on the 
wing. 

hawk-bill ('bil), n. a marine 
turtle that furnishes tortoise¬ 
shell : so named from its curved 
upper jaw. 

hawk er ('or), n. one who cries 
and sells goods in the streets; 
peddler; falconer, 
hawk-eyed ('id), adj. keen 
sighted like a hawk, 
hawk-moth ('moth), n. a large 
moth whose flight somewhat 
resembles that of a hawk, 
hawk-weed ('wed), n. a plant of 
the aster family with yellow 
flowers. 


ha-wok (ha'wok), n. the shell 
money of the aborigines of Cali¬ 
fornia. 

hawse (hawz), n. that part of a 
ship's bows where the hawse-holes 
are situated. 

hawse-hole ('hoi), n. one of the 
two holes under a ship’s bow 
through which the cable passes 
when the vessel is moored, 
haws-er ('er), n. a thick rope or 
cable. 

haw-thorn (haw'thorn), n. a 
prickly shrub or tree of the rose 
family. 

hay (ha), n. grass, clover, &c., 
cut and dried for fodder, 
liay-cock ('kok), n. a conical pile 
of hay. 

hay-fe-ver ('fe-ver), n. a catarrh, 
accompanied by itching, sneezing, 
slight fever, and pains in the head, 
hay-mow ('mow), n. a mass of 
hay laid up in a barn. 

Hay-ti-an (ha'ti-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Hayti or its inhabit- > 
ants. Also Haitian, 
haz-ard (haz'ard), n. chance; 
accident; risk; danger; a dice 
game; a stroke at billiards: v.t. 
to run the risk of; chance; put in 
peril. 

Syn. risk, venture, 
haz-ard-ons (-us), adj. risky; 
perilous. 

haze (haz), n. a slight fog or 
mist; dimness of sight or knowl¬ 
edge : v.i. to be foggy or misty: 
v.t. pursue,or harass by overwork 
or unpleasant tasks; play practi¬ 
cal jokes upon, especially of a 
severe kind. 

ha-zel ('1), n. a shrub or tree of 
the genus Corylus, bearing an 
edible nut. 

ha-zi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being hazy. 

ha-zy ('i), adj. misty; obscure, 
he (he), pr. [pi. they (tha)], the 
masculine pronoun of the 3rd per¬ 
son ; n. a male. 

he-a (he'a), n. a tree of the 
Pacific Islands bearing a fruit 
from which a red stain is 
obtained. 

head (hed), n. the uppermost 
part of the body of an animal 
that contains the face, brain, &c.; 
chief or principal part of any- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






hea 


420 


hea 


thins:; an individual; leader or 
commander; place of honor or 
authority; top; fore-part; the 
understanding or intellect; princi- 
ual topic; a division; origin or 
source; pitch; crisis or height; 
static or latent force; froth: adj. 
principal or chief; acting against 
the front: v.t. to lead or direct; 
take the first place in; get in 
front of; direct the course of; 
oppose; strain: v.i. to move for¬ 
ward ; come to, or form, a head, 
headed ('ed), adj. having a 
head; noting understanding or 
intellect (much used in com¬ 
position, as clear -headed, wrong- 
beaded, &c.). 

head : er ('er), n. a plunge or 
fall foremost; one who puts heads 
on, as in pin-making; a machine, 
&c., for making or removing 
heads; a brick or stone with its 
short face in front, 
head-fast ('fast), n. a rope at 
, the bow of a ship to secure to a 
wharf, &c. 

heading ('ing), n. a title; ma¬ 
terial from which casks’ heads 
are made; the strip on a piece 
of embroidery, for sewing on to 
a garment; the adit of a mine, 
head-land ('land), n. a prom¬ 
ontory. 

head-line ('lin), n. a line of 
type displayed conspicuously at 
the top of a page, chapter, column 
of a newspaper, &c.: pi. the ropes 
at the head of a sail by which it 
is secured to the yard, 
head-long ('long), adv. head 
foremost; rashly ; precipitously : 
adj. rash ; precipitate; violent; 
thoughtless. 

heads man (z'mftn), n. an ex¬ 
ecutioner. 

head-strong ('strong), adj. un¬ 
governable ; self-willed, 
head-wind ('wind), n. a con¬ 
trary wind. 

head-y (hed'i), adj. precipitate; 
intoxicating. 

heal (hel), v.t. to restore to 
health; cure; make sound; rec¬ 
oncile : v.i. to become well or 
sound. 

heal-ing ('ing), p.adj. curative, 
health (helth), n. freedom from 
bodily pain or disease; vigor of 


mind; moral purity; righteous¬ 
ness ; healing power; a toast or 
pledge. 

health-ful ('fool), adj. promoting 
health ; salubrious, 
health-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
healthful manner, 
health-i-ness ('i-nes), ri. the state 
of being healthy. 

health-y ('i), adj. [comp, health¬ 
ier, superl. healthiest], noting a 
sound condition of body; enjoy¬ 
ing, or contributing to, health. 

tiyn. salubrious, salutary, whole¬ 
some. 

Ant. (see unhealthy), 
heap (hep), n. a pile or collec¬ 
tion of things thrown together; 
a quantity ; accumulation ; crowd : 
v.t. to form into a heap; pile up; 
aggregate; a mass. 

tiyn. accumulate, amass, pile, 
hear (her), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. heard. 
p.pr. hearing], to perceive by the 
ear; attend or listen to; give 
heed to; obey; accede to the 
wishes of; attend judicially: v.i. 
to have the sense of hearing; be 
told of. 

hear-ing ('ing), n. the sense by 
which sound is perceived; au¬ 
dience ; judicial investigation, 
hear ken, same as harken, 
hear say ('sa), n. rumor or re¬ 
port : adj. second hand, 
hearse (hers), n. a vehicle for 
the conveyance of dead bodies to 
the grave. 

heart (hart), n. the organ in ani¬ 
mals by the muscular contraction 
and dilation of which the blood 
is circulated through the arteries, 
&c.; the vital, inner, or chief part 
of anything; the seat of the af¬ 
fections and passions; emotion; 
tenderness ; affection ; courage ; 
will; spirit; energy ; power ; reso¬ 
lution ; secret thoughts; con¬ 
science ; one of a suit of cards 
marked with one or more red 
hearts; a variety of cherry: pi. 
a card game. 

heart-ache ('ak), n. sorrow; 

pang; grief. 

heart-bro-ken ('bro-ken), adj. 

overwhelmingly grieved, 
heart-burn ('bern), n. a burn¬ 
ing affection of the esophagus, 
caused by acidity of the stomach, 
heart-ed ('ed), adj. having a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







hea 


421 


ffcb 


heart (used in compounds, denot¬ 
ing generally affections, qualities, 
&c., as good -hearted, &c.). 

heart en ('n), v.t. to give cour¬ 
age to; inspirit. 

hearth (harth), n. that part of 
a room where the .ire is made: 
hence the family circle. 

heart-i-ly ('i-li), adv. cordially ; 
energetically. 

heart;i-ness ('i-nes), n. cordi¬ 
ality ; vigor. 

hearts-ease (hartz'ez), n. the 
pansy. 

heart-seed (hart'sed), n. a climb¬ 
ing plant with seeds marked with 
a heart-shaped scar. 

heart-y (hart'i), adj. [comp. 
heartier, superl. heartiest], cor¬ 
dial ; sincere; open; warm; 
strong ; vigorous ; good-natured ; 
Kind ; healthy ; having a keen ap¬ 
petite. 

Syn. cordial, sincere, warm. 

Ant. (see insincere). 

heat (het), n. the sensation pro¬ 
duced by a hot body; caloric; the 
state of being hot; effervescence; 
agitation of sudden or violent pas¬ 
sion ; ardor; vehemence; red¬ 
ness or flush of the face; a 
course at a race; hot weather: 
v.t. to make hot; warm; excite 
with passion or desire; make 
feverish ; animate: v.i. to become 
hot or -warm. 

heat-er ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, heats, as various mechani¬ 
cal contrivances. 

heath (heth), n. a small ever¬ 
green flowering shrub with rose- 
colored flowers growing on moor¬ 
lands, &c.; heather; moorland, 
especially with heath growing 
upon it. 

hea-then (he'f/ien), n. one who is 
ignorant of the true God; a 
pagan; idolater; a rude, irre¬ 
ligious, uncultured person. 

heath en-dom (-dom), n. the 
state or condition of being a 
heathen ; that part of the world 
inhabited by heathens. 

hea-then-ish (-ish), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to heathens ; rude ; ignorant, 
or uncultured. 

hea-then-ism (-izm), n. igno¬ 
rance of the true God ; paganism ; 
idolatry. 


hea-then-ize (-Iz), v.t. to render 
heathen. 

heath-er (heth'er), same as heath, 
lieath-y (heth'i), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, resembling, or abounding 
in, heath. 

heave (hev), v.t. to hoist or lift 
up; force from the breast, as a 
sigh; cause to swell; throw: v.i. 
to be lifted up; swell; rise and 
fall alternately ; struggle or toil; 
pant; vomit: n. an effort or 
exertion upwards; lift; the act 
of throwing; swell or rising; 
haul; struggle, effort to vomit, 
heav en (hev'n), n. the abode of 
God and the blessed; the firma¬ 
ment or sky ; a state or condition 
of bliss. 

Heav-en, n. the Supreme Being, 
heav-en-li-ness (-li-nes), n. su¬ 
preme excellence. 

heav-en-ly (-li), adj. pertaining 
to, or resembling, heaven; celes¬ 
tial ; divine; supremely excellent, 
heav er (hev'er), n. one who, or 
that which, lifts or heaves, es¬ 
pecially one who loads or un¬ 
loads goods, coal, &c. 
heav-i-ness (hev'i-nes), n. the 
quality of being heavy ; dejection ; 
grief. 

heav-y ('i), adj. [comp, heavier, 
superl. heaviest], ponderous; 
weighty ; oppressive ; grievous ; 
laborious; obstructive; de¬ 
pressed ; dull: dense ; powerful; 
loud; indigestible; clayey: adv. 
heavily TPoet.]. 

Syn. burdensome, ponderous, 
weighty. 

Ant. (see light), 
heav-y-spar (-spar), n. sulphate 
of barium. 

He-bra-ic (he-bra'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Hebrews, the 
Jewish language or literature. 
He-bra-i-cize ('i-sTz), v.t. to 
convert into the Hebrew idiom: 
• v.i. to speak Hebrew, or adopt 
Hebrew customs. Also Hebraize 
(-ize). 

He-bra-ism ('izm), n. a Hebrew 
idiom, or a characteristic of the 
Hebrews. 

He-bra-ist (-ist). n. one who is 
learned in the Hebrew language 
and literature. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her. let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






Heb 


422 


hei 


He brew ('broo), adj. pertaining 
to the Hebrews, a Semitic race; 
Jewish : n. the Hebrew language; 
a Jew. 

He brew ^ss (-es), n. a Jewess. 
Hec-a-te (hek'a-te), n. an ancient 
threefold Grecian deity possessing 
power o*-?r heaven, earth, and the 
under-world. 

Hec-a-te, n, a witch; a hag. 
hecato, n prefix meaning a hun¬ 
dred. Also hecaton, hect, hecto. 
bec-a-tomb ('a-toom), n. a sacri¬ 
fice of a hundred oxen; any large 
sacrifice or slaughter. 

Heck (hek), n. a rack for fodder; 
latticework ; a latticework grating 
for catching or hanging fish 
upon; a bend in a stream. 
Hec-tare. ('tar), n. [Fr.] in the 
metric system, a French land 
measure = 100 ares, or 2.47 acres. 
Hec-tic ('tik), adj. constitutional; 
slow, but of long continuance; 
pertaining to hectic fever; fever¬ 
ish : n. a remittent fever accom¬ 
panying consumption, character¬ 
ized by a bright pink spot or flush 
on the cheeks. 

hectogramme ('to-gram), n. 
[Fr.] in the metric system, a 
French weight — 100 grammes, 
or 3.53 ounces. 

hec-to-graph ('to-graf), n. [Fr.] 
an apparatus for multiplying 
copies of a letter or drawing, &c. 
Hec-to-li-ter ('to-le-tr), n. [Fr.] 
in the metric system, a French 
liquid measure — 100 liters, or 
26.42 gallons. 

Hec-to-me-ter ('to-me-tr), n. [Fr.] 
in the metric system, a French 
measure of length = 100 meters, 
or 328 feet, 1 inch. 

Hec-tor ('ter), v.t. to bully or 
bluster: from Hector, the Trojan 
hero. 

Hec-to-stere ('to-ster), n. [Fr.] in 
the metric system, a French cubic 
measure = 100 cubic meters. 
Hed-dles (hed'dlz), n.pl. in a 
loom, the harness for guiding the 
warp threads. 

Hedge (hej), n. a fence of bushes 
or shrubs: v.t. to inclose with a 
hedge ; encircle ; invest; v.i. to bet 
on both sides, so that the pos¬ 
sibility of loss will be diminished; 


skulk: adj. mean; contemptible; 
of the lowest class, 
hedge-hog ('hog), n. an insec¬ 
tivorous mammal covered on the 
back with spines or prickles, 
he-don-ic (he-don'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to hedonism, 
he-do-nism ('do-nizm), n. the 
doctrine that pleasure is the chief 
end of life. 

Heed (lied), v.t. to regard with 
care; take notice of; mind; at¬ 
tend ; regard: n. careful atten¬ 
tion ; regard; caution. 

Syn. care, attention, 
heed-ful ('fool), adj. cautious; 
attentive. 

heed-ful-ly (-li), adv. cautiously; 
attentively. 

hee-haw ('haw), v.i, to bray like 
an ass n. the bray of an ass. 
heel (hel), n. the hinder part of 
the foot; the hinder part of a 
boot, shoe, or stocking; anything 
shaped like a heel: v.t. to furnish 
with a heel: v.i. lean on one side, 
as a ship. 

heel-ball ('bawl), n. a black 
waxy composition used for black¬ 
ing the heels of shoes, &c., and 
for obtaining rubbings of brasses, 

&c. 

heel-er ('er), n. a political hanger- 
on. 

heel ing ('ing), n. the degree of 
inclination of a vessel from the 
perpendicular. 

heel-tap ('tap), n. a small thick¬ 
ness of leather for a shoe-heel, 
heft (heft), n. a handle; an ef¬ 
fort ; weight; the greater part or 
bulk: y.t. to try the weight of, 
by lifting or holding in the hand. 
He-gi-ra (he-ji'ra), n. the flight 
of Mohammed from Mecca to 
Medina (662 A.D.). Also Hejira, 
heg-leek (heg'lek), n. an African 
tree yielding an edible fruit, from 
which an intoxicating drink is 
made by the natives, 
heif-er (hef'er), n. a young cow. 
heigh-ho (lii'ho), interj. an ex¬ 
pression of languor or uneasiness, 
height (hit), n. altitude; eleva¬ 
tion ; highest state or degree; an 
eminence or hill; summit; stat¬ 
ure. 

heighten ('en), v.t. to make high 
or higher; elevate; intensify; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; v5te, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






hel 


423 


hel 


set off; increase ; aggravate ; im¬ 
prove. 

Syn. enhance, exalt, elevate, 
raise. 

hei-nous (ha'nus), adj. atrocious; 
extremely wicked ; flagrant. 

Syn. atrocious, flagitious, fla¬ 
grant. 

Ant. (see venial), 
heir (ar), n. one who succeeds an¬ 
other in the possession of prop¬ 
erty, title, office, mental gifts, &c. 
heir-ap-pa-rent (-ap-pa'rent), n. 
one whose right to succeed is in¬ 
defeasible at law if he outlives his 
ancestor. 

heir-ess ('es), n. a female heir, 
heir-loom ('loom), n. any mov¬ 
able or personal chattel, which by 
its connection with an estate de¬ 
scends to the heir, 
heir-pre-sump-tive (-pre-zump'- 
tiv), n. one who will succeed as 
heir if his right is not barred by 
the birth of one nearer in suc¬ 
cession than himself, 
hej-i-ra, same as hegira. 
held (held), p.t. of hold, 
he-li-ac (he'li-ak), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the sun; emerging from, 
or passing into, the light of the 
sun. Also heliacal, 
he-li-a-cal-ly (-li'a-kal-li), adv. 

in a heliacal manner. 
He-li-an-thus (he-li-an'thus), n. 
a genus of plants to which the 
sunflower belongs, 
helic, a prefix meaning spiral. 
Also helico. 

hel-ic-al (hel'ik-al), adj. spiral¬ 
shaped. 

hel-i-coid ('i-koid), adj. coiled 
like the shell of a snail : n. a 
spirally-curved geometrical figure, 
hel-i-cop-ter (hel'i-kop-ter), a 
flying machine lifted by a vertical 
screw or propeller, 
hello, a prefix meaning sun, 
caused by, or like, the sun or sun¬ 
light, as heliograph, an instru¬ 
ment for taking a photograph of 
the sun, or for signaling by re¬ 
flecting sunlight from one mirror 
to another. 

he-li-o-cen-tric (he-li-d-sen'trik), 
adj. having the sun as the center, 
he-li-o-chrome ('li-o-krom), n. a 
photograph in natural colors. 

he-li-o-chrom-o-type ('o-tip), n. 


a photograph reproducing the 
color of the subject, 
heliochromy (-ok'ro-mi), n. 
the art or process of obtaining 
photographs in natural colors, 
he-li-o-graph, see under helio. 
he-li-o-grav-ure (-grav'ur), n. 

photo-engraving or -etching, 
he-li-ol-a-try (-ol'a-tri), n. wor¬ 
ship of the sun. 

he-li-om-e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. a 
micrometer for measuring small 
angles in the heavens, 
he-li-o-scene ('li-o-sen), n. a kind 
of sun-blind. 

he-li-o-scope ('ii-6-skop), n. a 
form of refracting telescope for 
observing the sun. 
he-li-o-sis (-o'sis), n. the pro¬ 
duction of spots on leaves by the 
continued action of the sun’s 
rays ; sunstroke. 

he-li-o-stat ('li-o-stat), «. an in¬ 
strument by which signaling is 
carried on by means of a mirror, 
moved by clockwork, 
he-li-o-trope ('li-o-trop), n. a 
plant whose flowers follow the 
course of the sun ; a green-colored 
variety of chalcedony with small 
red spots; bloodstone; the color 
of the flowers of heliotrope, 
bluish-pink. 

he-li-o-trop-ic (-li-o-trop'ik), adj. 
characterized by heliotropism. 
Also heliotropical. 
he-li-ot-ro-pism (-ot'ro-pizm), n. 
the movements of flowers or 
leaves towards the sun. 
he-li-o-type ('li-o-tlp), n. an im¬ 
pression from a photograph taken 
on a gelatine plate hardened with 
alum. 

he-li-um ( 'li-um), n. an element 
first observed in the spectrum of 
the sun, but recently discovered 
on the earth and some of its 
characteristics learned. It seems 
to be a constituent of radium, 
as it is yielded by one of the gases 
emanating from that substance, 
he-lix ('liks), n. [pi. helics (hel'i- 
sez)], a spiral line, as of a line 
coiled round; a circumvolution ; 
the margin of the external ear; 
a small volute; a genus of mol- 
lusks, containing the shell snails, 
hell (hel), n. the place of the 
dead or of departed souls (more 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl. he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; m<‘*bn, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









he I 


«Z4 


hem 


correctly Hades) ; the place of 
punishment for the wicked after 
death: hence any place or con¬ 
dition of extreme misery or evil; 
a gambling-house, 
hell-e-bore ('e-bor), n. the Christ¬ 
mas rose. 

Hell-ene ('en), n. a Greek. 
Hell-en-ic (he-len'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
the ancient Hellenes or Greeks, or 
to Grecian art and literature. 
Hell-en-ism (hel'en-izm), n. a 
Greek idiom; Grecian culture 
and the love of the beautiful in 
art, &c. 

Hell-en-ist ('en-ist), n. a Jew 
who spoke Greek; one learned in 
Greek. 

Hell-en-ize ('en-Iz), v.t. to cause 
to conform to Greek standards or 
usages; make Hellenic, 
helm (helm), n. the apparatus 
for steering a ship; tiller; the 
place of its direction and govern¬ 
ment ; a helmet [Poet.] : v.t. to 
guide or conduct. 

hel-met ('et), n. metal or leather 
armor for the head; the hooded 
upper lip of a flower, 
hel-min-thol-o-gy (hel-min-thol'- 
o-ji), n. that branch of zoology 
that treats of worms, 
helo, a prefix meaning nail, oc¬ 
curring in various scientific words, 
as helodont, having nail-like teeth ; 
helode rm, a Mexican poisonous 
lizard with nail-like scales, 
hel-ot (hel'ot, or he'lot), n. a 
slave in ancient Sparta ; slave or 
serf. 

hel-ot-ry (hel'ot-ri), n. the con¬ 
dition of a helot; body of helots. 
Also helotage. 

help (help), v.t. to give assist¬ 
ance to; aid; support; sustain; 
succor ; relieve ; avoid ; prevent; 
distribute food to at table; rem¬ 
edy ; cure: v.i. to lend aid; be 
available or useful: n. assistance; 
aid; support; succor; relief; 
that which forwards or promotes; 
a portion of food served at a 
meal; a hired servant. 

Syn. aid, assist, relieve, succor. 

Ant. (see hinder), 
help-ful ('fool), adj. affording 
help. 

hel-ter-skel-ter (hel'ter-skel'ter), 
adv. in hurry and confusion. 


helve (helv), n. the handle of 
an axe, &c. 

Hel-ve-tian (hel-ve'shan), adj. 
pertaining to Switzerland: n. a 
Swiss. Also Helvetic, 
hem (hem), n. the edge of a 
garment doubled and sewn; an 
ejaculatory sound: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. hemmed, p.pr. hemming], to 
form a hem on ; to shut in; envi¬ 
ron : v.i. utter the ejaculation 
hem. 

hema, a prefix meaning blood. 
occurring in many scientific 
words. Also hem, hemato, haem a, 
haem, hsemato. 

hem-a-tin (hem'a-tin), n. the red 
coloring matter in the blood. 
Also haematin. 

hemi, a prefix meaning half, as 
/ionosphere, half a sphere or 
globe. 

hem-i-cra-ni-a (hem'i-kr&-ni-a), 
n. a pain on one side of the head, 
hem-i-he-dral (-he'dral), adj. 
having only half the normal 
number of planes or faces: said 
of crystals. 

hem-i-o-pi-a (-i-o'pi-ff), n. a de¬ 
fect in vision in which only the 
half of an object is seen, 
hem-i-ple-gi-a (-ple'ji-a), n, 
paralysis of one side of the body, 
hemi sphere, see under hemi. 
hem-i-stich (-stik), n. in poetry, 
an incomplete line, or the half of 
a line. 

hem-lock (liem'iok), n. a wild 
poisonous plant of the parsley 
family ; hemlock spruce, an ever¬ 
green tree of the pine family: the 
lumber made from the hemlock 
tree. 

hem-mer ('er), n. one who. or 
that which, hems; an attachment 
to a sewing machine for hem¬ 
ming. 

hem ming ('ing), n. the action 
of the verb to hem; hems collect¬ 
ively. 

liemo, see ha?ma. 
hem-o-glo-bin (hem-o-glo'bin). w. 
an albuminoid substance in the 
blood forming the chief constitu¬ 
ent of the red corpuscles, 
hem-op-ty-sis (-op'ti-sis) , n. spit¬ 
ting of blood. 

hem-or-rliage (hem'o-ra j), n. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








hem 


425 


her 


bleeding from the lungs, arteries, 
veins, &c. 

hem-or-rhoids ('o-roidz), n.pl. 
bleeding piles. 

hemp (hemp), n. a plant of the 
nettle family, the tough fiber of 
which is used for cordage and 
various kinds of coarse linen ; in 
the East, a narcotic and intoxi¬ 
cant, hashish (q.v.), is obtained 
from hemp. 

hemp en ('en). adj. pertaining to, 
or made of, hemp, 
hem-stitch ('stich), n. a partic¬ 
ular kind of ornamental stitching, 
hen (hen), n. the female of a bird, 
especially the domestic fowl, 
hen-bane ('ban), n. a poisonous 
coarse hairy wild herb of the 
nightshade family deadly to fowls, 
hence (hens), adv. from this 
place, source, or time; in conse¬ 
quence of this : interj. away ! be¬ 
gone ! 

hench man (hench'man), n. \pl. 
henchmen ('men)], formerly, a 
male attendant or servant; 
groom ; one who serves in a politi¬ 
cal campaign under another for 
pecuniary consideration, 
hendeca, a prefix meaning eleven , 
as hendecahedron, a solid figure 
having eleven plane faces, 
hen-dec-a-gon (hen-dek'a-gon), 
n. a plane figure having eleven 
sides and eleven angles, 
hen-dec-a-syl-la-ble (-sil'a-bl), 
n. a metrical line or verse of 
eleven syllables. 

hen na ('a), n. a tropical shrub 
from the powdered leaves of which 
a cosmetic paste is made: used in 
the East to dye the nails, hair, 
&c., a reddish-orange color, 
hen-pecked ('pekt), adj. governed 
by one’s wife. 

lie-par (he'par), n. sulphide of 
calcium. 

hepat, a prefix meaning the liver. 

Also hepato, as hepato cele. 
he-pat-ic (he-pat'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the liver. 

hep-a-tite (hep'a-tlt), n. foetid 
sulphate of barium, 
hep-a-to-cele (hep-a-to-sel'), n. 

hernia of the liver, 
hep-a-to-gas-tric (-gas'trik), adj. 
pertaining to the liver and the 
stomach. 


hept, a prefix meaning seven. 
Also hepta, as heptachord, a 
series of seven notes; a seven¬ 
stringed musical instrument, 
hep-tad (hep'tad), n. a chemical 
atom or element that has the 
equivalence of seven atoms of 
hydrogen. 

hep-ta-glot ('ta-glot), adj. writ¬ 
ten in seven languages, 
hep-ta-gon ('ta-gon), n. a plane 
figure having seven sides and 
seven angles. 

hep-tag-o-nal (-tag'd-nfU), adj. 
having seven sides or seven 
angles. 

hep-ta-he-dron (-he'dron), n. a 
solid figure with seven sides, 
hep-ta-hex-a-he-dral (-heks-a- 
he'dral), adj. having seven ranges 
of faces one above the other, each 
range containing six faces, 
hep-tarch-y ('tark-i), n. [pi. hep¬ 
tarchies f-iz)], a government by 
seven rulers, especially the seven 
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established 
in England. 

her (her), pron. the objective 
and possessive case of the per¬ 
sonal pronoun she. 
he-rak-la (he-rak'la), n. an ante¬ 
lope of equatorial Africa, 
her-ald (her'ald), n. formerly an 
official who proclaimed peace 
and war, bore messages from a 
sovereign to a commander, super¬ 
intended coronations and other 
public ceremonial functions, &c.; 
an official whose duty it is to 
grant, record and blazon arms, 
trace pedigrees, &c.; a precursor: 
v.t. to introduce; proclaim ; usher 
in. 

her-al-dic (he-ral'dik), adj. per¬ 
taining to heralds or heraldry, 
her-al-dic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. ac¬ 
cording to the rules of heraldry, 
her-al-dry (her'ald-ri), n. the 
science that treats of armorial 
bearings, and of determining pedi¬ 
grees, &c. 

herb (erb, or herb), n. a plant 
with a soft and succulent stem 
that, after flowering, withers 
away. 

her ba ceous (-a'shus), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of, 
or feeding upon, herbs, 
herb-age ('aj), n. herbs collect- 


late, mar, mfisk, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








her 


426 


her 


ively ; grass ; pasturage ; the right 
of pasture on the lands of 
another. 

herb al ('al), adj. pertaining to 
herbs: n. a book descriptive of 
plants. 

her-ba-ri-um (-ba'ri-um), n. [pi. 
herbaria (-&)], a systematic col¬ 
lection of dried plants for pur¬ 
poses of study; a building where 
such a collection is kept, 
her-bif-er-ous (-bif'e-rus), adj. 
producing herbs. 

her-biv-o-ra (-biv'o-ra), n.pl. 
mammals that feed on herbs or 
vegetables. 

her-biv-o-rous ('o-rus), adj. feed¬ 
ing on herbs. 

Her cu le an (-ku'le-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Hercules, the hero of 
Grecian mythology, possessed of 
superhuman strength: hence of 
exceeding strength and power; 
huge ; vast; very difficult, 
herd (herd), n. a collection of 
beasts or cattle feeding or driven 
together; crowd; a keeper of cat¬ 
tle : v.i. to unite or associate, as 
beasts; crowd together, 
here (her), adv. in, or to, this 
place; at this point; in the 
present life or state; on this oc¬ 
casion. 

here-by (-bi'), adv. by virtue of 
this ; near. 

he-red-it-a-ble (he-red'it-a-bl), 
adj. that may be inherited. Also 
heritable. 

he-red-it-a-bly (-bli), adv. by 
way of inheritance, 
ber-e-dit-a-ment (her-e-dit'a- 
ment), n. property inherited, 
he-red-i-ta-ri-ly (he-red'i-tit-ri- 
li), adv. by way of inheritance, 
he-red-i-ta-ry ('i-ta-ri), adj. pass¬ 
ing from an ancestor to a de¬ 
scendant; transmitted from parent 
to offspring. 

be-red-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the trans¬ 
mission of physical or mental 
characteristics or qualities from 
parent to offspring; the tendency 
of an organism to reproduce the 
characteristics of the progenitor, 
here-in (her-in'), adv. in this, 
here-in-af-ter (-af'ter), adv. in 
this (deed, book, &c.) after or 
subsequently. 

ber-e-sy (her'e-si), n. [pi. here¬ 


sies (-siz)], an opinion or doc¬ 
trine at variance with fundamen¬ 
tal truths commonly received as 
orthodox, especially if leadin' to 
division. 

her-e-tic ('e-tik), n. one who 
holds, or maintains, heretical 
opinions. 

Syn. sectary, sectarian, schis¬ 
matic, dissenter, non-comformist. 
he-ret-ic-al (-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or having the character of, 
heresy; subversive of, or contrary 
to, orthodox belief, 
he-ret-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
. heretical manner, 
liere-to-fore (her-too-for'), adv. 

previously; hitherto, 
ber-it-a-ble, same as hereditable. 
her-i-tage (her'i-taj), n. an es- 
state that passes from an ances¬ 
tor to a descendant; a birthright 
or inheritance; the people of God. 
hermaphrodite (her-maf'ro- 
dit), adj. having the sexual char¬ 
acteristics of both male and fe¬ 
male in the same individual: n. 
an animal with both the male and 
female sexual organs; a plant 
having stamens and pistils in 
the same floral envelope; a 
brig square-rigged forward and 
schooner-rigged aft. 
her-maph-ro-dit-ic (-dit'ik). adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
a hermaphrodite. 

her-met-ic (her-met'ik), adj. per¬ 
fectly closed and air-tight. Also 
hermetical. 

her-met-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
an air-tight manner, by means of 
fusion. 

her-mit ('mit), n. one who re¬ 
tires from society and lives in 
solitude, especially for devotional 
contemplation; an anchorite, 
her-mit-age (-aj), n. the abode 
of a hermit; a variety of red and 
white French wine, 
hermit-crab ('krab), n. one of 
a genus of crabs that live in the 
empty shells of univalve mollusks. 
her-mit-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or suited for, a her¬ 
mit; solitary. 

hern (hern), n. the heron. Also 
hernshaw. 

her-na-ni (her-na'ni), n. a wool¬ 
en or silk dress fabric. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 










ner 


427 


het 


ber-nia ('ni-a), n. a protrusion 
of some part of the intestine, or 
of some other internal organ; 
rupture. 

her-ni-al ('ni-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or resembling, hernia, 
her-ni-ot-o my (-ni-ot'5-mi), n. 
the operation of cutting for 
strangulated hernia, 
bern-shaw, see hern, 
be ro (he'roj, n. [pi. heroes 
('roz)], a demigod; a man of 
distinguished courage, moral or 
physical; the chief character in 
a play, novel, poem, &c. 
be-roic (he-ro'ik), adj. having 
the qualities of a hero ; producing 
heroes ; larger than life; venture¬ 
some ; drastic. Also heroical: 
n.pl. extravagant or boastful lan¬ 
guage. 

be-ro-ic age (aj), n. the age in 
which the demigods or heroes of 
Greek antiquity are fabled to 
have lived. 

be-ro-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. like a 
hero. 

lie-ro-ic verse (vers), n. epic 
poetry; the hexameter verse in 
Greek and Latin poetry; in Eng¬ 
lish, an iambic measure of ten 
syllables. 

ber-oine (her'o-in), n. a female 
hero; the female character in a 
play, novel, &c. 

ber-oism (her'o-izm), n. the 
qualities of a hero, 
ber-oix ('un), n. a wading bird 
with a long neck and long legs, 
ber-on-ry (-ri), n. a place where 
herons breed. 

be-ro-wor-sbip (-wer'ship), n. 
excessive admiration of distin¬ 
guished men. 

herperto, a prefix meaning lizard. 
her-pes (her'pez), n. a skin dis¬ 
ease, characterized by small clus¬ 
ters of vesicles on inflamed sur¬ 
faces. 

her-pe-tol-o-gy (her-pe-tol'o-ji), 
n. that branch of zoology that 
treats of reptiles and amphibians, 
lierr (her', n. mister, or sir [Ger¬ 
man]. 

herr-ipg ('ing), n. an edible sea- 
fish moving in shoals, 
herr-ing-bone (-bon), n. a kind 
of cross-stitch : v.t. & v.i. to work 
in such a stitch. 


Her-schel (her'shel), n. the 
planet Uranus. 

herse (hers), n. a portcullis, in 
the form of a harrow set with 
spikes. 

hes-i-tan-cy (hez'i-tan-si), n. 
hesitation ; suspense. 

hes-i-tate ('i-tat), v.i. to be in 
suspense or uncertainty ; pause; 
vacillate; stammer. — 

Syn. falter, stammer, stutter. 

Hes-per (hes'per), n. the even¬ 
ing star, especially Venus. Also 
Hesperus. 

Hes-per-i-des ('i-dez), n.pl. in 
Grecian mythology, the four 
daughters of Nox (Night) and 
granddaughters of Hesperus, who 
guarded the golden apples given 
by Gaia to Hera on her marriage 
with Zeus (Jupiter) ; the gar¬ 
den containing the golden apples 
protected by an enchanted dragon. 

Hes-per-us, same as Hesper. 

Hes sian (hesh'an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Hesse in Germany or its 
inhabitants; a venal politician: 
pi. top-boots with tassels in front. 

Hes-sian-fly (-fll), n. a small 
fly the larvae of which are very 
destructive to corn crops. 

best (hest), n. a behest; com¬ 
mand. 

he-tae-rism (he-te'rizm), n. open 
concubinage; a system of com¬ 
munal marriage among certain 
tribes. 

hetero, a prefix meaning another , 
abnormal, different, unequal. Also 
heter, as hetero cereal, having the 
upper lobe of the tail longer than 
the lower lobe: said of certain 
fish. . 

het-er-o-dox ('er-6-doks), adj. 
deviating from an accepted doc¬ 
trine or standard of faith, &c.; 
heretical: opposed to orthodox. 

het-er-o-dox-y (-dok-si), n. [pi. 
heterodoxies (-iz) ], an unortho¬ 
dox doctrine or opinion ; heresy. 

het-er-o-ge-ne-i-ty (-je-ne'i-ti), 
n. difference in kind; dissimilar¬ 
ity. 

het-er-o-ge-ne-ous (-o-je'ne-us), 
adj. opposite or dissimilar in 
character, quality, structure, &c., 
not homogeneous. 

het-er-o-gen-e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. 
the doctrine that certain organ¬ 
isms can produce offspring diSer¬ 


iate, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







bet 


428 


hie 


ing in structure and habit from 
the parent, but reverting in sub¬ 
sequent generations to the origin¬ 
al type. 

het-er-ol-o-gous (-ol'o-gus), adj. 
abnormal in type or structure; 
consisting of different elements, 
or of the same elements in vary¬ 
ing proportions. 

het-er-o-mor-phism (-mor'fizm), 
n. deviation from the natural 
form or structure, 
het-er-on-o-inous (-on'o-mus), 

adj. differing from the normal 
type. 

heu-land-ite (hu'l&nd-It), n. a 
vitreous transparent brittle min¬ 
eral, a silicate of alumina and 
lime. 

hew (hu), v.t. [p.t. hewed, p.p. 
hewn, hewed, p.pr. hewing], to 
cut or shape, as with an axe or 
other sharp instrument; hack; 
chop; form laboriously, 
hexa, a prefix meaning six. Also 
hex, as /iea?achord, a six-stringed 
musical instrument, 
hex-ad (heks'ad), n. a chemical 
element, atom, or radical that 
can be combined with, or re¬ 
placed by, six atoms of hydro¬ 
gen. 

hex-a-gon ('a-gon), n. a plane 
figure having six angles and six 
sides. 

hex-ag-on-al (-al), adj. six- 
sided. 

hex-a-he-dron (-a-he'dron), n. 
[pi. hexahedra ('dra)], a solid 
bounded by six plane faces, 
hex-am-e-ter (-am'e-ter), n. in 
Greek and Latin verse, a line 
consisting of six feet, the last 
being usually a spondee, 
hex-a-pod ('a-pod), n. an animal 
with six legs, as insects, 
hex-i-ol-o-gy (-i-ol'o-ji), n. the 
science of habits and environ¬ 
ment. 

hi -a-tus (hl-a'tus), n. a break; 
vacancy; gap; the concurrence 
of two vowels in two successive 
syllables. 

hi-b e r-nac u-lum (-ber-nak'u- 
lum), n. [pi. -la], the winter 
quarters of a hibernating animal; 
the bud-scales of a winter bud. 
hi-ber-nal (-ber'nal), adj. wintry. 


hibernate ('ber-nat), v.i. to 
pass the winter in a state of 
torpor, as certain animals; to 
winter. 

Hi-ber-ni-an ('ni-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
Hibernia or Ireland. 
Hi-berni-an-ism ('ni-an-izm), 
n. an Irish idiom. Also Hiberni- 
cisrn. 

Hi-ber-no-Cel-tic • ('no-sel'tik), 
adj. . pertaining to the Kelts of 
Ireland or their language: n. na¬ 
tive Irish. Also Iliberno-Keltic. 
Hi-bis-cus (lii-bis'kus), n. a 
genus of plants, shrubs, &c., of 
the mallow family, 
hie -ca-tee fhik-a-te'), n. an 
American fresh water tortoise, 
hie-cough ('up), n. a short con¬ 
vulsive cough: v.i. to utter a 
short convulsive cough. Also 
hiccup. 

hie ja-cet (ja'set), (Latin here 
lies), an inscription on tomb¬ 
stones. 

hick-o-ry ('o-ri), n. [pi. hickories 
(-riz)], an American nut-bear¬ 
ing tree of the genus Carya. 
hid, p.adj. concealed ; not known ; 

secret. Also hidden, 
hi-dal-go (lii-dal'go), n. in 
Spain, a nobleman of the lowest 
rank. Fern, hidalga. 
hide (hid), v.t. [p.t. hid, p.p. 
hidden, p.pr. hiding], to conceal; 
secrete ; not to confess ; disguise ; 
whip: v.i. to lie concealed: n. an 
animal’s skin raw or dressed; 
formerly a measure of land. 

Syn. bury, conceal, screen, 
mask. 

Ant. (see disclose), 
hide-bound ('bound), adj. hav¬ 
ing the skin close or contracted ; 
prejudiced; bigoted, 
hid e-ous (hid'e-us), adj. offen¬ 
sive to the sight, ear, or taste; 
shocking ; dreadful; horrible. 

Syn. grim, ghastly, grisly. 

Ant. (see beautiful), 
hid-ing (hld'ing), n. conceal¬ 
ment ; a beating. 

hie (hi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hied, 
p.pr. hieing], to excite ;• speed: 
v.i. to hasten. 

hi-er-arch ('er-ark), n. the chief 
ruler of an ecclesiastical body; 
the leader of an angelic host in 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook: mute, nut; thin, then. 








hie 


429 


hii 


ancient Greece, an officer who 
had charge of votive offerings. 
hi.-er-areh.-ic ('ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to a hierarch, or a hier¬ 
archy. Also hierarchical, 
hi-er-arch-ism (-izm), n. church 
government by a hierarchy, 
hi-er-arch-y (-i), n. [pi. hier¬ 
archies (-iz)l, the higher and 
lower clergy of a church ; priest¬ 
hood ; rank of holy beings, as 
angels; in biology, a series of 
systematic groups, 
hi-e-rat-ic (-e-rat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to priests ; sacred ; conse¬ 
crated. Also hieratical. 
hiero, a prefix meaning sacred, as 
/iterophant, a priest who, in 
ancient Greece, initiated novices 
into the sacred mysteries, 
hi-er-o-glyph-ic (lil-er-o-glif'ik), 
n. a sacred character or symbol: 
pi. the picture writings of the 
ancient Egyptians, &c. : adj. per¬ 
taining to hieroglyphics; emble¬ 
matic. 

hi-er-o-glyph-ic-al-ly (-al-li), 
adv. by hieroglyphics, 
hi-er-ol-o-gy (-ol'5-ji), n. the 
science of hieroglyphics, 
hig-gle (hig'l), v.i. to carry pro¬ 
visions about for sale ; chaffer; 
dispute about trifles, 
hig-gle-dy-pig-gle-dy (-di-pig'l- 
di), adv. in confusion; topsy¬ 
turvy. 

high (hi), add. elevated in place; 
lofty; exalted in degree or qual¬ 
ity: chief; head; honorable; 

noble; of large amount or quan¬ 
tity ; strong ; powerful; intense ; 
tempestuous; full or complete; 
near to the wind ; tainted ; shrill; 
acute; n. an elevated place; adv. 
aloft; profoundly ; eminently ; 
aloud; luxurious. 

*%n. lofty, tall, elevated. 

Ant. (see deep). 

high-church ('cherch), adj. at¬ 
taching great importance to the 
prerogative and authority of the 
Church, its sacraments and 
priesthood. 

high-col-ored ('kul-erd), adj. 
having a. strong, deep, or glaring 
color; flushed ; vivid; exagger¬ 
ated. 

high-est ('est), adj. most high. 


high-fa-lu-tin (-fa-lu'tin), adj. 

bombastic; n. bombastic speech, 
high-farm-iug ('farm-ing), adj. 
using fertilizing manures exten¬ 
sively. 

high-flown ('flon), adj. elevated; 

proud ; extravagant; inflated, 
high-hand-ed ('hand'ed), adj. 

violent; arbitrary, 
high-jinks ('jingks), n. sportive 
jollification. 

high-land ('land), n. a moun¬ 
tainous region : pi. the mountain¬ 
ous districts of Scotland, 
high life (Ilf), n. fashionable so¬ 
ciety ; its manner of living, 
high-lows ('loz), n.pl. laced shoes 
reaching to the ankle, 
high-ly ('li), adv. in a high man¬ 
ner ; in a great degree; with high 
esteem or opinion ; proudly ; arro¬ 
gantly. 

high mass (mas), n. a mass, usu¬ 
ally at the high altar, at which a 
deacon and a subdeacon assist 
the celebrant. 

high-ness ( 'nes), n. the state or 
quality of being high; a title of 
honor applied to persons of 
princely rank (with a possessive 
pronoun). 

high priest (prest). n. a chief 
priest, especially the principal 
priest of the Jewish hierarchy, 
high-road ('rod), n. a chief road; 
highway; an easy course or 
method. 

high-strung ('strung), adj. 
strung to a high pitch ; extremely 
sensitive. 

hight (lilt), p.adj. called, 
high-toned ('tond), adj. high 
pitched; high principled; fash¬ 
ionable. 

high-wa-ter ('waw-ter), adj. per¬ 
taining to high tide, or its 
height or time. 

high-way ('wa), n. a public 
road ; a course or path, 
high-way-man (-man), n. [pi. 
highwaymen (-men)], one who 
robs on the public road, 
high wine (wlnl, n. a distillage 
of wine; brandy containing a 
large percentage of alcohol, 
hi-la-ri-ous (hi-la'ri-us), adj. 

merry; exhilarated, 
hi-lar-i-ty (-lar'i-ti). n. \nl. hi¬ 
larities (-tiz)], noisy merriment; 
exhilaration. 


late, mar, mftsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








bll 


430 


His 


hill (hil), n. an elevation less 
than a mountain; a small mound 
or heap : v.t. to draw earth about 
(plants in mounds), as potatoes, 
hill-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being hilly. 

hill-ock ('ok), n. a small hill, 
hill-y ('i), adj. abounding with, 
or characterized by, hills; rugged, 
hilt (hilt), n. a handle, especially 
. of a sword. 

him (hi m), pron. the objective 
case of he. 

hind (hind). n. the female of the 
stag or red deer; a farm servant; 
peasant: adj. backward ; hinder, 
hind -er (hind'er), adj. belonging 
to, or constituting, the back or 
rear of anything. 

hin-der (hin'cler), v.t. to obstruct 
or impede-: v.i. to impose obstruc¬ 
tions or impediments. 

Syn. impede, obstruct, prevent. 

Ant (see help). 

hind-er-niost (hind'er-most), adj. 

same as hindmost, 
hind-most (hlnd'most), adj. 
farthest from the front; in the 
extreme rear. 

Hin-doo, same as Hindu, 
hin-drance (hin'drans), n. ob¬ 
struction. 

Hin-du ('dob), n. a native of 
Hindustan belonging to the Ar¬ 
yan race ; Brahman : adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Hindus or to Hinduism. 
Also Hindoo. 

Hin-du-ism (-izm), n. Brahman¬ 
ism, more or less modified from 
the original cult. 

Hindu -sta-ni (sta'ne), n. the 
official and common language of 
India ; Urdu. Also Hindustanee. 
hinge (hinj), n. the joint or hook 
on which a door, &c., turn or 
swing; the joint of a bivalve 
shell: that on which anything de¬ 
pends or turns: v.t. to furnish 
with a hinge: v.i. to stand, turn, 
or depend, as on a hinge. 

' hin-ny (hin'i). v.i. [v.t. & p.p. 
hinnied, p.pr. hinnying], to neigh: 
n. the offspring of a horse and a 
she ass. 

hint (hint), v.t. to suggest; men¬ 
tion casuallv : n. a suggestion; 
distant allusion. 

Syn. allude, refer, suggest, in¬ 
timate, insinuate. 


hip (hip), n. the upper fleshy 
part of the thigh; haunch; the 
coxa of an insect; the rafter at 
the junction of two sloping roofs ; 
the fruit of the briar or dogrose ; 
melancholy: interj. a huzzah : v.t. 
[ p.t. & p.p. hipped, p.pr. hipping], 
to sprain or fracture the hip of; 
affect with melancholy; build 
with a hip; throw by a cross-but¬ 
tock in wrestling. 

hipp, a prefix meaning horse. 
Also hippo, as /fippophagy, the 
practice of eating horse-flesh. 

Hip-po-cam-pus (-o-kam'pus). w. 
[pi. Hippocampi (-pi)], a genus 
of small osseous fishes, having the 
head and shoulders somewhat re¬ 
sembling that of a horse. 

hip-po-cam-pus, n. a sea-horse; 
the name of two eminences on the 
lateral ventricles of the brain 
(hippocampus major and hippo¬ 
campus minor). 

hip-po-drome ( 'o-drom), n. an 
ancient Greek race-course for 
equestrian games and chariots ; a 
circus; a fraudulent contest or 
race, the result of which has been 
previously arranged. 

hip-po-griff ('o-grif), n. a fabu¬ 
lous winged monster, half horse, 
half griffin. 

hip-pol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. the 
study of the horse, its structure, 
habits, &c. 

hip-po-pot-a-mus (-pot'a-mus), 
n. [pi. hippopotami (-ml), -muses 
(-ez)], a large pachydermatous 
aquatic animal of Africa; the 
river-horse. 

hir-cine (her'sin), adj. resembling 
a goat; smelling like a goat: n. an 
oily product with a foetid smell 
found in the fat of goats and 
sheep. 

hire (hir), v.t. to engage for tem¬ 
porary service at a certain price; 
bribe; let or lease: n. recompense 
or consideration paid for the use 
of anything ; wages ; bribe. 

hire-ling (hir'ling), n. one who 
serves for hire: adj. mercenary. 

hir-sute (her'sut), adj. hairy; 
shaggy. 

his (hiz), pron. poss. case of he. 

His-pan-ic (his-pan'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to Hispania or Spain. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








431 


His 


His-pan-i-cism ('i-sizm), n. a 
Spanish idiom, 
hispid ('pid), adj. bristly, 
hiss (his), n. a noise, made by 
forcing the breath between the 
tongue and upper teeth, resem¬ 
bling that of a serpent or goose: 
v.i. to utter such a sound, espe¬ 
cially as expressing disapproba¬ 
tion or contempt. 

hist (hist), interj. silence! hark! 
histo, a prefix meaning tissue, as 
/i/stography, a description of or¬ 
ganic tissues. 

his-tol-o-gy (-tol'o-ji), n. the sci¬ 
ence of animal tissues; micro¬ 
scopic anatomy. 

his-to-ri-an (-to'ri-an), n. a 
writer or student of history, 
his-tor-ic (-tor'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, contained in, or celebrated 
in, history; relating to the past. 
Also historical. 

his-to-ri-ette (-to-ri-et'), n. a 
short history. 

his-to-ri-og-ra-pher (-og'ra-fer), 
n. a writer of history, especially 
an official historian, 
his-to-ry ('to-ri), n. [pi. histories 
(-riz) ], a narration of facts and 
events arranged chronologically 
with their causes and effects; 
knowledge of facts. 

Syn. account, annals, story, 
record. 

Ant. (see fable, legend), 
his-tri-on-ic (-tri-on'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to actors or the stage; 
theatrical; also histrionical: n.pl. 
the art of theatrical representa¬ 
tion. 

his-tri-on-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
theatrically. 

his-tri-on-i-cism ('i-sizm), stage 
effect. 

his-tri-on-ism (-izm), n. stage 
representation; affectation, 
hit (hit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hit, p.pr. 
hitting], to strike; give a blow to; 
touch (the mark) ; attain to; 
suit: v.i. to clash or collide; suc¬ 
ceed : n. a stroke or blow; a lucky 
event; felicitous remark, 
hitch (hich), n. a catch; that 
which acts like a catch ; impedi¬ 
ment ; a pulling or jerking up¬ 
wards : v.i. to become entangled 
or caught; move by jerks; strike 
the feet together, as horses: v.t. 


hob 


to fasten or tie; pull up with a 
jerk. 

hitch-ing ('ing), n. a fastening in 
harness. 

hither (hitf/i'er), adv. to this 
place: adj. on the side nearest to 
the speaker. 

hive (hiv), n. an artificial recep¬ 
tacle or house for bees; a sw?rm 
of bees inhabiting a hive; a busy 
assemblage or society: v.t. to 
gather or put into a hive; harbor: 
v.i. to live or take shelter together, 
hives (hlvz), n.pl. nettle-rash; 
croup. 

ho (ho ), inter j. stop! hold! 
hoar (hor), adj. white; grey with 
age; ancient. 

hoard (hord), n. a store or treas¬ 
ure laid up secretly; an accumu¬ 
lation of things: v.t. to collect and 
lay up: v.i. to lay up store, 
hoarding ('ing), n. the act of 
storing up; a fence of rough 
boards inclosing a building site, 
hoar-frost (hor'frost), n. white 
particles of frozen dew or moist¬ 
ure. 

hoar-hou d ('hound), n. a white 
woolly aromatic herb, 
hoarse (hors), adj. rough and 
harsh in sound, as the voice when 
affected by a cold, 
hoarse-ly ('li), adv. in a hoarse 
manner. 

hoarse-ness ('nes), n. the state 
of being hoarse. 

hoax (hoks), n. a sportive decep¬ 
tive trick; practical joke: v.t. to 
take in, or delude, by a hoax, 
hob (hob), n. the flat part of a 
grate on which things are placed 
to be kept warm ; a sprite or fairy, 
hob ble (1), v.i. to walk with a 
limp or awkward step: v.t. em¬ 
barrass or perplex; shackle: n. 
limping or awkward step, 
hob-ble-de-hoy (-de-hoi'), n. a 
lad between boyhood and man¬ 
hood ; an inexperienced, awkward 
youth. 

hob-bly ('li), adj. rough or un¬ 
even. 

hoh-hy (hob'i), n. [pi. hobbies 
('iz) ], a favorite pursuit or . ob¬ 
ject ; an ambling nag; a hobby¬ 
horse ; a kind of falcon, 
hob-by-horse (-hors), n. a stick 
with a horse’s head, across which 


Mte. mar, mask, cat, awl; ne, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











hob 


432 


hoi 


children sit; a wooden or rocking- 
horse ; a character in old morris 
dances. 

hobgoblin (-gob'lin), n. a gob¬ 
lin, sprite, or elf, especially one of 
frightful appearance: hence an 
alarming apparition, 
bob-nail ('nal), n. a short thick 
nail with a large head: used for 
protecting the soles of heavy 
boots. 

bob-nob ('nob), v.i. to drink fa¬ 
miliarly with; associate inti¬ 
mately together. 

ho-bo (ho'bo), n. an idle itinerant 
workman ; a tramp, 
bock (hok), n. the joint between 
the knee and the fetlock; the 
back part of the human knee- 
joint ; any white Rhine wine; 
pawn. 

bock-ey ('i), n. an outdoor game 
played with a ball and clubs 
curved at one end. 
bo -cus (ho'kus), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
hocused, p.pr. hocusing], to cheat 
or trick ; to stupefy or render in¬ 
sensible by means of drugged 
liquor in order to cheat or rob; 
n. a trick or juggle; drugged 
liquor. 

ho-cus-po-cus (po'kus), n. a jug¬ 
gler’s trick ; a juggler, 
bod (hod), n. a wooden trough, 
affixed to a long handle, for car¬ 
rying mortar or bricks; a coal¬ 
scuttle ; a male ferret, 
bod-car-ri-er ('kar-i-er), n. a 
man who carries a hod; hodman, 
bodge-podge ('poj), n. a medley 
of ingredients, as in a hodge¬ 
podge pudding. 

bod-man (hod'man), n. a brick¬ 
layer’s laborer; a hod-carrier, 
boe (ho), n. an agricultural tool 
for cutting weeds, &c.: v.t. to cut. 
or till, with a hoe; clear from 
weeds. 

bog (hog), n. a swine; a kind of 
rough broom used for scrubbing 
a ship’s bottom under water; a 
grasping, gluttonous person: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. hogged, p.pr. hog¬ 
ging], to scrub (a ship's bottom) 
under water; to cut (the hair) 
short: v.i. to droop at both ends: 
said of a ship. 

bogs-bead (hogz'hed). n. a meas¬ 
ure of capacity = 52 y 2 imperial 


gals, or (33 wine gals.; a large 
barrel or cask. 

hoi-den (hoi'dn), n. a rude rustic 
girl; romp: adj. inelegant; rustic; 
ill-mannered: v.i. to romp roughly 
or indelicately. Also hoyden, 
hoist (hoist), v.t. to lift or raise 
with tackle; heave: n. an appa¬ 
ratus for lifting goods from a 
lower to a higher floor, &c.; a lift, 
hoi-ty-toi-ty (hbi'ti-toi'ti), interj. 
an exclamation of surprise, re¬ 
buke, &c. 

hoki ('ki), n. a New Zealand fisb. 
ho-ky-po-ky (ho'ki-po'ki), n. an 
inferior kind of ice-cream sold in 
slabs. 

hold (hold), v.t. [p.t. held, p.p. 
held, holden, p.pr. holding], to 
grasp and keep in the hand; 
clutch ; retain ; keep ; possess; 
connect; judge or consider; en¬ 
tertain ; contain ; celebrate ; use : 
v.i. to cling; adhere; stand good ; 
continue ; proceed ; refrain ; main¬ 
tain an, opinion: n. the act of 
holding; a grasp or Clutch; an 
embrace; support; a fortified 
place; that part of a vessel where 
the cargo is stored. 

Syn. detain, keep, retain. 

Ant. (see loose). 

hold-fast ('fast), n. a hook or 
support: adj. tenacious, 
hold-ing ('ing), n. anything held; 
tenure or right of possession; a 
farm held of a superior, 
bole (hoi), n. a cavity; hollow 
place; pit; perforation; the bur¬ 
row of an animal: mean habita¬ 
tion ; a difficulty or dilemma, 
bol-i-day (hol'i-da), n. a day of 
gaiety and joy in celebration of 
some event. &c.; a day of free¬ 
dom from labor: adj. pertaining 
to a festival : joyous; gay. 
ho-li-ly (ho'li-li), adv. piously, 
holiness ('li-nes). n. the state 
or quality of being holy; free¬ 
dom from sin ; moral and spiritual 
purity; sacredness; a title of the 
Pope. 

*S Ujn. sanctity, piety, sacredness. 

Ant. (see impiety), 
hol-land (hol'&nd), n. fine un¬ 
bleached linen, glazed or un¬ 
glazed : pi. a kind of gin. 
hol-loa (hol'ii), v.i. to shout to 
one at a distance: n. a shout. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








hoi 


433 


horn 


hollow ('o), adj. having a void 
space within: opposed to solid; 
sunken; superficial; unreal: n. 
a cavity: pit; groove; space be¬ 
tween hills or elevations; insin¬ 
cere ; deep ,* low: v.t. to make hol¬ 
low : adv. completely ; thoroughly, 
hol-low-ware (-war), n. cast- 
iron kitchen utensils, earthen¬ 
ware, &c. 

hol ly ('li), n. a shrub or tree of 
the genus Ilex, with glossy, 
prickly leaves and red berries, 
hol-ly-hock (hol'i-hok), n. a tall 
biennial plant of the mallow fam¬ 
ily with large flowers, 
holm (horn), n. an evergreen oak; 
low flat land by the side of a 
river; a small river island, 
holo, a prefix meaning whole, en¬ 
tire, as 7mfocryptic, undecipher¬ 
able. 

hoi - o - bias - tic (hol-6-blas'tik), 
adj. wholly germinal, 
hol-o-caust ('o-kawst). n. a sac¬ 
rifice wholly consumed by fire, 
hol-o-cryp-tic, see under holo. 
hol-o-graph ('o-graf), n. a docu¬ 
ment entirely in the handwriting 
of the author. 

hol-ster (hol'ster), n. a leather 
pistol-case usually carried at the 
saddle-bow. 

holt (holt), n. a wooded hill; a 
burrow or hiding place, 
ho-ly (ho'li), adj. [comp, holier, 
superl. holiest], pure; morally 
and spiritually perfect; sinless; 
preeminently good ; pious ; sacred ; 
consecrated. 

Syn. devout, pious, religious, 
ho-ly day (da), a religious festi¬ 
val. 

Ho-ly Ghost, same as Holy Spirit. 
Ho-ly Land (land), n. Palestine. 
Ho-ly Rood (rood), n. a cross or 
crucifix, especially one over the 
entrance to the chancel. 

Ho-ly Spir-it (spir'it), n. God; 

the third person of the Trinity, 
ho-ly-stone (-ston), n. a large 
flat piece of stone used for scour¬ 
ing the ship’s decks: v.t. to scrub 
(a deck) with a holystone, 
homage (hom'aj), n. respect 
paid by external action; defer¬ 
ence; reverence; the ceremony by 
which a tenant or vassal prom¬ 


ised fealty and service to his 
feudal lord. 

homalo, a prefix, meaning even, 
plane, as homalo idal, flat; plane. 

home (horn), n. one’s abode or 
residence; dwelling-place of a 
man and his family ; fatherland; 
habitat; a benevolent or chari¬ 
table institution : adj. pertaining 
to one’s abode or country; do¬ 
mestic ; to the point designed; 
near; effective: adv. to or at 
home; to the uttermost; closely. 

home-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the 
state of being homely; plainness; 
rudeness. 

home-ly ('li), adj. plain-featured; 
uncultured; rude. In England 
benevolent, kindly, homelike. 

Syn. plain, ugly, coarse. 

Ant. (see beautiful). 

home-made ('mad), adj. of 
household or domestic manufac¬ 
ture, as home-made bread. 

ho-me-o-path-ic (h5-me-o-path'- 
ik), adj. of or pertaining to 
homeopathy; extremely small in 
quantity. 

ho-me-op-a-thist (op'a-thist), n. 
one who practices or believes in 
homeopathy. 

ho-me-op-a-thy (op'a-thi), n. the 
medical system introduced by 
Hahnemann (1755-1843) which 
seeks to cure diseases by the ad- 
minisration of medicines in' mi¬ 
nute quantities to produce in the 
patient symptoms similar to those 
the same medicine would produce 
in a healthy person. 

Ho -mer-i-dae (ho-mer'i-de), n.pl. 
the poetical descendants of Ho¬ 
mer ; the rhapsodists who recited 
the Homeric poems. 

home rule (horn rool). n. local 
self-government, especially that 
form of government for Ireland 
advocated by Mr. Gladstone and 
the Irish Party. 

home-sick (hom'sik), adj. ill be¬ 
cause of absence from home: nos¬ 
talgic. 

home-sick-ness (-nes), n. state 
of being homesick ; nostalgia. 

home-stead ('sted), n. a dwell¬ 
ing-house with the adjacent land; 
original abode. 

hom-i-ci-dal (hom'i-si-dal), adj. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mOon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 

« 


H15 








horn 


434 


bon 


pertaining to. or having a ten¬ 
dency to, homicide, 
hom-i-cide ('i-sid), n. the killing 
of a human being; one who kills 
another. 

hom-i-let-ic (-i-let'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to homiletics. Also hom- 
iletical. 

hom-i-let-ics ('iks), n.pl. that 
branch of theology which treats 
of sermons and their composition, 
hom-i-list ('i-list), n. a preacher, 
hom-i-ly ('i-li), n. [pi. homilies 
(-liz)], a plain religious dis¬ 
course or sermon. 

hom-ing (hom'ing), adj. return¬ 
ing home: said of carrier pigeons, 
hom-i-ny (hom'i-ni), n. Indian- 
corn soaked so as to remove the 
hull, and then coarsely ground, 
homo, a prefix meaning like, same . 
similar, as feoraocercal, lobed 
alike, as the tail of a mackerel, 
ho-mo-cen-tric, same as concen¬ 
tric. 

ho-moe-op-a-thy, same as home¬ 
opathy. 

ho-mo-ge-ne-i-ty (ho-mo-je-ne'i- 
ti), n. similarity. 

ho -mo-ge-ne-ous (-je'ne-us), adj. 
uniform; composed of similar 
parts or elements, 
ho-mo-ger-e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. a 
mode of reproduction in which the 
offspring of a higher organism 
passes through the same cycle of 
existence as the parent, 
ho mog e nous (-moj'e-nus), adj. 
of the same origin. Also homo¬ 
genetic. 

ho-mo-graph ('mo-graf), n. a 
word spelled the same way as an¬ 
other word, but having a different 
meaning, and derived from a dif¬ 
ferent root, as grave — a tomb, 
grave — serious. 

ho-mol-o-gous (-mol'o-gus), adj. 
identical. 

ho-mo-logne ('m5-log), n. the 
same organ or part in different 
animals, but varying in form and 
functions, as a hand, fin, &c. 
ho-mol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. affinity of 
structure. 

ho-mo-morph ('mo-morf ), n. a 
similar character or mark, 
ho mo nym ('mo-nim). n. a word 
alike in sound, but differing in 
meaning, as pair, pare , pear. 


ho mo phone (ho'mo-fon), n. a 
letter representing tae same sound 
as another. 

ho-moph-o-nons (-mof'o-nus), 
adj. alike in sound, but differing 
in meaning. 

homo-type ('mo-tip), n. that 
part of an animal which corre¬ 
sponds to another part, 
hone (h5n), n. a kind of fine 
whetstone: v.t. to sharpen on a 
hone. 

hon-est (on'est), adj. upright; 
just; sincere ; honorable ; equi¬ 
table ; fair; righteous; chaste; 
frank or open. 

Syn. upright, trustworthy, can¬ 
did, just. 

Ant. (see dishonest), 
hon-est-y (-i), n. the quality of 
being honest. 

Sign, integrity, probity, upright¬ 
ness. 

Ant. (see dishonesty). 
hon ey (hun'i), n. a sweet, vis¬ 
cid, syrupy substance collected by 
bees from flowers; sweetness; 
darling or sweet one: adj. resem¬ 
bling honey : v.t. to talk to in an 
endearing or flattering manner, 
hon-ey-bee (-be), n. the common 
hive-bee. 

honeycomb (-kom), n. the 
waxen hexagonal cells made by 
bees to contain their honey, eggs, 
&c.; any structure resembling a 
honeycomb: v.t. to fill with holes, 
&c., so as to leave only thin par¬ 
titions. 

hon-ey-dew (-du), n. a saccharine 
secretion from the leaves of cer¬ 
tain plants; a sweet substance se¬ 
creted by aphids; a variety of to¬ 
bacco. 

hon-ey-lo-cust (-lo-kust),. n. a 
large American tree of the bean 
family. 

honeymoon (-moon), n. the 
first month after marriage, 
honeysuckle (-suk'l), n. a 
climbing plant with fragrant 
flowers. 

hon-i-ton (hon'i-tun), n. a kind 

of lace. 

hon-o-ra-ri-nm (on-o-ra'ri-um), 

n. a fee paid to a professional 
man. 

hon-or-a-ry ('er-a-ri), adj. done, 
or conferred, as an honor. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







lion 


435 


honor ('er), n. respectful regard: 
esteem ; worship ; reputation ; ex¬ 
alted rank ; fame ; magnanimity ; 
scorn of meanness ; self-respect; 
chastity; an outward mark of 
high esteem; glory: a title used 
in addressing certain officials; 
one of the four highest trump 
cards in whist: pi. in a univer¬ 
sity examination, the highest 
class: v.t. to treat with respect, 
deference, or civility; revere or 
worship; bestow marks of honor 
upon (with with)', dignity; ac¬ 
knowledge ; accept and pay when 
due. 

Syn. respect, reverence, esteem. 

Ant. (see dishonor), 
honorable (-a-bl), adj. worthy 
of, or conferring, honor; distin¬ 
guished in rank ; high-minded ; il¬ 
lustrious ; upright; indicating- 
honor; a title of distinction, 
hon-or-a-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
honorable manner, 
hood (hood), n. a soft wrapper or 
covering for the head ; a monk’s, 
woman’s, or falcon’s hood ; a fold¬ 
ing cover for a carriage; an orna¬ 
mental fold hanging down the 
back denoting a university de¬ 
gree ; something resembling a 
hood ; a cowl: v.t. to cover or fur¬ 
nish with, or as with, a hood: 
suffix = state, condition, or 
quality, as man hood hardi hood. 
hood-lum (hodd'lum), n. origi¬ 
nally a California rough or bully; 
a rowdy. 

hoodoo (hoo'doo), n. a person 
or thing that causes ill-luck : v.t. 
to bring ill-luck upon, 
hood-wink (hood'wingk), v.t. to 
deceive: blindfold, 
hoof (hoof), n. [pi. hoofs], the 
horny substance covering the feet 
of certain mammals, as horses, 
&c.; an animal with hoofs, 
hook (hook), n. a curved piece of 
metal, bone, &c.. to hold or catch 
something ; a fish-hook ; sickle ; a 
trap; an instrument for lopping 
or cutting; a cape or headland: 
v.t. to catch with, or as with, a 
hook; to gore or attack with the 
horns: said of a horned animal: 
v.i. to bend in the shape of a 
hook; become fastened to any¬ 
thing with a hook (with on). 


hop 


hoo-kah (hoo'kah). n. a pipe with 
a long flexible tube which draws 
the smoke through a vase contain¬ 
ing water. Also hooka. 

hooked (hookt), p.adj. curved 
like a hook. 

hook er (hook'er). n. one who, or 
that which, hooks; a fishing- 
smack ; a small Dutch vessel; anj’ 
clumsy, ill-fitted, old craft. 

hoop (hoop, or hoop), n. a metal 
or wooden band to hold together 
the staves of a cask, &c.; the band 
of a finger-ring; a kind of crino¬ 
line ; a large circular ring of 
metal or wood used by children 
for trundling; anything curved 
like a hoop; a whoop; the noise 
made in whooping-cough: v.t. to 
bind or secure with a hoop; en¬ 
circle. 

hoop-er ('er), n. a cooper; the 
wild swan. 

hoop-ing ('ing), n. material for 
making hoops; hoops collectively. 

hoop-ing-cough, same as whoop¬ 
ing-cough. 

hoo-poe (hbo'po), n. a bird with 
an erect crest and handsome plum¬ 
age. 

hoot (hoot), n. a contemptuous 
shout: v.t. to jeer or drive with 
contemptuous shouts: v.i. to 
utter a hoot. 

hoove (hoov), n. a disease in cat¬ 
tle, in which the abdomen is dis¬ 
tended. 

hop (hop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hopped, 
p.pr. hopping], to leap over; im¬ 
pregnate with hops: v.i. to pro¬ 
ceed by short leaps on one leg; 
skip with both legs; limp; to 
pick hope: n. a jump on one leg; 
a dance; a twining plant the 
ripened cones of which are used 
in brewing to impart a bitter 
taste to malt liquors: adj. per¬ 
taining to hops. 

hope (hop), n. the desire of good 
accompanied by expectation; an¬ 
ticipation ; confidence; the object 
of hope: v.t. to expect with con¬ 
fidence or desire: v.i. to cherish 
a desire for good; trust confi¬ 
dently. 

Syn. confidence, expectation, 
trust. 

Ant. (see fear, distrust). 


• ate, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







bop 


436 


hor 


hope-ful ('fool), adj. full of 
hope; promising success, 
hope-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a hope¬ 
ful manner. 

hop-lite (hop'lit), n. an ancient 
Greek heavy-armed foot-soldier, 
hopper (hop'er), n. one who, or 
that which, hops; a name for 
various leaping insects; a wooden 
trough or funnel through which 
grain passes into a mill; mechan¬ 
ism in a piano for lifting the 
hammer; a seed-basket used in 
sowing grain ; a hop-picker; the 
basin of a water-closet, 
hop-pet ('et), n. a hand-basket; 

a dish for measuring ore. 
hop-pie ('1), v.t. to hobble, 
hop-py ('i), adj. full of, or tast¬ 
ing like, hops, 
hops, see under hop. 
hop-scotch ('skoch), n. a chil¬ 
dren’s game, in which a flat stone 
is driven from one numbered com¬ 
partment to another by the 
player while he hops, 
ho-ral (ho'ral), adj. pertaining 
to, or lasting, an hour; hourly. 
Also horary. 

horde (hord), n. a nomadic tribe 
or clan dwelling in tents or wag¬ 
ons ; a vast multitude: v.i. to 
live, or act together, in hordes, 
hor-de-ine (hor'de-in), n. a 
starch-like substance obtained 
from barley. 

hore-hound, same as hoarhound. 
ho-ri-zon (ho-ri'zun), n. the cir¬ 
cular line where the sky and 
earth, or sea, appear to meet: 
hence the limit of one’s mental 
vision. 

hor-i-zon-tal (hor-i-zoi\'tal), adj. 
parallel to, or situated near, the 
horizon; level: opposed to ver¬ 
tical. 

Syn. flat, level, plain, even. 

Ant. (see inclined), 
hor-i-zon-tal-ly (-li), adv. in a 
horizontal direction, 
horn, (horn), n. a hard project¬ 
ing, usually curved, protuberance 
on the head of certain mammals, 
especially hoofed animals; a 
thickened form of tissue; any¬ 
thing made of horn, or like horn ; 
a wind instrument; one of the 
extremities of the moon when in 
crescent form. 


horn-beak ('bek), n. the garfish, 
horn-beam ('bem), n. a small 
tree yielding a tough wood : used 
for cog-wheels, &c. 
horn-bill ('bil), n. a bird with a 
large horn-crested bill, allied to 
the kingfishers. 

horn-blende ('blend), n. a dark- 
green or black-colored mineral 
with a horn-like cleavage, 
horned (h6rnd), adj. having 
horns; horn-shaped, 
hor-net (hor'net), n. a social 
wasp which inflicts a severe sting: 
hence a waspish, disagreeable per¬ 
son. 

horn-ing (horn'ing), n. the ap¬ 
pearance of the moon at her first 
and last quarter. 

horn-pipe (horn'pip), n. a lively 
dance, especially by sailors; an 
obsolete wind instrument, 
horn-wrack ('rak), n. sea-mat. 
horn-y ('i), adj. like horn, 
hor-o-loge (hor'6-ldj), n. a mech¬ 
anism, as a clock, &c., for mark¬ 
ing the hours. 

ho-rol-o-gy (ho-rol'o-ji), n. the 
art of measuring time, or of con¬ 
structing timepieces, 
ho-rom-e-ter (ho-rom'e-ter), n. 

an instrument for measuring time, 
hor-o-scope (hor'oskop), n. a 
representation of the heavens at 
any time, especially at one’s 
birth. 

ho-ros-co-py (ho-ros'ko-pi), n. 
the art of casting horoscopes and 
determining the destiny of persons 
from them; a horoscope, 
hor-rent (hor'ent), adj. erect; 
bristling. 

hor-ri-ble ('i-bl), adj. terrible; 
dreadful. 

hor-ri-ble-ness (-nes), n. the 
state of being horrible, 
hor-ri-bly ('i-bli), adv. terribly; 
dreadfully. 

hor-rid ('id), adj. dreadful; ter¬ 
rible ; hideous; most obnoxious; 
gloomy. 

hor-rif-ic (-if'ik), adj. causing 
horror. 

horrify ('i-fl), v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. 
horrified], to fill or strike with 
horror. 

lior-rip-i-la-tion (-ip-i-la'shun), 
n. a shuddering sensation as of 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 











hor 


437 


hot 


the hair standing on end, or 
goose-flesh. 

hor ror ('er), n. excessive fear ac¬ 
companied with shuddering; ex¬ 
treme dread; great disgust: pi. 
extreme depression; delirium tre¬ 
mens (with the). 
hors de com bat (or de cong-ba'), 
prep. phr. out of the fight; dis¬ 
abled [French]. 

hors-d’oeuvre (-dodvr'), n. a side 
dish [French]. 

horse (hdrs), n. a solid-hoofed 
animal, used for riding or drawing 
burdens; a male of the species; 
cavalry; a framework or machine 
for the support of anything; a 
foot-rope to support the foot of a 
sailor under a yard or the bow¬ 
sprit ; work charged for before it 
is executed: v.t. to mount on, or 
furnish with, a horse; carry on 
horseback: place astride: v.i. to 
get on horseback: adj. noting 
something coarse or large, 
horse-fly ('fli), n. a large fly that 
stings horses. 

horse-laugh ('laf), n. a coarse 
noisy laugh. 

horse-pow-er ('pou-er), n. the 
theoretical unit of work of a 
steam-engine = 33,000 lb. raised 
1 ft. in 1 minute, 
horse-rad-ish ('rad-ish), n. a 
plant with a long root having an 
acrid pungent taste, 
horse-shoe ('shod), n. a U-shaped 
metal shoe to protect the hoof of 
a horse; anything U-shaped; the 
king crab. 

horse-weed ('wed), n. the flea- 
bane. 

hors-y ('i), adj. pertaining to 
horses. Also horsey, 
hor-ta-tive (hdr'ta-tiv), adj. in¬ 
citing ; giving exhortation. Also 
hortatory. 

hor-ten-sial (-ten'shal), adj. per¬ 
taining to. or fitted for, a garden, 
hor-ti-cul-tu-ral (-ti-kul'tu-ral), 
adj. pertaining to horticulture, 
hor-ti-cul-ture (-ti-kul'tur), n. 

the art of cultivating gardens, 
hor-ti-cul-tu-rist (-ist), n. one 
who is skilled in horticulture, 
ho-san-na (ho-zan'a), n. an ex¬ 
clamation of praise and glory to 
God. 

hose (h5z), n. [pi. hose], cover¬ 


ings for the legs ; stockings ; flexi¬ 
ble tubing for conveying water, &c. 
ho-sier ('zher), n. one who deals 
in hosiery. 

ho -sier-y (-i), stockings, under¬ 
clothing, &c.; a manufactory for 
such goods. 

hos-pice (hos'pis), n. an Alpine 
convent for the reception and en¬ 
tertainment of travelers, 
hos-pit-a-ble ('pit-a-bl), adj. re¬ 
ceiving and entertaining friends 
or strangers. 

hos-pi-tal ('pi-tal). n. an institu¬ 
tion for the medical treatment 
and care of the sick, 
hos-pi-tal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. hos¬ 
pitalities (-tiz)], the practice of 
entertaining friends and strangers 
with kindness and liberality, 
host (host), n. a crowd; multi¬ 
tude ; army; one who entertains 
another in public or private: a 
landlord of an hotel or inn ; an or¬ 
ganism on which another is para¬ 
sitic ; the consecrated bread or 
wafer of the Eucharist, in the 
Greek, Roman Catholic, and 
Lutheran Churches, 
hostage (hos'tajj, n. a person 
who remains in the hands of an¬ 
other as a pledge for the fulfill¬ 
ment of certain conditions; a 
pledge. 

hos-tel ('tel), n. a hostelry; at 
Oxford and Cambridge, a small 
unendowed college, 
hos-tel-ry (-ri), n. an inn or lodg¬ 
ing-house. 

host-ess (host'es), n. a female 
host. 

hos-tile (hos'til), adj. showing 
animosity ; inimical; adverse ; re¬ 
pugnant : n. a hostile Indian, 
hos-til-i-ty (-til'i-ti), n. [pi. hos¬ 
tilities (-tiz)], the state of being 
hostile ; antagonism ; enmity ; ani¬ 
mosity : pi. acts of warfare, 
host-ler ('ler), n. one who takes 
charge of horses at an inn. Also 
ostler. , 

hot (hot), adj. [comp, hotter, su¬ 
perb hottest], having much heat; 
burning; fiery; passionate; lust¬ 
ful ; ardent; furious; pungent; 
acrid; unendurable; near to the 
object sought for. 

Syn. ardent, burning, fiery. 

Ant. (see cold). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

, cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


\ 







hot 


438 


how 


hot-bed ('bed), n. a bed of earth 
covered with glass and made 
warm by the fermentation of 
manure, for rearing plants, 
hotch-potch (lioch'poch), n. a 
mixture of various ingredients; a 
thick broth of meat and vege¬ 
tables [Scotch] ; a commixture of 
property for division, 
ho-tel (ho-tel'), n. a superior inn 
or lodging-house. 

hot-house (hot'hous), n. a glazed 
building artificially heated for 
rearing tender plants; a drying- 
room. 

hot-mouthed ('mouth't), adj. 
headstrong. 

hot-press ('pres), v.t. to gloss 
paper or linen by passing it be¬ 
tween heated rollers, 
hot-spur (hot'sper), n. a man of 
hasty and precipitate valor: adj. 
hot-headed. 

Hot-ten-tot ('en-tot), n. one of 
an aboriginal South African race 
in Cape Colony; the language 
spoken by the Hottentots, charac¬ 
terized by a peculiar click, 
hou-dah, same as howdah. 
hough, same as hock, 
hound (hound), n. a particular 
breed of hunting dog; a despica¬ 
ble, mean fellow: v.t. to chase 
with, or as with, hounds; incite; 
set upon. 

hound-fish ('fish), n. a kind of 
shark. 

hour (our), n. the l-24th part of 
a day; 60 minutes; particular 
time: pi. life: in the Roman 
Catholic Church, prayers repeated 
at stated times during the day; 
the book containing such devo¬ 
tional exercises. 

Hour (our), n. one of the Horse, 
goddesses of the hours and sea¬ 
sons. 

hour-glass (our'glas), n. a device 
for measuring time by running 
sand through a narrow neck of a 
glass vessel. 

hou-ri (hou' or hoo'ri), n. [pi. 
houris ('riz)]. one of the dark¬ 
eyed nymphs of the Mohammedan 
paradise. 

house (lious), n. a building for 
residence; place of abode; house¬ 
hold affairs; manner of living; 
family or race, especially of high 


rank; one of the divisions of a 
legislative or ecclesiastical body; 
a quorum of the members of such 
a body; a mercantile firm; in 
astrology, the station of a planet 
in the heavens, or the 12th part 
of the heavens; a square on a 
chess-board; a workhouse: (houz) 
v.t. to place in a house; shelter 
or lodge; make secure before a 
storm : v.i. hide; to take shelter, 
house-boat ('bot), n. a covered 
boat fitted up as a river resi¬ 
dence. 

house-hold ('hold), n. a family 
living together: adj. domestic; 
pertaining to a family or home, 
hous-ing (houz'ing), n. a saddle 
cloth : pi. ornamental trappings of 
a horse. 

hov-el (hov'l), n. a mean habita¬ 
tion ; hut or cabin: v.t. to shelter 
in a hovel. 

hover (huv'er), v.i. to flutter 
over or about; stand in suspense 
or expectation ; move about in a 
neighborhood. 

how (hou), adv. in what man¬ 
ner ; to what degree or extent; 
for what reason. 

how-be-it (-be'it), adv. neverthe¬ 
less. 

how-dah (hou'da), n. a protected 
seat for riding on an elephant or 
camel. Also houdali. 
how-el ('el), n. a cooper’s 
smoothing plane. 

how-ev-er (-ev'er), adv. in what¬ 
ever manner or degree; at all 
events: conj. notwithstanding; 
yet. 

Syn. nevertheless, notwithstand" 
ing, yet. 

how-itz-er ('itz-er), n. a short 
cannon, formerly used for throw¬ 
ing shells. 

howl (houl), n. the prolonged cry 
of a dog or wolf; the cry of one 
in pain or distress: v.i. to cry 
like a dog or wolf; utter a pro¬ 
longed cry of pain or distress; 
roar, like the wind; cry down by 
clamor: v.t. to utter in a loud 
wailing tone. 

howl-er ('er), n. one who howls; 
a South American monkey of the 
genus Mycetes. 

howl-ing ('ing), p.adi. filled 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










how 


439 


hum 


with howls or howling; dreary; 
dismal; extreme. 

how-so-ev-er (-so-ev'er), adv. in 
what manner soever; although, 
hoy (hoi), n. a heavy one-masted 
coasting-vessel: interj. ho ! 
hoy-den, same as hoiden. 
hub (hub), n. the nave of a 
wheel; the peg at which quoits 
are thrown ; a kind of steel punch 
used in coining, &c.; a hilt;‘a 
jutting obstruction, 
hub-bub (hub'bub), n. uproar, 
huc-ca-toon (huk-ka-toon'), n. a 
kind of cotton cloth, 
huck (huk), n. a German trout, 
huck-a-back ('a-bak), n. a rough 
kind of linen or cotton cloth: 
used for toweling, 
huck-le ('1), n. the hip; a 
haunch. 

huck - le - backed ('bakt), adj. 
round-shouldered. 

huck-le-ber-ry (-ber-i), n. [pi. 
huckleberries (-iz) ], the edible 
berry of any species of Gaylussa- 
cia ; the whortleberry, 
huck-ster ('ster), n. one who re¬ 
tails small articles; a mean tricky 
fellow. 

huck-stress ('stres), n. a female 
huckster. 

hud-dle (hud'l), v.t. to crowd to¬ 
gether in a disorderly manner; 
collect closely; place or perform 
in haste or disorder: v.i. to come 
in a crowd or haste (with on, up, 
over ) : n. confusion ; crowd, 
hue (hu), n. color tint; a shout¬ 
ing ; clamor. 

hue and cry (krl), n. in law, the 
common process of pursuing a 

felon. 

huff (huf), v.t. to puff or blow 
up ; treat with insolence ; bully ; 
remove (a piece at checkers) 
when one’s opponent fails to take 
with it: n. fit of petulance; sud¬ 
den offense taken, 
hug (hug), n. a close embrace; a 
particular grip in wrestling: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. hugged, p.pr. hug¬ 
ging], to embrace closely; fondle; 
hold fast; keep close to. 
huge (huj), adj. vast; very large, 
huge-ly ('li), ,adv. immensely; 
exceedingly. 

huge-ness ('nes), n. vastness; 
enormous bulk. 


hug-ger-mug-ger (hug'er-mug'- 
er), adj. secret ;_ sloven ; confused. 
Hu-gue-not (hu'ge-not or no), n. 
a name formerly applied to 
French Protestants of the IGth 
and 17th centuries, 
hulk (hulk), n. the body of a ship, 
especially if old or dismantled: 
pi. old dismasted ships formerly 
used as convict prisons (with 
the). 

hulk-ing ('ing), n. unwieldy; 
bulky. 

hull (hul), n. outer covering, es¬ 
pecially of grain or nuts; the 
body or frame of a vessel: v.t. to 
peel off the hull or husk of; 
strike or pierce (the hull of a 
vessel) with a shot or shell: v.i. 
to drift to and fro upon the sea, 
like a ship without sails, 
hul-la-ba-loo (-a-ba-loo'), n. up¬ 
roar ; noisy contention, 
hum (hum), n. the noise of bees 
and other insects in flight: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. hummed, p.pr. hum¬ 
ming], to make such a noise: v.t. 
to sing in a low undertone; set 
or keep going in an energetic 
manner: inter j. a sound with a 
pause implying hesitation or con¬ 
sideration. 

hu man (hu'man), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, man or 
mankind ; having the qualities of 
a man ; not divine, 
hu -mane (-man'), adj. having the 
feelings proper to man; benevo¬ 
lent ; kind; compassionate; ele¬ 
vating. 

Syn. merciful, kind, pitying, 
tender. 

Ant. (see cruel). 

hu-mane-ly ('li), adv. in a hu¬ 
mane manner. 

hu-mane-ness ('nes), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being humane, 
humanize ('man-Iz), v.t. to 
render human; soften, 
hu-man-ism (-izm), n. culture 
derived from classical training; 
human nature. 

hu-man-ist (-ist), n. a student of 
the humanities; one versed in the 
knowledge of human nature, 
hu-man-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
the humanities, or human nature, 
hu-man-i-ta-ri-an (-i-ta'ri-an), 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mo^n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








hum 


440 


hun 


n. a philanthropist; an anti-Trini¬ 
tarian ; one who believes that the 
duty of man consists of acting 
rightly to others; a perfectionist: 
adj. philanthropic, 
hu mani ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. hu¬ 
manities (-tiz)], mankind; the 
state or quality of being human 
or humane ; philanthropy ; kind¬ 
ness ; benevolence: pi. classical 
learning and literature, 
hu-man-kind (-kind), n. human 
species. 

hu manly (-li), adv. after the 
manner of men. 

hum-ble (hum'bl), adj. having a 
low estimate of one’s self; mod¬ 
est ; meek; submissive; lowly; 
mean ; obscure: v.t. to make sub¬ 
missive ; subdue; bring low; 
mortify ; humiliate. 

' Syn. modest, submissive, plain, 
unostentatious, simple, degrade, 
humiliate, mortify. 

Ant. (see haughty), 
bam-ble-bee (-be), n. a bumble¬ 
bee. 

Irani-ble-pie (-pi), n. a pie made 
of the humbles, or entrails, of a 
deer. 

humbles ('biz), n.pl. entrails, 
especially of a deer, 
bum-boldt-ine ('bol-tin), n. a 
yellowish crystalline mineral; 
natural ferrous oxalate, 
bum-bug ('bug), n. a fraud or 
imposition under fair pretenses; 
sham; a plausible deceiver; a 
spirit of trickery or deception : v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. humbugged, p.pr. hum¬ 
bugging], to cheat or impose 
uifcn ; hoax. 

bum-bug-ger (-5r), n. one who 
humbugs. 

hum-bug-ger-y (-i), n. [pi. hum- 
buggeries (-iz)], imposition, 
bum-drum ('drum), adj. dull; 

monotonous; commonplace, 
bu-mer-al (hu'mer-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to the shoulder, 
humero, a prefix meaning shoul¬ 
der. 

hu-mer-us ('mer-us), n. [pi. hu¬ 
meri (-ri) ], the arm from the 
shoulder to the fore-arm; the 
cylindrical bone of that part, 
bum-bum (hum'hum), n. a coarse 
Indian cotton cloth. 


bu-mid (liu'mid), adj. damp; 
moist. 

hu-mid-i-ty ('i-ti), n. dampness; 
moisture. 

hu-mil-i-ate (-mil'i-at), v.t. to 
humble; abase. 

hu-mil-i-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of humiliating; the state of 
being humiliated; mortification ; 
abasement. 

hu-mil-i-ty (mil'i-ti). n. [pi. hu¬ 
milities (-tiz)], the state or qual¬ 
ity of being humble; modesty; 
self-abasement. 

hu-mite (hu'mit), n. a variety of 
chrondrodite. 

hum-ming-bird ('ing-berd), n. 
a very small bird of the family 
Trochilidse, with brilliant metallic 
plumage. 

bum-mock ('ok), n. a large mass 
of floating ice ; a hillock or mound, 
humor (hu' or u'mer), n. wit; 
merriment; the tendency to look 
at things from the mirthful or in¬ 
congruous side; caprice; proud 
conceit; temper ; petulance ; peev¬ 
ishness : moisture of the body and 
eye; disease: v.t. to indulge; 
yield to a particular desire of. 
Syn. mood, temper, 
humorist (-ist), n. one who 
gratifies his own humor r a droll 
person ; one whose writing or con¬ 
versation is characterized by 
humor. 

humor ous (-us), adj. full of, or 
characterized by, humor; comical; 
diverting. 

hu-mor-some (-sum), adj. char¬ 
acterized by humor; laughable; 
capricious. 

hump (hump), n. a protuberance 
on the back : v.t. to vex or annoy; 
exert (one’s self), 
hump-ty-dump-ty ('ti-dump'ti), 
adj. characterized by short limbs 
and a round body, 
hu-mu-lin (hu'mu-lin), n. the 
bitter narcotic principle in hops, 
hu-mu-lus (-lus), n. a genus of 
twining plants, containing the 
hops. 

bu-mus ('mus), n. vegetable mold. 
Huu (hun), n. one of an ancient 
Tartar race, which in the 5th 
century, A. D., overran and dev¬ 
astated Europe. 

hunch (hunch), n. a hump ; lump ; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








hun 


441 


hus 


a thrust with the fist or elbow: 
v.t. to push with the fist or elbow ; 
push with a sudden jerk. 

Imn-dred (hun'dred), adj. 10 
times 10: n. the number of 10 
times 10; the symbol (C. or 100) 
denoting it; a division of an Eng¬ 
lish county. 

hun-dredth ('dredth), adj. the 
ordinal of 100: n. one of 100 
equal parts. 

hundredweight ('dred-wat), n. 
the l-20th part of a ton. 

hung, p.t. of hang. 

Hungarian (hung-ga'ri-an), 
adj. pertaining to Hungary, its 
inhabitants, or language. 

hun ger (hung'ger), n. keenness 
of appetite; pain or uneasiness 
caused by want of food; strong- 
desire : v.i. to feel the pain of 
hunger; to have a longing or 
earnest desire. 

hun-gri-ly ('gri-li), adv. in a 
hungry manner. 

hun gry ('gri), adj. [comp, hun¬ 
grier, superl. hungriest], having a 
keen appetite; feeling pain or un¬ 
easiness for want of food ; emaci¬ 
ated ; eagerly desirous; unfertile: 
said of land. 

hunk (hungk), n. a lump or 
large piece. 

hunk-y ('i), adj. well done; in 
good trim. 

hunt (hunt), v.t. to pursue, or 
chase, as game or wild animals; 
follow closely : search after: v.i. 
to follow the chase: n. pursuit of 
game or wild animals; pack of 
hounds; an association of hunts¬ 
men ; district hunted over by 
hounds; a search. 

Syn. seek, chase. 

hunt-er ('er), n. a huntsman; a 
horse or hound trained for hunt¬ 
ing ; a hunting-watch. 

hunt-ing (hunt'ing), n. the act 
or practice of one who hunts; 
pursuit; search. 

hunt ing-box (-boks), n. a tem¬ 
porary residence while hunting. 

hunt-ing-watch (woch), n. a 
watch having its face protected 
with a metal cover. 

hunt-ress ('res), n. a female 
hunter. 

huntsman ('z-man), n. [pi. 
huntsmen ('men)], a hunter; one 


who has the management of a 
pack of hounds. 

hurdle (her'dl), n. a movable 
fence of osiers or branches; a 
fence to be leaped over in steeple- 
chasing ; a rude frame on which 
criminals were formerly dragged 
to execution : v.t. to cover or in¬ 
close with hurdles, 
hur-dy-gur-dy ('di-ger'di), n. a 
stringed instrument somewhat re¬ 
sembling a violin, played by a 
wheel; a barrel organ ; a miner’s 
camp. 

hurl (herl), v.t. to throw with 
violence; drive forcibly; utter 
with vehemence: n. the act of 
throwing. 

hur-ly-bur-ly (her'li-ber'li), n. 

tumult; great commotion, 
hur-rah (hdo-ra'), interj. a shout 
of joy, triumph, applause, &c.: 
v.i. to utter such a shout in ap¬ 
plause, &c. Also hurra, 
hurricane (hur'i-kan), n. a 
gale of extreme violence charac¬ 
terized by fitful changes of the 
wind. 

hur-ri-cane-deck (-dek), n. the 
bridge-deck of a steamship; the 
upper deck of a river steamer, 
hur-ried ('id), p.adj. exhibiting, 
or characterized by, haste; hasty f 
hur-ry ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hur¬ 
ried, p.pr. hurrying], to impel to 
greater speed; hasten on; accel¬ 
erate : v.i. to act or move with 
haste: n. haste; urgency; pre¬ 
cipitation ; confusion; a coaling 
stage for loading vessels, 
hur-ry-scur-ry (-skur'i), n. con¬ 
fused bustle. 

hurt (hert), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurt, 
p.pr. hurting], to cause or inflict 
pain in ; wound ; grieve ; injure ; 
impair or damage: n. a wound; 
injury; damage or loss, 
hurt-ful ('fool), adj. injurious; 
harmful. 

Syn. noxious, pernicious. 

Ant. (see beneficial), 
hurt-ful-ly (-li), adv. so as to 
hurt. 

hur-tle (hert'l), v.t. to move vio¬ 
lently ; impel forcibly: v.i. to 
clash; dash in collision, 
hur-tle-ber-ry, same as whortle¬ 
berry. 

hus-hand (huz'band), n. a mar- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









tills 


442 


hyd 


ried man : v.t. to manage or use 
with economy. 

husband-man (-man), n. [pi. 
husbandmen (-men)], a tiller of 
the soil; farmer. 

hus band ry (-ri), n. agriculture; 
frugality. 

Syn. cultivation, tillage, 
kusk (hush), interj. be still! 
silence! adj. quiet; silent: n. 
quietness; silence: v.t. to make 
silent; soothe. 

husk (husk), n. the dry outer cov¬ 
ering of certain fruits or seeds: 
v.t. to remove husks from, 
husk-i-ly ('i-li), adj. hoarsely, 
knsk-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being husky. 

kusk-ing-bee ('ing-be), n. a so¬ 
cial gathering to assist in husking 
corn. 

hask-y ('ki), adj. [comp, huskier, 
superl. huskiest], consisting of, 
or like, husks; worthless; rough 
or hoarse: said of the voice: n. 
an American Indian sledge-dog. 
hussar (huz-ar'), n. a light¬ 
armed cavalry soldier, 
hus-sy (huz'i), n. [pi. hussies 
('iz)], a fast girl; worthless 
woman. 

hust-ings (hustings), n.pl. a 
court held in the Guildhall before 
the Lord Mayor, Recorder, and 
sheriffs of London; formerly the 
stand from which Parliamentary 
candidates, when nominated, ad¬ 
dressed the electors, 
hus-tle (hus'l), v.t. to push rough¬ 
ly ; jostle ; mob ; shake together in 
confusion: v.i. exhibit energy and 
alacrity. 

hut (hut), n. a small house or 
cabin; a temporary erection for 
lodging troops. 

hutch (huch), n. a bin, box, or 
chest: a coop or pen; a mining 
trough for washing ore: v.t. to 
store; to wash (ore) in a hutch, 
kuz-zak, same as hurrah, 
hy-a-cinth (hl'a-sinth), A. a hand¬ 
some bulbous flowering plant of 
the genus Hyacinthus; a variety 
of zircon, used as a jewel, 
hy-a-cin-thine ('in), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the hyacinth ; like Hyacin¬ 
thus, the handsome youth killed 
by Apollo and transformed into 


the hyacinth: hence handsome; 
beautiful. 

Hy-a-des ('a-dez), n.pl. the five 
stars in the face of the constella¬ 
tion Taurus, supposed by the an¬ 
cients to bring rain when they 
rose with the sun. Also Hyads. 
hy-se-na (ln-e'na), n. same as 
hyena. 

hyal, a prefix meaning glass, as 
hyaline, like glass: also hyalo: 
liyalography, the art of writing or 
engraving upon glass, 
hy-a-line (hl'a-lin), adj. glassy; 
transparent. 

ky-brid (hi'brid), n. a mongrel; 
an animal or plant produced by 
interbreeding different species or 
varieties; a compound word the 
elements of which are derived 
from different languages, 
ky-brid-ize (-iz), v.t. to cause to 
interbreed and thus produce hy¬ 
brids. 

hy-da-toid ('da-toid), adj. watery : 
n. the membrane around the 
aqueous humor of the eye; the 
aqueous humor itself, 
hydr, a prefix meaning water, also 
the presence of hydrogen. Also 
hydro. 

Hy-dra (hl'dra), n. in classical 
mythology, the water serpent with 
nine heads slain by Hercules; 
each of these on being cut off be¬ 
came two: hence any evil which, 
when grappled with, appears to in¬ 
tensify ; a genus of fresh-water 
polyps which multiply on division, 
hy-drac-id (hi-dras'id), n. an 
acid containing hydrogen but no 
oxygen. 

Hydrangea (-dran'je-a), n. a 
genus of shrubs of the saxifrage 
family with showy flowers, 
hy-drant ('drant), n. a plug with 
a valve connected with a water 
main for extinguishing fires, 
hy-drate ('drat), n. a chemical 
compound containing a definite 
quantity of water: v.t. to combine 
with water to form a hydrate, 
ky-drau-lic (-draw'lik), adj. per¬ 
taining to fluids in motion : n.pl. 
the science of liquids in motion 
and the application of the forces 
which influence the motions of 
water for practical purposes, as 
raising water, &c. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mo5n 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then, 








hyd 


443 


hyg 


hy-dric ('drik), adj. pertaining 
to, or containing, hydrogen in 
combination ; pertaining to water, 
hy-dride ('(hid), n. a chemical 
combination of hydrogen with 
another element. 

hy-dri-od ic (-dri-od'ik), adj. 
composed of hydrogen and iodine. 

hydro, see hydr. 

hy-dro-car-bons (-kar'bonz), n.pl. 
a general name for bitumens, min¬ 
eral resins, and fats which are 
composed of hydrogen and carbon, 
hy-dro-cele ('dro-sel), n. dropsy 
of the scrotum. 

hy-dro-ceph-a-lus (-sef'a-lus), n. 

dropsy of the brain, 
hy-dro-chlo-rate (-klo'rat), n. a 
salt of hydrochloric acid, 
hydrochloric ('rik), adj. com¬ 
posed of hydrogen and chlorine, 
hy-dro-cy-an-ie (-si-an'ik), adj. 
composed of hydrogen and cyan¬ 
ogen. 

hy-dro-cy-azvie ac-id (as'id), n. 
prussic acid. 

hy-dro-dy-nam-ic (-dl-nam'ik), 
adj. pertaining to, or derived 
from, the pressure of water: n.pl. 
the science that treats of water 
pressure. 

hy-dro-flu-or-ic (-flu-or'ik), adj. 
composed of hydrogen and fluo¬ 
rine. 

hy-dro-flu-or-ic ac-id (as'id), n. 

a volatile fuming acid used in 
etching glass. 

hy-dro-gen ('dro-jen), n. a color¬ 
less, gaseous, inflammable sub¬ 
stance, which liquefies under 
great pressure, and is the lightest 
element yet known: when com¬ 
bined with oxygen it produces 
water. Hydrogen is the stand¬ 
ard unit for the estimation of 
atomic weights and volumes, 
hy-drog-ra-phy (-drog'ra-fi), n. 
the art of measuring and map¬ 
ping the water surface of the 
earth, as oceans, lakes, coast¬ 
lines, &c., with relative data as 
to their depth, tides, beds, &c. 
hy-dro-ki-net-ics (hl-dro-kl-net'- 
iks), n.pl. that branch of physics 
which treats of fluids in motion, 
hy-drol-o-gy (-drol'o-ji), n. the 
science of water, its property, 
laws, phenomena, &c. 
hy-drom-e-ter (-drom'e-ter), n. 


an instrument for determining the 
specific gravity, strength, &c., of 
fluids. 

hy-dro-path-ic (hi-dro-path'ik), 
adj. pertaining to hydropathy: n. 
an establishment where patients 
reside while under hydropathic 
treatment. 

hy-drop-a-thy (hl-drop'a-thi), n. 
the cure of disease by water treat¬ 
ment, externally or internally, 
hy-dro-phane ('dro-fan), n. an 
opaque variety of opal which 
when wet becomes translucent, 
hy-dro-plio-bi-a (-fo'bi-a), n. a 
disease caused by the virus from 
the saliva of a mad dog accom¬ 
panied by convulsions and un¬ 
natural dread of water, 
hydrophyte ('dro-fit), n. a 
water-plant. 

hy-dro-stat ('dro-stat), n. an ap¬ 
paratus for the prevention of 
boiler explosions; an electrical 
contrivance for indicating the 
leakage or overflow of water, 
hy-dro-stat-ic (ln-dro-stat'ik), 

adj. pertaining to hydrostatics: 
n.pl. that branch of physics that 
treats of the pressure and equilib¬ 
rium of fluids. 

hy-dro-ther-a-py (-ther'a-pi), n. 
treatment of disease by water; 
water-cure. 

hy-dro-ther-mal (-ther'mal), adj. 
pertaining to the action of hot 
water. 

hy-e-na (-hl-e'na), n. a bristly- 
maned w T olf-like carnivorous quad¬ 
ruped. 

hy-et-al (hi'et-al), adj. pertaining 
to rain, or rainfall, 
hy-et-o-graph (-o-gr&f), n. a 
chart showing the rainfall over 
various areas. 

hy-et-ol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. that 
branch of meteorology treating of 
rainfall, its distribution, repre¬ 
sentation on charts, &c. 

Hy -ge-ian (-je'an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Hygeia, the goddess of 
health. 

liy-ge-ian, adj. pertaining to 
health, or hygiene, 
hy-giene ('jen), n. the science of 
health, its preservation, and the 
laws of sanitation, 
hy-gi-en-ic (-ji-en'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to hygiene. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






444 


hyp 


hyg 


by-gi-ol-o-gy (-ji-ol'o-ji), n. the 
science of hygiene; a treatise on 
hygiene. 

hygro, a prefix meaning moist, 
wet. 

liy-grom-c-tcr (hl-grom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
amount of moisture contained in 
the atmosphere. 

hy-groin-e-try (-grom'e-tri), n. 
that branch of physics that treats 
of the moisture of the atmosphere, 
by-gro-scope ('gro-skop), n. an 
apparatus for indicating atmos¬ 
pheric moisture. 

hy men ('men), n. marriage, from 
Hymen, the Grecian god of mar¬ 
riage ; the virginal membrane, 
hy-me-ne-al (-ne'al), p.adj. per¬ 
taining to marriage; nuptial, 
hymn (him), n. a sacred ode ex¬ 
pressive of praise or adoration: 
v.t. to sing hymns to; adore or 
praise by hymns. 

hym-nal ('nal), n. a collection of 
hymns for public worship, 
hym-nol-o-gy (-nol'o-ji), n. the 
study of hymns, their origin, use, 
lore, &c. 

by-oid (hl'oid), adj. shaped like 
the Greek" letter Y* O : n. a U- 
shaped bone supporting the 
tongue. 

hyp, see hypo. 

hyper, a prefix meaning over , be¬ 
yond, excess, and in chemistry 
highest. 

hy-per-bo-la (-per'bo-la), n. a 
curve formed by the section of a 
cone when the cutting plane 
makes a greater angle with the 
base than the side of the cone 
makes. 

hy-per-ho-le ('bo-le), n. a figure 
of speech which expresses more 
or less than the truth, 
hy-per-bol-ic (-bol'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to or containing, hyper¬ 
bole ; exaggerated; pertaining to, 
or of the nature of, a hyperbola, 
hy-per-bo-re-an (-bo're-an), adj. 
arctic. 

hy-per-du-li-a (-doo'li-a), n. 

veneration of the Virgin Mary, 
by-phen (hl'fen), n. a mark (-) 
joining two words or syllables: 
v.t. to join by such a mark, 
hypno, a prefix meaning sleep. 
hyp-no-sis (hip-no'sis), n. a hyp¬ 
notic state or trance. 


hyp-not-ic (hip-not'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or producing, hypno¬ 
tism. 

hyp-no-tize ('no-tiz), v.t. to pro¬ 
duce, or subject to, hypnotism, 
hyp-no-tism ('no-tizm), n. a 
method of inducing a trance-like 
sleep: a method of medical treat¬ 
ment by hypnotism, 
hypo, hyp, a prefix meaning 
under; beneath. 

hy-po-blast (lii'po-blast), n. the 
under layer of the blastoderm, 
hyp-o-chon-dri-a (hip-6-kon'dri- 
a), n. a disease attended with ex¬ 
treme melancholy, and anxiety re¬ 
specting one’s state of health. 
Also hypochondriasis, 
hyp-o-chon-dri-ac ('dri-ak), n. 
one who is alfected with hypo¬ 
chondria : adj. pertaining to, or 
alfected with, hypochondria, 
hyp-oc-ri-sy (-ok'ri-si), n. a 
feigning to be what one is not; 
dissimulation ; false profession. 

Syn. cant, pretense, sham, affec¬ 
tation. 

Ant. (see truth). 

hyp-o-crite ('o-krit), n. one who 
practices hypocrisy; a dissimula¬ 
tor. 

Syn. dissembler, impostor, 
canter. 

hy-po-der-mic (hl-po-der'mik), 
adj. inserted under the skin: n. 
a medicine thus injected, 
hy-po-gas-tric (hi-po-gas'trik), 
adj. pertaining to the hypogas- 
trium. 

hy-po-gas-tri-um ('tri-um), n. 
[pi. hypogastria (-a)], the mid¬ 
dle part of the lower region of the 
abdomen. 

liyp-o-style ('o-stil), n. a roof 
supported by columns; a covered 
colonnade; pillared hall or court, 
hy-pot-e-imse (-pot'e-nus), n. 
the side of a right-angled triangle 
opposite the right angle. Also 
hypothenuse. 

by-potli-e-sis (-poth'e-sis), n. [pi. 
hypotheses (-sez)], something as¬ 
sumed for Jihe purpose of argu¬ 
ment ; a theory to explain some 
fact which may or may not prove 
to be true; supposition; conject¬ 
ure. 

Syn. theory, sunposition. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lo4; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n„ 







hyp 


445 


hys 


hy-po-thet-ic (-po-thet'ik), adj. 
based on hypothesis; conjectural. 
Also hypothetical. 

hy-po-thet-ie-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
by hypothesis. 

hypsi, a prefix meaning high, ex¬ 
ceptionally high, as hypsibraichy- 
cephalic: adj. having a high broad 
skull, as certain races. Also 
hypso. 

hyp-som-e-ter (hip-som'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring alti¬ 
tudes by atmospheric pressure. 

hyp-som-e-try ('e-tri), n. the art 
of determining altitudes by atmos¬ 
pheric pressure. 

hy-rax (hi'raks), n. a small hare¬ 
like mammal, the coney of the 
Bible. 

hys-sop (his'up), n. an aromatic 
plant with blue flowers; an uni¬ 


dentified plant mentioned in the 
Bible. 

hys-te-ri-a (his-te'ri-a), n. a 
nervous affection of women char¬ 
acterized by choking sensations, 
paroxysms of laughter or weeping, 
and frequently simulating other 
diseases. 

hys-ter-i-cal (-ter'i-kal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or affected by, hys¬ 
terics; violently emotional. 

liys-ter-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
hysterical manner. 

liys-ter-ics (his-ter'iks), n.pl. hys¬ 
teria. 

hys-ter-oid ('oid), adj. resembling 
hysteria. 

hys-ter-ot-o-my (-ot'o-mi), n. the 
operation of cutting out, or into, 
the womb. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; miite, nut; thin, then. 















1 


446 


Ico 


I 


I (I), pron. [pi. we (we)], nom. 
case, sitig. of the pronoun of the 
1st person; the word by which 
the speaker or writer denotes him¬ 
self : n. in metaphysics, the object 
of consciousness; the ego. 
i-am-bic (I-am'bik), adj. consist¬ 
ing of, or employing, iambics: n. 
an iambus, a satirical poem in 
iambic verse. 

i-am-bus ('bus), n. a metrical foot 
consisting of two syllables, of 
which the first is short and the 
second is long( . ), or, in ac¬ 
centual versification, a foot of two 
syllables, in which the stress ac¬ 
cent falls on the second syllable, 
i-bex ('beks), n. a genus of wild 
goats, having very large recurved 
horns, the best known species of 
which is the Alpine steinbok or 
bouquetin. 

i-bis ('bis), n. a genus of large 
wading birds, having a long, curved 
beak, of which the most nota¬ 
ble species is the sacred Ibis of 
the ancient Egyptians, 
ice (is), n. frozen water or other 
fluid; a frozen confection, as ice¬ 
cream : v.t. to convert into ice; 
freeze; preserve in ice, cover with 
. concreted sugar; frost, 
ice age (aj), n. the glacial epoch, 
ice-berg ('berg), n. a large mass 
of ice detached from a glacier, 
^and floating in the sea. 
ice boat (bot), n. a strong steam 
boat used to break a channel 
through ice; a boat mounted on 
runners and propelled by sails on 
ice. 

ice-field ('feld), n. an extensive 
sheet of floating ice. 
ice-floe ('flo), n. a smaller sheet 
of floating ice. 

ice-pack ('pak), n. a field of 
broken and drifting ice, consist¬ 
ing of great masses packed to¬ 
gether. 

ich neu mon (ik-nu'mun), n. an 
animal of the weasel kind, found 
in Egypt, where it was anciently 
worshipped; it tracks out and de¬ 
vours the eggs of the crocodile. 


ichneumon-fly (-fli), n. an in¬ 
sect which lays its eggs in the 
bodies of other insects, 
icli-no-lite ('no-lit), n. a stone 
impressed with a fossil footprint, 
ieh-nol-o-gy (-nol'o-ji), n. that 
branch of science -which treats 
of fossil footprints, 
i-chor (I'kor), n. in classical 
mythology, the ethereal fluid 
which ran, instead of blood, in 
the veins of the gods; a thin, 
watery, acrid serum from an ulcer 
or wound. 

ich-tliy-ic (ik'thi-ik), adj. fish¬ 
like. 

ichthyo, a prefix meaning a fish , 
as ichthyoUte, a fossil fish; the 
impression of a fossil fish. Also 
ichthy. 

ich-thy-og-ra-phy (ik-thi-og'di- 

fi), n. a treatise on fishes; 
ich-thy-o-lite, see under ichthyo. 
icb-tliy-ol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. that 
branch of zoology which treats 
of fishes, their structure, classifi¬ 
cation, &c. 

Icli-thy-o-sau-rus (-saw'rus), n. 
a genus of huge fossil fish-liz¬ 
ards. 

ichthyosis (-o'sis), n. a disease 
in which the skin presents the 
form of hard dry scales and plates, 
i-ci-cle (i'si-kl), n. a pendent cone 
of ice formed by the freezing of 
dripping water. 

i-ci-ly ('si -li), adv. in an icy man¬ 
ner ; coldly. 

i-ci-ness ('si-nes;, n. the state of 
being icy ; coldness, 
i-cing ('sing), n. a coating of con¬ 
crete sugar. 

icon (i'kon), n. [pi. icons 
('konz), icones ('kon-ez)], in the 
Greek Church, a sacred image or 
picture. Also eikon, ikon, 
icono, a prefix meaning image , as 
. fncowoclasm, image breaking, 
i-con-o-clast (i-kon'o-klast), n. an 
image breaker; one who attacks 
superstitions or shams, 
icos, a prefix meaning twenty , as 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ico 


447 


Idi 


/cosahedral, having twenty plane 
faces. 

i cos-a-he-dron (-kos-a-he'dron), 
n. a solid bounded by twenty 
plane faces. 

ic-tus (ik'tus), n. a blow or 
stroke; in prosody and music, 
rhythmical or metrical accent or 
stress. 

i-cy (i'si), adj. [comp, icier. 
superl, iciest], pertaining to, or 
resembling, or abounding in, ice; 
cold ; chilljng ; indifferent, 
i-de-a (-de'a), n. a mental image 
or picture ; a conception of what 
ought to be; an abstract princi¬ 
ple; opinion; belief; plan. 

Syn. thought, imagination, 
i-de-al (-de'al), adj. existing in 
imagination only ; visionary ; con¬ 
forming to a standard of per¬ 
fection ; perfect: n. a mental con¬ 
ception, or an individual regarded 
as the standard of perfection. 

Ant. (see actual), 
i-de-al-ize (-Iz), v.t. to make 
ideal; embody in an ideal form; 
represent (natural objects) so 
as to show their most important 
characteristics onlv; v.i. to form 
ideals. 

i-de-al-ism (-izm), n. in art, the 
effort to realize, by elimination 
and combination, the highest type 
of any natural object; the doctrine 
that all our knowledge of objects 
is a knowledge of ideas, 
i-de-al-ist (-ist), n. one who pur¬ 
sues the ideal; one who holds the 
doctrine of idealism ; a visionary, 
i-de-al-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to an ideal; relating to 
idealism or idealists, 
i-de-al-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the quality 
of being ideal; the faculty to form 
ideals. 

i de al ly (-li), adv. according to 
an ideal; mentally, 
i-den-ti-cal (i-den'ti-kal), adj. ex¬ 
pressing sameness; differing in 
no essential point, 
i-den-ti-cal-ly (-li). adv. in an 
identical manner. 

i-den-ti-cal note (not), n. a note 
in terms agreed upon by two or 
more powers, intended to influence 
another power. 

i-den-ti-fi-a-ble (-ti-fi'a-bl), adj. 
that may be identified. 


i-den-ti-fy (-den'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. identified, p.pr. identifying], 
to make, prove to be, or consider 
as, the same. 

i-den-ti-ty ('ti-ti), n. essential or 
. practical sameness, 
i-de-o-graph (i'de-6-graf), n. a 
symbol, figure, or hieroglyph, not 
naming but suggesting the idea 
of an object. Also ideogram, 
i-de-o-graph-ic ('ik), adj. repre¬ 
senting ideas by symbols inde¬ 
pendently of sounds. Also ideo- 
# graphical. 

i-de-og-ra-phy (I-de-og'ra-fi), n. 

the direct representation of ideas 
# by symbols. 

i-de-ol-o-gist (i-de-ol'o-jist), n. 
one occupied with ideas or ideals; 
a theorist. 

i-de-ol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. the science 
of ideas; the system of philosophy 
which derives ideas exclusively 
from sensation. 

i-de-o-mo-tion (-o-mo'shun), n. 
unconscious muscular motion aris¬ 
ing from a dominant idea, 
ides (klz), n.pl. in the ancient 
Roman calendar, the eighth day 
after the nones—the 15th of 
March, May, July, October, and 
the 13th of the other months, 
idio, a prefix meaning one’s oxen , 
peculiar , 

id-i-o-cy (id'i-o-si), n. the state 
of being an idiot; mental im¬ 
becility. Also idiotcy. 

Syn. folly, imbccility, stupidity, 
senselessness. 

Ant. (see intelligence). 
id-i-o-graph (-graf), n. a private 
or trade mark. 

id-i-om ('i-um), n. a turn of ex¬ 
pression peculiar to a language; 
the distinctive characteristics of a 
language. 

id-i-o-mat-ic (-o-mat'ik), adj. pe¬ 
culiar to a language; given to, or 
marked by, the use of idioms. 
Also idiomatical. 

id-i-o-mat-ie-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 

according to the idiom, 
id-i-o-path-ic (-o-path'ik), adj. 
characterizing a disease not pro¬ 
duced by another, 
id-i-op-a-thy (-op'a-thi), n. an in¬ 
dividual or personal affection; a 
primary disease not arising from 
another. 

id-i-o-syn-cra-sy (-i-o-sin'kra-si), 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






idi 


448 


ign 


n. [pi. idiosyncrasies (-siz) ], 

peculiarity of constitution or tem¬ 
perament ; a characteristic pecu¬ 
liar to an individual, 
id-i-ot ('i-ot), n. one of weak in¬ 
tellect ; a foolish person, 
id-i-ot-ic ('ik). adj. pertaining to, 
or like, an idiot; foolish-, fatuous. 
Also idiotical. 

id-i-ot-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in an 
idiotic manner. 

idle (i'dl), adj. empty; unoccu¬ 
pied ; unemployed ; unused ; use¬ 
less ; vain; of no importance; ir¬ 
relevant; averse to labor; futile; 
lazy: v.i. to be inactive or with¬ 
out employment: v.t. to spend in 
idleness; waste (time): usually 
with away. 

Syn. indolent, lazy. 

Ant. (see industrious), 
i-dler (I'dler), n. one who idles; 
a lazy person ; one who has con¬ 
stant day duty on board ship, and 
does not keep night watch, 
i-dle-wheel ('hwel), n. a wheel 
placed between two others to 
transfer motion without change 
of direction. 

i-dol (I-dol), n. an image of a 
divinity, employed as an object 
of worship; a person or thing 
loved to excess. 

i-dol-a-ter ('a-ter), n. an idol- 
worshipper ; one who pays divine 
honors to images, &c.; one who 
loves a person or thing to excess, 
i-dol-a-tress ('a-tres), n. a female 
idolater. 

i-dol-a-trous ('a-trus), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or practicing, idolatry ; 
marked by undue reverence or af¬ 
fection. 

1-dol-a-try ('a-tri), n. \_pl. idol¬ 
atries (-triz)], the paying of Di¬ 
vine honors to idols, images, or 
any created object; the ascription 
of Divine power to natural agen¬ 
cies ; excessive admiration, venera¬ 
tion, or love for any person or 
thing. * 

idol -ize (-Iz), v.t. to make an 
idol of; love or admire to excess, 
i-dyl (I'dil), n. a short, highly- 
wrought pastoral poem; applied 
also to descriptive and narrative 
poems of greater length ; a descrip¬ 
tion of simple, rural, pastoral 
scenes. Also idyll. 


i-dyl-ist (l'dil-ist), n. a pastoral 
poet, or painter. 

i-dyl-lic ('lik), adj. pertaining to, 
or of the nature of, an idyl; pas¬ 
toral. 

if (if), conj. on the condition; 
supposing that; whether; al¬ 
though. 

igne ous ('ne-us), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, consisting of, or resem¬ 
bling, fire, or produced by fire, 
ignis fat-u-us ('nis fat'u-us), n. 
a meteoric light seen to flit above 
the ground in marshy places, &c.; 
a misleading influence. Popularly 
known as Will-o’-the wisp, Jack- 
o'-Lantern, Corpse-candle. 
ignite ('nit), v.t. to set on fire; 
to make incandescent with heat; 
subject to the action of intense 
heat: v.i. to take fire ; glow with 
heat. 

ig-nit-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, ignites; a time ex¬ 
ploder for igniting the powder of 
a torpedo. 

ig-nit-i-ble (ig-nlt'i-bl), adj. 
capable of being ignited; easily 
kindled. 

ig-ni-tion (-nish'un), n. the act 
of igniting; the state of being 
ignited. 

ignoble (-no'bl), adj. of low 
birth or station; of mean char¬ 
acter or quality; of little value; 
characterizing a short-winged 
hawk, as distinguished • from a 
long-winged falcon, 
ig-no-ble-ness ('bl-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being ignoble; 
absence of dignity, 
ig-no-bly ('bli), adv. in an igno- 
. ble manner; basely, 
ig-no-min-i-ous (-no-min'i-us)., 
adj. marked with ignominy or pub 
lie disgrace; shameful; deserv¬ 
ing disgrace; despicable. 

Syn. shameful, scandalous, in¬ 
famous. 

Ant. (see honorable), 
ig-no-min-y (ig'no-min-i), n. [pi. 
ignominies (-iz)], loss of one’s 
good name ; public disgrace or dis¬ 
honor ; cause or source of dis¬ 
grace. 

Syn. shame, disgrace, obloquy, 
# infamy, reproach, 
ig-no-ra-mus (-ra'mus), an 
ignorant person, especially an ig¬ 
norant pretender to knowledge. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ign 


449 


\ 


ilb 


ig-no ranee (-runs), n. the state 
of being ignorant; want of 
knowledge. 

ig-no-rant (-rant), adj. desti¬ 
tute of knowledge ; uninstructed ; 
illiterate. 

Syn. unlearned, illiterate, un¬ 
informed, uneducated. 

Ant. (see knowing), 
ig-nore (-nor'), v.t. to be igno¬ 
rant of; treat as unknown ; dis¬ 
regard ; throw out as false or un¬ 
supported by sufficient evidence: 
said of a grand jury rejecting a 
bill. 

i-gua-na (i-gwa'na), n. a large 
tropical American lizard, having 
a dewlap under the throat, 
il, a prefix , another form of in 
when followed by l, meaning not, 
as illiterate, uneducated, 
il-e-uiu (il'e-um), n. the lower 
part of the small intestine. 

I- lex (i'leks), n. a genus of ever¬ 
green trees and shrubs repre¬ 
sented by the holly. 

il-i-ac (il'i-ak), adj. pertaining to 
the ileum, or to the ilium, or flank 
bone. 

ilium (il'i-um), n. the dorsal or 
upper part of the hip-bone, 
ill (il), adj. [comp, worse, superl. 
worst], bad or evil; contrary to 
good ; causing or attended by evil 
or suffering in a bad or disordered 
state physically or morally ; sick ; 
diseased ; unfriendly ; not proper ; 
unskilful: vicious : n. evil; wicked¬ 
ness ; misfortune; disease; any¬ 
thing discreditable ; harm ; mis¬ 
chief : adv. not well; not easily. 

Syn. evil, wickedness, misfor¬ 
tune, mischief, harm, sick, indis¬ 
posed. unwell, diseased. 

Ant. (see good, well), 
il-lapse (-laps'), n. a gliding in 
or into, especially a divine in¬ 
flux ; inspiration, 
il-la-tion (-la'shunl, n. an infer¬ 
ence, deduction, or conclusion, 
il-lic-it (-lis'it), adj. not au¬ 
thorized or allowed ; unlicensed ; 
unlawful. 

II- lic-i-um ('i-um), n. a genus of 
shrubs of the magnolia family, 
containing the Japanese incense 
plant. 

il-lim-it-a-ble (-lim'it-a-bl), adj. 
immeasurable ; vast; infinite. 


Syn? boundless, immeasurable, 
unlimited, infinite, 
il-lim-it-a-ble-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being illimita¬ 
ble. 

il-lim-it-a-bly (-bli), adv. with¬ 
out possibility of being bounded, 
il-li-sion (-li'zhun), n. the act of 
striking into or against, 
il-lit-er-a-cy (-lit'er-a-si), n. ig¬ 
norance of letters, 
ill -ness ('nes), n. the condition 
of being ill; disease; sickness, 
il-lude (-liid'). v.t. to mock; de¬ 
ceive ; delude. 

il-lu-mi-nant (-lu'mi-nant), adj, 
pertaining to illumination : n. any¬ 
thing which illuminates or affords 
light. 

il-lu-mi-nate ('i-nat), v.t. to give 
light to ; decorate with lights, iD 
token of rejoicing; enlighten; 
throw light upon; make plain; 
elucidate : adorn, as a manuscript, 
with miniature pictures in colors' 
and gold: v.i. to display lights ia 
token of rejoicing, 
il-lu-mi-na-tion (-na'shun), w. 
supply of light; the act of illuml 
nating, or state of being illumi¬ 
nated, especially the festive deco- 
ration of houses or cities with 
lights; the art of illumining 
books or manuscripts; a design 
in an illuminated work; intel 
lectual light; inspiration, 
il-lu-mi-na-tor ('mi-na-ter), n. 
one who, or that which, gives 
light; one who illuminates books, 
manuscripts, &c.; a condenser or 
reflector; an illuminant. 
il-lu-mine ('min), v.t. to illumi¬ 
nate [Poet.]. 

il-lu-sion.('zhun), n. deceptive ap¬ 
pearance ; false show; hallucina¬ 
tion. 

Syn. fallacy, deception, phan¬ 
tasm. 

il-lu-sion-ist (-ist). n. one sub¬ 
ject to illusion ; a slefght-of-hand 
performer. 

il-lu-sive ('siv). adj. deceiving by 
illusion; deceptive; illusory, 
il-lu-sive-ly (-li), adv. in an il¬ 
lusive manner. 

il-lu-sive-ness (-nes), n. decep¬ 
tion ; false show. 

il-lu-so-ry ('so-ri), adj. causing il¬ 
lusion ; fallacious; deceptive. 


late, mar, rmisk, cat, awl : lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





Ill 


450 


imb 


Syn. imaginary, chimerical, vis¬ 
ionary. 

Ant. (see real). 

il-lus-trate (-us'trat), v.t. to 
make clear or intelligible; explain 
by examples; elucidate by means 
of pictures, &c. 

Syn. explain, elucidate, clear, 
il-lus-tra-ted (-ed). p.adj. hav¬ 
ing illustrations. 

il-lus-tra-tion (-tra'shun), n. the 
act of illustrating; the state of 
being illustrated; that which il¬ 
lustrates ; a comparison or ex¬ 
ample which explains or corrobo¬ 
rates ; a picture designed to 
elucidate the text, 
il-lus-tra-tive ('tra-tiv), adj. 
tending to illustrate, elucidate, or 
exemplify. 

il-lus-tra-tive-ly (-li), adv. by 
way of illustration, 
il-lus-tra-tor ('us-tra-ter), n. one 
who illustrates; one who exempli¬ 
fies somethin?? in his own person ; 
one who draws pictorial repre¬ 
sentations. 

il-lus-tri-ous ('tri-us), adj. distin¬ 
guished by luster or greatness; 
eminent; renowned; conferring 
luster or honor; glorious; fa¬ 
mous ; honored. 

Syn. celebrated, noble, emi¬ 
nent, famous, renowned. 

Ant. (see obscure), 
im, a prefix representing in when 
followed by b, m, or p. 
im age (im'aj), n. an imitation of 
any person or thing; a statue, 
effigy, or bust; an idol; a counter¬ 
part ; likeness; a mental picture, 
conception, or idea; an extended 
metaphor; the figure of an object 
formed by rays of light: v.t. to 
form, or reflect, an image of; rep¬ 
resent to the mental vision; 
imagine. 

Syn. likeness, picture, represen¬ 
tation, effigy. 

im-aged ('ajd), adj. decorated 
with human figures, as porcelain, 
im-age-ry ('aj-ri), n. [pi. image¬ 
ries (-riz)], representation by 
images; images collectively; 
figures in discourse; forms of the 
fancy. 

im-ag-i-na-ble (-aj'i-nS-bl), adj. 
that may be imagined or con¬ 
ceived. 


im-ag-i-na-ble-ness (-nes), n. 

the state of being' imaginable, 
im-ag-i-na-bly (-bli), adv. in a 
conceivable manner; possibly, 
imaginary ('i-na-ri), adj. ex¬ 
isting only in imagination; un¬ 
real ; utopian. 

Syn. ideal, fanciful, illusory. 

Ant. (see real). 

im-ag-i-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
image-forming power of the mind, 
or the power of the mind which 
modifies the conceptions, especially 
the higher forms of this power 
exercised in art and poetry, 
usually termed the plastic or 
creative power; a conception or 
idea ; fanciful opinion ; fancy ; in¬ 
vention. 

iin-ag-i-na-tive ('i-na-tiv), adj. 
proceeding from, exhibiting, or en¬ 
dowed with, imagination ; invent¬ 
ive; fanciful. 

im-ag-i-na-tive-ly (-li), adv. in 
# an imaginative manner, 
im-ag-i-na-tive-ness (-nes), n. 
the quality of being imaginative, 
im-ag-ine (-aj'in), v.t. to form 
a mental picture of; produce by 
the imagination; conceive; con¬ 
jecture ; think; suppose: v.i. to 
form a mental image; fancy; to 
surmise. 

im-be-cile (im'be-sil), adj. with¬ 
out strength, especially of mind; 
feeble-minded ; idiotic: n. one of 
feeble mind. 

im-be-cil-i-ty (-sil'i-ti), n. [pi. 
imbecilities (-tiz) ], mental or 
physical weakness. 

Syn. silliness, senility, dotage, 
im-bibe ('bib), v.t. to drink in; 
absorb, as if by drinking; receive 
or absorb into the mind: v.i. to 
drink; absorb moisture, 
im-bri-cate ('bri-kat), v.t. to lay 
in order, one lapping over another, 
like tiles or shingles: v.i. to over¬ 
lap serially: adj. bent and hol¬ 
lowed like a gutter tile or pantile; 
overlapping like tiles, as the 
scales of fishes, or the leaf-buds 
of plants; decorated with a pat¬ 
tern resembling lapping tiles or 
scales. 

im-bro-glio (-bro'lyo), n. a con¬ 
fused mass of things; intricate 
and perplexing state of affairs; 
misunderstanding; entanglement; 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






imb 


451 


Imna 


strife; perplexity; complicated 
plot. 

im brue ('brod), v.t. to wet or 
moisten : soak ; .drench, especially 
in blood. 

imbue ('biii. v.t. to cause to 
absorb; tinge deeply; dye; to 
tincture deeply, as the mind with 
certain principles, 
im-i-ta-ble ('i-ta-bl), adj. capable 
of, or worthy of, imitation, 
im-i-tate ('i-tat), v.t. to produce 
a semblance of, in form, color, 
qualities, conduct, and the like; 
use as a model or pattern; to 
take example by ; to counterfeit; 
copy. 

Syn. copy, ape, mimic, mock, 
counterfeit. 

im-i-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the act 
of imitating; that which is pro¬ 
duced by imitating; the repeti¬ 
tion of the same melodic theme or 
phrase, either in a different key, 
or in another voice or part: adj. 
made in imitation; not genuine, 
im-i-ta-tive ('i-ta-tiv), adj. in¬ 
clined to, qr aiming at, imitation ; 
formed after a model, 
im-i-ta-tive-ly (-li), adv. in an 
imitative manner. 

im-i-ta-tor ('i-ta-ter), n. one who 
imitates. 

im-inac-u-late (-mak'u-lat), adj. 
without blemish ; unspotted ; un¬ 
defiled ; pure. 

&'yn. unspotted, spotless, un¬ 
sullied, stainless. 

im-mac-u-late-ly (-li), adv. in an 
immaculate manner, 
im-mac-xi-late-ness (-nes), n. 
spotless purity. 

immanent (im'ma-nent), adj. 

remaining within; inherent, 
im-ma-te-ri-al (-ma-te'ri-al), adj. 
not consisting of matter; spirit¬ 
ual ; disembodied ; unimportant, 
im-ma-te-ri-al-ism (-izm), n. 

idealism ; spiritualism, 
im-ma-te-ri-al-ly (-li), adv. with¬ 
out matter: in an unimportant 
manner or degree, 
im ma ture (-ma-tur'), adj. not 
ripe; not fully grown or devel¬ 
oped ; not finished or perfected; 
crude. 

im-ma-tured (-turd'), adj. not 
matured ; not ripened, 
im-ma-ture-ly (-tur'li), adv. 
crudely. 


im-ma-ture-ness ('nes), n. im¬ 
maturity. 

im-ma-tur-i ty (-tur'i-ti), n. un¬ 
ripeness ; incompleteness, 
im-meas-ur-a-bil-i-ty (-mezh-ur- 
a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of not be¬ 
ing measurable. 

im-meas-ur-a-ble ('ur-a-bl), adj. 
not to be measured; immense; 
limitless; vast. 

im-meas-ur-a-ble-ness (-nes), n. 
boundless extent. 

immeasurably (-bli), adv. to 
an indefinite extent or degree, 
immediate (-me'di-at), adj. di¬ 
rectly related without an inter¬ 
vening medium ; next; direct; ap¬ 
proximate ; instant. 

Syn. pressing, instant, next, 
proximate. 

im-me-di-ate-ly (-li), adv. di¬ 
rectly, proximately, instantly. 

Syn. instantly, forthwith, di¬ 
rectly, presently. 

im-me-di-ate-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being immediate; 
promptness. 

im-me-mor-i-al (-me-mor'i-al), 
adj. extending beyond the reach 
of memory, record, or tradition: 
as immemorial usage or custom, 
im-me-mor-i-al-ly (-li), adv. 

from time out of mind, 
immense (-mens'), adj. im¬ 
measurable ; boundless ; vast; very 
great or large; very good or fine: 
n. infinite space; immensity. 

Syn. vast, enormous, huge, pro¬ 
digious, monstrous, 
im mensely ('li), adv. to an im¬ 
mense degree; exceedingly, 
im-mense-ness ('nes), n. the 
state of being immense; im¬ 
mensity. 

im-men-si-ty ('si-ti). n. \yl. im¬ 
mensities (-tiz) ], the character 
of being immense ; immeasurable¬ 
ness ; infinite space; vastness in 
extent or bulk. 

im-merge (-merj'), v.t. to plunge 
into or under anything, especially 
a fluid; immerse: v.i. to disap¬ 
pear by entering into any medium, 
as the moon into the shadow of 
the earth. 

im-merse (-mers'), v.t. to plunge 
into or under anything, especially 
a fluid; sink; dip; plunge into, 
as an occupation; baptize by im¬ 
mersion. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







I mm 


452 


im£s 


Syn. immerge, dip, plunge, sub¬ 
merge. 

im-mersed (-merst'), p.adj. deeply 
plunged into anything, especially 
a fluid; deeply occupied, en¬ 
grossed, or involved; growing 
wholly under water: said of a 
plant. 

im-mer-sion (-mer'shun). n. the 
act of immersing; the state of be¬ 
ing immersed; baptism by dip¬ 
ping the whole person into water, 
im-mi-grant (' i-grant), adj. pass¬ 
ing or coming into, as a new 
habitat or place of residence: n. 
one. who, or that which, immi¬ 
grates. 

im-mi-grate ('i-grat), v.i. to come 
into a new habitat or place of 
residence, especially to come into 
a country to settle, 
im-mi-nence ('i-nens), n. the 
condition of being imminent; near¬ 
ness ; impending evil or danger, 
im-mi-nent ('i-nent), adj. threat¬ 
ening or about to fall or occur 
immediately: said especially of 
misfortune or peril. 

Syn. impending, threatening. 

Ant.' (see unexpected), 
im-mo-bil-i-ty (-mb-bil'i-ti), n. 

fixedness in place or state, 
im mod er ate (-mod'er-at), adj. 
not moderatenot confined to 
customary or just or reasonable 
limits ; extravagant; intemperate, 
im-mod-er-ate-ly (-li), adv. ex¬ 
cessively ; unreasonably, 
im-mod-er-ate-ness (-nes), n. 

want of moderation; excess, 
im mod est (-mod'est), adj. for¬ 
ward ; arrogant; wanting in the 
restraint required by decency; 
indelicate; unchaste, 
im-mod-es-ty (-mod'es-ti), n. 
want of modesty, delicacy, or 
proper reserve; arrogance; un¬ 
chastity. 

im-mo-late ('o-lat), v.t. to kill 
as a sacrificial victim: offer in 
sacrifice; make a sacrifice of. 
immoral (-mor'al), adj. con¬ 
trary to the moral law, or to the 
public good ; vicious; dissolute ; 
dishonest; unprincipled, 
im-mo-ral-i-ty (-mo-ral'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being immoral; an 
immoral act or practice. 


im-mor-al-ly (-li), adv. in an im¬ 
moral manner. 

im-inor-tal (-mor'tal), adj. not 
mortal or subject to death; im¬ 
perishable ; ever-fiving: n. one who 
is immortal: pi. the gods of clas¬ 
sical mythology. 

im-mor-tal-ize ('tal-Iz), v.t. to 
render immortal; bestow lasting 
fame upon. 

im-mor-tal-i-ty (-tal'i-ti), n. 
exemption from death or oblivion ; 
unending existence, 
im-mor-tal-ly (-li), adv. eternally, 
im-mor-telle (-mor-tel'), n. [pi. 
immortelles (-telz')L a plant 
whose flowers may be dried with¬ 
out losing tlieir form or color; 
an everlasting; a wreath made of 
everlastings. 

im-mo v-a-bil-i-ty (-moov-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. fixedness. 

im-mov-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. in¬ 
capable of being moved ; fixed; 
steadfast; unchanging ; unfeeling : 
n.pl. land, or things fixed to, or 
running with, land, as trees, build¬ 
ings. 

immune (-mun'), adj . exempt, 
as from a disease: n. one who is 
exempt from any particular dis¬ 
ease by reason of having had it. 
im-mu-ni ty (-mu'ni-ti), n. [pi. 
immunities (-tiz) ], exemption 
from any duty, office, or tax; 
freedom from natural or usual 
liability ; special privilege (usual¬ 
ly in pi.). 

Syn. privilege, prerogative, ex¬ 
emption. 

im-mun-ize (-mun'iz), v.t. to ren¬ 
der immune. 

im mure (-mur'), v.t. to enclose 
within walls ; shut up in prison ; 
confine. 

im-mu-ta-bil-i-ty (-mu-ta-bil'i- 

ti), n. unchangeableness, 
im-mu-ta-ble (-mu'ta-bl). • adj. 
unchangeable; invariable; un¬ 
alterable ; permanent, 
imp (imp), n. a young, little, .or 
inferior devil; a hobgoblin ; sprite ; 
a pert or mischievous child, 
im-pact (im'pakt), n. collision, 
im-pair (-par'), v.t. to make 
worse; lessen in quantity, value, 
excellence, or strength : v.i. to be¬ 
come worse; deteriorate. 

Syn. injure, diminish, decrease. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







Imp 


453 


im pair ment ('ment), n. diminu¬ 
tion; injury. 

im-pale (-pal'), v.t. to fix on a 
stake; put to death by spitting 
on a sharp stake fixed upright; 
surround with, or as with, a pale 
or palisade; in heraldry, to join 
(two coats of arms) on one 
shield, palewise. 

im-pal-pa-ble (-pal'pa-bl), adj. 
not to be perceived by touch ; not 
material; incorporeal; not (readi¬ 
ly) apprehensible by the mind; 
intangible; unreal, 
im-pan-el (-pan'el), v.t. to en¬ 
ter the names of (jurors) on a 
piece of parchment called a panel ; 
summon to serve on a jury ; draw 
from the panel and swear in. 
im-par-i-ty (-par'i-ti), n. in¬ 
equality; disproportion; differ¬ 
ence of degree, rank, excellence, 
, number, quantity, &c.; want of 
correspondence. 

im-part (-part'), v.t. to bestow 
a share or portion of; give; to 
communicate knowledge of; make 
known: v.i. to give a share. 

Syn. reveal, divulge, disclose, 
discover, bestow, afford, 
im-par-tial (-par'shal), adj. free 
from partiality; equitable; fair; 
just; unprejudiced. 

Syn. just, equitable, unbiased. 

Ant. (see partial), 
im-par-ti-al-i-ty (-shi-al'i-ti), n. 

freedom from bias ; fairness, 
im-par-tial-ly (-par'shal-li), adv. 

justly ; fairly ; without prejudice, 
im-par-tial-ness (-nes), n. im¬ 
partiality. 

im-part-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of being imparted or communicat¬ 
ed ; indivisible. 

im-pass-a-ble (-p&s'a-bl), adj. not 
to be passed ; not admitting pas¬ 
sage ; impervious, 
im-pass-a-ble-ness (-nes), n. the 
state of being impassable, 
im-pass-a-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
impassable manner, 
im-pass-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. inca¬ 
pable of suffering from external 
causes; exempt from harm or 
pain; not to be moved to pas¬ 
sion, sympathy, or any sign of 
emotion. 

im-pas-sioned (-pash'und), p.adi. 
moved to strong feeling; ani¬ 
mated ; excited. 


imj 


Syn. glowing, burning, fiery, 
vehement, intense, 
im-pas-sive (-pas'iv), adj. apa¬ 
thetic. 

im-pas-sive-ly (-li), adv. in an 
impassive manner, 
im-pas-sive-ness (-nes), n. in¬ 
sensibility. 

im-pa-tiexice (-pa'shens), n. the 
state of being impatient, 
im-pa-tient ('shent), adj. in- 
tplerant of pain, delay, opposition, 
control, or circumstances; ex¬ 
hibiting or expressing impatience 
(with at) : eager (with for). 
im pawn (-pawn'), v.t. to put in 
pawn ; deposit as security ; pledge, 
im-peacb (-pech'), v.t. to call in 
question ; accuse before a tribunal 
of official misconduct: challenge 
the credibility or validity of: as 
a witness or a document. 

Syn. accuse, charge, arraign, 
censure. 

impeachment ('ment), n. the 
arraignment of a public officer for 
malfeasance in office; a discredit¬ 
ing or calling in question, 
im-pec-ca-bil-i-ty (-pek-a-bil'i-ti), 
n. exemption from sin, error, or 
wrongdoing. 

im-pec-ca-ble (-pek'a-bl), adj. 

not liable to sin ; faultless, 
im-pe-cu-ni-os-i-ty (-pe-ku-ni-os'- 
i-ti), n. want of money; poverty, 
im-pe-cu-ni-ous ('ni-us), adj. 

without money; poor, 
im-pede (-ped'), v.t. to obstruct; 
hinder. 

Syn. hinder, retard, obstruct, 
prevent. , 

Ant. (see help). 

impediment (-ped'i-ment), n. 
that which impedes progress or 
activity ; obstruction ; obstacle ; 
hindrance. 

Syn. obstruction, hindrance, 
obstacle, barrier. 

Ant. (see aid). 

im-ped-i-men-ta (-ped-i-men'ta), 
n.pl. encumbrances; traveling 
equipage; baggage, especially mili¬ 
tary baggage; military supplies, 
im-ped-i-men-tal ('tal), adj. of 
the nature of an impediment; im¬ 
peding. 

im-pel (-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
impelled, p.pr. impelling], to 
drive or urge forward or on; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







imp 


454 


imp 


constrain to any kind of motion 
or action. 

Syn. animate, induce, incite, 
instigate, embolden. 

Ant. (see retard), 
im-pel-lent ('ent), adj. having 
the quality of impelling: n. a 
motive or impelling power, 
impend (-pend'), v.i. to hang 
over; be ready to fall; be at 
hand. 

im-pend-ent ('ent), adj. impend¬ 
ing. 

im-pend-ing ('ing), p.adj. over¬ 
hanging ; suspended so as to 
menace; close at hand. 

Syn. imminent, threatening, 
im-pen-e-tra-bil-i-ty (-pen-e-tra- 
bil'i-ti), n. incapability of being 
penetrated; that property of mat¬ 
ter in virtue of which no two 
bodies can occupy the same space 
at the same time, 
im-pen-e-tra-ble ('e-tra-bl), adj. 
not penetrable; not admitting en¬ 
trance ; having the property of 
being impenetrable; impervious, 
im-pen-i-tence (-pen'i-tens), n. 
the state of being impenitent; 
hardness of heart; stubborn wick¬ 
edness. Also impenitency. 
im-pen-i-tent ('i-tent), adj. not 
contrite; finally negligent of the 
duty of repentance; obdurate: n. 
one who finally neglects the duty 
of repentance; a hardened sin¬ 
ner. 

im-per-a-tive (-per'a-tiv), adj. 
expressing command ; peremptory ; 
obligatory: n. that mood of a 
verb that expresses command, en¬ 
treaty, or exhortation. 

Syn. commanding, despotic, au¬ 
thoritative. 

im-per-a-tive-ly (-li), adv. per¬ 
emptorily. 

im-per-cep-ti-bil-i-ty (-sep-ti-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the quality of being im¬ 
perceptible. 

im-per-cep-ti-ble (-sep'ti-bl), adj. 
that cannot be immediately per¬ 
ceived by the senses, or easily ap¬ 
prehended by the mind, 
im-per-cep-ti-bly ('ti-bli), adv. 
so as not to be readily per¬ 
ceived. 

im-per-fect ('fekt), adj. wanting 
in completeness, correctness, or 
excellence ; wanting in some organ 


essential to normal activity; in¬ 
complete ; defective; faulty, 
iin-per-fec-tion. (-fek'sliun), n. 
incompleteness ; faultiness ; a de¬ 
fect or blemish, physical, mental, 
or moral; failing. 

Syn. fault, blemish, defect, vice, 
im-per-fo-rate ('fo-rat), adj. hav¬ 
ing no perforations or pores, 
im-pe-ri-al (-pe'ri-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to an empire or emperor: 
fit or suitable for one who wields 
supreme authority; of superior 
size or excellence; royal; 
sovereign: n. the top of a dili¬ 
gence or coach ; a baggage-case on 
a traveling carriage; a size of 
paper, 30 in. x 22 in.; a tuft of 
hair left unshaven on the lower 
-lip and chin (so called from 
Napoleon III., who set this fash- 
< ion). 

imperialism (-izm), n. the 
system of imperial government*; 
the policy of imperial federation ; 
. policy of territorial expansion, 
im-pe-ri-al-ist (-ist), n. one who 
^ favors or upholds imperialism, 
im-pe-ri-al-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. 

pertaining to, or favoring, im- 
. perialism. 

im-pe-ri-al-i-za-tion (-i-za'shun), 
n. the establishment or extension 
of imperial power, 
im-pe-ri-al-ize ('ri-al-iz), v.t. to 
invest with imperial character, 
style, or power; bring to the form 
of an empire. 

im-pe-ri-al-ly ('ri-al-li). adv. in 
an imperial manner, 
im-per-il (-per'il), v.t. to put in 
peril; endanger; jeopardize. 

Syn. endanger, hazard, jeopard¬ 
ize. 

im-pe-ri-ous (-pe'ri-us), adj. 
domineering, dictatorial. over¬ 
bearing ; urgent; imperative. 

Syn. commanding, dictatorial, 
authoritative, imperative, lordly, 
domineering, overbearing, 
im-per-ish-a-ble (-per'ish-a-bl), 
adj. indestructible; not subject to 
decay; permanent^ enduring, 
im per-me-a-bil-i-ty (-per-me-a- 
bil'i-ti), n. the property of being 
impermeable. 

impermeable ('me-a-bl), adj. 
not permitting passage, as of a 
fluid, through its substance; im¬ 
pervious ; impenetrable. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook : mute, nut; thin. then. 








Imp 


455 


Imp 


im-per-me-a-bly (-bli), adv. so 
as to be impermeable. 

im-per-me-a-tor ('me-a-ter), n. a 
contrivance for uniformly supply¬ 
ing oil to the cylinder of a steam- 
engine. 

im-per-son-al ('sun-al), adj. 
wanting personality dr conscious 
individuality; not referring to a 
particular person : n. an imperson¬ 
al verb. 

im-per-son-al-i-ty ('i-ti), n. ab¬ 
sence of personality. 

im-per-son-al-ly (-li), adv. in an 
impersonal manner. 

im-per-son-al verb (verb), n. a 
verb used without a subject, or 
(in English) with only the im¬ 
personal it. 

im-per-son-ate ('sun-at), v.t. to 
invest with personality; embody 
as a person; represent as a per¬ 
sonality; to represent the person 
or character of, especially on the 
stage. 

im-per-son-a-tor (-a-ter), n. one 
who impersonates; an actor. 

im-per-ti-nence ('ti-nens), n. 
that which is impertinent or ir¬ 
relevant, as in speech or manners; 
a thing of no value; a trifle; for¬ 
wardness ; rudeness; in law, mat¬ 
ter which is immaterial in sub¬ 
stance. 

im-per-ti-nent ('ti-nent), adj. 
non-pertinent; of no relation to 
the matter in hand; not to the 
point; inapposite ; inapplicable ; 
rude; uncivil, or offensive in be¬ 
havior : n. one who interferes in 
things which do not concern him ; 
a forward, ill-mannered person. 

Syn. intrusive, meddling, of¬ 
ficious, rude, saucy, impudent, 
insolent. 

im-per-turb-a-bil-i-ty (-terb-a- 

bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being 
imperturbable. 

im-per-turb-a-ble ('ft-bl), adj. 
not easily disturbed, agitated, or 
disconcerted ; self-contained, cool, 
calm. 

im-per-vi-ous ('vi-us), adj. not to 
be passed through or penetrated; 
impenetrable; not permitting pas¬ 
sage, as of a fluid, through its 
substance. 

im-pet-u-os-i-ty (-u-os'i-ti), n. 
vehemence ; violence ; force. 

im pet u ous ('u r us), adj. rush¬ 


ing with force and violence; 
vehement in feeling; acting with 
sudden energy; precipitate. 

Syn. violent, boisterous, furi¬ 
ous, vehement. 

Ant. (see calm). 

impetus ('pe-tus), n. the force 
with which any body is driven or 
impelled ; impulse ; impulsion ; mo¬ 
mentum. 

im-pi-e-ty (-pi'i-ti), n. [pi. im¬ 
pieties (-tiz) ], want of piety; dis¬ 
regard of the Supreme Being; un¬ 
godliness ; an act of irreverence or 
wickedness; violation of natural 
duty towards others, as disobedi¬ 
ence to parents. 

im-pinge (-pinj'), v.i. strike or 
dash; clash; come in collision 
(with on, upon, or against). 
im-pin-gent ('pin-jent), adj. im- 
. pinging. 

im-pi-ous ('pi-us), adj. irre¬ 
ligious ; wicked ; profane. 

Syn. profane, irreligious, god¬ 
less. 

Ant. (see reverent). 
imp-ish (imp'ish), adj. having 
the mischievous character of an 
imp. 

im-pla-ca-bil-i-ty (-pla-ka-bil'i- 
ti), n. a state of irreconcilable 
enmity or unappeasable anger. 
Also implacableness, 
im-pla-ca-ble (-pla'k&-bl), adj. 
not to be pacified or appeased; 
constant in anger or enmity; re¬ 
lentless. 

im-pla-ca-bly (-bli), adv. with 
unappeasable resentment, 
im-plant (-plant'), v.t. to infix 
for growth; cause to take root; 
ingraft. 

im-plead (-pled'), v.t. to sue or 
prosecute ; accuse ; impeach, 
im-ple-ment ('ple-ment), n. that 
which supplies a want, or is a 
requisite to an end, especially an 
instrument, tool, or utensil: pi. 
the tools and weapons of pre¬ 
historic man. 

im-ple-ment-al ('al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characterized by, 
the use of implements, 
im-pli -cate ('pli-kat), v.t. to in¬ 
fold ; involve ; entangle ; bring into 
connection with. 

Syn. involve, entangle, embar¬ 
rass, compromise. 

im-pli-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. en- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








imp 


456 


tanglement; that which is im¬ 
plied ; an inference not expressed 
but understood; deduction, 
im-plic-it (-plis'it), adj. implied; 
resting on implication or infer¬ 
ence ; trusting in the word or 
authority of another ; submissive ; 
blind ; tacit; unreserved, 
im-plore (-plor'), v.t. to entreat 
(a person, or for a thing) ear¬ 
nestly, humbly, and importunate¬ 
ly : v.i. to beg; pray ; supplicate, 
im-plor-ing ('ing), p.adj. sup¬ 
plicating. 

im-ply (-pH'), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
implied, p.pr. implying], to con¬ 
tain by implication ; mean or sig¬ 
nify by fair inference; express in¬ 
directly ; insinuate. 

Syn. involve, comprise, infold, 
import, denote, signify, 
im-pol-i-cy (-pol'i-si), n. the 
quality of being impolitic; want 
of policy ; inexpediency, 
im-po-lite (-p5-llt'), adj. want¬ 
ing in good manners; boorish; 
coarse. 

im-po-lite-ly (-li), adv. ill-man- 
neredly; discourteously, 
im-po-lite-ness (-nes), n. in¬ 
civility ; rudeness, 
im-pol-i-tic (-pol'i-tik), adj. con¬ 
trary to good policy; unwise: in¬ 
judicious ; indiscreet, 
im-pon-der-a-bil-i-ty (-pon-der- 
a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being 
imponderable. 

im-pon-der-a-ble (-pon'der-a-bl), 
adj. not capable of being weighted ; 
without (sensible) weight: n. a 
term applied to the hypothetical 
universal medium, ether, 
im-po-ros-i-ty (-po-ros'i-ti), n. ab¬ 
sence of pores; compactness, 
im-po-rous (-po'rus), adj. with¬ 
out pores; solid. 

im-port (-p5rt'), v.t. to bring 
into a country from abroad: op¬ 
posed to export; bring in from 
without, as irrelevant matter into 
a discussion; bear in meaning; 
imply ; signify ; betoken ; be of in¬ 
terest or consequence to; con¬ 
cern : v.i. to be of moment: n. 
Om'port) merchandise brought 
into a country from abroad 
(usually in pi.) ; meaning; pur¬ 
port ; significance; importance, 
im-por-tance (-p5r’tSns), n. the 


itiip 


quality of being important; high 
place in public estimation; high 
self-esteem. 

Syn. signification, significance, 
avail, consequence, weight, gravi¬ 
ty, moment. 

im-por-tant ('tant), adj. of much 
import or* significance; momen¬ 
tous ; bearing weight or conse¬ 
quence ; of high standing; pomp¬ 
ous. 

im-por-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the 
act or practice of bringing mer¬ 
chandise into a country from 
abroad; that which is imported; 
one who, or that which, is re¬ 
cently introduced. 

im-por-tu-nate (-por'tii-nat), adj. 
persistent; unreasonable or troub¬ 
lesome in solicitation; not to be 
repulsed; urgent. 

im-por-tu-nate-ly (-li), adv. with 
persistent solicitation. 

im-por-tu-nate-ness (-nes), n. 
importunity. 

im por tune (-p6r-tun'), v.t. to 
harass with perpetual petitions 
or demands: v.i. to beg persist¬ 
ently or urgently. 

im-por-tu-ni-ty (-tu'ni-ti), n. [pi. 
importunities (-tiz)], persistent 
solicitation or demand ; incessant 
insistence; urgency. 

im-pose (-poz'), v.t. to place 
upon : as. to impose the hand® in 
confirmation or ordination : lay 
upon, as a burden, punishment; or 
charge; to palm off; lay (pages 
of type) on an imposing-stone or 
the bed of a press, and secure 
’them in a chase: v.i. to place a 
burden or tax; practice deception 
(with upon). 

im-pos-ing ('ing), p.adj. adapted 
to impress forcibly; commanding; 
stately; grand; impressive: n. in 
printing, the arrangement of 
pages or columns into forms. 

Syn. impressive, striking, ma¬ 
jestic, august, noble, grand. 

Ant. (see insignificant). 

im-po-si-tion (-po-zish'un), n. a 
laying upon, especially of hands in 
ordination or confirmation: the 
fixing of a meaning upon the 
terms of a proposition ; that which 
is imposed, levied, or enjoined : an 
extra exercise imposed on a stu¬ 
dent as a punishment; a trick, 


late, m'dr, mask, cat, awl : he. her. let: line. Mn • vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 








Imp 


457 


imp 


fraud, or deception; a duty for¬ 
merly imposed at the pleasure of 
the British king on imports and 
exports. 

impossibility (-pos-i-bil'i-ti), 
n. character of being impossible; 
that which cannot be, or be sup¬ 
posed to be, done, 
im-pos-si-ble (-pos'i-bl), adj. that 
cannot be done; inconceivable, 
im-post ('post), n. that which is 
imposed or levied; a tax, tribute, 
or duty, especially a customs- 
duty levied by government on im¬ 
ports ; the top member of a pillar 
on which the arch rests, 
im-pos-tor (-pos'ter), n. one who 
imposes upon others by an as¬ 
sumed character or false preten¬ 
sions. 

im-pos-tress ('tres), n. a female 
impostor. 

imposture ('pos-tur), n. decep¬ 
tion, especially that which is prac¬ 
ticed under an assumed character 
or by false pretensions, 
impotence ('po-tens), n. the 
state of being impotent in body or 
mind ; feebleness; want of capac- j 
ity; deficiency of means to 
achieve an end. 

Syn. weakness, incapacity, in¬ 
firmity, frailty, feebleness. 

Ant. (see power), 
impotent ('po-tent), adj. want¬ 
ing in physical, intellectual, or 
moral power; weak; deficient in 
capacity ; lacking self-restraint. 

Syn. weak, feeble, helpless, in¬ 
firm. 

Ant. (see strong), 
impound (-pound'), v.t. to shut 
up in a pound or pen, as stray 
cattle; confine; hold in the cus¬ 
tody of a court. 

im-pov-er-isli (-pov'er-ish), v.t. 
to make poor; reduce to poyerty; 
cause to deteriorate in quality or 
productiveness. 

im-pov-er-ish-ment (-ment), n. 
the act of impoverishing; the 
state of being impoverished; indi¬ 
gence ; deterioration, 
im-prac-ti-ca-bil-i-ty (-prak-ti- 
ka-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being 
impracticable. 

im-prac-ti- ca-ble ('ti-ka-bl). adj. \ 
not to be effected by the means 
employed, or at command; not 


easily dealt with ; unmanageable ; 
impossible; intractable, 
imprecate ('pre-kat), v.t. to in¬ 
voke, especially an evil or curse, 
upon; curse; wish evil to. 
imprecatory ('pre-ka-to-ri), 
adj. invoking evil or a curse, 
i m-p r e g-n a-b i 1-i-t y (-preg-na- 
bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being 
unconquerable. 

impregnable ('na-bl), adj. not 
to be captured, as a fortress; not 
to be overcome, as virtue, 
im-preg-na-bly (-bli), adv. so as 
to defy attack. 

im-preg-nate (-preg'nat), v.t. to 
make pregnant; fecundate; fer¬ 
tilize ; infuse an active principle, 
or the particles of another sub¬ 
stance, into ; imbue ; saturate, 
im-pre-sa-ri-o (-pra-sa're-o), n. 
the manager of an opera or con¬ 
cert company; one who engages 
singers and brings them before the 
public. 

im-pre-scrip-ti-ble (-pre-skrip'- 
ti-bl), adj. not founded on pre¬ 
scription ; not to be alienated or 
lost by lapse of time; independent 
of external authority; inalien¬ 
able ; self-evidencing, 
impress (-pres'), v.t. to mark, 
stamp, or print by pressure; to 
affect forcibly, or stamp deeply 
on, the mind; to imprint; incul¬ 
cate ; compel to enter the public 
service as soldiers or sailors, es¬ 
pecially to carry off forcibly to 
serve in the navy; seize for the 
public service as money or pro¬ 
visions: n. (im'pres) a mark 
made by pressure; an image or 
figure; a mark of distinction; 
characteristic; stamp; an im¬ 
pression or image fixed in the 
mind. 

im-press-i-bil-i-ty (-i-bil'i-ti), n. 

the quality of being impressible, 
im-press-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of being impressed ; susceptible of 
impressions. 

impression (-presh'un), n. the 
mark made by a stamp or mold ; 
style or character formed by ex¬ 
ternal force or influence; the 
mark or stamp which is the re¬ 
sult of external force or inflm 
ence; an image in the mind 
caused by something external to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










imp 


458 


imp 


it; the immediate effect produced 
upon the mind by a sensation, 
passion, or emotion ; an indistinct 
or vague notion, remembrance, or 
belief; a copy taken by pressure 
from type; number of copies 
printed at once ; edition. 

im-pres-sion-a-bil-i-ty (-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being impres¬ 
sionable. 

im-pres-sion-a-ble (-a-bl), adj. 
capable of receiving impressions; 
susceptible. 

im-pres-sion-al ('un-al), adj. 
pertaining to impressions. 

im-pres-sion-ism ('un-izm), n. 
the doctrine that natural objects 
should be painted—in literature 
described—so as to reproduce only 
their larger and more immediate 
effect or impression, without se¬ 
lection or elaboration of details. 

im-pres-sion-ist ('un-ist). n. one 
who, in art or in literature, ad¬ 
heres to the theory of impression¬ 
ism. 

im-pres-sion-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. 
pertaining to, or characterized by, 
impressionism. 

im-press-ive (-pres'iv), adj. capa¬ 
ble of making impression. 

Syn. stirring, forcible, exciting, 
affecting, moving. 

im-press-ive-ly f-li), adv. in an 

impressive, affecting, or touching 
manner. 

im-press-ive-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being impressive. 

im-press-ment (-pres'ment), n. 
the act of seizing for public use, 
or of compelling to enter the pub¬ 
lic service. 

im-pri-mis (-pri'mis), adv. in the 
first place: a word introducing 
the first of a series of particulars 
in an enumeration. 

im-print (-print'), v.t. to mark 
by pressure; to stamp, as letters 
and words on paper, by means of 
inked types; print; impress deep¬ 
ly, as on the mind or memory: n. 
(im'print) on impression, impress, 
or mark left by something; the 
publisher’s or printer’s name, 
usually with time and place of 
issue, on the title-page or at the 
end of a book or other publication. 

im-prison (-priz'n), v.t. to put 
into a prison ; detain in custody; 


restrain or confine in any way; 
incarcerate. 

Syn. incarcerate, shut up, im¬ 
mure, confine. 

Ant. (see liberate), 
im-pris-on-ment (-ment), n. 
state of being shut in, or as in, 
prison ; confinement. 

Syn. captivity, durance, 
im-prob-a-bil-i-ty (-prob-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. [pi. improbabilities (-tiz) ], 
unlikelihood : an improbable event, 
im-prob-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. un¬ 
likely ; not to be expected, 
im-prob-a-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
improbable manner, 
im-prob-i-ty (-prob'i-ti), n. want 
of probity or rectitude; dis¬ 
honesty. 

impromptu (-promp'tu), adv. 
without preparation; offhand; 
extempore : adj. extemporaneous ; 
thrown off on the spur of the 
moment: n. an extemporaneous 
speech or effort. 

improper (-prop'er), adj. not 
well adapted or suited to the pur¬ 
pose; not according to nature, 
usage, &c.; erroneous ; unseemly, 
im-prop-er frac-tion (frak'- 
shun), n. a fraction whose numer¬ 
ator is equal to, or greater than, 
its denominator. 

im-pro-pri-e-ty (-pri'e-ti), n. [pi. 
improprieties (-tiz)], the quality 
of being improper; unsuitable¬ 
ness ; that which is improper in 
act, expression, &c. 
im-prov-a-ble (-proov'a-bl), adj. 

capable of being improved, 
im prove (-proov'), v.t. to make 
better; turn to account; inten¬ 
sify : v.i. to grow better. 

Syn. amend, better, mend, re¬ 
form, rectify, ameliorate, apply, 
use, employ. 

Ant. (see deteriorate), 
improvement ('ment), n. ad¬ 
vancement of anything from good 
to better; profitable use or appli¬ 
cation of anything; that by 
which the value of anything, es¬ 
pecially property, is advanced: 
pi. betterments. 

im-prov-er ('er), n. one who, or. 

that which, improves, 
im-prov-i-dence (-prov'i-dens),». 

want of foresight or thrift, 
im-prov-i-dent ('i-dent), adj. 


late, miir, mask, cat, awl : he, her. let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut: thin, then. 







<mp 


459 


ina 


lacking foresight or thrift; want¬ 
ing care to provide for the fu¬ 
ture ; careless. 

Syn. careless, incautious, im¬ 
prudent, prodigal, wasteful, reck¬ 
less, rash. 

Ant. (see thrifty), 
im-prov-i-sa-tion (-sa'shun), n. 
the act of improvising; the act 
of composing poetry or music ex¬ 
temporaneously ; an impromptu, 
im prov i sa tor ('i-sa-ter), n. an 
improviser. Also improvisatore. 
iin-prov-i-sa-tri-ce (-ve-za-tre'- 
cha), n. a female improvisatore. 
im-pro-vise (-pfo-vlz'), v.t. to 
compose extemporaneously, espe¬ 
cially verse or music; bring about 
on a sudden, or'without previous 
preparation; devise on the spur 
of the moment, or for a special 
occasion : v.i. to compose extem¬ 
poraneously ; do a thing in an off¬ 
hand way. 

im pru dence (-prod'dens), n. 
want of prudence; carelessness of 
consequences: inattention to one’s 
interests. 

impru dent ('dent), adj. want¬ 
ing prudence; not attentive to 
consequences or interest; indis¬ 
creet ; injudicious, 
im pu dence ('pu-dens), n. want 
of modesty ; shamelessness ; rude¬ 
ness ; forwardness. 

Syn. assurance, impertinence, 
confidence, insolence, rudeness, 
im - pu - dent ('pu-dent) , adj. 
shameless ; immodest; offensively 
forward; intentionally disrespect¬ 
ful. 

Syn. saucy, brazen, bold, im¬ 
pertinent, forward, rude, insolent, 
immodest, shameless, 
im-pugn (-pun'), v.t. to atta.ck 
by arguments; contradict; gain¬ 
say. 

im-pugn-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. that 
may be impugned or gainsaid, 
im-pulse ('puls), n. force com¬ 
municated suddenly; the result 
of an impelling force; a mental 
force directly urging to action ; a 
sudden determination not arising 
from reflection. 

Syn. incentive, incitement, mo¬ 
tive, instigation. 

Im-pul-sion (-pul'shun), n. the 


act of impelling; the state of be¬ 
ing impelled ; instigation, 
im-pul-sive ('siv), adj. having 
the power of impelling; actuated 
by, or resulting from, impulse; 
passionate; acting by momentary 
impulse, not continuously. 

Syn. rash, hasty, forcible, vio¬ 
lent. 

Ant. (see deliberate), 
im-pul-sive-ly (-li), adv. by im¬ 
pulse. 

im-pul-sive-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being impulsive, 
im-pu-ni-ty (-pun'i-ti), n. free¬ 
dom from punishment, injury, or 
loss. 

im pure (-pur'), adj. mixed with 
extraneous matter; unchaste; un¬ 
clean ; dirty ; not accurate or idio¬ 
matic : said of a language or style, 
im-pure-ly ('li), adv. in an im¬ 
pure manner. 

im-pure-ness ('nes), n. the quali¬ 
ty of being impure ; impurity, 
im-pu-ri-ty ('ti), n. [pi. im¬ 
purities (-tiz)], uncleanness; a 
physical or moral blemish, 
im-pu-ta-ble (-put'a-bl), adj. 
that may be imputed, charged, or 
ascribed. 

im-pu-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the 
act of imputing or charging; any¬ 
thing imputed or charged, es¬ 
pecially in the way of discredit; 
censure ; reproach ; insinuation ; 
the doctrine that the sin of Adam 
is attributed to his posterity, and 
the righteousness of Christ to the 
believer. 

Syn. blame, censure, reproach, 
charge, accusation, 
im-pute (-put'), v.t. to charge, at¬ 
tribute or ascribe, especially a 
fault; attribute (sin or righteous¬ 
ness) as derived from another, 
in, prefix meaning in, within, in¬ 
side, not. 

in-ad-vert-ence (in-ad-vert'ens), 
n. want of attention; oversight; 
mistake. Also inadvertency, 
in-ad-vert-ent ('ent), adj. inat¬ 
tentive ; heedless; careless; un¬ 
conscious. 

in-a-lien-a-bil-i-ty (-al-ven-a-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the quality of being in¬ 
alienable. 

in-a-lien-a-ble (-a-bl), adi. that 
cannot, or should not, be alienated, 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







460 


inc 


lna 


surrendered or transferred to an¬ 
other. 

in-a-lien-a-ble-ness (-nes), n. in* 
alienability. 

in-a-lien-a-bly (-bli), adv. so as 
to be inalienable. 

in-a-mo-ra-ta (-a-mo-ra'ta), n. a 
woman with whom one is in love ; 
sweetheart; mistress [Italian], 
in-a-mo-ra-to ('to), n. a man who 
is in love; a lover [Italian], 
in -ane (-an'), adj. empty; void; 
senseless; silly; pointless; frivo¬ 
lous : n. infinite void ; space, 
in-an-i-mate (in-an'i-mat), adj. 
not animate or animated; dead ; 
spiritless; lifeless, 
in-a-ni-tion (-a-nish'un), n. emp¬ 
tiness ; exhaustion from lack of 
nourishment. 

in-an-i-ty (-an'i-ti), n. [pi. in¬ 
anities (-tiz)], emptiness; men¬ 
tal vacuity ; frivolity : pi. vanities, 
in-ap-pre-ci-a-ble (-pre'slii-a-bl), 
adj. not to be appreciated or esti¬ 
mated ; of no consequence, 
in-arch (in-arch'), v.t. to graft 
by uniting (a scion) to a stock 
without separating the scion from 
its parent tree. 

in-ar-tic-u-late (in-ar-tik'u-lat), 
adj. not uttered with intelligible 
distinctness ; incapable of speech ; 
not articulated; not jointed, seg¬ 
mented, or valved. 
in-ar-tic-u-late-ly (-li ), adv. in 
an inarticulate manner, 
in-ar-tic-u-late-ness (-nes), n. 

indistinctness of utterance, 
in-as-much (-az-much'), adv. in a 
like degree; seeing that (with 
as) ; because. 

in-au-gu-ral (-aw'gu-ral), adj. 
pertaining to an inauguration : n. 
an inaugural address, 
in-au-gii-rate ('gfi-rat), v.t. to 
induct into office with appropriate 
ceremonies; invest with office in 
a formal manner; consecrate; 
make a formal beginning of; 
initiate, as a new policy; celebrate 
the first public use of by some 
opening ceremony ; dedicate, as a 
public building. 

in-au-gu-ra-tor (-ra-ter), n. one 
who inaugurates, or initiates, 
in-au-gu-ra-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. 
pertaining to inauguration. 


in-au-gu-ra-trix (-triks), n. z 

female who inaugurates, 
in-aus-pi-cious (-spish'us), adj. 
ill-omened ; unlucky ; unfavorable ; 
unfortunate. 

in-be-ing ('be-ing), n. inherent 
existence ; inherence ; inseparable¬ 
ness. 

in-board ('bord), adv. and adj. 
within the ship; not projecting 
over the bulwarks, 
in-bond ('bond), adj. a term ap¬ 
plied to a brick or stone laid 
lengthwise across a wall, 
in-breed (-bred'), v.t. to breed or 
develop within; breed from ani¬ 
mals closely mated. 

In-ca (ing'ka), n. the Peruvian 
emperor, or a member of the roy¬ 
al race in Peru (which claimed 
descent from the sun) previous to 
the Spanish conquest under Pizar- 
ro, 1531; the aboriginal Peruvian 
race, whose language, called Qui- 
chua, is still spoken in the Sierra, 
in-cal-cu-la-ble (in-kal'ku-la-bl), 
adj. beyond calculation, 
in-cal-cu-la-bly (-bli), adv. im¬ 
measurably. 

in-cal-es-cence (-kal-es'ens), n. 
the state of growing warm. Also 
incalescency. 

in-cal-es-cent (-es'ent), adj. in 
creasing in heat. 

in-can-desce (-kan-des'), v.t. to 
cause to glow with heat: v.i. to 
glow with heat. 

in-can-des-cence ('ens), n. white 
heat. Also incandescency. 
in-can-des-cent ('ent), adj. glow¬ 
ing ; white with heat, 
in-can-des-cent lamp (lamp), n. 
a lamp in which the light is pro¬ 
duced by a thin strip of non¬ 
conducting material contained in 
a vacuum, and heated to incandes¬ 
cence by an electric current, 
in-can-ta-tion (-kan-ta'shun), n. 
a magical charm said or sung; en¬ 
chantment. 

in-can-ta-to-ry ('ta-to-ri), adj. 

dealing by enchantment; magical, 
in-ca-pac-i-tate (-ka-pas'i-tat), 

v.t. to deprive of capacity or nat¬ 
ural power; render incapable or 
unfit; disqualify ; disable, 
incapacity (-ti), n. lack of 
power, physical or mental ; legal 
disqualification. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







Inc 


461 


Inc 


in-car-cer-ate (-kar'ser-at), v.t. 
to imprison ; confine. 

in-car-cer-a-tion (-a'shun), n. 
imprisonment; confinement; con¬ 
striction, as of a hernia. 

in-car-cer-a-tor ('ser-a-ter), n. 
one who incarcerates. 

in-car-nate ('nat), v.t . to clothe 
with flesh; embody in flesh: p.adj. 
embodied in flesh; flesh-colored. 

inrcar-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
act of clothing with, or of assum¬ 
ing, flesh ; embodiment in human 
form; a striking exemplification 
or personification ; the assumption 
of human nature by the Son of 
God; the process by which a 
wound heals by being filled with 
new flesh. 

in-case, same as encase. 

in-cau-tious (-kaw'shus), adj. 
wanting in caution; not circum¬ 
spect ; unwary. 

in-ca-vo (-ka'vo), the hollowed 
part in an intaglio or an en¬ 
graved work. 

in-cen-di-a-rism (-sen'di-a-rizm ), 
n. the act of an incendiary; burn¬ 
ing ; arson. 

in-cen-di-a-ry ('di-a-ri), adj. 
pertaining to arson or the mali¬ 
cious burning of property ; tend¬ 
ing to excite passion or violence; 
inflammatory; seditious: n. one 
guilty of arson ; one who excites 
passion or violence; a seditious 
agitator. 

incense (in-sens'), v.t. to fire; 
inflame with anger ; provoke ; ir¬ 
ritate ; (in'sens), perfume with 
incense: n. any aromatic material 
which exhales perfume when 
burned, especially olibanum, the 
frankincense of the Jews, and 
also of the ancient Greeks and 
Romans; any gratifying odor, as 
of flowers; homage; odor of 
spices and gums burned in re¬ 
ligious rites. 

in-cen-tive (-sen'tiv), adj. incit¬ 
ing; encouraging: n. incitement; 
encouragement; motive ; spur; 
stimulus. 

Syn. motive, inducement, im¬ 
pulse. 

in-cep-tion (-sen'shun), n. recep¬ 
tion ; beginning; the formal 
qualification of a master of arts, 
previous to taking his degree. 


in-cep-tive (-sep'tiv). adj. begin¬ 
ning ; noting beginning; n. an in¬ 
ceptive word or phrase, 
in-ces-sant (-ses'ant), adj. un¬ 
ceasing ; ceaseless; continuous, 
in-cest ('sest), n. sexual com¬ 
merce between persons related 
wflthin the prohibited degrees of 
marriage. 

in-ces-tu-ous (-ses'tu-us), adj. 

guilty of, or involving, incest, 
inch (inch), n. l-12th of a 
foot; a small quantity or degree ; 
a critical moment: v.t. to drive 
by small degrees; deal out spar¬ 
ingly : v.i. move slowly, 
in-cho-ate ('ko-at), adj. just be¬ 
gun ; incipient; elementary; in¬ 
complete. 

in-cho-ate-ly (-li), adv. rudiment- 
arily. 

in-cho-a-tive ('a-tiv), adj. in¬ 
cipient ; rudimentary: n. an in¬ 
ceptive. 

in-ci-dence ('si-dens), n. the di¬ 
rection in which a ray of light or 
heat falls upon a surface, 
in-ci-dent ('si-dent), adj. falling 
upon, as a ray of light on a re¬ 
flecting surface; apt to occur; 
appertaining; occurring accident¬ 
ally ; casual; subordinate: n. oc¬ 
currence; that which happens be¬ 
side the main design ; casualty ; 
episode; event; accident, 
in-ci-dent-al ('S.1), v adj. casual; 
subordinate: n. something casual 
or subordinate: pi. minor ex¬ 
penses. 

in-ci-dent-al-ly (-li), adv. casual- 
ly. 

in-cin-er-ate (-sin'er-at), v.t. to 
burn to ashes. 

in-cin-er-a-tion (-er-a'shun), n. 
cremation. 

in-cin-er-a-tor ('er-a-ter), n. a 
furnace or retort for reducing sub¬ 
stances to ashes. 

in-cip-i-ence (-sip'i-ens). n. in¬ 
cipient state; beginning; com¬ 
mencement. Also incipiency. 
in-cip-i-ent ('i-ent), adj. . begin¬ 
ning to be or to appear; initial, 
in-cise (in-cise'), v.t. to cut in; 
to engrave. 

in-cised (-sizd'), p.adj. cut; 

caused by cutting; engraved, 
in-ci-sion (-sizh'un), n. a cut 
made with a sharp instrument. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 











Inc 


462 


inc 


in-ci-sive (-si'siv), adj. having 
the quality of cutting into ; sharp ; 
trenchant; pertaining to the in¬ 
cisor teeth; incisorial: n. the in¬ 
cisive edge or tooth of the mandi¬ 
ble of a beetle. 

in-ci-sive-ly (-li), adv. with in¬ 
cision. 

in-ci-sive-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being incisive, 
in-ci-sor ('ser), n. a cutting 
tooth; one of the teeth in front 
of the canines in both jaws, 
in-ci-so-ri-al (-so'ri-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or having the character 
of, an incisor tooth, 
in-ci-so-ry ('so-ri), adj. cutting, 
in-cite (-sit'), v.t. to move to 
action ; stir up ; spur on ; encour¬ 
age ; impel. 

Syn. instigate, excite, provoke, 
stimulate, encourage, urge, impel, 
in-cite-ment ('ment), n. an in¬ 
citing cause ; incentive ; impulse ; 
encouragement. 

in-ci-vil-i-ty (-si-vil'i-ti), n. [pi. 
incivilities (-tiz) ], lack of civility 
or courtesy; impoliteness, 
in-clem-en-cy (-klem'en-si), n. 
[pi. inclemencies (-siz)], want 
of clemency; severity of temper; 
storminess; adversity, 
in-clem-ent ('ent), adj. not 
clement; unmerciful; tempestu¬ 
ous. 

in-cli-na-tion (-cli-na'shun), n. a 

leaning; deviation from normal 
direction or position; tendency 
of the mind; disposition; a slope 
or declivity ; slant; propensity. 

Syn. leaning, slope, disposition, 
tendency, bent, bias, affection, at¬ 
tachment, wish, liking, desire. 

Ant. (see aversion), 
incline (-kiln'), v.i. to deviate 
from the normal direction or posi¬ 
tion ; lean; bow; have a mental 
bent or tendency ; be disposed : v.t. 
to cause to lean; direct; bow (as 
in reverence or civility) ; give a 
tendency to; turn; dispose: n. a 
slope; an inclined plane; gradi¬ 
ent. 

Syn. slope, lean, slant, tend, 
bend, turn, bias, dispose. 
in-clined(-kllnd'), p.adj. having 
a tendency ; sloping; disposed ; 
bent into a convex curve, 
in-clined. plane (plan), n. a 


plane that makes an angle with 
the plane of the horizon; one of 
the mechanical powers, 
in-cli-nom-e-ter (-kli-nom'e-ter), 
n. an apparatus for determining 
the magnetic inclination or dip; 
a dipping needle; clinometer, 
in-close (-kloz'), v.t. to shut in; 
encompass ; surround ; put into an 
envelope; put into the same en¬ 
velope (with another letter) : 
separate from common lands by a 
fence. 

Syn. surround, shut in, fence 
in, cover, wrap. 

in-clo-sure ('zhur), n. the act of 
inclosing, or state of being in¬ 
closed, especially the act of sepa¬ 
rating land from a common by a 
fence; that which is inclosed; that 
which incloses, as a fence; some¬ 
thing inclosed with a letter in an 
envelope, as a bill, check, &c. 
include (-klood'), v.t. to inclose; 
hold as in an inclosure; confine 
within something; comprise or 
comprehend, as a genus the 
species. 

Syn. comprehend, comprise, con¬ 
tain, embrace, take in. 
in-clud-ed ('ed), p.adj. inclosed: 
contained; not projecting beyond 
the mouth of the corolla of a 
flower. 

in-clu-sion (-kloo'zhun), n. the 
act of including; the state of be¬ 
ing included; that which is in¬ 
cluded. 

in-clu-sive ('siv), adj. inclosing; 
including; comprehending the ex¬ 
tremes in the sum, as from Mon¬ 
day to Saturday inclusive, i.e., 
taking in both Monday and Satur¬ 
day. 

in clu sive ly (-li), adv. so as to 
include. 

incognito (-kog'ni-to), adj. un¬ 
known or disguised : adv. in dis¬ 
guise ; under an assumed name: 
n. a great personage who travels 
under an assumed style; the es- 
sumption of a character or title to 
avoid recognition; state of being 
unrecognized. Fem. incognita, 
in-co-her-ence (-kd-her'ens), n. 
want of cohesion ; looseness ; want 
of connection ; incongruity ; incon¬ 
sequence. Incoherency, 
in-co-her-ent ('ent), adj. without 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin: vote, pdrch, lot: moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








ine 


463 


Inc 


cohesion ; incongruous ; inconsecu¬ 
tive. 

in-co-lie-sion (-he'zhun), n. want 
of cohesion. 

in-com-bus-ti-ble (-kom-bus'ti- 
bl), adj. that cannot be consumed 
by fire: n. an incombustible sub¬ 
stance. 

in-come ('kum), n. the gain 
which proceeds from labor, busi¬ 
ness, property, or capital; an¬ 
nual receipts of a person or cor¬ 
poration. 

in-com-er ('kum-er), n. one who 
comes in; one who succeeds 
another as a tenant, 
incoming ('kum-ing), p.adj. 
coming in; accruing: n. the act 
of coming in; that which comes 
in ; income. 

in-com-men-su-ra-bil-i-ty (-kom- 
men-su-ra-bil'i-ti), n. the quality 
or state of being incommensurable. 
Also incommensurableness, 
in-com-men-su-ra-ble ('su-ra- 
bl), adj. having no common meas¬ 
ure ; having no common divisor ex¬ 
cept unity: n. one of two (or 
more) quantities that have no 
common measure, 
in-com-men-surate (-rat), adj. 
not admitting of a common meas¬ 
ure ; incommensurable; not suffi¬ 
cient in measure; inadequate, 
in-com-men-su-rate-ly (-li), adv. 

not in equal or due measure, 
in-coom-mode (-kom-od'), v.t. to 
give inconvenience or trouble to; 
disturb. 

Syn. annoy, plague, molest, 
disturb, inconvenience, trouble. 

Ant. (see accommodate), 
in-com-mo-di-ous ('i-us), adj. 
tending to incommode; trouble¬ 
some ; inconvenient, 
in-com-mu-ni-ca-ble (-mu'ni-ka- 
bl), adj. that cannot be communi¬ 
cated or told. 

in-com-pa-ra-ble (-kom'pa-ra-bl), 
adj. not admitting of comparison ; 
unequaled; transcendent; peer¬ 
less. 

in-com-pa-ra-ble-ness (-nes), n. 

excellence beyond comparison, 
in-com-par-a-bly (-bli), adv. be¬ 
yond comparison. 

in-com-pat-i-bil-i-ty (-pat-i-bil'- 
i-ti), n. irreconcilableness. Also 
incompatibleness. 


incompatible ('i-bl), adj. in¬ 
capable of harmonious subsistence 
or combination ; inconsistent; in¬ 
congruous : n.pl. persons or things 
irreconcilably disagreeing with 
each other. 

in-com-pat-i-bly (-bli), adv. in 
an incompatible manner, 
incompetence (-kom'pe-tens), 
n. inability, physical, intellectual, 
or moral; insufficiency; inad¬ 
equacy ; lack of qualification or 
jurisdiction. Also incompetency, 
in-com-pe-tent ('pe-tent), adj. 
wanting ability; inadequate; 
wanting qualification or fitness; 
incapacitated; inadmissible. 

Syn. incapable, unable, inad¬ 
equate, insufficient. 

Ant. (see competent), 
in-com-plete (-plet'), adj. not 
fully finished or developed; not 
having all its parts; imperfect; 
defective. 

in-com-plete-ly ('li), adv. imper¬ 
fectly. 

in-com-plete-ness ('nes), n. im¬ 
perfection. 

in-com-pre-hen-si-ble (-pre-hen'- 
si-bl), adj. illimitable; not to be 
understood or grasped by the 
mind; inconceivable, 
in-com-press-i-ble (-pres'i-bl), 
adj. incapable of being reduced in 
volume by pressure; resisting 
pressure. 

in-con-ceiv-a-bil-i-ty (-kon-sev- 
a-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being 
inconceivable. 

in-con-ceiv-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. in¬ 
capable of being conceived or im¬ 
agined ; incredible, 
in-con-ceiv-a-bly (-bli), adv. be¬ 
yond the power of conception, 
in-con-clu-sive (-kloo'siv), adj. 
leading to no conclusion in evi¬ 
dence or argument; unconvincing ; 
reaching no definite result in 
action ; ineffective ; inefficient, 
in-con-clu-sive-ly (-li), adv. in 
an inconclusive manner, 
in-con-den-si-ble (-den'si-bl), adj. 
incapable of being made more 
dense or compact, or of being re¬ 
duced to liquid form, 
in-con-gru-i-ty (-groo'i-ti), n. [pi. 
incongruities (-tiz) ], want of 
mutual fitness; unsuitableness of 
one thing to another. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mo5n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








tnc 


464 


iac 


incongruous (-kong'groo-us), 
adj. reciprocally disagreeing; un¬ 
suited to one another; inharmoni¬ 
ous ; inappropriate. 

Syn. absurd, conflicting, inap¬ 
propriate, inconsistent. 

Ant. (see suitable), 
in-con-nu (-kon-nu'), adj. un¬ 
known : n. an unknown person. 
Feminine inconnue [French], 
in con se quence ('se-kwens), n. 
the quality of being inconsequent; 
want of logical sequence; incon¬ 
clusiveness. 

inconsequent (-kwent), adj. 
not following from the premises; 
illogical; out of proper relation ; 
irrelevant. 

in-eon-sid-er-a-ble (-sid'er-a-bl), 
adj. not deserving consideration; 
unimportant. 

in-eon-sid-er-a-bly (-bli), adv. 
very little. 

in-con-sid-er-ate (-sid'er-at), adj. 
without consideration; thought¬ 
less. 

in-con-sid-er-ate-ly (-li), adv. 
thoughtlessly. 

in-con-sis-ten-cy (-sis'ten-si), n. 
[pi. inconsistencies (-siz)], the 
quality of being inconsistent; in¬ 
congruity. 

in-con-sis-tent ('tent), adj. lack¬ 
ing coherence or agreement; dis¬ 
crepant ; lacking uniformity ; self- 
contradicting ; incongruous, 
in-con-so-la-ble (-so'la-bl), adj. 

not to be consoled or comforted, 
in-con-so-la-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
inconsolable manner or degree, 
in-con-spic-u-ous (-spik'u-us), 

adj. not easily perceived; so 
small as to escape notice; hardly 
discernible. 

in-con-stan-cy ('stan-si), n. 

changeableness. 

in-con-stant ('stant), adj. sub¬ 
ject to change; unstable; vari¬ 
able ; fickle; capricious, 
in-con-test-a-ble (-test'a-bl), adj. 
not admitting of question or dis¬ 
pute ; incontrovertible, 
in-con-test-a-bly (-bli), adv. in¬ 
disputably. 

in-con.-ti-nence ('ti-nens), n. 

lack of restraint, especially undue 
indulgence of the sexual passions; 
licentiousness; involuntary dis¬ 
charge. Also incontinency. 


in-con-ti-nent ('ti-nent), adj. un¬ 
restrained ; unchaste; n. an un¬ 
chaste person. 

in-con-tro-ver-ti-bil-i-ty (-tro- 

ver-ti-bil'i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being incontrovertible, 
in-eon-tro-ver-ti-ble ('ti-bl). adj. 
not admitting of controversy : in¬ 
disputable. 

in-con-tro-ver-ti-bly (-bli), adv. 
indisputably. 

in con ven ience (-ven'yens), n. 
want of convenience; unfitness; 
troublesomeness; that which in¬ 
commodes : disadvantage. Also 
inconveniency: v.t. to put to in¬ 
convenience ; incommode ; annoy ; 
molest. 

inconvenient ('yent), adj. dis¬ 
advantageous ; inopportune; un¬ 
fit ; inexpedient. 

in-con-vert-i-bil-i-ty (-vert-i-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the quality of being in¬ 
convertible. 

in-ccm-vert-i-ble ('ti-bl), adj. in¬ 
capable of being converted into, 
or exchanged for, something else, 
in-cor-po-rate (-kor'po-rat), v.t. 
to combine into one body; give a 
body to ; embody ; unite; associ¬ 
ate ; unite intimately ; assimilate ; 
blend; form into a corporation 
recognized by law: v.i. to unite 
with another body so as to form 
a part of it; be mixed or blended 
with : p.adj. incorporated ; united 
in one body. 

in-cor-po-ra-tion (-p5-ra'shun), 
n. combination ; assimilation ; mix¬ 
ture ; formation of a body cor¬ 
porate ; a corporation, 
in-cor-po-ra-tor (-ra-ter). n. 
one who incorporates; an original 
member of an incorporated 
society. 

in-cor-po-re-al (-p5're-al), adj. 
not corporeal; immaterial; in¬ 
tangible, and existing only in 
contemplation of the law. 
in-cor-po-really (-li), adv. im¬ 
materially. 

in-cor-rect (-kor-ekt'), adj. not 
according to model or rule; 
faulty ; not according to fact; in¬ 
accurate ; not in accordance with 
morality or good manners; im- 
# proper. 

in-cor-ri-gi-ble ('ri-ji-bl), adj. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 










Inc 


465 


ine 


bad beyond correction or amend¬ 
ment ; irreclaimable, 
in-cor-ri-gi-ble-ness (-nes), n. 
the quality of being incorrigible. 
Also incorrigibility, 
in-cor-ri-gi-bly (-bli), adv. irre- 
claimably. 

in-cor-rod-i-ble (-rod'i-bl), adj. 

incapable of being corroded, 
in-cor-rupt (-kor-upt'), adj. free 
from physical or moral taint; un¬ 
impaired ; upright; especially 
above the influence of corruption 
or bribery ; honest, 
in-cor-rupt-i-bil-i-ty (-i-bil'i- 
ti), n. incapability of corruption, 
in-cor-rupt-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. in¬ 
capable of physical corruption, 
decay, or dissolution; not liable 
to moral perversion or con¬ 
tamination ; especially incapable 
of being bribed. 

in-cor-rupt-i-bly (-bli), adv. in 
an incorruptible manner, 
in-cor-rup-tion (-rup'shun), n. 

exemption from corruption, 
in-crease (-kres'), v.i. to be¬ 
come greater in any respect; aug¬ 
ment ; multiply; grow; wax, as 
the moon: v.t. to make greater 
in any respect; enhance ; aggra¬ 
vate ; enlarge: n. (in'kres), a 
growing larger; that which is 
added to the original stock; in¬ 
crement; produce: profit; issue; 
offspring; a waxing, as of the 
moon. 

*S yn. extend, enlarge, augment, 
dilate, expand, amplify, raise, en¬ 
hance, aggravate, magnify, grow, 
augmentation, accession, addition, 
enlargement, extension. 

Ant. (see decrease), 
in-cred-i-bil-i-ty (-kred-i-bil'i-ti), 
n. the quality of being incredible. 
Also incredibleness, 
in-cred-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. surpass¬ 
ing belief; hard to believe; un¬ 
imaginable ; inconceivable. 
in-cx*ed-i-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
incredible manner, 
in-cre-du-li-ty (-kre-du'li-ti), n. 
the quality of being incredulous; 
scepticism ; disbelief, 
iu-cred-u-lous (-kred'u-lus), adj. 
hard of belief; sceptical; unbe¬ 
lieving. 

in -cre-ment ('kre-ment), n. in¬ 
crease ; augmentation ; produce. 


in-cres-cent (-kres'ent), p.adj. 
increasing; in heraldry, denoting 
the new moon, with the horns to¬ 
wards the dexter side. 

in-crim-i-nate (-krim'i-nat), v.t. 
to charge with a. crime; crimi¬ 
nate ; accuse. 

in-crust (in-krust'), v.t. to cover 
with, or as with, a crust; coat; 
overlay; to inlay, as mosaic, so as 
to form a decorative covering. 
Also encrust. 

in-crust-ate ('at), adj. covered 
with earthy matter; growing 
firmly to the pericarp; said of 
seeds. 

in-crus-ta-tion (-krus-ta'shun), 
n. a crust; covering ; an incrusted 
or inlaid object or substance; a 
covering or inlaying of marble, 
mosaic, &c., attached to the ma¬ 
sonry. 

in-cu-bate ('ku-biit). v.t. to sit 
Upon (eggs) to hatch them; hatch 
out: v.i. to brood; in medicine, to 
go through the stage of incuba¬ 
tion. 

in-cu-ba-tor ('ku-ba-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, incubates; 
especially an apparatus for hatch¬ 
ing eggs artificially. 

in-cu-bus ('ku-bus), n. [pi. in¬ 
cubuses (-ez), incubi (-bl)l, the 
nightmare; in the superstition of 
the middle ages, a demon believed 
to cause nightmare, and the birth 
of deformed children; a heavy 
weight or burden. 

in-cul-cate (-kul'kat), v.t. to im¬ 
press upon the mind by frequent 
admonitions. 

in-cul-ca-tor ('ka-ter), n. one 
who inculcates. 

in-cum-ben-cy (-kum'ben-si), n. 
[pi. incumbencies (-siz)], the act 
or state of being incumbent; full 
possession and exercise of any 
office; state of holding a benefice. 

in-cum-bent ('bent), adj. lying 
upon; imposed as a duty: n. the 
holder of an office; a clergvman 
in possession of a benefice. 

Syn. obligatory. 

in-cur (-ker'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
incurred, p.pr. incurring], to be¬ 
come liable to, by one’s own ac¬ 
tion ; contract, as a debt. 

in-cur-a-bil-i-ty (kur-&-bi l'i-ti), 
n. the state of being incurable. 


late, mttr, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pftrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, Men. 


HI 







inc 


466 


ind 


in-cur-a-ble (-kur'a-bl), adj. in¬ 
capable of being cured; beyond 
the power of skill or medicine; 
irremediable; incorrigible: n. a 
person diseased beyond cure, 
in-ctir-a-bly (-bli), adv. without 
remedy. 

in-cur-sion (in-ker'shun), n. an 
inroad ; raid ; invasion, 
in-cur-vate ('vat), p.adj. bent 
inward ; curved. 

in-debt-ed (-det'ed), p.adj. being 
in debt; lying under an obliga¬ 
tion. 

in-de-cen-cy (-de'sen-si), n. [pi. 
indecencies (-siz)], want of de¬ 
cency, modesty, or good manners ; 
that which is indecent, grossly 
vulgar, or obscene: in law, the 
public exhibition of something in¬ 
decent. 

in-de-cent ('sent), adj. violating 
propriety in language, behavior, 
&c.; immodest; indelicate; ob¬ 
scene. 

in-de-ci-sion (-de-sizh'un), n. 
want of decision; a wavering of 
the mind; irresolution, 
indecisive (-si'siv), adj. not 
bringing to a decision or final 
issue; inconclusive, 
in-de-ci-sive-ly (-li), adv. in an 
indecisive manner, 
in-de-cli-na-ble (-kli'na-bl), adj. 
that cannot be declined, or varied 
by declension : n. a word that can¬ 
not be declined. 

in-de-cli-na-bly (-bli), adv. with¬ 
out declension. 

in-de-co-rous (-de-ko'rus), adj. 
violating decorum, or any ac¬ 
cepted rule of conduct, 
in-de-co-rum (-ko'rum), n. viola¬ 
tion of decorum or propriety; 
breach of etiquette or civility, 
in-deed (-ded'), • adv. in fact; in 
truth. 

in-de-f at-i-ga-bil-ity (-de-fat-i- 
ga-bil'i-ti), n. the quality of be¬ 
ing indefatigable. 

in-de-f at-i-ga-ble ('i-ga-bl), adj. 
not to be wearied out.; not yield¬ 
ing to fatigue; unremitting in 
labor or effort. 

-in-de-f at-i-ga-bly (-bli). adv. 
without yielding to fatigue; per¬ 
sistently. 

jln-de-fea-si-bil-i-ty (-de-fe-zi-bil'- 


i-ti). n. the quality of being in¬ 
defeasible. 

in-de-fea-si-ble ('zi-bl), adj. not 
to be defeated or made void, as 
a title. 

in-de-f ea-si-bly (-bli), adv. so as 
not to be set aside or made void, 
in-de-f ec-ti-ble (-fek'ti-bl), adj. 
subject to no defect, failure, or 
decay. 

in-de-fen-si-ble (-fen'si-bl), adj. 
that cannot be defended, main¬ 
tained, or justified, 
in-de-f en-si-bly (-bli), adv. so 
as to admit of no defense, 
in-de-fi-na-ble (-fl'na-bl), adj. 

that cannot be defined, 
in-de-fi-na-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
indefinable manner, 
in-def-i-nite (-def'i-nit), adj. not 
defined ; not precise; vague ; hav¬ 
ing no particular limit; large be¬ 
yond the comprehension of man. 
though not absolutely infinite; 
too numerous or variable to be 
easily counted; indeterminate in 
logical quantity. * 

Syn. vague, uncertain, unset¬ 
tled, loose, lax. 

Ant. (see definite), 
in-def-i-nite-ly (-li), adv. to an 
indefinite degree; without deter¬ 
minate limitation, 
in-del-i-bil-i-ty (-del-i-bil'i-ti), n. 

the quality of being indelible, 
in-del-i-ble ('i-bl). adj. not to be 
blotted out, effaced, or obliterated, 
in-del-i-bly (-bli), adv. so as to 
be indelible. 

in-del-i-ea-cy (-del'i-ka-si), n. 
[pi. indelicacies (-siz)], want of 
delicacy; that which is offensive 
to modesty or refined taste, 
in-del-i-cate ('i-kat). adj. offen¬ 
sive to modesty or propriety; 
coarse: indecent. 

in-del-i-cate-ly (-li), adv. in an 
indelicate manner, 
in-dem-ni-fi-ca-tion (-dem-ni-fi- 

ka'shun), n. the act of securing 
against loss; reimbursement of 
loss. 

in-dem-ni-fy ('ni-fl), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. indemnified, p.pr. indemnify¬ 
ing], to secure or insure against 
Joss or damage: reimburse, 
in-dem-ni-ty ('ni-ti). n. [pi. in¬ 
demnities (-tiz) ]. security against 
loss, damage, or punishment; 
compensation for loss. 


jbn-e, piar, mask, cat, awl: he. her. let: line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut: thin. then. 










Had 


467 


ind 


in-dent (-dent'), v.t. to make a 
dent or depression in : dent; cut 
into points like teeth; notch; 
bind out by indenture, as an ap¬ 
prentice : n. a notch in the mar¬ 
gin ; a covenant. 

in-den-ta-tion (-den-ta'shun), n. 
a small hollow or depression, as 
from a blow; a dent or dint; a 
notch or recess in a margin. 

in-dent-ed ('ed), p.adj. notched 
in the margin like a row of teeth ; 
zigzag; in heraldry, notched or 
serrated. 

in-den-ture ('tur), n. a covenant 
or deed, formerly in duplicate, 
with the edges notched so as to 
correspond: v.t. to bind by in¬ 
denture, as an apprentice. 

in-de-pend-ence (-de-pend'ans), 
n. freedom from support or 
governance by others; a compe¬ 
tency ; self-reliance. 

Independence Day (da), 
July 4, the anniversary of the 
Declaration of Independence, ob¬ 
served as a national holiday. 

in-de-pend-en-cy ('en-si), n. in¬ 
dependence ; the principles of the 
Independents. 

in-de-pend-ent ('ent), adj. not de¬ 
pendent, supported by, or gov¬ 
erned by, another ; having a com¬ 
petency ; not subject to bias or 
influence; free; irrespective: n. 
one who supports measures or 
men independently of any organ¬ 
ized party. 

in-de-struc-ti-bil-i-ty (-struk-ti- 
bil'i-ti), n. incapability of being 
destroyed. 

in-de-struc-ti-ble ('ti-bl), adj. 
not to be destroyed. 

indestructibly (-bli), adv. so 
as to be indestructible. 

in-de-ter-mi n-ate (-ter'min-at), 
adj. not determinate, settled, or 
fixed ; indefinite ; not precise ; hav¬ 
ing an indefinite number of values 
or solutions. 

in-de-ter-min-ate-ly (-li), adv. 
indefinitely. 

in-dex ('deks), n. [pi. indexes 
-ez). indices ('di-sez)l, that 
which points out or indicates; an 
alphabetical table of the contents 
of a book; the figure or letter 
which shows the power or root of 
a quantity: the exponent: v.t. 
provide with an index. 


in-dex-fin-ger (-fing'ger), n. the 
fore-finger. 

In-di-a-man ('di-a-man), n. [pi. 
Indiamen (-men)], a large ves¬ 
sel formerly employed in the In¬ 
dia trade. 

Indian ('di-an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing; to the Indies, to the West 
Indies or to the American In¬ 
dians ; made of maize or Indian 
corn: n. an East Indian, West 
Indian or Anglo-Indian; one of 
the aborigines of America, or a 
Red Indian. 

In-di-an corn, (korn), n. a na¬ 
tive American plant, known as 
maize. 

Xn-di-an-file (-fll), n. single file. 

In-di-an red (red), n. a silicate 
of iron, imported from the Persian 
Gulf. 

In-di -an summer (sum'er), n. 
summer-like weather, with calm 
and absence of rain, occurring in 
autumn. 

In di an yel low (yel'5), n. a 
bright yellow pigment. 

in-di-a-rub-ber ('di-a-rub'er), n. 
caoutchouc. 

in-di-can (in'di-kan), n. a sub¬ 
stance obtained from the various 
indigo-producing plants, decom¬ 
posing, by the action of acids, into 
sugar, indigo-blue, indigo-red, and 
indiglucin. 

in-di-cant ('di-kant), adj. in¬ 
dicating : n. that which points 
out a remedy for a disease. 

in-di-cate ('di-kat), v.t. to point 
out; show ; suggest; hint; point 
out, as a remedy. 

Syn. point out, show, mark. 

in-di-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the 
act of indicating ; that which in¬ 
dicates ; information ; token ; evi¬ 
dence ; sign ; symptom. 

in-dic-a-tive (-dik'a-tiv), adj. 
pointing out; bringing to notice; 
noting that mood of the verb 
which indicates, predicates, or 
affirms : n. the indicative mood. 

in-dic-a-tive-ly (-li), adv. so as 
to indicate. 

in-di-ca-tor ('di-ka-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, indicates; 
the part of an instrument by 
which an effect is indicated, es¬ 
pecially an apparatus for ascer¬ 
taining and recording the vari- 


i„le. mar, m&sk, cat, awl: he. her, let: line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ind 


468 


ind 


ations of pressure or vacuum in 
the cylinder of a steam engine, 
in-di-ca-to-ry (-ka-to-ri), adj. 

serving to indicate, 
in-dict (-dit'), # i?.£. to charge with 
a crime, by the presentment of a 
grand jury. 

in-dict-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. liable 
to be indicted ; punishable, 
in-dict-er ('er), n. one who in¬ 
dicts. Also indictor. 
in-dict-ment ('ment), n. a writ¬ 
ten accusation against a prisoner 
presented by a grand jury to a 
court. 

in-dif-fer-ence (-dif'er-ens), n. 
the state of being indifferent; im¬ 
partiality ; absence of preference 
or interest; unconcernedness ; un¬ 
importance ; condition of being 
indifferent in character or qual¬ 
ity ; mediocrity. 

Syn. apathy, carelessness, list¬ 
lessness, insensibility. 

Ant. (see application, as¬ 
siduity). 

in-dif-fer-ent ('er-ent), adj. un¬ 
concerned ; unimportant; me¬ 
diocre ; regardless, 
in-di-gence ('di-jens). n. the state 
of being indigent; poverty ; want. 
Also indigency. 

Syn. want, neediness, penury, 
poverty, .destitution, privation. 

Ant. (see affluence). 
in-di-gene ('di-jen), n. a native; 
aborigine. 

in-dig-e-nous (-dij'e-nus). adj. 
born or produced in a country; 
not exotic ; not imported ; innate ; 
inherent; native. 

in-di-gent ('di-jent), adj. desti¬ 
tute ; needy. 

in-di-gest-ed (-jest'ed), adj. undi¬ 
gested, as food; crude; not soft¬ 
ened by heat. 

in-di-gest-i-bil-i-ty (-i-bil'i-ti), 
n. the quality of being indigesti¬ 
ble. 

in-di-gest-i-ble (-jest'i-bl), adj. 
not digestible, physically or men¬ 
tally. 

in-di-gest-i-bly (-bli), adv. so as 
not to be digested, 
in-di-ges-tion (-jes'chun), n. 
difficulty in digesting food; dys¬ 
pepsia. 

in-dig-nant (-dig'nant), adj. af¬ 
fected with indignation ; inflamed 
with mingled anger and disdain. 


in-dig-na-tion (-na'shun), n. 
anger at what is unworthy, un¬ 
just, dishonorable, or base; anger 
mingled with contempt or dis¬ 
gust. 

Syn. anger, wrath, ire, resent¬ 
ment. 

indignity (-dig'ni-ti), n. [pi. 
indignities (-tiz)j, an action in¬ 
tended to lower the dignity of an¬ 
other; insult. 

Syn. insult, affront, outrage, 
obloquy, opprobrium, reproach, ig’ 
nominy. 

Ant. (see honor), 
in-di-go ('di-go), n. a blue dye¬ 
stuff obtained from the indigo 
plant by decomposition of the 
glucoside indican. 
in-di-rect (-di-rekt'), adj. not 
straight or rectilinear; not di¬ 
rectly resulting from a cause; not 
reaching the end aimed at by the 
most direct method; not straight¬ 
forward or fair. 

in-dis-creet (-dis-kret'), adj. 

wanting in discretion ; imprudent, 
in-dis-cre-tion (-dis-kresh'un), n. 
want of discretion ; imprudence ; 
an imprudent act. 
in-dis-crim-i-nate (-krim'i-nat), 
adj. undistinguishing; promiscu¬ 
ous. 

Syn. promiscuous, indistinct, 
chance, confused. 

Ant. (see select, chosen), 
in-dis-crim-i-nate-ly (-li), adv. 

without distinction, 
in-dis-crim-i-na-tive (-krim'i-n&- 
tiv), adj. making no distinction, 
in-dis-pens-a-bil-i-ty (-pens-&- 
bil'i-ti), n. incapability of being 
dispensed with. 

in-dis-pens-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. 
that cannot be dispensed with; 
absolutely necessary. 

Syn. essential, necessary, req¬ 
uisite, expedient. 

:?***, (see unnecessary, super¬ 
numerary). 

in-dis-pens a-bly (-bli), adv. un¬ 
avoidably. 

in dis pose (-dis-poz'), v.t. to dis¬ 
incline ; unfit. 

in-dis-posed (-pozd'), adj. slight¬ 
ly ill in health ; disinclined. 

in dis po si tion ( po-zish'un), n. 
slight illness ; disinclination. 

in dis pu ta bil i ty (-pu-ta-bil'i- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







fnd 


469 


ti), n. the quality of being indis¬ 
putable. 

in-dis-pu-ta-ble ('ta-bl), adj. too 
evident to admit of dispute; un¬ 
questionable. 

Syn. undeniable, undoubted, 
incontestable, indubitable, unques¬ 
tionable, sure, infallible. 

indisputably (-bli), cidv. un¬ 
questionably. 

in-dis-so-lu-bil-i-ty (o-lu-bil'i-ti), 
n. incapability of being dissolved 
or liquefied; perpetuity of obli¬ 
gation. 

iu-dis-so-lu-ble ('o-lu-bl), adj. 
not dissoluble or dissolvable. 

in-dis-tinct (-dis-tingkt'), adj. 
not distinct to the senses or the 
mind ; undefined ; indefinite ; con¬ 
fused. 

in-dis-tin-guish-a-ble (-ting'- 
gwish-a-bl), adj. incapable of be¬ 
ing distinguished, discriminated, 
or perceived. 

in-dis-tin-guish-a-bly (-bli), 
adv. so as not to be distinguished. 

in-dite (-dlt'), v.t. to compose; 
write. 

indium ('di-um), n. a rare me¬ 
tallic element found in zinc- 
blende. 

in-di-vid-u-al (-di-vij'u-al), adj. 
existing as a single indivisible 
entity; pertaining to, or charac¬ 
teristic of, a single person or 
thing : n. a single person, animal, 
or thing. 

in-di-vid-u-al-ize ('u-al-iz), v.t. to 
invest with individuality; distin¬ 
guish. 

in-di-vid-u-al-ism ( izm), n. the 
quality of being individual; a 
social system in which each in¬ 
dividual works for himself alone ; 
the theory of government which 
discountenances the interference 
of the state in the affairs of the 
individual. 

in-di-vid-u-al-ist (-ist), n. one 
who holds the theory of indi¬ 
vidualism : adj. individualistic. 

in-di-vid-u-al-is-tic (-is'tik), 
adj. pertaining to individualism 
or to individualists. 

in-di-vid-u-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. 
the condition of being individual; 
separate or distinct existence; 
distinctive character. 


122a 


in-di-vid-u-al-ly (-li), adv. sepa- 
# rately; personally, 
in-di-vid-u-ate ('u-at), v.t. to 
mark as distinct. 

in-di-vis-i-bil-i-ty (-viz-i-bil'i-ti), 
n. the property of being indivisi¬ 
ble. 

in-di-vis-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. not 
separable into parts: n. that 
which is indivisible; an element, 
infinitely small, assumed to admit 
of no further division, 
in-di-vis-i-bly (-bli), adv. so as 
to be incapable of division. 

Indo, a prefix meaning connected 
with India , as /ndo-Chinese, per¬ 
taining to Indo-China. 
in-doc-ile (in-dos'il), adj. un- 
teacliable; intractable, 
in-do-cil-i-ty (-do-sil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being indocile, 
in-doc-tri-nate (-dok'tri-nat), v.t. 
to imbue with learning, prin¬ 
ciples, or doctrines. 
In-do-Eu-ro-pe-an (-d5-ii-rd-pe'- 
an), adj. pertaining to the family 
of Aryan languages extending 
from India over Europe, 
in-do-lence ('do-lens), n. love of 
ease ; indisposition to labor; lazi¬ 
ness ; supineness. 

in-do-lent (-lent), adj. indulging 
in ease; avoiding labor; lazy, 
in-dom-i-ta-ble (-dom'i-ta-bl), 
adj. untamable ; irrepressible ; in¬ 
vincible. 

in-dorse (-dors'), v.t. to write 
on the back of, as a check, &c.; 
sanction ; approve. Also endorse. 

Syn. ratifv. confirm, super¬ 
scribe. 

in-dor-see (-se'), n. a person to 
whom a check, &c., is indorsed or 
assigned. 

in-dorse-ment ('ment), n. the 
act of writing on the back of a 
check, &c.; that which is so writ¬ 
ten ; approval; sanction. < 
in-dors-er ('er), n. one who in¬ 
dorses. Also indorsor, 
in-du-bi-ta-ble (-du'bi-ta-bl), adj. 
too evident to be doubted; un¬ 
questionable. 

in-du-bi-ta-bly (-bli), adv. be¬ 
yond doubt. 

in-duce (dus'). v.t. to lead on ; in¬ 
fluence ; prevail upon; bring on; 
effect; cause; to infer by induc- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






ind 


470 


ine 


tion; produce by magnetic or 
electric induction. 

in duced (-dust'), p.adj. caused 
by induction. 

inducement (-dus'ment), n. 
that which induces; motive; in 
pleading, an introductory state¬ 
ment. 

in-duc-i-ble ('i-bl), ad], capable 
of being induced, caused, or in¬ 
ferred. 

in-duct (-dukt'), v.t. to intro¬ 
duce ; install into an office; put 
into possession of a benefice, 
i n-d u c t-a nee ('ans). n. the 
capacity for induction possessed 
by an active electric circuit on 
itself, or on neighboring circuits, 
in-duc-tion (-duk'shun), n. the 
act of inducting; the introduction 
of a person into an office; the 
introduction of a clergyman into 
a benefice; the process of dis¬ 
covering and proving general 
propositions from particular 
cases: conclusion drawn from a 
process of induction ; electrical or 
magnetic influence without direct 
contact. 

Syn. deduction, inference, 
in-duc-tion-al ('shun-al). adj. 
pertaining to, or produced by, in¬ 
duction ; inductive, 
in-duct-ive ('iv), adj. proceed¬ 
ing by induction; producing in¬ 
duction ; operating by induction; 
susceptible of being acted on by 
. induction. 

in duct ive phil-os-o-phy (fil-os'- 
o-fi), n. the name given by Bacon 
to experimental science, or science 
.founded on induction, 
in-duct-ive sci-ence (si'ens), n. 
any branch of science which ad¬ 
mits of, and employs, the in¬ 
ductive method. 

in-duc-tiv-i-ty (-tiv'i-ti), n. specific 
inductive capacity, 
in-duc-tom-e-ter (-tom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
degree or rate of electric induc¬ 
tion. 

induct-or ('er), n. one who in¬ 
ducts; that part of an electric 
apparatus which acts inductively, 
in-due (-diY), v.t. to clothe or in¬ 
vest ; furnish ; supply ; endow, 
indulge (-dulj'), v.t. to be kind 
or complaisant to; humor; give 


free course to: v.i. to gratify 
one’s self. 

Syn. foster, cherish, fondle. 

Ant. (see deny). 

in-dul-gence Tens), n. forbear¬ 
ance from restraint or control; 
permission ; license ; gratification ; 
excess; forbearance of present 
payment; toleration, 
in-dul-gent ('ent), adj. disposed 
to indulge; compliant; showing 
favor; kind. 

in-dul-gent-ly (-li), adv. with in¬ 
dulgence. 

in-du-line ('du-lin), n. a coal- 
tar dye-stuff of a dark blue color. 
Also indulin. 

in-du-rate ('du-rat), v.i. to grow 
hard: v.t. to make hard; render 
unfeeling or obdurate, 
in-dus-tri-al (-dus'tri-al), adj. 

pertaining to productive industry, 
industrialism ('tri-al-izm), n. 
a state of society marked by the 
predominance of industrial pur¬ 
suits. 

in-dus-tri-al-ly (-li), adv. with 
reference to industry or industrial¬ 
ism. 

industrious ('tri-us), adj. 
characterized by diligence or in¬ 
dustry ; hard-working. 

Syn. active, busy, diligent, em¬ 
ployed. 

Ant. (see lazy). 

in-dus-try ('dus-tri), n. [pi. in¬ 
dustries (-triz)]. steady appli¬ 
cation to business or labor; pro¬ 
ductive labor ; an industrial art; 
a particular branch of work or 
trade. 

inebriate (-e'bri-at), v.t. to 
make drunk; intoxicate; intoxi¬ 
cate mentally or emotionally; n. 
an habitual drunkard, 
inebriation (-ii'shun), n. in¬ 
toxication. 

inebriety (-brl'e-ti), n. intoxi¬ 
cation. especially habitual drunk¬ 
enness. 

ineffable (-ef'a-bl), adj. un¬ 
speakable; inexpressible; too 
. sacred for utterance, 
in-ef-fa-ble-ness ( nes), n. un¬ 
speakableness. 

in-ef-fa-bly (-bli), adv. unspeak- 
. ably. 

in-ef-fect-ive (-ef-ekt'iv), adj. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin. then. 









ine 


471 


ine 


not producing the desired effect; 
ineffectual. 

in-ef-fect-ive-ly (-li), adv. with¬ 
out effect. 

in-ef-fec-tu-al ('tu-al), ad}, not 
producing the desired effect; un¬ 
availing. 

&\yn. vain, useless, unavailing, 
fruitless, abortive, inoperative. 
Ant. (see effective), 
in-ef-fec-tu-al-ly (-li), odv. in 
vain. 

in-ef-fi-ca-cy (-ef'i-ka-si), n. lack 
of efficacy. 

in-ef-fi-cien-cy (-ish'en-si), n. in¬ 
competency. 

in-ef-fi-cient ('ent), adj. not pro¬ 
ducing, or not capable of produc¬ 
ing, the desired effect; incapable, 
in-el-e-gance (-el'e-gans), n. [pi. 
inelegances (-gan-sez)], want of 
any quality required by good 
. taste; something inelegant, 
in-el-e-gant ('e-gant), adj. of¬ 
fensive to good taste, 
in-el-i-gi-bil-i-ty (-el-i-ji-bil'i-ti), 
n. the quality of being ineligible., 
in-el-i-gi-ble ('i-ji-bl), adj. un¬ 
worthy of choice: unsuitable; 
legally disqualified for choice or 
election. 

in-el-i-gi-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
ineligible manner. 

in-ept-ly (-ept'li), adv. unsuit¬ 
ably ; foolishly. 

in-e-qual-i-ty (-e-kwal'i-ti), n. 
[pi. inequalities (-tiz)l, differ¬ 
ence, especially of rank or 
station ; unevenness ; changeable¬ 
ness ; inadequacy; deviation of a 
planet or satellite from its uni¬ 
form mean motion. 

Syn. disparity, disproportion, 
dissimilarity, unevenness. 

Ant. (see equality), 
in-eq-ui-ta-ble (-ek'wi-ta-bl), 
adj. not according to equity; un¬ 
just. 

in-eq-ui-ta-bly (-bli), adv. un¬ 
justly : unfairly. 

in-eq-ui-ty ('wi-ti), n. lack of 
equity ; injustice. 

inert (-ert'), adj. having no 
power of motion or action ; life¬ 
less ; sluggish. 

in-er-tia (-er'shi-&), n. lack of 
activity ; inertness ; sluggishness ; 
that property of matter by virtue 
of which it tends to remain at 


rest, if resting, or to move uni¬ 
formly in a straight line, if mov- 
^ ing ( vis inertiae). 
inestimable (-es'ti-ma-bl), 
adj. not to be estimated; beyond 
measure or price; incalculable; 
invaluable. 

in-es-ti-ma-bly (-bli), adv. above 
estimation. 

in-ev-i-ta-bii-i-ty (-ev-i-ta-bil'i- 
ti), n. impossibility of being 
avoided. Also inevitableness, 
inevitable (-ev'i-ta-bl), adj. 
not to be evaded ; unavoidable. 

8yn. unavoidable, not to be 
avoided, certain. , 

in-ev-i-ta-bly (-bli), adv. un¬ 
avoidably. 

in-ex-act (-egz-akt'), adj. not 
precise, correct, accurate, or 
^ punctual. 

in-ex-act-ness (-nes), n. want of 
precision. 

in-ex-cu-sa-ble (-eks-ku-za-bl), 
adj. incapable of being excused; 
unpardonable. 

in-ex-cu-sa-bly (-bli), adv. with¬ 
out excuse. 

in-ex-haust-i-ble (-egs-awst'i-bl), 
adj. not to be exhausted or spent; 
unfailing; unwearied, 
in-ex-haust-i-bly (-bli), adv. in 
an inexhaustible manner or de¬ 
gree. 

in-ex-o-ra-bil-i-ty (-eks-o-ra-bil'i- 
ti), n. incapability of being moved 
by prayers. Also inexorableness, 
in-ex-o-ra-ble ('o-ra-bl), adj. not 
to be moved by prayers; unyield¬ 
ing ; unrelenting. 

in-ex-o-ra-bly (-bli), adv. inflexi¬ 
bly. 

in-ex-pe-di-en-cy (-pe'di-en-si), 
n. unsuitableness; inadvisability. 
Also inexpedience, 
in-ex-pe-di-ent ('di-ent), adj. un¬ 
suitable to circumstances ; . inad¬ 
visable. 

in.-ex-pen-si.ve (-pen'siv), adj. 
cheap. 

in-ex-pe-ri-ence (-pe'ri-ens), n. 
want of experience, or of the 
knowledge that comes by experi¬ 
ence. 

in-ex-pe-ri-enced (-enst), adj. 
lacking experience ; unpracticed ; 
unskilled ; unversed, 
in-ex-pert (-pert'). adj. un¬ 
skilled ; lacking the knowledge or 
dexterity derived from practice. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; mdon,, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








fne 


472 


inf 


in-ex-pi-a-ble ('pi-a-bl), adj. 
that cannot be expiated, atoned 
for, or satisfied. 

in-ex-pli-ca-ble ('pli-ka-bl), adj. 
not to be explained, made plain, 
or intelligible; not to be inter¬ 
preted or accounted for. 
in-ex-pli-ca-bly (-bli), adv. so 
as not to be explained, 
in-ex-plo-sive (-plo'siv), adj. not 
liable to explode. 

in-ex-press-i-ble (-pres'i-bl), adj. 
incapable of being expressed, ut¬ 
tered, or described, 
in-ex-press-i-bly (-bli), adv. un¬ 
speakably. 

in-ex-press-ive (-pres'iv), adj. 
lacking expression or distinct sig- 

T11 fi T1PP 

in-ex-ten-si-bil-i-ty (-ten-si-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being inex- 
tensible. 

in-ex-ten-si-ble ('si-bl), adj. that 
cannot be extended or stretched, 
in-ex-tin-guisb-a-ble (-ting'- 
gwish-fi-bl), adj. unquenchable, 
in-ex-tin-guish-a-bly (-bli), adv. 

so as not to be extinguished, 
in-ex-tri-ca-ble ('tri-ka-bl), adj. 
not extricable; not permitting ex¬ 
trication ; not to be freed from 
intricacy or perplexity, 
in-ex-tri-ca-bly (-bli), adv. be¬ 
yond disentanglement, 
in-fal-li-bil-i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being infallible, 
in-fal-li-ble (-fal'i-bl), adj. in¬ 
capable of erring ; unerring ; cer¬ 
tain ; unfailing. 

in-fal-li-bly (-bli), adv. without 
error or failure. 

infamous ('ffi-mus), adj. hav¬ 
ing a notoriously bad reputation; 
odious; scandalous. 

Syn. scandalous, shameful, ig¬ 
nominious, opprobrious, disgrace¬ 
ful. ’ 

Ant. (see honorable), 
in-fa-mous-ly (-li), adv. shame¬ 
fully ; wickedly. 

in-fa-my ('fa-mi), n. infamous 
character; public disgrace; ig¬ 
nominy. 

in-fan-cy ('fan-si), n. the state 
of being an infant; early child¬ 
hood ; the first age of anything; 
in law, the period of life from 
birth to the age of twenty-one. 
infant ('fant), n. a young child ; 


popularly a child under two years; 
in law, a person who has not 
attained his legal majority, or 
the age of twenty-one: adj. per- i 
taining to infancy, or to the legal ; 
period of infancy; infantile; in¬ 
cipient. 

in-fan-ti-ci-dal ('ti-sl-d&l), adj. 

pertaining to infanticide, 
in-fan-ti-cide ('ti-sld), n. the 
murder of an infant born alive; 
one who kills an infant, 
in-fan-tile ('fan-til), adj. per¬ 
taining to infants or infancy; 
child-like; childish, 
iii-fan-try ('fan-tri). n. foot 
soldiers, except engineers and 
men of the army service corps, 
in-fare ('far), n. a housewarm¬ 
ing. 

in-fat-n-ate (-fat'u-at), v.t. to 
make extravagantly foolish; to 
inspire with fatuous passion, 
in-fat-u-a-tion (-u-a'shun), n. ex¬ 
travagant folly; fatuous pas¬ 
sion. 

in-fect (-fekt'), v.i. to communi¬ 
cate some (especially bad) 
quality to; taint, especially with 
disease, physical or moral, 
in-fee-tion (-fek'shun), n. the 
act of infecting; that which in¬ 
fects ; contaminating ; taint; com¬ 
munication of disease from the 
sick to the healthy ; an infectious 
disease. 

in-fec-tious ('shus). adj. com¬ 
municable by infection; sympa¬ 
thetic ; communicating infection; 
demoralizing. 

in-fe-cun-di-ty (-fe-kun'di-ti), n. 

ho rrpn n pcc 

in-fe-lic-i-tous (-fe-lis'i-tus), adj. 
unfortunate; unhappy; inappro¬ 
priate ; ill-timed. 

in-fe-lic-i-ty (-lis'i-ti), n. [pi. 
infelicities (-tiz) ], misfortune; 
unhappiness; inappropriateness; 
an infelicitous act or expression, 
in-felt ('felt), adj. felt within; 
heartfelt. 

in-fer (-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
inferred, p.pr. inferring], to de¬ 
rive by induction or deduction; 
accept as a fact or consequence; 
imply: v.i. to conclude, 
in-fer-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. capable 
of being inferred, 
in-fer-ence ('fer-ens), n. the act 


lato, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






inf 


473 


im 


of inferring; the conclusion: de¬ 
duction ; induction. 

Syn. deduction, corollary, con¬ 
clusion, consequence. 

inferential (-en'sh&n, adj. hav¬ 
ing the nature of an inference; 
deduced by inference. 

in-fer-en-tial-ly (-li), adv. by 
way of inference. 

in-fe-ri-or ('ri-er), adj. lower in 
place, rank, or quality; second¬ 
ary ; subordinate; between the 
earth and the sun; below the 
horizon; growing below another 
organ: n. one who ranks below 
another; a subordinate. 

in-fe-ri-or-i-ty (-ri-or'i-ti), n. 
lower state or quality. 

in-fer-nal (-fer'nal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Tartarus of the an¬ 
cients, the lower regions, or re¬ 
gions of the dead; pertaining to 
or resembling hell; hellish; dia¬ 
bolical ; hendish; outrageous. 

Syn. diabolical, fiendish, devil¬ 
ish, hellish. 

in-fer-nal-ly (-li), adv. in an 
infernal manner. 

In-fer-nal ma chine (ma-shen'), 
n. an apparatus maliciously de¬ 
signed to explode to the destruc¬ 
tion of life or property. 

in-fer-no ('no), n. [pi. inferni 
('ne)], a place or position of tor¬ 
ment. 

in-fest (-fest'), v.t. to attack; 
haunt; overrun. 

Syn. annoy, plague, harass, dis¬ 
turb. 

in-fi-del ('fi-del), adj. rejecting all 
religion; rejecting a religion 
which claims to be divinely re¬ 
vealed, especially the Christian 
religion; manifesting unbelief: 
n. one who rejects Christianity 
as a divine revelation; formerly, 
a Mohammedan, Jew, or heathen. 

in-fi-del-i-ty (-del'i-ti), n. [pi. 
infidelities (-tiz) ], disbelief in all 
religion, especially disbelief in 
Christianity; breach of trust; 
violation of the marriage contract 
by adultery. 

in-field ('feld), n. in baseball, the 
space within the base line, 30 
yds. X 30 yds, 

in-fil-tra-tion (-fil-tra'shun), n. 
the act of infiltrating; that which 
infiltrates; morbid condition of 
an organ due to accumulation of ) 


substances introduced from with¬ 
out. 

in-fi-nite ('fi-nit), adj. indefinitely 
extensive ; immeasurable: n. the 
Infinite Being; the Absolute; the 
Unconditioned ; a quantity greater 
or less than any assignable quan¬ 
tity of the same kind; an inde¬ 
terminate. 

in-fi-nite-ly (-li), adv. beyond any 
conceivable degree; vastly, 
in-fi-nite-ness (-nes), n. infinity; 
immensity. 

in-fin-i-tes-i-mal (-fin-i-tes'i-mSl), 
adj. infinitely small: n. a quantity 
less than any assignable quantity, 
in-fin-i-tes-i-mal-ly (-li), adv. 
by infinitesimals; in infinitely 
small quantities; in an infinitesi¬ 
mal degree. 

in-fin-i-tive (-fin'i-tiv), adj. the 
term applied to that verb-form 
which simply expresses the gen¬ 
eral sense of the verb without 
limitation to person or number: 
n. the infinitive mood; a verb 
in the infinitive mood, 
in-fin-i-tnde ('i-tud), n. the state 
of being infinite; unlimited ex¬ 
tent ; infinity. 

in-fin-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. infinities 
(-tiz) ], the state of being in¬ 
finite ; unlimited extent of time, 
space, or quantity; absolute per¬ 
fection ; an infinite quantity, 
in-firm (-fgrm'), adj. feeble in 
body or health; weak-minded; 
vacillating ; insecure ; debilitated ; 
irresolute; precarious. 

Syn. weak, feeble, enfeebled. 

Ant. (see robust), 
in-fir-ma-ry ('m&-ri), n. [pi. in¬ 
firmaries (-riz)], a hospital for 
the sick and injured, 
in-fir-mi-ty ('mi-ti), n. [pi. in¬ 
firmities (-tiz)], the state of be¬ 
ing infirm; debility; imbecility; 
weakness of body or of mind; 
malady ; failing; foible, 
in-fix (-fiks'), v.t. to fix or fasten 
in; implant; insert: (in'fiks) n. 
something infixed; an element 
equivalent to a prefix or suffix in¬ 
serted in the body of a word, 
in-flame (-flam'), v.t. to set on 
fire; fire with passion ; excite; 
provoke; irritate; put into a 
state of inflammation: v.i. to be¬ 
come inflamed. 


late, mar, mSsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; mo5n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







inf 


474 


inf 


Syn. ang£r, irritate, enrage, 
chafe, incense, nettle, aggravate, 
embitter, exasperate. 

Ant. (see allay, soothe), 
in-flamed (-flamd'), p.adj. heated; 
exasperated; in heraldry, repre¬ 
sented as burning, or decorated 
with tongues of flame, 
in-flam-ma-bil-i-ty (-flam-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality or state of be¬ 
ing inflammable. 

in flam ma ble ('a-bl), adj. easily 
set on flame ; combustible; easily 
excited ; excitable, 
in flam-ma-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
inflammable manner, 
in-flam-ma-tion (-a/shun), n. a 
morbid process, characterized, 
when external, by pain, redness, 
heat, and swelling, 
in-flam-ma-to-ry ('a-t5-ri), adj. 
tending to excite passion, tumult, 
or sedition; tending to produce, 
accompanied by, or indicative of, 
inflammation. 

in-fla-ta-ble (-fla'ta-bl), adj. 

capable of being inflated, 
inflate (-flat'), v.t. to swell, or 
distend, with air or gas; puff up; 
elate ; expand or raise artificially, 
as prices. 

in-fla-tion-ist (-flVshun-ist). n. 
one in favor of an increased issue 
of paper money. 

in-fla-tor ('ter), n. a mechanical 
appliance for producing inflation, 
in-fla-tus (-fla'tus), n. inspira¬ 
tion ; afflatus. 

in-flect (flext'), v.t. bend; turn 
from a direct line; modulate; 
vary the terminations of; de¬ 
cline ; conjugate: v.i. to undergo 
grammatical change of termina¬ 
tion. 

in-flect-ed ('ed), p.adj. bent or 
turned from a direct line or 
course; having inflections; bent 
or turned inward or downward, 
in-flee-tion (-flek'shun), n. a 
bend or bending; modulation of 
the voice; variation of nouns, 
verbs. &c., by declension and 
conjugation; diffraction of light 
or heat. Also inflexion, 
in-flec-tion-al (-S1), adj. exhibit¬ 
ing grammatical inflections. Also 
inflexional. 

in-flect-ive (-flekt'iv), adj. capa¬ 
ble of bending. 


in-flex (-fleks'), v.t. to inflect; 
curve inward. 

in-flex-ibil-i-ty (-fleks-i-bil'i-ti), 
n. incapability of being bent; 
stiffness; obstinacy, 
in-flex i ble ('i-bl), adj. not to be 
bent; rigid; stiff; not to be 
moved by prayers; inexorable; 
not to be varied or changed; un¬ 
alterable ; stubborn, 
in-flex-i-ble-ness (-nes),* n. the 
quality of being inflexible, 
in-flex-i-bly (-bli), adv. rigidly; 
inexorably. 

in-flict (-flikt'), v.t. to cause by, 
or as if by, striking; cause to be 
suffered; impose as a punish¬ 
ment. 

in flo res-cence (-flo-res'ens), n. 
the mode or principle of floral 
arrangement exhibited by any 
species of plant; a group of flow¬ 
ers arising upon a common main 
axis. 

in-flu-ence ('flu-ens), n. energy 
or potency tending to produce 
effects insensibly and' invisibly, 
power arising from character oi 
station ; electrical induction : v.t. 
to exercise influence on, physically 
or morally. 

Syn. bias, sway, prejudice, pre¬ 
possess : n. credit, favor, reputa> 
tion, character, weight, authority, 
sway, ascendency, 
in-flu-en-tial (-flii-en'shal), adj . 

having or exerting influence, 
in-flu-en-tial-ly (-li), adv. so as 
to influence. 

in-flu-en-za (-flii-en'zS), it. an 
epidemic catarrh accompanied by 
fever, pains, and nervous pros¬ 
tration. 

influx ('fluks), n. an inflow; in¬ 
fusion;- continuous importation; 
the point at which a stream flows 
into another or into the sea. 
in-form (-form'), v.t. to ani¬ 
mate ; mold; instruct; apprise: 
v.i. to give information, 
in-form-al ('SI), adj. not accord¬ 
ing to form, custom, or rule; ir¬ 
regular ; unceremonious; deficient 
in legal form. 

informality (-mal'i-ti), n. [pi. 
informalities (-tiz)], want of 
regular, customary, or legal form, 
in-form-al-ly (-form-al-i), adv. 
in an informal manner. 


late "Air, m&sk, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moOn, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






inf 


475 


inh 


informant ('ant), n. one who 
gives information, 
in-for-ma-tion (-for-ma'shun), 
n. communicated knowledge or 
intelligence; a suit instituted on 
behalf of the government; a 
declaration made before a magis¬ 
trate to induce him to issue a 
summons or warrant, 
informer (-form'er), n. one 
who informs a magistrate of a 
violation of the law, or sues for 
.a penalty under some statute, 
infra, a prefix, meaning below, 
further on ,* as infra- axillary, 
situated below the axil, 
in-frac-tion (-frak'sliun), n. a 
violation, or breach, especially of 
law ; infringement, 
in-fran-gi-ble (-fran'ji-bl), adj. 
that cannot be broken, separated, 
or violated ; inviolable, 
in-fre-quence (-fre'kwens), n. 
the state of being infrequent; 
rareness. Also infrequency, 
in-fre-qnent ('kwent), adj. 
seldom occurring. 

in-fringe (-frinj'), v.t. to vio¬ 
late or break, as a law: v.i. to en¬ 
croach, followed by on or upon. 

Syn. invade, intrude, contra¬ 
vene, break, transgress, violate, 
in-fringe-ment ('ment), n. vio¬ 
lation, or breach, as of a law, 
patent, trade-mark, &c. 
in-fu-ri-ate (-fu'ri-at), v.t. to en¬ 
rage ; madden. 

in-fnse (-fuz'), v.t. to introduce, 
as by pouring; instil ; make an 
infusion of. 

in-fu-si-bil-i-ty (-i-bil'i-ti), n. 

capability of infusion, 
infusible (-fuz'i-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being infused, 
infusion (-fu'zhun), n. a pour¬ 
ing in, or something poured in 
or mingled; instillation, as of 
good principles; a liquid extract 
obtained by steeping a vegeta¬ 
ble substance in hot or cold 
water without boiling, 
in-gate ('gat), n. the aperture 
in a mold through which the 
melted metal enters, 
ingenious (-jen'ius), adj. hav¬ 
ing ingenuity or inventive skill; 
clever. 

in ge nue (ang-zha-nod'), n. [Fr.] 
an artless girl or young woman ; 


an actress who acts such a char¬ 
acter in a play. 

in-ge-nu-i-ty (in-je-nu'i-ti), n. 
cleverness in contriving or invent¬ 
ing ; skill. 

in-gen-u-ous (in-jen'u-us), adj. 
frank; open; sincere; artless; 
candid. 

Syn. artless, candid, generous, 
open, frank, plain, sincere. 

Ant. (see crafty), 
in-glo-ri-ous (-glo'ri-us), adj. 
without glory ; disgraceful ; shame¬ 
ful. 

in-got ('got),' n. a cast mass of 
metal. 

in-grain (-gran'), v.t. to dye 
with grain or kermes; dye with 
any deep, lasting color; impreg¬ 
nate deeply; adj. (in'gran), dyed 
prior to being manufactured: n. 
(in'gran), a carpet made of cot¬ 
ton warps and wool filling, 
in-gra-ti-ate (-gra'shi-at), v.t. to 
insinuate (one’s self) into the 
favor of another; secure favor¬ 
able reception for (with into). 
in-grat-i-tude (-grat'i-tud), n. 
absence of gratitude; insensibility 
to kindness. 

in-gre-di-ent (-gre'di-ent), n. a 
component part of a compound 
body; part. 

in-gress ('gres), n. entrance, 
in-gulf, same as engulf, 
in-hab-it (-hab'it), v.t. to dwell 
in ; occupy as a place of residence : 
v.i. to reside; remain, 
in-hab-it-a-ble ('it-a-bl), adj. fit 
for habitation. 

in-hab-it-ance ('it-ans), n. occu¬ 
pancy ; residence. Also inhabit¬ 
ancy. 

in-hab-it-ant ('it-ant), n. one 
who, or that which, inhabits; a 
permanent resident, 
in-hab-i-ta-tion (-i-ta'shun), n. 
the act of inhabiting; continued 
residence. 

in-ha-lant (-ha'lant), n. an ap¬ 
paratus for inhaling; that which 
is inhaled. 

in-ha-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
act of inhaling; inspiration, 
in-hale (-hal'), v.t. to draw into 
the lungs. 

in-har-mo-ni-ous (-har-mo'ni-us), 
adj. unmusical; discordant, 
inhere (-her'), v.i. to be fixed or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







Inh 


476 


ink 


exist in something else; be an 
essential part of. 
inherence ('ens), n. the state 
of being inherent. Also inher¬ 
ency. 

in-her-ent ('ent), adj. existing 
inseparably in something else; 
innate. 

in-her-it (-her'it), v.t. to possess 
from an ancestor by right of suc¬ 
cession ; receive by nature from 
one's ancestors; become divinely 
endowed with: v.i. to come into 
possession of property as the heir, 
in-her-it-ance (-ins), n. the act 
of inheriting; that which is in¬ 
herited ; a possession, 
in-hib-it (-hib'it), v.t. to re¬ 
strain ; prohibit; interdict; pro¬ 
hibit (a priest) from exercising 
his spiritual functions, 
in-hos-pi-ta-ble (-lios'pi-ta-bl), 
adj. not hospitable; affording no 
shelter; barren; cheerless, 
in-hu-man (-hu'man), adj. cruel; 
unfeeling. 

Syn. cruel, brutal, savage, bar¬ 
barous, ruthless, merciless, fero¬ 
cious. 

Ant. (see humane), 
in-hu-man-i-ty (-man'i-ti), n. 
[pi. inhumanities (-tiz)], the 
quality of being inhuman; 
cruelty. 

inhume (-hum'), v.t. to bury; 
inter.. 

in-im-i-cal (-im'i-kal), adj. hos¬ 
tile ; adverse. 

in-im-i-cal-ly (-li), adv. liostile- 
ly; adversely. 

in-im-i-ta-ble ('i-ta-bl), adj. 
matchless. 

in-im-i-ta-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
inimitable manner, 
in-iq-ui-tous (-ik'wi-tus), adj. 
wicked; unjust. 

in-iq-ui-ty ('wi-ti), n. [pi. in¬ 
iquities (-tiz)], wickedness; in¬ 
justice ; unrighteousness ; crime ; 
evil. 

Syn. injustice, wrong, griev¬ 
ance. 

in-i-tial (-ish'al), adj. placed at 
the beginning; incipient: n. a 
letter placed at the beginning of 
a word, &c.: pi. the first letters of 
a person’s name placed separate¬ 
ly : v.t. to mark with an initial, 
in-i-ti-ate ('i-fit), v.t. to instruct 


in the first principles of any¬ 
thing ; set on foot; bring in; 
acquaint with mysteries or se¬ 
crets. 

in-i-ti-a-tion (-i-a'shun), n. the 
act of initiating; formal admis¬ 
sion. 

in-i-ti-a-tive ('i-a-tiv), adj. in¬ 
troductory : n. an introductory 
or first step; power of com¬ 
mencing, especially legislative proj¬ 
ects. 

in-i-ti-a-tor ('i-a-ter), n. one 
who initiates. 

in-i-ti-a-to-ry ('i-a-to-ri), adj. 
introductory. 

in-ject (-jekt'), v.t. to throw or 
cast in; introduce, as a liquid, 
by mechanical means. 

in-jec-ta (-jek'ta), n.pl. things 
injected. 

injector ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, injects, especially an 
apparatus for filling the boilers 
of steam-engines with water. 

in-ju-dici-ous (-ju-dish'us), adj. 
not judicious; indiscreet; un¬ 
wise. 

in-junc-tion (-jungk'shun), n. 
the act of enjoining; that which 
is enjoined; command, order, or 
precept; a writ of equity or 
prohibition to restrain certain 
proceedings. 

injure ('jur), v.t. to hurt; 
harm ; damage, physically or mor¬ 
ally. 

Syn. damage, hurt, deteriorate, 
wrong, aggrieve, harm, spoil, mar, 
sully. 

Ant. (see benefit). 

injurious (-jo5'ri-us), adj. 
hurtful, physically or morally; 
unjust; detrimental. 

Syn. hurtful, baneful, perni¬ 
cious, deleterious, noxious, preju¬ 
dicial, wrongful, damaging. 

Ant. (see beneficial). 

in-ju-ry ('joo-ri), n. [pi. injuries 
(-iz) ], that which occasions harm 
morally or physically ; detriment; 
loss; damage. 

injustice (-jus'tis), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being unjust; violation of 
another’s rights ; injury ; wrong. 

Syn. wrong, iniquity, grievance. 

Ant. (see right). 

ink (ingk), n. a fluid or viscous 
material used for writing, print- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mo5n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







Ink 


477 


ing, &c.: v.t. to spread ink upon ; 
color or blacken with ink. 
ink- i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being inky. 

ink-ling ('ling), n. an intima¬ 
tion ; hint. 

ink-y ('i), adj. consisting of, or 
like, ink; discolored with ink; 
black. 

in-land (in'land), adj. pertaining 
to, or situated in, the interior of 
a country; remote from the sea; 
not foreign: adj. towards the 
interior. 

in-lay (-la'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in¬ 
laid, p.pr. inlaying], to ornament 
(a surface) by laying in pieces 
of ivory, wood, metal, &c.: n. 
materials for inlaying, 
in-let (-let'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in¬ 
let, p.pr. inletting], to inlay; in¬ 
sert: n. (in'let), an entrance; a 
small bay or creek, 
in-mate (in’mat), n. one who 
dwells with others in a house, 
in-most ('most), adj. deepest 
within. Also innermost, 
inn (in), n. a house for the re¬ 
ception and entertainment of 
travelers; tavern; in England, a 
college of common law professors 
and students. 

in-nate ('nat), adj. inborn; na¬ 
tive. 

inner ('er), adj. internal; in¬ 
terior ; esoteric: n. that part of 
a target which is between the 
outer and the bull’s-eye. 
in-ner-va-tion (-er-va'shun), n. 
the arrangement of nervous fila¬ 
ments in the body; special activ¬ 
ity or stimulus in any part of the 
nervous system. 

innings ('ingsj, n.pl. the turn 
of a side or player to bat; lands 
reclaimed from the sea. 
in-no-cence ('o-sens), n. freedom 
from guilt; purity; simplicity of 
heart; harmlessness ; mental im¬ 
becility. Also innocency. 
in-no-cent ('o-sent), adj. free 
from guilt or wrong-doing; 
blameless; pure in heart and 
life; weak in intellect. 

Syn. guiltless, sinless, harm¬ 
less, inoffensive, innoxious. 

Ant. (see guilty). 


int 


innocuous (-nok'u-us), adj. 
harmless. 

Syn. harmless, safe, innocent. 

Ant. (see hurtful). 

innovate ('o-vat), v.i. to make 
alterations or changes in some¬ 
thing already established; intro¬ 
duce new things. 

in no va tor ('o-va-ter), n. one 
who introduces, or seeks to intro¬ 
duce, new things. 

innoxious (-nok'shus), n. 
harmless. 

innuendo (-u-en'do), n. [pi. 
innuendos, -does (-doz)], an 
oblique hint or insinuation. 

in-nu-mer-a-bil-i-ty (-nu-mer-a- 
bil'i-ti), n. the state of being in¬ 
numerable. Also innumerable¬ 
ness. 

in-nu-mer-a-ble ('mer-fi-bl), adj. 
that cannot be counted; very 
numerous. 

in-nu-mer-a-bly (-bli), adv. with 
out number. 

in-nu-tri-tious (-trish'us), adj. 
not affording nutrition or nour¬ 
ishment. 

in-o-car-pus (-o-kar'pus), adj. 
having fibrous fruit. 

in-oc-u-late (-ok'u-lat). v.t. to 
communicate a disease to, by the 
insertion of infectious matter 
into the system ; graft on by the 
insertion of buds: v.i. to practice 
inoculation; graft by the inser¬ 
tion of buds. 

in-oc-u-la-tor ('ter), n. one who 
inoculates. 

in-or-di-nate (-or'di-nat), adj. 
immoderate; excessive. 

Syn. intemperate, irregular, dis¬ 
orderly, excessive, immoderate. 

Ant. (see moderate). 

in-or-di-nate-ly (-li), adv. im¬ 
moderately. 

in-or-gan-ic (-gan'ik), adj. des¬ 
titute of organs; not produced by 
living organisms. Also inor- 
ganical. 

in-or-gan-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
without organs. 

inquest ('kwest), n. a coroner’s 
inquiry with a jury into the 
cause of a sudden death from any 
cause; a judicial inquiry. 

in-quire (-kwir'), v.i. to seek for 
or after by questions; make in- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut: thin, then. 





inq 


478 


Ins 


quiry (with for. into. after. ! 
about). 

in-quir-y (-kwir'i), n. f pi. in¬ 
quiries ('iz) ]. the act of inquir¬ 
ing ; search by question; investi¬ 
gation ; question ; research. 

Syn. investigation, examination, 
research, scrutiny, disquisition, 
question, query, interrogation, 
in-qui-si-tion (-kwi-zish'un), n. 
inquiry; examination; a judicial 
inquiry in criminal matters, 
in-quis-i-tive (-kwis'i-tiv), adj. 
given to asking questions; pry¬ 
ing ; curious. 

Syn. prying, peeping, curious, 
peering. 

in-quis-i-tor ('i-ter), n. one who 
makes inquiries or investigates, 
in-quis-i-to-ri-al (-to'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to an inquisitor or to 
his office ; prying, 
in-road ('rod), n. a hostile incur¬ 
sion. 

in-sane (-san'), adj. mentally de¬ 
ranged ; mad ; irrational ; very 
foolish. 

Syn. mad, deranged, delirious, 
demented. 

Ant. (see sane). 

in-san-i-ty (-san'i-ti), n. derange¬ 
ment of mind or intellect; lunacy ; 
madness. 

Syn. madness, mental aberra¬ 
tion, lunacy, delirium. 

Ant. (see sanity), 
in-sa-tia-bil-i-ty (-sa-sha-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being in¬ 
satiable. 

in-sa-tia-ble ('sha-bl), adj. that 
cannot be satisfied or appeased, 
in-scribe (-skrib'). v.t. to write 
or engrave upon; address in a 
formal dedication; draw (one 
figure within another), 
in-scrip-tion (-skrip'shun), n. 
the act of inscribing; that which 
is inscribed ; a dedicatory address ; 
entry in a roll or register, 
in - scrip - tive ('tiv), adj. in¬ 
scribed. 

in-scru-ta-bil-i-ty (-skr55-tfi-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the quality of being in¬ 
scrutable. 

in-scrn-ta-ble ('ta-bl). adj. not 
to be penetrated by inquiry or 
reason ; incomprehensible, 
in-sect ('sekt), n. one of a nu¬ 
merous class of articulate ani¬ 


mals, the Insecta ; anything very 
minute or contemptible. 

In-sec-ta (-sek'ta), n.pl. a class 
of articulate animals having 3 
pairs of legs, 2 pairs of wings, 
and the body divided into 3 seg¬ 
ments—head, thorax, and abdo¬ 
men. 

in - sec - ti - cide ('ti-sid), n. a 
powder for destroying insects, 
in-sen-sate (-sen'sat), adj. desti¬ 
tute of sense or mental percep¬ 
tion ; soulless ; mad ; brutish, 
in-sen-si-bil-i-ty (-si-bil'i-ti). n. 
the quality of being insensible; 
apathy. 

in-sen-si-ble ('si-bl), adj. that 
cannot be felt or perceived men¬ 
tally or physically ; heedless ; cal¬ 
lous ; senseless. 

in-sert (-sert'), v.t. to place in or 
among; introduce into, 
in-ser-tion (-ser'shun), n. the 
act of inserting; that which is 
inserted, as lace or embroidery in 
. a garment, words in writing, &c. 
in-set ('set), n. a leaf or leaves 
inserted in a newspaper, maga¬ 
zine, &c.: v.t. (in-set'), to set in; 
implant. 

in-shore ('shor), adv. near or 
towards the shore, 
in-side ('sld), adj. interior; be¬ 
ing within : adv. & prep, within ; 
in less time or space: n. that 
which is within ; inner part; con¬ 
tents ; entrails; an inside pas¬ 
senger. 

i n-s i d-i-o n s (-sid'i-us), adj. 
treacherous ; deceitful; operating 
secretly. 

in-sight ('sit), n. penetration; 
intuition. 

i n-s i g-n i-a (-sig'ni-&), n.pl . 

badges of honor or office, 
in-sig-nif-i-cance (-nif'i-kans), 
n. unimportance. Also insignifi¬ 
cancy. 

in-sig-nif-i-cant ('i-kant), adj. 
without importance, force, influ¬ 
ence, or meaning; trivial; con¬ 
temptible. 

in-sin-u-ate ('u-at), v.t. to in¬ 
gratiate, as into the confidence 
or affections of; suggest or hint 
indirectly; introduce as by a 
winding motion; worm in: v.i. 
work one’s self into the confi¬ 
dence or affection of another. 


late, mar- mask. cat. awl: he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






ins 


479 


ins 


Syn. hint, intimate, suggest, 
infuse, introduce, ingratiate, 
insinuating (-ing), p.adj. 
characterized by insinuation; 
gently gaining favor; hinting 
slyly. 

insinuation (-u-a'shun), n. 
the act of insinuating; an in¬ 
direct or sly hint, 
in-sip-id (-sip'id), adj. without 
flavor; tasteless. 

t^yn. dull, flat, mawkish, taste¬ 
less, vapid, inanimate, lfrfeless. 
Ant. (see bright, sparkling), 
in-si-pid-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being insipid, 
in-sist (-sist'), v.i. to urge or 
press, as a wish or command ; be 
persistent or peremptory, 
in-sist-ence ('ens), n. the act of 
insisting. Also insistency, 
in-sist-ent ('ent), adj. urgent; 
conspicuous; entirely on the 
ground, as the hind toe of a bird; 
supported by something else, 
in-so-bri-e-ty (-so-bri'i-ti), n.. 

intemperance. 

in-so-lence ('sd-lens), n. con¬ 
temptuous or overbearing lan¬ 
guage or manner; offensive im¬ 
pertinence ; insulting behavior, 
in-so-lent ('so-lent), adj. over¬ 
bearing or contemptuously of¬ 
fensive to others; insulting; 
grossly rude. 

Syn. rude, saucy, pert, imperti¬ 
nent, abusive* scurrilous, oppro¬ 
brious, insulting, offensive, 
in-sol-u-bil-i-ty (-sol-u-bil'i-ti), 
n. the quality of being insoluble, 
in-sol-u-ble ('u-bl), adj. that 
cannot be dissolved ; not soluble; 
inexplicable. 

in-sol-ven-cy ('ven-si), n. [pi. 
insolvencies (-siz)], the state of 
being insolvent. 

in-sol-vent ('vent), adj. unable 
to pay all debts; bankrupt: n. 
one who cannot pay all his debts; 
a bankrupt. 

in-som-ni-a (-som'ni-a), n. sleep¬ 
lessness. 

in-spect (-spekt'), v.t. to exam¬ 
ine critically; test officially; 
superintend. 

in-spec-tion (-spek'shun) , n. 
the act of inspecting; careful or 
critical scrutiny. 

in-spect-or ('er), n. one who in¬ 
spects or oversees; an official who 


superintends some matter of pub¬ 
lic interest; a police officer rank- 
# ing next below a superintendent, 
in-spi-ra-tion (-spi-ra'shun), n. 
the act of drawing air into the 
lungs; creative influence of gen¬ 
ius ; elevating influence derived 
from association with great 
minds, scenery, &c. ; the super¬ 
natural influence of the Holy 
Spirit on sacred writers and 
teachers. 

in-spir-a-to-ry (-spir'h-to-ri), 
adj. pertaining to inspiration, 
in-spire (-spir'), v.t. to draw 
(air) into the lungs; breathe 
into; imbue with ideas; exhila¬ 
rate or enliven ; communicate of¬ 
ficially : v.i. to inhale air or any 
other influence. 

Syn. animate, exhilarate, en¬ 
liven, cheer, breathe, inhale, 
in-spir-it (-spir'it). v.t. to in¬ 
fuse spirit into; animate; exhil¬ 
arate ; cheer. 

inspissate (-spis'at), v.t. to 
thicken by boiling or evaporation, 
in-sta-bil-i-ty (-sta-bil'i-ti), n. 
want of stability or firmness; in¬ 
constancy ; fickleness. 

Syn. mutability, fickleness, 
mutableness, wavering. 

Ant. (see stability, firmness), 
in-stall (-stawl'), v.t. to place or 
instate in an office or rank, 
in-stal-la-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of installing; induction of 
a minister of a non-episcopal 
church to a charge; introduction 
of machinery for use. 
in-stall-ment ('ment), n. the 
act of installing; payment of 
part of a sum of money due; 
one of a number of parts of any¬ 
thing produced. 

in-stance ('stans), v.t. to refer 
to, or offer as an example: n. 
something offered as an illustra¬ 
tion or example; earnest solicita¬ 
tion. 

in-stant ('stant), adj. urgent; 
immediate ; passing ; current: n. 
a particular moment of time; 
point of duration, 
in-stan-ta-ne-ons (-stan-ta'ne- 
us), adj. acting or occurring in 
a moment; position at a particu¬ 
lar moment. 

in-stan-ter (-stan'ter), adv. im¬ 
mediately. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ins 


480 


ins 


instantly (-stant'li), adv. at 
once. 

in-state (-stat'), v.t. to put in 
office or rank. 

in-stead (-sted'), adv. in room 
or place: followed by of. 

in-step ('step), n. the arched 
forepart of the upper side of the 
human foot; that part of a 
horse’s hind-leg which reaches 
from the hani to the pastern- 
joint. 

in-sti-gate ('sti-gat), v.t. to pro¬ 
voke or urge on (in a bad 
sense) ; incite. 

Syn. stir up, persuade, animate, 
incite, urge, stimulate, encourage. 

in-sti-ga-tor (-ga'ter), n. one 
who instigates. 

in-stil (-stil'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
instilled, p.pr. instilling], to in¬ 
sinuate gradually, as if by drops; 
pour in by drops. 

Syn. implant, inculcate, infuse, 
insinuate. 

in-stinct ('stingkt), adj. ani¬ 
mated ; stimulated from within: 
n. natural impulse in animals. 

in-stinc-tive (-stingk'tiv), adj. 
acting or prompted by instinct; 
spontaneous. 

in-sti-tute ('sti-tut), v.t. to es¬ 
tablish ; set up; fix ; originate ; 
set in operation; ordain; invest 
with the spiritual part of a bene¬ 
fice : n. established law ; a maxim 
or principle; scientific or liter¬ 
ary society: pi. a book of laws 
or principles, especially Roman 
laws. 

in-sti-tu-tion. (-tu'shun), n. the 
act of instituting; that which is 
instituted or established; a cor¬ 
porate body or society for pro¬ 
moting a particular object; the 
building where such a society 
meets. 

in-sti-tu-tion-al (-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to institutions; elemen¬ 
tary. 

in-sti-tu-tor ('sti-tu-ter), n. a 
founder; a cleric appointed by 
the bishop to institute a clergy¬ 
man into a spiritual benefice. 

in-struct (-strukt'), v.t. to 
teach; educate; furnish with or¬ 
ders or directions. 

Syn. inform, teach, educate, 
enlighten, initiate. 


in-struc-tion (-struk'shun), n. 
the act of instructing; educa¬ 
tion ; an order, &c. 
in-struc-tion-al (-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to instruction, 
in-struct-ive (-strukt'iv), adj.. 
tending to instruct; conveying in¬ 
struction. 

in-struct-or ('er), n. one whe 

instructs. 

in-stru-ment ('stroo-ment), n. 
that by which anything is ef¬ 
fected ;* a tool or implement; a 
mechanical contrivance for pro¬ 
ducing musical sounds ; agent; a 
writing containing the terms of a 
contract, as a deed, 
instrumental (-men'tal), adj. 
pertaining to, or done by, an in¬ 
strument ; conducive to some 
end ; helpful. 

Syn. conducive, assistant, help¬ 
ing, ministerial. 

in-stru-men-tal-i-ty (-tal'i-ti), 
n. [pi. instrumentalities (-tiz) ], 
a subordinate or auxiliary 
agency: means. 

in-stru-men-ta-tion (-tfi'shun), 
n. the arrangement of music for 
a combination of instruments; 
music thus arranged; use or 
method of using an instrument, 
in-sub-or-di-nate (-sub-6r'di- 
nat)‘, adj. not submitting to 
authority ; mutinous, 
in-siib-or-di-na-tion (-di-na'- 
shun), n. the state of being in¬ 
subordinate. 

in-suf-fer-a-ble (-suf'er-H-bl), 
adj. intolerable. 

in-suf-fer-a-bly (-bli), adv. in¬ 
tolerably. 

in-su-lar ('su-lar), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to an island, or to the in¬ 
habitants of an island, their cus¬ 
toms, &c.; isolated ; narrow, 
in-su-lar-i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. the 
state of being insular; narrow¬ 
ness of opinions, &c. 
in-su-late (/su-lat), v.t. to place 
alone, or in a detached situation ; 
separate by a non-conductor from 
other conducting bodies, 
in-su-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
act of insulating; the state of 
being insulated. 

in-su-la-tor ('ter), n. one who, 
or that which, insulates; a non- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






481 


int 


iflS 


conductor of electricity, heat, or 
sound. 

in-sult ('suit), n. an affront or 
indignity; gross abuse in word 
or action: v.t. (in-sult') to treat 
with gross indignity, contempt, 
nr abuse, by word or act. 

Syn. affront, outrage, indignity, 
blasphemy. 

Ant. (see honor), 
in-su-per-a-ble (-sii'per-d-bl), 
adj. not to be overcome; invin¬ 
cible. 

in-su-per-a-bly (-bli), adv. in¬ 
surmountably. 

in-sur-a-ble (-shur'a-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being insured against 
loss, damage, &c.; proper to be 
insured. 

in sur ance ('ans), n. the act or 
system of insuring against loss 
or damage; a contract entered 
into to secure against loss by 
fire, &c., by the payment of a 
specified sum ; premium paid, 
in-sure (-shur'), v.t. to contract 
on certain conditions to secure 
against loss or damage by fire, 
&c.; make sure or secure, 
in-sur-gent (-ser'jent), adj. ris¬ 
ing against constituted authority : 
n. a rebel. 

in-sur-rec-tion (-rek'shun), n. 
active or open hostility to consti¬ 
tuted authority ; rebellion, 
in-sur-ree-tion-a-ry (-a-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, or engaged in, in¬ 
surrection ; seditious, 
in-tact (-takt'), adj. entire: un¬ 
injured. 

in-tag-lio (en-ta'lyo), n. [pi. in- 
taglii, -glios (lye, lyoz)], a gem 
or stone having a design cut in 
the surface: incised carving, 
in-te-ger (in'te-jer), n. the whole: 
a whole number: opposed to 

fraction. 

in-te-gral ('te-gral), adj. consti¬ 
tuting a whole; complete: per¬ 
taining to an integer: n. the 

whole made up of parts. 

1 n-t e-g rant ('te-grant), adj. 
making part of a whole ; necessary 
to constitute an entire thing, 
in-te-grate ('te-grat), v.t. to 

bring together the parts of; give 
the sum total of: v.i. to pass 
from a complex and unstable state 


i 

to one relatively simple and 
stable. 

in-teg-ri-ty (-teg'ri-ti), n. up¬ 
rightness ; virtue ; honesty ; sound¬ 
ness ; unimpaired or unbroken 
state of anything. 

< Syn. uprightness, honesty, pro¬ 
bity, entirety, entireness, com¬ 
pleteness, rectitude, purity. 

Ant. (see dishonesty). 
in-teg-u-ment ('u-ment), n. an 
external covering or skin, 
in-tel-lect ('tel-ekt). n. the mind 
or understanding; superior intel¬ 
ligence ; acquired knowledge. 

Syn. understanding, sense, 
brains, mind, intelligence, ability, 
talent, genius. 

Ant. (see body). 

in-tel-lec-tu-al ('tu-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or apprehended by, 
the intelle t; mental; ideal. 

Syn. mental, ideal, metaphysi¬ 
cal. 

Ant. (see brutal), 
in-tel-lec-tu-al-ism (-izm), n. 
intellectual power or quality ; the 
doctrine that all knowledge is de¬ 
rived from pure reason, 
in-tel-lec-tu-al-i-ty (-tu-al'i-ti), 
n. the quality or state of being 
intellectual. 

in-tel-lec-tu-al-ly ('tu-al-li), adv. 

by means of the intellect, 
in-tel-li-gence (-tel'i-jens), n. 
intellectual capacity; understand¬ 
ing ; mind ; acquired knowledge ; 
notification ; news, 
in-tel-li-gent ('i-jent), adj. en¬ 
dowed with intelligence or under¬ 
standing; exhibiting knowledge; 
clever : acute ; discerning, 
in-tel-li-gi-ble ('i-ji-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being understood : clear. 

Syn. clear, obvious, plain, dis¬ 
tinct. 

Ant. (see abstruse), 
iif - tel - li - gi - bly (-bli), adv. 
clearly. 

in-tem-pe* -ance (-tem'per-ans), 
n. want of moderation or self re¬ 
straint ; excess, especially in the 
use of alcoholic liquors, 
in - tern - per - ate ('per-at). adj. 
characterized by want of moder¬ 
ation or self restraint; excessive ; 
addicted to alcoholic liquors. 

Syn. immoderate, excessive, 
drunken, nimious, inordinate. 

Ant. (see temperate). 


late, mar, m§sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







482 


int 


mt 


intend (-tend'), v.t. to purpose; 
mean. 

in-tend-ant ('ant), n. a superin¬ 
tendent. 

in-tend-ed ('ed), n. an affianced 
lover. 

in-tense (-tens'), adj. increased 
to excess; strained ; forced ; ar¬ 
dent ; vehement. 

Syn. ardent, earnest, glowing, 
fervid, burning, vehement, 
in-ten-si-fy (-ten'si-fi), v.t. \p.t. 
& p.p. intensified, p.pr. intensify¬ 
ing], to render more intense; 
heighten. 

in-ten si-ty ('si-ti >, n. [pi. inten¬ 
sities (-tiz)], the state or quality 
of being intense; density, as of 
a negative plate; the force or 
^energy of any physical agent, 
ili-ten-sive ('siv), adj. serving 
to intensify; giving force or em¬ 
phasis to. 

in-tent (-tent'), adj. having the 
mind strained or closely fixed on 
a subject; anxiously diligent: 
constantly or assiduously directed 
(with on) : n. purpose; aim. 

Syn. design, purpose, intention, 
drift, view, aim, purport, mean¬ 
ing. 

I in-ten-tion (-ten'shun), n. pur¬ 
pose ; fixed design; end or aim; 
project. 

in-ten-tioned ('shund), adj. hav¬ 
ing intentions. 

in-ter (-ter'), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. in¬ 
terred, p.pr. interring], to bury, 
in-ter, a prefix meaning between , 
among. 

in-ter-ca-la-ry (-ter'ka-la-ri), adj. 
inserted in the -calendar, as Feb. 
29 in leap-year. 

in-ter-ca-late ('kfi-lat), v.t. to 
insert between or among, 
in-ter-cede (-sed'), v.i. to medi¬ 
ate as a friend between persons 
at variance; plead for another; 
interpose. 

in-ter-ce-pt (-sept'), v.t. to stop 
and seize in the way; cut off; ob¬ 
struct ; include between two 
points of a line. 

in-ter-ces-sion (-sesh'un), n. the 
act of interceding; mediation ; a 
prayer for persons of different 
conditions. 

in-ter-ces-sor (-ses'er), n. a medi¬ 
ator. 


in-ter-course ('ter-kors), n. con¬ 
nection, correspondence, or com¬ 
munication between individuals, 
nations, &e.: mutual exchange: 
familiarity; fellowship. 

Syn. commerce, connection, in¬ 
timacy, acquaintance. 

in-ter-dict f-dikt'), v.t. to re¬ 
strain or forbid ; cut off from the 
spiritual services of the Church. 

Syn. forbid, prohibit, inhibit, 
proscribe, debar, restrain from. 

Ant. (see allow). 

in-ter-est ('ter-est), v.t. to en¬ 
gage the attention; awuxken con¬ 
cern in; cause to take a share 
in : n. advantage ; influence ; per¬ 
sonal concern ; benefit; profit: 
premium paid for the use of 
money. 

in-ter-est-ing (-ing), p.adj. en¬ 
gaging the attention or curiosity; 
exciting the feelings or emotions. 

interfere (-fer'), v.i. to inter¬ 
pose or- meddle in the affairs of 
others; oppose; come into col¬ 
lision ; act reciprocally so as to 
modify the result; injure the fet¬ 
lock by striking it with the op¬ 
posite hoof. 

in-ter-fer-ence ('ens), n. the act 
of interfering. 

interim ('ter-im), n. interven¬ 
ing time or period: adv. in the 
meanwhile. * 

in-te-ri-or (-te'ri-6r). adj. not ex¬ 
terior ; inner; internal; remote 
from the coast or frontier: n. the 
inside; the inland; home depart¬ 
ment of a government. 

in-ter-jec-tion (-ter-jek'shun), n. 
an exclamation; a word thrown 
in to express sudden emotion, 
feeling, &c. 

in-ter-leave (-lev), v.t. to insert 
a leaf in : as to interleave a book 
with blank leaves or illustrations. 

in-ter-lin-e-ar (-lin'e-fir), adj. 
written or printed between other 
lines, as a translation. 

in-ter-loc-n-to-ry (-lok'u-to-ri), 
adj. conversational; intermediate; 
not final. 

in-ter-lo-per ('ter-ld-per), n. an 
intruder. 

in-ter-lude ('ter-lud), n. a short 
entertainment given between acts 
of a play, &c.; a short instru¬ 
mental passage played between 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbreh, lot; m55n. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






int 


483 


int 


the stanzas of a hymn, acts of 
an opera, &c. 

ia-ter-me-di-a-ry (-me'di-a-ri), 

adj. intervening: n. an agent; go- 
between ; medium, 
ia-terme-di-ate ('di-at), adj. ex¬ 
isting or lying in the middle ; in¬ 
tervening. 

ia-ter-aieat ('rnent), n. burial, 
inter-mezzo (-met'zo), n. an in¬ 
terlude. 

ia-ter-aiis-sioa (-mish'un), n. 
interruption; pause; temporary 
cessation between paroxysms of 
a disease. 

in-ter-Emit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
intermitted, p.pr. intermitting], to 
cause to cease for a time; inter¬ 
rupt ; suspend. 

in-tern (-tern'), v.t. to confine 
within a town or fortress, or in 
the interior of a country; place 
under arrest. 

in ter nal (-tqr'nal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the center; interior; in¬ 
ward ; not foreign ; domestic, 
in-ter-nal-ly (-li), adv. inwardly, 
in-ter-na-tion-al (-nash'un-al), 
adj. pertaining to two or more na¬ 
tions in common. 

in-ter-ne-cine (-ne'sin), adj. mu¬ 
tually destructive; deadly, 
in-ter-pel-late (-pel'at), v.t. to 
question. 

in-ter-plead-er (-pled'er), n. the 
discussion of a point incidentally 
occurring in law. 

in-ter-po-late ('po-lat), v.t. to 
insert in a book of writing new 
or spurious matter; corrupt by 
insertions. 

in-ter-po-la-tor (-er), n. one who 
interpolates. 

ia-ter-pose (-poz'), v.t. to place 
between; thrust in; interrupt: 
v.i. to intercede; come between. 

aS >pn. intercede, arbitrate, medi¬ 
ate, interfere, meddle, 
in-ter-pret ('pret), v.t. to explain 
the meaning of; expound; con¬ 
strue. 

Syn. explain, expound, eluci¬ 
date, unfold, decipher, 
ia-ter-pre-ta-tioa (-ta'shun), n. 
the act of interpreting; expla¬ 
nation. 

ia-ter-reg-anm (-reg'num), n. 
the period between two reigns, 


governments, or ministries; time 
of abeyance. 

ia-ter-ro-gate ('6-gat), v.t. to 
question : v.i. to ask questions, 
ia-ter-ro-ga-tioa (-ga'shun), n. 
the act of interrogating; a ques¬ 
tion ; inquiry; a mark (?) denot¬ 
ing a question. 

ia-ter-r og-a-tive (-rog'a-ti v), 
adj. denoting or containing a 
question or inquiry: n. a word 
used in asking a question, 
ia-ter-rog-a-tive-ly (-li), adv. 
by questions. 

ia-ter-ro-ga-tor ('6-ga-ter), n. 

one who interrogates, 
ia-ter-rog-a-to-ry (-rog'a-to-ri), 
adj. pertaining to, or expressing, 
a question : n. a question in writ¬ 
ing put to a party to a suit, 
ia-ter-rupt (-rupt'), v.t. to stop 
or hinder by breaking in upon; 
break the continuity of; cause to 
be delayed ; end suddenly, 
ia-ter-rupt-ed ('ed), p.adj. in¬ 
termitted ; broken, 
ia-ter-rup-tioa ('shun), n. the 
act of interrupting; hindrance; 
obstruction; intervention; sud¬ 
den cessation. 

ia-ter-sect (-sekt'), v.t. to cut or 
divide mutually: v.i. to cross 
each other. 

ia-ter-sec-tioa (-sek'shun), n. 
the act or state of intersecting; 
place of crossing; the point or 
line in which two lines or two 
# planes cut each other, 
ia-ter-stel-lar (-stel'ar), adj. 
pertaining to, or situated in, 
space between the stars, 
ia-ter-stice ('ter-stis, or -ter'- 
stis), n. a narrow space between 
things closely set; crevice, 
ia-ter-sti-tial (-stish'al), adj. 
pertaining to, containing, or ex¬ 
isting in, interstices, 
ia-ter-ti-dal (-ti'dal), adj. living 
between high- and low-water 
mark. 

ia-ter-val ('ter-val), n. time or 
space between; distance between 
two given musical sounds, 
ia-ter-vale ('ter-val), n. a tract 
of low ground situated between 
hills, or by the banks of a river, 
ia-ter-veae (-ven'), v.i. to come, 
or be situated, between; inter¬ 
pose ; interfere. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; miite, nut; thin, then. 







Int 


484 


int 


in-ter-ven-tion (-ven'shun), n. 
the act of intervening; interposi¬ 
tion ; mediation. 

in-ter-view ('ter-vu), v.t. to 
visit, as a notable personage, to 
obtain particulars respecting 
himself or his opinions: n. a per¬ 
sonal conference or meeting, 
in-tes-ta-ey (-tes'ta-si), n. the 
state of dying without a will, 
in-tes-tate ('tat), adj. dying 
without having made a valid 
will: n. one who dies without 
having made a will, 
in-tes-ti-nal ('ti-nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or found in, the in¬ 
testines. 

in-tes-tine ('tin), adj. internal; 
not foreign : n.pl. the bowels; en¬ 
trails. 

in-ti-ma-cy ('ti-ma-si), n. [pi. 
intimacies (-siz)], close or con¬ 
fidential friendship, 
in-ti-mate ('ti-mat), adj. close 
in friendship; well acquainted; 
familiar ; confidential; complete : 
v.t. to indicate; make known. 

Syn. hint, suggest, insinuate, 
express, signify, impart, tell, 
in-ti-mate-ly (-li), adv. in an 
intimate manner. 

in-ti-ma-tion (-ma'shun), n. an 
indirect suggestion or hint; an¬ 
nouncement. 

in-tim-i-date (-tim'i-dat), v.t. to 
make afraid. 

Syn. dishearten, alarm, fright¬ 
en, scare, appal, daunt, cow, 
browbeat. 

Ant. (see encourage), 
in-to ('too), prep, noting passage 
inwards; inclusion or compre¬ 
hension. 

im-tol-er-a-ble (-tol'er-a-bl), adj. 
unbearable. 

Syn. insufferable, unbearable, 
insupportable, unendurable, 
in-tol-er-a-bly (-bli), adv. in an 
intolerable manner, 
in-tol-er-ance ('er-ans), n. want 
of toleration of the opinions or 
practices of others; inability to 
bear or endure. 

in-tol-er-ant ('er-fint), adj. big¬ 
oted ; unable to bear or endure 
(with of). 

in-to-na-tion (-to-na'shun), n. 


the act or manner of sounding 
musical notes; modulation of the 
voice; act of intoning, 
in-tone (-t5n'), v.t. to recite in 
monotone. 

intoxicant (-toks'i-kant), n. 

that which intoxicates, 
in-tox-i-cate ('i-kat), v.t. to 
make drunk by spirituous liq¬ 
uors ; excite unduly, 
in-tox-i-ca-tion (-lta'shun), n. 
the act of intoxicating; extreme 
excitement. 

intra, a prefix meaning within, as 
intra mural, within the walls of a 
city. 

in-trac-ta-bil-i-ty (-trak-ta-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality or state of 
being intractable. 

in-trac-ta-ble (-trak'ta-bl), adj. 
unmanageable. 

in-trac-tile ('til), adj. incapable 
of being drawn out; not exten¬ 
sible. 

in-tra-dos (-tra'dos), n. the in¬ 
terior and lower line or curve of 
an arch. 

in-tra-mu-ral, see under intra. 
in-tran-si-tive ('si-tiv), adj. not 
passing over to or requiring an 
object: said of certain verbs, 
in-tran-si-tive-ly (-li), adv. in 
an intransitive manner, 
in-trep-id (-trep'id), adj. bold; 
fearless. 

Syn. bold, brave, daring, fear¬ 
less, dauntless, undaunted, coura¬ 
geous, valorous, valiant, heroic, 
gallant, chivalrous, doughty. 

Ant. (see cowardly, faint¬ 
hearted) . 

in-tre-pid-i-ty (-tre-pid'i-ti), n. 

fearlessness. 

intricacy ('tri-ka-si), n. [pi. 
intricacies (-siz)], the quality of 
being intricate; perplexity, 
in-tri-cate ('tri-kat), adj. en¬ 
tangled or involved, 
in-trigue (in-treg'), v.i. to carry 
on a secret plot; engage in clan¬ 
destine love affairs: n. a secret 
plot; clandestine love affair. 

Syn. plot, cabal, conspir¬ 
acy, combination, artifice, ruse, 
amour. 

in-trin-sic (-trin'sik), adj. per¬ 
taining to that which is inherent ; 
real; genuine. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







Int 


485 


inv 


Syn. real, true, genuine, ster¬ 
ling, native, natural. 

Ant. (see extrinsic), 
in-trin-sic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in¬ 
herently. 

intro, a prefix meaning within, 
into, as introcesswn, a depression 
or sinking of parts inwards, 
in-tro-duce (-tro-dus'), v.t. to 
conduct or bring in; bring into 
use or notice; bring into ac¬ 
quaintance ; insert, 
in-tro-duc-tion (-duk'shun), n. 
the act of introducing; presenta¬ 
tion ; a preface. 

in-tro-duc-to-ry ('to-ri), adj. 
serving to introduce. Also intro- 
ductive. 

in-tro-flexed (-flekst'), adj. bent 
inwards. 

in-tro-mis-sion (-tro-mish'un), 
n. insertion; introduction, 
in-tro-mit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. intromitted, p.pr. intromit¬ 
ting], to admit; insert, 
in-trude (-trud'), v.i. to thrust 
one’s self in without invitation 
or welcome: v.t. force in. 
in-tru-sion (-tru'zhun), n. the 
act of intruding; encroachment; 
unlawful entry into vacant lands 
or tenements. 

in-tu-i-tion (-tu-ish'un), n. in¬ 
stinctive knowledge or feeling; 
immediate perception, 
in-tu-i-tion-al (-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to intuition, 
in-tu-i-tive ('i-tiv). adj. per¬ 
ceived immediately by the mind, 
in-tu-i-tive-ly (-li), adv. without 
reasoning. 

in-un-date (-un'dat), v.t. to fill 
with an overflowing abundance; 
flood. 

in-un-da-tion (-da'shun), n. 
overflow ; flood. 

in-ure (-ur'), v.t. to habituate, 
or accustom ; toughen, 
in vac-u-o (vak'u-o), in a vac¬ 
uum. 

invade (-vad'), v.t. to enter (a 
country) with a hostile army ; in¬ 
fringe upon ; violate, 
in-val-id (-val'id), adj. of no 
force or authority; null and 
void: n. (in'va-lid), one who is 
weak or infirm in health; a dis¬ 
abled soldier or sailor: v.t. to 


register as an invalid; affect with 
disease. 

in-val-i-date (-val'i-dat), v.t. to 
weaken or destroy the force or 
validity of. 

Syn. quash, cancel, overthrow, 
vacate, nullify, annul, 
in-va-lid-i-ty (-lid'i-ti), n. want 
of legal force or argument, 
in-val-n-a-ble (-val , u-&-bl), adj. 
priceless. 

in-var-i-a-ble (-var'i-a-bl), adj. 
constant. 

in-var-i-a-bly (-bli), adv. con¬ 
stantly. 

in-va-sion (-va'zhun), n. the act 
of invading; hostile incursion; 
encroachment. 

Syn. incursion, irruption, in¬ 
road, aggression, raid, fray, 
in-vec-tive (-vek'tiv), n. a vio¬ 
lent utterance of censure, sar¬ 
casm, or abuse: adj. abusive. 

Syn. abuse, reproach, railing, 
censure, sarcasm, satire, 
in-veigh (-va'), v.i. to rail 
against persons or things with 
vehemence; utter censure or re¬ 
proach ; declaim. 

in-vei-gle (-ve'gl), v.t. to entice; 
seduce. 

in-vent (-Vent'), v.t. to find out 
by original study or contrivance; 
devise or contrive; originate. 

Syn. devise, contrive, frame, 
find out, discover, design, 
in-ven-tion (-ven'shun), n. the 
act of inventing; the thing in¬ 
vented ; discovery; creative fac¬ 
ulty ; concoction ; fabrication, 
in-vent-ive ('iv), adj. able to in¬ 
vent ; quick at contriving; ready 
in* expedients. 

in-vent-ive-ly (-li), adv. by the 
faculty of invention, 
in-vent-ive-ness (-nes), n. the 
inventive faculty. 

in-vent-or ('er), n. one who in¬ 
vents. 

in-ven-to-ry ('ven-to-ri), n. [pi. 
inventories (-riz)], a catalogue 
or list of goods, furniture, &c.; 
account: v.t. to draw up an in¬ 
ventory or catalogue of. 
in-verse (-vers'), adj. contrary in 
tendency, direction, or effect; re¬ 
ciprocal ; inverted, 
in-verse-ly ('li), adv. in an in¬ 
verse order or ratio. 


late, miir, mAsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








inv 


486 


inv 


in-ver-sion (-ver'shun), n. the 
act of inverting; the state of be¬ 
ing inverted; contrary change of 
order or position. 

in-ver-sive ('siv), adj. pertaining 
to, or causing, inversion, 
in-vert (-vert'), v.t. to turn up¬ 
side down. 

In-ver-te-bra-ta (-ver-te-bra'ta), 
n.pl. one of the sub-divisions of 
the animal kingdom, including 
those animals which have no ver¬ 
tebrae of spinal column, 
in-ver-te-brate ('te-brat), n. one 
of the Invertebrata: adj. having 
no backbone; having no force of 
character; weak. 

in-vest (-vest'), v.t. to place or 
lay out, as money; clothe, as with 
office, authority, or dignity; sur¬ 
round : v.i. to make an investment, 
in-ves-ti-gate ('ti-gat), v.t. to 
ascertain by careful inquiry; 
search ; examine. 

in-ves-ti-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. 
the act of investigating; in¬ 
quiry ; search. 

Syn. examination, search, in¬ 
quiry, research, scrutiny, 
in-ves-ti-ga-tor ('ter), n. one 
who investigates. 

in-ves-ti-ture ('ti-tur), n. the act 
or right of giving legal possession ; 
the ceremony of inducting a 
bishop into his office, 
in-vest-ment (-vest'ment), n. the 
act of laying out money produc¬ 
tively ; money so invested; the 
act of besieging or blockading, 
ia-vest-or (-vest'er), n. one who 
invests. 

in-vet-er-a-cy (-vet'er-a-si), # n. 

the state of being inveterate, 
in-vet-er-ate ('er-at), adj. deep- 
rooted ; habitual. 

Syn. confirmed, chronic, malig¬ 
nant. 

Ant. (see inchoate), 
invidious (-vid'i-us), adj. likely 
to provoke ill-will or envy; un¬ 
pleasant. 

Syn. envious, hateful, odious, 
malignant. 

in-vig-or-ate (-vig'or-at). v.t. to 
give vigor to; strengthen; ani¬ 
mate. 

Syn. brace, harden, nerve, 
strengthen, fortify. 

Ant. (see enervate). 


in-vin-ci-bil-i-ty (-vin-si-bil'i-ti>. 

n. the quality of being invincible, 
in-vin-ci-ble ('si-bl), adj. uncon¬ 
querable. 

Syn. unconquerable, impregna¬ 
ble, insurmountable, 
in-vi-o-la-bil-i-ty (-vl-o-la-bil'i- 
ti), n. the state or quality of be¬ 
ing inviolable. 

in-vi-o-la-ble ('o-la-bl), adj. thar 
cannot be profaned or injured; 
unbroken. Inviolate, 
in-vis-i-bil-i-ty (-viz-i-bil'i-ti), n. 

the state of being invisible, 
invisible ('i-bl), adj. that can¬ 
not be seen. 

Syn. unseen, imperceptible, im¬ 
palpable, unpereeivable. 
in-vi-ta-tion (-vi-ta'shun), n. 

the act of inviting; polite solici¬ 
tation ; the words or document by 
which one is invited, 
in-vi-ta-to -ry (-vl'ta-to-ri), adj. 

containing, or using, invitation, 
in-vite (-vlt'), v.t. to ask, solicit, 
or summon ; request the presence 
of ; persuade ; allure. 

Syn. ask, call, bid, request, al¬ 
lure, attract, solicit, 
in-vit-ing ('ing), p.adj. tempting; 
seductive. 

invocation (-vo-ka'shun), n. 

the act or form of invoking, 

in-voice ('vois), n. a document 
announcing the despatch of goods 
with their prices, quantity. &c.: 
v.t. to state or insert in an in¬ 
voice. 

in-voke (-vok'), v.t. to address in 
prayer or supplication; solicit 
(aid or protection). 

Syn. invocate, call upon, appeal, 
refer, implore, beseech, 
involuntarily (-vol'un-ta-ri- 
^ li), adv. not willingly, 
in-vol-un-ta-ry (-vol'un-ta-ri). 
adj. without will or choice; not 
spontaneous. 

involute ('vo-liit), adj. folded 
or rolled inwards, as certain 
leaves and flowers; coiled spi¬ 
rally : n. a particular kind of 
curve turned inward at the mar¬ 
gin. 

in-vo-lu-tion (-lu'shun), n. the 
act of involving or infolding: 
complication ; return of an organ 
or tissue to its normal size after 
distention ; the process of raising 
an arithmetical or algebraical 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moo®, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








Inv 


487 


Iro 


quantity to a given power, as 
3 4 = 81. 

in-volve (-volv'), v.t. to compli¬ 
cate ; entangle; surround; em¬ 
broil ; result as a logical conse¬ 
quence ; multiply a quantity into 
itself any given number of times. 

Syn. implicate, entangle, com¬ 
promise, envelop. 

in-vtil-ner-a-bil-i-ty (-vul-ner-a- 
bil'i-ti), n. the quality of being 
invulnerable. 

in-vnl-ner-a-ble (-vul'ner-a-bl), 
adj. that cannot be wounded or 
injured ; without any weak point, 
in-ward ('ward), adj. situated 
within; in the mind: adv. inte¬ 
rior ; towards the center. Also 
inwards. 

in-ward-ly (-li), adv. in an in¬ 
ward manner; secretly, 
in - wrought (-rawt'), p.adj. 
worked in; adorned with figures 
or patterns. 

io (I'o), n. the peacock butterfly, 
iod, a prefix, indicating the pres¬ 
ence of iodine. Also iodo. 
i-od-ic (I-od'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or containing, iodine, 
i-o-dide (I'b-dld), n. a compound 
of iodine. 

i-o-dine ('o-din), n. a non-metallic 
element, which, when heated, 
gives off a rich violet vapor, 
i-o-dize ('o-dlz), v.t. to treat with 
iodine. 

i-o-dism ('o-dizm), n. a morbid 
condition caused by overdoses of 
iodine. 

i-o-do-form (-o'do-f6rm), n. a 
crystalline compound formed by 
the action of iodine on alcohol 
and potash. 

i-o-dol ('o-dol), n. an antiseptic 
specific used for wounds and 
cutaneous diseases, 
ion ('on), n. a substance result¬ 
ing from the decomposition of a 
body by electrolysis. 

I-o-ni-an ('o-ni-fin), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Ionia, or its inhabitants. 
Also Ionic. 

I-on-ic or-der ('ik 6r'der), n. an 
order of classic architecture, char¬ 
acterized by the volute, or rarn’s- 
hom scroll, of its capital, 
i-o-ta (-o't&), n. the Greek let¬ 
ter (e), which from its being 
used under the vowels a U to 


( iota subscriptum ), denotes any- 
_ thing small or insignificant, 
ip-e-cac (ip'e-kak), n. ipecacu¬ 
anha. 

ip - e - cac - u - an - ha (ip-e-kak-u- 
an'a), n. the root of a South 
. American plant: used in medicine, 
ir, prefix meaning not. 
i-ra-de (i-ra'de), n. an imperial 
decree [Turkish], 
i-ras-ci-bil-i-ty (I-ras-i-bil'i-ti), 
n. quality of being irascible, 
i-ras-ci-ble ('i-bl), n. easily ex¬ 
cited to anger. 

i-ras-ci-bly (-bli), adv. in an iras¬ 
cible manner. 

i-rate (-rat'), adj. angry; en¬ 
raged. 

ire (ir), n. anger; wrath, 
irid, a prefix meaning eye. Also 
irido. 

ir-i-des-cence (ir-i-des'ens), n. 
the exhibition of colors like those 
of the rainbow. 

ir-i-des-cent ('ent), adj. exhibit¬ 
ing iridescence. 

i-rid-i-uxn ''I-rid'i-um), n. a me¬ 
tallic element. 

i-ris (Tis), n. [pi. irises, irides 
(-sez, 'ri-dez)], the pupil of the 
eye; the rainbow, 
i-ri-scope ('ri-skop), n. an ap¬ 
paratus for showing the prismatic 
colors. 

I-rish ('rish), adj. pertaining to 
Ireland, its inhabitants, or lan¬ 
guage. 

I-rish-ism (-izm), n. an Irish 
idiom. 

irk (erk), v.t. to weary: v.i. to 
become tired. 

irksome ('sum), adj. tedious; 
wearisome. 

Syn. wearisome, tiresome, tedi¬ 
ous, annoying. 

Ant. (see pleasant), 
i-ron (I'Srn), n. the most common 
and useful of the metals; an in¬ 
strument made of iron; anything 
especially hard or durable: pi. 
fetters: adj. pertaining to, re¬ 
sembling, or made of iron : v.t. to 
smooth with an iron implement; 
furnish with iron; fetter, 
i-ron age (aj), n. the last pre¬ 
historic age, characterized by the 
use of iron for weapons, &c.; the 
last of the four ages of classic 
mythology. 


late, m&r, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pCrch, lot; moSn. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







iro 


488 


iso 


\ 


i-ron-clad (-klad), n. a warship 
protected wholly or partially with 
iron or steel plates: adj. covered 
or protected with iron armor, 
i-ron-i-cal (l-ron'i-k&l), adj. ex¬ 
pressing one thing and meaning 
another. 

i-ron-i-cal-ly (-li), adv. in an 
ironical manner. 

i-ron-wood ('ern-wood), n. a 
name for the timber of trees of 
exceptional hardness and dura¬ 
bility. 

i-ro-ny ('ro-ni), n. subtle sar¬ 
casm ; a mode of speech convey¬ 
ing the opposite of what is meant. 

Syn. sarcasm, satire, ridicule, 
raillery. 

ir-ra-di-ance (ir-ra'di-ans), n. 
the act of sending forth luminous 
rays; luster. Irradiancy. 
ir-ra-di-ant (-ant), adj. emitting 
rays of light. 

Ir-ra-di-ate ('di-at), v.t. to shed 
light upon ; illuminate ; brighten : 
v.i. emit rays of light, 
ir-rad-i-ca^e (-rad'i-kat), v.t. to 
root deeply. 

ir-re-spec-tive (-re-spek'tiv), adj. 

regardless (with of). 
ir - re - spec - tive - ly (-li), adv. 
without regard. 

ir-ri-gate ('i-gat), v.t. to moisten 
(land) by causing water to flow 
over by artificial means, 
ir-ri-ta-bil-i-ty (-i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality or state of being irri¬ 
table. Irritableness, 
ir-ri-ta-ble ('i-ta-bl), adj. easily 
provoked to anger; easily stimu¬ 
lated to perform some physical 
function. 

Syn. excitable, irascible, sus¬ 
ceptible, sensitive. 

Ant. (see calm). 

ir-ri-ta-bly (-bli), adv. with irri¬ 
tation. 

ir-ri-tant ('i-t&nt), adj. causing 
irritation: n. anything which 
causes irritation. 

ir-ri-tate ('i-tat), v.t. to provoke 
or make angry; excite heat and 
redness in. 

Syn. aggravate, worry, embit¬ 
ter, madden, exasperate, 
ir-ri-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the act 
of irritating; the state of being 
irritated ; exasperation ; vexation ; 
impatience; excitement of muscu¬ 
lar action by external agency. 


ir-rup-tion (-rup'shun), n. a 
bursting or rushing in; sudden 
invasion. 

is (iz), 3rd p., sing., pres., indie. 
of be. 

is, prefix meaning equal. Also iso : 
as tsanthous, having equal an¬ 
thers ; isothermal, having the 
same mean summer temperature, 
i-sa-gon (i'sa-gon), n. a figure 
with equal angles. 

Ish-ma-el-ite (ish'ma-el-It), n. a 
descendant of Ishmael: hence a 
social outcast. 

i-sin-glass (l'zing-glas), n. a 
white semi-transparent substance 
prepared from the sounds or air- 
bladders of the sturgeon, cod, &c. 
Is-lam (is'lam), n. the Moham¬ 
medan religion; the whole body 
of Mohammedans and the coun¬ 
tries where the religion of Mo¬ 
hammed is professed, 
is-land (Hand), n. a tract of 
land surrounded by water; any¬ 
thing resembling an island, 
isle (11), n. an island [Poet.], 
is-let (I'let), n. a small island, 
isin (izm), n. a system or theory., 
iso, prefix, see is. 
i-so-bar (i'so-biir), n. a line 
which connects places on the 
earth’s surface having the same 
atmospheric pressure at the sea 
level. 

i-so-bar-ic (-bar'ik), adj. of equal 
barometric pressure; pertaining 
to, or showing, isobars. Also iso- 
barometric. 

i-so-cbro-mat-ic (-kro-mat'ik), 
adj. having the same color, 
i soch ro nous (-sok'ro-nus), adj. 

occurring in equal times, 
i-so-cli-nal (-so-kll'nal), adj. hav¬ 
ing the same dip or inclination, 
i-so-dy-nam-ic (-di-nam'ik), adj. 

having equal force, 
i-so-ge-o-ther-mal (-je-o-ther'- 
m&l), adj. noting imaginary lines 
connecting places on the earth’s 
surface which have the same mean 
annual temperature, 
is-o-late ('o-lat), v.t. to place 
alone; place in a detached situ¬ 
ation ; insulate; obtain in an un¬ 
combined form. 

is-o-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
state of being isolated, 
is-o-mer-ic (-mePik), adj. having 
the same elements in the same 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








iso 


489 


ivy 


proportions, but with different 
physical characteristics, 
is-o-met-ric (-met'rik), adj. hav¬ 
ing equality of measure, 
is o-mor-phisra (-mor'fizm), n. 
the quality of having the same 
crystalline form, but formed of 
different elements, 
i-sos-ce-les (-sos'e-lez), adj. hav¬ 
ing equal sides. 

i-so-therm ('sd-therm), n. an im¬ 
aginary line connecting those 
places on the earth’s surface 
which have the same mean tem¬ 
perature. 

i-so-ther-mal, see under is. 
Is-ra-el-ite (iz'ra-el-it), n. a 
descendant of Israel; a Jew. 

Is -ra-el-it-ish ('ish), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Israelites; Jewish. 
Also Israelitic. 

is-sne (ish'u), n. the act of pass¬ 
ing or flowing out; egress; that 
which flows or passes- out; dis¬ 
charge ; flux; publication; off¬ 
spring ; lineal descendants; prod¬ 
uce of the earth ; profits of land, 
&c.; essential points in pleading 
or debate ; result: v.t. to send out; 
publish ; put into circulation : v.i. 
to come or pass out; arise, as 
from a source ; flow ; proceed ; be 
descended ; end. 

Syn. emerge, rise, proceed, flow, 
spring, emanate: n. end, upshot, 
effect, result, offspring, progeny, 
isth-mi-an (ist'mi-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to an isthmus, 
isth-mus ('mus), n. a neck of 
land connecting two larger por¬ 
tions. 

I-tal-ian (i-tal'yan), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Italy, its inhabitants, or 
language. 

I-tal-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining to 
Italy; noting a slender, sloping 
kind of type ( italic ) : used for 
emphasis, &c.: n.pl. italic type, 
i-tal-i-cize ('i-slz), v.t. to write 
or print in italics. 


I-tal-i-ote ('i-ot), n. a Greek in¬ 
habitant of Italy, 
itch (ich), n. a parasitic cutane¬ 
ous disease causing great irrita¬ 
tion ; a constant and teasing de¬ 
sire for something: v.i. to feel a 
particular uneasiness m the skin, 
causing a desire to scratch the 
part affected ; have a constant and 
teasing desire for. 
i-tem (i'tem), n. a separate arti¬ 
cle or particular: a newspaper- 
paragraph : adv. also, 
it-er-ate (it'er-at), v.t. to repeat, 
it-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. repeti¬ 
tion. 

it-er-a-tive ('er-a-tiv), adj. re¬ 
peating. 

i-tin-er-a-cy (i-tin'er-a-si), n. the 
practice of itinerating, 
i-tin-er-an-cy ('er-an-si), n. a 
passing from place to place, espe¬ 
cially in the discharge of some of¬ 
ficial function, as by a judge on 
circuit, a preacher, &c. 
i-tin-er-ant ('er-ant), adj. pass¬ 
ing from place to place: n. one 
who itinerates. 

i-tin-er-a-ry ('er-a-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or done on, a journey; 
traveling from place to place : n. 
a traveler’s guide or route-book; 
a diary of a journey; plan of a 
projected excursion, 
i-tin-er-ate ('er-at), v.i. to travel 
from place to place, 
i-vo-ride ('vo-rid), n. a variety of 
artificial ivory. 

i-vo-ry ('vo-ri), n. the hard, bony, 
white dentine which forms the 
tusks of the elephant, walrus, &c.: 
adj. made of, or like, ivory, 
i-vo-ry palm (-pam), n. the palm 
from which the ivory nuts used in 
turning as an imitation for ivory 
are obtained. 

i-vo-ry-type (-tip), n. a particu¬ 
lar kind of photographic picture 
with an ivory-like surface, 
i-vy (l'vi), n. a clinging evergreen 
plant of the genus Hedera. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






J 


jab-ber ('er), v.i. to talk rapidly 
and indistinctly ; chatter, 
ja-cinth (ja'sinth), n. hyacinth; 

a red variety of zircon, 
jack (jak), n. a pike; in bowls, a 
small ball serving as a mark to be 
aimed at; the male of some ani¬ 
mals ; a leather cup or jug; tim¬ 
ber cut short of its usual length ; 
a flag used for signaling; the 
knave of cards ; a leathern coat of 
mail; a name applied to various 
kinds of levers or mechanical 
labor-saving appliances, as a jack- 
screw, roasting-jack, &c.: v.t. to 
.lift with a jack; give up. 
jack-al ('awl), n. a dog-like car¬ 
nivorous animal which hunts in 
packs; one who does base work 
for another. 

jack-a-napes ('a-naps), n. a con¬ 
ceited or upstart fellow, 
jack-ass ('as), n. the male ass; 
.donkey. 

jack-boots ('bootz), n.pl. large 
boots reaching above the knee, 
jack-daw ('daw), n. a glossy 
species of crow. 

fack-et ('et), n. a short tailless 
coat; a covering to prevent radia¬ 
tion of heat: v.t. to clothe with a 
jacket; beat. 

jack-stays ('staz), n.pl. ropes 
stretched along the yard of a ship 
to fasten the sails to. 
jaconet ('o-net), n. a fine soft 
white cotton material somewhat 
resembling cambric; nainsook. 
Also jacconet. 

Jac quard ('kard), -n. a loom for 
weaving patterns invented by Jac- 
.quard, a Frenchman, 
jade (jad), n. a tired or worn-out 
horse; a vicious woman ; a young 
woman (contemptuously or hu¬ 
morously) ; a silicate of magnesia 
and lime of green color: formerly 
much used for ornaments, &c.: 
v.t. to tire by long-continued la¬ 
bor ; harass. 

Syn. harass, weary, tire, worry, 
jag (jag), n. a notch; projecting 
point; denticulation; a small 


load ; a condition of partial intoxi¬ 
cation : v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. jagged, 
p.pr. jagging], to cut into notches 
or teeth. 

jag-uar (jag-war'), n. a fierce ani¬ 
mal of South America, resembling 
the leopard; the American tiger. 

jail (jal), n. a prison; a bride¬ 
well. 

jal-ap (jal'ap), n. the root of 
Ipomosa purga: used medicinally 
as a purgative. 

jam (jam), n. a conserve of fruit 
boiled with sugar; a squeeze; 
block; crush: v.t .. [p.t. & p.p. 
jammed, p.pr. jamming], to 
squeeze or crush ; press in tightly ; 
block up by crowding. 

jamb (jam), n. one of the up¬ 
right sides of a doorways, window¬ 
opening, or fireplace. 

January (jan'u-a-ri), n. the 
first month of the year in the 
modern calendar. 

jan-gle (jang'gl), v.i. to quarrel 
or wrangle ; sound discordantly : 
n. a discordant sound; wrangle; 
altercation; chatter. 

Syn. wrangle, conflict, disagree. 

jan-is-sa-ry (jan'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. 
janissaries (-riz)], formerly the 
footguard of the Turkish sultans. 
Also janizary. 

jan-i-tor ('i-ter), n. a door¬ 
keeper. 

ja-pan (ja-pan'), n. work var¬ 
nished and lacquered after the 
Japanese style of ornamentation ; 
a kind of varnish : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
japanned, p.pr. japanning], to 
cover, varnish, or lacquer, with 
japan; make black and glossy. 

Jap-a-nese (jap-a-nez'), adj. per¬ 
taining to Japan, its inhabitants, 
or language. 

Jap-a-nesque (-nesk'), adj. re¬ 
sembling the Japanese style of 
art. 

ja-pon-i-ca (-pon'i-ka), n. the 
name of various species of Japa 
nese plants. 

jar (jar), n. an earthenware pot 

| or vessel; a shake produced by a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








Jar 


491 


jet 


sudden shock; jolt; harsh sound; 
conflict of opinion or interest: 
v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. jarred, p.pr. jar¬ 
ring], to cause to shake by a sud¬ 
den shock ; jolt: v.i. to interfere 
or clash ; emit a harsh sound, 
jar-di-niere (zhar-din-yar'), n. 
an ornamental flower-stand of 
porcelain or metal, 
jar-gon (jar'gon), n. confused, 
unintelligible talk; a mixture of 
two or more languages; the 
peculiar phraseology of a party, 
sect, &c. 

jas-kawk (jas'hawk), n. a young, 
or eyas, hawk. 

jasmine ('min), n. a plant of 
the genus Jasminum with fra¬ 
grant flowers. 

jasper ('per), n. an opaque, 
many-shaded variety of quartz: 
when polished it is made into a 
variety of ornamental articles, 
jaundice (jan'dis), n. a disease 
characterized b^ T yellowness of 
the eyeballs, skin, &c., caused by 
biliary derangement: hence a 
mental condition in which every¬ 
thing appears in a prejudiced 
form. 

jaunt (jant), n. a short excur¬ 
sion or ramble: v.i. to roam or 
ramble; take a short excursion. 

Syn. ramble, excursion, trip, 
jaun-ti-ly ('ti-li), adv. in a 
jaunty manner. 

jaun-ty ('ti), adj. airy; gay; 
showy. 

Jav-a-nese (jav'a-nez), ad), per¬ 
taining to Java, its inhabitants, 
or language. 

jav-e-lin ('lin), n. a light spear, 
jaw (jaw), n. the bones of the 
mouth in which the teeth are 
placed ; mouth ; a mechanical con¬ 
trivance for holding the inner end 
of a vessel’s boom, 
jay (ja), n. a crow-like, chatter¬ 
ing bird with handsome plumage, 
jealous (jel'us), adj. full of, or 
characterized by, jealousy; anx¬ 
iously suspicious or watchful, 
jeal-ous-y (-i), n. suspicious fear 
or watchfulness, especially the 
fear of being supplanted by a 
rival. 

Syn. suspicion, envy, 
jean (jen), n. twilled undressed 
cotton cloth. 


jeer (jer), v.t. to scoff at; ridi¬ 
cule : v.i. to speak in a derisive 
or sarcastic manner: n. a scoff; 
derision: pi. tackle by which the 
lower yards of a vessel are hoisted 
or lowered. 

Jehovah (je-ho'va), n. Lord; 

God of the Hebrews, 
je-hu ('hu), n. one fond of driv¬ 
ing, especially fast driving (2 
Kings, ix. 20) ; coachman, 
je-june (-jun'), adj. empty; void 
of interest. 

je-ju-num (-ju'num), n. [pi. je¬ 
juna ('na)], that portion of the 
small intestines betw r een the duo¬ 
denum and ileum, 
jel-ly ('i), n. [pi. jellies ('iz) ], 
the stiffened gelatinous juice of 
fruit, meat, &c., after boiling; 
any semi-transparent soft gluey 
substance: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jel¬ 
lied, p.pr. jellying], to turn to, 
or become, jelly. 

jem-my ('i), n. [pi. jemmies 
('iz)], a short crowbar used by 
burglars. Also jimmy, 
jen-net (jen'et), n. a small Span¬ 
ish horse. Also genet, 
jen-ny ('i), n. a machine for 
spinning; used in composition for 
female , as jenny-wren, jenny-ass, 
&c. 

jeop-ard (jep'ard), v.t. to expose 
to loss or injury; hazard. Also 
jeopardize. 

Syn. hazard, peril, endanger, 
jeop-ard-y (-i), n. hazard; peril, 
jer-bo-a (jer-bo'a), n. the leaping 
mouse of Africa, with long hind 
legs. 

jer-eed (-ed'), n. a javelin, used 
in Turkey and Persia in mock 
battles; a game played with 
jereeds. Also jerid. 
jer-e-mi-ad (-e-mi'ad), n. lamen¬ 
tation, especially over modern de¬ 
generacy : from the Book of Lam¬ 
entations of Jeremiah, 
jerk (jerk), v.t. to give a sudden 
pull, twist, or push to; throw 
with a sudden quick movement; 
cut into long strips and dry in 
the sun, as beef: n. a sudden 
quick pull, twist, or push ; spas¬ 
modic movement; jerked beef; 
charqui. 

jer-kin ('in), n. a short coat or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







jacket; close waistcoat; gyrfal- 
con; young salmon, 
jer-ry (jer'i). adj. constructed 
hastily, and of bad materials, as 
a jerry-built bouse. 

Jer-sey (jer'zi), adj. pertaining to 
the Isle of Jersey, or to its breed 
of cattle: n. a close-fitting thick 
woolen shirt; fine yarn wrnol; of 
or pertaining to New Jersey, 
jess (jes), n. a leathern strap 
fastened to the leg of a hawk, to 
■which the leash is attached, 
jes-se (jes'e), n. a large branched 
candlestick used in churches; 
symbolizing the genealogical tree 
of Jesse and of Jesus Christ, 
jest (jest), n. a joke; humorous 
pleasantry; fun; a laughing¬ 
stock : v.i. to joke; make merri¬ 
ment ; make game of. 

Syn. joke, sport, divert, make 
game of. 

Jes-u-it (jez'u-it), n. a member 
of the Roman Catholic Society of 
Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loy¬ 
ola, 1534; an insidious, crafty in¬ 
triguer. 

Jes-u-it-ic (-u-it'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or resembling, the. Jesuits, 
their principles, or practices; in¬ 
sidious ; disingenuous. Also Jes¬ 
uitical. 

Jes-u-it-ism ('u-it-izm), n. the 
principles, system, or practices of 
the Jesuits; subtle duplicity; dis¬ 
ingenuousness. Also Jesuitry. 
Jes-u-it’s bark (bark), n. cin¬ 
chona. 

jet (jet), n. a stream of water 
suddenly emitted; a deep black 
variety of lignite, black amber; a 
gas branch; tube for running 
molten metal into a mold: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. jetted, p.pr. jetting], 
to spout out: v.i. to shoot or jut 
out. 

jet-sam ('sam), n. that part of a 
ship's cargo which is thrown into 
the sea to lighten the vessel in 
case of peril: opposed to flot¬ 
sam. Also jetsom, jetson. 
jet-ti-son ('i-sun), n. the act of 
throwing goods overboard to 
lighten a vessel in case of peril: 
v.t. to throw overboard to lighten 
8. vgssgI 

jet-ty ('i), n. [pi. jetties ('iz)], 
a structure extending into the 


water, used as a pier, mole, or 
wall, to restrain or direct cur¬ 
rents ; projection of a building: 
v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jettied, p.pr. jet¬ 
ting], to jut out or project. 

Jew (joo), n. an Israelite; He¬ 
brew. Fern. Jewess, 
jew-el ('el), n. a valuable orna¬ 
ment ; gem ; precious stone; any¬ 
thing of great value or dear to 
one: v.t. to adorn with, or as 
with, jewels; furnish with jewels, 
jew-el-er ('er), n. one who makes 
or deals in jewels, 
jew-el-ry ('ri), n. jewels collect¬ 
ively ; the art or trade of a jew¬ 
eler. 

Jew-ish ('ish), adj. pertaining to 
the Jews, their language, cus¬ 
toms, &c. 

Jew-ry ('ri), n. Judaea; a dis¬ 
trict in a city inhabited by 
Jews; ghetto. 

jew’s-liarp ('harp), n. a small 
lyre-shaped musical instrument 
with a thin metal tongue which, 
when placed between the teeth 
and vibrated, emits a twmnging 
sound. 

jib (jib), n. a large triangular 
sail projecting beyond the bow¬ 
sprit ; the projecting arm or beam 
of a crane; a jibbing horse: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. jibbed, p.pr. jibbing], 
to move restlessly backwards or 
sideways: said of a horse, 
jib-boom ('boom), n. a spar be¬ 
yond the bowsprit, on which the 
jib is set. 

jibe, another form of gibe, 
jif-fy (jif'i), n. an instant, 
jig (jig), n. a quick lively dance, 
or music for such a dance; a par¬ 
ticular kind of fish-hook : v.i. [p.t. 
& P-P. jigged, p.pr. jigging], to 
dance a jig: v.t. jerk up and down, 
jig-ger ('er), n. one who jigs; a 
name for various mechanical con¬ 
trivances and appliances; another 
form of chigoe. 

jig-jog ('jog), n. a jolting mo¬ 
tion. 

jill (jil), n. a young woman; 
sweetheart; the female of a ferret, 
jilt (jilt), n. a coquette or flirt: 
v.t. to encourage (a lover) and 
then discard him : v.i. to play the 
jilt; practice deception in love. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







jim 


493 


Jol 


jimmy (jim'i), n. a burglar’s 
tool. See jemmy. 

jim-son-weed (jim'sun-wed), n. 
stramonium. 

jin-gle (jing'gl), n. a sharp tink¬ 
ling metallic sound: a little bell 
or rattle; meaningless rhyme; a 
covered two-wheeled Irish car: 
v.i. to sound with a jingle, 
jin-go ('go), n. [pi. jingoes 
('gbz)], one of a party of Con¬ 
servatives who, at the time of the 
Russo-Turkish • War «f 1877-78, 
wished Great. Britain to go to 
war with Russia : named from a 
popular song of the day; a mild 
oath (with by). 

jin-go-ism (-izm), n. the jingo 
military spirit. 

jin-nee (jin'e), n. [pi. jinn 
(jin)], the good and evil spirits of 
Mohammedan mythology which 
sometimes assume human shape. 
Also genie, jin, jinn, djinnee. 
jin-rik-i-sba (-rik'i-sha), n. a 
small Japanese two-wheeled car¬ 
riage, drawn by one or more men. 
Also jinriksha. 

jo (jo), n. a sweetheart [Scotch], 
job (job), n. a piece of work, es¬ 
pecially of a temporary or chance 
nature; any scheme for making 
money or securing private ad¬ 
vantage at the public expense; 
any event or circumstance; a 
sudden stroke or thrust with a 
pointed instrument: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. jobbed, p.pr. jobbing], to let 
out for hire; buy up (goods) and 
retail them ; punch suddenly with 
a sharp instrument: v.i. buy and 
sell, as a stock-broker; perform 
job work; let out or hire horses; 
work for one’s own advantage 
under the guise of public zeal, 
job-ber (job'er), n. a middleman, 
especially one who acts as agent 
between a stock-broker and the 
public; one who transacts public 
business for his own private in¬ 
terests. 

job-ber-y ('er-i), n. [pi. jobberies 
(-iz)], low intriguing for private 
advantage or political ends, 
jock-ey (jok'i), n. [pi. jockeys 
('iz)], one who rides a horse in a 
race; groom; a dealer in horses; 
cheat: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jockeyed, 
p.pr. jockeying], to cheat or de¬ 


ceive ; jostle against by riding un¬ 
fairly. 

jo-cose (jo-kos'), adj. sportive; 
.humorous, 

jo-cos-i-ty (-kos'i-ti), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being jocose, 
joc-u-lar (jok'u-lar), adj. making 
Jokes. 

joc-u-lar-i-ty ('i-ti), n. merri¬ 
ment. 

joc-und ('und). adv. jovial; sport¬ 
ive ; gay. 

jo-cun-di-ty (-cun'di-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being jocund, 
jog (jog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jogged, 
p.pr. jogging], to push or shake 
slightly, usually with the elbow 
or hand, by way of reminder; 
stimulate: v.i. to travel along 
with a slow trotting motion: n. 
a slight push or shake; slow trot; 
stimulant. 

john-ny-cake (-kak), n. a flat 
maize cake, mixed with milk or 
water, quickly prepared at an or¬ 
dinary fire. 

join (join), v.t. to unite ; connect; 
associate; add or annex ; to unite 
in marriage: v.i. to adhere; be in 
contact; be associated or in unity 
with : n. a joint or union, 
join-der ('der), n. in law, the 
coupling of two or more causes of 
action into the same declaration, 
join-er ('er), n. one who, or that 
wnich, joins, especially an artisan 
who finishes the woodwork for 
houses, &c. 

join-er-y ('er-i), n. joiner’s work, 
joint (joint), n. the place where 
two or more things join; articu¬ 
lation of limbs; node or inter¬ 
node ; hinge; a fissure dividing 
rock masses into blocks; one of 
the larger pieces into which a car¬ 
cass is cut up; a place of low re¬ 
sort, as an opium joint: adj. pro¬ 
duced by the action of two or 
more; united in or sharing: v.t. 
to form with, or unite by, joints; 
cut or divide into joints, as meat, 
joint-stock company (-stok 
kum'pa-ni), n. a company the 
stock or capital of which is di¬ 
vided into transferable shares, 
join-ture ('tur). n. landed es¬ 
tate or tenements settled on a 
woman in consideration of her 
marriage, to be enjoyed by her 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let: line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







joi 


494 


after the death of her husband: 
v.t. to settle a jointure upon. 

joist (joist), n. a horizontal tim¬ 
ber to which the boards of a floor 
or laths of a ceiling are fastened: 
v.t. to furnish with joists. 

joke (jok), n. something said or 
done to excite mirth ; jest; sport: 
v.i. to make jokes: v.t. to cast 
jokes at; rally. 

jok-er ('er), n. a jester; an ex¬ 
tra card used in the game of 
euchre. 

jol-li-fi-ca-tioii (jol-i-fi-ka'shun), 
n. merry-making. 

jol-li-ty ('i-ti), n. the state of 
being jolly. 

jol-ly ('ij, adj. [comparative jol¬ 
lier, superlative jolliest], full of 
life and mirth; gay; inspiring 
mirth; excellent; most remark¬ 
able ; companionable : adv. exceed¬ 
ingly : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jollied, p.pr. 
jollying], to joke or rally; to 
treat well for the purpose of 
obtaining some advantage. 

jolly-boat (-bot), n. a ship’s 
small boat. 

jolt (jolt), v.t. to shake by sud¬ 
den jerks: v.i. to have a jerky 
motion : n. a sudden jerk. 

jon-quil ('kwil), n. a bulbous 
plant with fragrant flowers. Also 
jonquille. 

jo-rum (jo'rum),n. a large drink¬ 
ing bowl. 

joss (jos), n. a Chinese god or 
idol. 

jos-tle ('1), v.t. to push against; 
elbow. 

jot (jot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jotted, 
p.pr. jotting], to make a memo¬ 
randum of (with down) : n. a 
tittle. 

joule (joul), n. the unit of elec¬ 
trical force in the centimeter- 
gram-second system. 

jour-nal (jer'nal), n. a record of 
news or events; diary; a book in 
which particular transactions are 
entered from the day-book; a 
ship’s log-book ; the bearing part 
of the shaft of a machine. 

jour-nal-ism (-izm), n. news¬ 
paper or periodical literature; the 
influence exercised by such litera¬ 
ture ; the profession of a journal¬ 
ist. 

journalist (-ist), n. an editor, 


Jud 


or contributor to a journal or 
newspaper; one who keeps a 
journal. 

jour-nal-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to journals, journalists, 
or journalism. 

jour-ney (jer'ni), n. passage from 
one place to another; a day’s 
work or travel: v.i. to travel from 
one place to another. 

Syn. travel, tour, passage, 
jour-ney-mau (-man), n. [pi. 
journeymen (-men)], a mechanic 
who has served .his apprentice¬ 
ship. 

joust (j56st), n. a mediaeval 
mock combat with blunted lances 
between two mounted knights: 
v.i. to engage in such a combat, 
jov-i-al (jov'i-al), adj. convivial; 
merry. 

jov-i-al-i-ty ('i-ti), n. convivial¬ 
ity ; mirth. 

jo-vi-al-ly (-li), adv. with jo via 1- 
# ity. 

jowl (joul), n. the jaw r or cheek; 
head of a fish. 

joy (joi), n. exhilaration of 
spirits ; gaiety ; gladness : v.i. to 
rejoice or be glad. 

Syn. gladness, mirth, delight. 

Ant. (see grief), 
joy ful ('fool), adj. full of joy. 

Syn. glad, rejoicing, exultant. 

Ant. (see mournful), 
ju-bi-lant (joo'bi-lant), adj. ex¬ 
pressing exultation ; triumphant, 
ju-bi-late ('bi-lat), v.i. to ex¬ 
press exultation. 

ju-bi-la-tion (-la'shun), n. a 
muting for joy; declaration of 
triumph. 

ju-bi-lee ('bi-le), n. a Jewish 
festival celebrated every 50th 
year, to commemorate the deliver¬ 
ance of the Israelites from Egyp¬ 
tian' bondage; the 50th anniver¬ 
sary of any event; a year of 
special indulgence granted by the 
Pope every 25th year. 

Ju-dse-an (-de'an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Judaea, &c. 

Ju-da-ic (-dh'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the Jews. Also Judaical. 
Ju-da-ize (-Iz), v.i. to conform to 
the rites and doctrines of the 
Jews: v.t. bring into conformity 
with Judaism. 

Ju-da-ism ('da-izm), n. the re¬ 
ligious rites and doctrines of the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








jud 495 jun 


Jews; conformity to Jewish rites 
and doctrines. 

judge (juj), n. the presiding 
official in a court of law, having 
authority to hear and determine 
civil and criminal causes ; arbitra¬ 
tor ; connoisseur; one of the chief 
rulers of the Israelites from the 
death of Joshua to the kingship 
of Saul: v.t. to examine and pass 
sentence upon ; distinguish ; con¬ 
sider : v.t. to come to a con¬ 
clusion by comparison and con¬ 
sideration ; hear and determine a 
case, and pass sentence. 

$t/n. justice, referee, arbitrator. 

judgment ('ment), n. the act of 
judging; a judicial decision; 
mental faculty of deciding cor¬ 
rectly by the comparison of facts 
and ideas; penetration; intelli¬ 
gence ; criticism ; opinion ; punish¬ 
ment inflicted by God; the final 
trial of mankind by God (with 
the) ; judgment-day. 

Syn. discernment, discrimina¬ 
tion, understanding. 

ju-di-ca-ture ('di-ka-tur), n. a 
court of justice; power of dis¬ 
pensing justice by legal trial and 
judgment. 

ju-di-cial (-di'shal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to courts of justice or to the 
administration of justice; pro¬ 
ceeding from, or inflicted by, a 
court of justice; impartial. 

ju-di-cial-ly (-li), adv. in a judi¬ 
cial manner. 

ju-di-ci-a-ry ('i-a-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to courts of -justice; pass¬ 
ing judgment: n. judges collect¬ 
ively ; that branch of a govern¬ 
ment concerned with the adminis¬ 
tration of civil and criminal law. 

ju-di-cious ('shus), adj. prudent; 
discreet. 

jug, v.t. to put into a jug; to cook 
in a jug; to imprison: v.i. to 
imitate the cry of a nightingale ; 
to nestle together as birds: n. an 
earthenware vessel with a handle, 
used to carry liquids; a jail or 
prison. 

juggle (jug'l), v.t. to cheat by 
artifice: v.i. to conjure: n. a 
trick by sleight of hand ; impost¬ 
ure. 

jugglery ('lgr-i), n. [pi. jug¬ 


gleries (-iz)], legerdemain; im¬ 
posture. 

jugular ('ii-lar), adj. pertaining 
to the neck or throat or jugular 
.vein : n .a jugular vein, 
juice (jobs), n. sap; the fluid 
parts of animal bodies, 
jui-cy (jbo'si), adj. full of juice, 
jujube ('jobb), n. a kind of 
lozenge; the edible fruit of a 
shrub. 

ju-lep ('lep), n. a drink composed 
of brandy or whisky sweetened 
and flavored ; a mixture of sugar 
and water serving as a vehicle 
for administering medicine. 
Ju-lian ('liqn), adj. pertaining 
to Julius Caesar, or to the Julian 
calendar as adjusted by Julius 
Caesar 46 b.c. : replaced by 
the Gregorian year (New Style) 
in England, 1752. 

Ju-ly (ju-lf), n. the seventh 
month of the year, so named from 
Julius Caesar. 

jumble (jum'bl), n. a confused 
mass; a kind of thin cake: v.t. to 
mix in a confused mass; throw 
together without order: v.i. to 
mix or unite confusedly, 
jum-bo ('bo), n. a huge person 
or animal. 

jump (jump), n. a spring or 
bound; the space jumped; in 
mining, a fault: v.t. to cause to 
spring or bound: leap over; to 
take possession of (a mining 
claim) during the absence of its 
owner: v.i. to spring upward or 
forward. 

jump er Cer), n. one who, or 
that which, jumps; a name ap¬ 
plied to certain religious sects 
who practice dancing under re¬ 
ligious excitement; a hooded 
Arctic fur jacket, 
junc-tion (jungk'shun), n. the 
act ©f being joined; union; a 
point or place of union, 
junc-ture ('tur), n. the point or 
line at which tw r o bodies are 
joined ; joint; articulation ; par¬ 
ticular -or critical occasion. 

June (jun), n. the sixth month of 
the year. 

jun-gle (jung'gl), n. a dense 
tropical thicket of forest trees, 
brushwood, tall grasses, &c. 
jun-ior (joon'ySr), adj. younger; 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vbte. pbrch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








fun 


496 


jux 


of lower standing; pertaining to 
youth : n. the younger of-two ; one 
of lower standing, 
ju-ni-or-i-ty (-yor'i-ti), n. junior 
state. 

ju-ni-per (joo'ni-per), n. a shrub, 
the berries of which are used in 
flavoring gin. 

junk (jungk), n. short pieces of 
old cable, rope, &c., used for mak¬ 
ing mats, oakum, &c.; hard salt 
ship beef; a Chinese flat-bot¬ 
tomed vessel with a square bow 
and high stern, having the mast in 
one piece. 

junket (jung'ket), n. a prepara¬ 
tion of curds and cream; a va¬ 
riety of sweetmeat; excursion; 

• picnic: v.i. to participate in an 
excursion or picnic, 
jun-ta (jun'ta), n. a legislative 
assembly or council, 
jun-to ('to), n. [pi. juntos 
('tdz)], a secret council of state; 
faction ; cabal. 

ju-pon (joo'pon), n. a petticoat. 
Also jupe. 

ju-rid-ic-al (-rid'ik-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to law, judicial proceed¬ 
ings, or jurisprudence, 
ju-ris-con-sult (-ris-kon'sult), n. 
a jurist. 

ju-ris-dic-tion (dik'shun), n. le¬ 
gal authority; extent of power; 
district over which any authority 
extends. 

ju-ris-pru-dence (-proo'dens), n. 
legal science; system of laws of a 
country. 

ju-rist ('rist), n. one skilled in 
legal science. 

ju-ror ('rer)', n. a juryman, 
ju-ry ('ri), n. a body of men, 
usually twelve, selected according 
to law and sworn to inquire into 
or decide on the evidence before 
them ; a committee of experts se¬ 
lected to award prizes, &c., at a 
public exhibition, &c. 
ju-ry-mast (-mast), n. a tempo¬ 
rary mast. 


jus (jus), n. a right that may be 
legally enforced. 

just (just), adj. conformable to 
divine or human laws; upright; 
impartial ; faithful; exact; regu¬ 
lar ; fair: adv. exactly; barely; 
nearly ; almost; perfectly, 
jus-tice (jus'tis), n. the quality 
of being just; rectitude in deal¬ 
ing with others ; impartiality ; a 
• judge or magistrate. 

Syn. equity right. Justice is 
right as established by law; 
equity according to the circum¬ 
stances of each particular case. 

Ant. (see injustice), 
jus-tic-i-a-ry (-tish'i-a-ri), n. [pi. 

justiciaries (-riz)], a judge, 
jus-ti-fi-a-ble ('ti-fl-d-bl), adj. de¬ 
fensible. 

jus-ti-fi-a-bly (-bli), adv. so as 
. to be justifiable. 

jus-ti-fi-ca-tion (-ka'shun). n. the 
act of justifying; vindication or 
defense; the act of acceptance of 
a man by God as justified by the 
merits of Jesus Christ, 
jus-ti-fy ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
justified, p.pr. justifying], to show 
or prove to be just or right; vin¬ 
dicate ; pardon; accept and treat 
as just on the ground of faith and 
repentance: v.i. to conform to 
each other by proper spacing, as 
lines of type. 

jut (jut), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jutted, 
p.pr. jutting], project beyond the 
main body. 

jute (joot), n. the fiber of an 
East Indian plant used for ropes, 
bagging, mats, &c. 
ju-ve-nes-cence (joo-ve-nes'ens), 
n. a growing young, 
ju-ve-ues-ceut ('ent), adj. be¬ 
coming young. 

ju-ve-nile ('ve-nil). adj. youth¬ 
ful ; characteristic of, or suitable 
.to, youth: n. a young person, 
ju-ve-nil-i-ty (-nil'i-ti), n. youth¬ 
fulness. 

juxta, a prefix meaning near, as 
jtta^aposition. 


late, mar, mftsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pSrch* lot; modn, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








Kaa 


497 


kce 


K 


Ka-a-ba (ka'bA), n. the shrine at 
Mecca towards which all Moham¬ 
medans turn when praying. 

Kaf-fir (kaf'er), n. any member 
of one of the Bantu tribes of 
South Africa; the Kaffir lan¬ 
guage ; one of a non-Mohammed¬ 
an race of Northern Afghanistan ; 
an infidel. Also Kafir, Kaffre, 
Caff re. 

kaf-tan (kaf'tan), n. a kind of 
vest worn in Oriental countries. 
Also caftan. 

kag-o (kag'o), n. a Japanese 
palanquin. 

kai-ser (ki'zer), n. the title of 
the emperors of Germany and 
Austria. 

ka-ki (ka'ke), n. the Japanese 
date-plum. 

kale (kal), n. a cabbage with open 
curled leaves; sea-kale. Also 

kail. 

ka-lei-do-scope (ka-li'do-skop), 
n. an optical instrument wffiich 
by an arrangement of mirrors 
causes objects view r ed through it 
to appear in a variety of sym¬ 
metrical and beautiful patterns. 

kal-en-dar, kal-ends, see cal¬ 
endar, «f:C. 

ka-li (k&'le), n. a species of glass- 
wmrt, the ashes of w r hich are 
used in glass manufacture; 
caustic potash ; a Persian carpet. 

ka-lif, same as caliph. 

Kalmuck (kal'muk), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Western Mongols, 
or to their language. 

kal-muck, n. a rough hairy kind 
of cloth. 

ka-mi (ka'mi), n. a Japanese 
title equivalent to English Lord. 

ka-mis (-mes'), n. a long shirt 
worn by Mohammedans. 

Ka-na-ka (k&-na'k&), n. a Sand¬ 
wich Islander. 

kan-ga-roo (kang-gA-roo'). n. a 
herbivorous marsupial mammal 
peculiar to Australia, having 
short fore legs and long powerful 
hind legs, with which it leaps. 


ka-o-lin (ka'o-lin), n. china or 
porcelain clay, 
kar-at, same as carat, 
karyo, a prefix meaning nucleus , 
occurring in various scientific 
words. 

kat-a-ka-na (kat-a-ka'na), n. the 
square style of writing of the 
Japanese. 

ka-yak (ka'yak), n. an Eskimo 
sealskin canoe. Also kaiak, kajak. 
kea (ke'a), n. a New Zealand 
parrot, which feeds on carrion 
and attacks sheep, 
keck-le (kek'l), v.t. ’to preserve 
(a rope, &c.) from chafing by a 
covering of canvas, &c. 
kedge (kej), n. a light anchor 
used in warping: v.t. to warp, 
keel (kel), n. the chief and 
lowest timber of a vessel extend¬ 
ing from stem to stern and sup¬ 
porting the whole frame: hence 
a ship; a low, flat-bottomed coal- 
barge ; the lowest petals of the 
corolla of a papilionaceous 
flower; carina: v.t. to furnish 
with a keel: v.i. turn up the keel; 
give up. 

keel-boat Gb5t), n. a large 
covered freight boat, 
keel-baul ('hawl), v.t. to drag 
under wacer beneath the bottom 
of a ship from one side to the 
other: formerly a naval punish¬ 
ment ; reprimand sternly, 
keel-son ('sun), n. a beam or 
timber laid on the middle of the 
floor timbers over the keel of a 
vessel to strengthen it. Kelson, 
keen (ken), adj. sharp; eager: 
piercing ; bitter; acute: n. a shrill 
bitter wail [Irish], 
keep (kep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. kept, 
p.pr. keeping], to have the care 
of; guard ; preserve ; maintain ; 
do ; observe; fulfil; supply with 
the necessaries of life; detain; 
confine: v.i. to remain in any 
state or condition : n. subsistence; 
the stronghold or donjon of a 
mediaeval castle. 

Syn. preserve, save. 

Ant. (see abandon). 


Irtp r^sir. mSsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote. p6rch, 1st; mflG*. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









498 


kid 


keep-ing ('ing), n. care ; custody ; 
charge ; subsistence ; harmony ; 
congruity. 

keep-sake ('sak), n. something 
kept as 'a souvenir of the giver, 
keeve (kev), n. a large vat or 
tub. 

keg (keg), n. a small barrel, 
kelp (kelp), n. the calcined ashes 
of sea-weeds, from which iodine 
is obtained; a large coarse sea¬ 
weed or wrack. 

kel-pie (kel'pi), n. a malevolent 
water-sprite, supposed to take the 
form of a horse. 

Kelt, same as Celt, 
kemp (kemp), n. coarse rough 
hair or wool; refuse of fur. 
ken (ken), n. view; knowledge: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p . kenned, p.pr. 

kenning], to know; descry 
[Scotch]. 

ken-dal ('dal) , n. a coarse green 
cloth. 

ken-nel ('el), n. a house for a 
dog or pack of hounds; lair of 
a fox; street gutter; vile lodging: 
v.t. to confine in a kennel: v.i. 
to live in a kennel, 
ke-no (ke'no), n. a game of 
chance played with numbered balls 
and cards. 

kep-i (kep'i), n. a military cap 
with a straight vizor, 
ker-a-tin (ker'a-tin), w. the 
principal constituent of hair, 
nails, and horn. 

ke-rite (ke'rit), n. an insulating 
material made cf vulcanized rub¬ 
ber. 

ker-mes (ker'mez), n. the dried 
bodies of a cochineal insect 
(Coccus ilicis) , furnishing a 
scarlet dye: an oxysulphide of 
antimony of a deep cherry color; 
a festival or fair, 
kern (kern], n. the overhanging 
part of a tyoe. 

ker-nel ('el), n. a grain or seed; 
the edible substance of a nut or 
fruit stone; essence, 
ker-o-sene ('o-sen), n. refined 
petroleum. 

Ker-ry ( # i), n. an Irish breed of 
cattle. 

ker-sey ('zi), n. a coarse smooth¬ 
faced cloth. 

ker-sey mere (-mSr), n. cassi- 
mere. 


kes trel (kes'trel), n. a • kind of 
hawk. 

ketch, (kech). n. a stoutly-built, • 
two-masted, fore-and-aft rigged 

vessel. 

ketch-up ('up), n. a sauce pre¬ 
pared from tomatoes, mushrooms, 
&c. Also catsup and catchup, 
ket-tle (ket'l), n. a metallic ves¬ 
sel for boiling liquids, 
ket-tle-drum ('drum), n. a hemi¬ 
spherical copper drum ; afternoon 
tea party. 

key (ke), n. a portable metal in¬ 
strument for operating a lock; 
an instrument by which something 
is turned, secured, or operated 
upon ; clef ; solution ; literal trans¬ 
lation : v.t. fasten or connected 
with a key. 

key-note ('not), n. the fundamen¬ 
tal note; ruling principle, 
key-stone ('ston), n. central stone 
of an arch. 

kha-ki (ka'ki), n. a light drab- 
colored cloth. 

khan (kan), n. an Asiatic prince, 
chief, or governor; a caravan¬ 
serai. 

khan-ate ('at), n. the jurisdiction 
of a khan. 

khed-ive (ked-ev'), n. the official 
title of the Viceroy of Egypt, 
khed-e-vi-ate (-e'vi-at), n. the 
jurisdiction of the khedive. 
kick (kik), n. a blow with the 
foot; a recoil: v.t. to strike with 
the foot: v.i. recoil; resist, 
kick-shaw ('shaw), n. something 
fanciful or out of the way; a 
delicacy. 

kid (kid), n. the young of the 
goat, or its soft skin used for 
gloves, &c.; a child; a small 
wooden tub : adi. made of kid: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. kidded, p.pr. kid¬ 
ding], to bring forth a kid: v.t. 
to furnish or cover with kid; 
humbug. 

kid-dle (kid'l), n. a wicker fish- 
weir. 

kid-nap ('nap), v.t. to get forci¬ 
ble and illegal possession of (hu¬ 
man beings, especially children), 
kid-ney ('ni), n. [pi. kidneys 
('niz)], one of two oblong flat¬ 
tened organs which separate the 
urine from the blood; anything 
resembling a kidney; sort or kind. 

--- a - 


late. cnM.r. m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pSrch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







kil 


499 


i 


kit 


kil-erg (kil'erg), n. a unit of 
energy = 1,000 ergs, 
kill (kil), v.t. to deprive of life; 
destroy ; slay. 

Syn. assassinate, murder, slay, 
kiln (kil), n. a furnace, oven, or 
pile for burning, drying, or hard¬ 
ening. 

kil-o-grainme ('o-gram), n. 

1,000 grammes — 2.2046 lbs. 
kil-o-li-ter (-le'tr), n. [Fr.] 1,000 
liters = 220 imperial gals, 

(about). 

kil-o-me-ter (-me'tr), n. [Fr.] 
1,000 meters = 3,280.8 feet, 
kilt (kilt), n. a short petticoat or 
philibeg of the Scottish High¬ 
landers : v.t. to form into broad, 
flat plaits; tuck up [Scotch], 
ki-mo-no (ki-mo'no), n. the loose 
outer robe of the Japanese, 
kin (kin), n. consanguinity; re¬ 
lationship ; kindred; a Chinese 
lute. 

kind (kind), adj. benevolent; in¬ 
dulgent; affectionate; sympathet¬ 
ic : n. genus or species; quality; 
variety ; sort. 

kin - der - gar - ten (kin'der-gar- 
ten), n. a school for young chil¬ 
dren in which they are taught by 
diverting object lessons, &c. 
kin-dle (kind'l), v.t. to set fire 
to; inflame. 

kind li -ness (kind'li-nes), n. 

kindly disposition, 
kind ly ( 'li), adj. [comp, kindlier, 
superl. kindliest], benevolent; 
sympathetic ; beneficial ; natural : 
adv. in a kindly manner, 
kind -ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being kind; a kind act. 
kin-dred (kin'dred), adj. of like 
nature or character; cognate: n. 
relationship by birth or mar¬ 
riage ; consanguinity. 

Syn. amnity, consanguinity, re¬ 
lationship. 

kin-e-mat-ics (kin-e-mat'iks), n. 

the science of pure motion, 
ki-net-ic (ki-net'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or imparting, motion ; 
active: n.pl. that branch of 

dynamics which treats of the 
action of forces in causing or 
influencing motion, 
ki-ne-to-grapli (-ne'to-grAf), n. 
an apparatus for taking photo¬ 
graphs of moving objects and 


afterwards reproducing them on 
a screen, as if in actual motion, 
king (king), n. a male sovereign 
or ruler; a piece or card repre¬ 
senting a king in a game; one 
who is specially distinguished in 
the same class or kind, 
king-dom ('duin), n. the terri¬ 
tory ruled by a king or queen; 
royal authority; sphere of in¬ 
fluence ; primary division, 
kingfisher (-er), n. a fish-eating 
bird with bright blue and green 
or slate-blue and white plumage, 
king-wood ('wood), n. a hard 
violet-tinted wood imported from 
Brazil: used in turnery and cab¬ 
inet-making. 

kink (kingk), n. a twist in a rope 
or thread when doubled; whim : 
v.t. & v.i. to form kinks, 
kin-ka-jou (king'ka-joo), n. a 
South American carnivorous 
mammal with a long prehensile 
tail. 

kin-ni-ki-nic (kin-i-ki-nik'), n. a 
kind of tobacco smoked by the 
American Indians, made of the 
leaves of the sumac, willow, &c. 
ki-no (ki'no), n. an astringent 
gum, used in medicine, tanning. 
&c. 

kins-folk (kins'fbk), n. relatives, 
ki-osk (ki-osk'), n. a Turkish 
open pavilion or summer house, 
kip (kip), n. the untanned skin 
of a calf or small cattle, 
kip-per ('er), n. a salmon after 
spawning; a salmon, herring, &e., 
cut open, salted, and smoke-dried : 
v.t. to cure, as a salmon, 
kirk (kerk), n. a church; the 
Church of Scotland (with the) 

[ Scotch]. 

kir-tle (ker'tl), n. an upper gar¬ 
ment ; petticoat: v.t. to array in 
a kirtle. 

kis-met (kis'met), n. fate; des¬ 
tiny. 

kiss (kis), n. a salute or caress 
with the lips; a slight touch : v.t. 
to salute with the lips; toil eh 
slightly: v.i. to caress mutually 
with the lips. 

kist (kist),"«. a chest or box. 
kit (kit), n. a small wooden tub; 
a small violin; traveling neces¬ 
saries, outfit, &c.; set; a large 
bottle: a family or brood, 
kit-cat (kit'kat), n. a portrait 


late, mar, mAsk, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin : vote, pOrch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








kit 


500 


kno 


28 x 36 in. showing half the 
length. 

kitch-en (kich'en), n. a room set 
apart for cooking; ship’s galley: 
adj. pertaining to the kitchen, 
kitchener (-er), n. a cooking 
range. 

kite (kit), n. a rapacious bird of 
prey ; a light frame of wood cov¬ 
ered with paper or linen for fly¬ 
ing in the air; a light lofty sail; 
an accommodation bill, 
kith (kith), n. acquaintance, 
kit-ten (kit'n), n. a young cat. 
kit-ti-wake ('i-wak), n. a gull, 
ki-wi (ke'wi), n. a New Zealand 
bird with a long bill, 
klep-to-ma-ni-a (klep-to-ma'ni-a), 
n. a form of insanity manifesting 
itself in an irresistible propensity 
to steal. 

klep-to-ma-ni-ac ('ni-ak), n. one 
who is under the influence of 
kleptomania. 

knack (nak), n. adroitness; dex¬ 
terity. 

knack-er ('er), n. a horse- 
slaughterer ; dealer in worn-out 
horses. 

knap-sack (nap'sak), n. a leath¬ 
er or cloth traveling case carried 
on the back. 

knap-weed ('wed), n. a purple- 
flowered plant; bachelor’s button, 
knave (nav), n. a dishonest or 
deceitful person ; a court-card with 
the figure of a soldier or servant, 
knav-er-y ('er-i), n. [pi. knaver¬ 
ies (-iz)], dishonesty; fraud; de¬ 
ceit. 

knav-ish ('ish), adj. dishonest; 
mischievous. 

knead (ned)% v.t. to work into 
a mass, as dough ; operate upon in 
massage; mold. 

knee (ne), n. the articulation of 
the leg and thigh bones ; anything 
resembling a knee: v.t. to connect 
or strengthen with knees, 
knee-breech-es ('brich-ez), n.pl. 
breeches reaching just below the 
knee. 

knee-cap ('kap), n. a flattened 
oval bone on the forepart of the 
knee-joint; patella. Also knee- 
pan. 

kneel (nel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knelt, 
p.pr. kneeling], to bend, or fall 
upon, the knees. 


knell (nel), n. the sound of a 
bell when struck, especially a 
funeral bell; an ill omen: v.t. & 
v.i. to sound or toll, as a funeral 
bell. 

knick-er-bock-ers (nik'er-bok- 
erz), n.pl. wide breeches gathered 
in below the knee, 
knick-knack ('nak), n. a little 
ornamental trifle; kickshaw, 
knife (nlf), n. [pi. knives 
(nlvz)], a cutting instrument 
with a sharp-edged blade set in a 
handle : v.t. to stab with a knife, 
knight (nit), n. one who holds 
non-hereditary rank next below 
a baronet, entitling him to the 
prefix Sir ; in mediaeval times, 
one of gentle birth, who, after 
serving as an esquire, was ad¬ 
mitted by certain ceremonies to 
military rank; a champion ; lover; 
one of the pieces in chess: v.t. 
to confer the honor of knight¬ 
hood upon. 

knight-age ('aj), n. knights col¬ 
lectively. 

knight-er-rant (-er'ant), n. [pi. 
knights-errant], in the Middle 
Ages, a knight who went in quest 
of adventure, to show his prow¬ 
ess, chivalry, &c. 

knight-er-ran-try (-tri), n. the 
practices or customs of knights- 
errant. 

knighthood ('hood), n. the 
character, rank, or dignity, of a 
knight. 

knit (nit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knitted, 
p.pr. knitting], to tie, unite, or 
draw together; weave together by 
needles; contract, 
knit-ting ('ing), n. the work of 
a knitter; the netted fabric thus 
woven ; union. 

knob (nob), n. the rounded handle 
of a door, &c.; round protuber¬ 
ance ; knoll. 

knob-by ('i), adj. full of knobs, 
knock (nok), n. a blow or stroke 
with something hard or heavy; 
rap: v.t. to give a blow to; drive 
or strike against: v.i. to strike 
a blow with something hard or 
heavy. 

knock-out ('out), n. a mechani¬ 
cal device for throwing out fin¬ 
ished work; a knock-down blow 
ending in a fight. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








kno 


501 


kro 


knoll (nol), n. a rounded hillock; 
hilltop. 

knop (nop), n. an architectural 
ornament of clustered leaves and 
flowers; button. 

knot (not), n. an interweaving? 
or tying of thread or cord, &c.; 
anything resembling a knot; en¬ 
tanglement ; difficulty; a hard 
part in a piece of wood; part of 
a tree where the branches shoot 
out; a division of a log-line (each 
47.42 ft.) ; a nautical mile = 
2,025 yds.; bond of union ; group ; 
the red-breasted sand-piper: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. knotted, p.pr. knot¬ 
ting], to tie in a knot; unite 
firmly or closely : v.i. form knots 
or joints ; make knots for fringe, 
knot-ting ('ing), n. a kind of 
lace work; a paint of red lead, 
«fec., for protecting metal, 
knot-ty ('i), adj. [comp, knottier, 
superl. knottiest], full of knots; 
rugged; difficult. 

knout (nout), n. a leathern 
whip formerly used as a punish¬ 
ment in Russia: v.t r to punish 
with the knout. 

know (no), v.t. [p.t. knew, p.p. 
known, p.pr. knowing], to per¬ 
ceive w r ith the mind; understand 
clearly ; have knowledge of; dis¬ 
tinguish : v.i. to be informed, 
know-ing ('ing), p.adj. having 
knowledge ; intelligent; shrewd ; 
cunning; stylish. 

knowl-edge (nol'ej), n. clear 
perception of a truth or fact; 
erudition; skill from practice; 
acquaintance; information. 

Syn. erudition, learning, sci¬ 
ence. 

Ant. (see ignorance), 
knuc-kle (nuk'l), n. the project¬ 
ing joint of the fingers; the knee- 
joint of a calf or pig: v.i. to bend 
the fingers; yield or submit, 
knur (ner), n. a hard knot or 
protuberance. Also knurl, 
ko-a (ko'a), n. a Hawaiian tree 
of the Acacia genus yielding a 
valuable timber. 

ko-bold (ko'bold), n. a dwarf 

goblin or sprite frequenting 

houses, mines, and caves, 
ko-dak ('dak), n. a portable 

camera for taking instantaneous 


photographs: v.t. to take an in¬ 
stantaneous picture of. 
kofif (kof), n. a Dutch fishing- 
vessel. 

kohl (kol), n. powdered an¬ 
timony, used in the East for im¬ 
parting luster to the eyes, 
kohl-ra-bi (Ta-bi), n. a variety 
of cabbage. 

kok-ra-wood (kok'ra-wood), n. 
the wood of an Indian tree, used 
for making flutes, &c., and in 
turnery. 

kon-i-scope (kon'i-skop), n. an 
apparatus for determining the 
amount of dust contained in the 
air. 

koodoo (koo'doo), n. the striped 
antelope of South Africa, 
ko-peck, same as copeck, 
ko-pi (ko'pi), n. an African 
peasant. 

kop-je (kop'ye), n. a hillock 
[South Africa]. 

Ko -ran, see Alcoran, 
ko-to (ko'to), n. a Japanese 
musical instrument, somewhat re¬ 
sembling the zither, 
kou-miss (koo'mis), n. a spirit¬ 
uous beverage made by the Tar¬ 
tars from fermented mare’s milk. 
Also kumiss. 

kow-tow (ko-tou'), n. a Chinese 
form of salutation from an in¬ 
ferior to a superior by touching 
the ground with the forehead: 
v.i. salute by the kowtow. Also 
kotow. 

kraal (krawl), n. an African 
village consisting of a group of 
huts surrounded by a palisade ; a 
single hut; a sheepfold, or cattle- 
pen. 

kra-ken (kra'ken), n. a sea- 
monster said to have been seen 
off the Norwegian coast, 
kremlin (krem'lin), n. a Rus¬ 
sian citadel, especially that of 
Moscow. 

kreut-zer (kroit'ser), n. an 
Austrian copper coin = V 2 of a 
cent; formerly a German coin — 
2-3 of a cent. 

kreig-spiel ^kreg'spel), n. a mili¬ 
tary game with blocks to repre¬ 
sent the various sections of an 
army as if in actual warfare, 
krone (kro'na), n. [pi. kroner 
('ner)], a coin (crown) current 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; m55n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


♦ 







kry 


502 


kym 


in Teutonic and Scandinavian 
countries = 27 cents. 

kryp-ton (krip'ton), n. a gase¬ 
ous chemical element, recently 
discovered and forming a very 
minute constituent of the atmos¬ 
phere. 

kum-mel (kem'el), n. a German 
and Russian liqueur, flavored with 
carawav seeds. 


kutch (kucli), n. the packet of 
vellum leaves in which gold is 
placed to be beaten, 
ky-an-ize (ki'an-iz), v.t. to im¬ 
pregnate (wood) for preservation 
with a solution of corrosive sub¬ 
limate. 

ky-mo-graph (-mo'graf), n. an 
apparatus for determining the 
pressure of blood. 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 










la 


503 


lac 


L 


la (la), n. the sixth note of the 
scale [Mus.]. 

laa-ger ('ger). n. an extemporized 
camp for defense, formed with 
wagons, &c.: v.t. to protect by 
a laager [South Africa], 
la-bel (la'bel), n. a small slip of 
paper, &c., attached to anything 
to indicate its destination, owner¬ 
ship, &c.; codicil; a projecting 
molding: v.t. to mark with, or 
affix, a label; classify, 
la-bi-al (la'bi-al), adj. formed by 
the lips: n. a letter representing 
a sound so formed, 
la-bi-ate ('bi-at), adj. lipped, 
la-bi-o-den-tal (-d-den'tal), adj. 

formed by the lips and teeth, 
la-bi-o-na-sal (-na'zal), adj. 

formed by the lips and nose, 
la-bi-um ('bi-um), n. [pi. labia 
(-&)], a Hp or lip-like organ, 
la-bor ('ber), n. toil or exertion, 
physical or mental; effort; diffi¬ 
culty ; pain; parturition: v.t. to 
cause to toil ; fabricate: v.i. to 
exert muscular strength; use 
mental efforts; be hard pressed; 
take pains; move slowly; pitch 
and roll heavily; suffer the pains 
of childbirth. 

Syn. toil, work, effort, drudgery. 

Ant. (see idleness). e 
lab-or-a-to-ry (lab'or-a-to-ri), n. 
[pi. laboratories (-riz)], a place 
where scientific experiments and 
operations are carried on. 
la-bo-ri-ous (la-bo'ri-us), adj. 

difficult; toilsome, 
lab-ra-dor-ite (lab'ra-dor-It) n. 
a feldspar displaying an irides¬ 
cent play of colors, 
la-brum (la'brum), n. [pi. labra 
('bra)j, the lip-like shield of an 
insect’s mouth. 

la-brus (la'brus), adj. thick 
lipped. 

la bur num (la-ber'num), n. an 
ornamental tree with pendent 
yellow flowers. 

lab-y-rinth (lab'i-rinth), n. a 
series of intricate winding pas¬ 
sages : from the structure made 
in Crete by Daedalus; a maze; 


inexplicable difficulty; the wind¬ 
ing cavities of the internal ear; a 
series of troughs through which 
ore slime is passed and the 
metallic particles deposited. 

lac (lak), n. a resinous substance 
formed on certain trees by an in¬ 
sect ( Garteria lacca) ; the inspis¬ 
sated sap of various trees; the 
sum of 100,000 rupees = $500,000 
(about). 

lace (las), n. an ornamental fabric 
of fine linen, cotton thread, gold 
or silver, &c., curiously woven : a 
cord used for binding or fasten¬ 
ing : v.t. to fasten with a lace; 
adorn with lace; beat. 

lac-er-ate (las'er-at), v.t. to 
rend ; wound. 

lac-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the act 
of rending; a harrowing of the 
feelings; a rent. 

lach-ry-mal ('ri-mal), adj. per¬ 
taining to tears. 

lach-ry-mose ('ri-mos), adj. tear¬ 
ful ; sad. 

lack (lak), v.t. to be destitute 
of: v.i. to be in need; to be defi¬ 
cient ; come short: n. want; fail¬ 
ure. 

Syn. need, deficiency, scarcity, 
insufficiency. 

Ant. (see plenty). 

lack-a-dai-si-cal (-a-da'zi-kiil). 
adj. affectedly pensive or senti¬ 
mental. 

lack-ey ('i), n. a menial attend¬ 
ant ; footman : v.t. to wait upon, 
as a lackey: v.i. act servilely. 

la-con-ic (-kon'ik), adj. express¬ 
ing much in few words. Also la¬ 
conical. 

la-con-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. brief¬ 
ly. 

lac-quer (lak'er). n. a varnish 
consisting of shellac dissolved in 
alcohol and variously colored: v.t. 
to varnish with lacquer. 

la-crosse (la-kr6s'), n. a Cana¬ 
dian game resembling football, 
but played with a netted bat 
( crosse ). 

lact, a prefix meaning milk, as 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; fie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; m5on. 

cook ; mfite, nut; thin, then. 














lac 


504 


lam 


lactic , adj. pertaining to milk. 
Also lacti, lacto. 

lac-ta-rine (lak'ta-rin), n. a prep¬ 
aration of casein or milk curds: 
used extensively in calico print¬ 
ing. 

lac-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. secre¬ 
tion of milk; the act or period 
of suckling. 

lac-te-al i'te-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or like, milk; conveying chyle: 
n.pl. the lymphatic vessels which 
convey chyle from the intestines 
to the thoracic-duct, 
lac-tic, see under lact. 
lac-tic ac-id ('tik as'id), n. a 
bitter acid contained in sour 
milk. 

lac-tom-e-ter (-tom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for ascertaining the 
specific gravity of milk, 
la cuna (la-ku'na), n. [pi. la¬ 
cunae ('ne)], a blank space; 
hiatus; small pit or hollow, 
la -cus-trine (-kus'trin), adj. per¬ 
taining to a lake, 
lad (lad), n. a boy or youth; 
comrade. 

lad-der ('er), n. a framework con¬ 
sisting of . two parallel side 
pieces connected by bars, &c., 
forming steps at suitable dis¬ 
tances ; anything by which one 
climbs or ascends, 
lad-die ('i), n. a lad [Scotch], 
lade (lad), v.t. [ p.t. laded, p.p. 
laded, laden, p.pr. lading], to 
load ; burden ; heave or throw out. 
lad-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
loading; freight. 

la-dle (la'dl), n. a deep spoon for 
serving out liquids: v.t. to dip up 
with a ladle. 

la-drone (la-dron'), n. a robber; 
bandit; guerrilla. 

la-dy (la'di), n. [pi. ladies 
('diz)], a well-bred woman; the 
title of the wife of a knight or 
a superior in rank to him; the 
daughter of a duke, marquis, or 
earl; mistress of a house, 
la-dy-bird (-herd), n. a red cole¬ 
opterous insect marked with black 
spots. 

la-dy-ship (-ship), n. the rank 
or title of a lady (with her or 
your ). 

lag (lag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lagged, 
p.pr. lagging], to move slowly;- 


loiter; stay behind: v.t. cause to 
be arrested or punished : adj. long 
delayed; last: n. retardation of 
mechanical movement, 
la-ger beer (la'ger ber), n. a 
German beer suitable for stor¬ 
ing. 

lag-gard (lag'erd), n. a slow per¬ 
son ; loiterer: adj. backward; 
slow. 

la-goon (la-goon'), n. a shallow 
lake formed at the mouth of a 
river or near the sea; marsh or 
fen. 

Lag-thing (lag'ting), n. the 
Norwegian Upper House of Par¬ 
liament. 

la-ic (la'ik), adj. pertaining to 
the laity. 

laid (lad), p.t. & p.p. of lay; 
marked with fine parallel ribbed 
lines: said of paper, 
lain, p.p. of lie. 
lair (lar), n. the covert of a 
wild beast. 

la-i-ty (la'i-ti), n. the people, as 
distinguished from the clergy, 
lake (lak), n. a large body of 
water surrounded by land; a pig¬ 
ment. 

la-ma (la'ma), n. a Tibetan Bud¬ 
dhist priest, monk, or nun. 
lamb (lam), n. the young of a 
sheep; one who is gentle or in¬ 
nocent ; an inexperienced specu¬ 
lator : v.i. to bring forth lambs, 
lam-bent ('bent), adj. playing 
about; flickering ; touching lightly, 
lamb-kin ('kin), n. a little lamb, 
lam-bre-quin (lam'bre-kin), n. a 
festooned drapery, hanging from 
the upper part of a window, door¬ 
way, &c. 

lamb-skin ('skin), n. the skin of 
a lamb dressed with the fleece 
on and frequently colored, 
lambs-wool ('zwool), n. the w T ool 
of lambs; a beverage composed 
of ale, with nutmeg, sugar, and 
the pulp of roasted apples, 
lame (lam), adj. crippled or dis¬ 
abled in the limbs; not sound or 
efficient: v.t. to cripple or dis¬ 
able. 

la-mel-la (hT-mel'a), n. ‘ [pi. 
lamellae ('e)], a thin scale or 
plate. 

la-mel-lar (lam'e-lar), adj. com¬ 
posed of lamellae. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; mfion, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







lam 


Ian 


505 


lamelli, a prefix meaning' a plate 
or scale , found in various scien¬ 
tific words, as lamelliform : ad). 
scale-Hke. 

lame ly (lam'li), adv. in a lame 
manner. 

lame-ness ('nes), n. state of be¬ 
ing lame. 

lament (-ment'), v.t. to mourn 
for: v.i. to express sorrow: n. 
an expression of sorrow ; lamenta¬ 
tion. 

Syn. mourn, grieve, weep. 

Ant. (see rejoice), 
lam-en-ta-ble (lam'en-ta-bl), adj. 
to be lamented; mournful; 
pitiable. 

lam-en-ta-bly (-bli), adv. in a 
lamentable manner, 
lam-en-ta-tion (-ta'shun), . n. 

grief audibly expressed; outcry, 
lam-i-na (lam'i-na), n. [pi. lam¬ 
inae (-ne)j, a thin plate or scale; 
a coat or layer lying over an¬ 
other ; blade of a leaf or petal, 
lam-i-nar ('i-nar), adj. com¬ 
posed of thin plates. Also lami- 
nary. 

lam-i-nate ('i-nat), adj. com¬ 
posed of, or arranged in, laminae, 
lam-i-na-tion (-i-na'shun), n. 
divisibility or division into thin 
plates. 

lamp (lamp), n. a vessel for burn¬ 
ing oil, &c., with a wick; any 
device for producing artificial 
light. 

lamp-black ('blak), n. finely di¬ 
vided charcoal or soot: v.t. to 
apply lampblack to. 
lam-poon (lam-poon'), n. per¬ 
sonal written satire designed to 
bring the subject of it into con¬ 
tempt : v.t. to satirize by a lam¬ 
poon. 

lam-prey ('pri), n. an eel-like 
fish. 

la-nate (la'nat), adj. woolly, 
lance (Ifins), n. a long shaft of 
wood with a spear head; a thrust 
with a lancet: v.t. to pierce with 
a lance; cut open with a lancet, 
lance-let ('let), n. the amphiox- 
us. 

lan-ce-o-late (lan'se-o-lat), adj. 
tapering to a point at either end, 
as certain leaves, 
lan-cer (l&n'ser), n. a cavalry 


soldier armed with a lance: pi. a 
kind of quadrille. 

lan-cet ('set), n. a surgeon's 
knife; a lancet-shaped or pointed 
window. 

lance-wood ('wood), n. a tough 
elastic wood used in coachbuild¬ 
ing, &c. 

lan-ci-form ('si-form), adj. 
lance-shaped. 

land (land), n. the solid portion 
of the surface of the globe; the 
earth; a country or district; real 
estate: v.t. to set on shore; cap¬ 
ture and bring on shore; win: 
v.i. to come or go on shore; dis¬ 
embark. 

lan-dau ('do), n. a kind of car¬ 
riage. 

land-grab-ber (land'grab-er), n. 
one who gets possession of pub¬ 
lic land by means of fraud; in 
Ireland, one who buys or occupies 
land from which another has been 
evicted. 

land-lord ('16rd), n. one who 
has tenants holding under him; 
the keeper of a hotel or inn. 
Fern, landlady. 

land-lord-ism (-izm), n. the 
action of landlords collectively, 
especially with respect to their 
landed interests. 

land-lulJ-ber ('lufy-§r), n. one 
not a sailor. 

land-rail ('ral), n. the corncrake. 

land-scape ('skap), n. the gener¬ 
al aspect of a country, or a pic¬ 
ture representing it. 

Lands-thing (lans'ting), n. the 
Upper House of the Danish 
Parliament (Rigsdag). 

land-sturm (lant'sturm), n. the 
last resenae ©f the German army, 
only called out in time of war. 

land-tag ('takh), n. the Parlia¬ 
ment of one of the states com¬ 
prising the German Empire. 

land-wehr (l&nt'var), n. the 
reserve or militia of the German 
army. 

lane (lan), n. a narrow path, a» 
between hedges, walls, &c.; nar¬ 
row street. 

lan-guage (lang'gwej), n. human 
speech ; the speech of one nation 
or race as distinguished from that 
of another; style or expression 
peculiar to an individual. 


late miir, mask, cat, awl; he. her. let; line, tin; vote, p6rch. lot; 

cook; mute, nut; thin. then. 








tan 


506 


lar 


Syn. dialect, idiom, speech, 
tongue. 

lan-guid ('gwid), adj. wanting 
energy; weak. 

languish ('gwish), v.i. to be¬ 
come weak or spiritless: pine 
away; look with tenderness or 
wistfulness. 

lank (langk), adj. lean; slender, 
lank-y ('i), adj. tall and thin, 
lan-ner (lan'er), n. a species of 
hawk. 

lan-o-lin ('o-lin), n. an unctuous 
substance obtained from the wool 
of sheep, &c. 

lan-tern (lan'tern), n. a trans¬ 
parent case for holding or carrying 
a light; the light-room of a light¬ 
house ; a small tower on the roof 
of a building to admit light and 
air. 

lan-tern-jawed (jawd), adj. hav¬ 
ing a long thin face, 
lan-tlia-nnm (lan'thA-num), n. a 
rare metallic element. Also lan- 
thanium. 

lan-yard ('yard), n. a piece of 
rope, cord, &c., for seizing or 
fastening the tackle of a ship. 
Also laniard. 

lap (lap), n. the loose part of a 
garment which may be doubled 
at pleasure; part of the body or 
clothes from the waist to the 
knees of a person seated ; a name 
for various pieces of mechanism; 
one length of a course which has 
to be passed over more than 
once in a race; the act of lap¬ 
ping: v.t. \p.t. & p.p. lapped, 
p.pr. lapping], to bend and spread 
over; lick up: v.i. to lie partially 
on something else, 
lap-dog ('dog), n. a small pet dog. 
lap-el (la-pel'), n. part of a coat 
which laps over, 
lapid, a prefix meaning stone. 
lap-i-da-ry (lap'i-da-ri), n. [pi. 
lapidaries (-riz) ], an artificer 

who cuts and sets precious stones; 
a connoisseur or dealer in gems, 
la-pis laz-u-li (la'pis laz'u-li), n. 
a rich blue stone from which ul¬ 
tramarine was originally obtained. 
Lapp (lap), n. a Laplander; the 
language of the Laops. 
lap-pet ('et), n. a little loose flap, 
lan-sa-ble (laps'a-bl), adj. capable 
of lapsing. 


lapse (laps), v.i. to glide or slip 
slowly away; fall by degrees; 
commit a slight fault or fail in 
duty; pass to another proprietor 
by negligence or death; slide or 
fall anew into sin: n. a gliding 
or passing away slowly; slight 
fault or mistake; omission to pre¬ 
sent to a benefice within a cer¬ 
tain time. 

lap-sus ('sus), n. a slip or mis¬ 
take. 

lap-wing (lap'wing), n. a plover¬ 
like bird. 

lar-board (lar'bord), n. the term 
used formerly for the port or left- 
hand side of a ship, 
lar-ce-nous ('se-nus), adj. thiev¬ 
ish. 

lar-ce-ny ('se-ni), n. theft, 
larch (larch), n. a coniferous 
tree. 

lard (lard), n. the fat of swine 
melted down: v.t. to cover with 
lard; insert strips of bacon in 
before roasting: hence to mix. 
lar-da-ceous (lar-da'shus). adj. 
pertaining to, or resembling, lard. 
Also lardy. 

lar-der ('der), n. a pantry; house¬ 
hold provisions. 

large (liirj), adj. great in size; 
bulky ; wide ; extensive ; compre¬ 
hensive. 

Syn. big, broad, huge, ample, 
bulky. 

Ant. (see small), 
large-ly ('li), adv. to a large 
extent; boastfully; before the 
wind: said of a vessel, 
large ness ('nes), n. the state 
of being large. 

lar-gess ('jes), n. a gift or 
bounty. 

lar-i-at (lar'i-at), n. a rope or 
lasso, especially of horsehair, 
lark (lark), n. a noted song-bird 
of the genus Alauda; a frolic, 
lark-ing ('ing), p.adj. catching 
larks; indulging in a frolic, 
lark-spur ('sper). n. a plant with 
showy blue spurred flowers, 
lar-mi-er (lar'mi-er), n. a corona 
or dripstone. 

lar-rup (lar'up), v.t. to beat or 
flog. 

lar-va (lar'vA), n. [pi. larva? 
('ve)], an insect in the first 


late, mUr, mAsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot 1 m5on, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








lar 


507 


Lat 


stage of its metamorphosis after 
leaving the egg. 

larval ('val), adj. pertaining to 
a larva. 

lar-vip-a-rous (-vip'a-rus), adj. 
producing young in the state of 
la rvae. 

lar-yn-ge-al (lar-in-je'al), adj. 
pertaining to, or situated near, the 
larynx. 

lar-yn-gec-to-my (-jek'td-mi), n. 
the operation of cutting away a 
part of the larynx, 
laryngismus (-jis'mus), n. a 
spasmodic affection of the glottis, 
lar-yn-gi-tis (-ji'tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of the larynx, 
lar-yn-go, a prefix meaning lar¬ 
ynx , as laryngoscope, an instru¬ 
ment furnished with mirrors for 
inspecting the larynx, 
lar-yn-got-o-my (-got'o-mi), n. 
the surgical operation of cutting 
into the windpipe, 
larynx ('ingks), n. the upper 
part of the trachea or windpipe, 
las-car (las-kar'), n. an East 
Indian sailor employed on a 
European vessel. 

las-civ-i-ous (-siv'i-us), adj. lust¬ 
ful ; wanton ; exciting lust. 

8yn. loose, unchaste, lustful, 
lewd, lecherous. 

Ant. (see chaste), 
lash (lash), v.t. to strike with a 
sounding blow; whip; scourge 
with satire; fasten or bind with 
a cord or rope : v.i. to apply the 
whip; flog: n. the thong of a 
whip; a scourge; stroke with 
anything pliant; sarcasm or 
satire. 

lash-er ('er), n. one w’ho lashes; 
a weir. 

lash-ing ('ing), n. a cord, rope, 
&c., to secure or bind anything; a 
whipping. 

lass (las), n. a young woman; 
girl. 

las-sie ('i), n. a lass [Scotch]. .. 
las-si-tude ('i-tud), n. weari¬ 
ness ; languor. 

las-so ('5), n. a rope, usually of 
hide, with a noose, used for catch¬ 
ing wild horses and cattle: v.t. 
to catch with a lasso, 
last (last), adj. coming after all 
others in time, place, or order; 
lowest; utmost; least likely: 
adv. on the last time or occasion ; 


Anally: v.i. to remain in exist¬ 
ence or operation; endure: n. a 
wooden implement for shaping 
boots and shoes. 

Syn. final, latest, ultimate. 

Ant. (see first). 

last-ing ('ing/, adj. durable; 
permanent: n. a twilled fabric 
used for making women’s shoes. 

last-ly ('l'i), adv. in the last 
place. 

latch (lach), n. a door catch: 
v.t. to secure or fasten with a 
latch. 

latch-et ('et), n. a shoe string. 

late (lat), adj. [comp, later, 
superl. latest], coming after the 
usual time ; tardy ; long delayed ; 
far in the day or night; recent; 
recently deceased: adv. after de¬ 
lay ; recently. 

la-teen (la-ten'), n. a triangular 
sail used on boats, on the Mediter¬ 
ranean, &c. 

late-ly ('li), adv. not long ago. 

la-ten-cy (la'ten-si), n. the state 
of being latent. 

la-tent ('tent), n. concealed; in¬ 
visible. 

lat-er-al (lat'er-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, proceeding from, or acting 
upon, the side. 

Lat-er-an ('er-an), n. the Papal 
palace, and the church of St. 
John Lateran at Rome, the 
cathedral of the Pope. 

latero, a prefix meaning side. 

lath (lath), n. a strip of wood. 

lathe (la£/i), n. a machine for 
turning and polishing articles of 
wood, metal, &c. 

lath-er (lat/i'er), n. froth made 
by moistened soap; profuse sweat¬ 
ing : v.t. to cover with lather. 

Lat-in (lat'in), adj. pertaining to, 
written, or expressed in, Latin; 
pertaining to Latium, ancient 
Rome, its inhabitants or lan¬ 
guage, or the races and languages 
derived from Rome; Roman; 
Roman Catholic: n. an ancient 
Roman; the language of ancient 
Rome and its literature. 

Lat-in cross (kros), n. a cross 
having the lowest limb longer 
than the two sides and top. 

Lat-in-ize ('in-Iz), v.t. to give 
Latin terminations, or character¬ 
istics, to ; translate into Latin. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








Lat 


608 


law 


Xatinisin (-izm), n. a Latin 
idiom. 

Xat-in-ist (-ist), n. a Latin 
scholar. 

Xa-tin-i-ty ('i-ti), n. purity of 
Latin style or idiom. 

lat-i-tude ('i-tud), n. distance on 
the earth’s surface as measured 
by degrees north or south from 
the equator; breadth; extent; 
freedom from rules; laxity; 
range or scope. 

lat-i-tu-di-aal (tu'di-nal), adj. 
pertaining to latitude; in the di¬ 
rection of latitude. 

lat-i-tu-di-na-ri-an (-di-na'ri- 

an), adj. wide in range or scope; 
tolerant in speculative religious 
opinions: n. one who holds lati- 
tudinarian views. 

lat-ten (lat'en), n. metal in thin 
sheets. 

lat-ter ('er), adj. the second of 
two things previously mentioned ; 
recent; modern. 

lat-tice ('is), n. crossed open 
work of metal or wood: v.t. to 
furnish or cross with a lattice. 

laud (lawd), v.t. to praise highly; 
extol: n. praise; worship or 
hymn of praise. 

laud-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. commend¬ 
able. 

Syn. commendable, praisewor¬ 
thy. 

Ant. (see blamable). 

laud a num ('a-num), n. a prep¬ 
aration of' opium. 

laud-a-tor ('a-ter), n. one who 
praises. 

laud-a-to-ry '''a-to-ri), adj. ex¬ 
pressing praise. 

laugh (laf), n. a convulsive 
sound caused by merriment: v.i. 
to express merriment, &c., by a 
laugh ; appear gay, pleasant, &c.; 
jeer (with at) : v.t. to express 
or utter with laughter. 

laugh-ing-gas ('ing-gas), n. ni¬ 
trous oxide. 

laugh-ing-stock (-stok), n. ob¬ 
ject of laughter. 

laugh-ter ('ter), n. convulsive 
merriment. 

launch (liinch), v.t. to move or 
cause to slide into the water, as a 
vessel; hurl; dart; send forth : v.i. 
to put to sea; expatiate in lan¬ 
guage ; plunge; enter on a new 


career: n. the act of launching 
a vessel; plunge ? the largest boat 
of a man-of-war; a large open 
pleasure-boat usually propelled by 
steam, gas, or electricity, 
laun-dress (lawn'dres), n. a 
washer-woman. 

laun-dry ('dri), n. [pi. laun¬ 
dries ('driz)J, a place where 
clothes are washed and ironed, 
lau-re-ate (law're-at), adj. decked 
or invested with laurel: n. one 
crowned with laurel; poet-laure¬ 
ate. 

lau-rel ('rel), n. an evergreen 
shrub; crown or wreath of lau¬ 
rel : hence honor; distinction, 
lau-reled ('reld), adj. crowned 
with laurel. 

la-va (la'va), n. molten volcanic 
matter. 

lav-a-to-ry (lav'a-t5-ri), n. [pi. 
lavatories (-riz)], a place for 
washing; retiring-room, 
lave (lav), v.t. & v.i. to bathe 
or wash. 

lav-en-der (lav'en-der), an aro¬ 
matic plant. 

la-ver (la'ver), n. a large vessel 
for washing in, especially the 
brazen laver of the Jewish 
tabernacle and temple used by 
the priests; an edible seaweed, 
lav-ish (lav'isli), adj. profuse; 
extravagant: v.t. expend or 

bestow with profusion; squander; 
waste. 

law (law), n. a rule of action 
established by authority; edict, 
statute, or custom ; act or enact¬ 
ment of a legislative body; juris¬ 
prudence ; judicial process; rule 
or axiom of science or art; es¬ 
tablished principle; the Mosaic 
code. 

Syn. code, edict, statute, decree, 
law-ful ('fool), adj. agreeable 
or conformable to law; just; 
legal. 

Syn. legal, legitimate, licit. 

Ant. (see illegal), 
law-ful-ly (-li), adv. legally; 
justly. 

law-less ('les), adj. not obedient 
to or controlled by law; not ac¬ 
cording to law ; ungoverned ; un ¬ 
ruly. 

lawn (lawn), n. a plot of grass 
kept closely mown; fine cam- 




late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








law 


509 


lea 


brie used for the sleeves of a 
bishop’s gown: hence the office 
of a bishop. 

lawn-ten-nis ('ten-is), n. an out¬ 
door game played with rackets, 
balls, and a net. 

law-suit ('sut), n. an action at 
law. 

law-yer ('yer), n. one skilled in 
legal knowledge; one, especially a 
solicitor, who practices in the law- 
courts ; a skilled exponent of the 
Mosaic law. 

lax (laks), adj. loose; vague; 
weak. 

lax-a-tive ('a-tiv), adj. loosening; 
purgative. 

Zax-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being lax. Also lax¬ 
ness. 

lay (la), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. laid, 
p.pr. laying], to nut or place; 
spread over; cause to lie down; 
settle; calm; bring forward; 
wager ; deposit; exercise ; set or 
place secretly ; impose ; impute : 
v.i. to produce eggs: n. relative 
arrangement; particular business ; 
share of profits: a simple song: 
adj. pertaining to the people, as 
distinguished from the clergy; 
non-professional. 

lay-er ('er), n. a stratum, row, 
or bed, runner of a plant fastened 
down and covered with earth for 
propagation. 

lay-fig-ure (-fig-ur), n. an artist’s 
jointed model for hanging drapery 
upon ; a mere puppet, 
lay-ing ('ing), n. a sitting of 
eggs: the first coat of plaster, 
lay-man ('man), n. [pi. laymen 
('men)], one of the people, as 
distinguished from a clergyman; 
a non-professional man._ 
laz-a-ret-to (laz-a-ret'o), n. a 
hospital for persons suffering 
with infectious diseases; a ship’s 
store-room. Also lazaret, 
la-zi-ly (la'zi-li), adv. in a lazy 
manner. 

la-zi-ness (-nes). n. indolence; 
sluggishness. 

laz-u-lite (Iaz'u-llt), n. an azure 
blue mineral. 

la-zy (la'zi), adj. T comp. lazier, 
superl. laziest], idle; indolent; 
slothful. 

laz-za-ro-ne (laz-d-ro'ne). n. [It.] 


[pi. lazzaroni ('ni)],a Neapolitan 
loafer who does casual work, 
lea (le), n. a meadow, 
leach (lech), v.t. to pass water 
through (ashes) to form lye. 
lead (led), n. a soft heavy ductile 
bluish-grey metal; a plummet for 
sounding depths at sea; a thin 
strip of type-metal for separating 
lines; a stick of graphite; a sheet 
of lead: adj. consisting, wholly or 
partially, of lead: v.i. to furnish 
with lead. 

lead (led), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. led, 
p.pr. leading], to conduct with the 
hand; guide or conduct; pre¬ 
cede ; allure; induce; spend or 
use: v.i. to take precedence; act 
as a leader; play the first card 
or domino: n. guidance; preced¬ 
ence ; the right to play first. 

Syn. conduct, guide. 

Ant. (see follow), 
lead-ed (led'ed), p.adj. separated 
by leads; set in, or covered with, 
lead. 

lead-en ('en), adj. made of. or 
colored like lead; heavy; slug¬ 
gish. 

lead-er (led'er), n. one who leads; 
the chief editorial article of a 
newspape- ; tendon; the foremost 
horse in a vehicle, 
lead-er-ette (-et'). n. a short 
newspaper leader, 
leaf (lef), n. [pi. leaves (levz)], 
one of the thin flat parts of a 
plant; anything thinly beaten; 
something resembling a leaf: 
part of a book containing two 
pages; a valved part of a table, 
shutter, &c. t 

leaf-age ('aj), n. leaves collect¬ 
ively. 

leaf-let ('let), n. a small leaf; a 
tract or folding circular, 
leaf-y ('i), adj. [comp, leafier, 
superl. leafiest], full of leaves, 
league (leg), n. an alliance for 
mutual interests ; confederacy ; 3 
geographical miles: v.t. to com¬ 
bine for mutual interests: v.i. to 
confederate. 

leak (lek), n. a hole which lets 
in water: v.i. to let water in or 
out through a hole, &c. 
leak-age ('aj), n. the state of a 
vessel that leaks; allowance for 
loss by leakage. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






lea 


510 


iee 


leal (lei), adj. true-hearted 
[Scotch], 

lean (len), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. leaned, 
leant, p.pr. leaning], to incline 
or deviate from an upright posi¬ 
tion : v.t. to cause to lean ; rest: 
adj. thin ; sterile. 

Syn. meager. 

Ant. (see fat). 

lean-to ('too), n. a building 
whose rafters rest on another 
building; penthouse, 
leap (lep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. leaped, 
leapt, p.pr. leaping], to pass over 
by leaping; jump or spring over; 
v.i. to jump; vault: n. the act of 
leaping; jump ; spring; the space 
passed in leaping, 
leap year (yer), n. a year of 360 
days, when February has 29 
days; every year divisible by 4, 
except those divisible by 100 
but not by 400. 

learn (lern), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

learned, learnt, p.pr. learning], to 
acquire knowledge of; fix in the 
mind: v.i. to gain or receive 
knowledge or skill, 
learn-ed ('ed), p.adj. erudite; 
skilled. 

Syn. erudite, scholarly. 

Ant. (see ignorant), 
learn-ing ('ing), n. skill in 
literature, languages, or science; 
knowledge acquired, 
lease (les), n. a written contract 
for the letting of land or tene¬ 
ments for a specified number of 
years; period: v.t. to let by a 
written contract; take a lease of. 
lease-hold ('hold), n. property 
held by lease; adj. held on lease, 
leasli (lesh), n. a thong by which 
a hawk or hound is held; a brace 
and a half; three; a band by 
which anything is held : v.t. to tie 
or bind by a leash, 
least (lest), adj. smallest in de¬ 
gree, size, value, importance, &c.; 
adv. in the lowest or smallest de¬ 
gree. 

leath-er (letf/t'er), n. the tanned 
and curried skin of an animal; 
anything made of, or resembling, 
leather. 

leath-er-back ('bak), n. the 
soft-shelled turtle, 
leath-er-ette (-et'), n. imitation 
leather. 


leath-ern ('em), adj. made of, 
or resembling, leather, 
leave (lev), n. permission grant¬ 
ed ; departure; farewell: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. left, p.pr. leaving], to de¬ 
part from; forsake, abandon; 
bequeath: desist from; refer for 
decision: v.i. to depart; go away. 

Syn. quit, relinquish, liberty, 
permission, license. 

Ant. (see prohibition), 
leaven (lev'n), v.t. to produce 
fermentation in ; taint; imbue ; n. 
ferment mixed with a body to 
render it light; any influence 
working silently and strongly that 
causes changes in things or 
opinions. 

lech-er (lech'er), n. a lewd man. 
lech-er-y ('er-i), n. lustfulness; 
lewdness. 

lec-tern (lek'tern). n. the read¬ 
ing desk of a church, 
lec-tion ('shun), n. reading; a 
portion of the Scriptures to be 
read in the church service, 
lection-ary (-a-ri), n. a table 
of lessons. 

lec-tor ('ter), n. one of the minor 
orders of the Roman Catholic 
Church ; a reader, 
lec-ture ('tur), n. a formal dis¬ 
course on any subject; repri¬ 
mand : v.i. to deliver a lecture: 
v.t. to reprimand. 

ledge (lej), n. a shelf; ridge; 
layer; edge. 

ledg-er ('er). n. the principal ac¬ 
count book of a mercantile house, 
ledg-er-line (-lln). n. the line 
either above or below the staff 
[Mus.]. 

lee (le), n. the side or quarter to¬ 
wards which the wind blows; 
calm or sheltered side, 
leecli (lech), n. an aquatic worm 
furnished with a sucker, used in 
medicine for bleeding; formerly 
the name for a physician : v.t. to 
bleed with leeches, 
leek (lek), n. a biennial plant of 
the onion family with a bulbous 
root. 

leer (ler), n. a sly, sidelong look 
indicative of malice, triumph, or 
lasciviousness: v.i. to look with 
a leer. 

lees (lez), n.pl. dregs of liquor, 
lee-ward (le'werd), n. in the 


Sate, mar. mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then . 





lee 


511 


lei 


direction towards which the wind 
blows: n. lee side, 
lee-way (le'wa), n. the lateral 
drift of a vessel to leeward of her 
course; arrears. 

left (left), adj. opposite to right: 
n. the side opposite to right: p.t. 
& p.p. of leave. 

left-handed ('hand-ed), adj. 
using the left hand with greater 
strength or dexterity than the 
right; awkward ; malicious; ir¬ 
regular. 

leg (leg), n. one of the limbs by 
which men and animals walk, 
especially in man between the 
knee and the ankle; anything re¬ 
sembling a leg, especially if used 
as a support: a covering for the 
leg; one of the fielders in 
cricket. 

leg-a-cy ■•('ll-si). n. [pi. legacies 
(-siz)], a gift by will of money or 
property ; bequest, 
le-gal (le'gal), adj. pertaining to 
law; permitted or authorized by 
law; legitimate. 

le-gal-ize ('Iz), v.t. to make law¬ 
ful ; sanction. 

le-gal-ism (-izm), n. close adher¬ 
ence or conformity to law; the 
observance of the strict letter of 
the law rather than its spirit, 
le-gal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. conformity 
to law. 

le-gal-ly ('li), adv. lawfully, 
leg-ate (leg'at), n. a papal am¬ 
bassador ; envoy. 

leg-a-tee (-a-te'), n. a person to 
whom a legacy is bequeathed, 
leg-a-tine ('a-ten), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to a legate. 

le-ga-tion (le-ga'shun), w. an em¬ 
bassy ; ambassador; the official 
residence of an ambassador, 
leg-end (lej'end), n. a romantic 
or non-historical story; myth; 
fable; inscription, as on a coin, 
coat of arms, &c. 
leg-end-a-ry ('end-a-ri), adj. fab¬ 
ulous ; mythical. 

leg-er-de-main (-er-de-man') , n. 
sleight of hand. 

legged (legd or leg'ed), adj. hav¬ 
ing legs. 

leg-gings (leg'ingz), n.pl. long 
gaiters. 

Leg-horn (leg'horn), n. a bonnet 
or hat made of finely plaited Leg¬ 


horn straw; a variety of domestic 
fowl. 

legibility (lej-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state of being legible. Also 
legibleness. 

leg-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable of 
being read ; clear: distinct: ap¬ 
parent. 

leg-i-bly ('i-bli), adv. clearly: dis¬ 
tinctly. 

le-gion (le'jun), n. a division of 
the ancient Homan army ; a great 
number ; host; suborder, 
le-gion-a-ry ('jun-a-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or consisting of, le¬ 
gions ; innumerable: n. a soldier 
of a Roman legion, 
leg-is-late (lej'is-lat). v.i. !©■ 
make or enact a law: v.t. to effect 
by legislation. 

leg-is-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
act of making a law or laws, 
leg-is-la-tive ('is-la-tiv), adj. 
pertaining to, or enacted by. 
.legislation; having the power to 1 
legislate : n. the legislature, 
leg-is-la-tor (-la-ter), n. a law¬ 
giver : a member of a legislative 
assembly. 

leg-is-la ture (-la-tur), n. that 
body in a state which is invested 
with the power of enacting and 
repealing laws; the legislative 
body of a state or territory, 
le-git-i-ma-cy (le-.iit'i-ma-si), n. 
the state of being legitimate; law¬ 
fulness of birth. 

le-git-i-xnate ('i-mat). adj. law¬ 
ful ; born in wedlock; real; logic¬ 
ally correct: v.t. to make, or sanc¬ 
tion as, lawful; render legitimate. 
Also legitimize. 

le-git-i-mate-ly (-li), adv. in a 
legitimate manner, 
le-git-i-ma-tion (-ma'shun), n. 
the act of making legitimate or 
lawful. 

legume (leg'yum), n. a two- 
valved seed-vessel having its seeds 
attached to one side only, as a 
pea-pod. 

le-gu-min (le-gu'min), n. vege¬ 
table casein. 

lei-po-a (li-po'a), n. the native 
pheasant of Australia, 
lei-sure (le'zhur), n. spare time: 
adj. free from business; un¬ 
occupied. 

lei-sured ('znurd), adj. having 
leisure. 


late, mar, mask, cat, 

I 


awl ; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, pdreli, lot; moon, 
cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







lei 


512 


let 


lei-sure-ly (-li), adj. done at 
leisure; deliberate: adv. at lei¬ 
sure. 

lemon ('un), n. the acid fruit 
of Citrus Limonum; the color of 
a lemon: adj. pertaining to, or 
of the color of, a lemon, 
lemonade (-ad), n. a beverage 
of sweetened or aerated water 
flavored with lemon, 
le mur (le'mer), n. a small noc¬ 
turnal animal allied to the mon¬ 
keys. 

lend (lend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lent, 
p.pr. lending], to grant to another 
for temporary use ; accommodate : 
v.i. to make a loan, 
lene (le'ne), adj. unaspirated, 
length (length), n. the measure 
of anything from end to end ; ex¬ 
tent; duration; reach; forty-two 
lines of an actor’s part, 
length-en ('en), v.t. to make 
long or longer: v.i. to grow longer, 
length-i-ly ('i-li), adv. at great 
length. 

length-wise ('wlz), adv. in the 
direction of the length, 
length-y ('i), adj. long and tire¬ 
some. 

le-ni-en-cy (le'ni-en-si), n. clem- 
ency. 

le-ni-ent ('ni-ent), adj. mild; 
merciful. 

len-i-tive (len'i-tiv), adj. as¬ 
suaging ; emollient, 
len-i-ty (len'i-ti), n. mildness; 
humanity. 

1 no (le'no), n. a kind of cotton 
gauze. 

lens (lenz), n. a convex, or con¬ 
cave, glass adapted for changing 
the direction of rays of light and 
thus magnifying or diminishing 
the apparent size of objects; the 
crystalline humor of the eye. 
Lent (lent), n. a fast of 40 days 
(excluding Sundays), Ash Wed¬ 
nesday to Easter eve. 

Lent-en (lent'en), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Lent. 

len-tic-u-lar (len-tik'u-lar), adj. 
doubly convex. 

len-til ('til), n. a leguminous 
plant: pi. its orbicular seeds, 
used for food. 

Le-o-nid ('o-nid), n. one of the 
meteors that fall in showers dur¬ 


ing November of certain years, 
their chief point being in the 
constellation Leo. 

le-o-nine ('o-nin), adj. like a 
lion ; powerful: kingly. 

leop-ard (lep'ard), n. a large cat¬ 
like beast of prey, with a beautiful 
spotted skin. 

lep-er ('er), n. one affected with 
leprosy. 

lep-ro-sy ('ro-si), n. [pi. lepro¬ 
sies (-siz)], a chronic skin dis¬ 
ease characterized by ulcers and 
white scaly scabs. 

lep-rous (,'rus), adj. infected 
with leprosy ; covered with white 
scales; unclean. 

lepto, a prefix meaning small, 
slender, delicate, occurring in 
various scientific words, as lepto- 
cephaly, smallness and narrowness 
of the skull, as in certain races. 
Also lept. 

lese-maj-es-ty (lez-maj'es-ti), n. 
a crime against royalty or the 
sovereign power; treason. 

lesion (le'zhun), n. injury; mor¬ 
bid change in a function or or¬ 
ganism. 

less (les), adj. (used as com¬ 
parative of little), not so much; 
smaller: adv. in a smaller or 
lower degree: n. a smaller quan¬ 
tity : suffix meaning absence of 
a quality, without, as soul less, 
worthiest, &c. 

less-ee (-e'), n. a person to 
whom a lease is granted. 

less-en ('en), v.t. to make less; 
reduce. 

less-er ('er), adj. a double com¬ 
parative of less. 

les-son (les'n), n. that which a 
pupil learns, or repeats, or does 
for a tutor; instruction or lecture 
given at one time; exercise; pre¬ 
cept ; a portion of Scripture read 
at divine service; admonition. 

les-sor ('er), n. the grantor of a 
lease. 

lest (lest), conj. that not; for 
fear that. 

let (let), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. let, p.pr. 
letting], to permit; grant to a 
tenant; lease; give out on con¬ 
tract ; v.i. to be hired or leased; 
suffer something to be done ( let 
in the imperative mood is used 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








let 


513 


to denote entreaty, permission, or 
command) : n. an obstacle, 
letli-al (le'thal), adj. deadly; 
fatal. 

lethargic (le-thar'jik), adj. af¬ 
fected by lethargy; sluggish; 
drowsy ; dull. 

le-thar-gic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
a lethargic manner, 
leth-ar-gy (leth'ar-ji), n. mor¬ 
bid drowsiness; unnatural pro¬ 
longed slumber; apathy. 

Lethe (le'the), n. in classic myth¬ 
ology, the stream of forgetful¬ 
ness of the Milder world, whose 
waters, when drunk, produced loss 
of memory: hence oblivion, for¬ 
getfulness. 

let-ter ('er). n. a mark or char¬ 
acter used to represent a sound ; 
written or printed communication ; 
a printing type; literal meaning; 
a document certifying certain 
privileges, authority, &c.: pi. 
knowledge; erudition : v.t. to im¬ 
press or inscribe letters upon, 
let-tered ('erd), adj. learned; in¬ 
scribed or marked with letters, 
let-ter-ing ('ing), n. the act or 
process of inscribing with letters; 
letters collectively; title; in¬ 
scription. 

let-ters pat-ent ('erz pat'ent), 
n. a written document under seal 
of the Government, authorizing a 
person to do some act or enjoy 
some privilege. 

lemco, a prefix meaning white, as 
leucocyte, a minute mass of pro¬ 
toplasm found in white blood cor¬ 
puscles which preys upon bacteria 
in the blood. 

leu-co-ma (lu-ko'ma), n. a white 
opacity of the cornea of the eye. 
leu-cor-rhce-a (-re'a), n. vaginal 
catarrh. 

Le vant (Ie-vant'). n. the east¬ 
ern coasts of the Mediterranean, 
le-va-tor (-va'ter), n. a muscle 
that serves to raise some part, 
lev-ee (lev'e), n. a morning re¬ 
ception held by a sovereign or 
personage of high rank ; properly, 
one attended by gentlemen only ; 
a river embankment: v.t. to em¬ 
bank. 

lev-el ('el ), n. a horizontal plane 
or line; surface without inequali¬ 
ties ; state of equality; standard; 


Ley 


line of direction; an instrument 
for indicating a horizontal line 
or plane; section of a canal from 
one lock to another: adj. even; 
horizontal ; smooth; equal to 
something else in importance: v.t. 
to make even; free from in¬ 
equalities ; bring to the same 
level; point in taking aim. 
lev-er (lev'er or le'ver), n. a bar 
of metal, &c., turning on a sup¬ 
port (fulcrum) for raising a 
weight. 

lev-er-age (-aj), n. the mechanic¬ 
al power gained by using a lever; 
lever action. 

lev-er-et (lev'er-et), n. a young 
hare. 

lev-i-a-ble ('i-&-bl), adj. that may 
be levied upon or seized; assessa¬ 
ble. 

le-vi-a-than (le-vi'S-than), n. a 
large unidentified aquatic ani¬ 
mal (Job xli. 1) ; anything huge* 
as a whale, &c. 

lev-i-gate (lev'i-gat), v.t. to re¬ 
duce to a fine, impalpable powder, 
lev-i-ta-tion (lev-i-ta'shun), n. 

lightness; buoyancy, 
lev-i-ty (lev'i-ti), n. lightness of 
disposition, conduct. &c.; incon¬ 
sistency ; trifling gaiety ; lightness 
of weight. 

lev-u-lose (lev'ii-los), n. fruit- 
sugar. 

lev-y ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. levied, 
p.pr. levying], to raise or collect, 
as an army or tax: seize in ex¬ 
ecution : v.i. to make a levy: n. 
the act of raising money or men; 
amount or number raised, 
lewd (lud), adj. licentious; 
libidinous. 

lex-i-cog-ra-phei. (-kog'ra-fer), 
n. the editor or compiler of a dic¬ 
tionary or lexicon, 
lex-i-cog-ra-phy ('ra-fi), n. the 
art or occupation of compiling 
dictionaries or lexicons, 
lex-i-col-o-gy f-koro-ji), n. the 
science of the derivation and cor¬ 
rect meaning of words and their 
correct application, 
lex-o-the-ism (leks-o'the-izm), n. 
the doctrine that the universe is 
governed by natural law instead 
of by a personal supreme being. 
Ley-den jar (li'dn jar), n. a 
glass jar, coated outside and in- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her. let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







lia 


514 


11c 


side with tin foil, for accumulat¬ 
ing electricity. 

li-a-bil-i-ty (-a-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. 
liabilities (-tiz) ], the state of 
being liable: pi. debts. 

li -a-ble ('a-bl), adj. exposed to 
damage, danger, expense, &c.; 
contingently subject. 

liaison (le-a-zong'), n. illicit or 
secret intimacy between a man 
and a woman. 

li-ar (li'ar), n. one addicted to 
lying. 

li-ba-tion (-ba'shun), n. the act 
of pouring wine or oil on the 
ground, as a sacrifice to some 
deity: the liquid so poured out. 

libel ('bel), n. defamation of 
character or reputation; any 
writing, print, publication, or 
picture calculated to injure the 
reputation or character of any¬ 
one and bring him into public 
contempt: v.t. to publish a libel 
against: defame the character of; 
exhibit a charge against in a 
court of law. 

li-bel-ous (-us), adj. containing, 
or of the nature of, a libel. 

li-ber ('her), n. the fibrous inner¬ 
most layer of the bark of exoge¬ 
nous plants. 

lib-er-al (lib' er-al), adj. gener¬ 
ous ; munificent; plentiful; free 
from narrowness in ideas or doc- 
trines: n. an opponent of con¬ 
servatism ; one who advocates ex¬ 
tension of freedom in political 
institutions. 

lib-er-al-ize (-Tz), v.t. to free 
from narrowness or prejudice. 

lib-er-al-ism (-izm), n. the 
principles of a liberal in politics 
or religion. 

lib-er-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. [pi. 
liberalities (-tiz),] the quality of 
being liberal; generosity; mag 1 - 
nanimity ; mental breadth ; catho¬ 
licity. 

lib-er-ate ('er-at), v.t. to set 
free. 

lib -er-a-tor (-a-ter), n. one who 
liberates. 

lib-er-tine ('er-tin), n. a debau¬ 
chee ; adj. unrestrained, morally 
or socially; licentious. 

lib-er-tin-ism (-izm). n. debauch¬ 
ery ; extreme freedom in religious 
opinions. 


lib-er-ty ('er-ti), n. [pi. liber¬ 
ties (-tiz)], freedom; special 
privilege or exemption; immu¬ 
nity ; permission; ungranted or 
undue freedom; privileged dis¬ 
trict. 

Syn. freedom, independence, li¬ 
cense. 

Ant. (see captivity, con¬ 
straint). 

libidinous (li-bid'i-nus), adj. 
lustful. 

librarian (-bra'ri-an), n. the 
custodian of a_ library, 
li-bra-ry ('bra-ri), n. [pi. libra¬ 
ries (-riz)], an arranged collec¬ 
tion of books; the building where 
such a collection is kept, 
li-bra-tion (-bra/shun), n. the 
act of balancing; equipoise; an 
apparent irregularity in the 
moon’s motion. 

li-bra-to-ry ('bra-to-ri), adj. os¬ 
cillating. 

li-bret-tist (li-bret'ist), n. the 
writer of a libretto, 
libretto ('to), n. a book contain¬ 
ing the words of an opera, 
oratorio, &c.; the text itself, 
lice (lls), pi. of louse, 
li-cense (H'sens), n. permission; 
leave ; unrestrained liberty; legal 
permit to do something otherwise 
unlawful; v.t. to authorize by a 
legal permit. 

li-cen-ti-ate (-sen'shi-at), n. one 
licensed to preach or practice a 
profession. 

li-cen-tious ('shus), adj. unre¬ 
strained morally or legally; las¬ 
civious ; dissolute, 
lichen (li'ken or lich'en), n. one 
of an order of cellular flowerless 
(cryptogamic) plants of fungoid 
nature growing parasitic on 
stones, algae, &c.; a kind of skin 
eruption. 

lich-gate (lich'gat), n. the 
roofed gate of a churchyard, under 
which a bier may stand. Also 
lych-gate. 

lic-it (lis'iO. adj. lawful, 
lick (lik), v.t. to pass the tongue 
over; caress with the tongue; lan 
up: vanquish; chastise: v.i. to 
make a licking movement: n. the 
act of licking; ouick or careless 
stroke; superficial saline denosit. 


late. mar. mask, cat. awl ; lie. her. let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






lie 


515 


lik 


lick-spit-tle ('spit-1), n. a servile | 
flatterer. 

lic-o-rice (lik'o-ris), n. the root 
or inspissated juice of the licorice- 
plant ( Glycyrrhiza glabra). 
lie-tor ('ter), n. a Roman official 
who attended the chief magis¬ 
trates and bore the fasces, 
lid (lid), n. a movable cover clos¬ 
ing an aperture ; top ; eyelid, 
lie (II), v.i. [ p.t . lay, p.p. lain, 
p.pr. lying], to rest in a recum¬ 
bent position; lean or press; 
rest or remain; be situated or 
placed ; be maintainable at law. 
lie (II), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lied, p.pr. j 
lying], to utter a falsehood; rep¬ 
resent falsely: n a falsehood; 
wilful misstatement, 
lief (lef), adv. willingly; rather, 
liege (lej), ad), bound by feudal 
service or tenure; n. a vassal; 
liege lord, or sovereign._ 
li-en (le'en, ll'en or len), n. a 
legal claim upon property; se¬ 
curity for payment, 
lieu (lu), n. place; stead, 
lieu-ten-an-cy (-ten'an-si), n. 
the rank or authority of a lieu¬ 
tenant. 

lieu-ten-ant ('ant), n. an officer 
ranking next below a captain in 
the army and a commander in 
the navy ; a deputy, 
life (Hf), n. animate existence; 
vitality ; union of soul and body; 
period between birth and death. 

Syn. existence, animation, 
spirit, vivacity. 

Ant. (see death), 
life-guard ('gard), n. a body¬ 
guard. 

lift (lift), v.t. to raise from the 
ground; elevate; support in the 
air; steal: v.i. to exert strength 
in raising; dissipate in the air: 
n. the act of lifting; elevation; 
promotion ; a machine for raising 
or lifting. 

Syn. erect, elevate, exalt, raise. 

Ant. (see lower), 
lig-a-ment (lig'a-ment), n. a 
strong elastic tissue connecting 
the extremities of movable bones; 
bond or tie. 

lig-a-ture (lig'a-tur), n. a nar¬ 
row bandage or tie; two or more 
letters cast on one shank ( fi , as) ; 
a slur, or notes joined by a slur, 
light (lit), n. the imponderable 


agent by which objects are ren¬ 
dered visible by its action on the 
retina; day; an illuminating or 
enlightening agent; aspect; a 
window ; that which emits light : 
ad), clear; bright; not heavy 
or burdensome; unencumbered; 
gay ; trifling ; unimportant; nim¬ 
ble ; short in weight; well leav¬ 
ened and raised; graceful; un¬ 
dignified ; dizzy; unchaste; v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. lighted, lit, p.pr. 

lighting], to set fire to; inflame; 
illuminate; furnish with, or 
guide by, a light: v.i. to receive 
or reflect; rest or settle; fall 
upon by chance; happen. 

Syn. clear, bright. 

Ant. (see dark). 

light-en ('en), v.t. to make light; 
illuminate; flash out; render 
less heavy: v.i. to brighten; 
shine out. 

lighter ('er), n. a large open 
barge for loading and unloading 
vessels. 

light-er-age (-aj), n. the unload¬ 
ing of a cargo by lighters; charge 
made. 

light-house ('hous), n. a struc¬ 
ture furnished with a brilliant 
light to indicate points of danger 
to mariners at night, 
light-ning ('ning), n. a sudden 
flash of electricity, usually accom¬ 
panied by thunder, 
lig-ne-ous (lig'ne-us), adj. woody, 
lig-nin ('nin), n. woody fiber, 
lig-nite ('nit), n. wood converted 
into an imperfect kind of coal, 
lig-num-vi-tse ('num-vl'te), n. 
the very heavy hard wood of a 
South American tree ( Guaicum 
officinale) or of similar West In¬ 
dian and Australasian trees, 
like (Hk), adj. similar; resem¬ 
bling; equal or nearly equal; dis¬ 
posed : adv. in the same manner 
as; probably: v.t. have a taste 
for; enjoy: n. a counterpart, 
like-ly ('li), adj. [comp, likelier, 
superl. likeliest], probable; suit¬ 
able : adv. probably. 

Syn. apt, probable, credible. 

Ant. (see doubtful), 
like-n (lik'n), v.t. to compare, 
like-ness ('nes), n. similarity; 
portrait. 

Syn. resembling, similarity. 

Ant. (see unlikeness). 


lute, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; mo6n. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







Ilk 


516 


lln 


liking ('ing), n. preference; 
fondness. 

li-lac (H'lak), n. a shrub of the 
genus Syringa, with pale pinkish 
purple flowers; a color, 
li i 1-1 i-p u-t i-a n (lil-i-pu'shun), 
adj. very diminutive, from Swift's 
Gulliver's Travels. Also Lilipu- 
tian. 

lil-y (lil'i), n. a plant of the 
genus Lilium, with bulbous roots 
and handsome flowers: adj. un¬ 
sullied ; lily-white, 
limb (lim), n. a jointed or articu¬ 
lated part of an animal body; 
branch of a tree; edge or border; 
roguish child; leg: v.t. to dis¬ 
member. 

lim-ber ('ber), n. the detachable 
forepart of a gun-carriage: adj. 
pliant: v.t. to attach a limber to 
(a gun-carriage) ; make pliant, 
limbus ('bus), n. in the Roman 
Catholic Church, the place inter¬ 
mediate between heaven and hell, 
the abode of departed souls prior 
to the judgment; prison. Also 
limbo. 

lime (lim), n. a calcareous earth 
obtained by the action of heat 
upon limestone; bird-lime; a tree 
of the orange kind yielding an edi¬ 
ble juicy fruit; the linden tree: 
v.t. to apply lime to. 
lime-light ('lit), n. a brilliant 
light produced by the action of 
lighted hydrogen and oxygen upon 
lime. 

lim-er-ick (lim'er-ik), n. a verse 
consisting of five lines, of which 
the fifth is left blank, to be sup¬ 
plied by competitors. It must 
rhyme with the first two lines, 
lime-stone ('ston). n. a rock 
having carbonate of lime as its 
basis. 

lim-it (lim'it), n. a border or 
boundary; utmost extent: v.t. to 
confine within bounds; restrict, 
lim-i-ta-tion (-i-ta'shun), n. re¬ 
striction. 

limn (lim), v.t. to paint or draw; 
illuminate, as books and manu¬ 
scripts. 

lim-ou-sine (lim-ou-zin'), n. the 

body of a closed automobile, 
limp (limp), adj. flexible; flaccid: 
n. a halt in walking: v.i. to walk 
with a halt. 

limpet ('pet), n. a gastropod of 


the genus Patella, which adheres 
firmly to rocks by its foot sucker. 

limp-sy (limp'si), adj. flimsy; 
weak. 

lim-y (lim'i), adj. containing, or 
like, lime. 

linch-pin (linch'pin), n. the pin 
which goes through the end of the 
axle of a wheel, and keeps it in 
its place. 

lin-den (lin'den), n. a tree with 
heart-shaped leaves, and small 
clusters of cream-colored flowers. 
There are several species, Euro¬ 
pean and American. 

line (lin), n. length without 
breadth ; a slender string or cord ; 
fishing-line ; extended row ; l-12th 
of an inch; short letter; occu¬ 
pation ; mark in the hand or face ; 
outline; verse; extent; direction; 
regular infantry; equator; par¬ 
ticular class of goods; descent: 
v.t. to draw lines upon; place 
along side by side; cover on the 
inside ; strengthen by inner works. 

lin-e-age (lin'e-aj), n. ancestral 
line of descent from a common 
progenitor; family. 

lin-e-al ('e-al), adj. composed of 
lines; in direct line from an an¬ 
cestor. 

lin-e-al-ly (-li), adv. by direct de¬ 
scent. 

lin-e-a-ment ('e-a-ment), n. fea¬ 
ture ; outline. 

lin-e-ar ('e-ar), adj. pertaining 
to, or composed of, lines; having 
a straight direction. 

lin-e-ate ('e-at), adj. marked 
with lines. 

lin-en ('en), n. a cloth made of 
flax ; articles made of linen ; un¬ 
derclothing : adj. made of, or re¬ 
sembling, linen. 

li-ner (li'ner), n. a line-of-battle 
ship; a steamship belonging to 
a packet company; one who 
makes linings. 

ling (ling), n. an edible cod-like 
fish ; heather. 

linger ('ger), v.i. to delay; 
loiter; remain long in any state. 

Syn. lag, loiter, tarry, saunter. 

Ant. (see hasten). 

lin-ger-ie (lang-zhe-re'), n. un¬ 
derclothing. 

lin-go (ling'go), n. language; dia¬ 
lect. 


late, mar mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pSrch, lot; m6on, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







lin 


517 


I Is 


lin gual ('gwal), adj. pertaining 
to, or formed by, the tongue: n. 
a letter or sound, so articulated, 
as s, tli , &c. 

linguist ('gwist), n. one skilled 
in languages. 

lin-guis-tic ('tik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to linguistics. 

lin-guis-tics ('tiks), n.pl. com¬ 
parative philology, 
lin-gu-la ('gii-la), n. a genus of 
brachipodus mollusks with a 
tongue-like valve. 

lin-gu-late ('gu-lat), adj. tongue¬ 
shaped. 

lin-i-ment (lin'i-ment), n. a 
medicated liquid for rubbing into 
the skin. 

lin-ing (lin'ing), n. an inside 
covering; contents, 
link (lingk), n. a single ring or 
division of a chain ; anything 
doubled like a link; single part 
of a connected series; a land 
measure 7.92 inches; connection ; 
torch made of pitch and tow: pi. 
flat sandy soil; golfing grounds: 
v.t. to connect by, or as by, a 
link: v.i. to be connected, 
lin-net (lin'et), n. a British finch, 
lin-o-leum (li-no'le-um), n. a 
floor cloth composed of ground 
cork, linseed oil, and chloride of 
sulphur. 

lin-o-type (lin'o-tip), n. a ma¬ 
chine for composing and casting 
stereotyped words or lines for 
printing. 

lin-seed (lin'sed), n. the seed of 
flax, from which linseed oil is ex¬ 
pressed. 

lin-sey-wool-sey ('zi-wool'zi), n. 

a cloth of mixed linen and wool, 
lint (lint), n. scraped linen used 
for dressing wounds, 
lin-tel (Hn'tel), n. the horizontal 
top piece of a door or window, 
li-on (li'un), n. a large powerful 
carnivorous mammal of the genus 
Felis, found in Africa and 
Southern Asia: pi. noted persons 
or places: adj. (in composition) 
noble; majestic; courageous. 
Feminine lioness. 

li-on-ize (-iz), v.t. to treat as an 
object of peculiar interest, 
li-on’s-share ('unz-shar), n. the 
major part. 

lip (lip), n. one of the two bor¬ 


ders of the mouth; edge of any¬ 
thing ; mouth; lip-like organ; 
speech: v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. lipped, 
p.pr. lipping], to touch with the 
lips ; kiss ; utter. 

lipped (lipt'), adj. having lips or 
rounded edges; labiate, 
li-qua-tion (li-kwa'shun), n. the 
act or process of melting, 
liq - ue - fa - cient (lik-we-fa'shi- 
ent), adj. serving to liquefy, 
liq-ue-fac-tion (-fak'shun), n. 
the process of liquefying; state 
of being melted. 

liq-ue-fy ('we-fi), v.t. to melt or 
make liquid : v.i. to become liquid, 
li-ques-cent (-kwes'ent), adj. be¬ 
coming liquid. 

li-queur (li-ker'), n. an alcoholic 
aromatic cordial. 

liq-uid (lik'wid), adj. clear; tear¬ 
ful ; not solid; readily flowing: n. 
liquid substance; one of the con¬ 
sonants l, in, n, r. 
liq-ui-date ('wi-dat), v.t. to pay 
off as a debt; arrange, as the af¬ 
fairs of a bankrupt, 
liq-ui-da-tion (-da'shun). n. the 
act of liquidating or paying off; 
the settlement of the affairs of a 
bankrupt’s estate. 

liq-ui-da-tor ('wi-da-ter), n. an 
official who winds up a bankrupt’s 
estate. 

liq-uor (lik'er), n. an alcoholic 
beverage; a liquid: v.t. to treat 
with a solution: v.i. to take in¬ 
toxicating drinks [slang], 
liq-uor-ice, same as licorice, 
li-ra (le'ra), n. [pi. lire (le're)], 
an Italian coin, the unit of mone- 
tarv value = 19 cents; the 

Turkish lira = $4.40. 
lisle (lil), n. a fine thread or lace, 
lisp (lisp), v.i. to pronounce s and 
z nearly like th; speak: v.t. to 
utter imperfectly or affectedly: 
n. the imperfect utterance of s 
and z. 

lis-som (lis'um), n. supple; lithe¬ 
some. 

list (list), n. a catalogue, roll, or 
register; the edge or selvage.of 
cloth; strip of cloth : inclination 
to one side ; small square molding : 
pi. an enclosing for a tournament: 
v.t. to catalogue, register, or enrol ; 
cover with strins of cloth; sew 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








lis 


518 


lit 


together; cause, to tilt over to one 
side; listen to: v.i. to enlist; 
choose; careen ; hearken. 
li*-ten (lis'n), v.i. to attend to 
closely, so as to hear; hearken; 
obey. 

Syn. attend, hark, hear, heed. 
Ant. (see ignore). 

Ltis-ter-isui (list'er-izm), n. the 
antiseptic method of operating and 
dressing, introduced by Sir J. 
Lister. 

listing ('ing), n. the act of mak¬ 
ing a schedule. 

list-less ('les), adj. indifferent; 
languid. 

lit, p.t. & p.p. of light, 
lit-a-ny (lit'a-ni), n. a solemn re¬ 
sponsive form of supplication, 
li-tchi (le'che). n. a tree produc¬ 
ing a fruit ( licJii ) much esteemed 
in China. 

li-ter (le'ter), n. [Fr.j in the 
metric system, a measure of 
capacity, = 61.026 cubic inches, 
or a little more than 1 quart, 
lit-er-a-cy (lit'er-a-si), n. the 
state of being able to read and 
write. 

lit -er-al ('er-al), adj. consisting 
of, or expressed by, letters; fol¬ 
lowing the exact words; exact; 
plain. 

lit -er-al-ly (-li), adv. in a literal 

sense. 

lit-er-a-ry ('er-a-ri), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or appropriate to, litera¬ 
ture or men of letters ; versed in, 
or engaged in, literature, 
lit-er-ate ('er-at), adj. instructed ; 
learned: n. a literary man; a 
candidate for holy orders who 
has not taken a university de¬ 
gree. 

lit-er-a-tesque (-a-tesk'), adj. fit 
for literature. 

lit-e-ra-ti (-a'ti), n.pl. the 
learned. 

lit-e-ra-tim (-er-a'tim), adv. lit¬ 
erally. 

lit-er-a-ture ('er-a-tur), n. the 
written or printed literary pro¬ 
ductions of a country or period ; 
literary work; learning, 
lith arge (lith'arj), n. oxide of 
lead. 

lithe (llt/i), adj. supple; pliant, 
lithe-some ('sum), adj. nimble; 
lissom. 


lith-i-a (lith'i-a), n. oxide of lith¬ 
ium. 

lith-ic (lith'ik), adj. pertaining 
to stone. 

lith-i-um (' i-um), n. a metallic 
element. 

litho, a prefix meaning stone , also 
lith. as lithoglyph, a carving on 
a gem or stone ; ZZZ/ianthrax, stone- 
coal, &c. 

lith-o-chro-mat-ics (lith'o-kro- 

mat'iks), n.pl. the art or process 
of painting in oil upon stone and 
then transferring it upon canvas, 
lith-o-graph (lith'o-graf), n. a 
print reproduced from a drawing 
on stone: v.t. to draw, or engrave 
on stone, and transfer to paper, 
lith-o-graph-ic ('ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to lithography. Also lith- 
ographical. 

lith-o-graph-ic-al-ly ('ik-al-li). 

adv. by lithography, 
lith-og-ra-phy (-og'ra-fi), n. the 
art of making a design on stone so 
that ink-impressions can be taken 
from it. 

lith-oid ('oid), adj. stone-like; of 
stone structure. 

lith-o-tint ('o-tint), n. a litho¬ 
graph from a drawing executed 
with a camel’s-liair pencil, 
lith-ot-o-my (-ot'o-mi), n. the 
operation of cutting into the 
bladder to remove stone, 
lith-ot-ri-ty (-ot'tri-ti), n. the 
surgical operation of crushing 
stone in the bladder, 
lit-i-gant (lit'i-gant), n. one who 
contends in law: adj. engaged in. 
or inclined to. litigation, 
lit-i-gate ('i-gat), v.t. to contest 
in a court of law: v.i. to engage 
in a lawsuit. 

lit-i-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. the 
act or process of carrying on a 
lawsuit; judicial contest, 
li-tig-ious (li-tij'us). adj. given 
to carrying on lawsuits ; quarrel¬ 
some. 

lit-mus (lit'mus), n. a purple dye. 

obtained from certain lichens, 
lit-ter (lit'er), n. straw, hay, &c.. 
used for horses’ bedding; a frame¬ 
work with a bed, for carrying a 
person in a recumbent position r 
state of confusion or untidiness: 
number of young produced at 
one birth, as pigs, &c.: v.t. supnly 
with litter; cover with straw; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









lit 


519 


loa 


scatter about carelessly: v.i. 
bring forth a litter of young, 
lit-ter-a-teur (-a-ter'), n. a liter¬ 
ary man. 

lit-tle (lit'l), adj. [ co mparative 
less, superlative least], small in 
size, quantity, duration, or im¬ 
portance ; insignificant; young; 
mean : adv. in a small degree; not 
much : n. small in size, quantity, 
&c. 

Syn. diminutive, small. 

Ant. (see great). 

lit-to-ral ('o-ral), adj. pertaining 
to, near, or living on, the shore ; 
situated between high- and low- 
water mark: n. country lying near 
the shore of a sea, lake, &c. 
li-tur-gic (li-ter'jik), adj. per¬ 
taining to a liturgy. Also litur¬ 
gical. 

li-tur-gic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. by a 
liturgy. 

lit-ur-gics ('jiks), n.pl. the 
science of liturgies, 
liturgy (lit'er-ji), n. [pi. litur¬ 
gies (-jiz) ], the prescribed forms 
or ritual for public worship, 
live (llv), v.i. to exist or have 
life; pass or enjoy life; reside; 
endure; subsist: adj. (llv) having 
life ; quick ; effective ; ignited ; 
kept for use; energetic, 
live-li-hood (liv'li-hood), n. 
means of living. 

Syn. living, maintenance, sub¬ 
sistence, support, 
live-li-ness (-nes), n. briskness, 
live-ly ('li), adj. active; brisk; 
animated ; sprightly ; vivid ; forci¬ 
ble. 

Syn. jocund, merry, sportive, 
sprightly, vivacious. 

Ant. (see slow, languid), 
live-oak ('ok), n an American 
oak valuable for shipbuilding, 
liv-er (liv'er), n. one who lives; 

a glandular organ secreting bile, 
liv-er-ied (-id), adj. clothed in 
livery. 

liv-er-wort (-wert), n. a name for 
any cryptogamous plant of the 
class Hepaticae. 

liv -er-y ('er-i), n. [pi. liveries 
(-iz) ], a particular costume worn 
by servants; the state of being 
kept and fed at a stipulated rate, 
as horses. 

tfiv -er-y-man (-man), n. [pi 


liverymen (-men)], the keeper of 
a livery-stable. 

liv-er-y-sta-ble (-sta'bl), n. a 
stable where horses are kept and 
let out for hire. 

liv-id ('id), adj. black and blue; 
discolored as by a blow; ashy 
pale. 

liv-ing ('ing), p.adj. having life; 
flowing ; vigorous ; active; quick¬ 
ening : n. livelihood; a church 
benefice; mode of life, 
li-vre (le'ver), n. an old French 
money of account, value 19 J /2 
cents. 

lix-iv-i-ate (liks-iv'i-at), v.t. to 
dissolve out the saline matter 
from (wood ashes) ; form into 
lye. 

liz-ard (liz'ard), n. a lacertilian 
reptile having a scaly body, and 
four well-developed limbs, each 
with five toes. 

lla-ma (la'ma), n. a South 
American quadruped, somewhat 
resembling a camel, 
lla-ma, same as lama, 
lla-ne-ro (lya-na'ro). n. a herbs- 
man of the South American 
llanos. 

lla nos ('noz or la'noz), n.pl. the 
extensive level grassy plains, or 
steppes of South America, 
lo (lo), interj. behold ! see ! 
loach (loch), n. a small edible 
freshwater fish; a simpleton, 
load (lod), v.t. to put on as much 
as can be carried; burden ; weight 
down ; embarrass; freight; 
charge, as a gun: n. a burden; 
weight; freight; encumbrance ; 
pressure; a weight of hay, straw, 
or ore. 

Syn. burden, cargo, freight, 
clog, encumbrance, 
load-ed ('ed), p.adj. laden; 
drunk. 

load-line ('lin), n. the line to 
which a vessel sinks when loaded 
with her full cargo, 
load-star ('star), n. the pole- 
star. 

load-stone ('ston), n. magnetic 
oxide of iron; magnet. Also 
lodestone. 

loaf (lof), v.i. to idle away time: 
n. [pi. loaves (lovz)], a large 
cake of bread. 

loaf-er ('er), n. an idler; cadger, 
loam (lorn), n. rich vegetable 


late, mar, mAsk, cat, awl; he* her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







So* 


520 


loc 


mold, with clay and sand: v.t. to 
cover with loam. 

loan (Ion), n. a sum of money 
lent for a period, repayable with 
interest; something granted for 
temporary use: v.i. to lend 
money. 

loath (loth), adj. unwilling; 
reluctant. 

loathe (lo*7i), v.t. to regard with 
abhorrence or disgust; detest: 
v.i. to feel nausea, 
loath-ing ('ing), n. disgust; 
nausea. 

loath-some ('sum), adj. exciting 
loathing. 

lob (lob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lobbed, 
p.pr. lobbing], to toss gently: v.i. 
to bowl lobs: n. a large worm, 
used for fishing, the lugworm ; a 
slow ball bowled underhand, 
lo-bate (lo'bat), adj. lobe-like., 
lob-by (l°b'i), n. [pi. lobbies 
('iz)], a small hall or waiting 
room; passage opening before an 
apartment; that part of the hall 
of a legislative chamber to which 
the public have access: v.i. [p.t. 
& p.p. lobbied, p.pr. lobbying], 
to solicit the votes of members of 
a legislature to carry a particular 
measure. 

lob-by-ist (-ist), n. a person, not 
a member, who tries to influence 
the votes of members of a leg¬ 
islative body. 

lobe (lob), n. any rounded and 
projecting part; a subdivision of 
an organ. 

lobe-let ('let), n. a small lobe. 
!Lo-be-lia (lo-be'M), n. an ex¬ 
tensive genus of plants with hand¬ 
some flowers, including the Indian 
tobacco plant. &c. 
lob-ster ('ster), n. an edible 
marine decapod crustacean, 
lob ule (ul), n. a small lobe, 
lob-worm, same as lugworm. 
lo-cal (lo'k&l), adj. pertaining to 
place; restricted to a particular 
place: n. a newspaper paragraph 
of local interest; a suburban train, 
lo-cale (-k&l'), n. place; locality 
[French]. 

lo-cal-ism ('k&l-izm), n. a word, 
idiom, or custom restricted to a 
particular locality, 
lo-cal-i-ty (-kal'i-ti), n. [pi. locali¬ 
ties (-tiz)], existence in or limi¬ 
tation to a place; position. 


lo-cal-ize ('kal-Iz), v.t. to limit 
to a particular place, 
lo-cal-ly (-li), adv. with respect 
to place. 

lo-cal op-tion (op'shun), n. the 
restriction of the sale of intoxica¬ 
ting liquors by the majority of 
the voters of a district, 
lo-cate (lo'kat), v.t. to place; 
establish ; mark out and determine 
the position of: v.i. to settle, 
lo -ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. place; 
plot of ground marked out by 
boundaries. 

lo-ca-tive (lok'&-tiv), adj. noting 
place. 

locb (lokh), n. a lake [Scotch], 
lock (lok), n. a mechanical device 
furnished with a spring and bolt 
for fastening a door, &c., by 
means of a key; anything that 
fastens; enclosure between lock- 
gates for raising and lowering the 
w T ater within them; mechanism 
for firing a gun; hug in wrest¬ 
ling ; a tuft of hair nr wool; 
ringlet; tress: v.t. to fasten or se¬ 
cure with a lock; shut up; con¬ 
fine : v.i. to become fast by a 
lock; entwine. 

Syn. bar, bolt, hook, fastening, 
lock-age ('aj), n. difference of 
level of the water between canal 
locks; dues paid for passage 
through a lock. 

lock-er ('er), n. a receptacle se¬ 
cured by a lock. 

lock-et ('et), n. a small gold or 
silver case attached to a neck¬ 
lace or chain. 

lock-jaw ('jaw), n. a spasmodic 
disease by which the lower jaw 
is drawn up and becomes fixed; 
tetanus. 

lock-man ('mfin), n. an under¬ 
sheriff in the Isle of Man. 
lock-out ('out), n. the exclusion 
of workmen from a factory by an 
employer to compel them to ac¬ 
cept his terms: v.t. to close a 
factory against. 

lock-up ('up), n. a temporary 
prison ; calaboose ; jail, 
lo-co (lo'ko), n. a name for vari 
ous poisonous American plants, 
causing disease to animals eating 
them; also the disease so caused, 
lo-co-mo-tiou (-mo'shun), n. the 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





IOC 


521 


loi 


act or power of moving from place 
to place. 

lo-co-mo-tive ('tiv), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to locomotion ; not stationary : 
n. a steam engine for drawing ; 
railway cars. 

lo-co-mo-tor ('ter), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to locomotion : n. a motor. 

lo-co-mo-tor a-tax-y (a-tak'si), 
n. want of co-ordination of the 
movements of the legs. 

lo-cust ('kust), n. a migratory 
and destructive winged insect re¬ 
sembling the grasshopper; a tree 
of the bean family. 

lo -cu-tion (-bu'shun), n. speech ; i 
phrase. 

lode (lod), n. a vein containing 
metallic ore. 

lode-star, lode-stone, see load¬ 
star, &c. 

lodge (loj), v.t. to furnish with a 
temporary dwelling: v.i. to reside 
for a time; be deposited or fixed: 
n. a small house in a park ; gate¬ 
keeper’s cottage ; wild beast’s den ; 
hut of an American Indian ; place 
where members of an association 
meet, especially Freemasons; the 
members themselves. 

lodg-er ('er), n. one who resides 
in lodgings. 

lodg-ing ('ing), n. a place of 
temporary residence: pi. a room 
or rooms hired in the house of 
another. 

lodg-ment ('ment), n. the act of 
lodging; the state of being lodged; 
accumulation of something de¬ 
posited ; occupation of a military 
position. 

loft (loft), n. a room directly 
beneath a roof. 

loft-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a lofty 
manner. 

loft-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being lofty. 

loft-y ('i), adj. [comp, loftier, 
superl. loftiest], very high; proud; 
stately ; sublime. 

log (log), n. an undressed piece 
of timber; a log-book; a heavy 
dull fellow; an instrument for 
ascertaining the rate of progress 
of a ship : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. logged, 
p.pr. logging], to enter in a log¬ 
book : v.i. to hew down and get 
out trees. 

log-a-ritlim ('a-rithm), n. the 
exponent of the power to which 


a fixed number (the base) must 
be raised in order to produce a 
given number. 

log-a-rith-mic (-rith'mik), adj. 
pertaining to, or consisting of, 
logarithms. Also logarithmical. 
log-book ('book), n. a ship’s 
diary, or journal, recording the 
progress of a vessel, daily oc¬ 
currences, &c. i 

log-gan ('an), n. a rocking-stone, 
log-ger-head ('er-hed), n. a 
blockhead; dolt; species of sea- 
turtle. 

log-gia (loj'a), n. a covered gal¬ 
lery or portico; an open balcony 
in a theater. 

log-ging (log'ing), n. the business 
of cutting down timber, 
log-ic (loj'ik), n. the science of 
correct reasoning, especially of 
inference. 

log-ic-al (-&1), adj. pertaining to, 
or used in, logic; according to 
the rules of logic, 
log-ic-al-ly ('li), adv. by the 
rules of logic. 

lo-gi-cian (lo-jish'un), n. one 
skilled in logic. 

lo-gis-tics (-jis'tiks), n.pl. sexa¬ 
gesimal arithmetic; the science of 
moving and supplying armies, 
logo, a prefix meaning speech , 
word, ratio. 

log-o-gram (log'o-gram), n. a 
letter or sign standing for a word, 
as d for pence, &c.; a word-puz¬ 
zle in verse. 

log-o-graph (log'6-graf), n. a 
written word. 

log-og-ra-phy (log-og'ra-fi), n. a 
method of printing in which a 
type represents a word instead 
of a letter. 

log-o-type (-tip), n. a type con¬ 
taining two or more letters, as ff. 
log-roll (log'rol), v.i. to engage 
in logrolling. 

log-rol-ling (-ing), n. the act 
of rolling logs; united action in 
carrying legislative schemes for 
mutual benefit; mutual praise by 
authors of each other’s books, 
log-wood ('wood), n. a wood of 
a deep-red color, used in dyeing, 
loin (loin), n. the lower part of 
the back of a quadruped or man : 
pi. the reins. 

loi-ter (loi'ter), v.t. to hide (with 


late, mar, mSsk, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









lol 


522 


loq 


away) : v.i. to spend time idly; 
delay ; linger. 

loll (lol), v.i. to lounge at ease; 

hang out the tongue, 
lone (Ion), adj. solitary; retired; 
by one’s self; unmarried or in 
widowhood. 

lone-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the state 
of being lonely. 

lone-ly ('li), adj. [comp, lonelier, 
superl. loneliest], deserted; soli¬ 
tary ; unfrequented, 
lonesome ('sum), adj. secluded 
from society; depressed; unfre¬ 
quented ; drearily solitary, 
long (long), adj. not short; ex¬ 
tended in time, or length ; drawn 
out; slow ; tedious ; tall; linger¬ 
ing ; farseeing: adv. to a great 
length or period; far distant; for 
a length of time : n. anything that 
is long: v.i. to desire eagerly 
(with for or after). 

Syn. extended, extensive. 

Ant. (see short), 
long-boat ('hot), n. the largest 
and strongest boat of a ship, 
long-bow ('bo), n. a long power¬ 
ful bow formerly used by English 
archers. 

long-clotb ('kloth), n. a superior 
cotton fabric. 

long-doz-en (-duz'n), n. thirteen, 
lon-gev-i-ty (lon-jev'i-ti), n. ex¬ 
tended age. 

long-hand ('hand), n. ordinary 
handwriting, as distinguished 
from shorthand. 

longi, a prefix meaning long, as 
longicorn: adj. long-horned, 
long-ing (long'ing), n. earnest de¬ 
sire. 

lon-gi-tude (lon'ji-tud), n. dis¬ 
tance east and west on the 
earth’s surface measured from a 
meridian or place, estimated in 
degrees; on the ecliptic, distance 
in degrees from the vernal equi¬ 
nox. 

lon-gi-tu-di-nal (-tu'di-n&l), adj. 
pertaining to longitude, or length. 

longitudinally (-li), adv. 
lengthwise. 

long-prixn-er ('prim-er), n. a size 
of type between small pica and 
bourgeois (see type), 
long shore man (long'shor-man), 
n. a wharf laborer, 
loo (loo), n. a card game. 


loo-by ('bi), n. an awkward fel¬ 
low. 

loof (loof), n. the fullest part of 
a ship’s bow. 

look (look), v.i. to direct the eye 
to anything, in order to view it; 
direct the mind or attention to; 
examine; front or face; expect; 
watch ; appear: v.t. to search or 
seek for; turn the eyes upon: n. 
the act of looking; mien ; aspect: 
interj. see! 

Syn. appear, seem, 
lool (lool), n. a vessel for receiv¬ 
ing the washings of ore. 
loom (loom), n. a frame or ma¬ 
chine for weaving cloth ; an oar 
handle: v.i. to rise gradually and 
appear larger than in reality, 
loon (loon), n. the great north¬ 
ern diver. 

loon-y _('i), adj. crazed, 
loop (loop), n. a folding or doub¬ 
ling of string, rope, &c.; noose 
through which a cord may be 
run : anything resembling a loop: 
v.t. to form into, furnish with, 
or secure with, loops, 
loop-hole ('h51), n. a narrow 
aperture for observation or de¬ 
fense ; means of evasion, 
loop-line ('lin), n. a railway 
line running out of and rejoining 
the main line. 

loose (loos), adj. not fast; un¬ 
bound ; not fixed; not tight; not 
crowded together; vague; un¬ 
connected ; lax in principles or 
morals: n. the state of being 
loose: v.t. to set free; unbind; 
disengage: relax, 
loos-en (loos'n), v.t. to free from 
tightness, restraint, or tension; 
free from costiveness, 
loot (loot;, v.t. to pillage or 
plunder, especially a captured 
city: n. booty thus taken, 
lop (lop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lopped, 
p.pr. lopping], to cut off (a 
part of anything), especially 
branches of a tree; cut off par¬ 
tially ; trim ; let fall: v.i. to hang 
down: n. a hanging down; that 
which is lopped, as branches, 
lop-si-ded ('sl-ded), n. heavier on 
one side. 

lo-qua-cious (lo-kwa'shus), adj. 
talkative. 

lo-quac-i-ty (-kwas'i-ti). n. talka¬ 
tiveness. 


late, mar, mSsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







!or 


523 


lov 


lord (IGrd), n. a ruler or govern¬ 
or ; master; one possessed of 
supreme power r the owner of a I 
manor; a baron in the British 
peerage; the son of a duke or 
marquis; eldest son of an earl; 
title of ‘honor given to certain 
officials: v.t. to invest with au¬ 
thority ; preside over: v.i. to 
domineer. 

lord-li-ness ('li-nes), n. lordly de¬ 
gree or rank ; pride ; haughtiness. 

lord-ling ('ling), n. a little or 
would-be lord. 

lord-ship ('ship), n. the state, 
quality, or jurisdiction of a lord ; 
title of address (with his or 
Hour) given to noblemen and 
judges. 

Lord’s Sup-per ('z sup'er), n. 
the Holy Communion or Eucha¬ 
rist. 

lore (lor), n. learning; instruc¬ 
tion ; space between the eye and 
bill of a bird. 

lo-rette (lo-ret'), n. a woman of 
the demi-monde [French]. 

lor-gnette (lor-nyet'), n. a long- 
handled opera glass; a pair of 
eyeglasses fixed to a. long handle 
into which they shut. 

lor-i-keet (lor-i-ket'), n. a 
straight-billed parrot. 

lo-ris (lo'ris), n. a nocturnal 
lemur. 

lorn (lorn), adj. forsaken; for¬ 
lorn. 

lor-ry (lor'i), n. [pi. lorries 
('iz) ], a long four-wheeled wagon 
without sides; a miner’s hand¬ 
cart. 

lo-ry (lo'ri), n. [pi. lories ('riz)], 
a species of parrot with brilliant 
plumage. 

lose (looz), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lost, 
p.pr. losing], to be deprived of; 
cease to have in possession ; mis¬ 
lay ; forfeit; waste; squander: 
v.i. to fail of success; yield; be 
defeated. 

Syn. miss, forfeit. 

Ant. (see gain). 

loss (los), n. detriment; injury; 
privation ; failure; defeat; that 
which is lost. 

Syn. detriment, damage, depri¬ 
vation. 

Ant. (see gain). 


lost (lost), p.adj. missing; for¬ 
feited ; destroyed ; perplexed, 
lot (lot), n. fortune; destiny; 
portion or parcel; anything used 
to determine chances; great 
quantity: v.t. to separate into 
lots ; assign ; catalogue. 
Lo-tha-ri-o (lo-tha'ri-o), n. a gay 
deceiver or libertine, from Rowe’s 
The Fair Penitent. 
lo-tion ('shun), n. a medicated 
fluid for outward application, 
lot-ter-y (lot'er-i), n. [pi. lot¬ 
teries (-iz)], a distribution of 
prizes by chance; drawing of lots, 
lot-to ('6), n. a parlor game 
played with 24 cards and wooden 
discs numbered 1 to 100. 

Lotus (lo'tus), n. a genus of the 
water-lily family, especially the 
sacred lotus of the ancient Nile; 
a name for various trees or 
shrubs, the fruit of which was 
fabled to cause forgetfulness of 
care and induce a state of dreamy 
indolence. 

lou-chettes (loo-shets'), n.pl. col¬ 
ored spectacles for direct vision 
in strabismus. 

loud (loud), adj. high- or full¬ 
sounding; noisy; ostentatious in 
dress or manner; showy; having 
an unpleasant odor: adv. loudly. 

Syn. clamorous, high-sounding, 
noisy. 

Ant. (see low, quiet), 
loud-ly ('li), adv. in a loud man¬ 
ner ; ostentatiously, 
lough (lokh), _w. a lake [Irish], 
louis d’or (loo'i ddr'), n. an old 
French coin, of varying value 
(about $4). 

lounge (lounj), v.i. to saunter 
about in a lazy manner; loll; 
live indolently: n. the act of 
lounging; a low-backed couch, 
louse (lous), n. [pi. lice (-11s)]. 
a parasitic insect of various 
species, especially those; of the 
genus Pediculus, parasitic on 
man. 

lou-sy (lou'zi), adj. infested with 
lice. 

lout (lout), n. an awkward fel¬ 
low. 

lou-ver (loo'ver), n. an open tur¬ 
ret or lantern on the roof of a 
building. 

lov-a-bie (luv'a-bl), adj. worthy 
of love. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






lov 


524 


luc 


lov-a-bil-i-ty (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the 
quality that attracts love, 
love (luv), n. a strong feeling of 
affection, especially to one of the 
opposite sex; courtship; de¬ 
voted affection for or attachment 
to ; parental care ; a sweetheart: 
v.t. to regard with strong affec¬ 
tion ; feel devotion towards; de¬ 
light in: v.i. to be in love; have 
strong affection. 

Syn. affection. 

Ant. (see hatred), 
love-ap-ple ('ap-1), n. the tomato, 
love-bird ('herd), n. a small bird 
of the parrot family, 
love-feast ('fest), n. a religious 
feast of the nature of the agape, 
love-lies-bleed-ing; (-liz-bled'- 
ing), n. a species of amaranth, 
love-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the 
quality of being lovely, 
love-ly ('li), adj. [comp, lovelier, 
superl. loveliest], exciting love or 
admiration ; amiable ; beautiful; 
pretty ; inviting ; delightful: adv. 
so as to inspire love or admira¬ 
tion. 

lov-er ('er), n. one who loves; 
one in love: said of a man ; one 
deeply attached. 

lov-ing ('ing), p.adj. devoted; af¬ 
fectionate. 

lov-ing-cup (-kup), n. a wine- 
cup, usually with several handles, 
passed round from guest to guest, 
low (lo), adj. not high ; depressed ; 
shallow; not noisy; subdued; 
near the horizon; cheap; moder¬ 
ate ; feeble or weak ; of less than 
the normal height; below the 
recognized standard; vulgar; 
abject: n. the bellow of cattle: 
adv. not on high ; deeply; softly ; 
quietly; meaningly; at a low 
price; in humble rank: v.i. to bel¬ 
low like cattle. 

Syn. abject, mean. 

Ant. (see noble). 

low-bell ('bel), n. a sheep- or 
cattle-bell. 

Low Church (clierch), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Evangelical section 
of the English Church, or to its 
doctrines. 

lower ('er), v.t. to lessen or 
bring down; reduce in price or 
value ; weaken ; humble ; change 
to a lower pitch: v.i. to become 


lower; sink; fall; (lou'er) to ap¬ 
pear dark, gloomy, or threaten¬ 
ing. 

low-er case (kas), n. that part 
of a compositor’s case which con¬ 
tains the small printing types, 
lowering (lou'er-ing), p.adj. 
overcast with clouds; threatening 
a storm; gloomy, 
lowermost (lo'er-most), adj. 
lowest. 

low-ing ('ing), n. the bellow of 
cattle. 

low-land ('land), adj. pertaining 
to a low or level country: n.pl. 
a level country. 

Low Lat-in (lat'in), n. mediaeval 
Latin. 

low-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the state 
of being lowly. 

low-ly ('li), adj. [comp, lowlier, 
superl. lowliest], low in rank or 
size; humble; modest: adv. 
modestly. 

low mass (mas), n. mass said 
without musical accompaniment 
and by one priest, 
lox-i-a (loks'i-a), n. wryneck, 
loxo, a prefix meaning slanting. 
loyal (loi'al), adj. faithful in 
allegiance to one’s sovereign or 
country; true to plighted faith or 
duty. 

loy-al-ist (-ist), n. one who ad¬ 
heres to and supports the au¬ 
thority of his sovereign or coun¬ 
try. 

loy-al-ly (-li), adv. in a loyal 
manner. 

loz enge (loz'enj), n. an oblique- 
angled parallelogram ; a rhomb ; 
diamond-shaped figure used in 
heraldry ; a sweetmeat, 
lub-ber (lub'er), n. an awk¬ 
ward, clumsy fellow; a raw sailor, 
lu-bri-cant (lti'bri-kant), n. a 
substance for lubricating, 
lu-bri-cate (-kat), v.t. to make 
smooth or slippery, 
lu-bri-ca-tov (-er), n. one who, 
or that which, lubricates, es¬ 
pecially a device for oiling ma¬ 
chinery. 

lu-cer-nal (-ser'n&l), adj. per¬ 
taining to a lamp, or to artificial 
light. 

lu cerne (-sern'), n. a clover-like 
plant cultivated for fodder, 
lu-cid ('sid), adj. clear; readily 
understood ; shining ; transparent. 


late, mar, mfi.sk, cat, awl; he, _her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 










(UC 


525 


tun 


lu-cid-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state of 
being lucid. 

Im-ci-fer ('si-fer), n. Venus, as 
the morning star; Satan, 
lu-ci-fer, n. a match ignited by 
friction. 

luck (luk), n. casual event or 
accident; fortune, either good or 
bad ; success. 

luck-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a lucky 
manner. 

luck-y ('i), adj. [comp, luckier, 
superl, luckiest], having good 
luck or fortune; successful; 
auspicious. 

lu cra tive (lu'kra-tiv), adj. prof¬ 
itable. 

lu-cra-tive-ly (-li), adv. profit- 
ably. 

lucubration (-kii-bra'shun), n. 
a literary composition produced 
as the result of protracted study, 
lu-cu-li ('ku-ll). n.pl. bright 
spots on the sun’s surface, 
lu-cu-lite (-ku'lit), n. a variety 
of black marble, cut and polished 
for ornamental purposes, 
lu-di -crous ( ; di-krus), adj. ex¬ 
citing mirth ; comical : droll, 
luff (luf), n. the weather-gauge, 
or that part of a ship towards 
the wind; the act of sailing close 
to the wind; luff-tackle: v.i. to 
steer nearer to the wind, 
luff-tack-le (-tak'l), n. a large 
tackle consisting of a double and 
a single block. 

lug (lug), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. lugged, 
p.pr. lugging], to pull or draw 
along : v.i. to drag ; move heavily ; 
pull laboriously: n. the act or 
effort of lugging; something 
difficult to move; a projecting 
part; the ear; a lug-sail; handle 
of a vessel: pi. conceited airs, 
lug-gage ('aj), n. effects of a 
traveler; baggage, 
lug-ger ('er), n. a small vessel 
with 2 or 3 masts with a run¬ 
ning sprit and lug-sails, 
lug-sail ('sal), n. a square sail, 
without boom or lower yard, bent 
to a yard that hangs nearly at 
right angles to the mast, 
lu-gu-bri-ous (-gu'bri-us), adj. 
mournful. 

lug-worm ('werm), n. a sand 
worm. 

luke warm ('warm), adj. moder¬ 
ately warm. 


lull (lul),i;.t. to soothe to sleep ; 
quiet: v.i. to become calm: n. 
abatement; temporary calm, 
lull -a- by ('&-bi), n. [pi. lullabies 
(-biz)], a cradle-song, 
lum-ba-go (-ba'go), n. rheuma¬ 
tism of the muscles of the loins, 
lumbar ('bar), adj. pertaining 
to the loins. 

lumber ('ber), n. rubbish; for¬ 
est timber-sawed for market: v.t. 
to fill with lumber or rubbish; 
heap together in disorder: v.i. to 
cut down timber and prepare it 
for market. 

lum-ber-er ('ber-er), n. one who 
cuts forest timber and shapes it 
for market. 

lum ber-man ('ber-man), n. one 
who is engaged in the lumber 
trade; a foreman of lumberers, 
lu-mi-na-ry ('mi-na-ri), n. [pi. 
luminaries (-riz)], a body emit¬ 
ting light, especially a heavenly 
body; one who enlightens or in¬ 
structs. 

luminescence (lii-mi-nes'ens), 
n. a power of emitting light pos¬ 
sessed by certain bodies that have 
been exposed to light or radiant 
energy. 

lu-uii-nif-er-ous (-nif'er-us), adj. 

emitting, or transmitting, light, 
lu-xni-nous ('mi-nus), adj. emit¬ 
ting or radiating light; bright; 
clear ; perspicuous, 
lump (lump), n. a small shape¬ 
less mass ; aggregate; gross ; a 
swelling: v.t. to throw or unite 
in the gross; heap indiscriminate¬ 
ly; put up with. 

lumper ('er), n. a docker; mili¬ 
tiaman. 

lump-fish ('fish), n. a thick ma¬ 
rine fish with horny spines, 
lump y ('i), adj. full of lumps, 
lu-na-cy (lu'na-si), n. [pi. luna¬ 
cies (-siz)], mental unsoundness: 
adj. pertaining to lunacy, or to 
lunatics. 

Syn. derangement, insanity, 
mania, madness. 

Ant. (see sanity), 
lu -nar ('nar), adj. pertaining to, 
measured by, or influenced by, 
the moon: n. lunar distance, 
lunar month (munth), n. a 
month measured by the complete 
revolution of the moon = 29% 
days. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








lun 


526 


lux 


lunar year (yer), n. a year of! 
twelve lunar months — 354 1-3 
days. 

lu-nate ('nat), adj. crescent¬ 
shaped. 

lu-na-tic ('na-tik), adj. affected 
with, or characteristic of, lunacy : 
n. one who is insane, 
lu-na-tiou (-na'shun), n. a com¬ 
plete revolution of the moon, 
lunch (lunch), n. a light meal be¬ 
tween breakfast and dinner. 
Also luncheon: v.i. to take lunch, 
lu-nette (lu-net'), n. anything 
shaped like a half-moon, as in for¬ 
tification, &c.; a flattened watch- 
glass. 

lung (lung), n. one of two organs 
of respiration in air-breathing 
vertebrates. 

lunge (lunj), n. a sudden thrust 
or pass with the sword; sudden 
lurch : v.i. to make a lunge, 
lung-wort (lung'wert), n. a plant 
with dark-colored leaves spotted 
with white; a lichen growing on 
trees. 

luni, a prefix meaning moon, as 
Zwmsolar: adj. produced by the 
united attraction of the moon and 
the sun. 

lu-nu-la (lu'nu-la), n. [pi. lunulse 
(-le)j, the white crescent¬ 
shaped part of the nail near the 
root. 

lu-pus ('pus), n. a chronic tuber¬ 
culous disease which eats into 
the skin, especially of the face, 
lurch (lerch), n. a sudden roll to 
one side, as of a ship; tendency;, 
a difficult or forlorn position; a 
losing position in cribbage: v.i. to 
roll suddenly to the one side, 
lure (lur), v.t. to allure; n. any¬ 
thing used as an enticement; bait; 
a long carved trumpet used in 
Scandinavia. 

lur-id ('id), adj. greyish-orange; 

wan ; ghastly ; pale ; gloomy, 
lurk (lerk), v.i. to lie in wait; 
be concealed. 

lus-cious (lush'us), adj. sweet to 
excess; delightful to the taste 
or sense; fulsome, 
lush (lush), adj. rich and juicy : n. 

intoxicating drink, 
lust (lust), n. strong desire to 
possess or enjoy ; concupiscence : 


v.i. to desire strongly ; have inordi¬ 
nate desires (with after). 
lust-ful ('fool), adj. sensual; ro¬ 
bust. 

lust-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a lust¬ 
ful manner. 

lust-i-ly (,'i-li), adv. in a lusty 
manner. 

lust-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being lusty. 

lus-tral (lus'tral), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or used in, purification, 
lus-tra-tion (-tra'shun), n. puri¬ 
fication. 

lus-ter ('ter), n. brightness; 
splendor; brilliancy of reflected 
light; renown ; a chandelier orna¬ 
mented with cut glass pendants : 
a lustrous dress-cloth; the quality 
and intensity of light reflected 
from the surface of minerals, 
lus-trous ('trus), adj. having a 
luster. 

lust-wort ('wert), n. the plant 
sundew. 

lust-y ('i), adj. [comp, lustier. 
supe rl. lustiest], robust; vigorous; 
healthy. 

lute (lut), n. a stringed musical 
instrument of the guitar family ; 
a composition of clay, &c., used 
for making the joints of vessels 
airtight, or protecting them from 
the action of fire. 

Lu ther an ('ther-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Luther, the German 
reformer, or to the Lutheran 
Church and its doctrines; n. a 
member of the Lutheran Church. 
IiU-ther-an-ism (-izm), n. the 
doctrines of Luther and the 
Lutheran Church, 
lux (luks), n„ [pi. luces (lu'sez)], 
the unit of intensity of electrical 
illumination. 

lux-u-ri-ance (lug-zu'ri-ans), n. 
exuberant in growth. Also luxu- 
riancy. 

lux-u-ri-aut ('ri-ant), adj. char¬ 
acterized by luxuriance; super¬ 
abundant ; superfluous. 

Sun. exuberant. 

Ant. (see sparse), 
lux-u-ri-ate f'ri-at), v.i. to grow 
exuberantly ; live luxuriously ; in¬ 
dulge unrestrainedly, 
lux-u-ri-ous ('ri-us), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to luxury; indulging in, or 
administering to, luxury. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








lux 


527 


lyr 


lux-u-ry (luk'shu-ri), n. [pZ. luxu¬ 
ries (-riz)], extravagant indul¬ 
gence in the pleasures of the 
senses, dress, &c.; a dainty ; any¬ 
thing productive of enjoyment. 

ly* a suffix meaning like, or per¬ 
taining to, as womanly, &c. 

Ly ce um (li-se'um), n. [pi. Ly¬ 
ceums, Lycea ('umz, 'a)], origi¬ 
nally the grove at Athens where 
Aristotle taught. 

ly -ce-um (se'um), n. a literary 
seminary ; an academy ; a literary 
association ; an intermediate clas¬ 
sical school. 

Ly -cur-gan (-ker'gan), adj. per¬ 
taining to Lycurgus, the Spartan 
lawgiver, noted for the severity 
of his code of laws: hence re¬ 
lentlessly severe. 

lyd-dite (lid'It), n. a powerful 
explosive, consisting chiefly of 
picric acid. 

Lyd-i-an (lid'i-an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to ancient Lydia in Asia 
Minor, noted for its luxury, 
music, and purple dyes; effemi¬ 
nate ; voluptuous. 

lye (li), n. an alkaline solution. 

ly-ing ('ing), p.adj. addicted to 
falsehood; the state or act of 
being recumbent: n. untruthful¬ 
ness. 


ly-ing-in (-in), adj. pertaining 
to childbirth : n. parturition. 

lymph (limf), n. a colorless alka¬ 
line nutritive fluid in animal 
bodies. 

lym-phat-ic (lim-fat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, conveying, or contain¬ 
ing lymph; sluggish: pi. the 
minute ducts which convey 
lymph. 

lynch (linch), v.t. to judge and 
punish by lynch-law. 

lynch-law ('law), n. summary 
punishment by private individuals 
without the usual legal formal¬ 
ities. 

lynx (links), n. a fierce cat-like 
animal, proverbial for its keenness 
of sight. 

ly-rate (li'rat), adj. lyre-shaped. 

lyre (lir), n. a musical instru¬ 
ment of the harp kind: used by 
the ancients to accompany the 
voice. 

lyre-bird ('berd), n. an Austra¬ 
lian bird having a tail shaped like 
a lyre. 

lyr-ic (lir'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or adapted to singing to, a lyre: 
n. a lyric composition. 

lyr-ic po-et-ry (po'et-ri). n. poet¬ 
ry expressive of the emotion of 
the poet. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 












ma 


528 


mad 


M 


ma (ma), n. contraction of mam¬ 
ma ; a Hindu form of respectful 
address to a woman, 
ma ca co (ma-ka'ko), n. a name 
for the ruffled lemur, and the ring¬ 
tailed lemur. 

ma-ca-cus (-ka'kus), n. the ape- 
baboon. 

macadamize (mak-ad'am-iz), 
v.t. to cover (a road) with small 
broken stone, so as to form a 
smooth hard rounded surface, 
mac-a-ro-ni (-a-ro'ni), n. a paste 
composed chiefly of fine flour 
and made into long thin tubes; a 
dandy of the eighteenth century, 
mac-a-ron-ic (-ron'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or like, macaroni, or to 
a burlesque composition consist¬ 
ing of a jumble of incongruous 
words: n. macaronic verse, 
mac-a-roon (-roon'), n. a small 
cake made of flour, eggs, almonds, 
and sugar. 

ma-caw (mi\-kaw'), n. a large 
and handsome species of parrot 
with strong hooked bill, 
mace (mas), n. a massive staff 
usually surmounted with a crown ; 
a heavy billiard cue; the second 
covering of the nutmeg, 
mac-er-ate (mas'er-at), v.t. to 
soften or separate the parts of 
by steeping in a fluid; mortify or 
harass. 

ma che te (m&-cha'ta), n. a large 
heavy knife used by the inhabit¬ 
ants of South America for cut¬ 
ting through forests, &c. 
Mach-i-a-vel-li-an (mak-i-&-vel'- 
i-Sn), adj. pertaining to Machia- 
velli, the Florentine statesman, 
or to his principles of political 
duplicity : hence crafty; double¬ 
dealing: n. a cunning, unprin¬ 
cipled politician. 

Mack-i-a-vel-li-an-ism (-izm), 
n. the principles of Machiavelli. 
mack-i-na-tion (-i-na'shun), n. 
a plot; artifice. 

Syn. plot, intrigue, cabal, con¬ 
spiracy. 

Ant. (see artlessness), 
ma-chine (m&-shen'), n. any 


contrivance to increase and regu¬ 
late motive power; an engine; a 
light carriage or vehicle; one who 
acts mechanically or at the bid¬ 
ding of another. 

ma-chin-er-y ('er-i), n. machines 
collectively; parts of a machine; 
any combination by which some¬ 
thing is kept in action or the re¬ 
sult desired is obtained, 
ma-chin-ist ('ist), n. a con¬ 
structor of machines; one skilled 
in the principles of machinery; 
one who works, or attends to, a 
machine. 

mackerel (mak'er-el), n. an 
edible marine fish, mottled with 
green and blue. 

mack-in-tosh (mak'in-tosh), n. 
an india-rubber water-proof over¬ 
coat. 

mack-le ('1), v.t. to blot or blur, 
so as to produce the impression 
of double printing, 
mac-le ('!), n. a twin-crystal, 
mac-led ('Id), adj. spotted, 
macro, a prefix meaning large , 
long, as macrocephalous, adj. 
large-headed. 

mac-ro-cosm (mak-ro'kozm) , n. 
the universe. 

mac-rom-e-ter (mak-rom'e-ter), 
n. an optical instrument for de¬ 
termining the distance or size of 
inaccessible objects, 
mac ron (mak'ron), n. a mark 
(-) over a vowel to indicate that 
it is long, as came, 
mad (mad), adj. [comp, madder, 
superl. maddest], mentally dis¬ 
ordered or distracted ; insane ; in¬ 
fatuated ; furious with rage or 
terror; inflamed with anger. 

Syn. crazy, delirious, insane, 
rabid, violent, frantic. 

Ant. (see sane, rational), 
mad-am ('am), n. [pi. mesdames 
(ma-dam')], a complimentary 
title, or form of courteous ad¬ 
dress to a lady. 

mad-a-ro-sis (-&-r6'sis), n. loss 
of the hair, especially that of the 
eyelashes. 


late. m&.r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; rnSSn 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








mad 


529 


mag 


madcap ('kap), n. a wild, 
thoughtless, eccentric person, 
mad den ('n), v.t. to make mad 
or furious: v.i. to become mad or 
furious. 

mad-der ('er), n. a plant of the 
genus Rubia, from the root of 
which a red dye and pigment is 
extracted. 

mad-ding ('ing), adj. raging; 
furious. 

made (mad), adj. artificially pro¬ 
duced or formed: p.t. & p.p. of 
make. 

ma-dei-ra (ma-de'ra), n. a rich 
wine made in the island of 
Madeira. 

mad-em-oi-selle (mad-mwa-zel'), 
n. [Fr.] a title of courtesy given 
in France to a young lady, 
madonna (ma-don'na), n. [pi. 
madonnas ('naz)j, a picture of 
the Virgin Mary, usually with the 
infant Christ. 

ma-dre-perl (mad're-perl), n. 
mother-of-pearl. 

mad-re-pore (mad're-por), n. 
coral. 

mad-ri-gal ('ri-g&l), n. a light 
amorous song ; a pastoral poem ; a 
part song unaccompanied by 
music. 

maelstrom (mal'strum), n. a 
celebrated whirlpool on the Nor¬ 
wegian coast. 

mag-a-zine (mag-a-zen'), n. a 
warehouse ; receptacle for military 
stores, as ammunition, &c.; 
chamber in a gun; a periodica! 
literary or scientific publication.* 
mag-da-len ('da-len), n. a re¬ 
formed prostitute, from Mary 
Magdalene (Luke vii. 36-50). 
ma-gen-ta (mfi-jen'ta), n. a red 
aniline dye. 

mag-got (mag'ot), n. the footless 
larva of a fly ; grub ; whim, 
mag-got-y ('ot-i), adj. full of 
maggots; whimsical. 

Ma-gi (ma'ji), n.pl. among the 
Akkadians and ancient Persians, 
the sacerdotal and learned class; 
the wise men of the East. 

Ma-gi-an ('ji-an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing jto the Magi: n. one of the 
Magi; an adherent of the Zo- 
roastrian religion, 
mag-ic (maj'ik), n. the pretended 
art of working by the power or 


assistance of supernatural be¬ 
ings ; sorcery; witchcraft; en¬ 
chantment : adj. pertaining to* 
produced by, or exercising, magic; 
enchanted; necromantic. Also 
magical. 

mag-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. as by 
magic. 

ma-gi-cian (mfi-jish'an). n. one 
skilled in magic. 

laag-ic lantern (maj'ik lan'- 
tern), n. an optical instrument 
for producing magnified objects 
on a screen. 

mag-ic square (skwar), n. a 
series of numbers in parallel or 
equal rows so arranged that the 
perpendicular, horizontal, and 
diagonal columns shall give the 
same sum. 

ina-gilp (ma-gilp'), n. a mixture 
of linseed-oil and mastic varnish, 
mag-is-te-ri-al (maj-is-te'ri-al), 
adj. pertaining to, or suitable to, 
a master or magistrate ; authorita¬ 
tive. 

Syn. august, dignified, majestic, 
pompous, stately. 

mag-is-tra-cy ('is-tra-si), n. [pi. 
magistracies (-siz)], the office or 
dignity of a magistrate; magis¬ 
trates collectively, 
mag-is-trate ('is-trat), n. a civil 
officer invested with certain judi¬ 
cial and executive powers. 
Mag-na Char-ta ('n& kar'ta), 
a. the Great Charter, forming the 
basis of civil liberty, granted by 
King John of England to the 
Barons, 1215. Also the Great 
Charter granted by Henry III, 
and confirmed by Edward I. 
mag-na-nim-i-ty (-na-nim'i-ti), n, 
greatness of mind; elevation of 
soul; nobility. 

magnanimous (-nan'i-mus), 
adj. great of mind; elevated in 
soul or sentiment; generous; 
courageous ; heroic, 
mag-nate ('nat), n. a person of 
rank or distinction; nobleman, 
mag-ne-si-a (-ne'shi-a), n. a 
white tasteless earthy pow r der, the 
oxide of magnesivm. 
mag-ne-si-um (-um), n. a metal¬ 
lic element, the base of magnesia, 
magnesium light (lit), n. a 
powerful and brilliant light pro¬ 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl ; lie, her, let; line, tin ; v5te, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin. than. 










mag 


530 


Mah 


duced by the combustion of metal¬ 
lic magnesium. 

mag-net ('net), n. the loadstone; 

a magnetized steel bar. 
magnetic ('ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, exhibiting, or produced by, 
the magnet or magnetism, 
magnetic poles (polz), n.pl. 
the two points in the north and 
south polar regions where the 
magnetic needle is vertical, 
mag-net-ics (-net'iks); n. the 
science of magnetism, 
mag-net-ism (-izm), n. that 
property possessed by various 
bodies, as iron or steel, of attract¬ 
ing or repelling each other ac¬ 
cording to certain physical laws; 
the science that treats of such 
magnetic phenomena and laws. . 
mag-net-ize ('net-iz), v.t. to 
communicate magnetic properties 
to. 

magneto, a prefix meaning per¬ 
taining to, or caused by, magnet¬ 
ism, as mcrpneifo-electricity, elec¬ 
tric phenomena produced by mag¬ 
netism. 

mag-net-o-graph ('o-graf), n. an 
instrument for registering auto¬ 
matically terrestrial magnetism, 
mag-net-om-e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
intensity of magnetic force, 
mag-nif-i-ca-ble (-nif'i-ka-bl), 
ad), capable of being magnified or 
extolled. 

mag-nif-i-cence ('i-sens), n. 
grandeur of appearance; splen¬ 
dor ; pomp. 

mag-nif-i-cent ('i-sent), adj. 
grand in appearance; splendid; 
pompous; sublime, 
mag-nif-i-co ('i-ko), n. formerly 
a courtesy title of the noblemen 
of Venice; the rector of a Ger¬ 
man university. 

mag-ni-fl-er ('ni-fl-er), n. one 
who, or that which, magnifies, 
mag-ni-fy ('ni-fi), v.t. \p.t. & 
p.p. magnified, p.pr. magnifying], 
to make great or greater; increase 
the apparent dimensions of; 
glorify or extol. 

mag-nil-o-quent (-nil'o-kwent), 
adj. pompous in style or speech; 
bombastic. 

mag-ni-tude ('ni-tud), n. com¬ 


parative size or bulk; extent of 
dimensions (length, breadth, and 
thickness) ; importance. 

mag-no-li a (-no'li-4), n. a hand¬ 
some sweet-scented flowering 
shrub. 

magnum ('num), n. a large 
wine bottle. 

mag-pie ('pi), n. a chattering 
bird of the crow genus. _ 

ma guey ('wa or ma-ga'e), n. the 
century plant, a species of agave 
or American aloe. 

Magyar ('yar), adj. pertaining 
to the Hungarian race or lan¬ 
guage. 

ma-har-mah (ma-har'ma), n. a 
muslin wrap worn by Turkish 
women over the head and across 
the mouth and chin when out of 
doors. 

ma-hat-ma (mh-hat'ma), n. a 
priest of the inner cult of Bud¬ 
dhism : a theosophist. 

Mah-di (ma'de), n. a title given 
to certain Mohammedan spiritual 
leaders; applied especially to the 
last great millennial, spiritual or 
temporal leader (imam) of the 
Faithful. 

Mali-dism ('dizm), n. the doc¬ 
trine of the coming of the Mahdi. 

Mah-dist ('dist). n. one who en¬ 
tertains the belief that the Mahdi 
has appeared. 

mahl-stick (mawl'stik), n. a stick 
used by painters as a rest for the 
hand while painting. Also maul¬ 
stick. 

ma-hog-a-ny (ma-hog't\-ni), n. a 
tree of tropical America yielding 
a dark reddish-brown wood, used 
for furniture; a dining-table. 

Ma-liom-e-'dan or Ma-hom- 
et-an, see Mohammedan. 

ma-hoo-hoo (-hoo'hoo), n. the 
white two-horned rhinoceros of 
Africa. 

Ma-ho-ri (ma'ho-re), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Eastern Poly¬ 
nesian race. 

mahout (ma-lidot'), n. an ele¬ 
phant driver or keeper. 

Mah-rat-ta ('a), adj. pertaining 
to the Mahrattas, a people in¬ 
habiting part of West and Central 
India, or to their language. 

Mah-rat-ti (-rat'e), n. the lan¬ 
guage of the Mahrattas, spoken 
in the Deccan. Also Marathi. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her. let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







mai 


531 


nial 


maid (mad), n. a young unmar-; 
ried woman ; girl; virgin ; a fe- j 
male servant. 

maiden ('en), n. an unmarried 
woman ; virgin ; girl; a washing 
machine ; a kind of guillotine for¬ 
merly used in Scotland; in 
cricket, an over in which no runs 
are scored: adj. pertaining to, or 
like, a maiden ; pure ; innocent; 
unsullied; unused, 
maid-en-liair (-liar), n. a hand¬ 
some and delicate-leafed fern, 
maid-en-head (-hed), n. virgin¬ 
ity. 

maidenhood (-hood), n. the 
state of being a maiden, 
maid-en-li-ness (-li-nes), n. the 
quality of being maidenly; 
modesty. 

maid-en-ly (-li), adj. like, or 
suitable to, a maiden; modest; 
gentle: adv. in a maidenlike man¬ 
ner. 

mail (mill), n. defensive body 
armor of steel, net, or plate-work; 
government system for convey¬ 
ing letters, &c.; a receptacle for 
the conveyance of letters, &c.; 
letters, &c., carried by post; 
tribute formerly levied by free¬ 
booters : v.t. to clothe with, or as 
with, mail; post, or send by post, 
mail-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. admissi¬ 
ble by post. 

mail-ed ('d), adj. clad in, or 
covered by, mail; spotted; 
speckled; posted. 

maim (mam), v.t. to deprive of 
the use of a limb; cripple or 
mutilate: n. an injury to the 
body by crippling or mutilation, 
main (man), adj. chief; princi¬ 
pal ; leading; direct: n. the 
ocean. 

main-mast (man'mast), n. the 
principal mast of a vessel, 
main-sail (man'sal), n. the prin¬ 
cipal sail. 

main-sheet ('shet), n. one of the 
ropes by which the mainsail is ex¬ 
tended and fastened, 
main-stay ('sta), n. the stay ex¬ 
tending from the foot of the fore¬ 
mast to the main-top. 
main-tain (-tan'), v.t. to sup¬ 
port ; sustain ; defend ; vindicate ; 
affirm : continue. 

maintenance ('te-nans), n. 


sustenance ; support; vindication ; 
champerty. 

maize (maz), n. Indian corn, 
ma-jes-tic (ma-jes'tik), adj. hav¬ 
ing dignity of person or mien; 
stately ; noble; sublime, 
ma-jes-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 
majestic manner. 

maj-es-ty (maj'es-ti), n. [pi. maj¬ 
esties (-tiz) ], sovereignty; grand¬ 
eur : nobility; sublimity, 
ma-jol-i-ca (ma-jol'i-ka), n. a fine 
soft enameled kind of pottery, 
ma jor (ma'jer), adj. greater in 
number, extent, or quality; 
greater by a semitone [Mus.] : n. 
a military officer next in rank 
above a captain; the first prop¬ 
osition of a regular syllogism in 
which the major term is con¬ 
tained. 

ma-jor-do-mo (-do'mo), n. the 
steward of a household, 
ma-jor-gen-er-al (-jen'er-al), n. 
an officer next in rank below a 
lieutenant-general, 
ma-jor-i-ty (ma-jor'i-ti), n. [pi. 
majorities (-tiz)], the state of 
being greater; greater number; 
more than half; full legal age 
(21) ; rank, &c., of a major, 
ma jor term (ma'jer term), n. 
that term of a syllogism which 
forms the predicate of the con¬ 
clusion. 

make (mak), v.t. to create; 
fashion ; fabricate ; compose ; 
produce or effect; prepare for 
use ; acquire : incur ; force ; raise 
to rank or dignity; score; keep or 
hold; arrive near or in sight 
of: v.i. to tend or move; have 
effect; contribute ; be active ; rise 
or flow: n. shape ; construction. 

Syn. form, create, produce. 

Ant. (see destroy), 
make-shift (makeshift), n. a 
temporary expedient, 
make-up ('up), n. the general 
composition of anything; artifi¬ 
cial preparation. 

make-weight ('wat), n. any¬ 
thing which is added to make up 
weight. 

mal, a prefix meaning ill , evil. 
Also male, as maladroit, clumsy; 
malevolent, malicious, spiteful, 

&c. 

mal-a-chite (mal'arkit), n. native 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ma! 


532 


mal 


carbonate of copper, of a blue or 
green color. 

mal-a-droit, see under mal. 
mal-a-dy ('a-di), n. [pi. maladies 
(-diz) ], a disease, especially a 
deep-seated or lingering disorder, 
mental or physical, 
mal-a-ga (/a-ga). n. a variety 
of wine. 

Mal -a-gas-y ('a-gas-i), n. a na¬ 
tive of Madagascar; the language 
of Madagascar. 

mal-aise (mal-az'), n. a vague 
feeling of uneasiness, often as the 
precursor of an attack of illness, 
mal-a-pert ('a-pert), adj. pert; 
saucy. 

mal-a-prop-ism ('a-prop-izm), n. 
a grotesque misuse of fine words: 
from Mrs. Malaprop, in Sheri¬ 
dan’s The Rivals. 

mal a pro pos (-a-pro-po')» adv. 
unseasonably. 

ma lar (ma'lar), adj. pertaining 
to the cheek or cheek-bone, 
ma-la-ri-a (ma-la'ri-a), n. a nox¬ 
ious exhalations from marshy 
land, producing fevers, * &c.; dis¬ 
ease produced by such exhalations 
or by the bite of malaria-infested 
mosquitoes; chills and fever; 
' ague. 

ma-la-ri-al ('ri-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, producing, or infected by, 
malaria. 

ma-la-ri-ous ('ri-us), adj. full 
of, or causing, malaria. 

Ma-lay (-la/), adj. pertaining to 
the inhabitants of Malay, or to 
their language. 

mal-con-teait (mal'kon-tent), 
adj. discontented, especially with 
established authority, 
male (mal), adj. pertaining to 
the sex that begets young; not 
female; bearing stamens; suit¬ 
able to the male sex: n. one of 
the male sex. 

mal-e-dic-tion (mal-e-dik'shun), 
n. denunciation of evil; execra¬ 
tion ; curse. 

Syn. anathema, curse, impreca¬ 
tion, execration. 

mal-e-fac-tor ('e-fak-ter), n. an 
evil doer; criminal, 
mal-ev-o-lence (mal-ev'o-lens), 
n. spitefulness; ill-will, 
mal-ev-o-lent, see under mal. 


Syn. malicious, virulent, ma¬ 
lignant. 

Ant. (see benevolent), 
malfeasance (mal-fe'zans), n. 

an illegal act or deed, 
mal-for-ma-tion (-for-ma'shun), 
n. faulty or abnormal structure 
of an organism. 

ma-lic (ma'lik), adj. derived from 
fruit, epecially from the apple, 
mal-ice (mal'is), n. evil intention 
to injure others; deliberate mis¬ 
chief ; spite. 

Syn. spite, rancor, ill-feeling, 
grudge, animosity, ill-will. 

Ant. (see benignity), 
ma-li-cious (ma-lish'us), adj. 
bearing ill-will or spite; prompted 
by hatred. 

Syn. See malevolent, 
malign (-lln'), v.t. to speak 
evil of; slander: adj. hurtful; 
pestilential. 

ma-lig-nan-cy (-lig'nan-si), n. 
the state of being malignant; 
virulence. 

ma-lig-nant ('nant), adj. mali¬ 
cious ; pernicious; intending or 
effecting evil; virulent, 
ma-lign-er (-lin'er), n. one who 
maligns. 

ma-lig-ni-ty (-lig'ni-ti) , n. the 
state of being malignant; malice; 
virulence. 

ma-lin-ger (-ling'ger), v.i. to 
feign illness in order to evade 
duty. 

mal-i-son ('i-zn), n. a curse; exe¬ 
cration. 

mall (mawl), n. a large heavy 
wooden mallet or beetle; a public 
walk shaded by trees, originally 
a place where the game of pall- 
mall was played. 

mal-lard (mal'ard), n. a wild 
duck. 

mal-le-a-bil-i-ty (-e-a-bil'i-ti), n. 

the quality of being malleable, 
mal-le-a-ble ('e-a-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being extended by hammer¬ 
ing or rolling. 

mal-le-o-lar ('e-o-lar), adj. per¬ 
taining to the ankle, 
mal-let ('et), n. a wooden ham¬ 
mer. 

mal-le-us ('e-us), n. one of the 
three small auditory bones of the 
ear. 

mal low ('o), n. a plant of the 
genus Malva. Also mallows. 


late, ma", mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








mal 


533 


man 


malmsey (mam'zi), n. a rich 
variety of grape; a strong, full- 
flavored sweet wine, 
mal-prac-tice (raal-prak'tis), n. 
evil practice; illegal or immoral 
conduct. 

malt (mawlt), n. barley or other 
grain steeped in water, fermented, 
and kiln dried for brewing: adj. 
made with malt; v.t. to make 
into malt: v.i. to be converted 
into malt. 

Mal-tese (mawl'tez), adj. per¬ 
taining to Malta, or to its in¬ 
habitants. ^ 

Mal-thu-si-an (mal-thu'si-an), 
adj. pertaining to Malthus, the 
political economist, or his theory 
that over-population should be 
checked by moral self-control, 
malt-ine (mawlt'in), n. the fer¬ 
mentative principle of malt; a 
medicinal preparation in which 
malt forms the chief ingredient, 
malt-liq-uor (mawlt'lik-er), n. 
an alcoholic liquor made from 
malt, as beer, ale, stout, 
malt-ose ('os), n. sugar obtained 
from starch by * the action of 
diastase or malt. 

mal-treat (mal-tret'), v.t. to 
treat ill or roughly, 
mal-ver-sa-tion (-ver-sa'shun), 
n. fraudulent practices, especially 
those committed in an office of 
trust. 

ma-ma (ma-ma' or ma'ma), n. 
familiar name for mother. Also 
mamma. 

Mam-a-luke (mam'a-luk), n. one 
of a body of cavalry constituting 
the military force of. Egypt: 
destroyed by Mehemet Ali (1811). 
Also Mameluke. 

main-ma (ma-ma/, or ma'ma), n. 

a family name for mother, 
mam-mse (mam'e), n.pl. the 
breasts. 

mam-mal ('al), n. one of the 
Mammalia. 

Mam-ma-li-a (-a'li-a), n.pl. the 
highest class of the Yertebrata, 
containing those animals which 
suckle their young, 
mam-ma-li-an ('li-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Mammalia, 
mam-ma-ry ('a-ri), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the breasts, 
mam-mil-la-ry ('il-a-ri), adj. per¬ 


taining t6, or resembling, the 
breast or nipples, 
main-mo-dis ('mo-dis), n. coarse 
plain Indian muslins, 
m am-in on (-un), n. wealth; 

worldly gain : from Mammon, the 
Syrian god of riches, 
luam-nioth ('moth), n. an ex¬ 
tinct species of huge fossil ele¬ 
phants : adj. gigantic, 
man (man), n. [pi. men (men)], 
a human being; an adult male of 
the human species; mankind; 
male servant; vassal; one pos¬ 
sessed of manly attributes; a hus¬ 
band ; one of the pieces in chess 
or draughts: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

manned, p.pr. manning], to 
furnish with men; guard, 
inan-a-cle ('a-kl), n. a handcuff: 
v.t. to place handcuffs upon; 
shackle. 

Syn. shackle, fetter, chain. 

Ant. (see free). 

man-age ('aj), v.t. to conduct 
or carry on; govern; render do¬ 
cile or tractable ; use cautiously ; 
wield: v.i. to conduct affairs. 

Syn. contrive, concert direct, 
manageable ('aj-a-bl), adj. 

easy to be managed; docile, 
man age ment ('aj-ment), n. the 
act or art of managing; control; 
skill in direction ; administration. 

Syn. direction, superintendence, 
care, economy. 

man a ger ('a-jer), n. one who 
directs or conducts anything; a 
skilful economist. 

man-a-ge-ri-al (-je'ri-al), adj. 

pertaining to a manager or to 

management. 

man-a-kin ('a-kin), n. a dwarf, 
man a tee (-a-te'), n. the sea-cow. 
Also manati. 

man-bote ('bot), n. among the 
Anglo-Saxons, the fine paid for 

killing a man. 

man-da-mus (-da'mus) (Latin 
we command), n. a writ issued by 
a superior court directing the 
person or inferior court to whom 
it is issued to perform some speci¬ 
fied act. 

man-da-rin (-da-ren'), n. in 
China, an official or magistrate, 
of whom there are nine classes, 
each being distinguished by a 
particular kind of button worn 


late mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; modn, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







man 


534 


man 


on the cap; a variety of orange: 
v.t. to clye (silk, &c.) an orange 
color produced by the action of 
dilute nitric acid on the fiber, 
man-da-rin-ate ('at), n. man¬ 
darins collectively, 
man-da-rin duck (duk), n. an 
Asiatic duck with handsome 
plumage. 

mandatary ('da-ta-ri), n. a 
person to whom a mandate is 
given; one to whom the Pope has, 
by his prerogative, given a man¬ 
date or order for his benefice. 
Also mandatory. 

mandate ('dat). n. an order; 

command ; Papal rescript, 
mandatory ('da-td-ri), adj. 

containing a mandate; directory- 
man-di-ble ('di-bl), n. the jaw; 
in vertebrates, the under jaw; 
in birds, both jaws; in insects 
and crustaceans, the anterior 
pair. 

man-do-lin. ('do-lin), n. a musical 
instrument of the guitar kind, 
man drake ('drak), n. a plant 
of the nightshade family with 
narcotic properties, 
man drel ('drel), n. the shank of 
a lathe on which the work to 
be turned is placed; the revolv¬ 
ing arbor of a circular saw. 
Also mandril. 

man-drill ('dril), n. the blue¬ 
faced baboon of Africa, 
mane (man), n. the long hair on 
the neck of certain quadrupeds, 
as the horse. 

ma nege (ma-nazh'), n. the art 
of horsemanship ; the training of 
horses; a school for horseman¬ 
ship. 

ma nes (ma'nez), n.pl. the shades 
of the departed; the deities of the 
infernal regions. 

ma neu ver, ma-nceu-vre (ma- 
noo'ver), n. adroit management or 
operation in military or naval 
affairs; skilful or dexterous man¬ 
agement ; stratagem: v.i. to per¬ 
form maneuvers with troops or 
war vessels; manage with adroit¬ 
ness or address. 

man-ful (man'fool), adj. coura¬ 
geous ; resolute. 

manfully (-li), adv. bravely; 
resolutely. 

man-ga-nate (mang'ga-nat), n. 
a salt of manganic acid. 


man-ga-nese (-nez), n. a grey- 
colored, hard and brittle metal¬ 
lic element. 

mange (rnanj), n. a cutaneous 
disease of dogs, cattle, &c. 
man ger (man'jer), n. a feeding 
trough for horses or cattle, 
man-gi-ly ('ji-li), adv. in a 
mangy manner. 

man-gi-ness ('ji-nes), n. the 
state of being mangy, 
man gle (mang'gl), v.t. to lacer¬ 
ate ; mutilate; hack; to smooth 
with a mangle: n. a machine for 
smoothing linen. 

Syn. tear, lacerate, mutilate, 
cripple, maim. 

man gier (mang'gler), n. a meat¬ 
chopping machine; one who man¬ 
gles. 

man-go ('go), n. [pi. mangoes 
('gdz)], the fruit of the mango 
tree. 

man-go-fish (-fish), n. a hand¬ 
some yellow-colored edible fish of 
the Ganges. 

man-go-steen (-sten), n. a de¬ 
licious fruit of the size of an 
orange growing in Java and the 
Moluccas. Also mangostan. 
man-grove (mang'grov), n. an 
East and West Indian tree yield¬ 
ing an edible fruit: its bark is 
used in tanning. 

mangy (man-ji), adj. affected 
with the mange; unkept, 
manhood ('hood), n. human na¬ 
ture manliness. 

ma-ni-a (ma'ni-a), n. violent in¬ 
sanity ; intense excitement; ex¬ 
cessive or unreasonable desire. 

Syn. madness, insanity, lunacy, 
maniac ('ni-ak), adj. affected 
with mania: n. a madman, 
man-i-cure (man'i-kur), n. the 
care of the hands, nails, &c. 
man-i-fest ('i-fest), adj. clear; 
plain; apparent: v.t. to make 
manifest; place beyond doubt: n. 
the. invoice of a cargo to be ex¬ 
hibited to the custom house offi¬ 
cials. 

Syn. clear, plain, evident, open, 
apparent, visible. 

Ant. (see hidden), 
man-i-fes-to (-fes'to), n. [pi. 
manifestos ('toz)], a public dec¬ 
laration concerning political meas¬ 
ures or intentions, 
man-i-fold ('i-fold), adj. vari- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin. then. 







man 


535 


man 


ous in kind or quality ; numerous; 
multiplied; complicated: adv. 
many times: v.t. to reduplicate by 
means of a manifold-writer. 

Syn. several, sundry, various, 
divers, numerous, 
man-i-fold-wri-ter (rl'ter), n. 
an apparatus for reduplicating a 
writing bj r means of thin tracing 
paper. 

man i kin ('i-kin), n. a dwarf; 
a model of the human body for 
anatomical study. 

ma-nil-a, ma-nil-la (ma-nil'a), 
n. a kind of cheroot manufactured 
at Manila in the Philippine 
Islands; a hemp used for ropes, 
matting, &c., made from the fibers 
of Musa textilis, allied to the 
banana. 

man i oc (man'i-ok), n. a tropic¬ 
al plant from the roots of which 
tapioca and cassava are prepared, 
man-i-ple (man'i-pl), n. a kind 
of scarf worn on the left arm by 
a priest at mass; a company in 
an ancient Roman legion, 
ma-nip-u-late (ma-nip'u-lat), 
v.t. to operate or work by means 
of the hands; treat; control the 
action of, by management; 
falsify: v.i. to use the hands, es¬ 
pecially in scientific operations, or 
mechanical processes. _ 
ma-nip-u-la-tion (-la'shun), n. 
the act or process of manipulat¬ 
ing ; manual dexterity; falsifica¬ 
tion. 

ma-nip-u-la-tive ('ii-la-tiv), adj. 
pertaining to, or performed by, 
manipulation. 

ma-nip-u-la-tor ('u-la-ter), n. 
one who manipulates, 
ma-nis (ma'nis), n. the scaly ant- 
eater. 

Man-i-tou (man'i-too), n. the 
Great Spirit of the North Ameri¬ 
can Indians. 

man-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being manly, 
manly ('li), adj. having the 
characteristics of a man; coura¬ 
geous ; noble; dignified; reso¬ 
lute : adv. like a man. 

8yn. masculine, vigorous, coura¬ 
geous, brave, heroic. 

Ant. (see effeminate), 
man-ua ('a), n. a name given by 
the Israelites to the food mirac¬ 
ulously supplied in the wilder¬ 


ness (Ex. xvi. 15) ; the sweet 
laxative juice exuded from certain 
species of ash of Southern Europe, 
manner ('er), n. method; mode 
of action ; habit; custom ; sort; 
mien ; aspect; style ; fashion : pi. 
deportment; morals ; behavior. 

Syn. habit, custom, way, air, 
look, appearance. 

mannerism (-izm), n. a 
peculiarity of style, action, or 
bearing, especially if constrained 
or affected. 

man-xier-ist (-ist), n. one who 
carries characteristic peculiarities 
to excess. 

mannerly (-li), adj. polite; 
complaisant; respectful: adv. 
politely; respectfully, 
man-nish ('ish), adj. masculine, 
ma-irceu-vre (ma-nod'ver), see 
maneuver. 

man-of-war (man-of-wawr), n. 
[pZ. men-of-war], a large ship of 
war. 

ma nom e ter (ma-nom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for determining the 
density of the air or other gas 
from its elastic force, 
man or (man'er), n. the district 
over which a feudal lord held 
authority, and subject to the 
jurisdiction of his court-baron; 
the land belonging to a lord, or 
so much as he formerly reserved 
for his own use; a tract of land 
occupied by tenants who pay a 
free-farm rent to the owner, 
manorial (ma-no'ri-al), adj. 

pertaining to a manor, 
man-sard roof (man'sard roof), 
n. a roof which has on all sides 
two slopes, the lower being 
steeper than the upper, 
manse (mans), n. the residence 
of a Presbyterian parochial min¬ 
ister [Scotch]. 

man-sion (man'shun), n. a large 
dwelling house. 

man-slaugh-ter ('slaw-ter), n. 
the unlawful killing of a human 
being, but without malice or pre¬ 
meditation. 

man-tel ('tel), n. a narrow orna¬ 
mental slab above a fireplace. 
Also mantelpiece. 

man-tel-et (-et), n. a kind of 
movable parapet for the protec¬ 
tion of the pioneers; a small 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






man 


536 


Mar 


mantel; a besieging party. Also 
mantlet. 

man.-til-la (-til'4), n. a lady’s 
light cloak or hood, 
man-tie (man'tl), n. a loose cloak 
or cape; the external fold of 
the skin of the body of mollusks; 
a conical net-work that becomes 
incandescent when heated: used 
over a gas jet, &c., to increase 
the brilliancy of the light: v.t. to 
cover with, or as with, a mantle ; 
conceal: v.i. expand or spread out. 
man-tu-a-ma-ker ('tu-a-ma'ker), 
n. a dress-maker. 

man-u-al ('u-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or performed by, the 
hands: n. a handy compendium ; 
the service book of the Roman 
Catholic Church; the keyboard 
of an organ or harmonium . 4 
man-u-fac-to-ry (-fak'to-ri), n. 
[pi. manufactories (-riz)], the 
place where goods are manufac¬ 
tured. 

man-n-fac-ture ('tur), v.t. to 
make or fabricate from raw ma¬ 
terials; produce artificially: v.i. 
to be occupied in manufactures: i 
n. the conversion of raw mate- | 
rials into articles for use; the 
thing manufactured, 
man-n-fac-tur-ing (-ing), adj. 
pertaining to, or used in, manu¬ 
facture. 

man-u-mis-sion (-u-mish'un), n. 
the act of liberating from slav¬ 
ery ; emancipation, 
man-u-mit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. manumitted, p.pr. manumit¬ 
ting], to set free from slavery, 
ma nure (ma-nrir'), n. any fer¬ 
tilizing substance used for enrich¬ 
ing the soil : v.t. to enrich with 
fertilizing substances, 
ma-nus (ma'nus), n. the hand, 
man-u-script (man'ii-skript), adj. 
written : n. a book or paper writ¬ 
ten by hand. 

Manx (mangks), adj. pertaining 
to the Isle of Man, to its inhabit¬ 
ants, or to the old language of 
the island. 

man y (man'i), adj. [comp, more, 
snperl. most], numerous; con¬ 
sisting of a great number: n. a 
great number; multitude; people. 
Ma o ri (ma'o-ri, or mou'ri), adj. 
pertaining to the Maoris, or 


aborigines of New Zealand, or 
to their language. 

map (map), n. a representation 
of the earth or some portion of 
it on a plane surface; a repre¬ 
sentation of the heavens: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. mapped, p.pr. map¬ 
ping], to delineate or lay down 
in a map; describe clearly; 
sketch or plan. 

maple (rmVpl), n. a tree of 
several species of the genus Acer, 
from one of which the rock- 
maple sugar is extracted. 

mar (mar), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

marred, p.pr. marring], to dis¬ 
figure ; injure ; damage : n. a blem¬ 
ish or disfigurement; injury. 

Syn. spoil, ruin, disfigure. 

Ant. (see improve). 

marabou (mar'a-boo), n. a 
large African stork, with hand¬ 
some feathers. 

mar-a-bout (mar'a-boot), n. a 
Mohammedan saint, who professes 
to cure diseases by supernatural 
power. 

marasmus (ma-raz'mus), n. 
atrophy. 

maraud (-rawd'), v.i. to rove 
in search of plunder. 

mar ble (mar'bl), n. a hard 
limestone of various colors capable 
of taking a fine polish ; anything 
resembling marble; a small ball 
of marble or stone : adj. made of, 
or like, marble; cold ; hard; un¬ 
feeling : v.t. to stain or vein like 
marble. 

March (march), n. the third 
month of the year. 

march (march), n. a regular, 
measured walk, especially of 
soldiers; steady onward move¬ 
ment ; a musical composition for 
the accompaniment of troops; 
frontier ; borderland : v.t. to cause 
to move in a regular measured 
walk, as troops: v.i. to move with 
regular steps, or in military form. 

Syn. tramp, tread, walk, step, 
space. 

mar chion ess (mar'shun-es), n. 
the wife or widow of a marquis. 

mar - co - ni - gram (mar-ko'ni- 
gram), n. a message sent by 
Marcopi’s system of wireless teleg¬ 
raphy. 

Mar-di Gras (mar'de grii), n. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









mar 


537 


mar 


Shrove Tuesday, the last day of 
Carnival. 

mare (mar), n. the female of the 
horse. 

mare’s-nest (marz'nest), n. 
some fancied discovery which 
proves to be a hoax, 
mare’s-tail ('tal), n. an aquatic 
plant of the genus Hippuris; a 
cirrus cloud. 

mar ga rine (mar'ga-rin), n. ar¬ 
tificial butter. 

mar-gin ('jin), n. border; the 
part of a page at the edge, not 
printed upon ; reserved amount; 
latitude: v.t. to furnish with a 
margin; enter on the margin of 
a page. 

Syn. edge, rim, border, brink, 
verge. 

mar-gin-al Cal), adj. pertaining 
to, or placed on, a margin, 
mar-gi-na-li-a (-ji-na'li-a), n.pl. 
marginal notes. 

mar-gin-ate ('jin-at), adj. having 
a margin. Also marginated. 
mar-go-sa (-go'sa), n. an East 
Indian tree yielding a valuable oil 
and tonic bark. 

mar-got ('got), n. a variety of 
perch. 

mar-gra-vate ('gra-vat), n. the 
domain or jurisdiction of a mar¬ 
grave. 

mar-grave ('grav), n. a German 
title of nobility. Fem. margra¬ 
vine. 

mar-i-gold (mar'i-gold), n. a 
plant with showy yellow flowers 
of various genera, 
ma rine (ma-ren'), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, living in, or formed by, 
the sea ; naval ; near to the sea; 
used at sea: n. a soldier who 
serves on a warship ; the navy of 
a nation; naval affairs; collect¬ 
ive shipping of a country, 
mariner (mar'i-ner), n. a 
sailor. 

mar-i-o-nette (mar-i-o-net'), n. a 
puppet moved by strings, 
mar-i-tal ('i-t&l), adj. pertaining 
to marriage. 

mar-i-time ('i-tim), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, connected with, or border¬ 
ing upon, the sea; naval, 
mar-jo-ram (mar'jo-ram), n. a 
genus of aromatic plants, con¬ 
taining the sweet marjoram. 


mark (mark), n. a visible sign 
by which anything is known ; im¬ 
pression ; evidence; target; a 
character made as a substitute 
for writing; an old Scotch coin 
= 27)4 cents; a current German 
coin and monetary unit = 24^4 
cents; a former European unit 
of weight = about 8 ounces; v.t. 
to make a mark upon; notify by, 
or as by, a sign; distinguish; 
take notice of; single out: v.i. to 
observe critically; take note. 

Syn. sign, note, symptom, tok¬ 
en, indication, trace, vestige, 
track, badge, brand, 
mark-ed-ly ('ed-li), adv. distinct¬ 
ly ; publicly. 

mark er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, marks; a counter in 
card-playing; one who registers 
the score at billiards, 
mar ket (mar'ket), n. a public 
place for the sale or purchase of 
commodities ; market place ; rate 
or price : v.i. to deal in a market; 
buy or sell. 

mark-ing ('iug), adj. having the 
quality to produce a mark : n. the 
mark made; arrangement of 
marks or coloring, 
marks man (marks'man), n. [pi. 
marksmen ('men)], one skilful in 
shooting. 

marl (marl), n. calcareous earth 
mingled with clay and carbonate 
of lime; used as a manure: v.t. 
to manure with marl; to wind 
with marlines. 

mar-line (mar'lin), n. a two- 
stranded cord used for winding 
round ropes, splicing, &c. 
mar-line-spike (-splk), n. a 
pointed piece of iron used for 
opening the strands of a rope in 
splicing. Also marling-spike. 
mar-ling ('ling), n. the act of 
winding with marlines, 
mar-ly ('li), adj. containing, or 
like, marl. 

mar-ma-lade ('ma-lad), n. a con¬ 
fection made of oranges or other 
fruit. 

mar-mose ('mos), n. a species of 
small opossum. 

mar-mo-set ('mo-zet), n. a 
species of small American mon¬ 
key. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





mar 


538 


mar 


mar-mot ('mot), n. the Alpine 
rat; prairie dog. 

ma roon (ma-roon'), w. formerly 
a fugitive slave in the West In¬ 
dies ; one who is marooned: v.t. 
to place and abandon on a desert 
island: adj. of a brownish-crim¬ 
son color. 

mar-plot (mar'plot), n. one who 
frustrates some plan by his 
officious interference, 
marque (mark), w. a license 
granted by a state to a private 
vessel to make reprisals at sea 
on the ships of another nation, 
mar que try ('ket-ri), n. inlaid 
work. 

mar quis ('kwis), n. a nobleman 
ranking next below a duke. Also 
marques. Feminine marchioness, 
mar-quis-ate (-at), n: the seign¬ 
iory, dignity, or lordship of a 
marquis. 

mar riage (mar'aj), n. the act of 
legally uniting a man and woman 
in wedlock; marriage ceremony. 

Syn. wedding, nuptials, matri¬ 
mony, wedlock. 

mar-riage-a-bil-i-ty (-a-bil'i-ti), 
n. the stai*e of being marriageable, 
mar-riage-a-ble ('aj-a-bl), adj. 

fit, or of an age, to be married, 
mar-ried ('id), p.adj. united in 
wedlock ; conjugal, 
mar-row ('o), n. the medulla or 
oily tissue which fills the cavities 
of bones ; the essence of anything ; 
a vegetable marrow’, 
mar-row-bone (-bon), n. a bone 
containing marrow: pi. the 
knees. 

mar-row-fat (-fat), n. a late 
variety of pea. 

mar ry ('i), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. mar¬ 
ried, p.pr. marrying], to unite as 
husband and wife; wed: v.i. to 
enter into the state of w’edlock: 
interj. By Mary ! forsooth ! 

Mars (marz), n. one of the 
planets: so named from the Ro¬ 
man god of w T ar. 

Mar seil laise (mar-se-lya'), adj. 
pertaining to Marseilles or to its 
inhabitants: n. national anthem 
of the first French Revolution: 
composed by Rouget de l’lsle, 
1792. 

mar-seilles (-salz'), n. a double 
cloth fabric, quilted in the loom. 


marsh (marsh), n. a swampy 
tract of land. 

marshal (mar'sh&l), n. an 
official of high rank who super¬ 
intends and regulates state cere¬ 
monials ; a pursuivant; in the 
French army, the highest military 
officer; a sheriff: v.t. to arrange 
or dispose in order. 

marshiness ('shi-nes), n. the 
state of being marshy. 

mar-shy ('shi), adj. swampy ; 
growing in marshes. 

mar-su-pi-al (-su'pi-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Marsupialia: n. 
one of the Marsupialia. 

Mar-su-pi-a-li-a (-pi-a'li-a), n.pl. 
a sub-class of mammals that carry 
their young in a marsupium or 
external pouch, as the opossum 
and kangaroo. 

mart (mart), n. a market; pur¬ 
chase and sale. 

mar-ta-gon ('t&-gon), n. a variety 
of lily with purple-red flow’ers; 
the Turk’s cap. 

mar-ten ('ten), n. a small car¬ 
nivorous animal of the weasel 
kind. 

mar-tial ('shal), adj. pertaining 
to, or adapted for, w^ar; military.’ 

Syn. military, warlike, soldier¬ 
like. 

mar-tial law (law), n. a code of 
regulations enforced by the mili¬ 
tary power and applicable to civ¬ 
ilians in time of war, insurrection. 
&c. 

mar-tial-ly ('li), adv. in a mar¬ 
tial manner. 

mar-tin ('tin), n. one of several 
species of birds allied to the 
swallow. 

mar-tin-et (-et), n. a strict dis¬ 
ciplinarian : pi. small lines fast¬ 
ened to the leech of a sail. 

mar-tin-gale (-gal), n. a broad 
strap passing from the nose-band 
to the girth of a horse, between 
its fore legs, to keep its head 
down; a low'er stay for the jib- 
boom or flying jib-boom. 

mar-tyr ('ter), n. one w r ho testi¬ 
fies by his death to his faith or 
principles; one who suffers 
acutely: v.t. to put to death for 
adherence to some belief, es¬ 
pecially Christianity; persecute; 
torture; destroy. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






mar 


539 


mas 


martyrdom (-dum), n. the 
death or sufferings of a martyr, 
mar-tyr-ol-o-gist (-ol'o-jist), n. 

a writer of martyrology. 
mar-tyr-ol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. a 
register or history of martyrs, 
mar vel ('vel), n. something ex¬ 
traordinary and astonishing; a 
prodigy: v.i. to be struck with 
astonishment; wonder. 

Syn. wonderful, miracle, prod¬ 
igy. 

mar velous (-us), adj. exciting 
wonder; incredible. 

Syn. wondrous, wonderful, 
amazing, miraculous, 
mas-cle (mas'kl), n. a lozenge¬ 
shaped scale of a coat of armor; 
in heraldry, a lozenge perforated, 
mas cot ('kot), n. a person or 
thing that brings good fortune. 
Feminine mascotte [French], 
masculine ('ku-lin), adj. per¬ 
taining to, having the qualities 
of, or suitable for, a man ; manly; 
powerful; robust; coarse ; noting 
the male gender in grammar. 

Syn. male, manly, manful. 

Ant. (see female), 
mash (mash), n. a soft or pulpy 
mass; a mixture of bran and 
water for horses; bruised malt, 
&c., steeped in hot water for mak¬ 
ing wort: v.t. to mix with hot 
water (as malt) in brewing; con¬ 
vert into a mash or soft pulpy 
state; to inspire love in. 
xnash-er ('er), n. one w T ho im¬ 
pertinently endeavors to make 
himself attractive to, or engage 
the attention of, women, 
mask (mask), n. a cover or partial 
cover to conceal the face ; pretext 
or subterfuge ; a masquerade : v.t. 
to conceal with, or as with, a 
mask; cover or hold in check: 
v.i. to take part in a masquerade; 
be disguised. 

ma son (rna'sn), n. a builder in 
stone; a Freemason. 

Ma -son-ic (-son'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Freemasons or to their 
craft. 

ma son ry Csn-ri), n. the art or 
occupation of a mason ; materials 
used by masons; Freemasonry, 
masque (mask), n. a masquerade, 
mas quer ade (mas-ker'ad), n. a 
ball or festive gathering where 


masks are worn ; a disguise: v.t. 
to cover with a mask or disguise : 
v.i. to take part in a masquerade, 
mass (mas), n. a large quantity; 
lump: body of things collectively; 
the celebration of the Eucharist 
in the Roman Catholic Church ; a 
musical setting for certain parts 
of such a celebration : pi. common 
people (with the ) : v.t. & v.i. to 
collect into a mass or body, 
mas-sa-cre ('a-ker), n. indiscrim¬ 
inate slaughter with unnecessary 
cruelty: v.t. to slaughter indis¬ 
criminately with unnecessary 
cruelty. 

Syn. carnage, slaughter, butch¬ 
ery. 

mas-sage ('aj or ma-sazh'). n. a 
method of medical treatment by 
rubbing or kneading the body, 
mas-se-ter ('e-ter), n. the short 
thick muscle that raises the lower 
jaw. 

mas seur (ma-ser'), n. one who 
performs the operation of mas¬ 
sage. Feminine masseuse 
[French]. 

mas-si-cot (mas'i-kot), n. yellow 
oxide of lead. 

mas-sive Civ), adj. weighty; 
heavy; bulky; imperfectly and ir¬ 
regularly crystallized. 

Syn. bulky, heavy, weighty, 
ponderous, solid, substantial. 

Ant. (see flimsy), 
mas-sive-ly (-li), adv. in a mass, 
massiveness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being massive, 
mass y ('i), adj. massive, 
mast (mast), n. a long round 
piece of timber or iron tube, 
either entire, or formed of parts, 
raised vertically on the keel of a 
vessel to support the sails; the 
fruit of the oak and the beech, 
mast-ed ('ed), adj. furnished 
with a mast. 

mast-head ('hed), n. the top 
part of a mast: v.t. to send to 
the masthead as a nautical pun¬ 
ishment. 

mast er ('er), n. one who rules 
or commands others; director; 
employer; owner; head of a 
household, college, school, &c.: 
an expert; commander of a mer¬ 
chant-vessel; a university degree; 
appellation given to boys; a legal 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






mas 


540 


mat 


title : adj. pertaining to a master ; 
chief: v.t. to subdue or overcome: 
v.i. excel. 

mast-er-y (-i), n. dominion; pre¬ 
eminence; eminent skill. 

Syn. dominion, rule, sway, as¬ 
cendancy, supremacy, 
mas-tic (mas'tik), n. a resin ob¬ 
tained from the mastic tree: used 
as a varnish. 

mas-ti-ca-ble ('ti-ka-bl), adj. 
capable of being masticated, 
mas-ti-cate ('ti-kat), v.t. to 
grind with the teeth ; chew, 
mas-ti-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the 
act of masticating; chewing, 
mas-ti-ca-tor ('ter), n. one who, 
or that which, masticates ; a ma¬ 
chine for mincing meat or cut¬ 
ting leather, &c., into small pieces, 
mas-ti-ca-to-ry ('i-ka-to-ri), adj. 

adapted for chewing, 
mas-tiff (mas'tif), n. a large 
variety of dog. 

mas-to-don (mas'to-don), n. an 
extinct genus of mammals, allied 
to the elephant. 

mas-toid ('toid), adj. breast-like, 
mas-tur-ba-tion (-ter-ba'shun), 

n. self-pollution. 

mat (mat), n. a texture of vari¬ 
ous fibrous materials, used for 
cleansing the feet, &c.; a web 
of rope-yard; an ornamental 
article on which to place things 
at table: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. matted, 
p.pr. matting], to cover with 
mats; entangle or interweave, 
mat a dor (mat-a-dor'), n. the 
man who kills the bull in a bull¬ 
fight ; one of the three principal 
cards at omber and quadrille. 
Also madadore. 

match (mach), n. anything that 
readily ignites; a lucifer; any¬ 
thing which agrees with or suits 
another thing; an equal : game 
or. contest; marriage; one to be 
gained in marriage: v.t. to be 
equal to; set against or oppose 
as an equal: v.i. to agree with, 
match-board ('bdrd), n. a thin 
plank used for wainscoting, &c. 
match-lock ('lok), n. an old 
kind of musket. 

match mak er ('mak-er), n. one 
who seeks to arrange marriages, 
mate (mat), n. a companion or 
associate; an equal; the male and 


female of animals associated for 
propagation; an officer in the 
merchant service ranking below 
the captain; checkmate: v.t. to 
match; be equal to; marry, 
ma te (ma'ta), n. a tea made of 
the dried leaves of Brazilian 
holly: used largely in South 
America. 

mat-e-lote (mat'e-lot), n. a dish 
composed of various kinds of 
fish. 

ma-ter (ma'ter), n. ( Latin a 
mother) one of the two mem¬ 
branes ( dura mater , pia mater) 
covering the brain, 
ma-ter-fa-mil-i-as (-fa-mil'i-as), 
n. the mistress of a family or 
household. 

ma-te-ri-a med-i-ca (ma-te'ri-a 
med'i-ka), a name for the various 
substances employed in medicine, 
ma-te-ri-al ('ri-al), adj. consist¬ 
ing of matter; not spiritual; cor¬ 
poreal ; essential : n. the sub¬ 
stance of which anything is 
made. 

Syn. corporeal, bodily, physical, 
temporal, momentous, important. 

Ant. (see spiritual), 
ma-te-ri-al-ism (-izm), n. the 
doctrine that all spiritual phe¬ 
nomena are the result of organ¬ 
ized matter. 

ma-te-ri-al-ize (-Iz), v.t. to in¬ 
vest with material characteristics, 
ma-te-ri-al-ist (-ist), n. one who 
holds the doctrine of materialism, 
ma-te-ri-al-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. 

pertaining to materialism, 
ma-te-ri-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. ma¬ 
terial existence. 

ma-te-ri-al-ly ('ri-al-li), adv. es¬ 
sentially. 

ma-te-ri-el (-ta-ri-al'), n. [Fr.] 
the baggage, munitions, provisions 
of an army, &c. 

ma ter nal (-ter'nal), adj. moth¬ 
erly. 

ma-ter-nal-ly ('li), adv. like a 
mother. 

ma-ter-ni-ty ('ni-ti), n. the char¬ 
acter or relationship of a mother, 
math (math), n. a mowing, 
matli-e-mat-ic-al (e-mat'ik-al), 
adj. pertaining to, or performed 
by, mathematics; theoretically 
precise. Also mathematics. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; v5te, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






mat 


541 


mau 


matk-e-mat-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. 
by mathematics. 

math-e-ma-ti-eian (-ma-tish'an), 
n. one who is skilled in mathe¬ 
matics. 

mathematics (-mat'iks), n. 

the science of number and space, 
ma-ti-co (ma-te'kd), n. a Peruvian 
plant, whose leaves are used as a 
powerful styptic. 

matin (mat'in), adj. pertaining 
to the morning or to matins : n.pl. 
morning prayer; in the Roman 
Catholic Church the first canoni¬ 
cal hour. 

mat-i-nee (-i-na' or ma-te-na'), n. 
a reception or musical or dramatic 
performance held in the daytime, 
mat-ri-ci-dal (mat'ri-sl-dal), adj. 

pertaining to matricide, 
mat-ri-cide ('ri-sid), n. the mur¬ 
der of a mother by a son or 
daughter; one who murders one’s 
mother. 

ma-tric-u-late (ma-trik'u-lat), 
v.t. to admit to the membership 
of a 'college or university by 
entering one’s name in a register: 
v.i. to be admitted as a member 
or student of a college, &c. 
ma-tric-u-la-tion (-la'shun), n. 
the act of registering and admit¬ 
ting as a matriculated student 
mat-ri-mo-ni-al (mat-ri-mo'ni- 
al), adj. pertaining to marriage; 
nuptial; connubial, 
mat-ri-mo-ni-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
a matrimonial relation, 
mat-ri-mo-iiy ('ri-mo-ni), n. mar¬ 
riage. 

ma-trix (ma'triks), n. [pi. mat¬ 
rices (mat'ri-sez) ], the womb; 
the cavity in which anything is 
formed or cast; a mold; the rock 
in which a fossil or mineral is em¬ 
bedded ; the five colors (black, 
white, blue, red, yellow) from 
which all others are formed in 
dyeing. 

ma tron (ma'tron), n. a married 
woman, especially one who has 
borne children; the lady superin¬ 
tendent of a hospital or institu¬ 
tion. 

ma-tron-age (-aj), n. matrons 
collectively. 

matronal ('tron-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or suitable for, a 
matron. 


ma-tron-ly (-li), adv. matron¬ 
like ; elderly; sedately, 
mat-ro-nym ic (mat-ro-nim'ik), 
n. a man’s or woman’s name de¬ 
rived from that of a mother, 
matte (mat), n. metal imperfectly 
reduced. 

mat-ted ('ed), adj. covered with 
a mat; closely tangled together, 
mat ter ('er), n. that which oc¬ 
cupies space, and is perceptible by 
the senses ; body ; substance ; thing 
of importance ; business ; event; 
indefinite amount; pus; set-up 
type: v.i. to signify; be of im¬ 
portance. 

mat-ties ('iz), n.pl. Scotch her¬ 
rings of moderate size with small 
milts and roes. 

mat-ting ('ing), n. mats col¬ 
lectively ; material for mats ; ornt- 
mental mat-work. 

mat-tock (/ok), n. a pickaxe hav¬ 
ing one of its ends flat, 
mat-tress ('res), n. a quilted hair- 
or straw-stuffed bed; a spring 
mattress ; a mat made of trees or 
shrubs. 

mat-u-ra-tion (-u-ra'shun), n. the 
process of ripening or coming to 
maturity. 

ma ture (ma-tur'), adj. [compara¬ 
tive maturer, superlative matur- 
est], ripe; full-grown; ready for 
application or use: v.t. to bring 
or hasten to maturity : v.i. to be¬ 
come ripe. 

ma ture ly (-li), adv. in a mature 
manner. 

ma-tur-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being mature ; ripeness ; 
full development. 

ma-tu-ti-nal (ma-tu'tl-nal), adj. 

pertaining to the morning ; early, 
maud (mawd), n. a grey-striped 
Scotch plaid. 

maud-lin ('lin), adj. easily moved 
to tears; weakly and foolishly 

sentimental. 

mau-gre (maw'ger), prep, in 

spite of. 

maul (mawl), n. a large wooden 
hammer: v.t. to wound or bruise 
in a rough manner, 
maul-stick, same as mahl-stick. 
mau so le um (maw-so-le'um), n. 
a stately tomb or monument, 

especially that of Mausolus, King 
of Caria, erected by his widow 

Artemisia. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







mau 


542 


mea 


mauve (mov), n. a soft lilac or 
purple color. 

mavis (ma'vis), n. the song- 
thrush. 

maw (maw), n. the stomach of 
animals ; the craw of a bird, 
mawk ish (mawk'ish), adj. loath¬ 
some : affectedly sentimental, 
max-il-la (maks'il-a), n. [pi. 

maxillse (-e) ], the upper jawbone, 
max-il-la-ry ('il-a-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to the jaw or jawbone, 
max-il-li-form ('i-form), adj. 

shaped like the cheek or jawbone, 
max im ('im), n. an established 
principle or truth; proverb; 
aphorism. 

Syn. adage, apothegm, proverb, 
saying, by-word, saw. 
maximum ('i-mum). n. the 
greatest number, quantity, or de¬ 
gree, attainable. 

May (ma), n. the fifth month of 
the year. 

may, n. the English hawthorn, 
may, v. aux. [p.t . might (-mlt)], 
to be able; be allowed, 
may-or (mii'er), n. the chief 
magistrate of a city or borough. 
Feminine mayoress, 
may-or-al-ty (-al-ti), n. the of¬ 
fice, or term of office, of a mayor. 
May-pole ('pol), n. a pole around 
which May festivities are held, 
maze (maz), n . bewilderment; a 
labyrinth: v.t. to bewilder, 
maz-i-ly ('i-Ii), adv. in a mazy 
manner. 

ma-zur-ka (ma-zer'ka). n. a 
lively Polish dance ; music set to 
such a dance. Also mazourka. 
ma-zy (ma'zi), adj. intricate; be¬ 
wildering ; winding, 
mead (med), n. a fermented liquor 
of honey, water, and spices; a 
meadow [Poet.]. 

mead-ow (med'o), n. a tract of 
rich pasture land; land yielding 
hay; low grass land by the banks 
of rivers. 

meadowy (-i), adj. containing 
meadows. 

meager (me'ger), adj. thin; 
scanty; poor; barren; lean; 
weak. 

Syn. poor, lank, emaciated, bar¬ 
ren, dry, uninteresting. 

Ant. (see rich). 


mea-ger-ly (-11), adv. thinly; 
poorly. 

meal (mel), n. edible ground 
grain ; a repast. 

meal-y ('i), adj. consisting of, 
sprinkled with, or having the 
qualities of, meal, 
meal - y - mouthed (-niou#/fd), 
adj. using soft words; unwilling 
to tell the truth in plain words, 
mean (men), adj. [comparative 
meaner, superlative meanest], 
wanting in dignity or honor; vul¬ 
gar ; inferior ; insignificant; hum¬ 
ble ; sordid; stingy; middle; not 
excessive: n. the middle point, 
quantity, value, or degree; aver¬ 
age : pi. resources; property: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. meant, p.pr. meaning], 
to have in the mind or intention ; 
signify: v.i. to have an intention. 

Syn. stingy, niggardly, low, ab¬ 
ject, vile, ignoble, degraded, con¬ 
temptible, vulgar, despicable, de¬ 
sign, purpose, intent, contemplate, 
signify, denote, indicate. 

Ant. (see generous), 
me-an-der (me-an'der), v.t. to 
wind or flow round : v.i. to have a 
winding course; be intricate, 
meaning (men'ing), n. inten¬ 
tion ; sense. 

Syn. signification, import, ac¬ 
ceptation, sense, purport, 
meant, p.t. & p.p. of mean, 
mean-time '('tim), a d v . in the 
intervening time. Also mean¬ 
while. 

mea-sles (me'zlz), n. an infec¬ 
tious disease characterized by 
fever and small red spots on the 
skin; a disease of swine and of 
trees. 

mea s-u r-a-b 1 e (mezh'er-a-bl ) , 
adj. capable of being measured, 
meas ur a bly (-fi-bli), adv. in a 
measurable manner; in a limited 
degree. 

meas ure ('er), n. the standard 
by which the volume or extent 
of anything is compared; extent 
or dimensions of a thing ; propor¬ 
tion ; a divisor leaving no re¬ 
mainder; an instrument for meas¬ 
uring ; musical time; meter; law 
or statute: pi. strata or beds: v.t. 
to ascertain the extent, size, or 
volume of ; mark out; estimate ; 
allot; determine by rule or stand- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; v5te, pdrch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





"me a 


543 


med 


ard: v.i. to take measurements; 
be equal or uniform, 
meas ured ('erd), adj. determined 
by a standard ; uniform ; steady ; 
moderated. 

meas ure ment ('er-ment), n. the 
act of measuring; quantity ascer¬ 
tained by measuring ; size ; area ; 
capacity. 

meat (met), n. animal food, 
me chan ic , (me-kan'ik), n. a 
skilled workman: pi. the science 
of the laws of matter and motion, 
especially the science of ma¬ 
chinery. 

me chan ic al (-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the principles of mechanics; 
pertaining to, or produced by, ma¬ 
chines or machinery; done auto¬ 
matically, as from force of habit, 
me-chan-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
mechanical manner, 
mechanical powers (pow'- 
erz), n.pl. powers obtained by the 
application of a small force, viz., 
the lever, inclined plane, wheel 
and axle, screw, pulley, and 
wedge. 

mech-a-ni-cian (mek-a-nish'an), 
one skilled in mechanics or ma¬ 
chinery. 

mech anism ('a-nizm), n. parts 
of a machine; mechanical con¬ 
struction. 

medal (med'al), n. a coin¬ 
shaped piece of metal impressed 
with a device or inscription to 
commemorate some event, distin¬ 
guished person, &c. 
me dal-lic (me-dal'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to medals, 
me-dal-lion ('yun), n. a large 
antique medal; a round or oval 
tablet with figures in bas-relief, 
med-al-list (med'al-ist), n. an en¬ 
graver of medals; one who has 
gained a medal as a reward or 
prize. 

med-dle (med'l), v.i. to interpose 
or interfere officiously, 
med-dler ('ler), n. an officious 
person ; busybody, 
meddlesome ('1-sum), adj. of¬ 
ficiously intrusive. 

Syn. intrusive, officious, med¬ 
dling. 

Ant. (see unobtrusive), 
me-di-ae-val, same as medieval, 
me di an, (me'di-an), adj. pertain¬ 


ing to, or connected with, the mid¬ 
dle of anything. 

me-di-ate (-at), v.i. to interpose 
as a mutual friend between par¬ 
ties to effect a reconciliation, 
me-di-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the act 
of mediating; reconciliation, 
me-di-a-tor ('di-a-ter), n. one 
who mediates ; an intercessor, 
me-di-a-to-ri-al (-a-to'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to a mediator or media¬ 
tion ; intercessory. Also media¬ 
tory. 

me-di-a-to-ri-al-ly (-li), adj. by 
mediation. 

med-i-cal (med'i-kal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or connected with, 
medicine. 

med-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. according 
to medical rules. 

med-i-ca-ment ('i-ka-ment), n. a 
medicine or healing application, 
med-i-cate ('i-kat), v.t. to im¬ 
pregnate or tincture with any¬ 
thing medicinal. 

me-dic-i-nal (me-dis'i-nal), adj. 
having the properties of, or used 
in, medicine. 

me-dic-i-nal-ly (-nal-ly), adj. 
medically. 

med-i-cine (med'i-sin), n. the 
science which relates to the treat¬ 
ment and alleviation of disease; 
a specific for the cure of disease, 
med - i - cine - man (-man) , n. 
among certain tribes, as the North 
American Indians, a conjurer who 
professes to drive away evil 
spirits or disease by magical arts, 
me-di-e-val (me-di-e'val), adj. 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, 
the Middle Ages (8th-15th centu¬ 
ries A. D.). Also mediaeval, 
me-di-e-val-ism (-izm), n. the 
spirit, especially in religion and 
art, characteristic of the Middle 
Ages. 

me-di-o-cre fme'di-6-ker), adj. of 
medium excellence; ordinary, 
me-di-oc-ri-ty (-ok'ri-ti), n. of 
moderate degree; a person of or¬ 
dinary abilities. 

med-i-tate (med'i-tat), v.i. to 
muse or ponder; think abstracted¬ 
ly: v.t. to think upon; design; 
purpose. 

med-i-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the 
act of meditating; deep thought. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






med 


544 


me I 


med-i-ta-tive ('i-ta-tiv), adj. dis¬ 
posed to meditation. 

med-i-ta-tive-ly (-1 i), adv. with 
meditation. 

med-i-ta-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being medita¬ 
tive. 

me-di-nm (me'di-um), n. [pi. 
media, mediums (-a, -umz)], a 
mean; anything intervening; 
agency; space or substance in 
which bodies exist or move; a size 
of paper 24 x 19 inches: middle 
term of a syllogism; a per¬ 
son through whom communica¬ 
tions from the spirit world are 
conveyed; the liquid vehicle with 
which dry pigments are ground. 

Syn. organ, channel, instru¬ 
ment, means. 

med-ley ('li), n. mixture or con¬ 
fused mass of different ingredi¬ 
ents. 

Syn. mixture, variety, diversity, 
miscellany. 

me-dul-la (me-dul'a), n. the mar¬ 
row of bones; pith of plants. 

med-ul-la-ry ('a-ri), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, consisting of, or like, mar¬ 
row or medulla. 

me-dul-lin (-dul'in), n. a variety 
of cellulose found in the pith of 
certain plants. 

Me du sa (me-du'sa), n. [pi. me¬ 
dusae ('se)], in classical mythol¬ 
ogy, one of the three Gorgons 
whose fine hair was changed into 
snakes, and whose glance changed 
into stone all who looked on her. 

medusa, n. the sea-nettle or 
jelly-fish. 

meed (med), n. recompense; re¬ 
ward. 

meek (mek), adj. [comparative 
meeker, superlative meekest], gen¬ 
tle ; submissive ; yielding ; mild of 
temper; humble ; patient. 

Syn. unassuming, mild, gentle. 

Ant. (see proud). 

meer (mer), n. a boundary or divi¬ 
sion. Also mere. 

meer-schaum ('slium), n. a clay¬ 
like silicate of magnesia from 
which pipe-bowls are made; a 
pipe of this material. 

meet (met), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. met, 
p.pr. meeting], to come up to from 
a different direction; confront; 
encounter; fall in with ; receive ; 


satisfy; come upon; answer: v.i. 
to assemble; be united : n. a meet¬ 
ing of huntsmen; the place of 
meeting: adj. fit; suitable; appro¬ 
priate. 

meet-ing ('ing), n. an assembling 
or coming together; junction; a 
congregation. 

meg, a prefix meaning great, pow¬ 
erful. Also mega, megalo, as 
we^acephalous: adj. having a 
large head. 

meg-ohm ('om), n. 1,000,000 
ohms: a measure of electrical re¬ 
sistance. 

me-grim (me'grim), n. a sick or 
neuralgic headache, usually on one 
side of the head: pi. vertigo in a 
horse. 

mel-an-cho-li-a (mel-an-ko'li-a), 
n. a form of insanity character¬ 
ized by great depression of spirits, 
mel-an-chol-ic (-kol'ik), adj. af¬ 
fected with melancholy ; depressed 
in spirits; dejected, 
mel-an-chol-y ('an-kol-i), n. 
great depression of spirits; melan¬ 
cholia : adj. depressed in spirits; 
hypochondriac. 

Syn. low-spirited, dispirited, 
dreamy, sad. 

Ant. (see jolly), 
me lange (ma-langzh'), n. a con¬ 
fused mixture; medley [French], 
mel-a-nin (mel'a-nin), n. the 
black pigment cells of the eye and 
skin. 

inel-an-ite ('an-It), n. a black va¬ 
riety of garnet. 

mel an ism ('an-izm), n. excess 
of the coloring pigment in the 
skin. 

me-lee (ma-hV), 'n. a hand-to- 
hand conflict; scuffle ; affray, 
mel-in-ite (mel'in-it), n. a power¬ 
ful explosive. 

mel-i-lot ('i-lot), n. a species of 
sweet-scented trefoil or clover, 
mel-io-rate (mel'yo-rat), v.t. to 
improve or make better, 
mel-io-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. im¬ 
provement. 

mel-lif-1 u-ent (mel-if'flu-ent), 
smooth; sweetly flowing. Also 
mellifluous. 

mel-lig-e-nous (-ij'e-nus), adj. 
having the qualities of, or produc¬ 
ing, honey. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








me I 


545 


men 


mel-low ('o), adj. fully ripe; not 
bard, harsh, or rigid; half tipsy. 

Syn. ripe, mature, soft. 

Ant. (see immature), 
mel-low-y (-i), adj. soft; unct¬ 
uous ; loamy. 

me-lo-de-on (me-lo'de-on), n. a 
small reed organ ; a music hall, 
me-lo-di-ous ('di-us), adj. full of, 
or produced by, melody ; musical. 

Syn. tuneful, musical, silver, 
dulcet, sweet. 

Ant. (see discordant). 
melodist ('dist), n. a composer 
of melodies. 

melodize ('diz), v.t. to make 
melodious: v.i. compose melodies, 
mel-o-dra-ma (mel-o-dra'ma), n. 
a play characterized by highly 
sensational or romantic incidents, 
mel-o-dra-mat-ic (-d.ra-mat'ik), 
adj. pertaining to melodrama; 
highly sensational, 
mel-o-dy ('o-di), n. [pi. melodies 
(-diz)], the arrangement of dif¬ 
ferent musical sounds for a single 
voice or instrument; tune, 
mel on ('un), n. a plant of the 
cucumber family with its edible 
fruit. 

mel-o-type ('o-tlp). n. a method I 
of producing photographs so that 
their development may be de¬ 
ferred. 

melt (melt), v.t. & v.i. to change 
from a solid to a liquid state ; dis¬ 
solve ; soften to love and tender¬ 
ness. 

mel ton ('un), n. a kind of thick 
broadcloth with an unfinished sur¬ 
face. 

mem ber (mem'ber), n. a limb or 
organ ; essential part of anything ; 
one of an association or com¬ 
munity. 

membrane ('bran), n. a thin 
fold or layer of tissue forming the 
covering of some part or organ, 
mem-bra-nous ('bra-nus), adj. 
pertaining to, consisting of, or 
like, membranes. 

me-men-to fme-men'to), n. [pi. 
mementos ('toz)], a souvenir; 
memorial. 

mem-oir (mem'war). n. a history 
written from oersonal experience 
and knowledge: a biography: pi. 
a record of investigations on a 


subject; transactions or journal 
of a learned or scientific society, 
mem-o-ra-bil-i-a ( -o-ra-bil'i-a), 
n.pl. things worthy of remem¬ 
brance or record. 

mem -ora- ble ('or-a-bl), adj. 
worthy of remembrance; remark¬ 
able ; notable. 

Syn. signal, distinguished, 
marked. 

mem-or-a-bly (-a-bli), adj. so as 
to be remembered, 
mem-o-ran-dum (-o-ran'dum), n. 
[pi. memoranda ('da)], a note to 
assist the memory; brief record 
of something to be remembered; 
summary or outline, 
memorial (me-m5'ri-al), adj. 
commemorative; preservative of, 
or contained in, the memory: n. 
an informal diplomatic paper; a 
written representation of facts ad¬ 
dressed to the government, a pub¬ 
lic body, &c. 

Syn. monument, memento, com¬ 
memoration. 

me-mo-ri-al-ize (-Tz), v.t. to peti¬ 
tion by means of a memorial, 
me-mor-i-al-ist (-ist), n. one who 
prepares, signs, or presents, a 
1 memorial. 

me-mor-i-ter (-mor'i-ter), adv. 
from memory. 

mem-o-ry (mem'o-ri), n. [pi. 
memories (-riz)], that faculty of 
the mind by which it retains the 
knowledge of previous occurrences, 
facts, thoughts, &c., and recalls 
them. 

Syn. remembrance, recollection, 
men-ace (men'as), n. a threat; 
v.t. to threaten. 

Syn. threat. 

men-a-cing-ly ('a-sing-li), adv. 

in a threatening manner, 
men-ag-e-rie (-azh'er-i or -aj'e-ri), 
n. a place where wild nimals are 
kept; a collection of wild animals 
for exhibition. 

mend (mend), v.i. to repair (that 
which is broken or worn) ; make 
good or better ; reform ; increase : 
v.i. to grow better; improve. 

Syn. repair, amend, correct, bet¬ 
ter. ameliorate, improve, rectify, 
men-da-cious (men-da'shus). adj. 

given to falsehood ; lying; false, 
men-dac-i-ty (-das'i-ti), n. [pi. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; v5te, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








men 


546 


mer 


mendacities (-tiz)], falsehood; 
habitual lying. 

mendicancy ('di-kan-si), n. 
the state of being a beggar; beg¬ 
ging. Also mendicity, 
men-di-cant (-kant), adj. practic¬ 
ing begging; reduced to beggary ; 
n. a beggar; a begging friar, 
men-ha-den (-ha'dn), n. an 
American fish allied to the her¬ 
ring, yielding a valuable oil. 
me-ni-al (me'ni-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to a retinue of servants; per¬ 
taining to, or suitable for, serv¬ 
ants ; mean; servile: n. a domes¬ 
tic servant; one who performs 
servile work. 

men-i-lite (men'i-lit), n. a variety 
of opal. 

me-nin-ges (me-nin'jez), n.pl. the 
three membranes that envelop the 
brain and the spinal cord, 
men-in-gi-tis (men-in-jl'tis), n. 

inflammation of the meninges, 
meniscus (me-nis'kus), n. [pi. 
menisci ('si), meniscuses ('kus- 
ez)], a crescent; a lens convex on 
one side and concave on the other, 
men ses (men'sez). n.pl. the cata¬ 
menial discharge. Also menstrua¬ 
tion. 

men-stru-al ('strod-al), adj. oc¬ 
curring monthly. 

men stru um (-um), n. a solvent, 
mensurable ('slm-ra-bl), adj. 
measurable. 

men su ra tion (-ra'shun), n. the 
act or process of taking the meas¬ 
ure or dimensions of anything; 
measurement. 

men-tal ('tal), adj. pertaining to 
the mind ; intellectual, 
men-tal-ly (-li), adv. in the mind ; 

in thought or idea; intellectually, 
men-thol ('thol), n. a crystalline 
substance resembling camphor: 
used as a counter-irritant, 
men-thyl ('thil), n. the base of 
menthol. 

men-tion ('shun), n. a brief 
notice ; casual remark ; hint: v.t. 
to speak briefly of; notice casu¬ 
ally ; name. 

Syn. tell, name, communicate, 
impart, divulge, reveal, disclose, 
inform, acquaint. 

mentor ('ter), n. a wise and 
faithful counselor: from Mentor, 
the friend and tutor of Ulysses. 


me-nu (me-nu'), n. a bill of fare. 
Mepli-is-to-phe-li-an (mef-is-to- 
fe'li-an), adj. pertaining to, or 
like, Mephistopheles: hence scoff¬ 
ing, relentless, and cynical, 
me-phit-ic (me-fit'ik), adj. poison¬ 
ous ; noxious; offensive to the 
smell. Also mephitical, 
mer-can-tile (mer'kan-til). adj. 

commercial. _ _ , 

mer-ce-na-ri-ly ('se-na-ri-li), adv. 

in a mercenary manner, 
mer-ce-na-ry (' e-na-rP, n. [pi. 
mercenaries (-riz)], a soldier 
hired into foreign service; one 
who serves for pay: adj. serving 
for pay or reward ; venal; sordid, 
mer cer ('ser). n. a dealer in tex¬ 
tile fabrics. 

mer cer y (-i), n. the commodities 
in which a mercer deals, 
mer-chan-dise ('chan-diz). n. 
goods, wares, or commodities, 
bought and sold. 

mer chant ('chant), n. one who 
traffics or carries on trade on a 
large scale, especially with foreign 
countries; a shopkeeper: adj. per¬ 
taining to, or employed in, trade ; 
mercantile. 

mer chant man (-man), n. [pi. 
merchantmen (-men)], a trading 
vessel. 

mer-ciful ('si-fool), adj. full of. 
or exercising, mercy; tender¬ 
hearted ; compassionate. 

Syn. compassionate, lenient, cle¬ 
ment, tender, gracious, kind. 

Ant. (see cruel). 

mer-ci-ful-ly (-li), adv. with 
mercy or compassion, 
mer-ci-less (-les), adj. destitute 
of mercy ; unfeeling ; cruel. 

Syn. hard-hearted, cruel, un¬ 
merciful, pitiless, remorseless, un¬ 
relenting. 

Ant. (see kind). 

mer-cu-ri-al (-ku'ri-al), adj. 
active ; volatile; fickle ; pertaining 
to, made of, or caused by, mercury. 
Mer cu ry ('kfi-ri), n. one of the 
planets: from Mercury, the mes¬ 
senger of the gods, 
mer cu ry, n. quicksilver, 
mer-ey ('si), n. [pi. mercies 
('siz)], the disposition to forgive, 
spare, or pity; clemency: forbear¬ 
ance ; compassion; beneficence, 
mere, same as meer. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 










aier 


547 


mes 


mere (mer), adj. [superlative 

merest], such and no more; 
simple ; entire ; absolute, 
mere-ly ('li), adv. simply ; purely ; 
only. 

mer-e-tri-cious (mer-e-trish'us), 
adj. pertaining to prostitutes; 
lustful; alluring by false show; 
tawdry. 

merge (merj), v.t. to absorb or 
swallow up: v.i. to be swallowed 
up or lost. 

mer-ger (mer'jer), n. the legal 
consolidation of two estates, con¬ 
forming them into one estate; the 
placing of the operations of two 
or more competing interests under 
the control of a single body, 
mer-i-carp (mer'i-karp), n. one 
of the carpels of an unbelliferous 
fruit. 

me-rid-i-an (me-rid'i-an), adj. 
pertaining to mid-day: n. mid¬ 
day ; noon } highest point or cul¬ 
mination ; an imaginary great 
circle of the sphere passing 
through the poles of the heavens 
and the zenith and nadir of any 
civen place, and cutting the equa¬ 
tor at right angles, 
me-rid-i-o-nal ('i-o-n&l), adj. 
pertaining to the meridian; 
southern. 

me-rid-i-o-nal-ly ('li), adv. in the 
direction of the meridian, 
ane-ringue (me-rang'), n. a light 
confection of eggs, sugar, cream, 
or jam. 

me-ri-no (me-re'nd), n. [pi. me¬ 
rinos ('n5z)], a breed of sheep 
with a fine wool; the wool of such 
sheep : adj. pertaining to, or made 
of, the wool of the merino sheep, 
mer-it (mer'it), n. excellence; 
worth ; deserved reward : pi. essen¬ 
tial circumstances : v.t. to earn ; 
be entitled to; be deserving of. 
mer-i-to-ri-ous (-i-to'ri-us), adj. 
having merit; deserving of reward 
or praise. 

merle (merl), n. the blackbird 
[Poet.]. 

mer-lin (mer'lin), n. a small 
falcon. 

mer-ling (mer'ling), n. the 
whiting. 

mer-lon ('Ion), n. that part of a 
parapet included between two 
embrasures. 


mer-maid (mer'mad), n. a fabled 
marine creature having the 'up¬ 
per part like a woman and the 
lower part like a fish, 
merman ('man), n. the male of 
the mermaid. 

mer-ri-ly (mer'i-li), adv. in a 
merry manner. 

merriment ('i-ment), n. mirth; 
fun ; frolic ; gaiety. Also merri¬ 
ness. 

Syn. mirth, joviality, jollity, 
hilarity. 

Ant. (see sorrow), 
merry ('i), adj. [comparative 
merrier, superlative merriest], full 
of mirth and good humor; gay; 
sportive ; jovial; pleasant. 

Syn. cheerful, mirthful, joyous, 
gay, lively, sprightly, hilarious, jo¬ 
vial, blithe, blithesome, sportive, 
jolly. 

Ant. (see sad). 

mer-ry-an-drew (-an'droo), n. a 
buffoon. 

/ 

m e r-r y-d a n-c er s (-dan'serz), 
n.pl. the Aurora Borealis, 
mer - ry - go - round (mer'-i-go- 
round), n. a circular frame fitted 
with wooden horses or seats, on 
which persons ride at fairs, &c. 
mer-ry-thought (-thawt), n. the 
forked bone (furcula) of a fowl’s 
breast. 

me sa (ma'sa), n. elevated table¬ 
land. 

me-sal-li-ance (-za-le-angs'), n. 
marriage with one of lower social 
position. 

mesh (mesh), n. an opening or in¬ 
terstice of a net; brewer’s grains, 
mes-i-al (mez'i-al), adj. middle, 
mes-jid (mez'jid), n. a mosque, 
mesmeric (-mer'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or produced by, mes¬ 
merism. 

mes mer ism ('mer-izm), n. the 
art of inducing an abnormal state 
of the nervous system in which 
the thoughts and actions of the 
patient are controlled by the will 
of the operator; animal mag¬ 
netism. 

mes-mer-ist (-ist), n. one who 
practices the art of mesmerism. 
Also mesmerizer. 

mes mer ize (-Iz), v.t. to induce 
the mesmeric state. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







mes 


548 


met 


mesne (men), adj. middle; inter¬ 
vening. 

meso, a prefix meaning middle, in¬ 
termediate, as meso blast, the in¬ 
termediate layer of the blasto¬ 
derm of an ovum; mesocarp, the 
middle layer of a pericarp, 
mes-o-sperm (mes'o-sperm), n. 

the second membrane of a seed. 
Mes-o-zo-ic (-zo'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Secondary Age or* era 
of reptiles. 

mess (mes), n. a number of per¬ 
sons who sit down to table to¬ 
gether, especially soldiers or sail¬ 
ors ; a state of dirt or confusion : 
v.i. to eat together: v.t. to furnish 
with food; dirty. 

mes sage ('aj), n. a communica¬ 
tion, written or verbal, sent from 
one person to another; an of¬ 
ficial communication, 
mes-sen-ger ('en-jer), n. one who 
conveys a message; an office 
servant who carries messages; a 
herald or harbinger; an official of 
the bankruptcy court. 

Mes-si-ah (-I'a), n. Christ the 
Anointed One. Also Messias. 
Mes-si-an-ic (-i-an'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Messiah, 
mes-sieurs ('yers), n.pl. sirs; 
messrs. 

mes suage ('waj), n. a dwelling 
house with its adjacent buildings 
and land for the use of the house¬ 
hold. 

mes-tee (-te'), n. the offspring of 
a white and a quadroon, 
mes-ti-zo (-te'zo), n. [pi. mestizos 
('zoz)], the offspring of a Span¬ 
iard or Creole and an Indian. 
Also mestino. 
met, p.t. & p.p. of meet, 
meta, a prefix meaning "between, 
over, after, duplicate, resembling, 
change from one state to another. 
me-tab-a-sis (me-tab'a-sis), n. 
transition. 

met-a-bo-li-an (met-a-bo'li-an), 
n. an insect of the sub-class Meta- 
bola which undergo complete meta¬ 
morphosis. 

met-a-bol-ic (-bol'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or undergoing, change 
or metamorphosis, 
met-ab-o-lism (-ab'o-lizm), n. the 
continuous process by which liv¬ 


ing cells or tissues undergo chem¬ 
ical change. 

met-a-car-pal (met-a -kiir'pal), 
adj. pertaining to the metacarpus, 
metacarpus ('pus), n. that 
part of the hand which is between 
the wrist and the fingers, 
met-a-cen-ter (-sen'ter), n. that 
point in a floating body on the 
position of which its equilibrium 
or stability depends, 
met-a-gen-e-sis (-a-jen'e-sis), n. 

alternation of generation, 
met-al ('al), n. an elementary 
substance having certain physical 
characteristics, as luster, ductility, 
malleability, insolubility, is fusi¬ 
ble by heat, and a conductor of 
electricity; molten glass; small 
stone cubes; effective power or 
caliber of the guns of a warship: 
pi. the rails of a railroad : v.t. to 
cover w r ith metal. 

met-al-lic ('ik), adj. pertaining 
to, consisting of, or like, metal, 
met-al-lic oxide (oks'id), n. a 
compound of metal with oxygen, 
met-al-lic salt (sawlt), n. a salt 
which has a metallic oxide as its 
base. 

met-al-lif-er-ous (-lif'er-us), adj. 

yielding metal or metallic ores, 
met-al-log-ra-phy (-og'ra-fi), n. 
the science of metals; a treatise 
on metals. 

met-al-loid (-oid), n. a non- 
metallic elementary body : adj. re¬ 
sembling a metal; non-metallic. 
met-al-lur-gic (-er'jik), adj. per¬ 
taining to metallurgy. Also met¬ 
allurgical. 

met-al-lur-gist ('al-er-jist), n. 

one who is skilled in metallurgy, 
met-al-lur-gy (-ji), n. the art or 
process of working metals and of 
separating them from their ores, 
met-a-mor-phie (-a-mor'fik), adj. 
pertaining to, or produced by, 
metamorphism. 

met-a-mor-phism ('fizm), n. the 
process by which stratified rocks 
under pressure, heat, chemical 
action, &c., have changed from 
their original structure, as lime¬ 
stone to marble. 

met-a-mor-pliose ('foz), v.t. to 
change into a different form, 
met-a-mor-plio-sis ('fo-sis), n. 
change of form, shape, or struc- 


late, mar, mask,, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







met 


549 


met 


ture; transformation, as of a 
chrysalis into a butterfly, 
met aphor ('5-fer), n. a figure 
of speech by which one word is 
employed for another of which it 
is the image; a compressed simile, 
met-a-phor-ic (-for'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or comprising, a meta¬ 
phor ; not literal; figurative. Also 
metaphorical. 

met-a-phor-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
in metaphors. 

met-a-phras-tic (-fras'tik), adj. 

close or literal in translation, 
met-a-phys-ie-al (-fiz'ik-al), adj. 
pertaining to, or according to the 
rules of, metaphysics ; ontological, 
met-a-phys-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. by 
the rules of metaphysical science, 
met-a-phy-si-ciaii (-fi-zish'un), 
n. one 'who is skilled in meta¬ 
physics. 

met-a-phys-ics ( -fiz'iks), n. men¬ 
tal philosophy. / 

met-ath-e-sis (-ath'e-sis), n. 
transposition of the letters of a 
word or syllable. 

met-em-pir-ic-al (-em-pir'ik-al), 
adj. exceeding the limits of ex¬ 
perience. 

metempsychosis (-si-ko'sis), 
n. transmigration of the soul after 
death into the body of another 
man or lower animal, 
meteor (me'te-er), n. a tran¬ 
sient luminous body in the sky; 
falling or shooting star; anything 
that dazzles or excites w’onder for 
the moment. 

me-te-or-ic (-or'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or formed of, or like, a 
meteor. 

me-te-or-ite ('te-er-it), n. a stone 
or metallic body which, in its pas¬ 
sage through space, has fallen 
upon the earth. 

me-te-or-og-ra-phy (-er-og'ra-fi), 
n. the registration of meteoro¬ 
logical phenomena, 
me-te-or-o-log-ic (-loj'ik), • adj. 
pertaining to the atmosphere, or 
its phenomena, or to meteorology. 
Also meteorological, 
meteorologist (-ol'o-jist), n. 

one who is skilled in meteorology, 
me-te-or-ol-o-gy (-ji), n. the sci¬ 
ence of the atmosphere and its 
various phenomena, 
lue-ter (me'ter), n. an instrument 


for registering automatically the 
amount measured by it. 

Syn. measure, rhythm, verse, 
meter, metre (me'ter), n. a 
rhythmic arrangement of syllables 
in verse; unit of length in the 
decimal system = 39.37 inches, 
meterage (-aj), n. measure¬ 
ment; cost of measuring, 
me-thinks (me-thingks'), v.i. [p.t. 
methought], it appears or seems 
to me. 

method (meth'od). n. regular ar¬ 
rangement of things; system; 
order; classification. 

Syn. way, manner, mode, proc¬ 
ess, order, rule, regularity sys¬ 
tem. 

meth-od-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. char¬ 
acterized by, or arranged with re¬ 
gard to, method ; systematic. Also 
methodic. 

meth-od-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
methodical manner, 
methodize ('o-dlz), v.t. to re¬ 
duce to method; systematize. 
Meth-o-dism ('o-dizrn), n. the 
doctrines and worship of the 
Methodists. 

Meth-o-dist ('5-dist), n. one of a 
sect of Christians founded by John 
Wesley: adj. pertaining to the 
Methodists. 

meth-yl (meth'il), n. the hydro¬ 
carbon radical of methyl alcohol, 
or wood spirit. 

meth-yl-a-ted (-i-la'ted), adj. 

mixed with or containing methyl, 
meth-yl-ene (-len), n. an inflam¬ 
mable liquid obtained from the 
distillation of wood. Also methene. 
meth-yl-io (-il'ik), adj. derived 
from, or containing, methyl, 
met-on-y-my (met-on'i-mi), n. a 
figure of speech in which one word 
is used for another related to it. 
met re, see meter, 
met-ric (met'rik), adj. pertaining 
to the decimal system of weights 
and measures. 

met-ric-al (-al), adj. pertaining 
to meter, measurement, or rhythm, 
met-ric-al-ly (-li), adv. in a met¬ 
rical manner. 

met-ro-graph ('ro-gr&f), n. an 
apparatus for indicating the mile¬ 
age run by a locomotive, and the 
number and time of stoppages at 
stations, &c. 


late, miir, mask, cat. awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; rndon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








met 


550 


mic 


met-rol-o-gy (-rol'o-ji), n. the sci¬ 
ence of weights and measures, 
met ro nome ('ro-nom), n. an in¬ 
strument which beats musical time 
by means of a short pendulum, 
xne-trop-o-lis (me-trop'o-lis), n. 
the capital or chief city of a king¬ 
dom or country ; the seat or see of 
a metropolitan. 

met-ro-pol-i-tan (-ro-pol'i-tan), 
adj. pertaining to the capital city 
of a kingdom or country, or to an 
archbishopric: n. the presiding 
bishop of a country or province; 
an archbishop. 

met-tle (met'l). n. constitutional 
ardor or spirit; fortitude, 
met-tle-some (-sum), n. high 
spirited. 

mew (mu), n. the cry of a cat; a 
sea-gull: pi. stables for carriage 
horses: v.t. to shed or molt (the 
feathers )^: v.i. to cry like a cat. 
mezzanine (met'za-nen), n. a 
low intermediate story between 
two higher ones; a window in 
such a story. 

mezzotint (-tint), n. a variety 
of copper engraving. Also rnezzo- 
tinto. 

mi-asm, mi-as-ma (mi-azm', ml- 
az'ma), tv. infectious matter in the 
air ; noxious emanations ; malaria, 
mi-ca (ml'ka), n. a mineral di¬ 
visible into thin transparent 
plates. 

mi-ca-ceous (-kfi'shus), adj. per¬ 
taining to. consisting of, or like, 
mica. 

mice, pi. of mouse, 
mi-co (mi'ko), n. a small South 
American monkey; a Japanese 
solid oil or butter, 
micro, a prefix meaning small , as 
microcosm, a small universe or 
community. 

mi-crobe (mi'krob), n. a minute 
microscopical organism found in 
the blood of animals, especially 
those suffering from disease; bac¬ 
terium. 

mi-crob-ic (-krob'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or caused by, a mi¬ 
crobe. Also microbial, 
mi-crob-i-cide (-krob'i-sid). n. an 
agent for destroying microbes or 
bacteria. 

mi-cro-coc-cus (-kro-kok'us), n. 
[pi. micrococci ('si)], a genus of 


bacteria, a source of fermentation 
and of zymotic disease, 
mi-cro-cosm, see under micro, 
mi-cro-cous-tic (-kous' or -koos'- 
tik) , adj. pertaining to, or serving 
to increase, indistinct sounds: ft. 
an instrument for the deaf, to 
augment faint sounds, 
mi-cro-crith (-krith'), n. the 
weight of an atom of hydrogen, 
mi-cro-cyte ('kro-sit), ft. a minute 
elementary granule in the blood, 
especially present in disease, 
micrograph ('kro-graf), ft. a 
kind of pantograph for executing 
very minute engraving or writing, 
mi-crog-ra-phy (-krog'ra-fi), ft. 
the description of microscopic ob¬ 
jects. 

mi crohm ('krom), n. the 1,000,- 
000th part-of an ohm. 
micrometer (-krom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring mi¬ 
nute distances, or apparent diam¬ 
eters : used with a microscope or 
telescope. 

mi-cro-mil-li-me-ter (-kro-mil'i- 
me-ter), n. the 1,000,000,000th 
part of a meter. 

microphone ('kro-fon), n. an 
instrument for intensifying very 
minute sounds. 

mi-ero-pho-tog-ra-phy (-fo-tog'- 
ra-fi), ft. photographing in minia¬ 
ture. 

mi-cro-phyte ('kro-fit), n. a 
microscopic vegetable growth, 
mi-cro-scope ('kro-skop), n. an 
optical instrument for magnify¬ 
ing minute objects so as to ren¬ 
der them visible for purposes of 
investigation. 

mi-cro-scop-ic (-skop'ik), adj. 
pertaining to. or determined by 
the aid of. a microscope. Also mi¬ 
croscopical. 

mi cro scop ic al ly ( al-li), adv. 

by, or as by, a microscope, 
mi-cro-scop-ist (ml'kro-sko-pist 
or ml-kros'ko-pist), n. one skilled 
in microscopy. 

mi-cros-co-py (mi-kros'ko-pi). ft. 
the use of the microscope; micro¬ 
scopic investigation, 
mi-cro-spore ('kro-spor), n. a 
very minute reproductive spore 
found in the capsules of lycopods. 
mi-cro-volt ('kro-volt), n. the 
1.000,000th part of a volt. 


Lte, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 










mlc 


551 


mil 


mi-cro-zyme ('kro-zim), n. a 
minute organism occurring in the 
air and found in the human 
blood, acting as a ferment in pro¬ 
ducing certain zymotic diseases, 
mid (mid), adj. middle: prefix, as 
midday: n. a midshipman, 
mid-dle ('1), adj. equally distant 
from the extremes; mean; me¬ 
dial : n. the point equally distant 
from the extremes; central part; 
the waist. 

Mid-dle Ag-es (aj'ez), n.pl. the 
period between the 5th and 15th 
centuries A. D. 

mid-dle-most (-most), adj. sit¬ 
uated in, or nearest, the middle, 
mid-dling ('ling), adj. of middle 
rank, size, or quality; moderate: 
n.pl. the eoarser part of flour, 
mid-dy ('di), n. [pi. middies 
('diz)J, a midshipman, 
midge (mij), n. a gnat, 
mid-riff ('rif), n. the diaphragm 
separating the cavity of the chest 
from the stomach, 
mid-ship-man ('ship-man), n. 
[pi. midshipmen], in the British 
navy, a junior officer ranking 
next above a cadet, 
midst (midst), n. the middle, 
mid-wife (mid'wif), n. [pi. mid¬ 
wives ('wlvz)], a woman w T ho as¬ 
sists at childbirth: v.t. to assist 
in childbirth: v.i. to serve as a 
midwife. 

mid-wif-er-y ('wlf-er-i), n. ob¬ 
stetrics. 

mien (men), n. external appear¬ 
ance ; air; look; carriage. 

Syn. air, look, manner, aspect, 
appearance. 

might (mlt), n. power; strength; 

force: p.t. of may. 
might-i-ly ('i-li), adv. with great 
power or strength; vehemently ; 
in a great degree, 
might-i-ness (-nes), n. great¬ 
ness ; power; a title of dignity, 
might-y ('i), adj. [comp, might¬ 
ier, superl. mightiest], powerful; 
strong; influential; momentous ; 
wonderful; huge : adv. very ; ex¬ 
ceedingly. 

m i-g non (min-ydng'), adj. 

pretty; delicate [French], 
mi-gnon-ette (min-yun-et'), n. 
a fragrant annual with greenish 


flower and orange-colored sta¬ 
mens. 

mi-grant (ml'grant), adj. mi¬ 
gratory. 

migratory ('gra-to-ri), adj. 
removing or passing from one 
place of abode or resort to an¬ 
other ; roving; nomad. 

Syn. roving, strolling, wander¬ 
ing, vagrant. 

Ant. (see settled). 

Mi-ka-do (mi-ka'do), n. the Jap¬ 
anese emperor, as the spiritual 
and temporal head of the empire, 
milch (milch), adj. yielding milk, 
mild (mild), adj. [com/p. milder, 
superl. mildest], gentle in temper 
and disposition; gentle; soft; 
placid; moderate; not sharp, 
sour, or bitter; lenitive, 
mil-dew (mil'du), n. a disease of 
plants produced by small fungi ; 
spots of mold on cloth, &c„ caused 
by damp : v.t. to taint with mil¬ 
dew : v.i. be affected with mil¬ 
dew. 

mile (mil), n. a measure of length 
varying in different countries: 
the English statute mile, in use 
in this country, contains l.TGO 
yds., the geographical or nautical 
mile l-60th of a degree of lati¬ 
tude or 2,025 yds. (nearly), 
mile-age ('aj), n. an allowance 
for expenses per mile; length in 
miles. 

mil-foil (mil'foil), n. a composite 
plant with finely divided leaves, 
mil-i-tan-cy ('i-t&n-si), n. ■war¬ 
fare : militarism. 

mil-i-tant ('i-tant), adj. warlike; 

fighting; serving as a soldier, 
mil-i-ta-rism ('i-ta-rizm), n. mil¬ 
itary spirit, policy, or govern¬ 
ment. 

mil-i-ta-ry ('i-ta-ri), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to soldiers or to arms; war¬ 
like ; martial: n. soldiers collect¬ 
ively ; army; troops, 
mil-i-tate ('i-tat), v.i. to be, or 
stand, opposed; operate against 
(with against ). 

mi-li-tia (mi-lish'a), n. citizens 
enrolled and trained for the in¬ 
ternal defense of a state, 
milk (milk), n. a white fluid se¬ 
creted by the mammary glands of 
female mammals for the nourish¬ 
ment of their young, especially 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








mil 


552 


min 


the milk of the cow; the white 
juice of certain plants: v.t. to 
draw milk from ; supply with milk, 
milk-sop ('sop), ft. an effeminate 
weak person. 

milk-tooth, (-tooth), ft. the fore¬ 
tooth of a foal; one of the 
temporary first set of teeth in 
the young of mammals. 

Milky Way ('i wa), ft. a broad 
luminous band in the heavens, 
from horizon to horizon, consist¬ 
ing of innumerable stars, 
mill (mil), ft. a machine for grind¬ 
ing and reducing a substance to 
small particles; a manufactory; 
a prize fight; a money of account 
= 1-1,000th of a dollar: v.t. to 
reduce to fine particles in a mill; 
press or stamp, as the edges of 
coins; full (cloth); roll into 
bars, as metal; thrash, 
mill-board, ('bord), ft. a kind of 
thick pasteboard. _ 
mil-len-ni-al (mil-len'ni-al), adj. 

of or pertaining to the millennium, 
mil-len-ni-um ('i-um), ft. the 
space of 1,000 years, especially i 
that period during which Satan 
will be bound and Christ will 
reign on earth (Rev. xx. 1-4). . 
mil le-ped (mil'e-ped), ft. an in¬ 
sect with numerous feet, belong¬ 
ing to the genus Julus. Also 
millepede. 

mil-le-pore ('e-p5r), ft. a coral 
of the genus Millepora, having a 
smooth surface, perforated with 
very small pores. 

mil-ler ('er), ft. one who keeps or 
works a flour mill, 
mil-let ( r et), ft. a grain-bearing 
plant. 

milli, a 'prefix ineaning 1,000th 
part of, as wi/Ztampere, the 
1,000th part of an ampere, 
mil-liard ('i-fird, or me-lyaF), ft. 

[Fr.] one thousand millions, 
mil-lier (me-lya'), n. [Fr.] in the 
metric system, a ton — 1,000,000 
grams. 

mil-li-gram (mil'i-gram), ft. [Fr.] 
the 1,000th part of a gram = 
.0154 grain English. Also milli¬ 
gramme. 

mil-lili-ter ('i-li-ter), ft. [Fr.] the 
1,000th part of a liter = .06102 
cubic in. 

mil-li-me-ter ('i-me-ter), n. [Fr.] 


the 1,000th part of a meter = 
.03937 in. 

mil-li-ner ('i-ner), ft. one who 
makes women’s bonnets, hats, 
headdresses, &c. , 

mil-li-ner-y ('i-ner-i), ft. the ar¬ 
ticles made and sold by a milliner, 
mill-ing ('ing), ft. the act of 
grinding in, or passing through, a 
dressing mill; the process of 
making a serrated edge on a coin, 
&c. 

mil-lion ('yun), ft. the number of 
ten hundred thousand ; an indefi¬ 
nitely large number, 
mil-lion-aire (-ar'), ft. a person 
who is worth a million; one very 
rich. 

mil-liontb ('yuntli), adj. being 
one of a million: ft. one of 1,000,- 
000 parts. 

mill-pond ('pond), ft. a reservoir 
of water for driving a mill, 
mill-race ('ras), ft. a current of 
water that drives a mill, 
mill-stone ('ston), ft. one of two 
flat cylindrical stones for grinding 
grain. 

milt (milt), ft. the spleen; the 
spermatic organ of a male fish: 
v.t. to impregnate the ova of (a 
female fish). 

mime (mim), n. a kind of drama 
among the Greeks and Romans in 
which real persons and events 
were represented in a ludicrous 
manner; an actor in a mime, 
mi-met-ic (mi-met'ik), adj. imita¬ 
tive. Also mimetical. 
mim-e-tism (mim'e-tizm), n. mim¬ 
icry. 

mim-ic ('ik), adj. inclined to imi¬ 
tate ; imitative: n. one who mim¬ 
ics or imitates: v.t. to imitate, or 
ridicule by imitation. 

Syn. imitate, ape, mock, 
mim-ick-er (-er), n. a mimic, 
mim-ic-ry (-ri), n. ludicrous imi¬ 
tation for sport or ridicule; close 
external likeness. 

min-a-ret (min'a-ret), n. a tall 
slender turret attached to a 
mosque surrounded with several 
balconies from which the muezzin, 
calls the people to prayers, 
min-a-to-ry ('fi-to-ri), adj . threat¬ 
ening. 

mince (mins), v.t. to cut or chop 
into minute pieces; extenuate or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

eook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 











min 


553 


min 


suppress: v.i. to talk with affected 
elegance; walk with short steps 
or in a prim manner, 
mince-meat ('met), n. meat 
chopped very fine, especially with 
suet, raisins, lemon peel, &c. 
mincing ('ing), adj. affectedly 
elegant. 

mind (mind), n. the intellectual 
or rational faculty in man; the 
understanding or intellect; soul; 
memory ; intention ; opinion : v.t. 
to attend to ; heed ; obey, 
mind-ed ('ed), p.adj. having a 
mind ; disposed or inclined, 
mind-ful ('fool), adj. bearing in 
mind ; observant; attentive. 

Syn. observant, attentive, heed¬ 
ful, thoughtful. 

Ant. (see heedless), 
mine (min), pron. belonging to 
me : n. an excavation in the earth 
from which minerals, precious 
. stones, &c., are extracted; crude 
ironstone; a tunnel under an 
enemy’s w r orks to blow them up; 
a rich source of wealth: v.i. to 
carry on mining operations; prac¬ 
tice secret methods: v.t. to under¬ 
mine or sap. 

min-er-al (min'er-al), n. any in¬ 
organic body found on the surface 
or in the earth : adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or impregnated with, 
a mineral. 

min-er-al-ize (-iz), v.t. to con¬ 
vert into a mineral; impregnate 
with mineral matter: v.i. to make 
excursions to collect minerals, 
mineralogist (-al'o-jist), n. 
one skilled in the knowledge of 
minerals. 

min-er-al-o-gy (-al'o-ji), n. the 
science of minerals, 
mingle (ming'gl), v.t. to inter¬ 
mix ; join or combine; blend; 
compound: v.t. to be mixed or 
united with. 

min-i-a-tnre (min'i-a-tur), n. a 
very small painting, especially a 
portrait on ivory, &c. : adi. done 
on a very small scale; diminu¬ 
tive ; minute. 

min im ('im), n. the smallest 
liquid measure ; a single drop ; a 
musical note = 2 crotchets : one 
of an order of mendicant friars 
founded by St. Francis of Paola, 
15th century ; a small fish. 


minimize (-iz), v.t. to reduce to' 
a minimum. 

minimum ('i-mum), n. [pi. min¬ 
ima (-ma)], the least quantity; 
trifle. 

mining (min'ing), p.adj. pertain¬ 
ing to mines; burrowing in the 
earth : n. the act of making mines 
or working them. 

minion (min'yun), n. a size of 
.type intermediate between non¬ 
pareil and brevier (see type) ; a 
servile flatterer or dependent, 
min-is-tev ('is-ter), n. a servant; 
one subordinate to another ; agent: 
one intrusted with the direction of 
affairs of state; - ambassador; a 
clergyman or pastor of a church 
authorized to preach and admin¬ 
ister the sacraments: v.t. to sup¬ 
ply ; administer: v.i. to serve in 
some office, clerical or lay; sup¬ 
ply things necessary, 
min-is-te-ri-al (-te'ri-ffl), adj. per¬ 
taining to ministry or ’ service, 
official or clerical; pertaining to a 
minister of the state or of religion, 
min-is-te-ri-al-ist (-te'ri-al-ist), 
n. a supporter of the ministry in 
office. 

min-is-te-ri-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
ministerial manner, 
min-is-trant ('is-trant), adj. 

serving as a minister, 
min-is-tra-tion (-tra'shun), n. 
the act of ministering; adminis¬ 
tration ; service. 

ministry ('is-tri), n. [pi. min¬ 
istries (-triz)], the agency or serv¬ 
ice of a minister of religion ; the 
office, duties, or functions of a 
minister of state; ministers of 
state collectively; term of min¬ 
isterial office. 

min-i-nm ('i-um), n. red oxide of 
lead. 

mind-ver ('i-ver), n. the Siberian 
squirrel or its fur. Also minever, 
mink (mingk), n. a carnivorous 
mammal allied to the weasel, 
yielding a valuable fur. 
minnow (min'o), n. a fresh¬ 
water fish of small size, 
minor (mi'ner). adj. smaller; 
less; inconsiderable; less by a 
semitone [Music] : n. one of either 
sex who is under the age of 21 ; 
in logic, the term or premise 
containing the subject of the con¬ 
clusion. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; v5te, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






min 


554 


mis 


mi-nor-i-ty (mi-nor'i-ti), n. [pi. 
minorities (-tiz)], the smallest 
number: opposed to majority; the 
state of being a minor, 
min-o-taur (min'o-tawr), n. in 
classic mythology, a monster with 
the head of a bull and the body 
of a man. 

min-ster (-ster), n. the church of 
a monastery; a cathedral church, 
min-strel ('strel), n. in medieval 
times, one of an order of men who 
traveled from place to place sing¬ 
ing their musical compositions to 
the accompaniment of a harp; a 
poet or musician. 

min-strel-sy (-si), n. the art or 
occupation of minstrels; minstrels 
collectively; a collection of bal¬ 
lad poetry. 

mint (mint),, n. the place where 
money is coined by government 
authority: source of unlimited 
supply; place of invention or fab¬ 
rication ; an odoriferous plant 
yielding a pungent essential oil: 
v.t. to coin or stamp (money) ; 
invent. 

mint-age ('aj), n. coin, &c., pro¬ 
duced in a mint; duty paid to the 
mint for coining gold or silver, 
mint ju-lep (ju'lep), n. a drink 
compounded of brandy, sugar, and 
pounded ice, flavored with mint, 
min-u-end (min'u-end), n. that 
number from which another num¬ 
ber is to be subtracted, 
min-u-et ('u-et), n. a slow grace¬ 
ful dance; music for such a dance, 
mi-nus (mi'nus), n. the sign (—) 
of subtraction. 

min-ute (-nut'), adj. very small; 
precise: n. (min'it) l-60th part of 
an hour or of a degree; an official 
note; memorandum. 

Syn. little, exact, precise, small. 

Ant. (see ample, huge), 
mi-nute-ly (mi-nut'li), adv. in a 
minute manner; exactly, 
mi-nute-ness ('nes), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being minute; exactness, 
mi-nu-ti-ae (mi-nu'shi-e), n.pl. 
smaller or minor details or par¬ 
ticulars. 

minx (mingks), n. a pert, wan¬ 
ton girl. 

Mio -cene (mi'o-sen), adj. per¬ 
taining to the middle division of 
the Tertiary formation, 
mir-a-cle (mir'a-kl), n. a super¬ 


natural occurrence or act; wonder 
or marvel. 

mi rac u lous (mi-rak'u-lus), adj. 
performed supernaturally ; won¬ 
derful. 

mi-rage (mi-riizh'), n. an optical 
atmospheric illusion by which the 
image of a distant object is seen 
as if inverted. 

mire (mir), n. deep mud; wet 
clayey earth: v.t. to soil with 
mire; plunge and fix in mud: v.i. 
to sink in mud. 

mir-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state of 
being miry. 

mir-ror (mir'er), n. a looking- 
glass ; speculum ; pattern : v.t. to 
reflect as in a mirror, 
mirtli (merth), n. noisy gaiety; 
social merriment; hilarity ; jollity, 
mirth-ful ('fool), adj. merry; 
festive. 

mirth-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
mirthful manner. 

mi-ry (Ti), adj. abounding in, or 
covered with, mire, 
mir-za (mer'za), n. a Persian title 
equivalent to prince. 
mis, prefix meaning wrong, wrong¬ 
ly, ill, error, divergence. 
mis ad ven ture (mis-ad-ven'tur), 
n. an unlucky accident; misfor¬ 
tune. 

mis-al-li-ance (-a-li'ans), n. an 
improper alliance by marriage, 
especially with one of lower social 
status; see also mesalliance, 
mis-an-thro-pe ('an-thrbp), n. a 
hater of mankind, 
mis-an-throp-ic (-throp'ik), adj. 
hating mankind. Also misan¬ 
thropical. 

mis - an - thro - py ('thr5-pi), n. 
hatred of mankind, 
mis-ap-pre-hend (-ap-re-hend'), 
v.t. to misunderstand; miscon¬ 
ceive. 

mis-ap-pro-pri-at© (-pro'pri-at), 
v.t. to apply to a wrong use or 
purpose, as trust-money, &c. 
mis-car-riage (-kar'aj), n. fail¬ 
ure ; misbehavior; premature par¬ 
turition. 

mis-carry (-kar'i), v.i. [ p.t. & 
p.p. miscarried, p.pr. miscarry¬ 
ing] , to go wrong; be unsuccess¬ 
ful ; bring forth young prema¬ 
turely. 

mis-cel-la-ne-a (-e-la'ne-a), n.pl. 


late, mar, mfisk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; m5on, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







mis 


555 


mis 


a collection of miscellaneous mat¬ 
ters, or things. 

miscellaneous ('ne-us), adj. 
consisting of several kinds mixed 
together; promiscuous. 

Syn. promiscuous, indiscrimi¬ 
nate, mixed. 

mis-cel-la-ny ('e-la-ni), n. [pi. 
miscellanies (-niz)], a mixture 
of various kinds; a book contain¬ 
ing a variety of literary composi¬ 
tions. 

mis chance (-chans'), n. misfor¬ 
tune ; mishap. 

mis-cliief ('chif), n. harm; in¬ 
jury ; hurt; damage ; misfortune. 

Syn. injury, harm, damage, evil, 

hurt, ill. 

Ant. (see benefit), 
mis-chie-vous ('chi-vus), adj. 
producing injury or damage; 
hurtful; inclined to mischief, 
mis-ci-ble ('si-bl), adj. capable 
of being mixed. 

mis-con-ceive (-kon-sev'), v.t. to 
conceive wrongly ; misjudge ; mis¬ 
apprehend. 

mis-con-cep-tion (-sep'shun), n. 

false opinion; misapprehension, 
mis cre ant ('kre-ant). n. an un¬ 
scrupulous' villain ; vile wretch : 
adj. unscrupulous. 

Syn. caitiff, villain, ruffian, 
mis-de-mean (-de-men'), v.t. to 
behave improperly; conduct 
.(one’s self) badly, 
mis de mean ant (-de-men'ant), 
n. one guilty of a misdemeanor, 
misdemeanor ('er), n. evil 
conduct; a crime less than a 
felony. 

miser (mi'zer), n. a covetous 
man who denies himself the com¬ 
forts of life to hoard up money, 
mis-er-a-ble (miz'er-a-bl), adj. 
wretched; very unhappy ; worth¬ 
less ; despicable; very mean or 
poor. 

Syn. unhappy, wretched, dis¬ 
tressed, afflicted. 

Ant. (see hq.ppy). 
mis-er-a-bly (-bli), adv. in a mis¬ 
erable manner. 

mis-er-y ('er-i), n. extreme pain, 
distress, or misfortune; great un¬ 
happiness. 

Syn. wretchedness, woe, desti¬ 
tution, penury, privation, beggary. 

Ant. (see happiness). 


mis-fea-sance (-fe'zans), n. legal 
trespass; w y rong performance, 
mis-fit (mis'fit), n. non-fitting 
clothing; colloquially applied to 
indicate a person in a position for 
which he is unfitted, 
mis-lay (mis-la'), v.t. to lose, 
mis-le, another form of mizzle, 
mis-ly (miz'li), adj. raining in mi¬ 
nute drops. 

mi-sog-y-nist (mi-soj'i-nist), n. a 
woman-hater. 

mi-sog-y-ny ('i-ni), n. hatred of 
women. 

mis-place (-plus'), v.t. to put in 
a wrong place; place on an im¬ 
proper or undeserving object, 
xnis-pri-sion (-prizh'un), n. in 
law, a high offense under the de¬ 
gree of a capital one, but bor¬ 
dering upon it. 

mis-pri-sion of fel-o-ny (fel'o- 
ni), n. concealment of a felony 
by one who is cognizant thereof, 
but without consenting to it. 
mis-rep-re-sent (-rep-re-zent'), 
v.t. to represent falsely or incor¬ 
rectly, wilfully, or through care¬ 
lessness. 

Miss (mis), n. [pi. misses ('ez)J, 
a title of address prefixed to the 
name of an unmarried lady, 
miss, n. a young unmarried girl 
or woman; failure to hit, reach, 
perceive, or obtain: v.t. to fail 
to hit, &c.; omit or pass by; do 
without; feel the want of: v.i. to 
fail to hit; fly wide of the max’k. 

Syn. omit, lose, fail, miscarry, 
mis-sal ('al), n. the book contain¬ 
ing the order of service for the 
Roman Catholic Mass, 
mis-sel (miz'l), n. the mistle- 
thrush. 

mis sile (mis'il), n. a weapon or 
thing thrown, or designed to be 
thrown, to injure another, 
miss-ing ('ing), p.adj. lost; want¬ 
ing. 

mis-sion (mish'un), n. the act of 
sending, or state of being sent 
with certain powers, especially to 
propagate religion; embassy; 
delegation ; commission ; a series 
of special religious services, 
mis-sion-a-ry (-a-ri), n. [pi. mis¬ 
sionaries (-riz)J, a person who is 
sent to propagate religion, espe¬ 
cially in foreign parts: adj. per- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








mis 


556 


moa 


taining to missions or mission¬ 
aries. - 

mis-sion-er (-er), n. a mission¬ 
ary ; one who has charge of, or 
conducts, a mission, 
mis-sive ('iv), n. a letter or mes¬ 
sage : adj. sent specially, 
mist (mist), n. visible watery va¬ 
por in the atmosphere, at or near 
the earth’s surface ; fog ; anything 
that dims or obscures the vision : 
v.t. to cover with, or as with, 
mist: v.i. to rain in minute drops, 
mis-tak-a-ble (mis-tak'a-bl), adj. 

liable to be mistaken, 
mis-take (-tak'), v.t. \_p.t. mis¬ 
took, p.p. mistaken, p.pr. mistak¬ 
ing], to misunderstand; miscon¬ 
ceive ; misjudge: v.i. to err in 
judgment or opinion : n. an error 
in judgment; misconception ; fault. 
Mis-ter ('ter), n. a title of ad¬ 
dress prefixed to a man’s name: 
abbreviated in writing Mr. 
mis-ti-ly ('ti-li), adv. obscurely; 
darkly. 

mis-ti-ness (-nes), n. the state 
of being misty; obscurity; dim¬ 
ness. 

mis-tie-toe (miz'l-to), n. an ever¬ 
green plant parasitic on apple 
trees, &c., and less commonly on 
the oak. 

mis-tress (mis'tres), n. a woman 
who exercises authority or 
governs; the female head of a 
family, school, &c.; a woman well 
skilled in anything; a woman 
courted and beloved ; sweetheart; 
a kept woman. 

Mis-tress (mis'tres), n. a title of 
address prefixed to the name of 
a married woman; abbreviated 
Mrs. (mis'is). 

misty ('i), adj. [comp, mistier, 
superl. mistiest], characterized by, 
or obscured with, mist; dim; ob¬ 
scure ; clouded. 

m i s-u n-cl e r-s tand (-un-der- 
stand'), v.t. to take in a wrong 
sense; misconceive, 
misunderstanding ('ing), ??. 

misconception; disagreement, 
mite (mlt), n. a minute insect 
of the division Acarida; a small 
coin formerly current; a very 
small object or quantity, 
mi-ter, mi-tre (mi'ter), n. the 
headdress of the high priest of the 


Jews; a kind of crown cleft in 
the middle, worn by archbishops, 
bishops, and sometimes by abbots 
on special occasions; the dignity 
of a bishop; the junction of mold¬ 
ings at an angle of 45° : v.t. to 
adorn with a miter; join at 45°. 
mit-i-gate (mit'i-gat), v.t. to ren¬ 
der less severe or rigorous or 
painful; soften ; alleviate. 

Syn. alleviate, relieve, diminish, 
abate. 

. Ant. (see aggravate). 
mit-i-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. the 
act of mitigating: alleviation, 
mit-i-ga-tive (mit'i-ga-tiv), adj. 
alleviating. 

mit-i-ga-tor (-ter), n. one who, or 
that .which, mitigates, 
m i t-i-g a-t o-r y (mit'i-ga-to-ri), 
adj. tending to mitigate, 
mi-trail-leuse (me-tra-lyez'), n. 
a breech-loading gun formed of 
many barrels fitted together, and 
capable of being fired simultan¬ 
eously. 

mi-tral (ml'tral), adj. pertaining 
to, or shaped like, a miter, 
mi-tri-form ('tri-form), adj. 

shaped like a miter; concial. 
mit-ten ('n), n. a fingerless win¬ 
ter glove; a fingerless cover for 
the hand or wrist, 
mit-ti-mus (mit'i-mus), (Latin 
we send), n. a warrant of com¬ 
mitment to prison ; a writ trans¬ 
ferring a record out of one court 
to another. 

mix (miks), v.t. to unite or blend 
into one mass or compound ; join : 
v.i. to become united in a com¬ 
pound ; associate; mingle, 
mix ture ('tur), n. the state of 
being mixed ; a compound or mass 
formed by mixing, especially one 
in which the particles of each in¬ 
gredient retain their property, 
miz-zen (miz'n), n. the hindmost 
of the fore- and aft-sails of a 
vessel. 

miz-zle ('1), v.i. to rain in very 
minute drops; to take one’s self 
off: n. fine rain. 

miz-zly ('li), adj. drizzling ; misty, 
mne mon ic (ne-mon'ik), adj. as¬ 
sisting the memory, 
mne mon ics ('iks), n'.pl. the art 
or science of assisting the memory, 
moan (mon), v.i. to utter a low 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








mo a 


557 


mod 


sound from, or as from, pain or 
sorrow: n. a low prolonged ex¬ 
pression of sorrow or pain, 
moat (mot), n. a ditch round a 
fortress, &c.: v.t. to surround 
with a moat. 

mob (mob), n. the populace; a 
rude disorderly crowd; riotous 
assembly ; rabble: v.t. to attack in 
a disorderly crowd; crowd about 
and annoy. 

mob-cap ('kap), n. a woman’s 
plain headdress or cap. 
mo - bile (mo'bil), adj. easily 
moved. 

mo-bil-i-ty (-bil'i-ti), n. suscep¬ 
tibility of motion, 
mo-bil-i-za-tion (-i-za'shun), n. 

the act of mobilizing, 
mo-bil-ize (-Iz), v.t. to call 
(troops) into active service, 
mob-oc-ra-cy (mob-ok'ra-si), n. 
the rule, or ascendency, of the 
mob. 

moc-ea-sin (mok'a-sin), n. a deer¬ 
skin sandal or shoe worn by the 
North Americn Indians; a poi¬ 
sonous American snake, 
mo-cha (mS'ka), n. a kind of cof¬ 
fee from Mocha, a seaport of 
Arabia. 

mock (mok), v.t. to ridicule; 
mimic in sport, contempt, or de¬ 
rision ; deride; disappoint the 
hopes of ; tantalize : n. derision ; 
ridicule : adj. false ; counterfeit, 
anock-er-y ('er-i), n. derision; 

ridicule ; delusion ; imitation, 
mocking ('ing), p.adj. derisive; 
mimicking. 

mocking bird (berd), n. an 
American thrush noted for mim¬ 
icry of the notes of other birds, 
modal (mb'dal), adj. pertaining 
to mode or form ; indicating some 
mode of expression, 
mo-dal-i-ty (-dal'i-ti), n. the fact 
of being a mode; in law, the 
quality of being suspended by a 
condition. 

mode (mod), n. form; custom; 
fashion; manner; variety of a 
syllogism. 

mod-el (mod'el), n. a pattern of 
something to be made, or repro¬ 
duced ; example for imitation; 
standard copy; a person who 
poses as a subject for a painter 
or sculptor: adj. serving as a 


pattern or model: v.t. to form 
after a model, especially in some 
plastic material: v.i. to practice 
modeling. 

Syn. copy, design, mold, stand¬ 
ard. 

modeler (-er), n. one who 
models. 

modeling (-ing), n. the act or 
art of making a model, especially 
of a work of art in some plastic 
material. 

moderate (mod'er-at), v.t. to 
keep within bounds; lessen ; qual¬ 
ify : v.i. to become less violent or 
intense; preside as a moderator: 
adj. kept within bounds; not ex¬ 
treme or excessive; restrained; 
frugal; calm ; reasonable ; mild. 

Syn. temperate, abstemious, 
sober, abstinent. 

Ant. (see immoderate), 
mod-er-ate-ly (-li), adv. in a 
moderate manner, 
mod er a tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of moderating; the state of 
being moderate; freedom from 
excess; equanimity, 
moderator (mod'er-a-ter), n. 
one who, or that which, moderates 
or restrains; the presiding officer 
in a church meeting, 
modern ('em), adj. pertaining 
to the present time; recent: n.pl. 
people of modern times, 
mod ern ize (-Iz), v.t. to render 
modern in usage or taste, 
mod-est ('est), adj. restrained by 
a due sense of propriety; diffi¬ 
dent ; decent; chaste. 

Syn. chaste, virtuous, bashful, 
reserved. 

Ant. (see immodest), 
mod-es-ty ('es-ti), n. the quality 
or state of being modest; propri¬ 
ety of behavior or manner; chas¬ 
tity ; diffidence; moderation, 
modicum ('i-kum), n. a little, 
mod-i-fi-ca-tion (-i-fi-ka'shun), 
n. the act of modifying; the state 
of being modified; slight change 
in form. 

mod-i-fy ('i-fl), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. 
modified, p.pr. modifying], to 
change slightly in form; vary; 
qualify; reduce. 

mo-diste (mo-dest'), n. a fashion¬ 
able dressmaker. 

mod-u-late (mod'u-lat), v.t. to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







mod 


558 


Mol 


vary the sound of; change the 
kej r or mode of: v.i. to pass from 
one musical key to another, 
mod-u-la-tion (-la/shun), n. the 
act of modulating; the state of 
being modulated. 

modulator ('u-la-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, modulates; 
in the tonic sol-fa system, a chart 
to indicate its modulations. 

Mo gul (mo-guF), adj. pertaining 
to the Mongolians: n. a person of 
the Mongolian race. The Em¬ 
peror of Delhi is called the Great 
Mogul. 

mo-hair ('har), n. a fabric made 
from the hair of the Angora 
goat; an imitation of such a 
fabric. 

Mo-ham-me-dan (-ham'e-dan), 

adj. pertaining to Mohammed, or 
to Mohammedanism: n. an ad¬ 
herent of Mohammedanism. Also 
Mahometan, Mahomedan, Mussul¬ 
man, Moslem. 

MoTiam-ine-dan-ism (-izm), n. 
the religion, doctrines, or institu¬ 
tions founded by Mohammed, 
moi-e-ty (moi'e-ti), n. one of two 
equal parts or shares; half, 
moil (moil), v.i. to toil; drudge, 
moire (mwar), n. watered silk, 
moire-an-tique (an-tek'), n. a 
superior variety of watered silk, 
moist (moist), adj. containing 
water or *ther liquid; humid; 
damp. 

Syn. wet, damp, dank, humid. 

Ant. (see dry). 

mois-ten (mois'n), v.t. to make 
moist. 

mois-ture (moist'ur), n. a mod¬ 
erate degree of dampness; slight 
wetness. 

moke (mok), n. a donkey, 
mo-lar (mo'ler), n. a double tooth 
or grinder: adj. used for, and 
capable of, grinding, 
mo-las-ses (-las'ez), n. treacle, 
mold, mould (mold), n. a fine 
soft soil, rich in decayed matter; 
substance of which anything is 
composed; a minute fungoid 
growth of decaying animal or 
vegetable matter; the matrix in 
which anything is cast or shaped; 
character: v.t. cover with mold ; 
cause to become moldy; fashion 


in, or as in. a mold: v.i. to be¬ 
come moldy. 

mold-er, mould er ('er), v.t. to 
turn into dust by natural decay: 
v.i. to crumble to mold: waste 
away by degrees: n. one who 
molds. 

mold-i-ness, mould-i-ness (fi¬ 
nes), n. the state of being moldy. 

mold-ing, mould ing (fing), n. 
the act of molding; anything 
made in or by a mold ; ornamental 
strip: used on a wall, picture 
frame, &c. 

mold y, mould-y (fi), adj. cov¬ 
ered with or having mold. 

mole (mol), n. a dark-colored 
mark or small protuberance on 
the skin ; a small soft-furred bur¬ 
rowing animal with small eyes of 
the genus Talpa ; a pier or break¬ 
water. 

mo lec u lar (mo-lek'u-lar), adj. 
pertaining to, consisting of. pro¬ 
duced by, or existing between, 
molecules. 

mo-lec-u-lar-i-ty (-lek-u-lar'i-ti ) , 
n. molecular state. 

molecule (mol'e-kul), n. the 
smallest quantity of an element 
or compound which can exist 
separately. 

mole-skin (mol'skin), n. a twilled 
fustian cloth with a soft surface 
resembling a mole’s fur. 

mo-lest (mo-lest'), v.t. to annoy, 
or interfere with ; trouble ; vex. 

mol-es-ta-tion ( mol-es-ta'sliun), 
n. the act of molesting; interfer¬ 
ence ; annoyance. 

mol-li-fi-er (fi-fl-er), n. one who 
mollifies. 

mollify (fi-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
mollified, p.pr. mollifying], to 
calm ; soften ; assuage. 

mol-lusk ('usk), n. one of the 
Mollusca. 

Mol-lus-ca (mo-lus'ka), n.pl. a 
division of the Invertebrata com¬ 
prising animals with a soft fleshy 
body, and covered more or less 
with a calcareous shell, as the 
snail, &c. 

mol-lus-can ('kan), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Mollusca. Also mol¬ 
luscous. 

Mo-locli (mo'lok), n. the fire-god 
of the ancient Phoenicians and 
Ammonites to whom human sac- 


late, miir, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






mol 


559 


moo 


rifices were offered. Also Mo- 
lech. 

molt, moult (molt), v.i. to cast 
the feathers,_ hair, skin, &c. 
mol-ten (molt'en), adj. melted; 

made of melted metal, 
mo-lyb-de-mim (mo-!ib'de-num), 
n. a rare metallic element, 
mo-meut (md'ment), n. the 
smallest possible portion of time; 
an instant; importance; value; 
the product of a force and the 
perpendicular of its line of action 
from the point on which it acts, 
mo-meu-ta-ri-ly (-ta-ri-li), adv. 
for a moment; from moment to 
moment. 

momentary ('men-ta-ri), adj. 
lasting only for, or done in, a mo¬ 
ment. 

mo-men-tous (-men'tus), adj. 
very important. 

mo men tum (-men'tum), n. im¬ 
petus ; the product of the mass 
by the velocity of a moving body, 
mon-a-chism (mon'a-kizm), n. 
monastic life or system. Also 
monasticism. 

mon-ad ('ad), n. an ultimate 
atom ; a simple primary constitu¬ 
ent of matter; one of the smallest 
flagellate Infusoria; an elemen¬ 
tary organism or cell; a univalent 
atom or radical. 

mon-arch ('ark), n. a supreme 
ruler; sovereign ; the chief of its 
class or kind: adj. supreme, 
mon ar chic (-ar'kik), adj. per¬ 
taining to a monarch or to mon¬ 
archy ; vested in a monarch. Also 
monarchical. 

mon arch ism ('ark-izm), n. the 
principles of monarchy; prefer¬ 
ence for monarchy, 
mon-arch-ist (-ist), n. an advo¬ 
cate for, or supporter of, mon¬ 
archy. 

mon arch y ('ark-i), n. [pi. mon¬ 
archies (-iz)L government in 
which the supreme power, either 
absolute or limited, is vested in a 
monarch, kingdom, or empire, 
mon-as-te-ri-al (-as-te'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to a monastery, or to 
monastic life. 

mon as ter y ('as-ter-i), n. [pi. 
monasteries (-iz)j, a home for re¬ 
ligious retirement for men. 
mon-as-tic (mon-as'tik), adj. per- 

t 


taining to monasteries, monks, 
their rules, &c. Also monastical. 
mon-as-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
a monastic manner, 
mon-as-ti-cism ('ti-sizm), n. 
monachism. 

mon - daine (mon-dan), n. a 
woman of fashion. 

Mon-day (mun'da), n. the second 
day of the week. 

monetary (mun'e-ta-ri), adj. 

pertaining to money, 
mon e ta ry n-nit (u'nit), n. the 
standard of tue currency of a na¬ 
tion, as the pound in England, or 
the dollar in the United States, 
mon-e-ti-za-tion (-e-ti-za'shun), 
n. the act of monetizing, 
mon-e-tize ('e-tiz), v.t. to con¬ 
vert into money; give a standard 
or current value to. 
mon-ey ('i),w. [pi. moneys ('iz) ], 
coin; specie; gold, silver, or other 
metal stamped by legal authority 
and used as currency; any cur¬ 
rency used as money; wealth. 

Syn. coin, currency, gold, notes, 
bullion. 

mon eyed ('id), adj. possessed of 
money; wealthy. 

mon ger (mung'ger), n. a dealer. 
Mon gol (mong'gol), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Mongolia, or to its inhab¬ 
itants, or to one of the great divi¬ 
sions of mankind, of which the 
Mongols and Chinese are the 
type: n. a member of the Mongol 
race. Also Mongolian, 
mon-goose, another form of mun- 
goose. 

mon-grel (mung'grel), adj. of a 
mixed breed or kind: n. anything 
of mixed breed or kind, as a dog, 
&c. 

mon-ism (mon'izm), n. the doc¬ 
trine of the unity of substance; 
the identity of matter and mind, 
mon-ist ('ist), n. a supporter or 
advocate of monism, 
mo-nis-tic (mo-nis'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to monism, 
mo-ni-tion (mo-nish'un), n. ad¬ 
monition ; warning; notice, 
mon-i-tive (mon'i-tiv), adj. ad¬ 
monitory. 

mon-i-tor ('i-ter), n. one who 
warns or admonishes; a senior 
pupil selected to instruct the 
younger scholars; heavily-armed 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. , 







mon 


560 


mon 


turreted iron-clad; a genus of 
large lizards. 

mon-i-to-rial (-to'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to, or performed by, a 
monitor. 

mon-i-to-ri-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
monitorial manner, 
mon-i-to-ry (fi-to-ri), adj. giving 
monition. 

mon-i-tress (fi-tres), n. a female 
monitor. 

monk (mungk), n. a man who de¬ 
votes himself exclusively to a re¬ 
ligious life and lives in com¬ 
munity with others similarly 
bound by vows to chastity, obedi¬ 
ence, and poverty, 
mon key ('ki), n. [pi. monkeys 
('iz)j, a quadrumanous mammal, 
of the species Simiidse; a name 
for various mechanical contriv¬ 
ances ; a name of contempt, espe¬ 
cially for one of mischievous pro¬ 
pensities. 

mon-key-boat (-bot), n. a small 
dock-boat. 

mon-key-jack-et (-jak'et), n. a 
short closely fitting thick jacket, 
monkhood ('hood), n. the char¬ 
acter or condition of a monk; 
monks collectively, 
xnonk-isk (fish), adj. pertaining 
to, or resembling, a monk; mon¬ 
astic. 

monkshood ('s-liood), n. aco¬ 
nite. 

mono, a prefix meaning one , 
single, alone. Also mon, as mono¬ 
basic : adj. having only a single 
atom or equivalent of base, mono¬ 
cle, an eyeglass for one eye. 
mo noc u lar (mo-nok'u-lar), adj. 
adapted for use for one eye; with 
one eye only. 

mon-o-dy (mon'6-di), n. a plain¬ 
tive poem or song for one voice, 
mo-nog-a-my (mo-nog'a-mi), n. 
marriage of one wife only; mar¬ 
rying only once; pairing with a 
single mate, as the dove, 
m o n-o-g e n-e-s i s (mon-6-gen'e- 
sis), n. a sexual reproduction 
from a single cell, 
m o n-o-g r a m ('o-gram), n. a 
cipher or character formed by the 
interweaving of two or "more 
letters. 

mon o graph ('o-gr&f), n. a pa¬ 
per or treatise written on one par¬ 


ticular subject or some branch of 
it. 

mon-o-litk ('o-lith), n. a pillar 
or column formed of a single 
stone. 

monologue ('o-log), n. a dra¬ 
matic scene in which one jjerson 
only speaks; soliloquy. 

m o ii-o-m a-n i-a (-mS/ni-a), n. 
mental derangement in regard to 
one subject only. 

mon-o-ma-ni-ac (-ma'ni-ak), adj. 
pertaining to, or affected with, 
monomania: n. one affected with 
monomania. 

mon-o-met-al-lism (-met'&l-izm), 
n. the legalized use of one metal 
only as currency. 

mon-o-plane (mon'6-plan), n. an 
aeroplane with a single plane or 
gliding board. 

mo-nop-o-list (mo-nop'o-list), n. 
one who has a monopoly, or mo¬ 
nopolizes. 

mo-nop-o-lize ('o-liz), v.t. to ac¬ 
quire the possession of so as to 
be the only seller; to engross the 
whole of. 

mon-o-rail (mon'6-ral), n. a sys¬ 
tem of railway in which only one 
rail is used, the cars being kept 
erect by the sustaining force of 
swiftly revolving gyroscopes. 

monotheism (mon'6-the-izm), 
n. the doctrine of, or belief in, the 
existence of one God. 

mon-o-tke-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. 
pertaining to monotheism. 

mon o-tone (mon'6-ton), n. reci¬ 
tation on a single note or key: 
v.t. to recite (as praj r ers) on a 
single note. 

monotonous (mo-not'6-nus), 
adj. continued in the same un¬ 
varying tone; wearisome. 

mo-not-o-ny ('6-ni), n. dull uni¬ 
formity of tone; unvarying or irk¬ 
some sameness. 

mon-o-type (mon'6-tlp), n. a 
type-setting machine that sets 
single letters, instead of words 
and lines, as in the linotype ma¬ 
chine. 

mon-sei-gneur (mong-sa-ny5r'>, 
n. [Fr.] [pi. messeigneurs (ma-sa- 
nyer')], formerly a title in 
France given to persons of high 
birth or rank, especially to the 
dauphin; a title of French 
bishops. 


late,'mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 
, cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








mon 


561 


moo 


monsieur (mo-sye'), n. [Fr.] 
[pi. messieurs (me-sye) ], a French 
title of courtesy, equivalent to Sir 
or Mr.; formerly the title of the 
eldest brother of the King of 
France. 

mon-si-gnor (mon-se-nyor), n. 
[It.] [pi. monsignori ('re)], an 
ecclesiastical title conferred by 
the Pope on prelates of the papal 
household, equivalent to Lord. 
mon-soon (-soon'), n. a periodical 
wind in the Indian Ocean blow¬ 
ing from the southwest from 
April to October, and from the 
northeast during the other part 
of the year. 

mon ster ('ster), n. anything out 
of the usual course of nature; 
prodigy; something greatly de¬ 
formed ; a person remarkable for 
extreme wickedness, cruelty, &c.: 
adj. of unusual size, 
mon-stros-i-ty (-stros'i-ti), n. 
[pi. monstrosities (-tiz) ], the 
state or quality of being mon¬ 
strous ; an unnatural production, 
mon-strons ('strus), adj. out of 
the common course of nature; 
wonderful; huge ; horrible ; enor¬ 
mous. 

Syn. shocking, dreadful, horri¬ 
ble, huge, immense, 
mon te (mon'ta), n. a gambling 
game played with dice or cards by 
the Spaniards. 

month (munth), n. one of the 
twelve divisions of the year, 
either calendar or lunar, 
month-ly ('li), adj. continued, 
performed, or happening, in a 
month : adv. once each month: n. 
a magazine or periodical published 
each month. 

mon-n-ment (mon'u-ment), n. 
anything that perpetuates the 
memory of a person or event. 

Syn. memorial, record, remem¬ 
brancer, cenotaph, 
mon-u-men-tal ('tal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or serving as, a monu¬ 
ment ; lasting. 

mon-n-men-tal-ly (-li), adv. by 
way of a monument or memorial, 
moo (m5o), v.i. to make the noise 
of a cow; low: n. the lowing of 
a cow. 

mood (mood), n. style; manner; 
temper of mind; variation in the 


form of a verb to express the 
manner of action or being; in 
logic, the form of a syllogism 
with regard to the quantity and 
quality of. the three propositions 
by which it is formed; in music, 
the same as mode. 

Syn. humor, disposition, vein, 
temper. 

mood-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a 
moody manner. 

mood-i-ness (-nes), n. moody 
disposition. 

mood-y ('i), adj. [comp, mood¬ 
ier, superl. moodiest], abstracted 
and pensive ; out of temper; sad; 
gloomy. 

moon (moon), n. the satellite 
that revolves round the earth; 
satellite of a planet; a month; a 
crescent-shaped outwork: v.i. to 
wander and look about in an ab¬ 
stracted and listless manner. 

moon-sail ('sal), n. a sail car¬ 
ried above a skysail. Also 
moonraker. 

moon-shine ('shin), n. moon¬ 
light ; show without reality; 
smuggled spirits. 

moon shin er (-er), n. a distiller 
of illicit whisky; a smuggler of 
whisky. 

moon-stone ('ston), n. a trans¬ 
lucent stone of yellowish or yel¬ 
low-white color exhibiting beauti¬ 
ful pearly reflections. 

moon-struck ('struk), adj. lu¬ 
natic. 

moon-wort ('wgrt), n. a fern 
with crescent-shaped fronds. 

moon-y ('i), adj. crescent-shaped; 
weakly sentimental; intoxicated. 

Moor (m5or), n. one of a dark 
race dwelling in Barbary in 
Northern Africa. 

moor (moor), n. an extensive 
tract of waste land covered with 
heather, &c., sometimes marshy 
or peaty: v.i. to secure (a ship) 
by a cable and anchor: v.i. to be 
secured by a cable and anchor. 

moor-age ('aj), n. a mooring 
place. 

moor-cock ('kok), n. the male 
of the red grouse. Also moor- 
fowl. 

moor-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
securing a vessel to a particular 
place; the cables, anchors, &c., 
laid at the bottom of a harbor. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her. let; line, tin ; v5te, p6rch, lot; m5on. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









moo 


562 


mor 


&c., to which a vessel is moored : 
pi. the place where a vessel is 
moored. 

moor-stone ('ston), n. a variety 
of Cornish granite, used for build¬ 
ing. 

moose (moos), n. a large North 
American deer resembling the 
European elk. 

moot (m5ot), v.t. to propose for 
discussion: v.i. to argue or plead 
on a supposed case: n. a discus¬ 
sion on a supposed case: adj. sub¬ 
ject or open for discussion or de¬ 
bate. 

mop (mop), n. an instrument for 
washing floors, decks, &c., con¬ 
sisting of a bundle of cloth, rags, 
&c., fastened to the end of a long 
handle; a fair at which servants 
are hired: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

mopped, p.pr. mopping], to rub or 
dry with a mop. 

mope (mop), v.i. to be silent, 
dull, or dispirited. 

mo-quetto (m5-ket'), n. a Brus¬ 
sels or tapestry carpet with a 
short velvety pile. 

mo-ra (mo'ra), n. a South Ameri¬ 
can tree the w r ood of which is 
used for shipbuilding and furni¬ 
ture, and its bark for tanning; 
an Italian game of guess played 
with the fingers. 

mo raine (mo-ran'), n. a line of 
rocks and gravel at the edges and 
base of glaciers. 

mor-al (mor'&l), adj. pertaining 
to morality or morals; conformed 
to right; subject to, or influenced 
by, the moral law ; virtuous ; prac¬ 
tically sufficient; serving to teach 
a moral: n. inner meaning: pi. 
moral philosophy or ethics; con¬ 
duct of life; behavior. 

mo-rale (m5-r&l'), n. moral con¬ 
dition ; that mental state which 
renders a man capable of endur¬ 
ance and of exhibiting courage in 
the presence of danger. 

mor-al-ist (mor'a-list), n. one 
who moralizes; one who teaches 
or practices the duties of life. 

mor-al-ize (mor'al-iz), v.t. to ap¬ 
ply or explain in a moral sense; 
render moral: v.i. to make re¬ 
flections on good or evil. 

mo-ral-i-ty (mS-ral'i-ti), n. [pi. 
moralities (-tiz)j, the doctrine 


or practice of the duties of life ; 
ethics ; virtue ; formerly a kind of 
allegorical play. 

mor al-ly (mor'al-i), adv. accord¬ 
ing to the rules of morality; 
ethically ; virtuously ; practically. 

mor-al phil-os-o-phy (fil-o*'o-fi), 

n. ethics. 

mo-rass ''mo-ras'), n. a swamp; 
fen. 

Mo -ra-vi-an (-ra'vi-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Moravia, or to a Prot¬ 
estant sect, the Moravians or 
United Brethren. 

mor-bid (mor'bid), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to disease ; sickly ; unhealthy. 

Syn. sick, ailing, sickly, dis¬ 
eased, corrupted. 

Ant. (see normal, sound). 

mor-bid-i-ty (-bid'i-ti), n. a mor¬ 
bid state. 

mor-bif-ic (-bif'ik), adj. produc¬ 
ing disease. 

mor-ceau (-s5'), n. a small piece 
[French]. 

mor-dant ('dant), adj. biting into 
or fixing colors; sarcastic; caus¬ 
tic : n. a substance that has a 
chemical affinity for coloring mat¬ 
ter, and serves to fix certain col¬ 
ors in dyeing; a substance to 
make gold-leaf adhere. 

more (mor), adj. [comp, of 
many and much , supcrl. most], 
greater in number, quality, ex¬ 
tent, &c.; additional; longer: adv. 
to a greater degree, &c.; again; 
besides: n. a greater quantity, 
number, &c.; something further 
or additional. 

mo-reen fmo-ren'), n. a stout 
woolen embossed or figured fabric. 

mor-el (mor'el), n. a small fun¬ 
gus used for food and flavoring. 
Also moril. 

mo-rel-lo (mo-rel'o), n. a dark- 
red cherry: used for making 
cherry-brandy. 

more-o-ver (mor-o'ver), adv. be¬ 
sides ; further. 

Mo resque (mo-resk'), adj. Moor¬ 
ish or Arabesque : n. such decora¬ 
tion or architecture. 

mor-ga-nat-ic (mSr-ga-nat'ik), 
adj. noting the marriage of a 
man of royal rank with a woman 
of inferior degree, whose children 
are. legitimate but cannot inherit 
their father’s rank or possessions. 


late, m&r, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her. let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





mor 


563 


mor 


morgue (morg), n. a place where 
the bodies of persons unknown 
found dead are exposed for identi¬ 
fication. 

mor i bund (mor'i-bund), adj. dy¬ 
ing. 

mo-rin-ga (mo-ring'ga), n. a 
highly scented East Indian tree, 
yielding the ben-nut and ben-oil. 
mo ri on (mo'ri-un), n. an open 
helmet without beaver or vizor. 
Mo -ris-co (mo-ris'ko), n. a Moor; 
the Moorish language. 

Mor-mou (mor'mun), adj. per¬ 
taining to a sect founded in 1S30 
by Joseph Smith, who professed 
to have found the Book of Mor¬ 
mon. The sect, called also Lat¬ 
ter Day Saints, formerly prac¬ 
ticed polygamy, and has its head¬ 
quarters in Utah, U. S. A. 
Mor-mon-ism (-izm), n. the doc¬ 
trines and practices of the Mor¬ 
mons. 

morn ing (morn'ing), n. the early 
part of the day: Poet, morn: 
ad}, pertaining to, occurring, or 
performed, in the morning. 

morning watch (woch), n. 
watch on shipboard from 4 a. m. 
to 8 a. m. 

mo-roc-co (mo-rok'o), n. a fine 
kind of grained leather of goat¬ 
skin or sheepskin; first prepared 
at Morocco, Africa, 
mo-rone (-ron'), n. a dark crimson 
color. 

mo-rose (-ros'), adj. sullen; 
austere ; gloomy. 

Syn. gloomy, sullen, surly, 
fretful, crabbed, crusty. 

Ant. (see joyous), 
mo-rose-ly ('li), adv. in a morose 
manner. 

mo-rose-ness ('nes), n. the qual¬ 
ity or state of being morose, 
mor phi a (ni6r'fi-a), n. the nar¬ 
cotic principle of opium. Also 
morphine. 

mor-phin-ism ('fin-izm), n. a 
morbid state occasioned by the 
excessive use of morphia, 
mor-pho-log-ic-al (-fo-loj'ik-al), 
adj. pertaining to morphology. 
Also morphologic, 
mor phol o gy (-fol'o-ji), n. the 
science of the forms in the organ¬ 
isms of animals and plants, 
mor-ris (mor'is), n. a Moorish 
dance with tambourines, bells, 


castanets, &c., common in Old 
English pageants and revels; an 
old game played with men and 
counters on squares. Also mor- 
rice. 

mor-row ('o), n. the next day. 
morse (mors), n. the walrus; a 
clasp for fastening a cope, 
mor-sel (mOr'sel), n. a small 
piece. 

mart (mart), n. a salmon in its 
third year; a note or notes 
sounded on a hunting horn to 
notify the death of game, 
mor-tal (mor'tal), adj. subject to 
death ; causing death ; fatal; pun¬ 
ishable with death ; violent; ex¬ 
treme ; tedious; pertaining to hu¬ 
man beings: n. a human being; 
man, as subject to death. 

Syn. deadly, fatal, human, 
mor-tal-i-ty (tal'i-ti), n. the con¬ 
dition of being mortal; mankind ; 
frequency or number of deaths 
in ratio to population, 
mor-tal-ly ('tal-li), adv. so as to 
cause death ; fatally ; extremely, 
mortar ('ter), n. a vessel in 
which substances are pounded 
with a pestle; a short piece of 
ordnance used for throwing shells 
at high angles of elevation; a 
building cement of lime, sand, and 
water: v.t. to plaster or secure 
with mortar. 

mort-gage (mor'gaj), n. a deed 
conveying property to a creditor 
as security for the payment of a 
debt; the deed by which such con¬ 
veyance is made: v.t. to convey 
or make over to a creditor as se¬ 
curity ; pledge. 

mort-ga-gee (-ga-je'), n. the per¬ 
son to whom a mortgage is made 
or given. 

mort-ga-ger ('ga-jer), n. the 
person who grants a mortgage. 
Also mortgagor. 

mor-ti-fi-ca-tion (-ti-fi-ka'shun), 
n. the act of mortifying; gan¬ 
grene ; subjugation of the pas¬ 
sions and appetites by abstinence ; 
humiliation ; vexation ; chagrin, 
mor-ti-fy ('ti-fl), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
mortified, p.pr. mortifying], to 
destroy the vital functions of; 
produce gangrene in; subdue by 
penance or austerities; humble; 
depress; chagrin: v.i. to be sub- 


late, mill*, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon,. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








mor 


564 


mot 


dued; practice austerities; be¬ 
come gangrenous. 

mor-ti-fy-ing (-ing), adj. tend¬ 
ing to mortify ; humiliating ; vexa¬ 
tious. 

mor-tise ('tis), n. a hole made 
in wood to receive a tenon: v.t. 
to cut or make a mortise in. 

mortmain ('man), n. alienation 
of lands or tenements to any 
corporate body. 

mor-tu-a-ry ('fi-a-ri), n. [pi. mor¬ 
tuaries (-riz)], a building for 
the dead pending burial: adj. per¬ 
taining to the burial of the dead. 

Mo -sa-ic (md-za'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Moses, to the Law, insti¬ 
tutions, &c., given through him, 
or to his writings. 

mo-sa-ic (-za'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or consisting of, mosaic work : 
n. a design, or form of artistic 
work, formed by the union of 
very minute pieces of glass, stone, 
&c., of various colors, inlaid in a 
ground of stucco or metal. 

Mo-selle (mo-zel'), n. a light 
white wine. 

Mos lem (mos'lem), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Mohammedans: n. a Mo¬ 
hammedan or Mussulman. 

mosque (mosk), n. a Mohamme¬ 
dan temple. 

mos-qui-to (mus-ke'to), n. an in¬ 
sect of the genus .Culex, the fe¬ 
males of which puncture the skin 
of men and animals, causing 
great cutaneous irritation and 
pain. 

moss (mos), n. soft peaty moor¬ 
land ; a natural order of cryptog- 
amous bog plants, the musci, 
with simple narrow leaves and of 
cellular structure; a lichen. 

moss-rose ('roz), n. a fragrant 
variety of rose with a moss-like 
calyx. 

most (most), adj. [superl. of 
more], greatest in number, quan¬ 
tity, or degree: n. the greatest 
number, part, quantity, or value. 

mot (mo), n. a witty saying 
[French]. 

mote (mot), n. a popular assem¬ 
bly for the discussion and man¬ 
agement of affairs; a very small 
particle. 

mo-tet (mo-tet'), n. a short vocal 
composition of a sacred charac¬ 
ter; anthem. 


moth (m6th), n. a lepidopterous 
insect or its larvae, which feed 
upon cloth, fur, &c.; anything 
that gradually gnaws away, 
mother (mu^/t'er), n. female 
parent, especially one of the hu¬ 
man race; one who has given 
birth to a child; origin or source ; 
the female superior of a religious 
house; a thick slimy substance or 
film concreted in liquids: adj. na¬ 
tive ; producing others: v.t. to 
adopt as a son or daughter, 
moth-er-in-law (-in-law), n. the 
mother of one’s husband or wife, 
moth er-of-pearl (-perl), n. the 
hard, silvery internal layer of 
various kinds of shells, 
mo-tion (mo'shun), n. the act, 
process, or state of moving; pas¬ 
sage of a body from one place to 
another; animal life and action; 
impulse, desire, or passion; in¬ 
ternal activity; a proposition 
made in a deliberative assembly; 
evacuation of the bowels : v.i. to 
make a significant movement or 
gesture. 

Syn. proposition, proposal, 
movement. 

mo-tive ('tiv), adj. causing mo¬ 
tion ; able or tending to move: n. 
that which moves or excites to 
action ; inducement; reason ; stim¬ 
ulus ; in art, leading idea, or con¬ 
ception. 

mo-tive pow-er (pou'er), n. any 
natural agent, as wind, water, 
steam, electricity, &c., employed 
to produce motion in a machine, 
mo-tiv-i-ty (-tiv'i-ti), n. the 
power of producing motion, 
mot-ley (mot'li), adj. covered 
with parts of various colors; het¬ 
erogeneous. 

mot-mot ('mot), n. any one of 
various species of beautiful jay¬ 
like South American birds: so 
named from the note, 
mo-tor (mo'ter), n. that which 
produces motion, or power, espe-- 
cially a machine which performs 
mechanical work; a machine for 
transmuting some other form of 
energy into mechanical motion: 
as an electric motor: adj. impart¬ 
ing motion. 

mo-tor boat (bot), n. a boat 
propelled by a gasoline or other 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







mot 


565 


mou 


small engine like those used in 
automobiles. 

mo-tor-cy-cle (-si-kl), n. a bi¬ 
cycle propelled by a motor, 
mo tor car (kar), n. a vehicle 
propelled by means of petroleum, 
electricity, &c. 

mo tor-man (-man), n. one who 
operates a motor car. 
mot-tie (mot'l), v.t. to mark 
with spots of various colors; va¬ 
riegate. 

motto ('o), n. [pi. mottoes 
('dz)J, a concise sentence added 
to a device, or prefixed to any¬ 
thing, suggesting some guiding 
principle, &c. 

mouf-lon (mbof'lon), n. the wild 
large-horned sheep of Corsica 
and Sardinia. Also moufflon, 
mou-jik (moo-zhek'), n. a Rus¬ 
sian peasant, 
mould, see mold, 
mou-lin (mdd-lang'), n. a deep 
crack intersecting a glacial rivu¬ 
let [French]. 

mou-liu-age ('lin-aj), n. the 
process of reeling off silk in its 
raw state and dressing it prior to 
dyeing. 

mou-li-net ('li-net), n. a kind of 
turnstile; the drum or capstan 
of a machine for hoisting, 
moult, see molt. 

mound (mound), n. an artificial 
bank of earth or stone, originally 
for defensive purposes; hillock ; a 
small globe surmounted by a 
cross, symbolical of empire: v.t. 
to furnish, or fortify, with a 
mound. 

Mound Build - ers (bild'erz), 
n.pl. a prehistoric race formerly 
dwelling in the valley of the 
Mississippi, who erected large 
earthen mounds, &c. 
mount (mount), n. a hill or 
mountain ; a rocky mass or eleva¬ 
tion rising above the level of the 
surrounding land; a mound for 
defense or attack; rampart; 
cardboard on which a drawing is 
fixed: v.t. to raise on high; 
climb ; ascend ; bestride ; furnish 
with horses; prepare for use by 
fixing on, or in, something else: 
v.i. to rise up; project; tower; 
get on horseback. 

Syn. arise, rise, ascend, soar, 
tower, climb, scale. 


moun-tain ('in), n. a large mass 
of rock or earth rising above the 
level of the adjacent country: 
usually over 2,000 feet; anything 
very large. 

moun tain eer (-er'), n. one who 
dwells among, or climbs, moun¬ 
tains : v.i. to climb mountains, 
mountainous (-us), adj. full 
of, or resembling, mountains, 
mountebank ('e-bank), n. a 
quack-doctor; boastful pretender, 
mount ed ('ed), p.adj. seated or 
serving on horseback; placed on 
a suitable support, 
mount ing ('ing), n. the act of 
mounting, embellishing, or equip¬ 
ping. 

mourn (morn), v.i. to grieve; la¬ 
ment ; be sorrowful; wear mourn¬ 
ing : v.t. to grieve for; bewail. 

Syn. bemoan, grieve, lament, 
sorrow. 

Ant. (see rejoice), 
mourn-er ('er), n. one who 
mourns; one who attends a fu¬ 
neral. 

mournful ('fool), adj. causing, 
or expressing, sorrow; doleful; 
sad. 

Syn. sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, 
grievous, doleful, heavy. 

Ant. (see happy), 
mourn-ful-ly ('li), adv. in a 
mournful manner, 
mourning ('ing), n. expression 
of grief; lamenting; the dress of 
a mourner. 

mouse (mous), n. [pi. mice 
(mis)], a small rodent of the 
genus Mus, that infests houses, 
granaries, &c.: v.i. (mouz) to 
watch for, or catch, mice; watch 
for something in a sly manner; 
pry curiously: v.t. to tear, as a 
cat tears a mouse, 
mous-se-line-de-laine (moo-se- 
len-de-lan'), n. a very light text¬ 
ured woolen dress material, 
mous-taclie, see mustache, 
mouth (mouth), n. the opening 
in the head of an animal by which 
it receives food and utters sounds; 
entrance or opening; exit; instru¬ 
ment of speaking; grimace: v.t. 
(mout/i) to utter with an af¬ 
fected swelling or pompous voice: 
v.i. make grimaces, 
mouth-ful ('fool), n. [pi. mouth- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






tnou 


566 


muf 


fuls (-foolz)], as much as can 
be put into the mouth at one 
time; small quantity, 
mouth-piece ('pec), n. that part 
of an instrument which is held in 
or applied to the mouth; a 
spokesman. 

mov-a-bil-i-ty (moov-a-bil'i-ti), 
n. the state or quality of being 
movable. 

mov-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. capable of 
being moved or conveyed; chang¬ 
ing from one time to another: n. 
pi. goods, wares, or furniture, 
mov-a-ble feasts (fests), n.pl. 
certain Church festivals, the date 
of which is determined by Easter, 
mov-a-bly (-bli), adv. so as to be 
moved. 

move (moov), v.t. to cause to 
change place or position; impel; 
set in motion; rouse to action; 
influence ; propose formally: v.i. 
to change place or position; go 
from place to place; stir; take 
action; change residence: n. the 
act of moving; right to move; 
movement; artifice or scheme. 

Syn. actuate, impel, induce, 
prompt, instigate, persuade, stir, 
agitate, propel, push, 
move ment ('ment), n. the act 
or manner of moving; change of 
place or position ; motion ; excite¬ 
ment ; emotion; agitation; the 
going mechanism of a watch or 
clock; any single part in a mu¬ 
sical composition. 

mov-ing ('ing), p.adj. causing 
motion, or change of position; 
stirring the passions or affec¬ 
tions ; pathetic: n. the act of 
changing one’s residence, 
mow (mo), v.t. [pt. mowed, p.p. 
mowed, mown, p.pr. mowing], to 
cut down _ with, or as with, a 
scythe: v.i. to cut grass with a 
scythe. 

mow (mou), n. a heap of hay, &c., 
stowed in a barn; the compart¬ 
ment in a barn where hay, etc., 
are stored: v.t. to stow in a mow. 
mow ing (mo'ing), n. the act of 
cutting grass with a scythe; 
meadow land, 
mown, p.p. of mow. 
much (much), adj. [comparative 
more, superlative most], great in 
quantity or amount; long in dura¬ 


tion ; many in number: adv. to a 
great degree or extent; often or 
long ; nearly : n. a great quantity ; 
something considerable or un¬ 
usual. 

mu-ci-lage (mu'si-laj), n. a 
gummy or gelatinous substance; 
gum of plants. 

mu-ci-lag-i-nous (-laj'i-nus), adj. 
pertaining to, resembling, or se¬ 
creting, mucilage or gum. 
muck (muk), n. moist dung; any¬ 
thing filthy or vile: v.t. to ma¬ 
nure with dung. 

muck-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the qual¬ 
ity or state of being mucky, 
muck-worm ('worm), n. a grub 
or larva bred in manure; a miser, 
muck-y ('i), adj. consisting of 
muck ; miry ; nasty ; filthy, 
mu-cous (mu'kus), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, resembling, or secreting, 
mucus; viscous or slimy, 
mu-cous membrane (mem'- 
bran), n. the moist, glandular 
lining of the cavities and canals 
of the human body, 
mu-cus ('kus), n. the viscid fluid 
secreted by the mucous mem¬ 
brane ; a gummy or slimy sub¬ 
stance found in certain plants, 
mud (mud), n. soft wet earth; 
mire. 

mud-dle ('1), v.t. to make a mess 
of or confuse; cloud or stupefy; 
make partially drunk; squander: 
n. a confused state; intellectual 
dulness or bewilderment, 
muff (muf), n. a warm soft cylin¬ 
drical cover of fur, Ac., to keep 
the hands warm in cold weather; 
a stupid, spiritless fellow; failure 
to hold a ball when catching it: 
v.t. to handle awkwardly; fail to 
hold (a ball) when catching it. 
muf-fe-tee (-e-te'), n. a fur or 
worsted wristband, 
muf-fin ('in), n. a soft light 
spongy round cake, 
muf-fie ('1), v.t. to wrap up 
closely and warmly; cover or con¬ 
ceal the face of; cover up so as 
to deaden sound: v.i. to speak in¬ 
distinctly : n. a semi-cylindrical 
earthenware oven used in assay¬ 
ing metals. 

muf-fler ('ler), n. a wrapper, 
muf-ti ('ti), n. [pi. muftis ('tiz)], 
n. a doctor or official expounder 
[ of Mohammedan law; civilian 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






mug 


567 


mum 


dress worn by a naval or mili¬ 
tary officer when off duty, 
mug (mug), 11. an earthenware or 
metallic drinking vessel; the 
face. 

mug-gi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being muggy. 

mug-gy ('i), adj. warm, damp, 
and close ; moldy. 

mug wump ('wump), n. an in¬ 
dependent member of the Republi¬ 
can party. 

Mu liam-nie-dan, same as Mo¬ 
hammedan. 

mu-lat-to (mu-lat'o), n. [pi. mu- 
lattoes ('oz)], the offspring of 
negro and white parents. Femi¬ 
nine mulattress. 

mulberry (mul'ber-i), n. [pi. 
mulberries (-iz) ], the tree or 
fruit of the genus Morus; dark 
purple. 

mulch (mulch), n. half rotten 
straw, litter, &c., used to protect 
the roots of trees, plants, &c.: v.t. 
to cover, or protect, with mulch, 
mulct (mulkt), v.t. to punish 
with a fine: n. a fine, especially 
for some misdemeanor, 
mule (mul), n. the offspring of a 
male ass and a mare ; a stubborn 
* obstinate person; a machine for 
spinning cotton, &c. 
mul-e-teer (-e-ter'), n. a mule 
driver. 

mu-lish (mul'ish), adj. like a 
mule; stubborn. 

mull (mul), n. a headland or 
cape; a snuff-box made of the end 
of a horn; a very thin soft kind 
of muslin; an inferior kind of 
madder; dust or rubbish ; failure : 
v.t. to warm, spice, and sweeten 
(wine, ale, &c.). 

mul lein (mul'in), n. a coarse 
herbaceous plant. 

mul-ler ('er), n. a flat-bottomed 
pestle used for grinding pigments 
or drugs. 

mul-let ('et), an edible marine 
fish, much esteemed for the table, 
mul-lion ('yun), n. an upright 
bar or division between the lights 
of windows, screens, &c„ in a 
Gothic arch: v.t. to furnish with, 
or divide by, mullions. 
mulse (muls), n. wine boiled and 
mixed with honey, 
mult, multi, prefixes meaning 


many: as, mwttangular, having 
many angles, multift orous, having 
many, flowers. 

mul-ti-ple (mul'ti-pl), adj. con¬ 
sisting of many parts; repeated 
many times: n. a number or quan¬ 
tity which contains another an 
exact number of times without a 
remainder. 

mul-ti-plex ('ti-pleks), adj. mani¬ 
fold. 

mul-ti-pli-cand (-pli-kand'), n. 
the number or quantity to be mul¬ 
tiplied. 

mul-ti-pli-cate ('ti-pli-kat), adj. 
consisting of many. 

mul-ti-pli-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. 
the act or process of multiplying; 
rule or operation by which any 
given number or quantity is mul¬ 
tiplied. 

mul-ti-plic-i-ty (-plis'i-ti) , n. the 
state of being manifold; a great 
number. 

mul-ti-pli-er ('ti-pli-er), n. one 
who, or that which, multiplies or 
increases ; the number or quantity 
by which another is multiplied. 

mul-ti-ply ('ti-pli), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. multiplied, p.pr. multiplying], 
to cause to increase in number; 
make more by natural generation, 
production, or addition; repeat 
(any given number or quantity) 
as often as there are units in 
another number or quantity : v.i. 
to increase in number or extent. 

mul-ti-tude ('ti-tud), n. a great 
number; crowd ; assembly ; pop¬ 
ulace (with the). 

Syn. crowd, throng, host, mob, 
swarm. 

mul-ti-tu-di-nous (-tu'di-nus), 
adj. pertaining to, or consisting 
of, a multitude; numerous. 

mul-tum ('turn), n. a mixture of 
the extracts of quassia and liquor¬ 
ice used for adulterating beer. 

mum (mum), adj. silent: n. si¬ 
lence ; a kind of strong ale: in¬ 
terj. be silent! 

mum-ble ('bl), v.t. & v.i. to mut¬ 
ter or speak indistincfly; chew 
gently with closed lips. 

mum-bo-jmm-bo ('bo-jum'bo), n. 
a West African idol or object of 
superstitious reverence or dread; 
vulgar bugbear. 

mumm (mum), v.i. to mask or 
disguise one’s self for sport. 


late, mar, m§sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








mum 


568 


mus 


mummer ('er), n. one who 
makes sport An disguise; a 
masker; actor. 

mum mer y ('er-i), n. masquer¬ 
ading ; buffoonery; hypocritical 
parade or disguise, 
mum-mi-foriu ('i-form), adj. like 
a mummy. 

mum my ('i), n. [pi. mummies 
('iz) ], a dead body embalmed 
after the manner of the ancient 
Egyptians; a kind of wax used in 
grafting trees; a rich browrn color 
from bitumen. 

mump (mump), v.i. & v.t. to 
move the lips with the mouth 
nearly closed; nibble; cheat; 
whine or sulk ; play the beggar; 
to mutter; impose upon, 
mump-er ('er), n. a begging im¬ 
postor. 

mumps ('s), n. a contagions feb- 
. rile disease characterized by the 
swelling of the glands of the 
neck: pi. the sulks, 
mump-islx ('ish), adj. sulky, 
munch (munch), v.t. & v.i. to 
chew with an audible crunching 
noise. 

mun dane (mun'dan), adj. per¬ 
taining to the world, 
mundil ('dil), n. a richly em¬ 
broidered turban.. 
mun-goos (mung'goos), n. an 
ichneumon that preys on snakes. 
Also mongoos. 

mu-nic-i-pal (mil-nis'i-pal), adj. 
pertaining to a city, corporation, 
state, or local self-government, 
mu-nic-i-pal law (law T ), n. the 
common law of a city or country, 
mu-nic-i-pal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. 
municipalities (-tiz)], a corpo¬ 
rate town or city; a division of 
the country [France], 
mu-nic-i-pal-ly ('i-pal-i), adv. in 
a municipal manner, 
mu-nif-i-cence (-nif'i-sens), n. 
the quality or state of being mu¬ 
nificent ; liberality, 
m u-n i f-i-c e n t ('i-sent), wdj. 
characterized by great liberality 
in giving; bountiful, 
mu-ni-ment (mu'ni-ment), n. a 
stronghold or fortification; a legal 
record defending a title; title- 
deed or charter. 

mu-ni-tions (-nish'unz), n.pl. 
military stores or material. 


mu-ral ('ral), adj. pertaining to, 
growing on, or resembling, a wall, 
mur-der (mer'der), n. homicide 
with malice aforethought: v.t. to 
kill with premeditated malice; 
mangle ; mar or ruin. 

Syn. kill, assassinate, slay, 
massacre, dispatch, 
mur der er (-or), n. one who is 
guilty of murder. Feminine mur¬ 
deress. 

murder ous (-us), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, guilty of, or attended with, 
murder. 

mu ri ate (mu'ri-at), n. a salt of 
muriatic acid. 

mu-ri-at-ic (-at'ik), adj. derived 
from sea salt. 

mu rine ('rin), adj. pertaining to 
a mouse or mice, 
murk (merk), n. darkness, 
murk-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being murky, 
murk-* ly ('i-li), adv. darkly, 
murky ('i), adj. dark; gloomy; 
obscure. 

mur mur (mer'mer), n. a low in¬ 
distinct sound, as of a running 
stream; a complaint in a low 
muttering tone: v.i. to make a 
low continued noise like the hum . 
of bees; mutter in discontent; 
grumble. 

mur-ra ('&), n. a delicate kind of 
handsome ancient ware made of 
fluor-spar. 

mur rain (mur'an), n. an infec¬ 
tious and fatal disease among 
cattle. 

mur-rey ('i), n. dark red. 
mus-car-dine (mus'kar-din), n. 
a fungus which causes fatal dis¬ 
ease in silk-worms, 
mus-ca-tel ('ka-tel), n. a variety 
of rich wine; the grapes which 
produce it; a sw T eet fragrant pear. 
Muscadel, muscadine, 
muscle ('1), n. a highly con¬ 
tractile organ of fibrous tissue by 
which movement in an animal 
body is effected; muscular 
strength. 

mus-cled ('Id), adj. having mus¬ 
cles. 

Mus-co-vite ('ko-vlt), n. a Rus¬ 
sian. 

mus-co-vy duck (-vi duk), n. a 
large duck of tropical America, 
mus-cu-lar ('ku-lar), adj. per- 


late, mar, ma°k, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








mus 


560 


mus 


taining to, consisting of, or per¬ 
formed by, muscles ; strong ; vig¬ 
orous ; brawny. 

mus-cu-lar-i-ty (-lar'i-ti), to. the 
quality orstate of being muscular. 
Muse (muz), to. any one of the 
nine classical goddesses who pre¬ 
sided each over one of the nine 
liberal arts. 

muse (muz), v.i. to study in 
silence; meditate; be absent- 
minded : v.t. to meditate on. 

Syn. meditate, contemplate, re¬ 
flect, think, cogitate, ponder, 
musette (mu-zet'), to. a small 
bagpipe; a soft melodious air. 
mu se um (-ze'um), to. a collec¬ 
tion of natural, scientific, or lit¬ 
erary curiosities, or of works of 
art; the building containing such 
a collection. 

mush (mush), «. boiled Indian 
maize meal. 

mush-room ('room), to. an edible 
fungus Agaricus campestris, or 
similar edible fungi; an upstart: 
adj. made from, or resembling, 
mushrooms ; upstart; ephemeral, 
mu-sic (mti'zik), to. the art or 
science of harmonic sounds; har¬ 
mony or melody ; musical score or 
composition. 

Syn. harmony, melody, sym¬ 
phony. 

mu-sic-al ('zik-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, producing, or consisting 
of, music; harmonious; melo¬ 
dious. 

Syn. tuneful, melodious, har¬ 
monious, dulcet, sweet, 
mu-sic-ale (-zik-al'), n. a social 
musical party. 

mu-sic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
musical manner. 

mu-sic-al-ness (-nes), to. musical 
quality. 

mu-si-cian (-zish'An), n. one 
skilled in the science of music; 
one who sings, or plays on a mu¬ 
sical instrument. 

musing (muz'ing), n. medita¬ 
tion : adj. meditative, 
musk (musk), n. a strong-scented 
substance obtained from the male 
musk-deer; a small plant with a 
musk-scented perfume, 
musk-deer ('der), to. a small 
hornless deer which yields musk, 
musk-duck ('duk), to. the Mus¬ 
covy duck ; an Australian duck. 


mus-ket (mus'ket), n. the firearm 
formerly used by infantry, 
mus ket eer (-er'), to. a soldier 
armed with a musket, 
mus-ket-oon (-oon), n. a short 
musket. 

mus ket ry (-ri), n. firearm prac¬ 
tice. 

musk-ox (musk'oks), w. an Arc¬ 
tic bovine animal, 
musk-rat (musk'rat), to. an 
aquatic rodent of North America 
which emits a musky secretion. 
Also musk-beaver, musquash, 
mus-lin (muz'lin), n. a fine thin 
cotton cloth or fabric: adj. made 
of muslin. 

mus-liu-et (-et'), n. a coarse 
muslin. 

mus quash, same as muskrat, 
mus-qui-to, same as mosquito, 
muss (mus), to. a confused strug¬ 
gle ; disorder: v.t. to disorder, as 
clothing. 

mus sel ('el), n. a marine edible 
bivalve. 

Mus sulman ('ul-mAn), to. [pi. 
Mussulmans (-manz)], a Moham¬ 
medan, or Moslem, 
mus-sy (mus'i), adj. disordered, 
must (must), to. unfermented ex¬ 
pressed grape juice: v.t. to make 
moldy and sour: v.i. to be obliged 
morally or physicaljy. 
mustache (mus-tash'), to. hair 
worn on a man’s upper lip. Also 
moustache. 

mus-tang ('tang), to. the small, 
hardy, semi-wild horse of the 
prairies. 

mus-tard ('terd), to. a plant and 
its seed of the genus Sinapis; a 
condiment made from the ground 
seed. 

mus-tee (-te'), to. the offspring of 
a white and a quadroon, 
mus ter ('ter), to. an assembly of 
troops for review or active serv¬ 
ice ; register of troops mustered; 
assemblage ; collection : v.t.^ to as¬ 
semble, as troops for review or 
active service: v.i. to meet in one 
place. 

must-1-ly ('i-li), adv. in a musty 
condition. 

must-i-ness (-nes), n. the state 
of being musty. 

must-y ('i), adj [comp, mustier, 
superl. mustiest], spoiled with 


late, mar, mAsk. cat, awl; he. her. let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot: moem. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







mut 


570 


myr 


damp, mold, or age; spiritless; 
antiquated. 

mu-ta-bil-i-ty (mu-t§.-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being subject to 
change; instability, 
mu-ta-ble ('ta-bl), adj. suscepti¬ 
ble of change. 

mu-ta-ble-ness (-nes). n. the 
quality or state of being muta¬ 
ble. 

mu-ta-bly (-bli), adv. in a muta¬ 
ble manner. 

mu - ta - tion (mu-ta'shun ), n. 

alteration ; change, 
mute (mut), adj. silent; dumb; 
not pronounced or sounded: n. 
one who is dumb or remains si¬ 
lent ; an undertaker’s assistant 
who stands before the door of a 
house at a funeral; a consonant 
w 7 hich is not pronounced, or in¬ 
tercepts the sound; a contrivance 
to deaden or soften the sound of 
-a musical instrument. 

Syn. dumb, silent, speechless, 
mute-ly ('li), adv. silently, 
mute ness ('nes), n. the quality 
or state of being mute, 
mu-ti-late (mu'ti-lat), v.t. to cut 
off a limb or essential part of; 
render imperfect; maim. 

Syn. maim, cripple, disable, dis¬ 
figure. 

mu-ti-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
act of mutilating, 
mu-ti-la-tor ('ti-la-ter), n. one 
who mutilates. 

mu-ti-neer (ti-neF), n. one who 
is guilty of mutiny: v.i. to mu¬ 
tiny. 

mu-ti-nous ('ti-nus), adj. dis¬ 
posed to, or guilty of, mutiny; 
seditious. 

Syn. insurgent, seditious, tu¬ 
multuous, turbulent, riotous. 

Ant. (see obedient), 
mu-ti-ny ('ti-ni), n. insurrection 
against, or forcible resistance to, 
constituted authority, especially 
of soldiers or sailors against their 
officers: v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. mutinied. 
p.pr. mutinying], to rise against 
constituted authority, 
mu-tism ('tizm), n. the state or 
habit of being mute, 
mu-to-scope (mu'to-skop), n. a 
form of kinetoscope, worked by 
hand. 

mut-ter (mut'er), v.i. to utter 
words in a low voice with com¬ 


pressed lips; murmur: v.t. to ut¬ 
ter indistinctly: n. indistinct ut¬ 
terance ; murmur. 

mut ton ('n), n. the flesh of 
sheep. 

mu tu al (mu'tu-al), adj. recipro¬ 
cal. 

Syn. reciprocal, interchanged, 
correlative. 

Ant. (see solitary), 
mu-tu-al-ly (-li), adv. recipro¬ 
cally. 

mu-tu-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. recip¬ 
rocation. 

mu-tu-al-ism (-izm), n. the eth¬ 
ical doctrine of mutual depend¬ 
ence in social development, 
muz zle (muz'l), n. the projecting 
mouth, lips, and nose of an ani¬ 
mal ; snout; the mouth of a gun, 
&c.; a fastening or cover for the 
mouth of a dog, &c., to prevent 
biting: v.t. to secure the mouth of 
with a muzzle. 

muzzy ('i), adj. absent-minded; 
muddled. 

my (mi), poss. pron. belonging 
to me. 

my-al-gi-a (-al'ji-5.), n. stiffness 
or cramp in the voluntary mus¬ 
cles. 

my-co-derm ('ko-derm), n. a 
cryptogamic plant which forms on 
the surface of fermenting liquids, 
my-col-o-gy (-kol'o-ji), n. the 
branch of botany that treats of 
fungi or mushrooms, 
my-el-i-tis (-el-i'tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of the spinal cord, 
my-lo-don (mi'15-don), n. a huge 
extinct fossil edentate animal, 
mynheer (min-har'), n. sir 
[Dutch] ; a Dutchman, 
myo, a prefix meaning muscle, as 
wyodynamics, the science of mus¬ 
cular action. 

my-ol-o-gy (mi-ol'o-ji), n. a de¬ 
scription of the muscles, 
my-o-pi-a (-o'pi-a), n. short¬ 
sightedness. 

myr i ad (mir'i-ad), n. the num¬ 
ber of 10,000; a very large num¬ 
ber : adj. innumerable, 
myr-i-a-gram, myr-i-a-gramme 
('i-a-gram). n. [Fr.] in the metric 
system, 10.000 grams, 
myr-i-a-li-ter, myr-i-a-li-tre 
(-le-ter), n. [Fr.] in the metric 
system 10,000 liters. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon. 

cook; mtlte, nut; thin, then. 





myr 


571 


myx 


myr-i-a-me-ter, myr-i-a-me-tre 

(-me-ter), n. [Fr.] in the metric 
system 10,000 meters, 
myr-i-are ('i-ar), n. [Fr.] in the 
metric .system 10,000 ares. 
Myr-mi-don ('mi-don), n. one of 
a tribe of Thracian warriors who 
accompanied Achilles to the Tro¬ 
jan war. 

myr-mi-don, n. a brutal or un¬ 
principled follower or subordi¬ 
nate. 

myrrh (mer), n. the aromatic 
gummy resin of Balsamodendron 
myrrha , growing in Arabia and 
Abyssinia. 

myr-tle (mer'tl), n. a fragrant 
evergreen shrub of the genus 
Myrtus. 

my-self (mi-self'), pron. [pi. our¬ 
selves (our-selvz') ], I or me in 
person: used emphatically or re- 
flexively. 

mys-ta-gogue (mis'ta-gog), n. 
an initiator into, or interpreter 
of, mysteries; in the Roman 
Catholic Church, one who keeps 
and exhibits relics, 
mys-te-ri-ons (-te'ri-us), adj. not 
clear to the understanding; ob^ 
scure; incomprehensible. 

Syn. dark, obscure, hidden, 
secret, dim, mystic, enigmatical, 
unaccountable. 

Ant. (see open). 

mys-ter-y (ter-i), n. [pi. myster¬ 
ies (-iz)], something secret, ob¬ 
scure, or unexplained ; that which 
is beyond human comprehension ; 
formerly a trade or handicraft: 
pi. among the ancients, sacred 
rites, and ceremonies to which 
the initiated only were admitted ; 
religious clramas or miracle plays, 
mys-tic ('tik), adj. pertaining to, 
or containing, mystery or mysti¬ 
cism ; allegorical; emblematical ; 
obscure ; occult. Also mystical : 
n. a believer in mysticism, 
mys-tic-al-ly (-ai-li), adv. in a 
mystic manner. 


mys-ti-cism ('ti-sizm), n. the 
doctrines of the Mystics, who 
professed a pure, sublime, and 
disinterested devotion, and who 
aspired to a more direct inter¬ 
course with God, through the in¬ 
ward perception of the mind, than 
is afforded by revelation: ob¬ 
scurity of thought or teaching, 
mys-ti-fi-ca-tion (-fi-ka'shun). n. 
the act of mystifying; the state 
of being mystified, 
mystify ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
mystified, p.pr. mystifying], to 
involve in mystery; obscure; be¬ 
wilder ; puzzle. 

Syn. confuse, perplex, puzzle. 

Ant. (see clear). 

myth (mith), n. a legend; poetic 
fiction; a fabulous narrative 
founded on some event, especially 
in the early existence of a people, 
and embodying their ideas as to 
their own origin, their gods, natu¬ 
ral phenomena, &c. 
myth-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining to 
myths. Also mythical, 
myth-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 
mythical manner, 
mytli-o-log-ic-al (-o-loj'ik-al), 

. adj. pertaining to mythology; 
mythical. 

myth-o-log-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. 

according to mythology, 
myth-ol-o-gist (-ol'o-jist), n. a 
student of, or one skilled in, 
mythology. 

myth-ol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. [pi. 
mythologies (-jiz)], the collected 
body or system of the traditions 
or legends of a people in which 
are embodied their beliefs concern¬ 
ing their origin, gods, heroes, &c.; 
the science of myths; a treatise 
on myths. 

myx-o-my-ce-tes (miks-o-ml-se'- 
tez), n.pl. organisms forming a 
network of creamy filaments on 
decaying wood, leaves, &c. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







nab 


572 


nap 


N 


aab (nab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nabbed, 
p.pr. nabbing], to catch or seize 
unexpectedly. 

na-bee (na-be'), n. a powerful 
poison prepared in the East In¬ 
dies from the root of Aconitum 
ferox. 

na bob (na'bob), n. in India, a 
deputy or administrator under the 
Mogul Empire; one who has 
amassed wealth in India; a very 
wealthy man. 

nac-a-rat (nak'a-rat), n. a pale 
red color; fine linen or crape 
dyed such color. 

aa-cre (na'ker), n. mother-of- 
pearl. 

na-cre-ons ('kre-us), adj. having 
an iridescent luster; resembling 
mother-of-pearl. 

na-crite ('krit), n. a mineral 
with a pearly luster. 

na-dir (na'der), n. that part of 
the heavens directly under our 
feet, or directly opposite to the 
zenith. 

nse-vose ('vos), adj. freckled. 

nse-vus (ne'vus), n. a birth-mark. 

nag (nag), n. a small saddle- 
horse : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nagged, 
p.pr. nagging], to scold or find 
fault with continually: v.i. to 
find fault constantly. 

»ag-gy (nag'i), adj. disposed to 
nag. 

na-boor (na-h55r'), n. a species 
of wild Nepaul sheep. 

Na-iad (na'yad), n. a water- 
nymph. 

na-if (na-ef'), adj. noting an un¬ 
cut jewel with a natural luster, 
as a naif gem. 

nail (nal), n. the horny substance 
at the ends of the human fingers 
and toes; the claws of a bird or 
other animal: 2% inches; a 

pointed piece of metal usually 
furnished with a head for fasten¬ 
ing woodwork, &c.: v.t. to fasten 
with nails; to secure or make cer¬ 
tain ; to hold down tightly, as to 
an argument; to expose, as to nail 
a lie. 


nain-sook (nan'sook), n. a thick 
kind of muslin. 

na-ive (na-ev'), adj. artless; in¬ 
genuous ; unaffectedly simple, 
na-ive-te (na-ev-ta/), n. natural, 
unaffected simplicity or ingenu¬ 
ousness. 

naked (na'ked), adj. unclothed; 
bare ; unarmed ; defenseless ; ex¬ 
posed to view ; plain ; without ad¬ 
dition or ornament; without 
glasses. 

Syn. nude, bare, uncovered, 
rude, unclothed, rough, simple. 

Ant. (see covering), 
nam-ay-cush (nam'a-kush), n. 

the great American trout, 
namby-pamby (nam'bi-pam'- 
bi), adj. weakly sentimental or 
affectedly pretty or fine, 
name (nam), n. that by which a 
person or thing is called; desig¬ 
nation ; character; reputation; 
fame; authority: v.t. to give an 
appellation or designation to; 
nominate; specify; mention by 
name. 

Syn. appellation, designation, 
denomination, title, cognomen, 
reputation, character, fame, cred¬ 
it, repute, denominate, entitle, 
style, designate, term, call, 
christen. 

name less ('les), adj. without a 
name; unknown; not fit to be 
mentioned. 

name ly ('li), adv. that is to say. 
name-sake ('sak), n. one having 
the same name. 

nan-keen (nan-ken'), n. a buff- 
colored cotton cloth, originally 
from China. 

nap (nap), n. a short slumber; 
doze ; a game at cards ; the woolly 
substance on the surface of cloth; 
pile; downy covering of plants; 
top of a hill: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
napped, p.pr. napping], to doze, 
nape (nap), n. the back of the 
neck. 

nap-er-y (nap'er-i), n. table- 
linen ; linen underclothing, 
naph-tha ('th&), n. a clear, vola¬ 
tile, inflammable, bituminous, 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; milte, nut; thin, the n. 









nap 


573 


nat' 


liquid hydrocarbon exuding from 
the earth, or distilled from coal- 
tar, &c.; rock-oil. 
naph-thal-ic (-thal'ik), adj. pro¬ 
duced from naphtha, 
nap-kin (nap'kin), n. a small 
cloth, specifically one used at 
table for wiping the hands, &c. 
na-po-le-on (na-po'le-on), n. a 
gold coin formerly current in 
France, valne 20 francs, 
nap-py (nap'i), adj. covered with 
nap or pile; drowsy, 
nar-ce-ine (nar'se-in), n. an alka¬ 
loid obtained from opium. 

Nar -cis-sus (-sis'us), n. a genus 
of ornamental bulbous plants 
with handsome fragrant flowers, 
including the daffodils, 
nar-cis-sus, n. a plant of the 
genus Narcissus. 

nar-co-sis (-ko'sis), n. stupefac¬ 
tion from the effects of a narcotic, 
nar-cot-ic (-kot'ik), adj. produc¬ 
ing coma or torpor: n. a medi¬ 
cine to alleviate pain and produce 
sleep, and in excessive doses caus¬ 
ing death. 

nar-co-tine ('ko-tin), n. the act¬ 
ive narcotic principle of opium, 
nar-co-tism, same as narcosis, 
nard (nard), n. spikenard; an 
aromatic unguent prepared from 
it. 

nard-ine ('in), adj. pertaining to, 
or like, nard. 

narrate (nar-rat'), v.t. to tell; 
recite; give an account of; w r rite, 
as a story. 

Syn. tell, relate, detail, recount, 
describe, enumerate, rehearse, re¬ 
cite. 

nar-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. the act 
of narrating; statement, written 
or verbal. 

narrative ('ra-tiv), adj. per¬ 
taining to narration : n. recital of 
a story or event; tale, 
nar ra tor (-ra'ter), n. one who 
narrates. 

narrow (nar'o), adj. of little 
breadth or extent; limited ; strait¬ 
ened ; contracted in mind; big¬ 
oted ; ungenerous; within a lit¬ 
tle distance: v.t. to lessen the 
breadth or extent of; confine or 
contract; restrict: v.i. to become 
narrow; not to take ground 
enough; said of a horse: n.pl. a 


strait or narrow passage between 
two seas. 

nar whal (nar'hwal), n. a ceta¬ 
ceous mammal allied to the whale, 
with a large projecting tusk; the 
sea unicorn. Also narwal, nar- 
whale, narval. 

na sal (naz'al), adj. pertaining to, 
affected by, or pronounced 
through, the nose: n. a letter pro¬ 
nounced through the nose, 
nascent (nas'ent), adj. begin¬ 
ning to grow or exist, 
nas-ti-ly ('ti-li), adv. in a nasty 
manner; filthily ; disagreeably, 
nas-ti-ness (-nes), n. the quality 
or state of being nasty. 

Nas tur ti um (-ter'shi-um), n. a 
genus of plants, including the 
watercresses. 

nas tur ti um, n. a plant of the 
geranium family, having aromatic 
flower-buds. 

nasty ('ti), adj. [comp, nastier, 
snperl. nastiest], dirty; nauseous; 
filthy ; obscene ; foul; serious. 

Syn. filthy, foul, dirty, unclean, 
indecent, impure, gross, vile, 
na-tal (na'tal), adj. pertaining 
to one’s birth or birthday; in¬ 
digenous. 

na-tant ('tant), adj. swimming; 
in heraldry, floating on the sur¬ 
face : said of fish, 
na-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the act 
or art of swimming, 
na-ta-to-ri-al (na-ta-t5'ri-iil), adj. 
swimming, or adapted for swim¬ 
ming. Also natatory, 
nation (na'shun), n. the inhabit¬ 
ants of one country or united 
under the same government; 
people ethnologically or linguist¬ 
ically allied. 

Syn. people, community, realm, 
state. 

na-tion-al (na'shun-Al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a nation; public; 
general; attached to one’s country, 
na-tion-al-ism (-Al-izm), n. the 
state of being national; national 
idiom, characteristic, or independ¬ 
ence. 

na-tion-al-i-ty ('i-ti), n. nation¬ 
al character; patriotism; nation, 
na-tion-al-ize (-Al-Tz), v.t. to 
render national. 

na-tion-al-ly (-li), adv. as a 
nation. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





nat 


574 


nau 


na-tive (na'tiv), adj. pertaining 
to the time and place of birth; 
produced by nature; not ac¬ 
quired; innate: n. one who is 
born in a certain country or 
place; an oyster cultivated artifi¬ 
cially. 

Syn. indigenous, inborn, ver¬ 
nacular. 

na-tiv-ism (-izm), n. in philos¬ 
ophy, the doctrine of innate 
ideas; the advocacy of the claim 
of natives, as opposed to that of 
naturalized citizens, 
na-tiv-i-ty (-tiv'i-ti), n. time, 
place, and manner of birth; as¬ 
trological representation of the 
position of the heavenly bodies at 
the time of one’s birth. 
Na-tiv-i-ty, n. the birth of Christ 
(with the). 

na-tro-lite (na'trd-lit), n. a hy¬ 
drated silicate of aluminum and 
soda. 

na tron ('tron), n. native carbo¬ 
nate of soda. 

uat-ter-jack (nat'er-jak), n. the 
yellow-backed rush toad, remark¬ 
able for its deep voice, 
nat-ti-ly ('i-li), adv. tidily; 
neatly. 

nat-ti-ness ('i-nes), n. the quality 
of being natty. 

nat-ty ('i), adj. tidy; neat; smart, 
nat-u-ral (nat'u-ral), adj. per¬ 
taining to, produced by, or in the 
course of, nature; inborn; not 
artificial; 'occurring in the ordi¬ 
nary course of things; treating 
of mind and matter; not revealed, 
as religion; true to life; unas¬ 
sumed ; affectionate by nature; 
illegitimate ; unconverted ; accord¬ 
ing to the usual diatonic scale of 
C [Music]: n. an idiot; a sign 
(10 used to correct the previous 
power of a sharp or flat [Mu¬ 
sic]. 

Syn. original, regular, normal. 

Ant. (see unnatural), 
nat-u-ral his-to-ry (his'to-ri), n. 
the scientific description of the 
earthy and its various productions, 
especially the animal kingdom, 
nat-u-ral-ism (-izm), n. mere 
state of nature; natural religion; 
the denial of supernatural inter¬ 
ference with natural laws, 
nat-u-ral-ist (-ist), n. one skilled 


in natural history; one who be¬ 
lieves in naturalism, 
nat-u-ral-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. 
realistic. 

nat-u-ral-i-za-tion (-i-za'shun), 
n. the act of investing a foreigner 
with the rights and privileges of 
a natural-born citizen, 
nat-u-ral-ize (-iz), v.t. to make 
natural; acclimatize; invest (a 
foreigner) wifh the privileges of 
a natural-born citizen or subject, 
nat-u-ral-ly (-li), adv. according 
to nature; spontaneously, 
nat-u-ral-ness (-nes), n. the 
state of being natural; conformity 
to truth or reality, 
na ture (na'cher or nat'ur), n. 
the universe ; essential qualities ; 
species; natural order of things; 
constitution; personal character 
or natural disposition; natural 
affection ; nudity. 

naught (nawt), n. nothing: 

adj. worthless: adv . in no degree, 
naugh-ti-ly ('ti-li), adv. in a 
naughty manner. 

naugh-ti-ness ('ti-nes), n. the 
state of being naughty; misbe¬ 
havior. 

naugh-ty ('ti), adj. bad ; per¬ 
verse or mischievous, 
nau se a ('shi-a), n. a strong sen¬ 
sation of sickness ; sea-sickness ; 
loathing or disgust, 
nau-se-ate ('shi-at), v.t. to affect 
with nausea; loathe: v.i. to feel 
disgust; be inclined to vomit, 
nau-se-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of nauseating; the state of be¬ 
ing nauseated. 

nau-seous ('shus), adj. loath¬ 
some ; abhorrent. 

nautch (nawch), n. in India, a 
dance performed by girls; dancing 
exhibition. 

nau-ti-cal (naw'ti-kal), adj. per¬ 
taining to ships, sailors, or navi¬ 
gation ; maritime. Also nautic. 

Syn. marine, naval, ocean, 
maritime. 

nau-ti-cal-ly (-li), adv. in a 
nautical manner. 

uau-ti-lus ('ti-lus), n. [pi. nau¬ 
tili], any member of a genus of 
cephalopods, including those fur¬ 
nished with a chambered spinal 
univalve shell; a kind of diving- 
bell. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





aav 


575 


net 


na val (na'v&l), adj. pertaining 
to ships or a navy ; consisting of 
ships; maritime. 

nave (nav), n. the middle or 
body of a church, extending from 
the chancel to the principal en¬ 
trance ; the center of a wheel in 
which the spokes are inserted, 
nav-el ('el), n. the depression in 
the center of the lower part of 
the abdomen, indicating where the 
umbilical cord was joined to the 
fcetus. 

nav i-ga-bil-i-ty (nav-i-ga-bil'i- 

ti), n. the quality or state of be¬ 
ing navigable. 

nav-i-ga-ble ('i-ga-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being navigated, 
nav-i-ga-bly (-bli), adv. in a 
navigable manner, 
nav-i-gate ('i-gat), v.i. to pass on 
the water by a ship or vessel; 
sail: v.t. to pass over in a ship or 
boat; steer or manage in sailing, 
nav-i-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. the 
act of navigating; the science of 
navigating ships. 

nav-i-ga-tor ('i-ga-ter), n. one 
-who navigates; one skilled in the 
science of navigation, 
nav vy (nav'i), n. a laborer em¬ 
ployed in constructing railways, 
canals, &c. 

na vy (na'vi), n. the ships of war 
belonging to a nation, or their 
officers and men. 

nay (na), adv. no; not only so, 
but: n. a refusal or denial. 
Naz-a-rene (naz-&-ren'), n. a 
native of Nazareth: applied to 
Jesus Christ, His followers, and 
the early Christians as a term 
of contempt; in the Early Church, 
one of a sect of Judaizing Jews. 
Naz-a-rite ('a-rit), n. a Jew de¬ 
voted by vow to God to a life of 
purity (Num. vi.). 
neap (nep), adj. low: applied to 
the tides which occur in the begin¬ 
ning of the second and fourth 
quarters of the moon, 
neaped (nept), adj. left aground 
by the tide: said of a ship. 
Ne-a-pol-i-tan (ne-a-pol'i-tan), 
adj. pertaining to Naples or its 
inhabitants. 

near (ner), adj. [comp, nearer, 
superl. nearest], not far distant 
in time, place, or degree; close; 


intimate; dear; familiar; literal; 
narrow ; parsimonious ; on the left 
side: adv. at a little distance; 
almost: prep, close to: v.t. to ap¬ 
proach ; come near to. 

Syn. nigh, neighboring, close, 
adjacent, contiguous, intimate. 

Ant. (see distant), 
neat (net), n. cattle of the bo¬ 
vine • genus: adj. pertaining to 
bovine animals; tidy; trim and 
clean ; simple and elegant; chaste ; 
unadulterated. 

Syn. clean, nice, prim, spruce. 

Ant. (see slovenly), 
neats-foot ('z-foot), n. the foot 
of an ox or cow. 
neb (neb), n. a bird’s beak; 

mouth; nose or snout, 
neb-u-la ('u-la), n. [pi. nebulae 
(-le) ], a faint misty patch of light 
in the heavens produced by groups 
of stars too remote to be seen 
singly, or by masses of diffused 
gaseous matter; a slight white 
spot on the cornea, 
neb-u-lar ('u-lar), adj. pertaining 
to nebulae. 

neb-u-los-i-ty (-los'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being nebulous, 
neb-u-lous ('u-lus), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or resembling, a nebula; 
cloudy ; hazy ; perplexed, 
nec-es-sa-ri-ly (nes-e-sa'ri-li), 
adv. by necessity, 
nec-es-sa-ri-ness ('e-sa-ri-nes), 
n. the state of being necessary, 
nec-es-sa-ry ('e-sa-ri), adj. that 
cannot be otherwise; essential; 
indispensable: n. [pi. necessaries 
(-riz)], things requisite. 

Syn. needful, expedient, essen¬ 
tial, requisite, indispensable. 

Ant. (see useless), 
me-ces-si-tate (ne-ses'i-tat), v.t. 
to make necessary ; compel; ren¬ 
der unavoidable; constrain. 

Syn. compel, force, oblige, 
ne-ces-si-tous ('i-tus), adj. very 
poor; destitute ; needy, 
ne-ces-si-ty ('i-ti), n. the state 
of being necessary ; that which is 
unavoidable; compulsion; ex¬ 
treme poverty: pi. things neces¬ 
sary for human life. 

Syn. need, occasion, exigency, 
emergency, urgency, requisite, 
neck (nek), n. that part of the 
body between the head and trunk; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







nee 


576 


Beg: 


a long narrow part, as of land or 
a vessel. 

neck-lace ('las), n. a string of 
beads or ornaments, as pearls, 
&c., worn round the neck, 
nec-ro-log-ic-al (-ro-loj'ik-al), 

adj. pertaining to a register of 
deaths. 

nec-rol-o-gy (-rol'o-ji), n. a regis¬ 
ter, or account, of the de£d. 
nec-ro-man-cer ('ro-man-ser), n. 
one who practices necromancy; 
a conjurer. 

nee-ro-man-cy (-si), n. the pre¬ 
tended art of predicting future 
events by communication with the 
dead. 

nec-ro-man-tic (-man'tik), adj. 
pertaining to, or done by, nec¬ 
romancy. 

nec-rop-o-i-s (-rop'o-lis), n. a 
cemetery. 

nec-ro-sis (-ro'sis), n. mortifica¬ 
tion and death of a bone; a dis¬ 
ease in plants, characterized by 
small black spots, 
nec-tar (nek'tar), n. in classic 
mythology, the wine of the gods; 
the honey of plants; any delicious 
beverage. 

nec-ta-ri-al (-ta'ri-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, containing, or like, 
nectar. 

nec-ta-re-ons ('re-us), adj. pro¬ 
ducing, or sweet like, nectar, 
nec-ta-rine ('t&-rin), n. a variety 
of peach. 

nec-ta-ry ('ta-ri), «. that part of 
a flower which secretes a sac¬ 
charine fluid. Nectarium. 
nee (na), adj. by birth: often 
placed before the maiden name of 
a married woman, 
need (ned), n. necessity; urgent 
want; exigency ; poverty : v.t. to 
want: v.i. to be necessary or 
wanted. 

8yn. necessity, distress, poverty, 
indigence, want, penury, require, 
lack. 

need-ful ('fool), adj. necessary; 
needy. 

need-ful-ly (-li), adv. necessarily, 
nee-dle ('1), n. a small sharp- 
pointed steel instrument furnished 
with an eye to hold thread; any¬ 
thing resembling a needle; the 
polarized steel of a mariner’s 
compass. 


nee-dle-gun (-gun), n. a breech- 
loading gun, the cartridge of 
which is exploded by a needle, 
needs (nedz), adv. necessarily; 
indispensably. 

need-y (ned'i), adj. very poor; 
necessitous. 

ne’er (nar), adv. contraction of 
never. 

ne far i ous (ne-far'i-us), adj. ex¬ 
tremely wicked ; vile ; infamous, 
ne-ga-tion (ne-ga'shun), n. de¬ 
nial ; absence of certain qualities, 
neg-a-tive (neg'a-tiv), adj. im¬ 
plying negation ; denying ; refus¬ 
ing ; having the power of veto; 
noting a quantity to be sub¬ 
tracted : n. a proposition by which 
something is denied; a word ex¬ 
pressing denial; right of veto; a 
photograph in which the lights 
and shades of the object are the 
opposite of those in nature: v.t. 
to prove the contrary of; dis¬ 
miss or reject by vote, 
neg-a-tive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
negative manner. 

neg-lect (-lekt'), n. omission; 
habitual negligence; disregard; 
carelessness: v.t. to omit by care¬ 
lessness or design; slight; dis¬ 
regard. 

Syn. omission, failure, default, 
negligence, remissness, careless¬ 
ness, slight, disregard, omit, over¬ 
look. 

neg-lect-ful ('fool), adj. indicat¬ 
ing, or accustomed to, neglect; 

careless. 

neg-lect-ful-ly (-li), adv. with 
neglect. 

neg-li-gee (-li-zha'), n. a loosely 
fitting dress or gown; easy and 
unceremonious dress in general: 
adj. carelessly arranged or attired, 
negligence ('li-jens), n. care¬ 
lessness. 

negligent ('li-jent), adj. care- 

less 

negligible ('li-ji-bl), adj. that 
may be neglected; of little ac¬ 
count or value. 

ne-go-ti-ate (ne-go'shi-at), v.i. to 
treat with others in political or 
business affairs : v.t. to conclude by 
treaty, bargain or agreement; ( trav¬ 
elling and racing slang) to pass 
over ; to accomplish by jumping, 
ne-go-ti-a-bil-i-ty (-go-shi-a-bil'i- 


ilate, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






neg 


577 


Nep 


ti), n. the quality of being 
negotiable. 

ne-go-ti-a-ble ('shi-a-bl), adj. 
capable of being negotiated, trans¬ 
ferred, or exchanged, 
ne-go-ti-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of negotiating or transacting 
business ; treaty. 

ne-go-ti-a-tor ('shi-a-ter), n. one 
who negotiates. 

ne-go-ti-a-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to negotiation, 
ne-gril-lo (ne-gril'o), n. a young 
negro. 

Ne-gri-to (-gre'to), n. one of a 
diminutive negro-like race of the 
Malay Archipelago, 
ne-gro ('gro), n. [pi. negroes 
('groz)J, an African black. 
Fem. negress: adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, negroes, 
ne-groid ('groid), adj. of the 
negro type. 

ae-gus ('gus), n. a beverage of 
hot water and wine, sweetened 
and spiced. 

Ne-gus, n. the title of the ruler 
of Abyssinia. 

neigh (na), v.i. to utter the cry, 
or whinny, of a horse: n. the cry 
of a horse. 

neigh-bor (na'ber), n. one who 
dwells near to another; an in¬ 
timate: adj. near to another; 
adjacent: v.t. to adjoin: v.i. to 
be neighborly or friendly, 
neigh-bor-hood (-hood), n. ad¬ 
jacent district; vicinity; the 
state of being neighbors. 

Syn. environs, vicinity, ad¬ 
jacency, nearness, proximity, 
neigh-bor-ing (-ing), adj. living 
or being near. 

neigh-bor-li-ness ('ber-li-nes), 
n. the state of being neighborly, 
neigh-bor-ly (-li), adj. like, or 
becoming, a neighbor; social; 
civil; friendly: adv. in the man¬ 
ner of a neighbor, 
neigb-ing ('ing), n. the cry of 
a horse. 

nei-ther (ne' or ni'ther), pron. & 
conj. not either. 

Ne-mje-an (ne-me'an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Nemsea, or to the an¬ 
cient games held by the Greeks at 
Nemaea. 

nem-e-sis ('e-sis), n. retributive 
vengeance: from Nemesis, the 
avenging deity of the Greeks. 


ne-o, a prefix meaning new , 
young , recent , as neoplastic, re¬ 
cently formed. 

ne-o-dym-i-um (ne-o-dim'i-um), 
n. a metallic element found in 
cerite. 

Ne-o-lith-ic (-o-lith'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
the later or polished Stone Age. 
ne-o-lo-gian, same as neologist. 
ne-ol-o-gism (-ol'6-jizm), n. a 
new word or phrase introduced 
into a language; new religious 
doctrines. 

ne-ol-o-gist ('o-jist), n. an in¬ 
novator in language or religion, 
especially one who holds doctrinal 
views opposed to the orthodox in¬ 
terpretation of revealed -religion, 
ne-ol-o-gize (-jiz), v.i. to intro¬ 
duce new words, phrases, or re¬ 
ligious doctrines. 

ne-ol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. neologism; 
doctrines or rationalistic theo¬ 
logical interpretation at variance 
with orthodox belief, 
ne on (ne'on), n. a recently dis¬ 
covered element existing in a 
very minute proportion in at¬ 
mospheric air. 

ne-on-tol-o-gy (-tol'o-ji), n. the 
scientific study of existing species, 
ne-o-phyte ('o-flt), n. a novice; 
one recently baptized ; a convert: 
adj. recently entered, 
neo plasm ('o-plazm), n. tissue 
growth more or less distinct from 
that in which it occurs, 
ne-o-plas-tic (-plas'tik), adj. 
newly formed. 

ne-o-plas-ty (-plas'ti), n. the 
restoration of tissue by granula¬ 
tion, or autoplasty, 
ne-o-ter-ic (-o-ter'ik), adj. recent 
in origin. 

nep (nep), n. catmint, 
ne-pen-the (ne-pen'the), n. a drug 
supposed by the ancient Greeks to 
have the power of causing for¬ 
getfulness of sorrow, 
neph ew (nev'u), n. the son of 
a brother or sister, 
ne-phri-tis (n5-fri'tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of the kidneys, 
nep-o-tism (nep'5-tizm), n. a 
preference shown in bestowing 
patronage to one’s relatives in 
the church or public service. 
Nep-tun-i-an. (nep-tun'i-an), adj. 
pertaining to the classic deity 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he„ her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





rser 


57S 


neu 


Neptune, or to the sea ; deposited 
by the agency of the sea. 

Ne-re-id (ne're-id), n. a sea 
nymph. 

ner-o-li (ner'6-le), n. the essential 
oil of orange flowers. 

ner-va-tion (-va'shun), n. ar¬ 
rangement of nerves. 

nerve (nerv), n. one of the grey 
fibers which convey sensation 
from all parts of the body to the 
brain and originate motion; 
l tendon ; sinew ; strength ; manli¬ 
ness ; the strong vein of a leaf: 
v.t. to invigorate or strengthen. 

ner-vine (ner'vin), n. a tonic for 
the nerves. 

ner vous ('vus), adj. pertaining 
to, or composed of. nerves; hav¬ 
ing weak nerves ; easily agitated ; 
vigorous in style. 

Syn. timid, timorous, shaky. 

nest (nest), n. the bed or dwell¬ 
ing chosen by a bird for incuba¬ 
tion, and the rearing of its 
young; the place where eggs are 
laid and hatched; a cozy resi¬ 
dence ; a number of boxes one 
fitting inside another: v.i. to build 
and occupy a nest. 

nest-egg ('eg), n. an egg left in 
a nest to keep the hen from for¬ 
saking it; money forming a 
nucleus. 

nes-tle (nes'l), v.i. to lie close 
and snug; take shelter: v.t. to 
cherish. 

nest-ling ('ling), n. a young bird 
in the n-est or just taken from it: 
adj. recently hatched. 

net (net), n. an instrument of 
twine knotted into meshes for 
catching birds, fish, &c.; anything 
resembling or made like a net; a 
snare: adj. clear of all charges 
or deductions: opposed to gross: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. netted, p.pr. net¬ 
ting], to make into a net or net¬ 
work ; take with a net; snare; 
produce as clear profit: v.i. to 
form network. 

neth-er ( neth'er ). adj. lying be¬ 
neath ; lower; belonging to the 
regions below. 

net-tie (net'l), n. a stinging plant 
of the genus Urtica : v.t. to pro¬ 
voke or irritate. 

net-tle-rash (-rash), n. a cuta¬ 
neous eruption resembling the 
effects of a nettle sting. 


neu-ral (nu'ral), adj. pertaining 
to the nerves. 

neu-ral-gi-a (-ral'ji-a), n. acute 
pain in a nerve. 

neu-ral-gic ('jik), adj. pertaining 
to neuralgia. 

neu-ras-the-ni-a (-ras-the'ni-a), 
n. brain and nerve exhaustion, 
as from influenza, &c. 
neu-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. the 
venation of the wings of an in¬ 
sect ; nerve distribution, 
neu-ri-lem-ma (-ri-lem'a), n. the 
fibrous sheath of a nerve, 
neu-rine ('rin), n. nerve matter. 
Also neurin. 

neu-ri-tis (-ri'tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of a nerve, 
nearo, a prefix meaning nerve, as 
wetirography, a treatise on the 
nerves. 

neu-rog-li-a (-rog'li-a), n. the 
delicate connective tissue between 
the nerve-fibers of the brain and 
spinal cord. 

neu-rol-o-gy (-rol'o-ji), n. a 
scientific description of the nerves, 
neu ro ma (-ro'm&), n. a fibrous 
tumor occurring in a nerve trunk, 
neu-ro-patli-ic (-path'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or suffering from, 
nervous disease; affecting the 
nerves. 

neu-ro-sis (-ro'sis), n. nervous 
disease. 

neu-rot-ic (-rot'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, seated in, or affecting, the 
nerves; characterized by a mor¬ 
bid hysterical style: n. a nerve 
tonic. 

neu-rot-o-my ('o-mi), n. dissec¬ 
tion of the nerves, 
neu-ter ('ter), adj. of neither sex ; 
Intransitive: n. a flower having 
neither pistil nor stamens; a 
sterile sexless insect, especially 
the working bee. 

neu-tral ('tral), adj. unbiased; 
indifferent; taking no part on 
either side in a contest; neither 
very good nor very bad; neither 
acid nor alkaline: said of chemi¬ 
cal salts. 

neu-tral-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state 
of being neutral. 

neu-tral-ize ('trftMz), v.t. to 
make neutral; render inactive, 
neu-tral-ly ('tral-i), adv. in a 
neutral manner. 


late, m&r, m&sk, cat, awl : he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pCrch, lot; moon. 

cook: mute, nut; thin, then. 








oeu 


579 


neutral tint (tint), n. a dull 
grey. 

ntve (na-va'), n. the granular 
compressed snow which forms 
glacier ice. 

nev er (nev'er), adv. not at any 
time; in no degree, 
never-the-less (-the- les'), adv. 

notwithstanding; in spite of that, 
new (nil), adj. recent in origin; 
modern ; novel; lately made, pro¬ 
duced, invented, or discovered; 
recently entered upon or com¬ 
menced ; not previously used; 
fresh. 

Syn. fresh, modern, novel, re¬ 
cent. 

Ant. (see old). 

new-el ('el), n. in a winding stair¬ 
case, the central upright pillar 
around which the steps turn, 
new-fang-led (-fang'gkl), adj. 
new-fashioned. 

New-found-land (-found'land), 
n. a large variety of dog, original¬ 
ly from Newfoundland, 
news (nuz), n. recent intel¬ 
ligence. 

Syn. tidings, intelligence, in¬ 
formation. 

news pa per -('pa-per), n. a pa¬ 
per published periodically, usually 
daily or weekly, containing the 
most recent intelligence, 
new style (stil), n. the Grego¬ 
rian or present style of comput¬ 
ing the calendar: opposed to the 
former or Julian method, 
newt (nut), n. an eft; sala¬ 
mander. 

New-to-ni-an (nu-to'ni-an), adj. 
pertaining to, discovered by, or 
invented by. Sir Isaac Newton, 
the philosopher, or to his system, 
next (nekst), adj. [superl. of 
nigh], nearest in time, place, de¬ 
gree. or rank: adv. immediately 
succeeding. 

nex-us (neks'us), n. a connection 
or tie. 

nib (nib), n. a bird’s beak; the 
point of anything, especially a 
pen. 

nibbed ('d), adj. furnished with 
a nib. 

nib-ble ('1), v.t. & v.i. to bite by 
little at a time; continue to bite 
at gently and quickly, as a fish : 
n. a small bite; a seizing to bite. 


nig 


nib-lick (nib'lik), n. a heavy iron 
round-headed golf club, 
nic-o-lite (nik'o-lit), n. arsenical 
nickel ore. 

nice (nis), adj. fastidious; pre¬ 
cise ; squeamish; minutely dis¬ 
criminative ; delicate ; refined ; so¬ 
cially agreeable; pleasing to the 
palate; scrupulously exact. 

Syn. exact, accurate, good, par¬ 
ticular, precise, fine, delicate. 

Ant. (see careless), 
nice-ly ('li), adv. in a nice man¬ 
ner. 

nice-ness ('nes), n. .the state or 
quality of being nice; delicacy of 
perception or touch, 
ni-ce-ty ('e-ti), n. delicate man¬ 
agement ; fastidious delicacy; pre¬ 
cision ; minute accuracy: pi. table 
delicacies. 

niche (nich), n. a recess in a 
wall for a statue. 

Nick (nik), n. an evil water 
spirit; the Devil (with old). 
nick (nik), n. exact or critical 
point of time; winning throw at 
dice: v.t. to cut in nicks or 
notches; touch at the lucky mo¬ 
ment ; cheat; steal, 
nick-el ('el), n. a greyish-white 
ductile metal ; a five-cent coin, 
made of nickel and copper alloy, 
nick-el-green (-gren), n. the 
apple-green colored arseniate of 
nickel. 

nick-el-sil-ver (-sil'ver), n. an 
alloy of nickel, copper, and zinc, 
nick name ('nam), n. a name 
given in derision or familiarity: 
v.t. to give a nickname to; call 
by an opprobrious name, 
nic-o-tine ('o-tin), n. an acrid, 
poisonous alkaloid extracted from 
tobacco. Also nicotin. 
nidge (nij), v.t. to dress (stones) 
with a pick. 

nid-i-fi-ca-tion (nid-i-fi-ka'shun), 
n. the act of building a nest, rear¬ 
ing young, &c. 

ni-dus (nl'dus), n. a nest or 
hatching place. 

niece (nes), n. the daughter of a 
brother or sister. 

ni-el-lo (ni-el'o), n. a kind of or¬ 
namental engraving on brass, &c. 
nig-gard (nig'ard), adj. meanly 
covetous; parsimonious; miserly. 
Also niggardly: n. one who is 
meanly covetous; a miser. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pSrch, lot; mo5n, 

cook; mfite, nut; thin, then. 






Dig 


580 


nit 


» 


nig-gard-li-ness (-li-nes), n. the 
state of being niggardly; stingi¬ 
ness. 

nig-gard-ly (-li), adv. like a nig¬ 
gard. 

nigh (ni), adj. near in time or 
place; adjacent; closely allied by 
blood or friendship: adv. near; 
almost: prep, near to. 
nigh-ness ('nes), n. nearness; 
proximity. 

night (nit), n. the time from sun¬ 
set to sunrise; period of dark¬ 
ness ; death; intellectual or moral 
darkness. . 

night-in-gale ('in-gal), n. a 
small bird which sings with a 
sweet note at night; philomel. 
nightmare ('mar), n. a dread¬ 
ful dream accompanied with op¬ 
pression on the chest and a feel¬ 
ing of helplessness; an incubus, 
ni-hil -ism (ni'hil-izm), n. scepti¬ 
cism vrhich denies that anything, 
even existence, can be known ; an 
extreme socialist movement in 
Russia to destroy existing insti¬ 
tutions and found a new order of 
things, with communistic rights 
of land and property, 
ni-hil-ist (-ist), n. a supporter of 
nihilism. 

ni-hil-ist-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining 
to nihilism. 

nil (nil), n. nothing [Latin], 
nim-ble (nim'bl), adj. quick and 
active ; alert; lively ; brisk. 

Syn. active, brisk, lively, alert, 
quick, agile, prompt. 

Ant. (see awkward), 
nim bus (nim'bus), n. in art, the 
halo or cloud of light surround¬ 
ing the heads of divinities, saints, 
and sovereigns; a rain-cloud, 
nine (nin), adj. containing one 
more than eight: n. the sum of 
1 and S. 

nine-fold ('fold), adj. nine times 
repeated. 

nine-pins ('pinz). n.pl. a game in 
which nine pins or pegs of wood 
are set up to be bowled at with 
wooden bowls or balls, 
nine-teen ('ten), adj. consisting 
of 9 and 10: n. the sum of 9 and 
10 . 

nine-teenth ('tenth), adj. being 
one of 19 equal parts: n. a nine¬ 
teenth part. 


nine-ti-eth ('ti-eth), adj. next 
after 89th : n. a ninetieth part, 
nine-ty ('ti), adj. containing 9 
ten times: n. the number contain¬ 
ing 9 times 10; the symbol 
(xc. 90) expressing such a num¬ 
ber. 

nin-ny (nin'i), n. a simpleton, 
ninth (nin'th), adj. the ordinal 
of 9: n. one of 9 equal parts, 
ni-o-bite (nl'o-bit), n. a black 
mineral. 

ni-o-bi-um ('bi-um), n. a metallic 
element present in niobite. 
nip (nip), n. a pinch, as with the 
nails or teeth; a blast as by cold; 
a small drink of spirits : v.t. [ p.t. 
& p.p. nipped, p.pr. nipping], to 
pinch ; cut off the end of; check 
the growth or vigor of, especially 
by frost; blast or destroy, 
nip-per ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, nips; one of the four 
foreteeth of a horse; a small boj 7 : 
pi. small pincers. 

nip-ping-ly ('ing-Ii), adv. keenly, 
nip-pie (nip'l), n. that part of 
the breast of a woman from w T hich 
milk is drawn by a child; a teat. 
Nir-va-na (ner-va'na), n. in Bud¬ 
dhism, the highest religious state, 
when all desire of existence and 
worldly good is extinguished, and 
the soul is absorbed into the 
Deity. 

nit (nit), n. the egg of any small 
insect. 

ni-ter, ni-tre (ni'ter), n. nitrate 

of potash or saltpeter, 
ni-trate (ni'trat), n. a salt of 
nitric acid. 

ni trate of sil ver (sil'ver), n. 

silver dissolved in nitric acid, 
nitrated ('tra-ted), adj. com¬ 
bined with nitric acid, 
ni-tre, see niter. 

ni-tric ('trik), adj. contained in 
nitrogen. 

ni-tric ac-id (as'id), n. a powerful 
acid used in chemistry, the arts, 
and medicine, composed of nitro¬ 
gen and oxygen, obtained by the 
action of sulphuric acid upon ni¬ 
trate of potash ; aquafortis, 
ni-tride ('trld), n. a compound of 
nitrogen with a metal, also with 
phosphorus, silicon, or boron, 
ni-trif-er-ons (-trif'er-us), adj. 
producing niter. 

ni-tri-fi-ca-tion (-tri-fi-ka'shun), 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








mt 


581 


no! 


n. the process of converting into 
niter. 

nitrify ('tri-fi), v.t. to form 
into niter. 

ni trite ('trlt), n. a salt of ni¬ 
trous acid. 

nitro, a prefix meaning containing 
nitrogen , as mtro-hydrochloric 

acid or aqua regia. 

ni-tro-glyc-er-ine (-glis'er-in), 

n. a highly explosive, oily liquid, 
prepared by the action of nitric 
and sulphuric acids upon glycer¬ 
ine. Also nitro-glycerin, nitro- 
leum. 

ni-tro-gen (ni'tro-jen), n. a gas 
which, with argon, constitutes 
4-5ths by volume of the atmos¬ 
phere, and constitutes the basis 
of nitric acid. 

ni-tro-gen-ize (-troj'en-iz), v.t. 
to impregnate with nitrogen. 

mi-trog-en-ons ('en-us), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or containing nitrogen. 

ni-trous ('trus), adj. resembling, 
obtained from, or impregnated 
with, niter. 

ni-trous ac-id (as'id), n. a com¬ 
pound of four volumes of nitrogen 
and one of oxygen. 

ni-trous ox-ide (oks'id), n. a 
compound of one volume of oxy¬ 
gen and two volumes of nitrogen ; 
laughing-gas. 

niv-e-ous (niv'e-us), adj. snow- 
like. 

nix (niks), n. in Teutonic myth¬ 
ology, a water-sprite; a kelnie 
[Scotch]. 

no (no), adv. a word of denial or 
refusal: opposed to yes: adj. 
none. 

nob (nob), n. a knob; the head; 
a fop. 

nob-by ('i), adj. capital; spruce; 
stylish. 

no-bil-i-ty (no-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being noble; 
noble birth ; grandeur; dignity ; 
nobles collectively. 

Syn. aristocracy, greatness, 
grandeur, peerage. 

no-ble (no'bl), adj. high in excel¬ 
lence or worth ; illustrious ; mag¬ 
nanimous ; generous; exalted in 
rank; of ancient lineage: n. peer 
or nobleman. 

Syn. exalted, elevated, illus¬ 
trious, great, grand, lofty. 

Ant. (see low). 


nobleman (-man), n. a peer. 

Fern, noblewoman, 
no-ble-ness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being noble, 
no-bly ('bli), adv. in a noble man¬ 
ner ; of noble rank, 
no-bod-y ('bod-i), n. no one; a 
person of no importance or in¬ 
fluence. 

no-cent ('sent), adj. harmful, 
nocturnal (nok-ter'nal), adj. 
pertaining to, done, or happening 
at, night. 

noc-tur-nal-ly (-li), adv. by or in 
the night. 

nocturne ('tern), n. a picture 
of a night scene; a musical com¬ 
position appropriate to the night; 
a lullaby. 

nod (nod), n. a quick inclination 
of the head; a command: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. nodded, p.pr. nod¬ 
ding], to signify by a nod; in¬ 
cline or bend; v.i. to give a quick 
forward motion of the head ; bend 
the head' in token of assent, or as 
a salute; be drowsy, 
no-dal (no'dal), adj. pertaining to 
nodes. 

no-da-ted ('da-ted), adj. knotted, 
nod-der (nod'er), n. one who 
nods; a drowsy person, 
nod-dle ('1), n. the head, 
nod-dy ('i), n. a simpleton; a 
seafowl. 

node (nod), n. a knot; knob; one 
of the two points at which the 
orbit of a planet intersects the 
ecliptic; the points of the stem 
of a plant from which a leaf 
springs; the plot of a poem or 
play; a tumor of the periosteum, 
the bones, or tendons, 
no-dose (no'dos), adj. having 
knots or nodes. 

nod-u-lar (nod'u-ler>, adj. per¬ 
taining to, or like, a nodule, 
nod-ule ('ul), n. a little knot or 
irregular rounded lump, 
nog-gin (nog'in), n. a small cup 
or mug; a liquid measure = 1 
gill. 

nog-ging ('ing), n. a partition 
formed of timber scantlings filled 
up with bricks. 

noise (noiz), n. sound; clamor; 
outcry; frequent or public con¬ 
versation : v.t. to spread abroad 
by rumor; v.i. to sound loud. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mooQ, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








DOl 


582 


noo 


Syn. cry, outcry, clamor, row, 
din, uproar, tumult. 

Ant. (see silence). 
noise-ful ('fool), adj. clamorous; 
loud. 

nois-i-ly ('i-li), adv. with noise, 
nois-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being noisy. 

noi some (noi'sum), adj. injuri¬ 
ous to health ; noxious ; disgust¬ 
ing. 

nois-y (noiz'i), adj. full of noise; 
turbulent. 

nom-ad (nom'ad), n. one of a 
tribe that wanders about in 
search of game, pasture, &c.: adj. 
nomadic. 

no - mad - ic (no-mad'ik), adj. 

wandering; pastoral, 
no-men-cla-ture (no'men-kla- 
tur), n. the words, terms, or lan¬ 
guage used in any art or science, 
no-mi-al ('mi-al), n. in algebra, 
a single term. 

nom-i-nal (nom'i-nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or containing, names; 
existing only in name. * 
nom-i-nal-ly (-li), adv. in name 
only. 

nom i nate ('i-nat), v.t. to pro¬ 
pose for an office; appoint, 
nom-i-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
act of nominating; the state of 
being nominated. 

nom-i-na-tive ('i-na-tiv), adj. 
noting in grammar the case of the 
subject: n. the case of the sub¬ 
ject. 

nom-i-na-tor ('i-na-ter), n. one 
who nominates. 

nom i nee (-i-ne'), n. one who is 
proposed for an office, 
non, prefix meaning not. 
non-age (non'aj), n. minority, 
non-a-gen-a-ri-an (-a-jen-a'ri- 
an), n. a person 90 years old. 
non-a-ges-i-mal (-jes'i-mal), adj. 
pertaining to 90, or to a nonagesi- 
mal: n. that point of the ecliptic 
which is highest above the hori¬ 
zon. 

non-a-gon ('a-gon), n. a plane 
figure with 9 sides and 9 angles, 
non-cha-lance (nong-sba-langs'), 
n. coolness ; indifference [French], 
non-cha-lant (-lang'), adj. cool; 
indifferent. 

non-de-script (non'de-skript), n. 
a person or thing that cannot be 


easily described or classed: adj. 
abnormal; novel ; odd. 
none (nun), adj. not any; not 
one: n. & pron. no one; nothing, 
non-en-ti-ty (non-en'ti-ti), n. [pi. 
nonentities (-tiz)], a thing not 
existing; a person of no impor¬ 
tance or influence, 
nones (nonz), n.pl. in the ancient 
Roman calendar the ninth day be¬ 
fore the ides, reckoned inclusively ; 
in the Roman Catholic Breviary, 
the devotional office for the ninth 
hour or 3 p. m. 

non-il-lion (non-il'yun), n. in 
the English system of numeration, 
the number denoted by 1 followed 
by 54 ciphers ; in the French sys¬ 
tem, in use in this country, the 
number denoted by 1 followed by 
30 ciphers. 

non-pa-reil (-pa-rel'), adj. with¬ 
out an equal: n. unequaled excel¬ 
lence ; a kind of printing-type 
(see type) ; a variety of apple, 
non-plus ('plus), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
nonplussed, p.pr. nonplussing], to 
throw into complete perplexity; 
puzzle: n. an insuperable diffi¬ 
culty ; puzzle. 

non-sense ('sens), n. language 
without meaning; anything ab¬ 
surd : interj. absurd ! 
non-sens-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. ab¬ 
surd ; unmeaning, 
non-sens-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. ab¬ 
surdly. 

non seq-ui-tur (sek'wi-ter), n. 
in logic, a conclusion or inference 
which does not follow from the 
premises. 

non-suit ('sut), n. the with¬ 
drawal of a suit during trial 
either voluntarily or by judgment 
of the court on the discovery of 
error or defect in the pleadings: 
v.t. to subject to a nonsuit, 
nood-le (ndod'l), n. a simpleton; 
a strip of dried dough, served in 
soup or as a baked dish, 
nook (nook), n. a small recess or 
secluded retreat; a corner, 
noon (noon), n. the middle of the 
day, 12 o’clock; height: adj. per¬ 
taining to noon. 

noon-day ('da), adj. pertaining 
to noon, or midday: n. noon. 
Also noontide. 

noose (nods), n. a running knot 
which binds the closer the more 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, tllen. 







nor 


583 


not 


tightly it is drawn : v.t. to catch 
or tie in a noose; ensnare, 
nor (nCr), conj. a negative parti¬ 
cle correlative to neither or not. 
normal ('mal), adj. according 
to rule; regular; perpendicular. 

Syn. usual, natural, common, 
ordinary. 

normal school (skool), n. a 
school for the training of teachers 
for elementary schools. 

Norman ('man), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Normans, Normandy, 
or to a style of architecture in¬ 
troduced into England by the 
Normans, characterized by the 
rounded arch and massive square 
towers. 

Norse (nors), adj. pertaining to 
ancient Scandinavia, its language, 
and its people. 

north (north), n. one of the four 
cardinal points; the point oppo¬ 
site to the south : adj. pertaining 
to, situated in, or coming from, 
the north : adv. to the north, 
nor-ther (ndr'ther ), n. a strong 
gale which prevails in the Gulf of 
Mexico from September to March, 
nor-thern ('t/iern), adj. in, from, 
or towards, the north. Also 
northerly. 

nor-thern lights (lits), n.pl. the 
Aurora Borealis. 

north-ing (north'ing), n. dis¬ 
tance northward. 

Nor-we-gi-an (nor-we'ji-an), adj. 
pertaining to Norway, its lan¬ 
guage, or inhabitants, 
nose (noz), n. the organ of smell; 
scent; a snout; nozzle ; anything 
resembling a nose: v.t. to smell 
or scent. 

nose-gay ('ga), n. a bouquet, 
no-sol-o-gy (-sol'o-ji), n. the sys¬ 
tematic classification of the dis¬ 
eases of animals and plants, 
nos-tal-gi-a (nos-tal'ji-S.), n. 
homesickness. 

nos-tril ('tril), n. one of the two 
openings in the nose, 
nostrum ('trum), n. a quack 
medicine. 

not (not), adv. a word expressive 
of denial or refusal, 
no-ta-bil-i-a (no-ta-bil'i-a), n.pl. 

things worthy of note, 
no-ta-bil-i-ty (-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [pi. 
notabilities (-tiz)], a person of 
note; the quality of being notable. 


no-ta-ble (no'ta-bl), adj. worthy 
of notice ; memorable ; notorious ; 
remarkable ; industrious ; thrifty : 
n. a person or thing of distinction. 

Syn. plain, evident, remarkable, 
signal, striking, rare. 

Ant. (see obscure), 
no-ta-bly (-bli), adv. in a notable 
manner. 

no-ta-ri-al (no-ta'ri-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or done by, a notary, 
no-ta-ry ('ta-ri), n. [pi. notaries 
(-riz)], an official authorized to 
attest deeds, protest bills of ex¬ 
change, &c. 

no-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the act 
or practice of recording by marks 
or symbols; a system of signs or 
symbols. 

notch (noch), n. a small hollow 
cut; indentation: v.t. to cut into 
small hollows. 

note (not), n. a memorandum; 
reputation; brief explanation; 
short letter; a diplomatic com¬ 
munication ; a mark or sign rep¬ 
resenting a sound; the sound it¬ 
self [Music] ; a paper acknowledg¬ 
ing a debt and promising pay¬ 
ment : pi. a summary of a speech: 
v.t. to make a note of; mark; 
show respect or attention to. 

Syn. token, symbol, mark, sign, 
indication, remark, comment, 
not-ed ('ed), p.adj. well-known; 
celebrated; remarkable. 

Syn. distinguished, remarkable, 
renowned, eminent. 

Ant. (see obscure), 
noth-ing (nuth'ing), n. not any¬ 
thing ; a thing of no value, use, or 
importance; a cipher: adv. in no 
degree. 

noth-ing-ness (-nes), n. non¬ 
existence ; wmrthlessness. 
no-tice (no'tis), n. mental or vis¬ 
ual observation; attention; re¬ 
mark ; advice ; information ; warn¬ 
ing ; public intimation; press crit¬ 
icism : v.t. to see or observe; re¬ 
gard; attend to; make remarks 
upon. 

Syn. advice, notification, intel¬ 
ligence, information, mark, note, 
observe, attend to, regard, heed, 
no-tice-a-ble (-a-bl), adj. worthy 
of observation; remarkable, 
no-ti-fl-ca-tion (-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act of giving notice; notice 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






not 


584 


mad 


given; document by which infor¬ 
mation is communicated, 
no-ti-fy ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
notified, p.pr. notifying], to give 
notice to; make known. 

Syn. publish, acquaint, apprise, 
inform, declare. 

no-tion ('shun), n. an idea or 
conception ; opinion ; belief ; incli¬ 
nation ; a clever contrivance. 

Syn. conception, idea, belief, 
opinion, sentiment, 
no-tion-al (-&1), adj. pertaining 
to, or conveying, a notion ; ideal; 
imaginary. 

no-to-ri-e-ty (-to-rl'i-ti), n. the 
state of being notorious. Also no¬ 
toriousness. 

no-to-ri-ous (-td'ri-us), adj. pub¬ 
licly known; usually in a bad 
sense. 

Syn. conspicuous, open, obvious, 
ill-famed. 

Ant. (see unknown), 
no-tor-nis (-tbr'nis), n. the gi¬ 
gantic short-winged coot of New 
Zealand. 

No-tus (no'tus), n. the south 
wind. 

not - with - stand - ing (-wil/i- 
stand'ing), prep, in spite of: conj. 
although: adv. however; yet. 
nougat (noo-ga'), n. a confec¬ 
tion of almonds, pistachio nuts, 
sugar, and paste, 
nought, same as naught, 
no-u-men-on (n5-oo'me-non), n. 
[pi. noumena (-na)], essence; 
the substance or reality existing 
under the phenomenal, 
noun (noun), n. the name of any¬ 
thing ; a substantive, 
nour-ish (nur'ish), v.t. to feed or 
bring up; support; maintain; 
educate; v.i. to promote growth. 

Syn. nurture, cherish, foster, 
supply. 

Ant. (see starve), 
nourishment (-ment), n. that 
which nourishes. 

Syn. food, diet, sustenance, 
nutrition. 

nous (nous), n. intellect; clever 
common-sense. 

nov-el (nov'el), adj. of recent 
origin or introduction; new; 
strange or unusual: n. a fictitious 
tale or romance. 


Syn. modern, new, fresh, re¬ 
cent, unused, strange, rare. 

Ant. (see old). 

nov-el-ette (-et'), n. a short 
novel. 

nov-el-ist ('el-ist), n. a writer of 
novels. 

nov-el-ty ('el-ti), n. newness; 
something new. 

No-vem-ber (no-vem'ber), n. the 
eleventh month of the year, 
nov-ice ('is), n. a beginner; in 
the Roman Catholic Church, one 
who has entered a religious house 
but has not yet taken the vow. 
no-vi-ti-ate (no-vish'i-at), n. the 
state of a novice; time of proba¬ 
tion as a novice; a house or re¬ 
treat for novices. 

now (nou), adv. at the present 
time; quite recently, 
now-el ('el), n. the inner part of 
a large loam foundry mold, 
no-wise (no'wlz), adv. not in any 
manner or degree, 
nox-ious (nok'shus), adj. harm¬ 
ful ; pernicious; deadly. 

Syn. hurtful, deadly, poisonous, 
deleterious, baneful. 

Ant. (see beneficial), 
noz-zle (noz'l), n. a projecting 
mouthpiece. 

nub-bin (nub'in), n. a small or 
imperfect ear of maize, 
nu-bi-lous (nu'bi-lus), adj. 
cloudy. 

nu-cle-ar ('kle-ar), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or connected with, a nu¬ 
cleus. 

nu-cle-ate ('kle-at), adj. having 
a nucleus. 

nu-cle-o-lus ('6-lus), n. a minute 
body inside a nucleus, 
nu-cle-us ('kle-us), n. the central 
mass around which matter ac¬ 
cretes or grows; the head of a 
comet. 

nude (nud), adj. bare; naked; in 
law, made without consideration; 
void; in art, the undraped body 
(with the). 

nude-ly ('li), adv. nakedly, 
nude-ness ('nes), n. nakedness. 
Also nudity. 

nudge (nuj), v.t. to touch gently, 
as with the elbow; n. a gentle 
touch, as with the elbow, 
nu-di-ty (nu'di-ti), n. nakedness: 
pi. naked parts. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p§rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. * 








nug 


585 


nut 


nu-ga-to-ry ('ga-to-ri), adj. tri¬ 
fling ; useless. 

nug-get (nug'et), n. a lump or 
mass of metal, especially of gold 
in auriferous soil, 
nni-sance (nu'sans), n. anything 
offensive, injurious, vexatious, or 
annoying. 

null (nul), adj. of no legal force; 
void. 

nul-li-fi-ca-tion (-i-fi-ka'shun ), 
n. the act of nullifying, 
nul-li-fi-cr ('i-fi-er), n. one who 
nullifies. 

nul-li-fy ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
nullified, p.pr. nullifying]; to an¬ 
nul or render void. 

Syn. annul, vacate, invalidate, 
repeal, quash, cancel. 

Ant. (see affirm), 
uul-li-ty ('i-ti), n. want of exist¬ 
ence, force, or validity, 
numb (num), adj. deprived of 
sensation or motion; torpid: v.t. 
to benumb. 

num-ber ('ber), n. a unit; one, 
or more than one; multitude; one 
of a series; a collection of things; 
sounds distributed into harmo¬ 
nies ; poetry; meter, or verse 
(usually pi.) : v.t. to count; mark 
with a number. 

nu mer al (nu'mer-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, consisting of, or denot¬ 
ing, number: n. a symbol or word 
expressing a number, 
nu-mer-a-ry ('mer-a-ri), adj. be¬ 
longing to a certain number, 
nu-mer-ate (-at), v.t. to reckon 
or enumerate; point or read, as 
figures. 

nu-mer-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act or art of numbering, or of 
reading and writing numbers, 
nu mer a tor ('mer-a-ter), n. one 
who numbers ; the figure or . fig¬ 
ures above the line in fractions 
which indicate how many parts of 
a unit are taken, 
nu mer ous ('mer-us), adj. con¬ 
sisting of a great number, 
nn-mis-mat-ic (-mis-mat'ik), adj. 
pertaining to coins or medals: 
n.pl. the science and study .of 
coins and medals. Also numis¬ 
matology. 

nu-mis-ma-tist ('ma-tist), n. 
one skilled in numismatics. Also 
numismatologist. 


num skull ('skul), n. a block¬ 
head. 

nun (nun), n. a female devoted to 
a religious life and seclusion 
under a vow of chastity; a vari¬ 
ety of pigeon ; the blue titmouse, 
nun-ci-o ('shi-o), n. a papal 
ambassador. 

nuncupative (nung'ku-pa-tiv), 
adj. verbal; nominal. Also nun- 
cupatory. 

nun-ner-y (nun'er-i), n. [pi. nun¬ 
neries (-iz) ], a religious house 
for nuns. 

nup-tial (nup'shal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or constituting, marriage: 
n.pl. a marriage; marriage cere¬ 
mony. 

nurse (ners), n. a woman who 
has the care of infants, or of the 
child of another person; one who 
tends the sick or infirm; one who, 
or that which, protects or fosters: 
v.t. to tend or suckle, as an in¬ 
fant ; bring up; tend in sick¬ 
ness ; promote; economize, 
nurs-er-y ('er-i), n. [pi. nurseries 
(-iz)], an apartment for young 
children ; a place or garden for 
rearing young plants; a race for 
two-year-old horses, 
uurs-ling ('ling), n. an infant, 
nur ture (ner'tur), n. that which 
nourishes ; diet; food ; education : 
v.t. to bring up; educate; nour¬ 
ish. 

uut (nut), n. the fruit of certain 
trees, containing a kernel inclosed 
in a hard shell; a piece of metal 
grooved for screwing on to the 
end of a bolt f v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
nutted, p.pr. nutting], to gather 
nuts. 

nu-tant (nu't&nt), adj. having 
the top bent downward, 
nu-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the per¬ 
iodical vibratory movement of the 
axis of the earth, 
nut meg (nut'meg), n. the aro¬ 
matic kernel of the fruit of an 
East Indian tree, 
nu-tri-a (nu'tri-a), n. the com¬ 
mercial name for the fur or skin 
of the coypou. 

nu-tri-ent ('tri-ent), adj. promot¬ 
ing growth. 

nu-tri-ment ('tri-ment), n. 
nourishment. 

nu-tri-tion (-trish'un), n. that 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; radon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, t/ien. 










DUt 


586 


nym 


which' nourishes ; food ; the action 
of promoting growth or repairing 
waste in organic bodies. 

gpn. food, diet, nutriment, 
nourishment. 

nu-tri-tious ('us), adj. affording 
nutrition. 

nu-tri-tive ('tri-tiv), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or having the quality 
of, nutrition. 

nu-tri-tive-ly (-li), adv. by nu¬ 
trition. 

nut-ty (nut'i), adj. abounding in, 
or tasting like, nuts. 

nux vom-i-ca (nuks vom'i-ka), n. 
the fruit of an East Indian plant 


(Stryclmos Niix vomica) which 
yields the deadly poison strych¬ 
nine. 

nuz-zle ('1), v.t. to root up with 
the nose, as swine: v.i. to nestle, 
nye (ni), n. a brood of pheasants, 
nyl-ghau (nil'gaw). n. a large 
Indian antelope. Also nylgau. 
nymph (nimf). n. in classic 
mythology, a goddess of nature in¬ 
habiting the mountains, woods, 
streams, &c.; a light, handsome, 
graceful young woman, 
nyin-pha (nim'fa), n. the pupa 
or chrysalis of an insect, 
nym-pho-ma-ni-a (-fo-ma'ni-a), 
n. erotic insanity in females. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pCrch, lot; mooa, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 










o 


587 


obj 



O (o), interj. an exclamation of 
wonder, pain, &c.: p. [pi. o’s 
(oz)], a ring, cipher, or naught, 
o-a-dal (o'a-dal), n. a tree of the 
cola-nut family. 

oaf (of), n. a changeling; dolt, 
oaf-isk ('ish), adj. simple; silly; 
doltish. 

oak (ok), n. a tree of many 
species, especially the common 
oak (Quercus robur), valued for 
its timber. 

oak-ap-ple ('ap-1), n. a spongy 
excrescence growing on the leaves 
or young branches of the oak. 
oak en ('en), adj. made of, or 
consisting of, oak. 
oak-nm ('um), n. old ropes un¬ 
twisted and pulled into loose hemp, 
oar (or), n. a light pole with a 
broad blade, for rowing a boat: 
v.t. & v.i. to row. 

o-a-sis (o-a'sis), n. [pi. oases 
('sez)], a fertile spot in a bar¬ 
ren sandy desert. 

oast (ost), n. a kiln for drying 
hops or barley. 

oat (ot), n. a grassy plant of the 
genus Avena, the grain of which 
is used as food [usually in pi.]. 
oat-en ('en), adj. made of oats, 
oatk (oth), n. a solemn declara¬ 
tion of truth-telling with an ap¬ 
peal to God as witness. 

Syn. vow, blasphemy, cursing, 
swearing. 

ob, a prefix meaning before, 
against, towards, in front of, re¬ 
versed. 

ob-bli-ga-to (ob-li-ga'to), n. an 
indispensable instrumental part 
or accompaniment written espe¬ 
cially for the instrument named 
[Music]. 

ob-du-ra-cy ('du-ra-si), n. ob¬ 
durate conduct or quality, 
ob-du-rate ('du-rat), adj. hard¬ 
ened in heart or feelings, espe¬ 
cially against moral influence. 

Syn. hard, callous, hardened, 
unfeeling, insensible. 

Ant. (see yielding), 
©b-du-rate-ly (-li), adv. stub- 
bornly. 


ob-du-rate-ness (-nee), n. the t 
quality or state of being ob- ’ 
durate. 

o-be-di-ence (o-be'di-ens), n. 
submission to authority; dutiful¬ 
ness. 

o-be-di-ent ('di-ent), adj. sub¬ 
missive to authority; dutiful. 

Syn. compliant, submissive, du¬ 
tiful, respectful. 

Ant. (see obstinate), 
o-bei-sance (-ba'sans), n. a bow 
or curtsey; act of reverence, 
ob-e-lisk (ob'e-lisk), n. a lofty, 
four-sided stone pillar gradually 
tapering as it rises, and terminat¬ 
ing in a pyramidal top; a refer¬ 
ence mark (f). 

ob-e-lus ('e-lus), n. a mark (— 
or -r or f) used in old MSS. to 
indicate a doubtful or spurious 
reading; in modern writing, a 
break (—). 

o-bese (o-bes'), adj. corpulent. 

Syn. corpulent, fat, adipose, 
fleshy. 

Ant. (see attenuated), 
o-bes-i-ty (-bes'i-ti), n. excessive 
corpulence, especially of an un¬ 
healthy kind. Also obeseness, 
o-bey (-ba/), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

obeyed, p.pr. obeying], to submit 
to the rule or authority of; com¬ 
ply with the orders or instruc¬ 
tions of: v.i. to yield; do as bid¬ 
den. 

Syn. conform, comply, submit. 

Ant. (see disobey), 
ob-fus-cate (ob-fus'kat), v.t. to 
bewilder. 

o-bi (S'bi), n. among the West 
Indian natives and negroes of 
Africa a system of secret sorcery 
or magical rites; a charm; a kind 
of sash worn by Japanese women, 
o-bit-u-a-ry (d-bit'u-a-ri), n. [pi. 
obituaries (-riz)], a register of 
deaths; an account of a deceased 
person : adj. pertaining to, or re¬ 
cording, deaths. 

ob-ject (ob-jekt'), v.t. to urge 
against; oppose : v.i. to make ob¬ 
jections: n. (ob'jekt) anything 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; v5te, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









obj 


588 


obs» 


placed before the mind or senses; 
motive ; end ; aim. 

Syn. aim, end, purpose, design, 
mark, butt, oppose, except to, 
contravene, impeach, deprecate. 

Ant. (see assent). 

ob-ject-glass ('ject-glas), n. the 
lens of a microscope or telescope 
nearest to the object to be ob¬ 
served and forming the image. 

ob-jec-tion (-jek'shun), n. the 
act of objecting; adverse reason; 
difficulty raised. 

ob-jec-tion-a-hle (-a-bl), adj. li¬ 
able or open to objection; repre¬ 
hensible. 

ob-jec-tive ('tiv), adj. pertaining 
to an object; external to the 
mind; in grammar, noting the 
case which follows a transitive 
verb or a preposition and is gov¬ 
erned by it: n. the accusative 
case; an objective point. 

ob-jec-tive-ly (-li), adv. in an 
objective manner. 

ob-jec-tiv-ism ('tiv-izm), n. the 
philosophical doctrine that the 
knowledge of the non-ego is an¬ 
terior to that of the ego; in art 
and literature, the representation 
of persons and incidents as they 
really appear. 

ob-jec-tiv-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being objective. 
Also objectiveness. 

ob-jur-gate (-jer'gat), v.t. to 
chide or reprove. 

ob-jur-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. re¬ 
proof. 

ob-jur-ga-to-ry ('ga-to-ri), adj. 
containing reproof or censure. 

ob-late (-lat'), adj. depressed or 
flattened at the poles; orange¬ 
shaped ; in the Roman Catholic 
Church, noting a secular priest 
who has devoted himself and his 
property to the monastery he has 
entered. 

ob-la-tion (-la'shun), n. an offer¬ 
ing or sacrifice; anything pre¬ 
sented in religious worship. 

ob-li-ga-tion (-li-ga'shun), n. the 
binding power of a vow, promise, 
or contract; the state of being 
indebted for a favor; in law, a 
bond to which a penalty is an¬ 
nexed on failure of due perform¬ 
ance. 

ob-li-ga-to-ry (ob'li-ga-to-ri), adj. 
morally or legally binding. 


o-blige (o-blij'), v.t. to constrain 
by force, morally, legally, or 
physically ; bind by some favor or 
kindness rendered; render a favor 
to; gratify. 

ob-li-gee (ob-li-je'), n. one to 
whom a bond is given, 
o-blig-ing (o-blij'ing), p.adj. 

complaisant; civil or courteous, 
o-blig-er ('er), n. one w T ho 
obliges. 

ob-li-gor (ob'li-gor), n. one who 
is bound by a bond, 
oblique ?-lek'), adj. deviating 
from a right line; not parallel; 
not direct or straightforward, 
ob lique an-gle (ang'gl), n. an 
angle greater or less than a right 
angle. 

oblique case (kas), n. in gram¬ 
mar, any case except the nomina¬ 
tive. 

ob-lique-ly ('li), adv. in an ob¬ 
lique manner or direction, 
ob-lique-ness ('nes), n. the state 
or quality of being oblique ; slant¬ 
ing direction; moral error. Also 
obliquity. 

ob-lit-er-ate (-lit'er-at), v.t. to 
efface or wear out; destroy by the 
effects of time or other means, 
ob-lit-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act .of obliterating ; effacement. 
ob-liv-i-on (-liv'i-un), n. the 
state of being blotted out from 
memory ; forgetfulness, 
ob-liv-i-ous ('i-us), adj. forgetful, 
ob-long ('long), adj. longer than 
broad : n. a geometrical figure of 
such shape. 

ob-lo-quy ('lo-kwi), n. reproach¬ 
ful language ; calumny ; slander ; 
reproach. 

ob nox ious (-nok'shus), adj. de¬ 
serving of censure or disapproval; 
hateful; offensive ; unpopular. 

Syn. offensive. 

Ant. (see agreeable), 
o-bo-e (o'bo-e). n. a musical wind 
instrument of the reed class; 
hautboy ; an organ stop, 
ob-o-lus (ob'o-lus), n. an ancient 
Greek coin, value 1^4 farthings; 
an Attic weight = l-6th of a 
drachma. 

ob-o-vate (-o'vat), adj. inversely 
ovate. 

ob scene Gsen'), adj. offensive to 
chastity; impure in language or 
action ; indecent; filthy. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







obs 


589 


oht 


•b-scene-ly ('li), adv. in an ob¬ 
scene manner. 

ob -scene-ness ('nes), n. impurity 
in language or action; indecency. 
Also obscenity. 

ob-scure (-skur'), adj. without 
light or distinctness; dark; not 
easily understood; illegible; se¬ 
cluded ; humble: v.t. to darken or 
dim ; disguise; render less visible 
or intelligible; tarnish; make 
mean. 

Syn. undistinguished, unknown. 

Ant. (see distinguished). 
ob-scure-ly ('li), adv. in an ob¬ 
scure manner. 

ob-scure-ness ('nes), n. the 
state or quality of being obscure. 
Also obscurity. 

ob-se-crate ('se-krat), v.t. to im¬ 
plore. 

ob-se-cra-tion (-kra'shun), n. en¬ 
treaty. 

ob -se-quies ('se-kwiz), n.pl. fu¬ 
neral rites. 

ob-se-qui-ous (-se'kwi-us), adj. 

servile; compliant to excess, 
eb-serv-a-ble (-zerv'a-bl), adj. 
capable of being observed ; worthy 
of observation; remarkable, 
ob-serv-a-bly (-bli), adv. remark¬ 
ably. 

ob-serv-ance ('ans), n. the act 
of observing; performance of 
rites; rule of practice, 
ob-serv-ant ('ant), adj. taking 
notice ; attentive ; mindful, 
ob-ser-va-tion (-va'shun), n. the 
act of observing; attention ; that 
which is observed ; remark; note, 
ob-ser-va-tion-al ('shun-al), adj. 
consisting of, or containing, ob¬ 
servations. 

ob-serv-a-to-ry ('a-to-ri), n. [pi. 
observatories (-riz)], a building 
fitted up for astronomical re¬ 
search. 

ob -serve (-zerv'), v.t. to keep in 
view; take notice of; celebrate ; 
practice ceremonially ; mention : 
v.i. to make observations, 
ob-serv-ing ('ing), p.adj. giving 
particular attention to. Also ob¬ 
servant. 

ob-sid-i-an (-sid'i-ftn), n. volcanic 
lava of a glassy appearance, 
ob-so-les-cence (-so-les'ens), n. 
the state of becoming obsolete. 


ob-so-les-cent ('ent), adj. becom¬ 
ing obsolete. 

ob-so-lete ('so-let), adj. gone out 
of date; disused; imperfectly de¬ 
veloped. 

ob-so-lete-ness (-nes), n. the 
state of being obsolete, 
ob-sta-cie (ob'sta-kl), n. an ob¬ 
struction ; an impediment, 
ob-stet-ric (-stet'rik), adj. per¬ 
taining to midwifery: n.pl. the 
science of midwifery, 
ob-stet-ri-cian (-stet-rish'un), n. 
an accoucheur. 

ob-sti-na-cy ('sti-na-si), n. the 
state or quality of being obsti¬ 
nate ; stubbornness, 
ob-sti-nate ('sti-nat), adj. perti¬ 
naciously adhering to one’s opin¬ 
ion or purpose; stubborn. 

Syn. contumacious, headstrong, 
stubborn, obdurate. 

Ant. (see yielding), 
ob-sti-nate-ly (-li), adv. in an 
obstinate manner, 
ob-strep-er-ous (-strep'er-us), adj. 

clamorously noisy; turbulent, 
ob-stmct (-strukt'). v.t. to block 
up or impede; hinder from pass¬ 
ing ; interrupt. 

ob-strnc-tion (-struk'shun), n. 
an impediment. 

ob-struc-tion-ist (-ist), n. a 
member of a legislative assembly 
who makes use of its rules to de¬ 
liberately hinder the progress of 
public business. 

ob-stroct-ive ('iv), adj. causing 
obstruction. 

ob-tain (-tan'), v.t. to get posses¬ 
sion of ; gain ; acquire ; win ; pro¬ 
cure : v.i. to be established in 
practice or use. 

ob-tain-ment ('ment), n. the act 
of obtaining. 

ob-trude (-trood'), v.t. to thrust 
in or upon; urge or offer with 
unreasonable importunity: v.i. to 
enter uninvited. 

ob-tru-sion (-troo'zhun), n. the 
act of obtruding. 

ob-tru-sive ('siv), adj. inclined 
or apt to intrude, 
ob-tru-sive-ly (-li), adv. by way 
of obtrusion. 

ob-tuse (-tus'), adj. not pointed 
or acute: greater than a right 
angle; dull. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








out 


59# 


oct 


ob-tuse-ly ('li), adv. in an ob¬ 
tuse manner. 

ob-tuse-ness ('nes), n. the state 
or quality of being obtuse; blunt¬ 
ness ; mental dulness. 
ob -verse (-vers'), adj. bearing the 
head: said of a coin or medal; 
narrower at the base than the 
top: said of a leaf or radicle: n. 
('vers) the side of a coin or 
medal having the face or head 
upon it: opposed to reverse, 
ob -verse-ly ('li), adv. in an ob¬ 
verse form. 

ob-vert (-vert'), v.t. to turn to¬ 
wards ; face. 

ob-vi-ate ('vi-at), v.t. to remove, 
as difficulties or objections, 
ob-vi-ous ('vi-us), adj. evident, 
ob-vo-lute ('vo-lut), adj. ar¬ 
ranged so as to overlap, as the 
margins of an organ or part of 
a plant. 

o-ca (o'ka), n. a South American 
plant with a tuberous root resem¬ 
bling the potato. 

oc-ca-sion (ok-ka'zhun), n. oc¬ 
currence ; state or position of af¬ 
fairs ; opportunity; incidental 
cause or need; exigence: v.t. to 
cause or influence directly or in¬ 
directly ; give rise to. 

Syn. opportunity. 

oc-ca-sion-al (-al), adj. inci¬ 
dental or casual. 

oc-ca-sion-al-ly (-li), adv. inci¬ 
dentally or casually. 

Oc -ci-dent (ok'si-dent), n. the 
West; the countries west of 
Asia and the Turkish dominions. 
Oc-ci-den-tal (-si-den'tal), adj. 
of or belonging to the Occident: 
n. a native of the Occident, 
oc-cip-i-tal (-sip'i-tal), adj. per¬ 
taining to the occiput, 
oc-ci-put ('si-put), n. the hinder 
part of the skull or head, 
oc-cult (-kult'), adj. hidden; se¬ 
cret ; invisible. 

oc-cul-ta-tion (-kul-ta'shun), n. 
temporary disappearance or ob¬ 
scuration : said of one heavenly 
body when another conceals it 
from sight. 

oc-cult-ed (-kult'ed). adj. hidden 
from the vision, as a star, &c. 
oc-cult-ism ('izm), n. Eastern 
theosophy. 


oc-cult-ly ('li), adv. in an occult 
manner. 

oc-cult sci-en-ces (si'en-sez), n. 
pi. magic, alchemy, and astrology, 
oc-cu-pan-cy ('u-pan-si), n. the 
act of taking and holding in pos¬ 
session. 

oc-cu-pant ('u-pant), n. one who 

has possession. 

oc-cu-pa-tion (-pa'shun), n. the 
act or state of occupying; busi¬ 
ness, employment, or calling, 
oc-cu-pi-er ('u-pi-er), n. one who 
occupies. 

oc cu py ('u-pl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
occupied, p.pr. occupying], to 
take possession of; hold or keep 
in possession, as for use; fill or 
cover; employ: v.i. to traffic, 
oc-cur (-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. oc¬ 
curred, p.pr. occurring], to hap¬ 
pen or take place; come to the 
mind; be found or met with, 
occurrence (-kur'ens), n. an 
accident, event, or incident, 
o cean (o'shun), n. the vast ex¬ 
panse of salt water covering more 
than 3-5ths of the globe; any one 
of its chief divisions; an immense 
expanse: adj. pertaining to the 
great expanse of salt water, 
o-ce-an-ic (-she-an'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, occurring in, or pro¬ 
duced by, the ocean, 
o-ce-lot ('se-lot), n. the Mexican 
cat. 

ochre ('ker), n. a fine yellow- or 
brown-colored clay: used as a pig¬ 
ment. 

octa, a prefix meaning eight. Also 
octo, as octachord, an instrument 
of 8 strings; a system of 8 
sounds; octodecimo, a book with 
18 leaves to the sheet (18mo.). 
oc ta gon (ok'ta-gon), n. a plane 
figure of 8 sides and 8 angles, 
oc-tag-o-nal (-tag'o-nal), adj. 

having 8 sides and 8 angles, 
oc-ta-he-dral (-tfi-he'dral), adj. 

having 8 equal sides, 
oe-ta-he-dron ('drun), n. a solid 
figure contained by 8 equal equi¬ 
lateral triangles. 

oc tan gu lar (-tang'gu-l&r), adj. 

having 8 angles. 

octant ('tant), n. the 8th part 
of a circle. 

oc tave ('tav), n. an eighth or an 
interval of 12 semitones; the 8th 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he..her. let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






oct 


591 


off 


day after a church festival, the 
festival itself being included; a 
small cask of wine == l-8th of a 
pipe: adj. consisting of 8. 
oc-ta-vo (-ta'vo), n. a sheet of 
printing paper folded in 8 leaves 
or 16 pages (8vo.) : adj. having 8 
leaves or 16 pages to the sheet, 
oc-ten-ni-al (-ten'i-al), adj. re¬ 
curring every 8th year; continu¬ 
ing 8 years. 

oc-til-lion (ok-til'yun), n. in 
French and American numeration 
the number represented by 1 fol¬ 
lowed by 27 ciphers; in English 
numeration 1 followed by 48 
ciphers. 

Oc-to-ber (oc'to-ber), n. the tenth 
month of the year, 
oc-to-dec-i-mo (-to-des'i-mo), adj. 
consisting of 18 leaves or 36 
pages to a sheet: n. a book of 
such size (18mo.). 
oc-to-ge-na-ri-an (-to-je-na'ri- 
an), n. one who is SO years old: 
adj. 80 years old. 

oc-to-pod ('to-pod), n. an animal 
with 8 feet. 

oc-to-pus ('to-pus), n. [pi. octo¬ 
puses (-ez)], a genus of Ceph- 
alopods having 8 arms, containing 
the cuttlefish. 

oc-to-roon (-to-roon'), n. the off¬ 
spring of a white person and a 
quadroon. 

oc-tu-ple ('tu-pl), adj. eight-fold, 
oc-u-lar ('u-lar), adj. pertaining 
to, depending on, or formed by, 
the eye; known from actual sight, 
oc-u-li-form ('u-li-form), adj. 
eye-shaped. 

oc-u-list ('u-list), n. one who is 
skilled in the treatment of eye 
diseases. 

odd (od), adj. not paired or 
matched with another; not even ; 
not exactly divisible by 2; un¬ 
usual ; peculiar; eccentric. 

Odd Fel-low ('fel -o), n. a mem¬ 
ber of the order of the benevolent 
society of Odd Fellows, 
od-di-ty ('i-ti), n. a person or 
thing that is peculiar; eccentric¬ 
ity ; strangeness. 

odds (odz), n.pl. inequality; ad¬ 
vantage ; superiority; excess of 
either compared with the other; 
probability; more than an even 
wager. 


ode (od), n. a short song; lyric 
poem. 

o-di-ous (o'di-us), adj. offensive; 
unpopular. 

o-di-um ('di-um), n. hatred; dis¬ 
like. 

o-dom-e-ter (o-dom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for registering the 
number of revolutions of a car¬ 
riage-wheel, to which it is at¬ 
tached. 

o-dcm-toid (-don'toid), adj. tooth¬ 
like. 

o-don-tol-o-gy (-tol'o-ji), n. den¬ 
tal science; a treatise on the 
teeth. 

o-dor-if-er-ous (-der-if'er-us), 
adj. diffusing fragrance, 
o dor ous ('der-us), adj. emitting 
an odor or scent; fragrant, 
o-dor ('der), n. a scent; estima¬ 
tion. 

o-’er, same as over, 
oe-soph-a-gus. See esophagus, 
of (ov), prep, from; out of; be¬ 
longing to ; according to; proceed¬ 
ing from. 

off (of), adj. most distant; noting 
the right-hand side in driving, or 
the left-hand side of the bowler 
at cricket: adv. away from: prep. 
not on; distant from: interj. be¬ 
gone ! 

of-fal (of'al), n. refuse; waste 
meat. 

of-fend (-fend'), v.t. to displease 
or make angry ; molest or annoy ; 
pain or shock : v.i. to transgress; 
do anything displeasing, 
of-fense (-fens'), n. any cause of 
anger or displeasure; insult; in¬ 
jury ; assault. 

Syn. affront, misdeed, misde¬ 
meanor, transgression, trespass, 
of-fen-sive (-fen'siv), adj. caus¬ 
ing displeasure; annoying; dis¬ 
agreeable ; disgusting; used in at¬ 
tack : n. the act of attacking 
(with the). 

Syn. insolent, abusive, obnox¬ 
ious. 

Ant. (see inoffensive), 
of-fen-sive-ly (-li), adv. in an 
offensive manner. 

of-fen-sive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being offensive, 
of-fer ('er), v.t. to present for 
acceptance or refusal; proffer; 
present in worship or sacrifice; 
bid as a price or reward: v.i. to 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moOn, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









off 


592 


ole 


be ready; express a willingness; 
attempt or make an attempt: n. 
a proposal made; price offered; 
first advance. 

of-fer-ing (-ing), n. that which 
is offered ; a sacrifice ; oblation, 
of-fice (of'is), n. public or pri¬ 
vate business ; employment; func¬ 
tion ; act of worship; formulary 
of devotion ; act of kindness ; serv¬ 
ice ; apartment for the trans¬ 
action of business: pi, the outly¬ 
ing buildings of a mansion; 
apartments of a house in which 
domestics discharge their duties. 

Syn, charge, function, place, 
of-fi-cer ('i-ser), n. a person com¬ 
missioned to perform a certain 
public duty: v.t. to furnish with 
♦ officers. 

of-fi-cial (-fish'ffl), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to an office or public duty; 
from the proper authority: n. one 
who holds a civil office, 
of-fi-cial-ism (-izm), n. govern¬ 
ment by officials; official routine, 
of-fi-cial-ly (-li), adv. by the 
proper officer; in an official man¬ 
ner. 

of-fi-ci-ate ('i-at), v.i. to perform 
the duties of an office. 

©f-fic-i-nal (-fis'i-n&l), adj. noting 
drugs officially recognized by the 
pharmacopoeia. 

of-fi-cions (fish'us), adj. too for¬ 
ward in offering services; med¬ 
dling. 

off-ing (of'ing), n. that part of 
the sea with deep water off the 
shore. 

off -sconr-ing ('skour-ing), n. 
refuse. 

off-scam ('skum), n. dregs; filth, 
off-set ('set), n. a young shoot or 
bud ; a sum or account placed as 
an equivalent for another; in 
surveying, a perpendicular let 
fall from the main line to an out¬ 
lying point. 

off-side ('sid), n. the side to the 
right hand of the driver, 
off-spring ('spring), n. children; 
descendants. 

Syn. issue, progeny, 
oft-en ('en), adv. many times; 
frequently. 

o-gee (o-je'), n. a wave-like mold¬ 
ing, one side convex the other 
concave; a cyma. 


ogle ('gl), v.t. to look fondly at 
with a side glance: n. a side 
glance. 

o-gre (o'ger), n. an imaginary 
man-eating monster or giant, 
o-gre-ish (-ish), adj. like an ogre, 
oh (6), interj. an exclamation of 
wonder, pain, or anxiety, 
ohm (om), n. the unit of electri¬ 
cal resistance. 

oil (oil), n. a highly inflammable 
fatty liquid obtained from various 
animal and vegetable substances: 
v.t. to lubricate with oil. 
oil-cake ('kak), n. the substance 
that remains after the oil has 
been expressed, as from flaxseed, 
oil-cloth "kloth), n. painted can¬ 
vas for floor covering, 
oil-col-or ('kul-er), n. a pigment 
made by grinding a coloring sub¬ 
stance in oil; a painting executed 
in oil-colors. 

oil- i-ness ('i-nes), n. oily quality; 
greasiness. 

oil-y ( r i), adj. containing, or like, 
oil; greasj T ; unctuous ; flattering, 
ointment (oint'ment), n. an 
unctuous substance applied to a 
wound or injured part, 
okapi (o-ka'pi), n. a recently 
discovered animal of western 
Africa. It is allied to the giraffe, 
ok-ra (ok'ra), n. a West Indian 
plant, the pods of which are used 
in soups, &c. Okro, ochra. 
old (old), adj. [comp, older, su- 
perl. oldest], aged; decayed by 
time ; ancient; out of date ; long 
practiced. 

Syn. aged, superannuated, 
ancient, antique, antiquated, ob¬ 
solete, old-fashioned. 

Ant. (see young), 
old -en (Sld'en), adj. ancient; by¬ 
gone. 

old-ish (old'ish), adj. somewhat 
old. 

old style (stil), n. the old mode 
of reckoning time according to 
the Julian year of 365*4 days, 
o-le-ag-i-nous (o-le-aj'i-nus), adj. 
oily ; unctuous. 

o-le-an-der (-an'der), n. an ever¬ 
green shrub with handsome fra¬ 
grant flowers. 

o-le-as-ter (-as'ter), n. the wild 
olive. 

o-le-fi-ant ('e-fl'ant), adj. noting 
a gas formed by heating 2 vol- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut, thin, then. 







Old 


593 


or 


umes of sulphuric acid with 1 
volume of alcohol, 
o-le-fi-ant gas (gas), n. heavy 
carburetted hydrogen, 
o-le-fine (o'le-fin), n. a hydro¬ 
carbon containing 2 atoms of hy¬ 
drogen and 1 atom of carbon, 
o-le-ic ('le-ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or obtained from, oM. 
o-le-ic ac-id (as'id), n. an oily 
acid obtained from the saponifi¬ 
cation of linseed and other oils, 
or in the making of soap, 
o-le-if-er-ous (-le-if'Gr-us), adj 
producing oil. 

o-le-ine ('le-in), n. the pure liquid 
part of oil or fat. Also olein, 
oleo, a prefix meaning oily, per¬ 
taining to oil, or oily. 
o-le-o-graph ('le-o-graf )* n. a 
lithograph in oil-colors, 
o-le-o-mar-gar-ine (-d-miir'gar- 
in), n. imitation butter made 
from milk and animal fat, &c. 
o-le-om-e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for testing and de¬ 
termining the relative density of 
oils. 

o-le-o-oil (-oil), n. oil obtained 
from animal fat. 

ol-fac-to-ry (ol-fak'to-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, or used in, smell¬ 
ing: «. organ of smell (usually 
pi.). 

o-lib-a-num (o-lib'a-num), n. a 
gum resin; the frankincense of 
the ancients. Also oliban. 
ol-i-garch (ol'i-gark), «. one of 
an oligarchy. 

ol-i-gar-chal (-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to an oligarchy, 
ol-i-gar-chy f'i-gar-ki), n. [pi. 
oligarchies (-kiz)], government in 
which the supreme power is in 
the hands of a few; a state so 
governed. 

ol-ive ('iv), n. a plant of the 
genus Olea, or its oily fruit; a 
tawny yellow color: adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or resembling, the olive, 
ol-ive-branch (-branch), n. the 
branch of the olive: the emblem 
of peace. 

ol-i-vet ('i-vet), n. an imitation 
pearl made for traffic with savage 
races. 

ol-iv-il ('iv-il), n. a crystalline 
substance obtained from the gum 
of the olive tree. 


ol-iv-ine (fiv-in), n. a variety of 
chrysolite. 

O-lym-pi-ad (o-lim'pi-ad), n. in 
ancient Greece, the interval (4 
years) between the celebration of 
the Olympic games : a system of 
chronology reckoning from the 
first Olympiad, 776 B. C. 
O-lym-pic ('pik), adj. pertaining 
to Olympia in Elis, where the 
Olympic games were celebrated. 
Also Olympian: n.pl. the Olympic 
games of ancient Greece, cele¬ 
brated every four years in honor 
of Zeus of Mt. Olympus, 
om-ber, om-bre (om'ber), n. a 
card game. 

om-brom-e-ter (-brom'e-ter), n. 
a rain-gage. 

o-me-ga (o-me'ga), n. the last let¬ 
ter of the Greek alphabet: hence 
the last; end. 

om-e-let (om'e-let), n. a kind of 
pancake of eggs, &c. 
o-men (o'men), n. a sign of some 
future event: v.t. to portend or 
prognosticate. 

Syn. presage, prognostic, 
ominous (om'i-nus,), adj. fore¬ 
boding evil; inauspicious, 
o-mis-sion (o-mish'un), n. neg¬ 
lect or failure to do something 
required ; something omitted, 
o-mit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
omitted, p.pr. omitting], to leave 
out; neglect; fail to mention, 
omni, a prefix meaning all, en¬ 
tirely, as omnipresent, 
om ni bus (om'ni-bus), n. a pub¬ 
lic four-wheeled carriage for pas¬ 
senger traffic. 

om nip o tence (-nip'o-tens), n. 
unlimited power. 

om-nip-o-tent ('o-tent), adj. hav¬ 
ing unlimited power. 
Om-nip-o-tent, n. God (with 
the ). 

om-ni-pres-ence (-ni-prez'ens), 
n. Universal presence, 
om-nis-cient (-nish'ent), adj. 
knowing all things; infinitely 
wise. 

omnivorous (-niv'er-us), adj. 
feeding upon animal and vege¬ 
table food; all-devouring, 
on (on), prep, upon: in contact 
with the upper part; at; near: 
adv. forward : onward: adj. noting 
the side to the right of the bats¬ 
man in cricket: interj. go on ! 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the. n. 







ona 


594 


ope 


on-a-ger (on'il-jer), n. the wild 
ass. 

o-nan-ism (o'nan-izm), n. mas¬ 
turbation. 

once (wuns), adv. at one time; 

formerly; one time, 
one (wun), adj. single in. num¬ 
ber; some way; individual: n. 
[pi. ones (wunz)], the number 
one or its symbol; an individual, 
on-er-ons (on'er-us), adj. burden¬ 
some ; weighty; oppressive, 
on-ion (un'yun), n. a bulbous- 
rooted plant of the genus Allium : 
used in cookery. 

only (on'li), adj. single; one and 
no more : adv. singly ; merely, 
on-o-mat-o-pce-ia (on-6-mat-o- 
pe'ya), n. the formation of words 
to resemble the sounds made by 
the thing signified, as whiz; the 
use of words so formed, or the 
word itself. 

on-o-mat-o-po-et-ic (-po-et'ik), 
adj. formed by onomatopoeia. 
Also onomatopoeic, 
on-set ('set), n. an assault; at¬ 
tack. 

on-slaught, ('slawt), n. a furious 
attack. 

on-to-gen-e-sis (-to-jen'e-sis), n. 
the history of the evolution of in¬ 
dividual organisms. Also ontog¬ 
eny. 

o n-t o-l o g-i c-a 1 (-to-loj'ik-al), 
adj. pertaining to ontology; meta¬ 
physical. 

©n-tol-o-gist (-tol'o-jist), n. a 
metaphysician. 

on-tol-o-gy ('o-ji). n. the logic of 
pure being; metaphysics, 
onus (o-nus), n. a burden; duty; 
obligation. 

on ward (on'werd), adj. advanc¬ 
ing ; progressing; adv. in advance. 
Also onwards : interj. forward ! 
on-yx (on'iks), n. a variety of 
agate. 

o-o-lite (o'o-lit), n. a limestone 
composed of grains like the roe 
of a fish. 

o-o-lit -ic (-lit'ik), adj, pertaining 
to, composed of, or like, oolite. 
o-61-o-gy (-ol'o-ji). n. a treatise 
on birds’ eggs; the scientific 
study of birds’ eggs, 
oo-long (5o'long), n. a Chinese 
black tea, the flavor of which re¬ 
sembles green tea. Also oulong. 


oo-mi-ak ('rni-ak), n. an Eskimo 
fishing and transport boat. Also 
oomiac, umiak. 

o-6-sperm (o'o-sperm), n. a fer¬ 
tilized ovum. 

o-6-the-ea (-the'ka), n. the egg- 
case of certain mollusks and in¬ 
sects containing the eggs, 
ooze (ooz), n. soft mud or slime; 
gentle flow ; liquor of a tan vat: 
v.i. to flow gently ; percolate, 
o-pac-i-ty (o-pas'i-ti), n. opaque¬ 
ness. 

o-pah ('pa), n. the king-fish, 
©-pal ('pal), n. a precious stone 
of milky hue. exhibiting a play 
of various colors, 
o-pal-esce (-es'), v.i. to exhibit 
a play of various colors like the 
opal. 

o-pal-es-eence ('ens), n. the 
quality of being opalescent, 
o-pal-es-cent ,('ent), adj. re¬ 
sembling opal in its reflection of 
light. ^ 

o-pa-line ('pa-lin), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or resembling, the opal, 
o paque (-pak'), adj. not trans¬ 
parent. 

Syn. dark. 

Ant. (see transparent), 
o paque ness (-nes), n. the qual¬ 
ity or state of being opaque, 
ope (op), v. & adj. same as open 
[Poet.]. 

open ('n), adj. not shut; unfast¬ 
ened ; clear of trees; expanded; 
uncovered; unsealed ; not frozen 
nor frosty; clear; unreserved; 
public ; generous ; frank ; sincere ; 
enunciated without closing the 
mouth: v.t. to make open; ex¬ 
plain ; begin; expand; break the 
seal of: v.i. to unclose itself; 
commence; begin to appear; bark 
in view or the scent of game: 
said of a dog. 

Syn. candid, unreserved, clear, 
fair. 

Ant. (see hidden), 
opening (-ing), n. an aperture; 
beginning; opportunity: adj. first 
in order. 

op er a (op'er-a), n. a musical 
drama. 

op-er-a-bouffe (-boof), n. a 
comic opera. 

op-er-a-cloak (-klok), n. a 
lady’s evening dress cloak worn 
at an opera, theater, &c. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vdte, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





ope 


595 


opp 


op-er-a-glass (-gl'as), n. a small 
binocular glass used iu operas, 
theaters, &c. 

op-er-ain-e-ter (-er-am'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for recording the 
number of revolutions made by 
the shaft or wheel of a machine, 
op-er-ate ('er-at), v.i, to work; 
produce a certain effect; perform 
a surgical operation : v.t. to cause 
to perform certain work: as, to 
operate a machine, 
op-er-at-ic (-at'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the opera. 

operation (-a'shun), n. the 
act of operating ; agency ; effect; 
manipulation; surgical perform¬ 
ance with instruments; a series 
of movements of an army or 
fleet. 

Syn. action, force, execution, 
effect. 

Ant. (see inaction), 
operative ('er-a-tiv), adj. hav¬ 
ing the power of acting; effica¬ 
cious ; vigorous: n. an artisan or 
skilled workman. 

op-er-a-tor ('er-a-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, operates, 
op-er-et-ta (o]*er-et'a), n. a light 
musical drama. 

o p h-i-c 1 e i d e (of'i-klld), n. a 
large brass keyed musical instru¬ 
ment of the horn class. 
O-phid-i-a (o-fid'i-a), n.pl. an 
order of reptiles, including the 
serpents. 

o-phid-i-an ('i-an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Ophidia; snake-like; 
n. one of the Ophidia. 
oph-i-o-log-ic-al (of-i-o-loj'ik-i\l), 
adj. pertaining to ophiology. 
oph-i-ol-o-gy (-oro-ji), n. that 
branch of natural history which 
treats of serpents, 
oph-thal-mi-a (of-thal'mi-a), n. 
inflammation of the eye or eye¬ 
ball. Also ophthalmitis, 
ophthalmic ('mik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the eye. 
oph-thal-mol-o-gist (-mol'o- 
jist), n. one who is skilled in dis¬ 
eases of the eye. 

oph-thal-mol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. the 
science that treats of the eye and 
its diseases. 

oph-thal-mo-scope ('mo-skop), 
n. an instrument for examining 
the interior of the eye. 


opli-thal mos-cp-py (-mos'ko-pi), 
n. examination of the eye. 
o-pi-ate (o'pi-at), n. a medicine 
compounded with opium to induce 
sleep or rest; narcotic; anything 
that soothes: adj. narcotic; sooth¬ 
ing ; inducing sleep or quiet, 
o-pine (6-pin'), v.i. to think; be 
of opinion. 

o-pin-ion (-pin'yun), n. belief or 
judgment; estimation ; persuasion. 

ISyn. notion, view, judgment, be¬ 
lief, sentiment. 

o-pin-ion-a-ted (-a-ted), adj. 
firm or obstinate in one’s opin¬ 
ions. 

Syn. conceited, egotistical. 

Ant. (see modest)._ 
o-pin-ion.-a-tive (-a-tiv), adj. 
fond of preconceived ideas; self- 
conceited. 

o-pin-ion-a-tive-ly (-li), adv. ob- 
stinateJy. 

o-pi-um (o'pi-um), n. the dried 
juice of the capsules of the white 
poppy. 

op-o-bal-sam (op-o-bawi'sam), n. 
balm of Gilead. 

op-o-del-doc (-del'dok), n. a soap 
liniment: used for sprains, &c. 
o-pos-suin (o-pos'um), n. an 
American and Australian mar¬ 
supial carnivorous mammal, 
op-po-nent (op-po'nent), adj. op¬ 
posite ; adverse ; antagonistic : n. 
one who opposes, especially in 
argument or debate; adversary, 
opportune (-per-tun'), adj. 

well-timed ; seasonable, 
op-por-tune-ly ('li), adv. season¬ 
ably. 

op por tune ness ('nes), n. sea¬ 
sonableness. 

op por tun ism ('izm), n. sacri¬ 
fice of principle to circumstances, 
especially in politics, 
op-ijor-tun-ist ('ist), n. one who 
takes advantage of circumstances 
to promote the political interests 
of his party. 

op-por-tu-ni-ty (-tu'ni-ti), n. con¬ 
venient time or occasion, 
op-po-sa-ble (-poz'a-bl), adj. 

that may be opposed, 
op-pose (-poz'), v.t. to act 
against; contend with; resist; 
place as an obstacle ; check. 

Syn. resist, withstand, thwart. 

Ant. (see give way), 
op-po-site ('po-zit), adj. placed or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; v5te, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







opp 


596 


ora 


standing in front; contrary; ad¬ 
verse ; antagonistic, 
op-po-site-ly (-li), adv. in front; 
adversely. 

op-po-site-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being opposite, 
op-po-si-tion (-zish'un), n. the 
act or state of opposing; hostile 
resistance ; contrariety ; obstacle ; 
the situation of two heavenly 
bodies when their longitudes differ 
by 180° ; the collective body of 
opponents to the existing adminis¬ 
tration or government, 
op-po-si-tion-ist (-ist), n. one of 
the party that opposes an admin¬ 
istration or government, 
op-press (-pres'), v.t. to burden; 
crush by Lardship or severity; lie 
heavily upon. 

op-pres-sion (-presh'un), n. the 
act of oppressing ; state of being 
oppressed ; hardship ; calamity ; 
injustice ; lassitude ; dulness. 
op-press-ive (-pres'iv), adj. un¬ 
reasonably burdensome ; unjustly 
severe ; tyrannical; overpowering ; 
heavy. 

op-press-ive-ly (-li), adv. in an 
oppressive manner, 
op-press-ive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being op¬ 
pressive. 

op-press-or ('er), n. one who op¬ 
presses. 

op-pro-bri-ous (-pro'bri-us), adj. 
expressive of opprobrium; re¬ 
proachful and contemptuous; dis¬ 
graceful. 

op-pro-bri-um ('bri-um), n. re¬ 
proach with disdain or contempt; 
ignominy. 

op-si-om-e-ter (-si-om'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
limits of distinct vision, 
op-ta-tive ('ta-ti v), adj. express¬ 
ing desire or wish, 
op-tic ('tik), adj. pertaining to 
vision. Also optical: n.pl. the 
science of the properties of light 
and vision. 

op-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. by op¬ 
tics or vision. 

op-ti-cian (-tish'un), n. one 
skilled in optics; one who makes 
or sells optical instruments, 
op-ti-graph ('ti-graf), n. a kind 
of camera for copying landscapes, 
op-ti-mism ('ti-mizm), n. the 


doctrine that everything in the 
present state of existence is for 
the best. 

op-ti-mist ('ti-mist), n. one who 
holds the doctrine of optimism, 
op-ti-mis-tic (-mis'tik), adj. 
characterized by optimism; san¬ 
guine. 

op-ti-mis-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
hopefully. 

option ('shun), n. power or 
right of choice ; wish ; selection ; 
on the Stock Exchange, the 
liberty to sell or buy stock in a 
time bargain at a stated price. 

Syn. choice. 

op-tion-al (-al), adj. left to one’s 
wish or choice. 

op-tion-al-ly (-li), adv. at one’s 
own option. 

op-tom-e-ter, same as opsiometer. 
op-u-lence ('u-lens), n. wealth. 
Also opulency. 

op-u-lent ('u-lent), adj. wealthy; 
rich. 

o-pus (o'pus), n. [pi. opera 
(-op'er-a)], a work; musical 
composition. 

op-us-cule ('kul), n. a little 
work ; brochure. • 
or (or), conj. the correlative of 
either. 

or-a-cle (or'a-kl), n. among the 
ancients, the response of a deity 
or inspired priest to some in¬ 
quiry ; the deity who gave the 
answer; the place where a deity 
might be consulted; the Jewish 
temple; a prophetic declaration ; 
a prophet or person of reputed 
wisdom. 

o-rac-u-lar (5-rak'u-lar), adj. of 
the nature of an oracle; uttering 
oracles ; dogmatically magisterial; 
ambiguous; venerable, 
o-ral ('ral), adj. verbal, 
o-ral-ly (-li), adv. verbally, 
or ange (or'enj), n. a tree ( Citrus 
Aurantium) with a deep golden- 
colored and juicy fruit; the color 
of such fruit: adj. pertaining to 
an orange; orange-colored, 
or ange ade t-ad'), n. a beverage 
made from orange-juice, 
or-ange-man (-man), n. [pi. 
orangemen (-men)J, a member of 
a political society of Irish Protest¬ 
ants : named from William III., 
Prince of Orange. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






ora 


597 


ord 


or ange ry (-ri), n. a place for 
the cultivation of oranges, 
o-rang-ou-tang (o-rang'oo-tang), 
n. the great anthropoid ape of 
the Eastern Archipelago, 
oration (-ra'shun), n. a formal 
public speech delivered on an oc¬ 
casion of special importance; 
harangue. 

or-a-tor (or'a-ter), n. one who 
makes an oration; an eloquent 
speaker. 

oratorical (-tor'ik-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to an orator or to ora¬ 
tory ; rhetorical. 

or-a-tor-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
rhetorical manner, 
or-a-to-ri-o (-to'ri-d), n. a musical 
composition having a sacred theme 
as its subject. 

or-a-to-ry ('a-to-ri), n. the art 
of an orator; eloquence: n.pl. 
oratories, a small chapel, espe¬ 
cially one for private devotion, 
orb (Orb), n. a circular body; 

sphere ; the eye ; circuit, 
orbed (orbd), adj. spherical. Or- 
biculate. 

or-bic-u-lar (-bik'u-lar), adj. 
orb-shaped. 

or-bit ('bit), n. the bony cavity of 
the eye; the path described by a 
heavenly body during its periodical 
revolution. 

or-bit-al (-al), adj. pertaining to 
an orbit. 

or chard ('cherd), n. an inclosure 
of fruit trees. 

or-ches-tra ('kes-tra), n. in the 
ancient Greek theater the place 
where the chorus danced; in a 
modern theater, &c., the place oc¬ 
cupied by the musicians; the par¬ 
quet ; the body of musicians, 
or-ches-tral (-tral), adj. per¬ 
taining to, suited to, or performed 
by, an orchestra. 

or-ches-tra-tion (-tra'shun), n. 
musical arrangement or instru¬ 
mentation for an orchestra, 
or-chid ('kid), n. a handsome 
flower, often of fantastic shape, 
of the genus Orchis. 

Or-cbis ('kis), n. a genus of 
plants with curiously-shaped roots 
and flowers. 

or-cin ('sin), n. a coloring sub¬ 
stance obtained from lichens, 
or-dain (-dan'), v.t. to appoint; 


institute; invest with ministerial 
or priestly functions, 
or-deal ('de-al), n. an ancient 
method of trial by fire, water, 
combat, &c., to determine the 
guilt or innocence of an accused 
person: hence a severe trial or 
test. 

or-der ('der), n. method or regu- 
lay arrangement; settled mod^ ">f 
procedure ; rule ; regulation ; 
command ; class ; rank ; degree ; a 
religious fraternity; an asso¬ 
ciation of persons possessing a 
common honorary distinction; a 
division intermediate between a 
class or sub-class and a family; 
in architecture, a system of con¬ 
structing and ornamenting col¬ 
umns, comprising the Tuscan, 
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and 
Composite: pi. the three orders 
(bishop, priest, deacon) of the 
Christian ministry in an Episco¬ 
pal Church (Holy Orders) : v.t. 
to regulate or manage ; command ; 
conduct; direct: v.i. to give a 
command or order. 

Syn. method, rule, system, 
regularity. 

Ant. (see disorder), 
or-der-ing ('der-ing), n. arrange¬ 
ment. distribution, 
or-der-ly ('der-li), adj. well regu¬ 
lated ; methodical; performed in 
good order; peaceable; on mili¬ 
tary duty: n. a soldier who at¬ 
tends upon an officer to carry his 
orders: adv. methodically, 
or-din-al ('din-al), adj. noting 
order: n. a number noting order; 
a book containing the form of 
service for ordination, 
or-di-nance ('di-nans), n. an es¬ 
tablished rule, rite, or law. 
or-di-na-ri-ly ('di-na-ri-li), adj. 
according to established rule or 
method; usually. 

or-di-na-ry ('di-na-ri), adj. ac¬ 
cording to- established order; 
usual; customary ; commonplace ; 
mediocre; plain; a meal for all 
comers at fixed charges; an ec¬ 
clesiastical judge; a prison chap¬ 
lain ; in heraldry, that part ot 
the escutcheon contained between 
straight and other lines, 
or-di-nate ('di-nat), n. a straight 
line in a curve terminated on both 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; m5on, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 






ord 


598 


ori 


sides by the curve and bisected 
by the diameter. 

or-di-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
act of conferring holy orders; 
the state of being ordained or ap¬ 
pointed. 

ord-nance (ord'nans), n. 
artillery. 

ore (or), n. metal as extracted 
from the earth in its natural 
state or combined with some 
other substance. 

o-re-ad (o're-ad), n. a mountain 
nymph. 

organ (6r'gan), n. an instru¬ 
ment ; means of communication 
or conveyance; that part of a 
living structure by means of 
which some function is discharged 
or work performed; a wund in¬ 
strument. 

©r-gan-ic (-gan'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, composed of, containing, 
or produced by, organs; instru¬ 
mental. Also organical. 

©r-gan-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
an organic manner; with, or by 
means of, organs. 

or-gan-ic-al-ness (-nes), n. or¬ 
ganic quality. 

or ganism ('gan-izm), n. organ¬ 
ical structure. 

©r-gan-ist ('ist), n. a performer 
on the organ. 

©r-gan-i-za-tion (-i-za'shun), n. 
organic structure; the act of 
organizing; a political combina¬ 
tion. 

©r-gan-ize ('gan-iz), v.t. to form 
or furnish with organs; to ar¬ 
range or distribute into parts 
with the proper officials so as to 
work or carry out a scheme effi¬ 
ciently. 

or-gan-og-e-ny ('oj-e-ni), n. or¬ 
ganic development. 

or-gan-og-ra-phy (-og'ra-fi), n. 
a scientific description of the or¬ 
gans of animals or plants. 

©r-gan-ol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n, that 
branch of physiology which treats 
of animal organs. 

or-ga-non ('ga-non), n. a body of 
rules for. regulating scientific or 
philosophical investigation. 

or-gan-o-plas-tic (-o-plas'tik), 
adj. producing, or evolving, or¬ 
ganic tissue. 

or-gan-zine ('gan-zin), n. thrown 


silk of very fine texture; a fabric 
made from it. 

or gasm ('gazrn), n. immoderate 
excitement or action. 

orgues (orgz), n.pl . pieces of 
timber pointed and shod with 
iron; an arrangement of gun- 
barrels in parallel order for firing 
simultaneously. 

or-gy ('ji), n. a drunken revel, 
especially at night: pi. secret 
rites in the worship of Dionysus 
(Bacchus) distinguished by wild 
revelry. 

o-ri-el (o'ri-el), n. a large bay 
window. 

O-ri-ent ('ri-ent), adj. Oriental: 
n. the East. 

o-ri-ent ('ri-ent), v.t. to define 
the position of with reference to 
the East. 

O-ri-en-tal (-en'tal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or situated in, the East; 
proceeding from Asia or the East: 
n. an inhabitant of Asia or the 
East. 

o-ri-en-tal (-en'tal), adj. pre¬ 
cious ; pure; valuable: said of 
gems. 

O-ri-en-tal-ism (-izm), n. an 
idiom or custom characteristic of 
the East. 

O-ri-en-tal-ist (-ist), n. one who 
is skilled in Oriental languages, 
subjects, &c. 

o-ri-en-tate (-tat), v.t. & v.i. to 
turn towards the East. 

o-ri-en-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the 
determination of the position of 
the east; eastward position: the 
faculty, possessed by certain birds 
of finding their way home from 
long distances. 

or-i-fice (or'i-fis), n. a mouth or 
aperture. 

or-i-flamme ('i-flam), n. the an¬ 
cient royal standard of France, a 
red flag split at one end and form¬ 
ing flame-shaped streamers. 

or-i-gin ('i-jin), n. beginning; 
first existence ; source ; cause ; der¬ 
ivation. 

Syn. cause, occasion, source, be¬ 
ginning. 

Ant. (see end). 

o rig i nal (o-rij'i-nal), adj. first 
in order; having power to origi¬ 
nate ; not copied: n. that from 
which anything is copied, &c.; the 
language in which a work is writ- 


late. mar, m^sk, cat, awl; he, her, -let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ori 


599 


ort 


ten ; archetype; an eccentric per¬ 
son. 

originality ('i-ti), n. origi¬ 
nal state or quality, 
o rig i nal ly (-li), adv. at first, 
o-rig-i-nal sin (sin), n. the in¬ 
herent tendency of mankind to 
sin, derived from Adam and im¬ 
puted to his descendants, 
o-rig-i-nate (-rij'i-nat), v.t. to 
bring into existence: v.i. to rise; 
commence. 

o-rig-i-na-tion (-na'shun), n. 
first production ; source; method 
of production. 

o-rig-i-na-tor ('i-na-ter), n. one 
who originates. 

o-ri-ole (d'ri-ol), n. the golden- 
thrush. 

orlop (or'lop), n. the lowest 
deck of a ship. 

ormolu ('mo-loo), n. bronze or 
copper gilt in imitation of gold, 
or na ment ('na-ment), n. any¬ 
thing that adorns or beautifies; 
embellishment: v.t. to adorn, 
beautify, or decorate, 
or-na-ment-al-ly ('al-li), ado. so 
as to adorn. 

or-na-meut-a-tion (-a'shun), n. 
decoration. 

or nate (-nat'), adj. ornamented, 
or-nate-ly ('li), adv. in an or¬ 
nate manner. 

ornith, a prefix meaning bird. 
Also ornitho, as ornithol ite, the 
remains of a bird in a fossil state, 
or-ni-tho-log-ie-al (-ni -tho-loj'ik- 
al), adj. pertaining to ornithol¬ 
ogy. 

or-ni-thol-o-gist (-thol'o-jist), n. 

one who is skilled in ornithology, 
or-ni-thol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. the 
scientific study of birds, 
or-ni-thop-ter (or-ni-thop'ter). 
n. a flying machine with propel¬ 
lers resembling in action the 
wings of a bird. 

or-o-grapli-ic (or-o-graf'ik), adj. 
pertaining to orography. Also 
orographical. 

o-rog-ra-pliy (o-rog'ra-fi), n. the 
science that treats of mountains, 
mountain systems, their height, 
&c. Also orology. 
o-ro-ide (o'ro-id), n. an alloy of 
tin and copper resembling gold, 
o ro tund (o'ro-tund), adj. charac¬ 
terized by fullness, clearness, 


strength, and smoothness: said of 
the voice or manner of utterance: 
n. a quality of voice thus charac¬ 
terized. 

or phan (Or'f&n), n. a child bereft 
of one or both parents: adj. 
bereft of parents. 

or phan age (~aj), n. the state of 
an orphan ; an institution for or¬ 
phans. 

or-phaned ('fand), adj. bereft of 
parents. 

Or phe an ('fe-an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Orpheus, the celebrated 
bard of classic mythology; hence 
melodious, enchanting. Also* Or¬ 
phic. 

or-phrey ('fri), n. an embroidered 
band or bands of gold or silver 
on the front of an ecclesiastical 
vestment from the neck down¬ 
wards, especially on a cope. 

or-pi-ment ('pi-ment), n. yellow 7 
sulphufet of arsenic; king’s yel¬ 
low. 

orpin ('pin), n. a yellow color 
of various shades of intensity. 

or-pine ('pin), n. a succulent 
plant with fleshy leaves: so 
named from its yellow color. 

or re ry (or'e-ri), n. an apparatus 
to illustrate by balls mounted on 
rods the motions, magnitudes, 
and positions of the planets of 
the solar system. 

or-ris ('is), n. gold or silver lace; 
the iris. 

or-ris-root (-root), n. the dried 
roots of the Florentine orris: 
used as a perfume. 

or-thite (or'thlt), n. a variety 
of allanite. 

ortho, a prefix meaning straight, 
right, true. 

or-tho-clase (or'tlid-klaz), n. 

potash feldspar. 

or-tho-di-o-graph (or-tho'di-o- 
graf), n. a device for taking X- 
ray pictures of the internal or¬ 
gans of the human body. 

or-tho-dox ('tho-doks), adj. hold¬ 
ing, or in accordance with, the 
received or established belief or 
doctrine, especially as taught in 
the formularies of a particular 
church. 

or-tho-dox-y (-dok-si.), n. con¬ 
formity to orthodox belief or 
opinion; soundness of belief or 
doctrine. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the. n. 






art 


600 


ost 


or-tho-e-py (-tho'e-pi), n. cor¬ 
rect pronunciation, 
or-thog-o-nal (-thog'o-nal), adj. 
rectangular. 

or-thog-ra-pher ('ra-fer), n. one 
skilled in orthography. Also or- 
tliographist. 

or-tho-graph-ic (-tho-graf'ik), 
adj. pertaining to orthography; 
correctly spelt. Also orthograph¬ 
ical. 

«r-tho-graph-ic-al-ly (-al-li), 

adv. according to the rules of 
orthography. 

or-thog-ra-phy (-tliog'ra-fi), n. 
the* art of spelling and writing 
words correctly. 

or-tho-pse-di-a (-tho-pe'di-a), n. 
the prevention and cure of de¬ 
formities, especially in children, 
or-to-lan ('td-lan), n. a small 
bird, allied to the bunting-, much 
esteemed for its flesh, 
os (os), n. (Latin), [pi. ossa 
('a)], a bone; the mouth (pi. 
ora). 

os-cil-late ('i-lat), v.i. & v.t. to 
swing backwards and forwards; 
vibrate. 

N os-cil-la-tion •(-la'shun), n. a 
swinging backwards and for¬ 
wards ; vibration. 

os-cil-la-tor (os'i-la-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, oscillates; a 
device for producing electric cur¬ 
rents of a constant period, in¬ 
dependently of variations in its 
driving force. 

os-cil-la-to-ry (os'i-la-to-ri), adj. 

swinging; vibrating, 
os-eu-late ('ku-lat), v.t. & v.i. to 
kiss; touch. 

os-cn-la-tion (-la'shun), n. kiss¬ 
ing ; touching. 

os-cu-la-to-ry ('ku-la-to-ri), adj. 
pertaining to kissing: n. a tablet 
or board on which the picture of 
Christ or the Virgin Mary is 
painted for worshipers to kiss, 
o-sier (d'zher), n. a willow, the 
twigs of which are used in bas¬ 
ket-making; matter in muscular 
fiber containing those constituents 
to which its taste when cooked 
» is due. 

os mi um (os'mi-um), n. a metal¬ 
lic element in platinum ore. 
os mose ('mos), n. the process of 
attraction by which gases and 


fluids pass through a separating 
membrane. 

os-mund ('mund), n. the flower¬ 
ing fern of the genus Osmunda. 
os-na-burg ('na-berg), n. a 
coarse linen. 

os-prey (os'pra), n. the fish- 
hawk. Also ossifrage. 
os-se-in ('e-in), n. gelatinous tis¬ 
sue in bone. 

os-se-ous ('e-us), adj. pertaining 
to, consisting of, or like, bone, 
os-se-ter ('e-ter), n. a species of 
sturgeon, yielding a fine kind of 
isinglass. 

os-si-cle ('i-kl), n. a little bone: 
pi. a hard structure of small 
size, as the calcareous plates of 
the starfish. 

os-sif-er-ous (-if'er-us), adj. pro¬ 
ducing, or containing, bone, 
os-si-fi-ca-tion (-fi-ka'shun), n. 
conversion of soft animal tissue 
into bone. 

os-si-fy ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. os¬ 
sified, p.pr. ossifying], to convert 
into bone or into a bone-like sub¬ 
stance ; harden: v.i. to become 
bone. 

os-ten-si-bil-i-ty (-ten-si-bil'i-ti), 
n. the state or quality of being 
ostensible. 

os-ten-si-ble ('si-bl), adj. appar¬ 
ent ; held forth to view; plausible, 
os-ten-si-bly ('si-bli)* adv. in 

appearance. 

os-ten-sive ('ten-sive), adj. show¬ 
ing ; exhibiting. 

os-ten-ta-tion (-ta'sliun), n. out* 
ward show or appearance; ambi* 
tious or vain display. 

Syn. display, boast, pomp, 
flourish, parade. 

Ant. (see modesty). 
os-ten-ta-tious ('shus), adj. fond 
of show; intended for vain dis¬ 
play; gaudy. 

os-te-o-den-tine (-te-o-den'tin), n. 
a substance forming the teeth 
of vertebrate animals and struct¬ 
urally intermediate between bone 
and dentine. 

os-te-o-gen-e-sis (-jen'e-sis), n. 
bone formation.' 

os-te-ol-o gist (-ol'o-jist), n. one 
who is skilled in osteology, 
os-te-ol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. that part 
of anatomy treating of bones, 
their structure, &c. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ost 


601 


out 


os-te-o-path-ic (-o-path'ik), adj. 
pertaining to osteopathy. 

Os-te-op-a-thist (-op'a-thist), n. 
one skilled in, or who practices, 
osteopathy. 

os-te-op-a-thy (-op'a-thi), n. a 
system of therapeutics in which 
the treatment is by manipulation 
of the bones, muscles, and nerve 
centers. 

os-te-o-sar-co-ma (-o-sar-ko'ma), 
n. softening of the bones. 

os-ti-tis (-tl'tis), n. inflammation 
of the bones. 

os-tler (os'ler), n. a man who at¬ 
tends to horses at an inn. 

os-tra-cism ('tra-sizm), n. banish¬ 
ment by ostracizing. 

os-tra-cize ('tra-slz), v.t. to 
banish by popular vote: from the 
ancient custom in Athens of ban¬ 
ishing a citizen by throwing a 
shell, Inscribed with the name of 
the person to be banished, into an 
urn; exclude from public or 
private favor. 

os-trich. ('trich), n. a swift run¬ 
ning African bird, valued for its 
feathers. 

Os-tro-goth ('tro-goth), n. an 
Eastern Goth. 

oth-er (uf/j'er), adj. noting 
something besides ; different; con¬ 
trary. 

oth-er-wise (-wlz), adv. in 
another manner; in other re¬ 
spects : conj. else. 

o-to-scope (o'to-sk5p), n. an in¬ 
strument for examining the in¬ 
terior of the ear. 

Ot-ter (ot'er), n. an amphibious 
mammal of the weasel family, 
which feeds on fish. 

ot-to, another form of attar. 

Ot to man (ot'o-m&n), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
the Turks or their government: n. 
a Turk. 

ot-to-man ('5-man), n. a cushioned 
seat; a movable cushioned foot¬ 
rest. 

ought (awt), v.i. to be under ob¬ 
ligation ; be fit, necessary, or 
proper: n. anything. 

Syn. should. 

ounce (ouns), n. a weight 1-lflth 
of a pound avoirdupois; l-12th 
of a pound troy; a carnivorous 
animal resembling the leopard. 


our (our), pron. pertaining to, 
or belonging to, us. 
our-selves (our-selvz'), pron.pl. 

we or us, not others, 
ou-sel, ou-zel (oo'zel), n. the 
European blackbird, 
oust (oust), v.t. to eject, 
out (out), adv. without; not 
within or at home; abroad ; gone 
forth; not in office or employ¬ 
ment ; in a state of extinction ; to 
the end; at a loss; without re¬ 
straint ; not actively engaged in 
a game; in an error; loudly: 
inter], begone!: n. one who is 
not in office. 

out-and-out, adj. thorough : adv. 

completely ; thoroughly, 
out-break (out'brak), n. a break¬ 
ing out; an eruption, 
out-cast ('kast), adj. cast out; 
^rejected: n. one who is cast or 
driven out; an exile, 
out-crop ('krop), n. the exposure 
of strata at the earth’s surface: 
v.i. to crop out at the surface, 
out-cry ('krl), n. clamor; tumult, 
out-fall '('fawl), n. the lower end 
of a water-course; point of dis¬ 
charge. 

out-go (-gd'), v.t. [p.t. outwent, 
p.p. outgone, p.pr. outgoing], to 
go beyond; surpass, 
out-go-ings ('ings), n.pl. ex¬ 
penses. 

out-her-od (-lier'od), v.t. to ex¬ 
ceed the cruelty of violent char¬ 
acter of (Herod the Great) : 
hence to exceed in any. evil, 
out-land-ish (-land'ish), adj . 

foreign ; extraordinary ; vulgar, 
out-law ('law), n. one who is: 
deprived of legal benefits and pro¬ 
tection : v.t. to deprive of legal 
benefits and protection., 
out-line ('lin), n. a line bound¬ 
ing or defining a figure; first 
sketch : v.t. to sketch out. 
out-port ('port), n. a port or 
harbor at some distance from the 
chief port. 

out-rage ('raj), n. open and ex¬ 
cessive violence; wanton abuse or 
mischief: v.t. to commit an out¬ 
rage upon ; insult indecently : v.i. 
to act in an outrageous manner, 
outrageous ('us), adj. violent; 

excessive; exceeding all.bounds, 
ou-tre (oo-tra'), adj. over¬ 
strained ; exaggerated. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her. let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







out 


602 


ov© 


out-ri-der (out'rl-der), n. a serv¬ 
ant on horseback who rides in ad¬ 
vance of a carriage, 
out-rig-ger ('rig-er), n. a pro¬ 
jecting spar or beam for extend¬ 
ing sails or ropes; a boat with 
projecting row-locks, 
out-right ('rlt), adv. completely; 
at once. 

out-side ('sld), n. the external 
part of anything; superficies; ut¬ 
most ; a passenger on the top of 
a bus, &c.: pi. the exterior sheets 
of a ream of paper: adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or situated upon, the out¬ 
side ; exterior. • 

out spo ken ('spo-kn), adj. can¬ 
did. 

out-stand-ing (-standing), adj. 

projecting; unpaid, 
out-ward ('werd), adj. external; 
to or from the exterior; visible*; 
extrinsic. 

Syn. external, outside, exterior. 

Ant. (see inner), 
out-ward-hound (-bound), adj. 

sailing to foreign parts, 
out-wards ('werdz), adv. towards 
the outside; to foreign parts. 
Also outward, 
out went, p.t. of outgo, 
out-wit (-wit'), v.t. to over¬ 
reach, or defeat, by superior skill 
or cunning. 

out-work ('werk), n. a defense 
constructed »beyond the main 
body of a fort, &c. 
ou-zel, see ousel, 
o-va, pi. of ovum, 
o-val (o'val), adj. shaped like an 
egg; elliptical: n. anything egg- 
shaped. 

o-va-ri-an (-va'ri-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to the ovary, 
o-va-ri-tis (-ri'tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of the ovaries, 
o-va-ry ('va-ri), n. [pi. ovaries 
(-riz)j, the organ in a female 
animal in which the ova or first 
germs of future life are formed ; 
the hollow seed-case of a plant, 
o-vate ('vat), adj. egg-shaped, 
o-vate-ob-long (oh'lbng), adj. 
longer than oval. 

o-va-tion (-va'shun). n. among 
the ancient Romans, a minor 
triumph of a general for an in¬ 
ferior victory at which sheep were 


sacrificed; an enthusiastic demon¬ 
stration of public esteem, 
ov en (uv'n), n. a place or ap¬ 
paratus for baking or heating, 
o-ver v 6'ver), prep, superior in 
position, authority, dignity, ex¬ 
cellence, or value; above; upon ; 
across; covering; more than: 
adv. from beginning to end; from 
one to another; from side to side; 
in excess; on the surface; 
throughout: adj. beyond; supe¬ 
rior : n. in cricket, the number of 
balls delivered by one bowler, 
o-ver-alls (-awlz), n.pl. loose 
trousers worn to protect others, 
o-ver-haul (-hawl), v.t. to ex¬ 
amine thoroughly ; overtake ; gain 
upon; said of a ship, 
o-ver-plus ('ver-plus), n. excess, 
overpower (-pou'er), v.t. to 
bear down or crush by superior 
force; vanquish. 

o-ver-pro-duc-tion (-pro-duk'- 

shun), n. supply in excess of the 
demand. 

o ver seer (-ser'), n. the super¬ 
intendent of some department of 
a business; a parochial official 
who superintends the poor, 
o-ver-shot wheel ('ver-shot 
hwel), n. a water wheel which is 
driven by water flowing over its 
top. 

o-vert ('vert), adj. open; public, 
o-ver-take (o-ver-tak'), v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. overtook, p.pr. overtaking], 
to catch by pursuit; come upon 
as a punishment; take by sur¬ 
prise. 

o ver throw (-thrd'), v.t. to turq 
upside down ; demolish ; vanquish ; 
destroy: n. ('ver-thro), ruin; de¬ 
feat ; in cricket, a ball missed by 
the wicket-keeper when returned 
to him. 

o ver tones ('ver-tonz), n.pl. har¬ 
monics. 

o ver ture ('ver-tur), n. an offer 
or proposal; opening; an intro¬ 
ductory symphony before the com¬ 
mencement of an opera, &c. 
o ver weening (-wen'ing), adj. 
conceited. 

o-ver-whelm (-liwelm'), v.t. to 
crush or destroy utterly. . 

Syn. crush, defeat, vanquish, 
o-ver-wise (-wiz'), adj. affectedly 

wise. 




late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ovi 


603 


ozo 


o-vic-u-lar (-vik'u-lar), adj. per¬ 
taining to an egg; oviform, 
o-vip-a-rous (-vip'a-rus), adj. pro¬ 
ducing young by eggs, 
o-void ('void), adj. egg-shaped. 
Also ovoidal. 

o-vo-lo ('vo-lo), n. a round or 
convex egg-shaped molding, 
o-vo-plasm ('vo-plazin), n. the 
protoplasmic substance or yolk of 
an egg. 

o-vo-vi-vip-a-rous (-vl-vip'a-rus), 
adj. producing eggs containing 
the young in a living state, as 
certain animals. 

o-vule ('veil), n. the germ borne 
by the placenta of a plant, and 
subsequently developing into a 
seed. 

o-vum ('vum), n. [pi. ova ('va)], 
the germ or body in the ovary 
which, when impregnated, de¬ 
velops in the foetus; an egg- 
shaped ornament, 
owe (5); v.t. to be indebted, or 
under obligation to ; be obliged to 
pay: v.i. to be in debt, 
owing ('ing), p.adj. due as a 
debt; ascribable to; imputabje to. 
owl (oul), n. a raptorial noctur¬ 
nal bird characterized by its hoot: 
v.i. to smuggle. 

owl-et ( 'et ), n. a young owl. 
own (on), adj. belonging to; pe¬ 
culiar or proper to: v.t. to pos¬ 
sess or hold by right; concede or 
acknowledge. 

own-er ('er), n. lawful proprietor, 
own-er-sbip ('er-ship), n. right¬ 
ful possession. 

ox (oks), n. [pi. oxen ('n)], an 
animal of the bovine genus, es¬ 
pecially a castrated bull, 
ox-a-late ('a-lat), n. a salt of 
oxalic acid. 

, ox al ic (-al'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or derived from, oxalis, a genus 
of plants with a bitter taste, con¬ 
taining the wood-sorrel, 
ox-al-ic ac-id (as'id), n. a poison¬ 
ous acid obtained from sawdust, 
ox-id-a-bil-i-ty (-id-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
capability of being converted into 
an oxide. 

ox-i-da-ble ('i-da-bl), adj. capable 
of being converted into an oxide, 
ox-i-date, same as oxidize, 
ox-i-da-tion (-da/shun), n. the 


operation of converting into an 
oxide. 

ox-ide (Id), n. a compound of 
oxygen and a base, 
ox-i-dize ('i-dlz), v.t. to convert 
into an oxide: v.i. to be converted 
into an oxide. Also oxidate, 
ox-lip ('lip), n. a variety of 
primula. 

oxy, a prefix occurring in various 
scientific words, meaning the 
'Presence of oxygen. 
ox-y-gen ('i-jen), n. a colorless 
inodorous gas, which with nitro¬ 
gen and argon constitutes l-5th 
by volume of the atmosphere, and 
in combination with hydrogen 
forms water. 

ox-y-gen-ate ('i-jen-at), v.t. to 
combine with oxygen. Also oxy¬ 
genize. 

ox-y-gen-a-tion, same as oxida¬ 
tion. 

ox-y-hy-dro-gen (-hl'dro-jen), 
adj. consisting of a mixture of 
oxygen and hydrogen, as in the 
oxyhydrogen-blowpipe by which an 
intense heat is produced by the 
combination of the two gases, 
ox-y-tone ('i-ton), adj. having an 
acute sound : having the last sylla¬ 
ble accented : n. an acute sound, 
o yer (o'yer), n. a hearing or trial 
of legal causes. 

o-yer and ter-min-er (ter'min- 
er), n. a court constituted by com¬ 
mission to hear and determine 
specified causes. 

o-yes ('yes), inter j. the intro¬ 
ductory cry of an official or public 
crier demanding silence. Also 
oyez. 

oys-ter (ois'ter), n. a bivalve 
mollusk of the genus Ostrea, 
much esteemed as a delicacy, 
oys-ter-plant (-plant), n. a plant 
whose root, when cooked, has the 
flavor of oysters; salsify, 
o-zone ('zon), n. an allotropic 
form of oxygen present in the 
atmosphere, especially after elec¬ 
trical disturbance, with a char¬ 
acteristic odor. 

o-zo-nize ('zo-niz), v.t. to charge 
with ozone. 

o-zo-nom-e-ter (-nom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for determining the 
presence and amount of ozone in 
the atmosphere. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





pa 


604 


Pag 


-P 


pa (pa), n. abbreviation of papa, 
pabulum (pab'u-lum), n. food; 
nourishment. 

pac-a (pak-a), n. a small South 
American rodent of a dark-brown 
color spotted with white, 
pace (pas), n. a step; manner of 
walking; length of one’s move¬ 
ment of the foot in walking; a 
linear measure, varying from 30 
in. to 60 in.; rate of progress; 
an amble: v.t. to measure by 
steps or paces: v.i. to walk slow¬ 
ly or deliberately; amble, 
paced (past), p.adj. having a 
particular manner of walking, 
pa-cha, same as pasha, 
pach-y-car-pous (pak-i-k'dr'pus), 
adj. having a very thick pericarp, 
pach-y-dac-tyl (-dak'til), n. an 
animal with thick toes, 
pachydermatous (-der'rna- 
tus), adj. thick-skinned, 
pa-cif-ic (pa-sif'ik), adj. peace¬ 
making ; conciliatory; mild; 
peaceful; tranquil, 
pa-cif-i-ca-tion. (-i-ka'shun), n. 
the act of peace-making; con¬ 
ciliation. 

pa-cif-i-ca-tor (-sif'i-ka-ter), n. 
a peacemaker. 

pac-i-fi-er (pas'i-fi-er), n. oue 
who pacifies. 

pac-i-fy ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
pacified, p.pr. pacifying], to calm 
or appease; reconcile, 
pack (pak), n. a large bundle 
tied up for carriage; load; bur¬ 
den ; set of playing-cards; great 
number or quantity; gang; 
weight of wool — 240 lbs.; 
number of dogs kept for hunting: 
v.t. to bind and press together, 
as goods for carriage; load; dis¬ 
miss summarily or unceremoni¬ 
ously ; select and put together 
for an unjust object: v.t. to be¬ 
come firmly pressed; depart or 
remove in haste. 

pack-age ('aj), n. a bundle or 
bale of goods. 

pack-et ('et), n. a small pack, 
or parcel; a vessel sailing be¬ 
tween two or more ports for the 


conveyance of passengers, mails, 
and merchandise at regular inter¬ 
vals. 

pa-co (pa'ko), n. the alpaca; an 
earthy brown oxide of iron con¬ 
taining small quantities of native 
silver. 

pact (pakt), n. an agreement. 

pad (pad), n. a soft cushion; a 
thick mass of sheets of blotting 
paper for writing upon; a slow¬ 
paced horse: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pad¬ 
ded, p.pr. padding], to travel 
slowly: v.t. stuff with padding. 

pad-ding ('ing), n. material used 
for stuffing; the act of impregnat¬ 
ing cloth with a mordant; in¬ 
serted matter for filling out a 
newspaper or magazine article, &c. 

pad dle (1), v.i. to row slowly; 
play in the water: p.t. to propel 
by paddle or oar; to spank: n. 
a short broad oar; an oar blade; 
one«of the floats for propelling a 
steamship. 

paddle-wheel ('hwel), n. a 
wheel with floats for propelling a 
steamship. 

pad-dock ('uk), n. a small field 
or enclosure adjacent to a stable 
for liorses, &c.; a large toad or 
frog. 

pad-lock (pad'lok), n. a lock with 
a link to pass through a staple 
or eye: v.t. to fasten with a pad¬ 
lock. 

pa dro ne (pa-dro'na), n. a per¬ 
son, usually an Italian, who owns 
barrel organs and lets them out 
on hire; in Italy, a contractor 
for labor. 

paean (pe'an), n. a triumphal 
song. 

pae-do-hap-tism (-do-bap'tizm), 
n. infant baptism. Also pedobap- 
tism. 

pae-o-ny, same as peony. 

pagan (pa'gan), n. a heathen? 
idolater: adj. heathen ; idolatrous. 

pa-gan-ish (-ish), adj. heathen¬ 
ish. 

pa-gan-ism (-izm), n. heathen¬ 
ism ; idolatry. 

page (paj), n. a boy attending on 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








605 


pal 


Pag 


a person of distinction ; a boy in 
livery; a male attendant on a 
legislative body; one side of the 
leaf of a book; a book or writing; 
episode;: v.t. to mark or number 
in pages. 

pag-eant (paj'ent), n. a theatri¬ 
cal show or spectacle; anything 
merely showy. 

pag eant ry (-ri), n. ostentatious 
display. 

pag-i-nal ('i-nal), adj. consisting 
of pages. 

pag-i-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
marking, numbering, or making, 
into pages. Also paging, 
pa-go-da (pa-go'da), n. a Bud¬ 
dhist temple; a Hindu idol tem¬ 
ple ; an idol; a gold or silver coin 
current in India, 
paid, p.t. & p.p. of pay. 
pai - dol - o - gy (pa-dol'o-ji), n. 

scientific child study, 
pail (pal), n. an open vessel of 
wood or metal furnished with a 
handle for carrying water, &c. 
pail-ful ('fool), n. the quantity 
that a pail will hold, 
pain (pan), n. physical or mental 
suffering; penalty: pi. diligent 
effort; throes of parturition : v.t. 
to cause physical or mental suf¬ 
fering ; render uneasy. 

Syn. suffering, qualm, pang, 
agony, anguish. 

Ant. (see pleasure), 
pain-ful ('fool), adj. full of, or 
causing, pain. 

pain-f ul-ly (-li), adv. so as to 
cause pain. 

pain-ful-ness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being painful, 
paint (pant)', v.t. to represent by 
delineation and colors; depict; 
besmear or cover with color; dye: 
v.i. to practice painting; rouge: 
n. a coloring substance or pig¬ 
ment ; rouge. 

paint-er ('er), n. one whose oc¬ 
cupation is to paint; an artist 
who is skilled in depicting sub¬ 
jects in colors; a rope for fasten¬ 
ing a boat. 

paint-er’s-col-ic ('erz-kol'ik), n. 
lead-poisoning. 

paint-ing ('ing), n. the act, art, 
or occupation of laying on colors; 
the representation of objects by 
delineation and colors; a picture; 
vivid verbal description. 


pair (par), n. two things of a 
kind, similar in form, suited to 
each other, and used together; 
couple; married couple: v.t. to 
join in couples: v.i. to be 
joined in couples; suit or be 
adapted to each other; in a legis¬ 
lative body, to offset votes, or 
agree to a pair-off. 
pair-off ('of), n. an agreement 
by two members on opposing sides 
of a measure to abstain from 
voting when the votes if cast 
would neutralize each other, 
pa ja mas (pa-ja'maz), n.pl. loose 
trousers of silk, &c.; a kind of 
sleeping costume. 

pal (pal), n. an intimate friend; 
accomplice. 

pal-ace (pal'as), n. the residence 
of a sovereign or bishop; a mag¬ 
nificent house or building, 
pal-a-din ('a-din), n. a knight- 
errant, especially one of the 
knights of Charlemagne or Ar¬ 
thur. 

pal-ae-o, a prefix meaning ancient , 
as palaeolithic, adj. noting the 
earliest division of the Stone 
Age. . 

pa-l3e-on-tol*o-gy, same as pale¬ 
ontology. 

pa-lse-o-zo-ic, same as paleozoic, 
pa-laes-tra, same as palestra, 
pal-an-quin (pal-an-ken'), n. in 
India and China, a covered con¬ 
veyance for one passenger borne 
on the Shoulders of men. 
pal - a - ta - ble ('a-ta-bl), adj. 

agreeable to the taste; savory, 
pal-a-tal ('a-tal), adj. pertaining 
to, or uttered by means of, the 
palate: n. a letter pronounced by 
means of the palate, 
pal-ate ('at), n. the roof of the 
mouth ; taste or relish, 
pa-la-tial (pfi-la'shal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or suitable to, a pal¬ 
ace ; royal. 

pa-lat-i-nate (-lat'i-nat), n. the 
province or dignity of a palatine, 
pal-a-tine ('a-tin), adj. invested 
with royal privileges and rights, 
as certain counties: n. one who 
is thus invested. 

pa-la-ver (pa-lii'ver), n. a pub¬ 
lic conference [African] ; super¬ 
fluous or idle talk; chatter: v.t. 
to talk over; deceive by words: 
v.i. to confer; chatter. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







pal 


606 


pal 


pale (pal), adj. not of a fresh or 
ruddy complexion ; wan : wanting 
in color; of a faint luster: n. a 
narrow board used in fencing; a 
pointed stake; space inclosed by 
rails ; limit; district or territory : 
v.i. to turn pale: v.t. to inclose 
with, or as with, pales. 

pa-le-on-tol-o-gist (pa-le-on-tol'- 
o-jist), n. one who is skilled in 
paleontology. 

pa-le-on-tol-o-gy f'o-ji), n. that 
branch of geology which treats 
of fossil remains. 

Pa-le-o-zo-ie (-o-zo'ik), adj. not¬ 
ing the fossiliferous strata in 
which the earliest forms of life 
appear. 

pa-les-tra (pa-les'tra), n. a place 
for wrestling or gymnastic exer¬ 
cises. 

pal-ette (pal'et), n. a thin oval 
wood or porcelain plate for mix¬ 
ing and holding colors. 

palfrey (pawl'fri), n. a small 
saddle-horse for a lady’s use. 

Pa-li (pa/le), n. the sacred lan¬ 
guage of the Buddhists, allied to 
Sanskrit. 

pal-imp-sest (pal'imp-sest), n. 
a parchment manuscript which, 
after the writing upon it has 
been partially erased, is used 
again, the former writing being 
more or less discernible. 

pal-in-drome ('in-drom), n. a 
word, verse, or sentence which 
reads the same backwards or 
forwards, as “Able was I ere I 
saw Elba.” 

pal-ing ('ing), n. a fence con¬ 
structed of pales; materials for 
a fence of pales. 

pal-in-gen-e-sis (pal-in-jen'i- 

sis), n. new birth or regenera¬ 
tion ; inherited evolution. 

pal-i-sade (M-sad'), n. a fence 
or fortification formed of stakes 
driven into the ground and 
pointed at the top: v.t. to inclose 
or fortify with stakes. 

palish. (pal'ish), adj. somewhat 
pale. 

pall (pawl), n. a cloak or 
mantle; a kind of scarf of lamb’s 
wool sent by the Pope to an arch¬ 
bishop on his consecration (also 
pallium); a coffin covering: v.i. 


to become insipid ; lose strength : 
v.t. to make insipid, 
pal-la-di-um (pal-a-di'um), n. 
any safeguard of a liberty, or 
privilege: from the statue of Pal¬ 
las at Troy, said to liavfe fallen 
from heaven, and on the preser¬ 
vation of which depended the 
safety of the city; a rare greyish 
metal found with platinum, 
pal-let ('et), n. a palette; a 
name for various tools used in 
gilding, pottery, horology, &c.; a 
small piece of the mechanism of 
a watch; a small rough bed. 
pal-li-ate ('i-at), v.t. to excuse 
or cover over; extenuate; lessen 
or abate. 

> Syn. cover, extenuate, mitigate, 
screen. 

pal-li-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of palliating; extenuation; 
mitigation. 

pal-li-a-tive ('i-a-tiv), adj. tend¬ 
ing to lessen or mitigate, 
pal-lid ('id), adj. pale; wan. 

Syn. pale, wan. 

Ant. (see florid), 
pal-li-um, see under pall, 
pall-mall (pel-mel'), n. a game 
formerly played with a ball 
which was driven through an 
iron ring by a mallet, 
pal-lor (pal'er), n. paleness, 
palm (pain), n. the inner part 
of the hand ; a linear measure of 
varying length (from 3 to 4 in.) ; 
a tree of various species of the 
order Palmse; a palm branch 
symbolical of victory or rejoic¬ 
ing : v.t. to conceal in the palm 
of the hand; impose upon by 
fraud (with off). ' 
pal-mate (pal'mat), adj. resem¬ 
bling a hand with the fingers out¬ 
stretched ; web-footed, 
palm-er (pam'er), n. a pilgrim 
to the Holy Land who carried a 
palm branch as a token of his 
pilgrimage. 

pal-met-to (pal-met'o), n. a 
species of palm-tree, the cabbage- 
tree palm. 

pal-mist (pal'mist), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to palmistry, 
pal-mist-er (-er), n. one who 
professes palmistry, 
pal-mis-try ('mis-tri), n. the 
pretended art of foretelling the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her. let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







pal 


607 


pan 


future by examination of the 
lines and marks of a person’s 
hand. 

pal-mi-tin ('mi-tin), n. a solid 
fatty substance obtained from 
vegetable oils, &c. 

Palm Sun-day (pain sun'da), n. 
the Sunday next before Easter, 
held in commemoration of Christ’s 
triumphal entry into Jerusalem, 
palm-y (pam'i), adj. abounding 
in palms ; flourishing ; prosperous, 
pal-pa-bil-i-ty (pal-pa-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being pal¬ 
pable. Also palpableness, 
pal-pa-ble ('pa-bl), adj. easily 
perceived ; obvious, 
pal-pa-bly ('pd-bli), adv. obvi¬ 
ously. 

pal-pi-tate ('pi-tat), v.i. to beat 
or throb. 

pal-pi-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. ab¬ 
normal beating or throbbing of the 
heart. 

pal-sied (pawl'zid), p.adj. af¬ 
fected with palsy, 
pal-sy ('zi), n. paralysis: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. palsied, p.pr. palsy¬ 
ing], to paralyze. 

pal-ter ('ter), v.i. to trifle; act 
insincerely. 

pal-try ('tri), adj. worthless; 
contemptible. 

pampas (pam'paz), n.pl. in 
South America, vast treeless 
plains covered with luxuriant 
pasture. 

pamper ('per), v.t. to feed lux¬ 
uriously ; satiate. 

pam-pe-ro (-pa'ro), n. a strong 
southwest wind that blows across 
the pampas of South America, 
pam-phlet ('flet), n. a small un¬ 
bound book, usually on some cur¬ 
rent topic, of one or more sheets 
stitched together. 

pam-phlet-eer (-er'), n. a writer 
of pamphlets: v.i. to write pam¬ 
phlets. 

pan, a prefix meaning all , univer¬ 
sal, as pan-Anglican : n. a broad 
shallow vessel; that part of an 
old flintlock which held the prim¬ 
ing. 

pan-a-ce-a (pan-a-se'a), n. a uni¬ 
versal remedy or medicine, 
pa-na-da (pd-na'da), n. a bread 
pulp; bread soaked in sweetened 


boiled water and flavored with 
nutmeg. 

pan-cake ('kak), n. a thin cake 
of batter fried. 

pan-crat-ic (-krat'ik), adj. ex¬ 
celling in gymnastic exercises: 
from an athletic contest (pan¬ 
cratium) of the ancient Greeks, 
pan-cre-as ('kre-as), n. a large 
fleshy gland (the sweetbread) sit¬ 
uated under and behind the stom¬ 
ach secreting a fluid that assists 
in the process of digestion, 
pan-cre-at-ic (-at'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or secreted by, the 
pancreas. 

pan-cre-a-tin ('kre-a-tin), n. an 
albuminoid principle in the fluid 
of the pancreas. 

pan-da ('da), n. the Himalayan 
bear-cat. 

Pan-de-an (-de'an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the god Pan, the tutelary 
deity of shepherds. 
Pan-de-an-pipes (-pips), n.pl. 
a musical wind instrument con¬ 
sisting of short reeds of varying 
length tylown by the breath. Also 
Pan’s-pipes. 

Pandect ('dekt), n. the digest of 
the Roman or civil law. 
pan-de-mo-ni-um (-de-mo'ni-um), 
n. a place or abode of general 
disorder. 

pan der ('der), v.i. to act as an 
agent for the gratification of the 
passions. 

pan-dit, another form of pundit., 
pane (pan), n. a square of glass; 

a piece in variegated work, 
pan-e-gyr-ic (-e-jir'ik), n. an 
ovation or eulogy in praise of 
some person or event; encomium, 
pan-e-gyr-ize ('e-jir-iz), v.t. to 
praise or commend highly: v.i. to 
bestow praise. 

pan-el ('el), n. a piece of board, 
the edges of which are inserted 
in a frame; a thin board on which 
a picture is painted; a schedule 
containing the names of persons 
summoned to serve as jurors; the 
jury; in Scots law, the prisoner 
at the bar: v.t. to form with 
panels. 

pang (pang), n. a violent sudden 
pain; agony, mental or physical, 
pan-ic ('ik), n. a sudden fright; 
a kind of millet: adj. suddenly and 
violently alarming: said of fear. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







pan 


608 


pap 


pan-ni-er ('ni-er), n. one of two 
baskets suspended across the back 
of a horse, for carrying market 
produce. 

pan-o-plied ('o-plid), adj. fur¬ 
nished with a complete suit of 
armor. 

pan-o-ply ('o-pli), n. a complete 
suit of armor. 

pan-op-ti-con (-op'ti-kon), n. a 
prison so arranged that the 
warder on duty can see all the 
prisoners without himself being 
visible ; a kind of polytechnic; a 
room for the exhibition of novel¬ 
ties, &c. 

panorama (-o-ram'a), n. a 
picture, viewed from a central 
standpoint, of several scenes un¬ 
rolled and made to pass before 
the spectator. 

pan o ram ic (-ram'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or like, a panorama. 

Pan-slav-ic (-slav'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to all the Slavic races or 
Panslavism. 

Pan-slav-ism ('izm), n. a Rus¬ 
sian movement for the political 
union of all the Slavic races. 

pan sy Czi), n. the heart’s-ease. 

pant (pant), v.i. to breathe rap¬ 
idly; desire ardently (with for or 
after) : . n. rapid breathing: pi. 
abbreviation for pantaloons. 

pan-ta-graph, same as panto¬ 
graph. 

pantalettes (pan-ta-lets'), n.pl. 
loose drawers for women or chil¬ 
dren. 

pan-ta-loon ('a-loon), n. a buffoon 
in a pantomime: pi. a pair of 
tight trousers. 

pan-ta-morph-ic (-mSr'fik), adj. 
taking all shapes. 

pan-the-ism ('the-izm), n. the 
doctrine that the universe in its 
totality is God. 

pan-the-ist (-ist), n. a believer 
in pantheism. 

pantheistic (-is'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to pantheism. 

Pan-tke-on ('the-on), n. a tem¬ 
ple dedicated to all the Gods, es¬ 
pecially that of ancient Rome 
dedicated to Mars and Jupiter. 

pan-ther ('ther), n. a fierce 
feline carnivorous animal. Fern. 
pantheress. 

pan-tile ('til), n. a curved tile. 


pan-to-chro-nom-e-ter (-to-kro- 

nom'e-ter), n. an instrument 
which combines the sun-dial, com¬ 
pass, and a time-dial, 
panto-graph ('to-graf), n. an 
instrument for copying drawings, 
designs, &c., on an enlarged or 
reduced scale. Also pantagraph. 
pan-tol-o-gy (-tol'o-ji), n. uni¬ 
versal knowledge. 

pah-tom-e-ter (-tom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring angles, 
elevations, distances, &c. 
pantomime ('to-mim), n. a 
representation in dumb show; a 
popular Christmastide theatrical 
entertainment with music, danc¬ 
ing, &c. 

pan-to-mim-ic (-mim'ik), adj. 
pertaining to a pantomime. Also 
pantomimical.- 

pan-to-mim-ist ('to-mlm-ist), n. 

one who acts in pantomime, 
pan-try ('tri), n. a provision 
closet. 

pap (pap), n. soft food for in¬ 
fants ; a nipple, teat, or breast; 
pulp of fruit. 

pa-pa ( pjVpa', or p&'pa), n. a 
word of endearment for father, 
pa-pa-cy (pa'pa-si), n. the office, 
dignity, or authority, of the Pope ; 
popes collectively; Roman Cath¬ 
olic religion. 

pa-pal ('pal), adj. pertaining to 
the Pope, or the Church of Rome, 
pa-paw (-paw'), n. an East In¬ 
dian fruit tree. 

pa-per (pa'per), n. a thin flexible 
substance made of various ma¬ 
terials, as linen, straw, &c., used 
for writing or printing upon; a 
piece of paper; newspaper; an 
essay or literary contribution; 
written instrument; bank-notes 
or bills of exchange: adj. made of 
paper; thin: v.t. to cover with, 
or wrap in, paper, 
pap-e-terie (pap'e-tre), n. a case 
containing paper and writing ma¬ 
terials. 

pap-ier-ma-che ( pap-ya'ma-sha'), 
n. paper pulp molded and made 
into.trays, &c., and japanned. • 
P^pil-la (-pil'a), n. [pi. papillae 
( e)], a small nipple: pi. minute 
elevations on the tongue, &c. 
pap-il-la-ry (pap'il-er-i), adj. 
pertaining to a nipple or the 
papillae; covered with papillae. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







pap 


609 


par 


papoose (-oos'), n. a young 
child [North American Indian], 
pap-pus (pap'us), n. the feathery 
substance on the seed of certain 
plants; the calyx of a composite 
flower. 

pap-py ('i), adj. resembling pap. 
pa-py-rus (pa-pi'rus), n. [pi. 
papyri ('ri)], a species of Egyp¬ 
tian reed, from which the ancients 
made paper; a manuscript on 
papyrus. 

par (par), n. state of equality; 

uominal and market value, 
para, a prefix meaning beyond , 
beside, divergence , as paracentric, 
par-a-ble (par'a-bl), n. an alle¬ 
gorical method of conveying in¬ 
struction by means of a fable or 
short fictitious narrative; a com¬ 
parison or similitude, 
par-ab-o-la (-ab'o-la), n. one of 
the conic sections formed by the 
intersection of the cone by a plane 
parallel to one of its sides, 
par-a-bol-ic (-a-bol'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or formed like, a 
parabola ; allegorical. Also para¬ 
bolical. 

par-ab-o-loid (par-ab'o-loid), n. 
a solid generated by the ^evolution 
of a parabola on its axis, 
par a chute ('a-shodt), n. an um¬ 
brella-shaped apparatus for de¬ 
scending from a balloon. 
Par-a-clete ('a-klet), n. a title 
of the Holy Ghost, the Comforter, 
and Advocate. 

pa-rade (pa-rad'), n. ostentatious 
display ; show ; military display ; 
place of assemblv for exercising 
troops: v.t. to marshal in military 
order; make a display of: v.i. to 
exhibit, or walk about ostenta¬ 
tiously. 

par-a-digm (par'a-dim), n. an 
example or model; example of the 
grammatical inflection of a word, 
par-a-dise ('a-dis), n. the garden 
of Eden; any place of happiness; 
heaven. 

par a dox ('a-doks), n. something 
apparently absurd or incredible, 
yet true; a tenet contrary to re¬ 
ceived opinions. 

par-a-dox-ic-al ('ik-Hl), adj. of 
the nature of a paradox, 
par-a-dox-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
a i paradoxical manner. 


par-af-fin Ca-fin), n. a white 
crystalline substance obtained by 
distillation from wood, shale, &c. 
par-a-go-ge (-go'je), n. the addi¬ 
tion of a letter or syllable to the 
end of a word. 

par-a-gou ('a-gon), n. something 
of extraordinary excellence ; model 
or pattern of perfection: v.t. to 
equal or compare. 

par a graph ('a-graf), n. a small 
subdivision of a connected dis¬ 
course ; a short passage; a refer¬ 
ence mark (([) ; an item of news¬ 
paper intelligence, 
par-a-graph-ic ('ik), adj. con¬ 
sisting of paragraphs. Also para¬ 
graphical. 

par-a-graph-ist ('a-graf-ist), n. 

a writer of newspaper paragraphs, 
par-al-lax ('al-laks), n. the ap¬ 
parent angular shifting of an ob¬ 
ject caused by change in the posi¬ 
tion of the observer, especially 
the difference in the apparent 
position of a heavenly body and 
its true place. 

par-al-lel ('al-lel), adj. lying side 
by side; extended in the same di¬ 
rection and equidistant at all 
points; having the same direction 
or tendency ; corresponding: n. a 
line equidistant at all points from 
another line ; resemblance or like¬ 
ness : pi. trenches in front of a 
fortified place parallel to the de¬ 
fenses : v.t. to place so as to be 
parallel; correspond to ; equal, 
par-al-lel-ism (-izm), n. the 
state or quality of being parallel; 
correspondence. 

par-al-lel-o-gram ('o-gram), n. 
a plane 4-sided figure whose op¬ 
posite sides are parallel and equal, 
par-al-lel-e-pip-ed (-e-pip'ed), n. 
a regular solid figure bounded by 
6 parallelograms, of which the 
opposite pairs are equal and par¬ 
allel. 

pa-ral-y-sis (pa-ral'i-sis), n. loss 
of the power of sensation of one 
or more parts of the body; palsy, 
par-a-lyt-ic (par-a-lit'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, affected by, or in¬ 
clined to, paralysis: n. one who 
is affected with paralysis, 
par-a-lyze ''a-llz), v.t. [p.t. & p p. 
paralyzed, p.pr. paralyzing], to 
affect with paralysis; unnerve; 
render useless or ineffective. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


t 





par 


610 


par 


par amount (par'a-mount), adj. 
superior to all others ; eminent or 
chief: n. the highest in rank or 
authority. 

par-a-pet ('a-pet), n. a wall 
breast-high ; a rampart to protect 
troops from the fire of an enemy, 
par-a-noi-a (par-a-noi'a), n. a 
form of monomania, 
paranoiac (par-a-noi'ak), n. 
one affected with paranoia; a 
monomaniac. 

par-a-pher-na-li-a (-fer-na'li-a), 
n.pl. the apparel, jewels, &c., of a 
wife which she possesses over and 
above her dowry; ornaments of 
dress generally ; equipment; trap¬ 
pings. 

par a phrase ('a-fraz), n. a free 
translation or explanation; a 
hymn based on some Scriptural 
passage: v.t. make a free trans¬ 
lation of ; explain in many words : 
v.i. to make a paraphrase, 
par-a-phras-tic (-fras'tik), adj. 
free or clear in explanation; of 
the nature of a paraphrase. 
Also paraphrastical. 
par-a-phras-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
in a paraphrase. 

par-a-ple-gi-a (-ple'ji-a), n. pa¬ 
ralysis of the lower half of the 
body. 

par-a-site ('a-sit), n. one who 
frequents the table of a rich man 
and gains his favor by flattery; 
a hanger-on ; an animal or plant 
nourished by another to which it 
attaches itself. 

par-a-sit-ic (-sit'ik), adj. of the 
nature of a parasite; meanly ser¬ 
vile or fawning; living at the 
expense of another animal or 
plant. Also parasitical, 
par-a-sit-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
like a parasite. 

par-a-sit-ism ('a-sit-izm), n. the 
state or behavior of a parasite, 
par-a-sol ('fi-sol), n. a lady’s sun¬ 
shade. 

par-a-tax-is (-a-taks'is), n. a 
loose arrangement of sentences: 
opposed to syntax, 
pa-rath-e-sis (pa-rath'e-sis), n. 
apposition; in printing or writ¬ 
ing, bracketed matter, 
par-boil (par'boil), v.t. to boil 
partially. 

par-buck-le ('buk-1), n. a rope 
formed into a double sling for 


hoisting casks, &c.: v.t. to hoist 
by means of a parbuckle. 

Par-cae ('se), n.pl. in classic my¬ 
thology, the three Fates, Clotho, 
Lachesis, and Atropos, who con¬ 
trolled the destiny of every mor¬ 
tal. 

par-cel ('sel), n. a small bundle 
or package; little part: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. parceled,• p.pr. parceling], 
to divide into parts, 
par-cel-ing (-ing), n. long nar¬ 
row strips of tarred canvas to 
prevent friction. 

parcenary ('sen-a-ri), n. co- 
lieirship. 

par cen er ('sen-er), n. a co-heir, 
parch (parch), v.t. to scorch; 

burn slightly ; dry to excess, 
parch ment ('ment), n. the skin 
of a sheep, goat, &c., dressed and 
prepared for writing upon: a 
deed: adj. made of, or like, parch¬ 
ment. 

pard (pard), n. a leopard; any 
spotted beast. 

par-don (par'dn), v.t. to forgive; 
absolve: n. forgiveness; absolu¬ 
tion ; official remission of a pen¬ 
alty. 

8yn. . forgiveness, absolution, 
mercy, acquittal, t 
Ant. (see penalty), 
par-don-er (-er), n. one who par¬ 
dons ; formerly, a cleric who was 
licensed to sell papal indulgences, 
pare (par), v.t. to cut away lit¬ 
tle by little; reduce or diminish, 
par-e-gor-ic (par-e-gor'ik), n. a 
tincture of opium to assuage 
pain : adj. mitigating pain, 
par-ei-ra (par-a'ra), n. the root 
of a Brazilian plant, used in medi¬ 
cine. 

parenchyma (-eng'ki-ma), n. 
the soft cellular tissue or pith of 
plants; the# soft tissue of the 
glandular organs of the body, 
par-en-chy-mous ('ki-mus), adj. 
pertaining to, or like, paren¬ 
chyma : soft; spongy. Also pa¬ 
renchymatous. 

par-ent (p.ar'ent), n. a father or 
mother; origin. 

parentage (-aj), n. extraction; 
birth. 

pa-ren-tal (-ren'tal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or becoming, parents; 
fond. * 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moor^ 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







par 


611 


par 


parentally (-li), adv. like a 
parent. 

pa-ren-the-sis (pa-re_n'the-sis), n. 
[pi. parentheses (-sez)], an ex¬ 
planatory word or clause inserted 
in a sentence, which is grammati¬ 
cally complete without it: indi¬ 
cated by the marks (). 
par-en-tket-ic-al (par-en-thet'ic- 
al), adj. expressed in a paren¬ 
thesis ; using parentheses, 
par-en-thet-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
a parenthetical manner, 
par-e-sis (par'e-sis), n. insanity 
with general motor paralysis; 
softening of the brain, 
par-lie-li-on (par-he'li-on), n. a 
mock sun; a bright light seen 
near the sun. 

pa-ri-ah (pa'ri-a), n. one of the 
lowest class of Hindus without 
caste: hence an outcast. 

Pa-ri-an (pa'ri-an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or found in, the Isle of 
Paros, famed for its marble: n. 
a fine porcelain used for statu¬ 
ettes, &c. 

pa-ri-e-tal (pa-rt'e-tal), adj. per¬ 
taining to a wall or side; forming 
m wall or side: said -of the large 
lateral bones of the head ; growing 
from the wall or side of another 
organ. 

parish (par'ish), n. an ecclesi¬ 
astical district under the particu¬ 
lar charge of priest, clergyman, 
or minister; a district having its 
own officers for the care of the 
poor of such a district; a congre¬ 
gation : adj. pertaining to, or 
maintained by, a parish, 
par-ish-ion-er ('on-er), n. one 
who belongs to a parish. 
Pa-ris-i-an (pa-riz'i-an), n. a na¬ 
tive or inhabitant of Paris, 
pari, a prefix meaning equal. 
par-i-syl-lab-ic (par-i-sil-ab'ik), 
adj. having an equal number of 
syllables. 

par-i-ty ('i-ti), n. equality; like¬ 
ness. 

park (park), n. a large inclosed 
piece of ground surrounding a 
mansion, or used as a public place 
for recreation ; the train of artil¬ 
lery belonging to an army divis¬ 
ion ; an artillery encampment: v.t. 
to inclose, or collect, in a park; 
compact. 


par-lance (piir'lans), n. conver¬ 
sation ; idiom of conversation, 
par-ley ('li), n. a conference, es¬ 
pecially with an enemy : v.i. [p.t. 
& p.p. parleyed, p.pr. parleying], 
to hold a conference, especially 
with an enemy with a view to 
peace. 

Par-lia-ment ('li-ment), n. the 
supreme legislative assembly of 
Great Britain and Ireland, consist¬ 
ing of the Sovereign, the House 
of Lords, and the House of Com¬ 
mons. 

par-lia-men-ta-ri-an ('men-ta'ri- 
an), n. one who is versed in par¬ 
liamentary law and usages, 
par-lia-men-ta-ry ('ta-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, enacted by, or in 
accordance with the usages of, 
Parliament. 

par-lor ('ler), n. reception room; 
drawing room. 

Parnassian (-nas'i-an), adj. 
pertaining to Mt. Parnassus in 
Greece, the abode of the Muses; 
of or pertaining to poetry, 
pa-ro-chi-al (pa-ro'ki-al), adj. 
pertaining to a parish; narrow¬ 
minded. 

par-o-dist (par'o-dist), n. one 
who parodies. 

par-o-dy ('o-di), n. [pi. parodies 
(-diz)], a burlesque imitation of 
a serious poem: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
parodied, p.pr. parodying], to con¬ 
vert into a parody, 
pa-role (pa-rol'), n. a word of 
honor, especially one given by a 
prisoner of war that in return for 
conditional freedom he will re¬ 
turn to custody on a specified day; 
the daily password in a camp or 
garrison. 

par o nym (par'd-nim), n. a par- 
onymous word. 

par-on-y-mous (-on'i-mus), adj. 
of the same derivation, but differ¬ 
ent in spelling and meaning, 
par o quet, same as parrakeet. 
par-ox-ysm ('oks-izm), n. a sud¬ 
den spasm, or fit of acute pain; 
sudden action or convulsion, 
par ox ys mal (-iz'rnal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or occurring in, par¬ 
oxysms. 

par-quet, parquette (par-ket'), 
n. the floor space of a theater 
between the orchestra-rail and 
dress-circle. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






par 


612 


par 


par-quet-ry ('ket-ri), n. mosaic 
woodwork for floors, 
parr (par), n. a young salmon, 
par-ra-keet (par'a-ket), n. a 
small long-tailed parrot. Also 
paraquet, paroquet, 
par-ri-ci-dal (-i-si-dal), adj. per¬ 
taining to parricide, 
par-ri-cide ('i-sid), n. the mur¬ 
derer of a father or mother; mur¬ 
der of a parent. 

par-rot ('ot), n. a tropical bird 
with a hooked bill, characterized 
by its brilliant plumage and its 
power of imitating the human 
voice. 

par-rot-fisk (-fish), n. a brilliant 
hued fish of the tropical seas, 
par-ry ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. par¬ 
ried, p.pr. parrying], to ward off, 
as a blow. 

parse (pars), v.t. to resolve by 
grammatical rules a sentence into 
its component parts, and show 
the relation of the various parts 
of speech. 

Par-see (pilr'se), n. a descendant 
of the old Persians, holding the 
Zoroastrian faith, and now living 
in India. Also Parsi. 
Par-see-ism (-izm), n. .the re¬ 
ligion of the Parsees. Also Par- 
siism. 

Par-si, same as Parsee. 
parsimonious (-si-mo'ni-us), 
adj. frugal to excess; miserly; 
penurious. 

par si mo ny ('si-mon-i), n. close¬ 
ness in expenditure; niggardli¬ 
ness. 

pars-ley (pars'li), n. a culinary 
herb. 

parsnip ('nip), n. an edible 
plant with a carrot-like root, 
par-son (piir'sn), n. the incum¬ 
bent of a parish ; a clergyman, 
par-son-age (-aj), n. an ecclesi¬ 
astical benefice; the residence of 
an incumbent. 

part (part), n. something less 
than the whole; piece; portion : 
proportional quantity; ingredi¬ 
ent; share: member or organ; 
side or party; concern; business; 
portion of a work issued in num¬ 
bers at stated intervals; any one 
of the characters of a play ; one 
of the melodies in a harmony : ,pl. 
faculties, qualities, or accom¬ 


plishments ; regions; quarters: 
v.t. to divide into two or more 
pieces ; distribute ; separate : v.i. 
to be separated or divided; take 
leave. 

8yn. division, portion, share, 
fraction. 

Ant. (see whole), 
par-take (par-tak'), v.i. [p.t. par¬ 
took, p.p. partaken, p.pr. partak¬ 
ing], to take a part or share in 
common with others, 
par-terre (-tar'), n. a series of 
flower beds arranged ornamen¬ 
tally, with intervening spaces of 
gravel or turf. 

par-tlien-o-gen-e-sis (-then-o- 

jen'e-sis), n. reproduction of ani¬ 
mals or plants by means of un¬ 
impregnated germs or ova. 
Par-the non ('the-non), n. the 
temple of Athene (Minerva) at 
Athens. 

par-tial ('shal), adj. inclined to 
favor one side or party; biased, 
par-tial-ly (-li), adv. in a partial 
manner. 

par-ti-al-i-ty (-shi-al'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being partial, 
participant (-tis'i-pant), kdj. 
sharing: n. one who • shares or 
partakes. 

par-tic-i-pate ('i-pat), v.i. to 
partake: v.t. to have part of; 
share. 

par-tic-i-pa-tion (-pa'shun), n. 
the act of sharing something with 
others; division into shares; com¬ 
panionship. 

par-tic-i-pa-tor ('i-pa-ter), n. 

one who partakes with another, 
par ti-cip-i-al (-ti-sip'i-al), adj. 

having the nature of a participle, 
participle ('ti-si-pl), n. a word 
which partakes of the nature of 
a verb and of an adjective, 
par-ti-cle ('i-kl), n. an atom; 
the smallest part into which a 
body can be divided; a word non¬ 
in fleeted, or not used alone; a 
crumb of consecrated bread. 

Syn. atom, grain, mite, scrap. 

Ant. (see mass). 

par-ti-col-ored (par'ti-kul-erd), 
adj. having various colors, 
par-tic-u-lar (-tik'u-lar). adj. 
distinct from others; individual; 
peculiar or special; character¬ 
istic ; exclusive ; exact; minute. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her. let: line, tin : vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





par 


613 


pas 


Syn. exact, distinct, singular, 
odd, strange. 

Ant. (see general). 
par-tic-u-lar-i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. 
circumstantiality. 

par-tic-u-lar-ize ('u-lar-Iz), v.t. 
to give the particulars of: v.i. be 
attentive to single things or de¬ 
tails. 

par-tic-u-lar-ly ('u-lar-li), adv. 
especially. 

parting ('ing), p.adj. separat¬ 
ing ; given when separating: n. 
division; separating; a taking 
leave; a division in strata, 
par-ti-san (par'ti-zan), n. an ad¬ 
herent of a party or faction; a 
kind of halberd: adj. pertaining 
to, or biased in favor of, a party, 
&c. 

par-ti-san-sbip (-ship), n. the 
state of being a partisan, 
par-tite ('tit), adj. divided al¬ 
most to the base, 
par-ti-tion (-tish'un), n. the act 
or state of being divided; sepa¬ 
ration ; distribution; a dividing 
wall: part where separation is- 
made: v.t. divide into shares; di¬ 
vide by walls. 

par-ti-tive ('ti-tiv), adj. noting 
a part: n. a word that denotes a 
part or expresses partition, 
part-ly (piirt'li), adv. in part, 
part ner ('ner), n. one who is as¬ 
sociated with another, especially 
in a business, &c.; an associate; 
one who dances with another; a 
husband or wife. 

part-ner-ship (-ship), n. the 

state of being a partner; union of 
two or more persons in the same 
business or profession, 
par-took, p.t. of partake, 
par-tridge (par'trij), n. a well- 
known gallinaceous bird of the 
genus Perdix, preserved as game, 
par-tu-ri-tion (-tu-rish'un), n. 

the act of bringing forth young, 
par-ty ('ti), n. [pi. parties 

('tiz)], a number of persons 
united together for a particular 
purpose; faction ; one concerned 
in an affair; cause or side; a se¬ 
lect company; single individual 

spoken of. 

par-ty-wall (-wawl), n. a com¬ 
mon wall separating two tene¬ 
ments. 


pas-chal (pas'kal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the feast of the Passover 
or Easter. 

pa-ska (pa-shaw'), n. a Turkish 
title given to high officials. Also 
pacha. 

pa-sha-lic (-lik), n. the jurisdic¬ 
tion of a pasha. Also pachalic. 
pas-quin-ade (pas-k win-ad'), n. 
a lampoon or rude satire: v.t. to 
lampoon or satirize, 
pass (pas), v.i. to move from one 
place or state to another; be pro¬ 
gressive ; change by degrees; dis¬ 
appear ; be enacted; be current: 
v.t. to go beyond, or through, or 
by ; cause to move onward ; omit; 
disregard; give authority to; 
transfer; void; utter or pro¬ 
nounce : n. a narrow passage, ave¬ 
nue, or entrance ; defile ; license or 
permission ; state of extremity ; a 
thrust. 

pass-a-kle ('a-bl), adj. that may 
be passed, traveled, or navigated; 
capable of bearing inspection; 
tolerable. 

pass-age ('aj), n. the act of pass¬ 
ing ; course or journey; entrance 
or exit; right of passing; legal 
enactment; single clause or por¬ 
tion of a book ; migratory habits, 
pass-book ('book), n. a book 
which passes between a merchant 
and his customer and contains the 
entries of goods sold on credit; 
a bank-book held by the depositor, 
passenger ('en-jer), n. one 
who travels in or on a convey¬ 
ance ; one who oasses. 
pas-se (-a'), adj. past; worn out 
or faded [French], 
pas ser ine Cer-in), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Passeres, the order of 
birds which includes the swal¬ 
lows and sparrows, 
pass-ing (pas'ing), p.adj. depart¬ 
ing: adv. exceedingly: n. the act 
of going by: transit, 
pass-ing-bell (-bel), n. a bell 
tolled immediately after the death 
of a person. 

pas-sion (pash'un), n. .violent 
agitation of mind in anger; strong 
deep feeling or excitement; love; 
ardor: intense desire. 

Pas-sion, n. the sufferings of 
Christ in his last agonies, 
pas-sion-ate (-at), adj. moved by 
passion ; angry ; excitable. 


ITite, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; mo5n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






614 


pat 


pas 


pas-sion-ate-ly (-li), adv. with 

passion. 

passion-flower (-flou-er), n. 

a flower of the genus Passiflora. 
Pas-sion play (pla), n. a dra¬ 
matic representation of the Pas¬ 
sion of the Saviour. 

Pas-sion Sun-day (sun'da), n. 

the 5th Sunday in Lent. 

Pas-sion week (wek), n. the 
week following Passion Sunday, 
passive ('iv), adj. suffering with¬ 
out resisting; not acting; sub¬ 
missive ; quiescent, 
pas-sive verb (verb), n. that 
form of a verb in which the ob¬ 
ject of the active verb becomes 
the subject. 

Pass-o-ver (pas'd-ver), n. a Jew¬ 
ish feast commemorative of the 
passing of the destroying angel. 
over the houses of the Israelites 
when he slew the first-born of the 
Egyptians. 

pass-port ('port), n. a license to 
travel in a foreign country, 
pass-word ('werd), n. a word by 
means of which friends are dis¬ 
tinguished from strangers or ene¬ 
mies. 

past (past), p.fidj. having for¬ 
merly been ; gone by ; completed : 
n. the time gone by: adv. along: 
prep, beyond. 

paste (past), n. a mixture of 
flour, &c., with water, used as a 
cement; dough prepared for pies, 
&c.; a composition for making 
artificial gems: v.t. to fasten with 
paste. 

paste-board ('bord), n. thick 
stiff paper: a board on which 
dough is rolled. 

pas-tel (pas'tel), n. a colored 
crayon. 

pas-ter (pfis'ter), n. strip of 
gummed paper with printed mat¬ 
ter on it, for covering over other 
printed matter, &e. 
pas-teur-ize (pas'tiir-Tz), v.t. to 
inoculate with the bacillus which 
produces a specific disease, 
pas-til ('til). n. a small cone of 
aromatic paste used for fumigat¬ 
ing a room ; a medicated lozenge. 
Also pastille (pas-tel'). 
pas-time (pfts'tim), n. diversion; 
sport. 

pas-tor ('ter), n. a clergyman or 


minister having spiritual charge 
of a church and congregation, 
pas-tor-al (-al); adj. pertaining 
to shepherds, or to the care of a 
church; rural; addressed to the 
clergy of a diocese by its bishop : 
n. a kind of dramatic poem, delin¬ 
eating incidents in rural life; a 
bishop’s pastoral letter, 
pastorate ('ter-at), n. the office 
or jurisdiction of a pastor. Also 
pastorship. 

pas-try (pas'tri), n. articles of 
food, as pies, &c., made of light 
puffy dough. 

pas-tur-a-ble (pas'tur-a-bl), ’ adj: 

suited for pasturing, 
pasturage ('tur-aj), n. the busi¬ 
ness of grazing cattle; pasture, 
pas ture ('tur), n. land under 
grass for grazing cattle; grass 
for grazing: v.t. to supply with 
grass or pasture: v.i. to graze, 
past-y (past'l), adj. like paste; a 
small pie of crust raised without 
a dish. 

pat (pat), n. a light quick blow 
with the hand; a small lump of 
butter made up : adj. apt; exact: 
adv. fitly: v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. patted, 
p.pr. patting], to strike gently 
and quickly with the fingers or 
hand. 

patch (pach), n. a piece applied 
to cover a hole or rent; a piece 
inserted in variegated work; a 
plot of ground: v.t. to put a 
patch on ; mend clumsily, 
patchouli (pa-choo'li), n. an 
Indian plant, from the dried roots 
of which a strong odoriferous 
perfume is made. 

pate (pat), n. the head; crown of 
the head. , 

pat-en (pat'en), n. the plate used 
for the bread at the Eucharist, 
pat-ent (pat'ent, or pa'tent), ad,j. 
apparent; open to the perusal of 
all; secured by letters patent ; 
spreading widely: n. a privilege 
granted by letters patent, as a 
title of nobility, or the sole right 
in an invention : v.t. to grant or 
secure by letters patent, 
pat-en-tee (-e'), n. one who has 
secured a patent. 

pat ent-leath er (-\eth-er), n. a 
varnished or japanned leather, 
pat-ent-yel-low (-yel-o) r , n. a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, pCrch, lot; moob, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





pat 


615 


pat 


pigment or paint composed of ox¬ 
ide and chloride of lead, 
pat-er-a (pat'er-a), n. a shallow 
circular dish; a Hat ornament on 
a frieze. 

pa-ter-f a-mil-i-as (pa-ter-f a-mil'- 
i-as), n. the father of a family, 
pa-ter-nal ('ter-nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or exhibiting the char¬ 
acteristics of, a father; heredi¬ 
tary. 

paternally (-li), adv. in a pa¬ 
ternal manner. 

pa-ter-ni-ty (-ter-ni-ti), n. pater¬ 
nal relation ; authorship, 
pa-ter-nos-ter (pa-ter-nos'ter), n. 
the Lord’s Prayer; a rosary; 
every 11th bead in a rosary, 
patli (path), n. a road; footway; 

track ; course of conduct or action, 
pathetic (pa-thet'ik), adj. af¬ 
fecting the emotions or passions; 
touching. Also pathetical. # 
pa-thet-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
a pathetical manner, 
path-o-gen-et-ic (path-o-jen-et'- 
ik), adj. producing disease, 
pa-thog-e-ny (pa-thoj'e-ni), n. 
the science of the origin of dis¬ 
eases. 

path-o-log-ic-al (path-o-loj'ik-al), 
adj. pertaining to pathology, 
pa-thol-o-gist (pa-thol'6-jist), n. 

one skilled in pathology, 
pa-thol-o-gy (/o-ji), n. the science 
of diseases. 

pa-tlios (pa'thos), n. expression 
of deep feeling; that which ex¬ 
cites the mental emotions, 
pa-tience ('shens), n. the quality 
of being patient or calmly endur¬ 
ing. . 

pa-tient ('shent), adj. suffering 
pain, hardship, affliction, insult, 
&c., with calmness and equanim¬ 
ity ; continuance of labor; perse¬ 
vering ; waiting with calmness: n. 
a person under medical treatment. 

Syn. passive, submissive, meek. 

Ant. (see obdurate), 
pat-i-na (pat'i-na), n. the fine 
green rust with which coins, 
ancient bronzes, &c., become cov¬ 
ered by age, &c. 

pat-ness ('nes), n. appropriate¬ 
ness. 

pa-tois (pa-twa'), n. provincial 
dialect. 

pa-tri-arch (pa'tri-ark), n. the 
founder or head of a family ; an 


aged man ; in the Greek Church, 
a metropolitan dignitary of the 
highest rank. 

pa-tri-arch-ate (-at), n. the 
office, rank, or jurisdiction of a 
patriarch. 

pa-tri-cian (pa-trish'an), n. one 
of the senators of ancient Rome; 
a nobleman: adj. senatorial; 
noble. 

pat-ri-mo-ni-al (pat-ri-mo'ni-al), 
adj. inherited from ancestors, 
pat-ri-mo-ni-al-ly ( li), adv. by 
inheritance. 

pat-ri-mo-ny ('ri-mo-ni), n. an 
estate or right inherited from a 
father or one’s ancestors; an ec¬ 
clesiastical endowment or estate, 
pa-tri-ot (pa'tri- or pat'ri-ot), n. 
one who loves, and is devoted to, 
his native country and its wel¬ 
fare. 

pa-tri-ot-ic (-ri-ot'ik), adj. char¬ 
acterized by patriotism, 
pa-tri-ot-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
like a patriot. 

pa-tri-ot-ism ('ri-ot-izm), n. love 
of one’s country. 

pa-tris-tic (pa-tris'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the theology and writ¬ 
ings of the fathers of the Chris¬ 
tian Church. Also patristical. 
pa-trol (pa-trol'), n. a corporal’s 
guard that marches round at 
night to preserve order; a 
mounted policeman: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. patrolled, p.pr. patrolling], 
to go round as a patrol, 
pa-tron (pa'tron), n. a guardian 
or protector; one who has the 
gift of a benefice. Fem. patron¬ 
ess : adj. giving aid or exercising 
guardianship; tutelary, 
pat-ron-age (pat'ron-aj), n. 
special support; guardianship or 
protection ; right of conferring a 
benefice. 

pat-ron-al ('ron-al), adj. per¬ 
forming the office of a patron, 
pat-ron-ize (-iz), v.t. to act as a 
patron towards; support or pro¬ 
tect ; frequent as a customer, 
pat-ro-nym-ic (pat-r5-nim'ik), 
adj. derived from the name of an 
ancestor: n. a name derived from 
an ancestor. 

pa-troon (pa-troon'), n. a landed 
proprietor with manorial rights, 
pat-ten fcpat'en), n. a wooden 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon- 

cook ; mute, nyt; thin, then. 





pat 


616 


pea 


shoe with an iron ring worn un¬ 
der the soles by women as a pro¬ 
tection against damp ; the base of 
a column. 

pat-ter ('er), v.i. to strike with 
a quick succession of light 
sounds, as hail: n. the dialect of 
a class. 

pat-ter-ing (-ing), p.adj. making 
a quick succession of light blows, 
pat-tern ('em), n. a model, sam¬ 
ple, or specimen; anything cut 
out or formed into shape to be 
copied. 

pat-ty ('i), n. a small pie. 
pau-ci-ty (paw'si-ti), n. small¬ 
ness of number or quantity, 
paunch (piinch, or pawnch), n. 
the belly; the first and largest 
stomach of a ruminant, 
pau per (paw'per), n. a poor per¬ 
son ; one who is supported by the 
poor rates. 

pau per ism (-izm), n. the state 
of being a pauper, 
pau-per-ize (-Iz), v.t. to reduce 
to pauperism. 

pause (pawz), n. cessation; tem¬ 
porary stop; a break in writing 
indicated by the mark [—] ; a 
mark of cessation in speaking ; a 
mark [^] in music, indicating 
the continuance of a note or rest: 
v.i. to make a short stop; wait; 
hesitate. 

pave (pav), v.t. to cover or lay 
with stones, bricks, &c.: as, to 
pave a street. 

pavement (pav'ment), n. a 
paved roadway or floor, 
paver (pa'ver), n. one whose 
occupation is to lay pavements, 
pa-vil-ion (pa-vil'yun), n. an or¬ 
namental dome-shaped building; 
a large tent; a temporary movable 
habitation ; summer-house, 
pa-ving (pa'ving), n. pavement, 
pav-o-nine (pav'o-nin), adj. re¬ 
sembling the tail of a peacock; 
iridescent: said of certain ores, 
paw (paw), n. the foot of an 
animal with claws; the hand : 
v.t. to scrape with the forefoot; 
handle, as with paws; caress, as 
a dog. 

pawl (pawl), n. a short bar to 
prevent the recoil of a windlass, 
pawn (pawn), n. something given 
as security for the redemption of 


a pledge; a common piece at 
chess: v.t. to give in pledge, 
pawn-bro-ker ('bro-ker), n. one 
who lends money on the security 
of goods pawned with him. 
paw-paw (paw'paw), n. a tree 
of the custard-apple family, com¬ 
mon in the southwestern United 
States. 

pax (paks), n. a small crucifix, 
or a crucifix engraved on a small 
metal plate kissed by worship' 
pers. 

pax-wax ('waks), n. the strong 
tendon in the neck of animals, 
pay (pa), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. paid, 
p.pr. paying], to discharge a debt 
to; give an equivalent for; com¬ 
pensate ; reward; fulfil; smear 
with tar, pitch, &c.: n. money 
given for service rendered, 
pay-ee (-§'), n. one to whom 
money is paid. 

pay-nias-ter ('mas-ter), n. one 
who pays or from whom wages 
are received, especially an officer 
in the army or navy whose duty 
is to pay tiie officers and men. 
pea (pe), n. [pi. peas, or pease 
(pez)], a leguminous plant of 
the genus Pisum and its edible 
seed. 

peace (pes), n. a state of rest or 
tranquillity ; calm ; freedom from 
war or disturbance. 

tiyn. calm, quiet, tranquillity. 
Ant. (see war). 

peace-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. disposed 
to peace ; calm ; quiet. 

tiyn. pacific, peaceful, quiet. 
Ant. (see riotous), 
peace-a-ble-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being peace¬ 
able. Also peacefulness, 
peace-a-bly (-bli), adv. without 
agitation or tumult, 
peace-ful ('fool), adj. full of 
peace ; pacific ; quiet, 
peacefully (-li), adv. in a peace¬ 
ful manner. 

peace-officer (-of'i-ser), n. a 
justice of the peace or a police- 
officer. 

peacli (pech), n. a tree with its 
downy edible fruit: v.i. to betray 
one’s accomplices, 
pea-cock (pe'kok), n. a gallina¬ 
ceous bird with handsome plum¬ 
age : adj. iridescent like the 
feathers of the peacock. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







pea 


617 




ped 


pea-hen ('hen), n. a female pea¬ 
fowl, homologous to the peacock, 
pea-jaek-et ('jak-et), n. a sea¬ 
man’s heavy jacket, 
peak (pek), n. the sharp-pointed 
summit or jutting part of a 
mountain or hill; pointed end ; the 
leather projection in front of a 
cap ; the upper outer corner of an 
extended sail: v.i. to look pale and 
wan: v.t. to raise (a sail) ob¬ 
liquely to the mast, 
peak-ish ('ish), adj. having pale 
thin features. 

peak-y ('i), adj. having, or re¬ 
sembling, a peak. 

peal (pel), n. a loud sound,.as of 
thunder, bells, &c.; a set of musi¬ 
cal bells, or the changes rung by 
them: v.i. to give forth loud or 
solemn sounds, 
pean, same as psean. 
pea-nut (pe'nut), n. the ground¬ 
nut. 

pear (par), n. the juicy edible 
fruit of the pear-tree ( Pyrus com¬ 
munis) . 

pearl (perl), n. a hard, smooth, 
greyish-white iridescent gem found 
in the mother-of-pearl oyster; 
anything resembling a pearl or 
very precious; a white speck in 
the eye; a small size of type 
(see type) : adj. pertaining to, 
or formed of, pearls: v.t. to set 
or adorn with pearls, 
pearl-ash ('ash), n. an impure 
carbonate of potash, 
pearl-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being pearly, 
pearl-y ('i), adj. resembling, or 
containing, pearls; clear; trans¬ 
parent. 

peas-ant (pez'ant), n. a country¬ 
man ; rustic laborer: adj. rural ; 
rustic. 

peasantry (-ri), n. peasants 
collectively. 

pease (pez), n.pl. peas collect¬ 
ively. 

pea-stone (pe'ston), n. pisolite, 
peat (pet), n. decayed vegetable 
matter resembling turf cut out of 
bogs: used as fuel, 
pebble (peb'l), n. a roundish 
stone; transparent rock crystal 
used for spectacles, &c. 
peb-bly ('li), adj. full of pebbles, 
pec-ca-bil-i-ty (pek-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state of being subject to sin. 


pec-ca-ble ('a-bl), adj. liable to 
sin. 

pec ca dil lo (-dil'o), n. a trifling 
fault. 

pe can (pe-kan'), n. a species of 
North American hickory and its 
fruit. 

pec-can-cy ('an^si), n. sinfulness, 
pec-ca-ry ('a-ri), n. a South 
American mammal allied to the 
hog. 

pec-ca-vi (a'vi), (Latin, I have 
sinned), a word in colloquial 
use, expressive of contrition for 
the commission of a fault, 
peck (pek), n. 1-4th of a bushel; 
quick sharp stroke with the beak : 
v.t. to strike with the beak ; pick 
up with the beak ; eat. 
peck-er ('er), n. one who pecks; 
a woodpecker. 

pec-tic ac-id ('tik as'id), n. an 
acid found in various fruits, 
pec-tin ('tin), n. the gelatinizing 
principle of certain ripe fruits, 
pec-tin-ate ('tin-at), adj. shaped 
like the teeth of a comb. Also 
pectinated. 

pec-to-ral ('to-ral), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, good for, or worn on, the 
chest: n. the breastplate of the 
Jewish high-priest; a medicine 
for chest complaints; a pectoral 
fin. 

pec-u-late ('u-lat), v.i. to ap¬ 
propriate public money to one’s 
own use; embezzle, 
pec-u-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
act of appropriating public money 
to one’s own use. 

pec-u-la-tor ('u-la-ter), n. one 
who peculates. 

pe-cul-iar (pe-kul'yar), adj. one’s 
own ; appropriate ; individual ; 
strange: n. a church or parish 
exempted from the jurisdiction of 
the diocese to which it belongs, 
pe-cu-li-ar-i-ty (-li-ar'i-ti), n. \pl.' 
peculiarities (-tiz) ], something 
peculiar or characteristic, 
pe-cul-iar-ly ('yar-li), adv. in a 
peculiar manner. 

pe-cu-ni-a-ri-ly ('ni-a-ri-li), adv. 

as regards - money, 
pe-cu-ni-a-ry ('ni-a-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or consisting of, money ; 
monetary. 

ped-a-gog-ic (ped-a-goj'ik), adj. 
pertaining to a pedagogue or to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ped 


618 


pel 


the science of teaching. Also 
pedagogical. 

ped-a-gog-ics ('iks), n. the sci¬ 
ence of teaching. 

ped-a-gog-ism ('&-gog-izm), n. 
the occupation or manners of a 
pedagogue. 

ped-a-gog-ist (*ist), n. one who 

treats of pedagogics, 
ped a gogue ('a-gog), n. a school¬ 
master ; pedant. 

ped-a-go-gy ('a-go-ji), n. peda¬ 
gogics. 

ped-al (ped'al), adj. pertaining 
to a foot: n. a key or lever at¬ 
tached to a musical instrument 
and moved by the foot, to modify 
the swell or tone. 

ped-ant ('ant), n. one who makes 
an ostentatious display of his 
learning. 

pe-dan-tic (pe-dan'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characterized by, 
pedantry. Pedantical. 
pe-dan-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
like a pedant. 

ped-an-try ('an-tri), n. ostenta¬ 
tious display of learning, 
ped-ate ('at), adj. palmate, with 
the two lateral sections length¬ 
ened and lobed. 

ped-dle ('1), v.i. to travel about 
selling small wares; be busy about 
trifles: v.t. to retail in small 
quantities. 

ped dler, ped-ler, ped-lar ('ler), 

n. one who peddles, 
ped-dling ('ling), adj. trifling, 
ped-es-tal ('es-tal), n. the base 
of a column, statue, &c. _ 
pe-des-tri-an (pe-des'tri-an), adj. 
going on foot; walking: n. one 
who journeys on foot; profession¬ 
al walker. 

pe-des-tri-an-ism (-izm), n. the 
art or practice of walking; racing 
on foot. 

ped-i-cel (ped'i-sel), n. a small 
short foot-stalk. 

ped-i-cure ('i-kur), n. the care 
of the feet; a chiropodist, 
ped-i-form ('i-form), adj. foot¬ 
shaped. 

ped-i-gree ('i-gre), n. lineage; 
genealogy. 

ped-i-ment ('i-ment), n. the tri¬ 
angular or circular ornament 
over the entablature, &c., of a 
building. 

ped-ler, see peddler. 


pe-do-bap-tism, same as psedo- 
baptism. 

ped om e ter (ped-oin'e-ter), n. a 
watch-shaped instrument for re¬ 
cording paces and distances in 
walking. 

ped-iin.-cle (-ung'kl), n. a flower- 
stalk. 

ped un cu lar ('ku-lar), adj. of 
or pertaining to a peduncle, 
ped-un-cu-late ('ku-lat), adj. 
having, or growing upon, a ped¬ 
uncle. Also pedunculated, 
peel (pel), v.t. ,to strip the skin, 
bark, or rind from: v.i. to un¬ 
dress : n. skin or rind ; a baker’s 
long flat wooden shovel; a con¬ 
trivance for hanging up printed 
sheets to dry. 

peel-er ('er), n. one who peels: a 
pillager; a policeman: from Sir 
Robert Peel. 

peen (pen), n. the point of a 
mason’s hammer. 

peep (pep), v.i. to chirp or cry. 
as young birds; to look through 
a crevice or hiding place; look 
slyly; begin to appear: n. the 
cry of a chicken; a sty look; a 
beginning to apnear. 
peer (per), n . one of the same 
rank; an equal; associate; a 
nobleman ; a member of the House 
of Lords: v.i. to appear; look 
narrowly. 

peer-age ('aj), n. • the rank or 
dignity of a peer; peers col¬ 
lectively ; a book giving informa¬ 
tion respecting the nobility, 
peer-ess ('es), n. a peer’s wife; 

a lady of noble rank, 
peer-less ('les), adj. without an 
equal. 

peev-ish (pev'ish), adj. fretful; 

difficult to please, 
pee-wit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing, 
peg (peg), n. a small pointed 
wooden pin ; a piece of wood serv¬ 
ing as a nail: v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
pegged, p.pr. pegging], to fasten 
or mark out with pegs, 
pel-age (pel'aj), n. the hair or 
similar covering of a mammal, 
pe-lag-ic (-laj'ik), adj. pertaining 
to the ocean. 

pel-er-ine (pel'er-in), n. a lady’s 
long cape with tapering ends, 
pelf (pelf), n. money ; wealth : 
used in a bad sense. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





619 


pen 




pelican (pel'i-kan), n. a large 
aquatic bird with a huge axe¬ 
shaped bill; a dentist’s instru¬ 
ment. 

pe lisse (pe-les'), n. a lady’s silk 
habit. 

pell (pel), n. a skin or hide; a 
roll of parchment, 
pel-let ('et), n. a little ball, 
pel-li-cle ('i-kl), n. a thin skin 
or film. 

pel-li-to-ry ('i-to-ri), n. a peren¬ 
nial plant of the nettle family, 
growing on old walls, 
pell-mell ('mel), adv. with con¬ 
fused violence. 

pel-lu-cid (-u'sid), adj. perfectly 
clear ; transparent, 
pelt (pelt), n. a raw hide; a blow 
from something thrown: v.t. to 
strike by throwing something : v.i. 
to fall heavily, as rain. 
pel-ti*y (pel'tri), n. skins of 
furred animals collectively, 
pelt-wool (pelt'wool), n. wool 
from dead sheep. 

pel-vic (pel'vik), adj. pertaining 
to the pelvis. 

pel-vis ('vis), n. the bony cavity 
in the lower part of the abdomen, 
pem-mi-can (pein'i-kan), n. lean 
meat, dried, pounded, and pressed 
into cakes. 

pen (pen), n. a small inclosure; 
coop"; an instrument for writing: 
v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. penned, p.pr. pen¬ 
ning], to shut up or confine in a 
small inclosure; write, 
pe-nal (pe'nal), adj. enacting, in¬ 
flicting, or incurring punishment 
for crime ; punitive, 
pe-nal-ly (-li), adv. by way of 
punishment. 

pen-al-ty (pen'al-ti), n. legal pun¬ 
ishment either on the person or 
by a fine; fine or forfeit; an ex¬ 
tra weight carried by a race-horse, 
penance (pen'ans), n. self-im¬ 
posed suffering, as an expression 
of contrition for sin ; repentance; 
in the Roman Catholic Church 
one of the sacraments by which 
sins are pardoned after con¬ 
fession and satisfaction, 
pe-na-tes (pe-na'tez), n.pl. the 
household gods of the ancient 
Romans. 

pence, pi. of penny, 
pen-chant (piing-shang'), n. a 


strong inclination or taste 
[French]. 

pen-cil (pen'sil), n. a small fine 
brush used by.artists; a pointed 
instrument of black lead, colored 
chalk, &c.; a collection of rays 
of light converging to a point: v.t. 
to write, sketch, paint, or mark 
with a pencil. 

pen-ciled ('sild), p.adj. written, 
drawn, or painted, with a pen¬ 
cil ; radiating. 

pen-cil-ing (-ing), n. the art of 
writing, sketching, or painting 
with a pencil. 

pend-ant (pend'ant), n. anything 
hanging for ornamentation; an 
ear-ring or locket ; a pennant, 
pendency ('en-si), n. suspense; 
indecision. Also pendence. 
pend-ent ('ent), adj. hanging; 

projecting; swinging, 
pend-ing ('ing), adj. undecided; 

hanging in suspense, 
pen-du-lous ('du-lus), adj. hang¬ 
ing; oscillating. 

pen-du-lum ('du-lum), n. a 
heavy body suspended so that it 
may vibrate backwards and for¬ 
wards about a fixed point by the 
force of gravity, as in a clock, 
pen-e-tra-bil-i-ty (-e-tra-bil'i-ti), 
n. the susceptibility of being en¬ 
tered or passed through by an¬ 
other body. 

pen-e-tra-ble ('e-tra-bl), adj. 
that may be penetrated; suscep¬ 
tive of impression, 
pen-e-tra-li-a (-tra'li-a), n.pl. the 
inner part of a temple, house, &c.; 
mysteries. 

pen-e-trant ('e-trant), adj. pene¬ 
trating ; subtile; acute, 
pen-e-trate ('e-trat), v.t. to 
pierce into; enter; bore or per¬ 
forate ; reach the mind; affect 
deeply; reach the interior. 

Syn. bore, pierce, perforate, 
pen-e-tra-ting (-ing), p.adj. 
piercing ; sharp ; discerning. Also 
penetrative. 

pen-e-tra-tion (-tra'shun), n. the 
act of penetrating; mental acute¬ 
ness. 

Syn. acuteness, sagacity. 

Ant. (see dulness). 

pen-e-tra-tive-ness (-tiv-nes), fo- 
the quality of being penetrative, 
pen-fish, ('fish), n. a kind of eel 
pout. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vdte, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








620 


peo 


pert 



pen-guin ('gwin), n. a large sea- 
fowl with rudimentary wings, 
pen-in-su-la (pen-in'su-la), n. a 
portion of jutting land nearly 
surrounded by w r ater, and con¬ 
nected with the mainland by an 
isthmus. 

pen-in-su-lar ('su-lar), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or shaped like, a penin¬ 
sula. 

pen-i-tence (pen'i-tens), n. sor¬ 
row for sin ; state of being peni¬ 
tent. 

pen-i-tent ('i-tent), adj. repent¬ 
ant : n. one who is penitent; one 
under ecclesiastical censure, but 
admitted to penance; one w T ho is 
under the direction of a confessor, 
pen-i-ten-tial (-ten'shal), adj. 
pertaining to, or expressing, 
penitence; of the nature of pen¬ 
ance : n. in the Roman Catholic 
Church a book treating of the 
rules and degrees of penance, 
pen-i-ten-tia-r y (-ten'sha-ri), 
adj. pertaining to penance: n. a 
penitent; a house of correction ; a 
state prison; a home for fallen 
women; an office at the papal 
court, that grants dispensations, 
absolutions, &c.; the official who 
presides over such a court, 
pen-knife ('mf), n. a small pock¬ 
et-knife. 

pen-man ('man), n. an author; 

one who writes a good hand, 
pen-man-shin (-ship), n. the art, 
or style, of writing, 
pen-nant ('ant), n. a long nar¬ 
row strip of bunting at the mast¬ 
heads of men-of-war. 
pen-nate, same as pinnate, 
pen-ni-less (pen'i-les), adj. with¬ 
out money; destitute, 
pen-non ('on), n. a small swal¬ 
low-tailed flag or streamer, 
pen-ny (-i), n. [pi. pennies ('iz) 
(denoting number), pence (pens), 
(denoting amount or value)], a 
bronze coin = 1-12 of a shilling, 
or 2 cents, (English), 
pen-ny-roy-al (-roi'al), n. an 
aromatic herb of the mint family, 
pen-ny-weight (-wat), n. a 
weight == 24 grains troy, 
pe-no-log-ic-al (pe-no-loj'ik-al), 
adj. pertaining to penology, 
pe-nol-o-gist (-nol'o-jist), n. a 
student of penology. 


pe-nol-o-gy (-nol'o-ji), n. the 
scientific study of punishments, 
prison management, &c. 
pen sile ('sll), adj. hanging, 
pen-sion ('shun), n. a stated al¬ 
lowance paid for past services, as 
to the state, &c.; money paid in¬ 
stead of tithes; a continental 
boarding house or school (pang- 
si-ang') : v.t. to grant a pension 
to. 

pen-sion-a-ry ('shun-a-ri), adj. 
consisting of, or maintained by, a 
pension: n. a person in receipt 
of a pension. 

pen-sion-er ('shun-er), n. one 
who receives a pension, especially 
a discharged soldier, 
pensive ('si.v), adj. thoughtful; 
sad. 

pen-sive-ly (-li), adv. in a pen¬ 
sive manner. 

pen-sive-ness (-nes), n. thought¬ 
fulness ; melancholy, 
pent, p.t. & p.p. of pen (to shut 
up). 

penta, a prefix meaning five , as 
pentachord, an instrument with 
5 strings; musical scale of 5 
sounds. Also pente. 
pen-tad (pen'tad), n. an element 
which combines with or replaces 
a monad. 

pentagon (pen'ta-gon), n. a 
figure of 5 sides and 5 angles, 
pen-ta-he-dral (-he'dral), adj. 
having 5 sides. 

pen-ta-lie-dron ('dron), n. a 
solid figure having 5 sides, 
pen-ta-hex-a-he-dral (-heks-a- 
he'dral), adj. exhibiting 5 ranges 
of faces, one above another, each 
range containing 6 faces, 
pen-tam-e-rous (-tam'e-rus), adj. 

consisting of 5 parts, 
pen-tam-e-ter ('e-ter), n. a verse 
consisting of 5 feet, 
pen-ta-style ('ta-stil), n. a build¬ 
ing with 5 columns in front. 
Pen-ta-teuch ('ta-tuk), n. the 
first 5 books of the Old Testa¬ 
ment. 

Pen-te-cost ('te-kost), n. a Jew¬ 
ish festival kept the 50th day 
after the second day of the Pass- 
over ; Whitsuntide, commemora¬ 
tive of the descent of the Holy 
Ghost. 

pen-te-cost-al (-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Pentecost. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





pen 


621 


per 


pent-house ('lious), n. a shed 
with a slanting roof projecting 
from a main wall or building, 
penult (pe-nult'), n. the last 
syllable of a word but one. 
Also penultima. 

pe-nult-i-mate ('L-mat), adj. last 
but one. 

pe-num-bra (-num'bra), n. a 
partial shadow on the exterior of 
the perfect shadow of an eclipse; 
the boundary of light and shade 
in a picture. 

penurious (-nu'ri-us), adj. 
miserly ; sordid. 

pen-u-ry (pen'u-ri), n. want of 
the necessities of life; poverty, 
pe-on (pe'on), n. a Mexican 
laborer; an Indian native soldier 
or constable; a pawn at chess, 
pe-o-ny ('d-ni), n. a perennial 
plant with handsome flowers of 
the genus Paeonia. Also pseony. 
peo-ple ('pi), n. [pi. people, 
peoples ('plz)], persons gen¬ 
erally ; community ; inhabitants ; 
race, kindred, or family ; the com¬ 
monalty : v.t. to stock with people 
or inhabitants. 

Syn. nation, persons, folks, 
pep-per (pep'er), n. a hot pungent 
spice made of the ground seeds 
of Piper nigrum. 

peppercorn (-korn), n. the 
small berry of the pepper-plant: 
hence anything insignificant, 
pep-per-mint (-mint), n. an 
aromatic herb; the cordial pre¬ 
pared from it. 

pep-per-wort (-wert), n. a cress, 
pep-per-y (-i), adj. like pepper; 
fiery ; pungent. 

pep-siu ('sin), n. a nitrogenous 
ferment contained in gastric 
juice; a preparation from the 
stomach of a pig used in medicine 
to aid digestion. Also pepsine. 
pep-tic ('tik), adj. pertaining to, 
or promoting, digestion: n. a 
medicine to aid digestion: pi. the 
science of digestion, 
pep-tones ('tonz), n.pl. the prod¬ 
ucts of the action of pepsin, 
per, a prefix meaning through , 
over the whole extent , by, very, 
as perambulate, to walk over; per 
diem, by the day, &c. 
per-ad-ven-ture (per-ad-ven'tur), 
adv. by chance. 


per-am-bu-la-tion (-am-bu-la'- 
sliun), n. the act of passing 
through; a survey made by travel¬ 
ing ; the annual survey of a parish 
boundary. 

perambulator ('bu-la-ter), n. 
one who perambulates; a baby 
carriage; an instrument for meas¬ 
uring road distances, 
per-cale (-kal'), n. cotton fabrics 
with a linen finish, 
per-ceiv-a-ble (-se'va-bl), adj. 

discernible by the mind, 
per-ceiv-a-blv (-bli), adv. per¬ 
ceptibly. 

perceive (-sev'), v.t. to obtain 
knowledge of by the senses; un¬ 
derstand ; discern. 

Syn. note, observe, discern, dis¬ 
tinguish. 

per cent, (-sent'), by the hundred, 
per-cent-age (-sent'aj), n. pro¬ 
portional allowance per cent, 
per-cep-ti-bil-i-ty (-sep-ti-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being per¬ 
ceptible. 

per-cep-ti-ble ('ti-bl), adj. that 
may be perceived. 

per-cep-ti-bly (-bli), adv. so as 
to be perceived. 

per-cep-tion (-sep'shim), n. the 
act, state, or faculty of receiving 
knowledge of external things by 
the medium of the senses; idea, 
notion, or conception. 

Syn. conception, notion, idea, 
per-cep-tive ('tiv), adj. having 
the faculty of perceiving, 
per-cep-tiv-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the 
power of perception or thinking, 
perch (perch), n. a fresh-water 
fish; a measure of length = 5*4 
yards, 1-40 of a rood ; anything on 
which birds sit or roost: v.i. to sit 
or roost: v.t. to place on a perch, 
perchance (per-chans'), adv. 
perhaps. 

per-chlo-rate (-kld'rat), n. a 
compound of perchloric acid and 
a base. 

per-chlo-ric ('rik), adj. noting 
an acid having 7 equivalents of 
oxygen to 2 of chlorine, 
per-chlo-ride ('rid), n. a com¬ 
pound of an excess of chlorine 
with a base. 

per-cip-i-ence (-sip'i-ens), n. the 
act of perceiving. 

per-cip-i-ent ('i-ent), adj. per¬ 
ceiving; n. one who perceives. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


4 








per 


622 


per 


per-co-late ('ko-lat). v.i. to pass 
through small spaces, 
per-co-la-tion (-la'shun), n. 
filtration. 

per-co-la-tor ('ko-la-ter), n. a 
filtering machine or vessel; a 
coffee-pot "fitted with a filter, 
per-cus-sion (-kush'un), n. vio¬ 
lent collision ; shock produced by 
the collision of bodies; impres¬ 
sion of sound on the ear; the 
medical examination of a part 
• of the body by tapping it gently 
so as to determine its condition 
by the sound produced, 
per-cus-sion-cap (kap), n. a 
small copper cap containing ful¬ 
minating powder, which, placed 
on the nipple of a gun, explodes 
the powder when struck by the 
lock. 

per-cus-sive (-kus'iv), adj. strik¬ 
ing against. 

per-di-tion (-disli'un), n. total 
destruction; ruin; utter loss of 
the soul or of happiness in a 
future state. 

per-du (-du'), adj. forlorn; hid¬ 
den : n. one lying in ambush: 
adv. in ambush or a post of 
danger. 

per-e-grin-a-tion (-e-grin-a'- 

shun), n. the act of traveling 
about. 

per-e-grin-a-tor ('e-grin-a-ter), 
n. a traveler. 

per-emp-to-ri-ly ('emp-tor-i-li), 
adv. in a peremptory manner, 
per-emp-to-ri-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being peremp¬ 
tory. 

per-emp-to-ry ('emp-tor-i), adj. 
positive; final; decisive; preclud¬ 
ing discussion or hesitation, 
per-en-ni-al (-en'i-al), adj. last¬ 
ing through the year; perpetual; 
noting plants that continue more 
than 2 years. , 

per-en-ni-al-ly (-li), adv. so as 
to be perennial; perpetually, 
per-fect ('fekt), adj. complete; 
without defect or blemish ; blame¬ 
less ; pure; possessing every moral 
excellence; fully skilled or ac¬ 
complished ; in grammar, the 
tense that expresses completed 
action : v.t. to make perfect; com¬ 
plete or finish. 


Syn. correct, entire, sinless, 
complete. 

Ant. (see faulty). 

per-f ect-i-bil-i-ty (-f ekt-i-bi l'i- 

ti), n. the capacity for becoming 
perfect. 

per-f ect-i-ble (-f ekt'i-bl), adj. 

capable of being made perfect, 
per-fec-tion (fec'shun), n. the 
state of being perfeet; supreme 
excellence. 

per-fid-i-ous (-fid'i-us), adj. false 
to trust; treacherous ; faithless, 
per-fi-dy ( 'fi-di), n. violation of 
a trust reposed; breach of faith, 
per-fo-rate ('fo-rat), v.t. to 
pierce or bore through; make a 
hole through. 

per-f oration (-ra'shun), n. the 
act of piercing or boring through ; 
a hole bored through, 
per-fo-ra-tor ('fo-ra-ter). n. one 
who. or that which, perforates, 
per-force (-fors'), adv. by force; 
violently. 

per form (-form'), v.t. to do or 
carry out; execute; achieve; 
fulfil: v.i. to act a part, 
per form ance ('ans), n. the act 
of performing; execution; com¬ 
pletion ; deed or feat; an enter¬ 
tainment. 

per-fume (-fum'), v.t. to impreg¬ 
nate with a pleasant odor; scent: 
n. a sweet-smelling scent, 
per fu mer y ('er-i), n. perfumes 
in general. 

per-f unc-to-ri-Iy (-fungk'to-ri- 
li), adv. carelessly, 
per-func-to-ri-ness (-nes), n. 

carelessness. 

per-func-to-ry ('to-ri), adj. done 
carelessly or negligently with the 
purpose of getting rid of the 
duty ; negligent. 

per haps (-baps'), adv. possibly, 
pe-ri (pe'ri), n. in Persian myth¬ 
ology, a descendant of a fallen 
spirit excluded from paradise; a 
fairy; (per'i), a prefix, meaning 
around, as penbolos, a wall or 
court surrounding a temple, 
per-i-anth (per'i-anth), n. a floral 
envelope. 

per-i-car-di-ac (-kar'di-ak), adj. 
pertaining to the pericardium. 
Also pericardial. 

pericarditis (-di'tis), n. in¬ 
flammation of the pericardium, 
per-i-car-di-um (-kar'di-um), n. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, tl ten. 







per 


623 


per 


the membrane that surrounds the 
heart. 

per-i-carp ('i-karp), n. the seed- 
vessel of a plant, 
per-i-car-pi-al (-kar'pi-al), adj. 

pertaining to a pericarp, 
per-i-clase ('i-klaz), n. a mag¬ 
nesian mineral. 

per-i-cli-nal (-kli'nal), adj. dip¬ 
ping on all sides from a central 
axis. 

per-i-cra-ni-um (-kra'ni-um), n. 
the membrane that surrounds the 
cranium. 

perigee (-je), n. that point in 
the orbit of the moon, or of a 
planet, nearest the earth, 
per-i-he-li-tm (-he'li-on), n. [pi. 
perihelia (-a)], that point in 
the orbit of a planet, or a comet, 
nearest the sun. 

per-il ('il), n. exposure to in¬ 
jury ; danger; jeopardy; risk: 
v.t. to expose to danger or risk. 

8yn. danger, pitfall, snare. 

Ant. (see safety), 
per-il-ous (-us), adj. full of peril; 

hazardous; dangerous, 
pe-rim-e-ter (pe-rim'e-ter), n. 
the outer boundary of a plane 
surface. 

pe-ri-od (pe'ri-od), n. a circuit or 
cycle; interval of time ; the time 
taken by a planet to revolve 
round the sun; length of dura¬ 
tion; conclusion; a dot [.] to 
mark the end of a sentence; in 
rhetoric, a complete sentence, 
pe-ri-od-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a period, or to period¬ 
icals ; occurring at regular inter¬ 
vals. Also periodic: n. a publica¬ 
tion issued at sta|ed intervals, as 
a magazine. 

pe-ri-od-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. at 
stated intervals. 

pe-ri-o-dic-i-ty (-o-dis'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being pe¬ 
riodical. 

per-i-os-te-al (per-i-os'te-al), adj. 

pertaining to the periosteum, 
per-i-os-te-um ('te-um), n. the 
vascular nervous membrane which 
covers the bones. 
per-i-«‘s ti-tis (-ti'tis), n. in¬ 
flammation of the periosteum. 
Per-i-pa-tet-ic (-pa-tet'ik), adj. 
pertaining to the philosophy of 
Aristotle, who instructed his dis¬ 


ciples while he walked about the 
Lyceum : n. a disciple of Aristotle, 
per-i-pa-tet-ic (-pa-tet'ik), adj. 
walking about: n. one who is ac¬ 
customed or compelled to walk, 
per-iph-er-al (per-if'er-al), adj. 

pertaining to a periphery, 
periphery ('er-i), n. [pi. 
peripheries (-iz) ], the circumfer¬ 
ence of a circle, ellipse, or similar 
figure. 

per-iph-ra-sis (-if'ra-sis), n. cir¬ 
cumlocution. 

per-i-phras-tic (per-i-f ras'tik), 
adj. circumlocutory. Also peri- 
phrastical. 

per-i-phras-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
by periphrasis. 

per-i-scope (per'i-skop), n. an in¬ 
strument for seeing over inter¬ 
vening objects: used in guiding 
submarine boats. 

per-i-scop-ic (per-i-skop'ik), adj. 
viewing all round, and so con¬ 
structed as to increase the dis¬ 
tinctness of objects when viewed 
at an oblique angle. Also peri- 
scopical. 

perish ('ish), v.i. to lose life or 
vitality; decay or die: be de¬ 
stroyed or come to nothing, 
per-ish-a-bil-i-ty (-5,-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state of being perishable. 
Also perishableness, 
per-ish-a-ble (per'ish-i-bl), adj. 

liable to perish ; mortal, 
per-i-sperm ('i-sperm), n. albu¬ 
men of a seed. 

per-i-stal-tic (-stal'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining ,to the peculiar worm-like 
movement of the intestines by 
which their contents are forced 
onward. 

per-i-style ('i-stil), n. an open 
court in the interior of a house 
surrounded by a row of columns, 
per-i-sys-to-le (-sis'to-le), n. the 
interval that ensues on the con¬ 
traction of the heart before the 
dilation (diastole) which follows, 
per-i-to-ne-al (-to-ne'al), adj. 

pertaining to the peritoneum, 
per-i-to-ne-um ('um), n. a thin 
serous membrane which covers the 
abdominal viscera, 
per-i-to-ni-tis (-ni'tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of the peritoneum, 
per-i-wig (per'i-wig), n. a small 
wig. 

per-i-win-kle (-wing'kl), n. a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






per 


624 


per 


perennial creeping plant; a small 
univalve mollusk. 

per-jure (per'jur), v.i. to swear 
falsely. 

per-jur-y (-i), n. the act of swear¬ 
ing falsely when on oath, 
perk (perk), v.t. to make trim or 
smart: v.i. to hold up the head 
in a smart or saucy manner; peer, 
perk-y ('i), adj. jaunty; smart, 
per ma nence ('ma-nens), n. the 
state or quality of being perma¬ 
nent ; duration. Also permanency, 
permanent (-nent), adj. last¬ 
ing ; durable; continuing in the 
same state. 

per-me-a-bil-i-ty (-me-a-bil'i-ti), 
n. the state or quality of being 
permeable. 

per-me-a-ble ('me-A-bl), adj. that 
may be passed through, 
per me ate ('me-at), v.t. to pene¬ 
trate and pass through the pores 
or interstices of. 

per-me-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of permeating, 
per-mis-si-ble (-mis'i-bl), adj. 

that may be permitted, 
per-mis-sion (-mish'un), n. the 
act of permitting ; leave ; license. 

Syn. consent, permit, leave. 

Ant. (see refusal), 
per-mis-sive (-mis'iv), adj. grant¬ 
ing permission or license; not 
forbidding. 

per-mis-sive-ly (-li), adv. by per¬ 
mission. 

permit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
permitted, p.pr. permitting], to 
allow without command ; consent 
to; tolerate: n. (per'mit), a writ¬ 
ten license from an officer of cus¬ 
toms to remove dutiable goods; 
permission. 

Syn. allow, tolerate. 

Ant. (see forbid), 
per-mit-ter ('er), n. one who per¬ 
mits. 

per-mu-ta-ble (-mii'ta-ble), adj. 
interchangeable. 

per-mu-ta-tion (-mu-ta'shun), n. 
the exchange of one thing for 
another; the arrangement of any 
determinate number of things or 
letters, in all possible orders, one 
after the other. 

per-ni-cious (-nish'us), adj. 
highly injurious or hurtful; de¬ 
structive. 


per-nick-e-ty (-nik'i-ti), adj. trim ; 
attentive to trifles; overnice; 
fussily particular, 
per-o-ra-tion (-o-ra'shun), n. the 
concluding part of an oration, 
per-ox-ide (-oks'id), n. the oxide 
of a base which contains the larg¬ 
est proportion of oxygen, 
per-ox-i-dize ('i-diz), v.t. to oxi¬ 
dize to the greatest degree, 
per-pen-dic-u-lar (-dik'ii-lar), 
adj. standing at right angles to 
a given line or surface; per¬ 
fectly upright: n. a perpendicular 
line. 

per-pe-trate ('pe-trat), v.t. to 
commit; perform (in a bad 
sense). 

per-pe-tra-tion (-tra'sliun), n. 

the act of perpetrating, 
per-pe-tra-tor ('pe-tra-ter), n. 

one who perpetrates, 
per-pet-u-al (-pet'u-al), adj. 

never ceasing; not temporary, 
per-pet-u-al-ly (-li), adv. con¬ 
tinually. 

per-pet-u-ate ('u-at), v.t. to 
make perpetual; preserve from 
extinction or oblivion, 
per-pet-u-a-tion (-a'sliun), n. 

the act of perpetuating, 
per-pe-tu-i-ty (-pe-tu'i-ti), n. the' 
state of being perpetual; endless 
duration. 

per-plex (-pleks'), v.t. to make 
difficult to be understood; make 
anxious; puzzle; embarrass or 
confuse. 

per-plex-i-ty ('i-ti), n. embarrass¬ 
ment ; doubt; intricacy. 

Syn. confusion, bewilderment, 
embarrassment. 

per-qui-site ( # 'kwi-zit), n. a gift 
or allowance in addition to regu¬ 
lar wages or salary; that which 
is gained, as distinct from that 
which is inherited, 
per ron ('on), n. a staircase out¬ 
side a building leading to the 
first floor. 

per-ry ('i), n. the fermented 
juice of pears. 

persecute ('se-kut), v.t. to 
harass or ill-treat, especially for 
religious opinions ; annoy with im¬ 
portunity. 

persecution (-ku'shun), n. the 
act of persecuting; the state of 
being persecuted. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook: mute, nut: thin. them. 








per 


625 


per 


per-se-cu-tor (-ter), n. one wlio 
persecutes. 

perseverance (-ve'rans), n. 
the act or state of persevering; 
continuance in grace. 

per se vere (-se-ver'), v.i. to per¬ 
sist in any enterprise or business 
undertaken ; continue steadfastly. 

Fer-sian ('shan), adj. pertaining 
to Persia, to its inhabitants, or 
to its language: n.pl. sculptured 
draped male' figures used as 
columns. 

persimmon (-sim'un), n. an 
American plum-like fruit; • the 
tree yielding it. 

per-sist (-sist'), v.i. to continue 
steadily in any course commenced; 
persevere. 

per-sist-ence (-sist'ens), n. the 
state or quality of being persist¬ 
ent ; obstinacy. Also persistency. 

per-sist-ent ( 'ent), adj. continu¬ 
ing ; constant; persevering; not 
falling off. 

per son ('sn), n. a human being 
or individual; consisting of body 
and soul; one’s self; one of the 
three states of a subject or ob¬ 
ject of a verb, as speaking, 
spoken to, or spoken of. 

per sonage (-aj), n. a man or 
woman, especially one of dis¬ 
tinction. 

per-son-al (-al), adj. pertaining 
to men or women; relating, or 
peculiar, to a person and his 
private affairs: pertaining to the 
external appearance; done in per¬ 
son ; denoting the person; mov¬ 
able : opposed to real: n. mov¬ 
able property or goods: opposed 
to lands and tenements (real 
estate). 

per-son-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. that 
which constitutes distinction of 
person ; application of remarks 
(usually offensive) to some in¬ 
dividual. 

per-son-al-ly (-li), adv. in per¬ 
son ; particularly; individually. 

per-son-al-ty (-al-ti), n. personal 
estate, or all kinds of movable 
property. 

per-son-ate (-at) ,v.t. to represent 
by an assumed character; coun¬ 
terfeit : assume the character* of 
for fraudulent purposes, as in 
voting. 


■ 

personation (-a'shun), n. the 
counterfeiting of the person and 
character of another, 
per-son-a-tor (-ter), n. one who 
assumes the character of another, 
per-son-i-fi-ca-tion (-son-i-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act of personifying, 
per-son-i-fy ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. personified, p.pr. personify¬ 
ing], to represent as endowed with 
personal qualities, 
per-son-nel (per-son-el'), n. the 
persons employed in any public 
service, especially the army and 
navy, as distinguished from the 
materiel, arms, stores, &c. 
per-spec-tive (per-spek'tiv), adj. 
pertaining to, or in accordance 
with, the art of perspective: n. 
a vista or view; the art of rep¬ 
resenting objects on a plane sur¬ 
face as they appear to the eye. 
per-spec-tive-ly (-li), adv. ac¬ 
cording to the rules of perspective, 
per-spec-to-graph ('to-graf), n. 
an optical instrument for draw¬ 
ing mechanically the points and 
outlines of objects, 
per-spi-ca-cious (-spi-ka'shus), 
adj. mentally acute; quick-sighted, 
per-spi-cac-i-ty (-kas'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being perspicacious; 
acuteness of sight or discernment, 
per-spi-cu-i-ty (-ku'i-ti), n. free¬ 
dom from obscurity; mental clear¬ 
ness ; lucidity. 

per-spic-u-ous (-spik'u-us), adj. 
mentally clear ; easily understood ; 
evident; clear. 

per-spir-a-ble (-spir-a-bl), adj. 

that may be perspired, 
per-spi-ra-tion (-spi-ra'shun), n. 
excretion by the pores of the 
skin ; sweat. 

per-spire (-splr'), v.i. to excrete 
by the pores of the skin ; sweat, 
per suade (-swad'), v.t. to in¬ 
fluence by argument, advice, en¬ 
treaty, &c.; draw or incline the 
will of; exhort, induce; prevail 
upon. 

Syn. allure, entice, prevail upon, 
per-sua-si-bil-i-ty (-swa-si-bil'i- 
ti), n. the capability of being per¬ 
suaded. Also persuasibleness. 
per-sua-sion ('zhun), n. the act 
or art of persuading; the state 
of being persuaded, 
per-sua-sive ('siv), adj. having 


late, mar, m4^cat, awl; he. her, let: line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 


H21 






per 


626 


pet 


the power to persuade; influenc¬ 
ing the will or passions: n. an 
incitement. 

per-sua-sive-ly (-li), adv. so as 

to persuade. 

per-sua-sive-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being persuasive, 
pert (pert), adj. saucy; forward, 
per-tain (per-tan'), v.i. to be¬ 
long, or have relation, 
per-ti-na-cious (-ti-na'shus), adj. 
unyielding ; obstinate; resolute ; 
tenacious. 

per-ti-nac-i-ty (-nas'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being pertinacious, 
per-ti-nence ('ti-nens), n. suit¬ 
ableness ; fitness. Also perti¬ 
nency. 

pertinent ('ti-nent), adj. fit¬ 
ting or appropriate; relevant, 
per-turb (-terb'), v.t. to agitate; 
disturb; disquiet. 

per-tur-ba-tion ( -ter-ba'shun), n. 
mental agitation or disquietude; 
an irregularity or deviation in the 
movement of a heavenly body in 
its orbit. 

per uke (per-ook'), n. a wig. 
pe-ru-sal (pe-roo'zal), n. the act 
of perusing; study or examina¬ 
tion. 

pe-ruse (-rooz'), v.t. to read with 
care and attention ; examine. 

Pe ru vi an (roov'i-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Peru. 

pe-ru-vian bark (bark), n. cin¬ 
chona. 

per-va.de (per-vad'), v.t. to pene¬ 
trate ; extend or be diffused all 
over; permeate. 

per-va-sion (-va'zhun), n. the act 
of pervading. 

per-verse (-vers'), adj. obstinate; 
untractable; petulant. 

Syn. contrary, fractious, petu¬ 
lant, stubborn. 

Ant. (see compliant), 
per-verse-ly ('li), adv. in a per¬ 
verse manner. 

perverseness ('nes), n. the 
quality or state of being perverse; 
disposition to thwart or annoy. 
Also perversity. 

per-ver-sion (-ver'shun), n. the 
act of perverting; the state of 
being perverted; a turning from 
truth or propriety; misapplica¬ 
tion. 

per-ver-si-ty, same as perverse¬ 
ness. 


per-ver-sive (-ver'siv), adj. tend¬ 
ing to pervert. 

per-vert (-vert'), v.t. to turn 
from the true end or proper pur¬ 
pose ; misapply: n. (per'vert) one 
who has been perverted, especial¬ 
ly from truth to error, 
pervious ('vi-us), adj. admit¬ 
ting passage; permeable, 
pe-sade (pe-zad'), n. the motion 
of a horse when he raises or lifts 
up his fore quarters without ad¬ 
vancing. 

pes-ky (pes'ki), adj. troublesome; 
annoying. 

pe-so (pa'so), n. a dollar [Span¬ 
ish]^ 

pes-si-mism (pes'i-mizm), n. the 
doctrine that the present state of 
existence is essentially evil; the 
tendency to exaggerate in thought 
the evils of life: opposed to opti¬ 
mism. 

pes-si-mist (-mist), n. one who 
holds the doctrine of pessimism; 
one who looks on the worst side 
of everything. 

pes-si-mis-tic (mis'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characterized by, 
pessimism ; gloomy, 
pest (pest), n. a fatal epidemic 
disease; plague; anything very 
mischievous, annoying, or in¬ 
jurious. 

pes-ter (pes'ter), v.t. to annoy, 
pes-tif-er-ous (-tif'er-us), adj. 
conveying pestilence; physically 
or morally noxious, 
pes-ti-lence ('ti-lens), n. an in¬ 
fectious or contagious disease, 
pes-ti-lent ('ti-lent), adj. nox¬ 
ious to health, morals, or society, 
pes-ti-len-tial (-len'shal), adj. 
pertaining to, or producing, a pes¬ 
tilence ; pernicious; destructive, 
pes-tle (pes'l), n. an instrument 
for pounding substances in a 
mortar. 

pet (pet), n. any person or ani¬ 
mal that is fondled; a sudden fit 
of peevishness or slight passion: 
adj. favorite: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
petted, p.pr. petting], to fondle 
or indulge. 

pet-al ('al), n. one of the sepa¬ 
rate parts of the corolla of a 
flower; a flower-leaf, 
pei-aled ('aid), adj. having 
petals. Also petalous. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; mo5n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


\ 





pet 


627 


Pha 


pe-tard (pe-tard'), n. a bell- 
shaped explosive machine used 
for bursting open gates, &c. 
pe-ter-sliam ('ter-sham), n. a 
thick shaggy cloth : used for over¬ 
coats, &c. 

pet-i-ole (pet'i-ol), n. the foot¬ 
stalk of a leaf connecting the 
blade with the stem, 
pet-it (fi). adj. small; inconsider¬ 
able [French]. Feminine petite 
(pe-tet'). 

pe-ti-tion (pe-tisli'un), n. an 
earnest supplication or prayer; a 
formal supplication from % an in¬ 
ferior to a superior; a paper or 
document containing a written 
request: v.t. to solicit earnestly; 
present a petition to. 
pe-ti-tiou-a-ry (-a-ri), adj. con¬ 
taining a petition, 
pet-it ju-ry (pet'i joo-ri), n. a 
trial jury as distinguished from a 
grand jury. Also petty jury, 
pet-it-mai-tre (pet'i-ma'tr), n. a 
fop who affects women’s society, 
pet-rel ('rel), n. a web-footed, 
strong-winged, oceanic bird, that 
appears in its flight to walk upon 
the water. 

pe-tres-cence (-tres'ens), n. the 
act of becoming converted into 
stone. 

pet-ri-fac-tion (-ri-fak'shun), n. 
the process of changing animal 
or vegetable substance into stone; 
a fossil. 

pet-ri-fac-tive ('tiv), adj. having 
power to petrify. 

pet-ri-fy ('ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
petrified, p.pr. petrifying], to 
change into stone; fix in silent 
amazement or fear; render cal¬ 
lous, obdurate, or hard : v.i. to be¬ 
come stone or of a stony hardness, 
pe-tro-le-um (-tro'le-um). n. an 
inflammable dark yellowish- 
brown bituminous liquid issuing 
from certain rocks; mineral oil. 
pe-trol-o-gy (pe-trol'o-ji), n. the 
scientific study of rocks, and their 
mineral and chemical composition, 
pet-ti-coat (fi-kot), n. a woman’s 
loose underskirt. 

pet-ti-fog-ger (fi-fog-er), n. a 
lawyer who practices in petty 
cases. 

pet-ti-ly ('i-li), adv. in a petty 
manner. 


pettiness (fi-nes), n. smallness; 
unimportance. 

pettish Fish), adj. fretful; 
petulant. 

pet-ty (fi), adj. trifling; small; 
inconsiderable ; unimportant; con¬ 
temptible. 

pet-ty ju-ry, same as petit jury, 
pet-u-lauce ('u-lans), n. peevish¬ 
ness ; caprice. Also petulancy. 
pet-u-lant ('u-lant), adj. peev¬ 
ish ; capricious. 

Pe-tu-ni-a (pe-tu'ni-a), n. a 
South American genus of orna¬ 
mental plants with handsome 
flowers. 

pe-tu-ni-a, n. a plant of the genus 
Petunia, or its flower, 
pew (pu), n. an inclosed seat in 
a church: v.t. to furnish with 
. pews. 

pe-wit (pe'wit), n. the lapwing. 
Also peewit. 

pew-ter (pu'ter), n. an alloy of 
tin, lead, antimony, &c.: adj. made 
of pewter. 

pfen-nig (fenfig), n. a small cop¬ 
per coin of Germany — % cent, 
pha-e-ton (fa'e-ton), n. an open 
four-w T heeled carriage, 
phalanges, pi. of phalanx, 
phalanx (fa'langks), n. [pi. 
phalanges (-lan'jez)], among the 
ancient Greeks, a square battal¬ 
ion of heavy-armed infantry 
drawn up in close rank: lienee 
any close compact body: pi. the 
small bones of the fingers and 
toes. 

phan-tasm (fan'tazm), n. a 
vision or specter. 

phan-tas-ma-go-ri-a (-taz-ma- 
go'ri-a), n. a magic lantern, 
phan-tom ('tom), n. an appari¬ 
tion ; spirit; fancied vision, 
phar-i-sa-ic (far-i-sa'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
the Pharisees ; formally religious ; 
hypocritical. Also Pharisaical, 
pliar-i-sa-ism (fi-sa-izm), n. the 
doctrines and practices of the 
Pharisees. 

Pliar-i-see (fi-se), n. one of a 
religious sect among the. Jews 
characterized by their strict ob¬ 
servance of the letter of the law, 
and rites and ceremonies; one who 
observes the letter rather than 
the spirit of the law; a mere form¬ 
alist. 


late. mar. mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; m5on, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






pha 


628 


phi 


phar-ma-ceu-tic (far-ma-su'tik), 
adj. pertaining to pharmaceutics. 
Also pharmaceutical: n.pl. phar¬ 
macy. 

phar-ma-ceu-tist ('tist), n. one 
who prepares medicines. Also 
pharmacist. 

phar-ma-col-o-gy (-ma-kol'o-ji), 
n. a treatise on pharmacy, 
phar-ma-co-poe-ia (-ko-pe'ya), n. 
an official publication containing 
the list of drugs of the Materia 
Medica, and directions for the 
preparation of medicines, &c. 
phar ma cy ('ma-si), n. the art 
of preparing and compounding 
medicines; a drug-store, 
pharos (fa'ros), n. a light¬ 
house. 

pha-ryn-ge-al (fa-rin'je-al), adj. 

pertaining to the pharynx, 
pharynx (far'ingks), n. the 
muscular or membranous sac at 
the upper part of the esophagus, 
phase (faz), n. [pi. phases 
(fa'sez)], the illuminated sur¬ 
face shown by a planet, or 
the moon ; aspect; appearance; 
transparent green quartz. Also 
phasis. 

pheasant (fez'ant), n. a galli¬ 
naceous bird with brilliant plum¬ 
age, and preserved for sport, 
pheas-ant-ry (-ri), n. a place 
where pheasants are bred and 
preserved. 

phe-nix (fe'niks), n. a fabulous 
bird, said to live 500 years in 
the Arabian desert, and to rise 
rejuvenescent from its ashes 
after immolating itself on a fu¬ 
neral pyre: hence the emblem of 
immortality. Also phoenix, 
phe-nol (fe'nol), n. carbolic acid, 
plie-nom-en-al (-nom'en-al), adj. 
pertaining to, or consisting of, 
phenomena. 

phe-nom-en-al-ism (-izm), n. 
the metaphysical doctrine that 
visible things are really phenom¬ 
ena. 

phe-nom-en-ist ('en-ist), n. a 
believer in phenomenalism, 
phe nom en on ('en-on), n. [p7. 
phenomena ('e-na)], an appear¬ 
ance, especially one of unusual 
occurrence; something as it is 
perceived by experiment or ob¬ 
servation. 


phe-nyl (fe'nil), n. the hydro¬ 
carbon radical of phenol, 
phi-al (fl'al), n. a small glass 
bottle or vessel: v.t. to put or 
keep in a phial. Also vial, 
phil-an-throp-ic (fil-fin-throp'- 
ik), adj. loving mankind; benevo¬ 
lent. Also philanthropical. 
phil-an-throp-ic-al-ly (-al-li), 

adv. benevolently, 
phil - an - thro - pist ('an-thro- 
pist), n. one who loves and seeks 
to benefit mankind, 
phil-an-thro-py (-pi), n. love 
of mankind ; benevolence, 
phi-lat-e-list (fi-lat'e-list), n. a 
collector of postage stamps: adj. 
pertaining to philately, 
phi-lat-e-ly ('e-li), n. the syste¬ 
matic collection of postage stamps, 
phil-har-mon-ic (-har-mon'ik), 
adj. loving harmony; noting a 
musical society. 

phi-lip-pic (fi-lip'ik), n. a 
speech of vehement invective: 
from one of the three orations of 
Demosthenes against Philip of 
Macedon. 

Phil-is-tine (fil'is-tin or -is'tin), 
n. an ancient inhabitant of the 
southwestern coast of Palestine; 
in Germany, a non-academical per¬ 
son ; an uncultured person or 
one of narrow views: adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
the Philistines ; uncultured ; nar¬ 
row-minded ; prosaic. 
Pliil-is-tin-ism (-izm), n. the 
manners or modes of thought of 
a modern Philistine, 
phil-o-log-ic-al (-o-loj'ik-al), adj. 

pertaining to philology, 
phil-ol-o-gist (-ol'q-jist), n. one 
skilled in philology. Also phil- 
ologer. 

phil-ol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. the 
scientific study of languages and 
their structure and mutual rela¬ 
tion. 

phil-o-mel ('o-mel), n. the night¬ 
ingale. 

phil-o-pro-gen-i-tive-ness (-5- 
pro-jen'i-tiv-nes), n. the instinct¬ 
ive love of offspring, 
phil-os-o-pher (-os'o-fer), n. a 
student of philosophy; one noted 
for calm judgment and practical 
wisdom. 

phil-o-soph-ic (-5-sof'ik), adj. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, //ten. 






phi 


629 


pho 


pertaining to, or in accordance 
with, philosophy ; rational; wise ; 
calm. Also philosophical, 
phil-o-soph-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 

in a philosophic manner, 
phil-os-o-phize (-os'd-flz), v.i. to 
reason like a philosopher, 
phil-os-o-phy ('6-fi), n. the 
knowledge of the causes of all 
phenomena both of mind and 
matter; a particular philosophic 
system ; calmness of temper, 
philter, phil-tre ('ter), n. a 
love charm or potion, 
phiz, abbreviation of physiognomy, 
phle-bot-o-my (fle-bot'o-mi), n. 
the act or practice of opening a 
vein to let blood. 

phlegm (flem), n. mucus secreted 
in the air passages of the throat; 
coldness; sluggishness, 
phleg-mat-ie (fleg-mat'ik), adj. 
abounding in phlegm ; sluggish ; 
dull. Phlegmatical. 
phleg-mat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 

in a phlegmatic manner. 

Phlox (floks), n. a genus of North 
American bright-colored flowering 
plants. 

phlox, n. any plant of the genus 
Phlox. 

Phce-hus (fe'bus), n. Apollo; the 
sun. 

Phoe-ni-cian (fe-nish'an), adj. 
pertaining to ancient Phoenicia, 
or to its inhabitants, 
phoe-nix, same as phenix. 
pho-net-ic (fo-net'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the voice or sounds; 
representing the simple elemen¬ 
tary sounds. Also phonetical: 
n.pl. the science of sounds, espe¬ 
cially of the human voice, 
pho-ixet-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. by 
sounds. 

phon-ics (fon'iks), n.pl. the sci¬ 
ence of sounds; acoustics, 
phonogram (fo'no-gram). n. 
articulate sound as recorded by 
the phonograph ; a written char¬ 
acter representing a particular 
sound. 

pho-no-graph ('no-graf), n. a 
letter or character indicating a 
distinct spoken sound ; an instru¬ 
ment to record or reproduce artic¬ 
ulate speech or sounds, 
pho-no-graph-ic ('ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or representing, articu¬ 
late sounds, or to phonography. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her. 

cook ; mute, 


phonography (-nog'ra-fi), n. 
a description of sounds uttered 
by the human voice; a system 
of shorthand, by which every 
sound is represented by a sepa¬ 
rate character or mark, 
pho-nol-o-gy (-nol'o-ji), n. the 
science of articulate sounds, 
pho no scope ('no-skop), n. an 
instrument which by means of 
electricity translates vibrations of 
sounds into visible figures, 
pho-no-type ('no-tip), n. a pho¬ 
netic type. 

pho-no-ty-py ('no-tl-pi), n. a 
method of printing each vocal 
sound by a distinct type, 
phor-mi-um (for'mi-um), n. New 
Zealand flax. 

phos-phate (fos'fat), n. a salt of 
phosphoric acid. 

phos-phide, same as phosphuret. 
phos-phite ('fit), n. a salt of 
phosphorous acid. 

phos-pho-rate ('fo-rat), v.t. to 
combine with phosphorus, 
phos-pho-resce ( fo-res'), v.i. to 
emit light like phosphorus, 
phos-pho-res-cence ('ens), n. 
emission of light under certain 
conditions by substances at com¬ 
mon temperatures; faint light, 
phos-pho-res-cent ('ent), adj. 
luminous. 

phos-phor-ic (-for'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, like, or obtained from, 
phosphorus. Phosphorous, 
phos-pho-rous ac-id ('for-us 
as'id), n. an acid formed by the 
union of 1 atom of phosphorus 
and 3 atoms of oxygen, 
phos phor us ('for-us), n. a yel¬ 
lowish, wax-like, inflammable, non- 
metallic element, luminous in the 
dark. 

phos-phu-ret ('fu-ret), n. _ a 
/ combination of phosphorus with 
a metallic base. 

phos-phu-ret-ted ('ed), adj. com¬ 
bined with phosphorus, 
photo, a prefix meaning light. 
pho-to (fo'tS), n. a photograph, 
photochromy (fo'to-kro-mi), 
n. the art or process of photo¬ 
graphing in colors, 
pho-to-gen ('to-jen), n. an in¬ 
flammable hydro-carbon ; paraffin, 
pho-tog-ly-phy (-tog'li-fi), n. a 
process of engraving by which 


; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 
; thin, then. 






pho 


630 


phy 


photographs are etched into 
metal plates by the action of light 
and chemicals. 

pho-to-graph ('to-graf), n. a 
photographic picture: v.t. to take 
a picture of by means of pho¬ 
tography. 

pho-to-grapli-ic (-graf'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or produced by, 
photography. 

plio-tog-ra-phy (-tog'ra-fi), n. 
the art or process of producing 
pictures by the action of light on 
certain substances sensitized by 
various chemical processes, 
pho to gra vure (-td-gru-vur'), n. 
the process of producing by pho¬ 
tography on a sensitized surface 
an incised engraved metal plate 
from which impressions may be 
printed: v.t. to produce by such 
a process. 

pho-to-he-li-o-graph. (-he'li-o- 
graf), n. a photographic telescope 
or camera moved by clockwork, 
for depicting solar spots, transits, 
&c. 

photo-phone ('to-fon), n; an 
instrument for communicating 
sounds by the agency of light, 
pho-top-si-a (-top'si-a), n. a mor¬ 
bid affection of the eyes in which 
corruscations of light appear to 
play before them. Also photopsy. 
pho-to-sphere ('to-sfer), n. the 
luminous envelope of the sun. 
pho-to-type ('to-tip), n. a block 
produced by photography from 
which engravings, &c., can be 
printed; the process itself, 
pho-to-zin-cog-ra-phy (-zing-kog'- 
ra-fi), n. a process by which zinc 
blocks are prepared for printing 
from. 

phrase (fraz), n. a part of a 
sentence ; brief pithy expression ; 
idiom; style or manner: v.t. to 
style; express in peculiar words, 
phras-e-ol-o-gy (-e-ol'o-ji), u. 
style, manner, or peculiarity, of 
expression; a collection of 
phrases. 

phren-ic (fren'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the diaphragm, 
phren-i-tis (fren-i'tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of the brain, 
phren-o-log-ic-al (f ren-o-loj'ik- 

al), adj. pertaining to phre¬ 
nology. 


pliren-o-log-ic-al-ly (-li), ' adv. 
according to phrenology. 

phre-nol-o-gist (fre-nol'o-jist), n. 
one who believes in, or is skilled 
in, phrenology. 

phre-nol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. the sci¬ 
ence of the human mind or brain, 
as connected with the moral, in¬ 
tellectual, and sensual dispositions 
of the individual, which are sup¬ 
posed to be indicated by the un¬ 
dulations, or “bumps,” on the 
cranium. 

phthis-ic (tiz'ik), n. asthma; 
phthisis. 

phthis-ic-al (-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or caused by, phthisic o; 
phthisis. 

phthi-sis (tlff'sis), n. pulmonary 
consumption. 

phy-col-o-gy (fi-kol'o-ji), n. the 
study of the algae or seaweeds. 

pliy-lac-ter-y (fi-lak'ter-i), n. 
[pi. phylacteries (-iz)], a small 
square box containing a thin 
strip of parchment upon which 
certain texts from the law are 
inscribed, worn by pious Jews 
upon the forehead and left wrist. 

pliyl-lox-e-ra (-loks-e'ra), n. an 
insect ( Phylloxera vastatrix) 
which punctur.es the roots and 
leaves of vines and causes their 
destruction. 

phy-se-ter (fi-se'ter), n. the 
sperm whale. 

pliys-ic (fiz'ik), n. the science of 
medicine, or the art of healing; 
medicine; a cathartic: v.t. \p.t. 
& p.p. physicked, p.pr. physick¬ 
ing], to administer medicine to; 
cure. 

phys-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. pertaining 
to nature, or to material things; 
perceptible to the senses; pertain¬ 
ing to physics; medicinal. 

Syn. corporeal, bodily, material. 

Ant. (see mental). 

phy-si-eian (fi-zish'an), n. one 
legally qualified to prescribe rem¬ 
edies for diseases. 

phys-i-cism (fiz'i-sizm), n. mate¬ 
rialism. 

phys-i-cist ('i-sist), n. a student 
of natural science. 

phys-i-co, a prefix , meaning of, or 
pertaining to, nature , as physieo- 
theology, theology illustrated by 
natural philosophy. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mfite, nut; thin, then. 






phy 


631 


pic 


physics ('iks), n.pl. physical 
science or natural philosophy, 
phys-i-og-no-mist (-i-og'no-mist), 
n. one who is skilled in physiog¬ 
nomy. 

physiognomy (mi), n. the 
science of discerning the character 
of the mind from the features of 
the countenance; the face; out¬ 
ward appearance, 
phys-i-o-log-ic-al (-i-o-loj'ik-al), 
odj. pertaining to physiology, 
physiologist (-i-ol'o-jist), n. 
one who is skilled in physiology, 
physiology (-ol'o-ji), n. the 
science that treats of the vital 
functions performed by the or¬ 
gans of animals and plants, 
physique (fi-zek'), n. physical 
organization. 

pi, pie (pi), n. disarranged or 
jumbled type: v.t. to jumble or 
throw into disorder, as printing 
type. 

pi-ac-u-lar (pl-ak'u-lar), adj. ex¬ 
piatory ; requiring sacrifice; atro¬ 
cious. 

pi-a ma-ter (pl'a ma'ter), n. a 
delicate vascular membrane which 
invests the brain and spinal cord, 
pi-an-ist (pi-an'ist), n. a per¬ 
former on the piano. , 

pi-an-o (pi-an'o), n. a pianoforte, 
pi-an-o-for-te (-for-te), n. a 
stringed musical instrument, the 
notes of wdiich are produced by 
hammers acted upon by keys, 
pi-as-ter, pi-as-tre (pi-as'ter), 
n. a coin of varying value, cur¬ 
rent in Turkey, Egypt, Spain, &c. 
pi-az-za (-az'a), n. an open 
square surrounded by buildings 
or colonnades; a walk under a 
roof supported by pillars, 
pib-corn (pib'kdrn), n. a Welsh 
musical pipe. 

pi-broch (pe'brokh), n. the wild 
martial music of the Scottish 
bagpipe; a bagpipe, 
pi-ca (pi'ka), n. a size of type, 
used as a standard of measure¬ 
ment in printing (see type) ; a 
vitiated appetite for unnatural 
kinds of substances, as coal, sand, 
chalk, &c. 

pic-a-dor (pik-a-dor'), n. [Sp.] 
the horseman who incites the bul 
in a Spanish bull fight by attack¬ 
ing it with a lance. 


picaroon (-roon'), n. a robber, 
pirate, or marauder, 
pic-a-yune (-yoon'), n. a small 
silver coin = 6^4 cents, 
pic-ca-lil-li ('a-lil-i), n. a kind 
of pickle. 

pic-ca-nin-ny ('a-nin-i), n. [pi. 
piccaninnies (-iz) ], a negro baby 
or child. 

pic-co-lo ('o-lo), n. a small flute 
having its notes an octave higher 
than the ordinary flute, 
pick (pik), n. a sharp pointed 
iron tool ; choice or selection : v.t. 
to strike with a sharp instru¬ 
ment, or with the beak; pierce; 
open by an instrument; pluck or 
gather; separate with the fingers; 
choose or select; clean; rob: v.i. 
to eat, or do anything, leisurely 
and fastidiously ; pilfer, 
pick-a-back ('a-bak), adv. on 
the shoulders like a pack, 
pick-ax, pick-axe ('aks), n. an 
excavating tool, pointed at one 
end and broad at the other, 
pick-er-el ('er-el), n. a small 
pike. 

pick-et ('et), n. a pointed stake 
used in fortification; pale of a 
fence; a stake to which a horse 
is fastened; a military guard to 
give notice of the approach of an 
enemy, or to bring in deserters; 
one or more appointed by a 
trades-union to watch a factory, 
&c., where non-unionist men are 
employed during a strike: v.t. to 
place as a picket; fasten to a 
picket. 

pick-le ('1), n. a mixture of brine 
and water, &c., for preserving 
food; vegetables, &c., preserved 
in pickle; embarrassment or dif¬ 
ficulty ; a mischievous or trouble¬ 
some child: v.t. to preserve in, 
or as in, pickle. 

pick-lock ('lok), n. an instru¬ 
ment for picking locks ; a thief, 
pic-nic ('nik), n. a short excur¬ 
sion into the country, &c., by a 
pleasure party carrying their own 
provisions; a kind of biscuit, 
pic-ric ac-id ('rik as'id), n. an 
intensely bitter acid formed by 
the action of nitric acid on in¬ 
digo ; carbazotic acid, 
pic-ro-mel (To-mel), n. a green- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






pic 


632 


pH 


ish-yellow sweet-bitter substance 
found in bile. 

pic-ro-tox-in (-toks'in), n. the 
poisonous bitter principle found 
in the berries of Cocculus indicus. 

pic-to-ri-al (pik-td'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to, or illustrated by, 
pictures. 

pic-ture ('tur), n. a painting or 
drawing representing a person or 
thing; vivid representation or de¬ 
scription. 

Syn. engraving, print, represen¬ 
tation, illustration, image. 

pic-tur-esque (-esk'), adj. giv¬ 
ing vivid impression of nature or 
reality; graphic; wdld and beau¬ 
tiful ; romantic: n. that which is 
picturesque. 

pie (pi), n. the magpie; printer’s 
type confusedly mixed; meat or 
fruit covered with crust and 
baked. 

pie-bald ('bawld), adj. having 
patches of different colors. 

piece (pes), n. a part of any¬ 
thing ; certain quantity; literary 
or artistic composition; separate 
performance ; coin ; gun ; person 
(used contemptuously) : v.t. to 
enlarge by adding a piece; patch : 
v.i. to join ; unite by coalescence 
of parts. 

piece-meal ('mel), adj. made of 
pieces or parts; single: adv. in 
pieces or parts. 

pied (pid), adj. variegated or 
spotted. 

pier (per), n. a mass of masonry 
supporting an arch, bridge, &c.; 
timbers of a bridge or other build¬ 
ing ; mole or jetty ; wharf; a land¬ 
ing place projecting into the sea. 

pierce (pers), v.t. to penetrate, 
especially with a pointed instru¬ 
ment ; affect deeply; explore; 
dive into : v.i. to enter. 

pierce-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. that 
may be pierced. 

piercing ('ing), adj. penetrat¬ 
ing ; keen. 

pier glass (per glas), n. an orna¬ 
mental mirror, especially one be¬ 
tween windows. 

pi-e-ty (pi'e-ti), n. the quality of 
being pious; reverence for, and 
duty towards, God; reverence to 
parents. 

pig (pig), n. the young of swine; 


a swine; pork; an oblong mass 
of unforged metal: v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. 
pigged, p.pr. pigging], to bring 
forth pigs; be huddled together, 
pig-eon (pij'un), n. a bird of the 
genus Columba ; a simpleton ; one 
who is easily imposed upon or 
swindled. 

pig-eon-breast-ed (-brest'ed), 
adj. having a narrow breast like 
a pigeon. 

pig-eon English (ing'glish), n. 
a jargon of English used in com¬ 
mercial dealings with the Chinese. 
Also pidgin English, 
pig-eon-liole (-hoi), n. a com¬ 
partment for papers, &c. 
pig-eon-toed (-tod), adj. having 
the toes turned inwards, 
pig-ger-y (pig'er-i), n. a place 
for pigs. 

pig-gin ('in), n. a small drinking 

vessel. 

i pig-head-ed ('lied-ed), adj. stu¬ 
pidly obstinate. 

pig-mean (-me'an), adj. dwarfish, 
pig-ment ('ment), n. paint; 

coloring matter, 
pig-my, same as pygmy, 
pig-nons (pin'yunz), n.pl. the 
edible seeds of various pine cones, 
•pig-nut (pig'nut), n. the sweet¬ 
ish-bitter nut of a species of 
hickory; the ground chestnut, 
pig-sty ('sti), n. a pen for pigs, 
pig-tail ('tall, n. the tail of a 
pig; hair twisted into the form 
of a long queue and hanging down 
the back of the head ; tobacco in 
long twists. 

pig-widg-eon (-wij'un), n. a 
fairy; anything very diminutive, 
pike (plk), n. a weapon with a 
shaft and spearhead ; a voracious 
fresh-water fish with a narrow, 
elongated, pointed head, 
pi-las-ter (pi-las'ter), n. a square 
column or pillar, inserted partly 
in a wall. 

pil-chard (pil'chard), n. a marine 
edible fish, resembling the herring, 
found chiefly on the coasts of 
Devon and Cornwall, 
pile (pil), n. a large beam driven 
into the ground to make a firm 
foundation; mass or heap; ac¬ 
cumulation ; large building ; a se¬ 
ries of plates arranged to produce 
an electric current; nap of cloth; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








pit 


633 


pin 


a fortune: pi. hemorrhoids-: v.t. to 
heap up; collect in a mass; ac¬ 
cumulate ; lay on ; drive piles into. 

pil-fer (pil'fer), v.t. to steal in 
small quantities. 

pil-gar-lick (-gar'lik), n. one 
who has lost his hair by disease; 
a wretched sneaking fellow. 

pil -grim ('grim), n. a traveler; 
one who travels from a distance 
to visit some sacred place or 
shrine. 

pil -grim-age (-aj), n. a journey, 
especially to some sacred place. 

pill (pil), n. a small ball of some 
medicinal substance to be swal¬ 
lowed entire; something disagree¬ 
able that must be accepted: v.t. 
to reject by black balls in a club 
ballot. 

pil-lage ('aj), n. the act of plun¬ 
dering ; spoil: v.t. to plunder or 
spoil: lay waste. 

pil-lar ('ar), n. a column to sup¬ 
port a structure; monument ; 
something resembling a pillar, or 
affording support. 

pil-lion ('yun), n. a cushion for 
a woman to ride on horseback 
behind a horseman ; a soft low 
saddle. 

pil-lo-ry ('or-i), n. [pi. pillories 
(-iz) ], a wooden frame supported 
by an upright post, having holes 
through which the head and 
hands of a person exposed to dis¬ 
grace were passed and secured: 
v.t. to place in a pillory; expose 
to public disgrace or abuse. 

pil-low ('o), n. a case filled with 
feathers, &c., to support the head 
of a person reposing; the block 
on which the inner end of a bow¬ 
sprit is supported : adj. noting a 
kind of lace: v.t. to place on a 
pillow. 

pi-lose (pi'los), adj. hairy. Also 
pilous. 

pi-lot ('lot), n. one who conducts 
a vessel in or out of a harbor or 
where navigation is difficult or 
dangerous; a guide: v.t. to guide 
or direct as a pilot. 

pi-lot-age (-aj), n. the act of 
piloting; skill of a pilot; pilot’s 
dues. 

pi-lot-cloth (-kloth), n. a stout 
thick cloth. 

pi-lot-en-gine (-en'jin), n. a 


locomotive sent on in front to 
clear the line. 

pi-men-to (pi-men'to), n. allspice, 
pimp (pimp), n. a procurer: v.i. 
to procure immoral women for 
others. 

pim-per-nel (pim'per-nel), n. a 
name for various plants of the 
genus Anagallis. 

pim-ple ('pi), n. a small pustule, 
pim-pled ('pld), adj. having, or 
full of, pimples. Also pimply, 
pin (pin), n. a short piece of wire 
sharpened at one end and having 
a head at the other, used for 
fastening articles together; any¬ 
thing driven to hold parts to¬ 
gether ; bolt or peg; linchpin; 
cylindrical wooden roller; any¬ 
thing of small value: v.t. [p.i. & 
p.p. pinned, p.pr. pinning], to 
fasten with, or as with, a pin; 
inclose. 

pi-na-cloth (pe'nya-kldth), n. a 
fine cloth made in Manila from 
the fibers of the pineapple leaf, 
pin-a-fore (pin'a-f5r), n. a loose 
apron or covering to protect chil¬ 
dren's dresses. _ 

pi-nas-ter (pi-nas'ter), n. the 
clusterpine of Southern Europe, 
pin-cers, same as pinchers, 
pinch (pinch), v.t. to squeeze or 
nip; oppress or distress: v.i. to 
bear hard; be straitened; be 
mean or niggardly: n. a squeeze 
or nip, as with the fingers and 
thumb; distress, or difficulty, 
pinch-beck ('bek), n. a yellow 
alloy of 5 parts of copper and 1 
of zinc: adj. noting jewelry of in¬ 
ferior make. 

pinch-ers (pinch'erz), n. an in¬ 
strument for drawing out nails, 
&c.; nippers. Also pincers, 
pine (pin), n. a cone-bearing tree 
of the genus Pinus; timber of the 
pine: v.i. to waste away from 
distress, anxiety, &c. 
pin-e-al (pin'e-al), adj. shaped 
liKe a pine-cone. 

pine-ap-ple (pln'ap-l), n. a trop¬ 
ical plant and its cone-shaped 
fruit. 

pin-foot-ed (pin'foot-ed), adi. 
having the toes or feet bordered 
by a membrane. 

pin-ion ('yun), n. the last joint 
of a bird’s wing; a wing; the 
smaller of two geared wheels: v.t. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let: line, tin ; v5te, porch, lot; mo@n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







pin 


634 


pis 


to bind or secure, as by binding 
the arms ; confine or fetter, 
pink (pingk), n. a shade of light- 
red color; a flower with sharp- 
pointed leaves of the genus Dian- 
thus; a narrow-sterned vessel; 
anything of supreme excellence: 

. adj. of the color of a pink; v.t. to 
stab ; pierce or punch with small 
round holes or small scallops; 
work in eyelet holes, 
pinking ('ing), n. a method of 
ornamenting dress materials or 
leather by scalloping the edges, 
p i n-m o n-e y (pin-mun'i), n. 
money allowed to a wife by her 
husband for her private expenses: 
originally for buying pins, 
pin-nace (pin'as), n. a small 
light schooner-rigged vessel with 
oars; an eight-oared man-of-war’s 
boat. 

pin-na-cle ('a-kl), n. a small po¬ 
lygonal turret or elevation above 
the rest of the building; a high 
point like a spire: v.t. furnish 
with pinnacles. 

pin-nate ('at), adj. shaped like a 
feather; divided into leaflets. 
Also pinnated. 

pin-o-cle (pin'o-kl), n. a game 
of cards. 

pint (pint), n. 1-Sth of a gallon, 
pin-tail (pin'tal), n. a duck with 
a pointed tail. 

pin-tie ('tl), n. a bolt; the hook 
which attaches the rudder to the 
stern of a vessel. 

pi-o-neer (pi-o-ner'), n. a soldier 
or person whose business it is to 
clear and repair roads, : &c., ^ be¬ 
fore an army, sink mines, and 
throw up fortifications; one who 
goes before to prepare the way 
for another: v.i. act as a pioneer, 
pi-ous ('us), adj. dutiful to God, 
or to parents; religious; devout; 
proceeding from, or actuated by, 
religious feeling. 

pip (pip), n. the seed of certain 
fruit; a disease in fowls; a spot 
on a playing card: v.i. \p.t.&p.p. 
pipped, p.pr. pipping], to cry like 
a chicken or small bird, 
pipe (pip), n. any long hollow 
tube; a tube of clay, wood, &e., 
with a bowl at one end for smok¬ 
ing tobacco; a wine measure = 
2 hogsheads, or 105 imperial gal¬ 
lons, or 126 wine-gallons: v.t. to 


play on. or call by, a pipe: v.i. 
to whistle; emit a shrill sound, 
pi-per-ine (pl'per-in), n. the act¬ 
ive principle of black pepper, 
pip-ing ('ing), adj. feeble; weak; 
shrill; playing upon a pipe; hot 
like boiling water: n. corded trim¬ 
ming for dresses. 

pip-kin (pip'kin), n. an earthen 
pot glazed on the inside, 
pip-pin ('in), n. a variety of 
apple. 

pi-quan-cy (pe'kan-si), n. the 
state or quality of being piquant, 
pi-qnant ('kant), adj. pungent; 

severe. 

pique (pek), n. slight anger or 
resentment; wounded pride ; punc¬ 
tilio: v.t. to wound the pride of; 
irritate; displease; pride or value 
(one’s self). 

Syn. offence, resentment, grudge. 

Ant. (see approval), 
pi-que (pe-ka'), n. a French cot¬ 
ton material, usually with some 
geometrical pattern, 
pi-qnet (pe-ket'), n. a card game, 
pi-ra-cy (pl'ra-si), n. the act or 
crime of a pirate; infringement 
of copyright. 

pi-rate ('rat), n. a robber on the 
high seas; one who infringes the 
law of literary or artistic copy¬ 
right : v.t. to take without per¬ 
mission or compensation: v.i. to 
practice piracy. 

pi-rogue (pi-rog'), n. a canoe 
consisting of the hollowed trunk 
of a single tree; a North Ameri¬ 
can narrow ferry-boat, 
pir-on-ette (pir-56-et'), n. a 
whirling or turning about on one 
toe; turning of a horse on the 
same ground: v.i. to execute a 
pirouette. 

pis-ca-ry (pis'kfi-ri), n. right or 
liberty of fishing, 
pis-ca-to-ri-al (-to'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to fishing. Also pisca¬ 
tory. 

pis-ci-cul-tu-ral (-i-kul'tu-ral), 
adj. pertaining to pisciculture, 
pis-ci-cul-ture ('i-kul-tur), n. 
the artificial breeding and rearing 
of fishes. 

pish (pish), interj. a contemptu¬ 
ous exclamation: v.i. to express 
contempt. 

pis-mire (pis'mlr), n. an ant. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pQrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









pis 


635 


pit 


pis-til ('til), n. the seed-bearing 
organ in the center of a flower, 
pis-til-late (-at), adj. having a 
pistil. 

pis-tol ('tol), n. a small hand¬ 
gun : v.t. to shoot with a pistol, 
pis-tole (-tol'), n. a Spanish gold 
coin of varying value: usually 
about $3.60. 

piston ('tun), n. a small solid 
cylinder of metal or wood, fitting 
exactly and moving up and down 
the barrel of a pump, or the 
cylinder of a steam-engine, 
pis-ton-rod (-rod), n. the rod 
moving the piston and connecting 
it with the external machinery, 
pit (pit), n. a deep hole in the 
earth ; an abyss ; shaft of a mine ; 
a hole used for trapping wild ani¬ 
mals ; area for cock-fighting; 
ground floor of a theater; a hol¬ 
low part of the body, as the stom¬ 
ach ; indentation left by small¬ 
pox; Hades (with the ) : v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. pitted, p.pr. pitting], to 
mark with small hollows or de¬ 
pressions ; set in competition; 
place in a pit. 

pit-a-cal ('a-kal), n. a substance 
obtained from wood-tar. 
pit-a-pat (-a-pat'), adv. with 
quick beating: n. a palpitation; 
a light quick step, 
pitch (pich), n. the solid black 
resinous substance obtained from 
boiled tar; a casting forward or 
down ; degree or rate; slope; the 
degree of acuteness or graveness 
of a musical note; distance be¬ 
tween the center of two gearing- 
teeth ; at cricket, the distance be¬ 
tween the wickets: v.t. to smear 
with pitch; throw; cast head¬ 
long ; set to a key-note; order 
regularly; fix in, or on, the 
ground: v.i. to settle; fall head¬ 
long ; encamp; rise and fall; fix 
the choice (with upon). 
pitch-blende ('blend), n. a black 
oxide of uranium : used in color¬ 
ing glass a pale sea-green ; it is 
the chief source of radium, 
pitched bat-tie ('t bat'l), n. a 
battle in which the opposing 
forces have taken up a regular 
position. 

pitch-er ('er), n. one who 
pitches; an earthen vessel for 


holding water; an instrument for 
piercing the ground, 
pitch-er-plant (-plant), n. an 
Eastern plant, the vase-like leaves 
of which, furnished with lids, 
hold water. 

pitch-fork ('fork), n. a pronged 
fork for pitching hay, straw, &c.: 
v.t. to lift or throw with, or as 
with, a pitchfork. 

pitch-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being pitchy. 

pitch - wheel (-liwel), n. a 
toothed wheel that works in 
another. 

pitch-y ('i), adj. like, or smeared 
with, pitch. 

piteous (pit'e-us), adj. exciting 
pity ; sorrowful; sad. 

Syn. doleful, woful, rueful. 

Ant. (see joyful), 
pit-fall ('fawl), n. a pit lightly 
covered so that wild beasts may 
fall into it; a trap, 
pith (pith), n. the soft spongy 
substance in the center of plants: 
marrow ; quintessence ; energy or 
force. 

pitli-i-ly (pith'i-li), adv. in a 
pithy manner. 

pith-i-ness ('i-nes), n. concen¬ 
trated force. 

pith-y ('i), adj. of the nature of, 
or full of. pith ; forcible, 
pit-i-a-ble (pit'i-a-bl), adj. de¬ 
serving pity. 

pit-i-a-bly ('i-a-bli), adv. in a 
pitiable manner. 

pit-i-ful ('i-fool), adj. moving- 
compassion ; insignificant, 
pit-i-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a piti¬ 
ful manner. 

pit-i-less ('i-les), adj. without 
pity or compassion ; merciless, 
tiyn. (see merciless). 
pit-saw ('saw), n. a two-handled 
saw. 

pit-tance ('ans), n. a small al¬ 
lowance, especially of money, 
pit-ted ('ed), p.adj. marked with 
indentations or small hollows. 
pit-y.('i), n. sympathy with dis¬ 
tress ; compassion; a subject of 
pity or grief: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
pitied, p.pr. pitying], to sympa¬ 
thize with: v.i. to be compassion¬ 
ate, or affected with pity. 

Syn. compassion, sympathy. 
Ant. (see cruelty). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin. then. 










piv 


636 


pla 


piv-ot (piv'ot), n. the short shaft 
on which anything turns; the 
soldier who is stationary at the 
flank while the company drilling 
wheels round: v.t. to place on a 
pivot. 

pix, another form of pyx. 
pix-y (piks'i), n. [pi. pixies 
('iz)], a fairy. Also pixie, 
pla-ca-bil-i-ty (pla-ka-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being placable. 
Also placableness, 
pla-ca-ble ('ka-bl), adj. that may 
be appeased or pacified; forgiv¬ 
ing. 

plac-ard (plak'ard), n. a bill 
placed on a wall, &c., as an ad¬ 
vertisement: v.t. (pla-kard'), to 
advertise by a placard, 
place (plas), n. a special spot or 
locality; broadway or square; 
situation ; site ; residence ; office ; 
city or town ; room ; existence ; 
duty; passage in writing or a 
book ; fortified post; precedence : 
v.t. to put in any place, office, 
&c.; ascribe ; settle ; establish ; in¬ 
vest ; put out at interest. 

Syn. spot, site, position, post, 
situation, station, order, dispose, 
place-man ('man), n. a govern¬ 
ment official. 

pla-cen-ta (pla-sen'ta), n. the 
vascular organ that connects the 
fetus in the womb with the 
mother, the after-birth ; that part 
of the carpel of a plant to which 
the ovules or seeds are attached, 
pla-cen-tal ('tal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or having, a placenta: n. a 
mammal with a placenta, 
plac-er (plas'er), n. a mineral 
deposit which is not a vein, 
plac-id (plas'id), adj. calm; 
peaceful; mild. 

pla-cid-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being placid, 
plack-et (plak'et), n. a petticoat; 
a slit in a skirt or petticoat; a 
woman’s pocket. 

pla-gi-a-rism (pla'ji-a-rism), n. 

the act of plagiarizing, 
pla-gi-a-rist (-rist), n. one who 
steals from the writings of 
another and passes them off as 
his own production; literary 
theft. Also plagiary, 
pla-gi-a-rize (-Iz), v.t. to steal 
from the writings of another, 
plague (plag), n. a malignant 


epidemic; anything very trouble¬ 
some or annoying: v.t. to infest 
with disease; trouble or annoy 
greatly. 

pla-gui-ly (pla'gi-li), adv. so as 
to plague. 

pla-guy ('gi), adj. vexatious. 

plaice (plas), n. an edible flat¬ 
fish. 

plaid (plad), n. a checkered 
woolen cloth, originally worn as a 
garment by the Highlanders of 
Scotland. 

plain (plan), adj. level; flat; 
even; smooth; clear; evident; 
easily understood ; not luxurious ; 
devoid of beauty, or ornament; 
homely: n. level ground; any 
flat expanse. 

Syn. open, manifest, evident. 

Ant. (see secret). 

plaint (plant), n. lamentation; 
a mournful song; the exhibiting 
of an action in writing by a 
plaintiff. 

plain-tiff (olan'tif), n. one who 
commences a suit in a court of 
law. 

plain-tive ('tiv), adj. expressing 
grief or sorrow ; sad. 

plaintively ( -li ), adv. in a 
plaintive manner. 

plain-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being plain¬ 
tive. 

plait (plat), n. a flat fold; braid: 
v.t. to fold or braid ; interweave. 
Also pleat. 

plan (plan), n. a drawing on a 
flat surface, as of a building, &c.; 
scheme or project: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. planned, p.pr. planning], to 
make a plan or sketch of, on a 
flat surface; form in design ; out¬ 
line. 

plan-cbet ('diet), n. a flat piece 
of metal prepared for coining. 

plan-chette (plang-shet'), n. a 
heart-shaped board fitted with\ 
wheels and a pencil which traces 
marks as it moves the hand by 
some supposed mysterious agency. 

plane (plan), adj. flat; level; 
even; without elevations or de¬ 
pressions : n. a flat or even sur¬ 
face ; in geometry, an even super¬ 
ficies ; a level surface parallel to 
the horizon; a carpenter’s tool 
for smoothing wood: v.t. to make 
level; make smooth with a plane. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






pla 


637 


pla 


plane-tree ('tre), n. a large tree 
with broad-spreading leaves, 
plan-et (plan'et), n. a heavenly 
body revolving round the sun. 
plan-e-ta-ri-um (-a'ri-um), n. a 
machine to exhibit the planets, 
their motions round the sun, and 
their relative distances and mag¬ 
nitudes. 

plan-et-a-ry ('et-a-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to, consisting of, or pro¬ 
duced by, planets ; erratic, 
plan-et-oid ('et-oid), n. any one 
of the small planets revolving in 
the space between Mars and 
Venus; minor planet, 
plan-ish (plan'ish), v.t. to polish 
or smooth by hammering, 
plan-i-spkere ('i-sfer), n. a 
sphere or globe projected on a 
plane surface. 

plank (plangk), n. a long broad 
piece of sawn timber thicker than 
a board; an item in a political 
program or policy: v.t. to cover 
with planks; pay (with down). 
planner (plan'er), n. one who 
plans; a projector, 
piano, a prefix meaning flat , as 
piano- concave: adj. flat or plane 
on one side, concave on the other, 
plant (plant), n. any vegetable 
organism; sprout or sapling; the 
tools, machinery, or fixtures of 
any trade or business; a swindle: 
v.t. to put into the ground for 
growth, as seed; fix in the mind; 
establish. 

Syn. seed, set, sow. 

Ant. (see uproot), 
plan-tain ('tan), n. a tropical 
broad-leaved tree yielding an edi¬ 
ble fruit similar to the banana, 
plan-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. a 
place planted with trees ; a large 
cultivated estate for cotton, su¬ 
gar, &c.; a new settlement or 
colony. 

plan t-e r ('er), n. one who 
plants; the owner of a plantation, 
plan-ti-grade ('i-grad), n. walk¬ 
ing on the sole of the foot; a car¬ 
nivorous animal, as the bear, of 
the section plantigrada. 
plant-ule ('ul), n. an embryo of 
a plant. 

plaque (plak), n. a metal or 
terra-cotta plate upon which 


flowers, figures, &c., are enameled 
or painted. 

plash (plash), n. a puddle; pond: 
v.t. to splash or dash with water; 
interweave the branches or twigs 
of: as, to plash a hedge, 
plasm (plazm), n. a mold or ma¬ 
trix. 

plas-nia (plaz'ma), n. the color¬ 
less fluid of the blood in which 
the red corpuscles float; proto¬ 
plasm ; a grass-green variety of 
chalcedony. 

plas-ter (ter), n. calcined gyp¬ 
sum used for castings, &c. (plas¬ 
ter of paris) ; a composition of 
lime, sand, and water, for coating- 
walls ; a medicinal application 
for external use: adj. made of 
plaster: v.t. to overlay or cover 
with, or as with, plaster, 
plas-tic ('tik), adj. capable of 
being formed or molded; giving- 
form. 

plas-tic-i-ty (-tis'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being plastic, 
plat, same as plait, 
plate (plat), n. a thin piece of 
metal; a small shallow vessel used 
at table for eating from; an en¬ 
graved piece of metal; household 
articles of gold or silver; a prize 
given at a race: v.t. to coat with 
a more valuable metal; to beat 
into laminae or thin plates, 
pla-tean (pla-to'), n. [pi. pla¬ 
teaux (-toz')], elevated broad flat 
land; table-land; a large orna¬ 
mental center-dish, 
plate-glass (plat'glas), n. a fine 
kind of glass cast in thick plates: 
used for mirrors, &c. 
plate-mark, same as hall-mark, 
plat-en (plat'en), n. the flat part 
of a printing-press by which the 
impression is made, 
plat-form ('f6rm), n. a flat floor 
of wood, stone, &c., raised above 
the level of the ground; the place 
where guns are mounted on a 
fortress or battery; political pro¬ 
gram or policy, of which each 
item is called a plank. 
pla-ti-na, another form of plati¬ 
num. 

plat-ing (plat'ing), n. the art of 
overlaying or covering anything 
with a metallic plate, 
plat-i-nize (plat'i-nlz), v.t. to 
coat with platinum. 


late. mar. mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, Jot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






p la 


638 


pie 


platinoids ('i-noidz), n.pl. 
metals found associated with 
platinum. 

plat-i-nous (-nus), adj. contain¬ 
ing platinum. 

plat-i-num ('i-nurn), n. a grey¬ 
ish-white metal very hard and 
ductile, the heaviest of the known 
metals. Also platina. 
plat-i-tude ('i-tfid), n. insipidity; 
dulness; a weak, empty, trite re¬ 
mark. 

Platonic (pla-ton'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to Plato, the ancient 
Greek philosopher, or to his philos¬ 
ophy, &c., or school; pure and 
untainted with carnal desires, 
pla-toon (-toon'), n. two files of 
soldiers forming a subdivision, 
plat-ter (plat'er), n. a large flat 
dish. 

platy, a prefix meaning broad or 
flat, as platypus, the ornithorhyn¬ 
cus, from its flat, duck-like bill, 
plat-y-rhine ('i-rin), adj. broad¬ 
nosed : noting American monkeys, 
thus characterized, 
plaudit (plaw'dit), n. applause, 
plau-di-to-ry ('di-to-ri), adj. ap¬ 
plauding. 

plau-si-bil-i-ty (-zi-biPi-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being 
plausible; speciousness. Also 
plausibleness. 

plau-si-ble ('zi-bl), adj. specious ; 

superficially pleasing, 
plau-si-bly (-bli), adv. in a plausi¬ 
ble manner. 

play (pla), n. any exercise or oc¬ 
cupation for amusement; exer¬ 
tion of powers; diversion; pas¬ 
time ; drama, tragedy, or comedy; 
gaming; scope; practice; man¬ 
ner of dealing; style: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. played, p.pr. playing], to en¬ 
gage in some exercise for amuse¬ 
ment ; sport or frolic; perform 
upon, as a musical instrument; 
personate a character; gamble. 

Syn. game, sport, amusement. 

Ant. (see work), 
play-ful (pla'fool), adj. sportive; 
lively. 

play-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a play¬ 
ful manner. 

play-ful-ness (-nes), n. playful 
state or disposition, 
pla-za (pla'za), n. an open square 
or market place. . 


plea (pie), n. an excuse or apol¬ 
ogy ; the defendant’s answer to 
the plaintiff’s declaration in a 
lawsuit; urgent entreaty, 
plead (pled), v.i. to argue or 
reason in support of a cause 
against another; argue before a 
court of law; supplicate earnest¬ 
ly : v.t. discuss or defend by ar¬ 
guments ; offer as an excuse. 

8yn. urge, beseech, beg, en¬ 
treat, advocate. 

pleadings ('ingz), n.pl. the 
written statements of the two 
parties in a lawsuit, 
pleas ant (plez'ant), n. grateful 
to the mind or senses; delightful ; 
agreeable ; cheerful; facetious, 
pleasantry (-ri), n. merriment; 
lively talk; gaiety; a laughable 
trick or joke. 

please (plez), v.t. to gratify; 
give pleasure to; gain approba¬ 
tion from : v.i. to afford pleasure 
or gratification; like or choose. 

Syn. gratify, pacify. 

Ant. (see displease), 
pleased ('d), p.adj. gratified, 
pleas-ing ( 'ing), p.adj. affording 
pleasure; agreeable. 
pleas-u-i*a-ble (plezh'fi-ra-bl), 
adj. gratifying; delightful, 
pieas-u-ra-bly (-bli), adv. in a 
pleasurable manner, 
pleasure ('fir), n. gratification; 
agreeable emotions, mental or 
physical; transient enjoyment; 
sensual gratification. 

&yn. charm, delight, joy. 

Ant. (see pain), 
pleat, another form of plait, 
ple-be-ian (ple-be'an), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Plebs or Roman 
commonalty; pertaining to the 
common people: hence common or 
vulgar: n. one of the common 
people. 

ple-be-ian-ism (-izin), n. vul¬ 
garity. 

pleb-i-scite (pleb'i-slt), n. a vote 
taken of the entire male com¬ 
munity by universal suffrage on 
some special matter submitted; 
the decree founded on such a 
vote. 

pledge (plej), n. anything placed 
as a security or guarantee ; pawn ; 
hostage; a health in drinking: r t. 
to give as security or guarantee; 


Zate, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot: moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







639 


plu 


pie 


deposit in pawn; drink to the 
health of. 

pledg-et ('et), n. a flat piece of 
lint placed over a wound. 
Plei-a-des (pli'a-dez), n.pl. the 
cluster of 7 stars in the constel¬ 
lation Taurus: from the 7 daugh¬ 
ters of Atlas and Pleione, 
changed after death into stars. 

Pi e-na-ry (ple'na-ri), adj. full; 
complete. 

plen-ipo-ten-ti-a-ry (plen-i-po- 
ten'shi-a-ri), adj. having full 
power: n. an ambassador to a 
foreign court invested with full 
powers. 

ple-uist (ple'nist), n. one who 
holds the theory that all space is 
filled with matter, 
plen-i-tude (plen'i-tud), n. ful¬ 
ness. 

plenteous ('te-us), adj. abun¬ 
dant ; amply sufficient, 
plen-ti-ful ('ti-fool), adj. yield¬ 
ing abundance; copious. 

ftyn. abundant, ample, copious, 
plenteous. 

Ant. (see scarce), 
plen-ti-ful-ly (-li), adv. abun¬ 
dantly. 

plen-ty ('ti), n. abundance, 
ple o nasm (ple'o-nazm), n. use 
of more words than necessary in 
speaking or writing, 
ple-o-nas-tic (-nas'tik), adj. re¬ 
dundant. 

ple-o-nas-tic-al-ly (&l-li), adv. 
redundantly. 

plet (plot), n. a kind of birch- 
rod, used in Russian prisons, 
pleth-o-ra (pleth'o-ra), n. excess¬ 
ive fulness of blood; overabun¬ 
dance. 

ple-thor-ic (ple-thor'ik), adj. 

having excess of blood, 
pleu-ra (ploo'ra), n. [pi. pleurae 
('re)], a delicate serous mem¬ 
brane covering the interior of the 
thorax and each lung, 
pleu-ral (Tal), adj. pertaining to 
the pleura. 

pleu-ri-sy ('ri-si), n. inflamma¬ 
tion of the pleura, 
pleu-rit-ic (-rit'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or affected with, pleurisy. 
Also pleuritical. 

pleuro, a prefix meaning rib or 
side, as pleurodynia, rheumatism 
of the chest walls. 


pleu-ro-pneu-mo-ni-a (ploo-ro- 
nu-mo'ni-a), n. inflammation of 
the pleura and lungs, 
plev-in (plev'in), n. a warrant. 
j)lex-us (plek'sus), n. a network 
of veins, nerves, &c. 
pli-a-bil-i-ty (pll-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being pli¬ 
able. Also pliableness, 
pli-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. easily bent; 

flexible ; easy to be persuaded, 
pli -a- bly ( 'a-bli), adv. in a pli¬ 
able manner. 

pli-an-cy ('an-si), n. pliant qual¬ 
ity. 

pli -ant ('ant), adj. flexible; easily 
bent; yielding to moral suasion, 
pli -cate ('kat). adj. plaited; 

folded in the form of a fan. Also 
plicated. 

pli -ers ('erz), n. a kind of small 
pinchers for seizing and bending, 
especially small articles, 
plight (plit), n. a dangerous or 
distressed condition ; predicament; 
pledge ; promise: i\.t. to pledge, as 
one’s faith. 

plinth (plinth), n. the lowest 
square-shaped part of the base of 
a column, pedestal, &c.; the pro¬ 
jecting face at the bottom of a 
wall. 

plod (plod), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. plod¬ 
ded, p.pr. plodding], to travel la¬ 
boriously ; drudge or toil; study 
closely. 

plot (plot), n. a complicated 
scheme, conspiracy, or plan; in¬ 
trigue ; chain of incidents in a 
play, novel, &c., gradually devel¬ 
oped: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plotted, 
p.pr. plotting], to devise; make 
a plan of: v.i. to conspire; form 
a plan against another, 
plov-er (pluv'er), n. a wading 
bird of various species, 
plow, plough (plou), n. an agri¬ 
cultural implement for turning up 
the soil; a grooving-plane: v.t. to 
turn up with a plow; furrow, 
plow - share, plough - share 
('shar), n. the iron part of a plow 
that cuts the soil, 
pluck (pluk), v.t. to pull off, out, 
or up; snatch ; pick or gather; 
reject as a candidate in an exami¬ 
nation : n. a pull; the heart, liver, 
and lungs of an animal; courage, 
pluck-i-ly ('i-li), adv. coura¬ 
geously. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






p!u 


640 


pne 


pluck-y ('i), adj. [comp, pluckier, 
superl. pluckiest], having cour¬ 
age or pluck. 

plug (plug), ii. a piece of wood, 
&c., used for stopping a hole: 
v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. plugged, p.pr. 
plugging], to stop with a plug, 
plum (plum), n. a tree, Primus 
domestica, or its well-known 
fruit; a raisin ; £100,000 : hence 
a large fortune. 

plum-age (plum'aj), n. a bird’s 
feathers. 

plumb (plum), n. a heavy body, 
usually of lead, suspended at the 
extremity of a line to indicate the 
perpendicularity of work done, as 
a wall, &c.: adj. perpendicular: 
adv. perpendicularly: v.t. to ad¬ 
just by a plumb-line; make per¬ 
pendicular; sound (the depth of 
water) by a plummet, 
plum-ba-go (-ba'go), n. a min¬ 
eral of carbon and iron, used for 
lead pencils; a form of carbon, 
plumb er ('er), n. one who is en¬ 
gaged in the business of plumbing, 
plumb-ing ('ing), n. the art or 
occupation of putting into build¬ 
ings the pipes, traps, &c., for the 
conveyance of water, gas, and 
sewage. 

plumb-line ('lin), n. a line at¬ 
tached to a mass of lead to indi¬ 
cate the perpendicular; perpen¬ 
dicular line. 

plume (ploorn), n. a feather; a 
feather worn as an ornament; 
crest: v.t. to pick and adjust the 
feathers of; adorn with plumes; 
boast; pride (used reflexively). 
plum-met (plum'et), n. a leaden 
weight attached to a string used 
for sounding depth's, &c. 
plump (plump), adj. round and 
sleek with fulness of flesh; in 
good condition; downright; un¬ 
qualified : adv. with a sudden or 
heavy fall: v.i. to grow plump; 
fall or sink down; to vote for a 
single candidate when one has 
the right to vote for two or more: 
v.t. to make plump; fatten, 
plu-my (plod'mi). adj. feathered, 
plun-der (plun'der), n. booty; 
pillage: v.t. to take by open 
force ; spoil; rob. 

pluu-der-age (-aj), n. the embez¬ 
zlement of goods on board ship, 
plunge (plunj), v.t. to put sud¬ 


denly into water or any other 
liquid; immerse; baptize by im¬ 
mersion : v.i. to sink, fall, or 
rush, as into water; dive; throw 
the body forward and the legs up, 
as a horse; bet heavily and 
thoughtlessly : n. the act of plung¬ 
ing ; sudden fall. 

plung-er ('er), n. one who 
plunges; a diver; the long solid 
cylinder or piston of a pump ; one 
who bets heavily and thought¬ 
lessly. 

plu-per-fect (ploo'per-fekt), adj. 
noting an event or action occur¬ 
ring prior to some other event or 
action. 

plu-ral ('ral), adj. consisting of 
more than one: n. that form of 
a word that expresses more than 
one. 

plu-ral-i-ty (ploo-ral'i-ti), n. the 
majority ; the greatest of three or 
more numbers; the excess of 
votes cast for any one candidate 
over the candidate who receives 
the next largest number of votes 
at an election wdiere there are 
three or more candidates for the 
same office. 

plu-ral-ize (-Iz), v.t. to make 
plural. 

plus (plus), n. the sign (-]-) used 
to denote addition: adj. more (by 
a certain amount) ; increased (by 
a specified addition) ; above zero. 

plush (plush), n. a kind of shaggy 
cloth with a pile ; woolen velvet. 

plu-toc-ra-cy (ploo-tok'ra-si), n. 
rule or government by the rich. 

plu-to-crat (pldo't5-krat), n. one 
who exercises political power or 
influence by virtue of his wealth. 

Plu-to-ni-an (-to'ni-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Pluto, the god of the 
lower world, or to the lower 
regions of fire; igneous. Also 
Plutonic. 

Plu-ton-ic rocks (roks), n.pl. 

igneous rocks. 

plu-vi-al ('vi-al), adj. rainy. 

ply (pli), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plied, 
p.pr. plying], to work on closely; 
practice diligently or earnestly; 
urge or solicit: v.i. to run regu¬ 
larly between two ports; work 
against the wind. 

pneumatic (nii-mat'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, consisting of, con- 


ir.te, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; m5on, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






pne 


641 


poi 


taining, like, or moved by, air. 
Also pneumatical. 

pneu-mat-ic-tire, n. a hollow rub¬ 
ber cylinder inflated with air, 
forming the circumference of a 
bicycle or automobile wheel; also 
used on carriage wheels, 
pneu-mat-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 
by air. 

pneumatics ('iks), n.pl. the 
science that treats of the mechan¬ 
ical properties of air and similar 
elastic fluids. 

pneu-ma-tol-o-gy (-ma-tol'o-ji), 
n. pneumatics; the science of 
mind or spiritual existences or 
essences and their operation, 
pneumo, a prefix meaning lung. 
pneu mo nia (-mo'ni-a), n. acute 
inflammation of the lungs, 
pneu mon ic (-mon'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the lungs, 
poach (poch), v.i. to trespass 
upon preserves to shoot or steal 
game: v.t. to steal game from; 
plunder by stealth; cook (eggs) 
by breaking them into boiling 
water. 

poach-y ('i), adj. swampy; 
marshy. 

pochard ('ard), n. the sea- 
duck. 

pock (pok), n .* a pustule on the 
skin containing eruptive matter, 
pock-et ('et), n. a small bag in¬ 
serted in a garment for carrying 
small articles; a small netted bag 
in a billiard table for the recep¬ 
tion of the balls; a small quan¬ 
tity. 

pod (pod), n. the pericarp or the 
covering of the seed of certain 
plants, as the pea, &c.: v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. podded, p.pr. podding], to 
swell or fill, as a pod; produce 
pods. 

podge (poj), n. a puddle, 
podg-y ('i), adj. short and fat. 
po-di-um (po'di-um), n. a low 
wall, usually with a plinth and 
cornice, in the front of an edifice 
to support pillars; that part of 
an amphitheater which projects 
over the arena ; a balcony, 
pod-o-carp (pod'o-karp), n. the 
stem which supports the fruit of 
a olant. 

pod o-phyl-lin (-o-fil'in). n. a 
purgative resin obtained from the 
root of the May-apple. 


poe (po'e), n. a food made from 
the roots of the taro plant by 
the natives of Hawaii, 
poe bird (berd), n. the parson 
bird of New Zealand, with a 
plumage of a dark metallic hue. 
poem ('em), n. a metrical or 
poetical composition ; a poetic con¬ 
ception. 

po-e-sy ('e-si), n. the art of com¬ 
posing poems. 

po-et ('et), n. the author of a 
poem; one gifted in writing 
poetry; one who is strongly 
imaginative. Feminine poetess, 
po-et lau-re-ate (law're-at), n. 
a court poet. 

po-et-ic (-et'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, suitable to. or expressed in, 
poetry ; sublime. Also poetical, 
po-et-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 
poetic manner. 

po-et-ry ('et-ri), n. a metrical 
composition produced or embel¬ 
lished by creative imagination; 
utterance in song; poems col¬ 
lectively. 

Syn. meter, numbers, rhyme, 
verse. 

Ant. (see prose), 
poi, same as poe. 
poign-an-cy ('nan-si), n. the 
state or quality of being poign¬ 
ant. 

poign-ant ('nant) : adj. stimulat¬ 
ing to the palate; irritating; very 
painful. 

poin-set-ti-a (-set'i-a), n. a Mexi¬ 
can plant with handsome flowers, 
point (point), n. the sharp end 
of any instrument; mark or dot; 
indivisible part; mark in punctua¬ 
tion ; that which has position but 
no magnitude ; a spot; exact place; 
critical moment; expression or 
force ; sting of an epigram ; aim ; 
act of aiming; small cape or prom¬ 
ontory ; lace wrought with the 
needle; railway switch; unit of 
measurement for type-bodies = 
.0138 inch, or one-twelfth of. a 
pica : v.t. to sharpen; give a point 
to: direct or aim; mark with 
points; fill the joints of (ma¬ 
sonry) with mortar and smooth 
them with a trowel: v.i. to indi¬ 
cate ; show clearly, 
point-blank ('blangk), adj. hori¬ 
zontal ; straight forward to the 
mark ; direct. 


late. mar. mask, cat, awl ; he. her. let: line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

rock* mute, nut: thin. then. 







pol 


S4U * 


pol 


point-ed ('ed), p.adj. sharpened; 
having a sharp point; direct; 
telling ; personal; epigrammatic ; 
Gothic. 

point-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, points; a variety of 
dog trained to point game, 
pointing ('mg), n. punctuation; 
the act or operation of filling in 
the crevices of masonry with 
mortar. 

poise (poiz), n. weight; balance; 
equilibrium: v.t. to balance ; 

weigh; ascertain or examine: v.i. 
to be in a state of equilibrium. 

Syn. balance. 

poi-son (poi'zn), n. anything 
noxious or destructive to life, 
health, or morality: venom : v.t. 
to infect with, or kill by, poison ; 
administer poison to ; corrupt, 
poisonous (-us), adj. having 
the qualities of poison; deadly; 
injurious to health, 
poke (pok), n. a thrust or push; 
a bag or sack: v.t. to thrust or 
push against, especially with 
something pointed; thrust at with 
the horns: v.i. to grope or feel 
about in the dark; search, 
pok-er ('er), n. a metal bar for 
stirring fires; a card game, 
pok-ing (' ing), adj. servile; 
drudging. 

po-ky (po'ki), adj. lacking spirit 
or interest; slow ; stupid, 
po-lar ('lar), adj. pertaining to, 
or situated near, either of the 
poles, especially the North Pole; 
pertaining to the magnetic poles, 
po-lar-i-scope (-lar'i-sk5p), n. an 
instrument for exhibiting polar¬ 
ized light. 

po-lar-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the property 
possessed by certain bodies, as in 
electrified or magnetized bodies, 
by which they arrange themselv s 
in certain directions or tend to 
given poles. 

po-lar-i-za-tion (-i-za'shun). n. 
the act of polarizing; the state 
of being polarized, 
po-lar-ize (-iz), v.t. to communi¬ 
cate polarity to. 

pole (pol), n. a long staff; a 
measure = 5V» yards; a square 
measure r= 30% yards; a measur¬ 
ing instrument; one of the extremi¬ 
ties of the imaginary axis of the 


earth; one of the two points in 
a magnet in which the attractive 
or repellent force is concentrated ; 
that on which anything revolves; 
the extreme opposite. 

pole-cat ('kat), n. a small car¬ 
nivorous animal which emits a 
strong offensive odor. 

po-lem-ic (po-lem'ik), n. a con¬ 
troversialist : pi. the art of con¬ 
troversy ; controversial writings, 
especially those on religious sub- 
jects 

po-lem-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. contro¬ 
versial. 

po-lem-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. con¬ 
troversially. 

pole-star (pol'star), n. the north 
star (Polaris) situated in Ursa 
Minor, within 1% degrees of the 
true pole; a guide. 

po-lice (po-les'), n. in a city, 
town, or district, an organized 
force of civil officers for preserv¬ 
ing order. 

po-lice-man ('man), n. a mem¬ 
ber of a police force. 

pol-i-cy (pol'i-si), n. [pi. policies 
(-siz)], the art or method of 
government; management of pub¬ 
lic affairs; system of regulative 
measures; sagacity in manage¬ 
ment ; course of conduct; pru¬ 
dence ; cunning; a document given 
to insurers containing a contract 
of insurance; a warrant for money 
in the public funds; a gambling 
game. 

pol-ish ('ish), v.t. to make smooth 
or glossy by friction ; make polite 
or refined : v.i. to become polished : 
n. a smooth, glossy surface; a 
preparation for imparting a 
polish; refinement or elegance of 
manners. 

Po-lish (pd'lish), adj. pertaining 
to Poland, its language', or to its 
inhabitants. 

po-lite (-lit'), adj. well-bred; re¬ 
fined in manner; courteous or 
obliging. 

Syn. gracious, polished, obliging, 
courteous, courtly. 

Ant. (see impolite). 

po-lite-ness ('nes), n. good¬ 
breeding ; courtesy. 

po-lite-ly ('li), adv. in a polite 
manner. 

pol-i-tesse (pol-i-tes'), n. over¬ 
acted politeness. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






pol 


643 


pol 


politic ('i-tik), adj. shrewd; 
specious ; sagacious : especially in 
policy ; adapted to promote the 
welfare of the state: n.pl. the 
art of government or the adminis¬ 
tration of public affairs; political 
opinions; party management or 
control. 

po-lit-i-cal (po-lit'i-kal), adj. per¬ 
taining to politics, or to a nation 
. or state; derived from govern- 
1 ment. 

po-lit-i-cal-ly (-li), adv. in a 
political manner. 

po-lit-i-cal e con o my (e-kon'o- 
mi), n. the science that treats 
of wealth, its nature, production, 
distribution, and consumption, and 
the laws which regulate and 
govern these. 

pol-i-ti-cian ('i-tish-un), n. one 
who is skilled in politics; a states¬ 
man. 

pol-i-tics, see under politic, 
pol-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the form or con¬ 
stitution of the civil government 
of a state ; constitution. 

Syn. constitution, policy, 
pol-ka (pol'ka), n. a dance of 
Bohemian origin, performed by 
two persons; music suitable for 
such a dance. 

poll (pol), n. the head, especially 
the back part of it; a register 
of persons, especially those en¬ 
titled to vote at elections; an 
election ; number of votes recorded 
at an election ; place where votes 
are cast: v.t. to lop; clip or 
shear; enroll in a register; bring 
to the poll, as a voter; to cast 
or deposit in a ballot box ; to poll 
a jury is to examine each mem¬ 
ber individually as to his con¬ 
currence in the verdict, 
pol-lack (pol'ak), n. a species of 
codfish. 

pollard ('ard), n. a tree lopped 
or polled; a stag that has cast its 
horns; a mixture of bran and 
meal; the chub-fish, 
pol-len ('en), n. the fertilizing 
powder in the cells of the anthers 
of flowers. 

pollination (-i-na'shun), n. the 
conveyance of pollen from the 
anther to the stigma of a flower, 
pol-lock, same as pollack, 
poll-tax (pol'taks), n. a capita¬ 
tion tax. 


pollute (pol-lut'), v.t. to defile; 
render unclean , taint with guilt; 
corrupt; violate. 

pol-lu-tiom (-lu'shun), n. the act 
of polluting; the state of being 
polluted; defilement; legal or 
ceremonial uncleanness. 
po-lo (po'lo), n. a game similar to 
hockey, played on horseback, 
po-lo-naise (po-lo-naz'), n. a 
dress, body and skirt made in one; 
a Polish air or dance, 
po-lo-ni-um (po-lo'ni-um), n. a 
radio-active substance, discovered 
in the experiments which led to 
the discovery of radium, 
poltroon (pol-trdon'), n. a 
coward. 

poly, a prefix meaning many , 
much. 

pol-y-an-dry (pol-i-an'dri), n, the 
practice of a woman having more 
than one husband at the same 
time: opposed to polygamy, 
pol-y-an-tlius (-an'thus), n. a 
handsome flower; a cultivated 
variety of the oxlip primrose, 
pol-y-chro-mat-ic (-kro-mat'ik), 
adj. exhibiting a play of colors, 
pol y chrome ('i-krom), adj. hav¬ 
ing many colors: n. a work 
executed in many colors, 
po-lyg-a-mist (po-lig'a-mist), n. 
one who practices or upholds 
polygamy. 

polygamous ('a-inus), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or practicing, polyg¬ 
amy. 

po-lyg-a-ruy ('a-rni), n. the prac¬ 
tice of having more than one wife 
at the same time. 

pol-y-glot (pol'i-glot), adj. con¬ 
taining many languages: n. a 
book, especially an edition of the 
Bible, in several languages, 
pol-y-gon ('i-gon), n. a figure 
having many angles, 
polygraph ('i-graf), n. a mani¬ 
fold writer. 

pol-y-he-dral (-he'dral), adj. hav¬ 
ing many sides or faces. Also 
polyhedrous, polyhedric. 
pol-y-he-dron ('dron), n. a solid 
having many sides or faces; a 
polyscope. 

polyp ('ip), n. an extensive 
group of radiated animals includ¬ 
ing the hydra, sea-anemone, &c. 
Also polype, polypus, 
pol-y-pus ('pus), n. [pi. polypi 


late, miir, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


i 






pol 


644 


poo 


(-pi)], a fleshy tumor in the nose 
or uterus; a polype, 
pol-y-scope ('shop), n. a multiply¬ 
ing lens. 

pol-y-style ('stll), n. a building 
with many columns, 
pol-y-syl-lab-ic (-sil-ab'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or consisting of, 
three or more syllables. Also 
polysyllabical. 

pol-y-syl-la-ble ('a-bl), n. a word 
consisting of three or more sylla¬ 
bles. 

pol-y-tech-nic (-tek'nik), adj. 
noting, including, or giving in¬ 
struction in, the arts and sciences : 
n. a school for imparting instruc¬ 
tion in the arts and sciences, 
pol-y-the-ism ('i-the-izm), n. the 
doctrine of a plurality of gods, 
each taking a part in the govern¬ 
ment of the world, 
pol-y-the-ist ('ist), n. a believer 
in polytheism. 

pol-y-the-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or consisting in, poly¬ 
theism. 

pol-y-type (-tip), n. a facsimile 
in metal of an engraving on wood, 
&c. 

pomade (pd-mad'), w. a per¬ 
fumed ointment for dressing the 
hair. Also pomatum, 
pom e gran ate (pom'gran-at), n. 
a tree ( Punica Granatum) yield¬ 
ing an orange-like, edible fruit 
with a thick rind and numerous 
seeds. 

pom mel (pum'el), n. the knob 
on a sword-hilt; the high part of 
a saddle-bow: v.t. to beat with 
anything thick or bulky ; bruise, 
pom-mel-ing (-ing), n. a beat¬ 
ing. 

po-mol-o-gy (po-mol'o-ji), n. the 
science of cultivating fruit and 
fruit-trees, especially apples; a 
treatise on fruits. 

pomp (pomp), n. ostentatious dis¬ 
play; grandeur; parade, 
pom pon (pom'pon), n. a tufted 
ornament; a variety of chrysan¬ 
themum. 

pom-pos-i-ty (-pos'i-ti), n. the 
state of being pompous. Also 
pompousness. 

pom pons (pom'pus). adj. state¬ 
ly ; grand ; self-important; osten¬ 
tatious. 

pon cho (pon'cho), n. a sort of 


cloak or loose woolen garment 
worn in Spanish America, 
pond (pond), n. a pool of stand¬ 
ing water. 

pon-der (pon'der), v.t. to weigh 
mentally: v.i. to deliberate, 
pon-der-a-bil-i-ty (-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state of being ponderable. 
Also ponderableness, 
ponderable ('der-a-bl), adj. 

capable of being weighed, 
pon-der-os-i-ty (os'i-ti), n. 
weight. 

pon-der-ous ('der-us), adj. very 
heavy ; weighty ; important; dull, 
pone (pon), n. bread made of 
maizemeal, milk, &c. 
pon-gee (pon-je'), n. an inferior 
kind of silk. 

pon-iard (pon'yard), n. a small 
dagger: v.t. to stab with a pon¬ 
iard. 

pon-tiff ('tif), n. a high priest; 
the Pope. 

pon-tif-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a pontiff, high priest, 
or pope; papal: n. a book con¬ 
taining ecclesiastical rites and 
ceremonies; pi. the full dress 
worn by an officiating priest or 
bishop. 

pon-tif-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
, ontifical manner, 
pon-tif-i-cate ('i-kat), n. the 
office or dignity of a high priest 
or pope; the reign of a pope, 
pon toon (pon-toon'), n. „a buoy¬ 
ant, flat-bottomed structure sup¬ 
porting a floating military bridge; 
a bridge of boats; a lighter, 
po-ny (po'ni), n. [pi. ponies 
('niz)], a small horse; a very 
small glass of beer or liquor; 
student’s key to translation of 
Latin or Greek lessons; often 
used adjectively to denote some¬ 
thing small of its kind, as a pony 
engine. 

pool (podl), n. a small body of 
water; a variety of play at bil¬ 
liards ; the stakes in certain 
games or the receptacle for them; 
v.t. to unite or aggregate together, 
as in mercantile risks, railway 
traffic, &c. 

poop (poop), n. the stern of a 
ship; the raised deck in the stern 
of a vessel; v.t. to strike the stern 
of; break heavily over the stern 
of; said of waves. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


i 








poo 


645 


por 


pooped (poopt), p.adj. having a 
poop; stuck on the poop by a 
heavy sea. 

pooping (podp'ing), n. a break¬ 
ing of a heavy sea over the taffrail 
of the poop; the action of a 
vessel running her stern against 
the stern of another. 

poor (poor), adj. necessitous; 
having little or no means; desti¬ 
tute of riches; without strength, 
beauty, or dignity; dejected; 
spiritless; insignificant; humble; 
lean ; without fertility; an expres¬ 
sion of tenderness, compassion, or 
disdain. 

poor-ly ('li), adv. without ade¬ 
quate means ; with scant success : 
adj. somewhat ill; delicate in 
health. 

pop (pop), n. a short, smart, 
quick sound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
popped, p.pr. popping], to thrust 
suddenly; pawn: v.i. to make a 
short, smart, quick sound; move 
quickly ; dart; come suddenly into 
view: adv. suddenly. 

pop-corn, ('kdrn), n. any variety 
of Indian corn or maize having 
small ears and small, hard grains. 
The grains “pop” and * expand 
when exposed to heat of a fire. 

pope (pop), n. the bishop of 
Rome and head of the Roman 
Catholic Church ; a title of priests 
of the Greek Church; a variety 
of perch. 

pope dom ('dum), n. the office, 
dignity’, or jurisdiction of the 

Pope. 

pop-in-jay ('in-ja), n. a parrot; 

"fop. 

pop-lar (pop'lar), n. a tree of 

rapid growth, with a wdiite soft 
wood. 

pop-lin Clin), n. a fabric of silk 
and worsted. 

pop-pet Cet), n. one of the 

timbers that support a ship in 
launching ; a term of endearment. 

pop-py CO, n. any plant of the 
genus Papaver, with bright showy 
flowers; from one species (Pa¬ 

paver somnifcrum) opium is ob¬ 
tained. 

pop-u-lace ('fi-las), n. the com¬ 
mon people. 

pop-u-lar Cu-klr), adj. pertaining 
to, suitable for, or pleasing to, 


the common people; easily un¬ 
derstood ; plebeian, 
pop-u-lar-i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being popular; 
general esteem. 

pop-u-lar-ize (-iz), v.t. to render 
popular. 

pop-u-late ('u-lat), v.t. to furnish 
with inhabitants. 

pop-u-la-tion (la'shun), n. the 
inhabitants of a country, place, 
town, &c., collectively. 

Pop-u-list (-list), n. a member 
of a political party in the United 
States known as the Populist or 
People’s party. 

pop-u-lous Cu-lus), adj. thickly 
peopled. 

porce-lain (pors'lan or pors'lan), 
n. a fine white, thin, semi-trans¬ 
parent kind of earthenware: adj. 
pertaining to, or made of, porce¬ 
lain. 

porch (porch), n. a vestibule sup¬ 
ported by pillars; portico, 
por-cine (por'sin), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to swine. 

por-cu-pine ('ku-pin), n. a rodent 
covered with spines, of the genus 
Hystrix. 

pore (por), n. a minute hole in the 
skin through which perspiration 
passes to the surface; an opening 
between the molecules of a body: 
v.i. to look with close and steady 
attention, as on a book, 
por-gee (por'je), n. a coarse kind 
of silk. 

por-gy ('ji), n. a marine fish much 
esteemed for food, 
pork (pork), n. the flesh of swine 
either fr£sh or salted, 
pork-er Cer), n. a pig. 
pork-ling ('ling), n. a young 
Pig. 

por-os-i-ty (p5r-os'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being porous. 
Also porousness. 

por-ous ('us), adj. having pores, 
por-phy-rit-ic (por-fi-rit'ik), adj. 
having the appearance, or texture 
of, porphyry. 

por-phy-ry ('fi-ri), n. originally a 
reddish igneous rock found ic 
Egypt, with enclosed crystals of 
feldspar; now applied to any rock 
having a feldspathic base with 
feldspar crystals. 

por-phy-ry-shell (-shel), n. a 


late, mar, mfisk, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







por 


646 


pos 


univalve shell of the genus Murex, 
yielding a purple dye. 
por-poise (por'pus), n. a ceta¬ 
ceous mammal of the genus 
Phocsena ; the sea-hog. 
porridge (por'ij), n. oatmeal 
boiled slowly in water until it 
thickens. 

por-ring-er f'in-jer), n. a small 
dish for_ porridge, &c. 
port (port), n. a harbor; harem; 
deportment or carriage; the left 
side of a ship; porthole; gate; a 
dark colored Portuguese wine: 
v.t. to turn to the port or left 
side of a ship: as, to port the 
helm. 

portability (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state of being portable. Also porta¬ 
bleness. 

portable ('a-bl), adj. that may 
be easily carried by hand or about 
the person. 

port-age ('aj), n. carriage; cost 
of carriage; a break in a chain 
of water communication over 
which goods, boats, &c., have to 
be carried. 

port-al ('al), n.. a gate or en¬ 
trance; an arch over a gateway or 
door. 

port-cul-lis (-kul'is), n. a strong 
harrow-shaped grating hung over 
the doorway of a fortified place 
and capable of being let down to 
defend the gate. 

Porte (port), n. the Turkish 
government and court: so called 
from the gate of the Sultan's 
palace where justice was admin¬ 
istered. 

porte-mon-naie ('mon-a), n. a 
purse [French]. 

por-tend (por-tend'), v.t. to indi¬ 
cate in advance; presage; fore¬ 
bode. 

por-tent ('tent), n. an omen, es¬ 
pecially of ill. 

por-ten-tous ('us), adj. ominous; 

foreshadowing evil; wondrous, 
por-ter (por'ter), n. a door- or 
gate-keeper; a dark-colored malt 
beer; one who carries parcels, &c., 
for hire. Feminine porteress. 
por-ter-age (-aj). n. money 
charged for carriage by a porter, 
port-fire (port'fir), n. a paper 
tube filled with powder. &c., for¬ 
merly used for firing guns. 


port-fo-li-o (-fo'li-o), n. a porta¬ 
ble case for loose papers, draw¬ 
ings, &c.; the office and functions 
of a minister of state, 
port-hole ('hoi), n. a window¬ 
shaped hole in the side of a ship, 
especially of a man-of-war. 
por-ti-co (por'ti-ko), n. [pi. por¬ 
ticos (-koz)], a walk covered by a 
roof supported on columns; a 
columned porch. 

por-tiere (-tiar'), n. a door- 
curtain [French], 
portion ('shun), n. a piece or 
part; allotment; dividend ; final 
state; dowry; part of an estate 
descending to an heir: v.t. to 
divide; allot; endow with a fort¬ 
une. 

Syn. lot, parcel, part, share, 
portliness ('li-nes), n. the state 
of being portly. 

port-ly ('li), adj. stately of mien; 
corpulent. 

portmanteau (-man'to), n. 
[pi. portmanteaux ('toz)], a bag 
or trunk for carrying clothes or 
traveling necessities, 
por-toise (por'tiz), n. a ship’s 
gunwale. 

por-trait C'trat), n. a picture or 
representation of an individual or 
face drawn from life; a vivid 
graphic description in words, 
por-trai-ture ('tra-tur), n. the 
art or practice of drawing or 
painting portraits; vivid delinea¬ 
tion in words. 

por-tray (-tra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
portrayed, p.pr. portraying], to 
paint or draw the likeness of; 
describe in words, 
por-tray-al ('al), n. description. 
Portuguese (por-tu-gez'), adj. 
pertaining to Portugal, its in¬ 
habitants, or language, 
pose (poz), n. attitude or position : 
v.i. to assume an attitude: v.t. 
to puzzle or perplex; cause to 
be at a loss. 

pos-er (poz'er), n. a puzzling 
question ; one who, or that which, 
poses or puzzles. 

po-si-tion (po-zish'un), n. the 
state of being set or placed; 
situation ; attitude ; principle laid 
down ; office ; social status, 
pos-i-tive (poz'i-tiv), adj. clearly 
expressed; actual; direct; ex- 


late. miir, mask, cat, awl; lie. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut: thin, then. 










pos 


647 


pos 


plicit; overconfident; dogmatical; 
settled by arbitrary appointment; 
having power to act directly ; not¬ 
ing the simple form of an adjec¬ 
tive (positive degree) ; affected by 
the sign 4- (positive quantity) : 
n. that which may be affirmed; 
reality ; a word which affirms or 
asserts existence; a photograph 
with the natural lights and shades 
restored. 

Syn. absolute, peremptory, de¬ 
cided, certain. 

Ant. (see negative). 

pos-i-tive-ly (-li), adv. absolutely; 
expressly. 

pos-i-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being positive. 

pos-i-tiv-ism ('i-tiv-izm), n. a 
French philosophical and religious 
system originated by Auguste 
Comte (1798-1857), called also 
Comtism, and the Religion of Hu¬ 
manity. 

pos-i-tiv-ist (-ist), n. an adherent 
of positivism. 

pos-se (pos'e), n. an improvised 
force of men. 

pos-se com-i-ta-tus (kom-i-ta'- 
tus), [L.] the force of citizens 
which the sheriff of a county is 
empowered to raise to quell a riot, 
&c. 

pos-sess (po-zes'), v.t. to have 
as an owner; be master of; oc¬ 
cupy ; seize. 

pos-sessed (-zest'), p.adj. owned; 
mad. 

pos-ses-sion (-zesh'un), n. the 
having, holding, or detention of 
property; the thing possessed; 
property or estate. 

pos-sess-ive (zes'iv), adj. noting 
possession. 

pos-sess-or ('er), n. owner; one 
who possesses. 

Syn. owner, proprietor. 

pos-sess-o-ry ('o-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to possession. 

pos-set (pos'et), n. milk curdled 
with wine, &c. 

pos-si-bil-i-ty (-i-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state of being possible; contin¬ 
gency. 

pos-si-ble ('i-bl), adj. that may 
happen or exist. 

Syn. practical, practicable. 

Ant. (see impossible). 


pos-si-bly ('i-bli), adv. by pos¬ 
sibility ; perhaps, 
pos sum, same as opossum, 
post (post), n. a piece of timber, 
&c., set erect, usually to support 
something else; a messenger or 
postman; established system of 
conveying and’delivering letters; 
the mail; a postoffice; a relay of 
horses; situation or office ; a size 
of paper double that of common 
note-paper; military station : v.t. 
set or station; transmit by post; 
carry to the ledger; inform fully: 
v.i. to travel with speed or a relay 
of horses: adv. speedily; with 
despatch. 

post, a prefix meaning after , as 
postdate. 

post-age ('aj), n. the fee for the 
conveyance of letters by post, 
post-al ('al), adj. pertaining to 
the postoffice or mail service, 
post-di-lu-vi-al (-di-lu'vi-al), adj. 

taking place after the deluge, 
post-er ('er), n. a large advertis¬ 
ing bill. 

pos-te-ri-or (pos-te'ri-er), adj. 
subsequent in time or place; 
hinder: n.pl. the hinder parts of 
an animal. 

pos-ter-i-ty (-ter'i-ti), n. [pi. 
posterities (-tiz)j, succeeding 
generations; descendants, 
pos-tern (pos'tern), n. a small 
gate or door; private entrance; 
vaulted passage beneath the para¬ 
pet and through the rampart of a 
fortification : adj. behind ; private, 
post fac-to (post fak'to), done 
after the act; retrospective, 
post-fix ('fiks), v.t. to affix. 
pos-thu.-mous (pos'tu-mus), adj. 
bom after the death of the father; 
published after the death of an 
author. 

pos-til-ion (pos-til'yun), n. the 
rider on the near leader in a 
carriage. 


post-xnas-ter (post'mas-ter), n. 
the superintendent of a postoffice; 
one who supplies post-horses, 
post-mas-ter-gen-er-al (jen'er- 
al), fi. the chief officer of the post- 
office department. 

post-me-rid-i-an (-me-rid'i-an), 
adj. after noon. 

post-pone (pon'), v.t. to delay; 
defer. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrcli, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







pos 


648 


pou 


postpone-ment ('ment), n. the 
act of deferring to a future time; 
temporary delay. 

post-script ('skiipt), n. a para¬ 
graph added to a letter after the 
writer’s signature; appendix to 
a book. 

pos-tu-late (pos'tu-lat), v.t. to 
assume without proof; solicit: n. 
a self-evident problem; a position 
assumed as self-evident, 
pos-ture ('tur), n. attitude; plac¬ 
ing or position of parts of the 
body; state: v.i. to place the 
body in particular postures, 
po-sy (pd'zi), n. a bunch of 
flowers, originally a motto or 
verse sent with a bouquet, 
pot (pot), n. a metal vessel for 
holding or boiling liquids, &c.; 
a mug for liquor; a quart; a 
vessel of earthenware, &c., for 
holding plants; a size of paper 
12% X 15 inches; a large 
amount: v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. potted, 
p.pr. potting], to preserve, put 
into, or plant in pots ; shoot, 
po-ta-ble (po'ta-bl), adj. drink¬ 
able. 

po-tance (pb'tans), n. the stud 
in which the lower pivot of the 
verge of a watch is placed, 
pot-ash (pot'ash), n. a powerful 
alkali obtained from the ashes of 
certain plants. Also potass, pot- 
assa. 

po-tas-si-um (po-tas'i-um), n. a 
monad element, the metallic base 
of potash. 

po-ta-tion (po-ta'shun), n. drink¬ 
ing bout; a draught or drink, 
po-ta-to (-ta'to), n. [pi. potatoes 
(-toz)], the edible tuber of a 
South American plants widely 
cultivated; the plant itself, 
po-ten-cy ('ten-si), n. power, 
physical or mental, 
po-tent ('tent), adj. powerful; 
having great authority or in¬ 
fluence. 

po-ten-tate ('ten-tat), n. one 
who possesses great power; sov¬ 
ereign or monarch, 
po-ten-tial (-ten'shal), adj. ex¬ 
isting in possibility, not in real¬ 
ity ; latent; in grammar, express¬ 
ing power, possibility, liberty, or 
obligation. 

po-ten-ti-al-i-ty (-shi-al'i-ti), n. 
possibility without reality. 


po-ten-ti-al-ly ('shal-li), adv. in 
a potential manner, 
poth-er (poth'er), n. confusion; 
bustle: v.i. to make a stir: v.t. to 
confuse; tease. 

pot-house (pot'hous), n. a low 
public house 

po-tion (po'sliun), n. a draft; 
dose. 

pot-pour-ri (po-poo-re'), n. a 
medley, especially of musical airs; 
a dish composed of various kinds 
of meats and vegetables, 
pot-sherd (pot'sherd), n. a frag¬ 
ment of a broken pot. 
pot-tage ('aj), n. a kind of soup, 
pot-ter ('er), n. a maker of pot¬ 
tery. 

pot-ter-y ('er-i), n. [pi. potteries 
(-iz) ], earthenware of all kinds; 
the place where it is manufac¬ 
tured. 

pot-tie (pot'l), n. a liquid meas¬ 
ure — 4 pints; a small conical 
basket for holding fruit, 
pot-to-roo (-o-roo'), n. the kan¬ 
garoo rat of Australia. Also po- 
toroo. 

pouch (pouch), n. a small bag; 
pocket; bag or sack of an ani¬ 
mal ; cartridge-box; protuberant 
stomach. 

poulp (p5olp), n. the octopus. 
Also poulpe. 

poult (polt), n. a pullet; a young 
chicken, turkey, partridge, &c. 
poul-ter-er (pol'ter-er), n. a 
dealer in poultry. 

poul-tice ('tis), n. a soft prepara¬ 
tion of bread, meal, &c.. applied 
to a sore or inflamed part of the 
body; a cataplasm: v.t. to apply 
a poultice to. 

poul-try ('tri), n. domestic fowls, 
pounce (pouns), n. a fine powder 
formerly used for drying ink on 
paper, now chiefly used for sprink¬ 
ling into holes in paper in pat¬ 
tern-making ; the talon or claw 
of a bird of prey: v.t. to sprinkle 
with pounce: v.i. to fall upon and 
seize with, or as with, the claws, 
pound (pound), n. a standard 
weight — 16 ounces avoirdupois, 
or 12 ounces troy; a monetary 
unit =zi 20 shillings, or about 
$4.86; an inclosure for confining 
stray cattle: v.t. to shut in or 
confine in a pound; beat; pul- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





pou 


649 


pro 


verize as in a mortar: v.i. to 
plod. 

pound-age ('aj), n. an allowance 
of so much in the pound, 
pour (por), v.t. to empty, as a 
liquid, out of a vessel; discharge 
in a continuous stream; send 
forth ; give vent to; utter: v.i. to 
stream ; rush tumultuously, 
pour-par-ler (poor-par'la), n. 
[pi. pourparlers ('laz)], a diplo¬ 
matic consultation preliminary to 
a treaty. 

pout (pout), n. a thrusting out 
of the lips; fit of sullenness; a 
kind of codfish: v.i. to thrust 
out the lips in sullenness, con¬ 
tempt, or displeasure; look sulky, 
pout-er ('er), n. one who pouts; 
a variety of pigeon with inflated 
breast. 

pov-er-ty (pov'er-ti), n. the state 
of being poor; indigence; neces¬ 
sity ; penury; deficiency or defect, 
as of words, &c. 

Syn. penury, indigence, need, 
want. 

Ant. (see wealth), 
pow-an (pou'an), n. a fish similar 
to the herring, found in Loch 
Lomond. 

powder ('der), n. any dry sub¬ 
stance in fine particles; gun¬ 
powder ; facepowder; a medicinal 
preparation: v.t. to reduce to, or 
sprinkle with, powder; salt, 
pow er (pou'er), n. the faculty of 
doing or performing something; 
ability ; energy ; force ; strength ; 
rule or authority ; dominion ; gov¬ 
ernment ; influence; mental ca¬ 
pacity ; legal authority; ruler or 
sovereign ; state or nation ; super¬ 
natural being or agent; force 
tending to produce motion ; mag¬ 
nifying power of a lens; the prod¬ 
uct arising from the multiplica¬ 
tion of a number or quantity into 
itself. 

Syn. authority, force, strength, 
dominion. 

powerful (-fool), adj. having 
great power; mighty; forcible; 
strong; efficacious. 

Syn. mighty, potent. 

Ant. (see weak). 

pow-er-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
powerful manner. 

pow-wow (pou'wou), n. a North 


American Indian priest or con¬ 
jurer ; an incantation accom¬ 
panied with noise and dancing 
for the cure of disease; a noisy 
political meeting : v.i. to conjure ; 
frolic noisily. 

pox (poks), n. an eruptive disease 
characterized by pustules; syphi¬ 
lis. 

poz-zu-o-la-ma (potz-do-o-la'na), 
n. volcanic ashes used in hydraulic 
or Roman cement, 
praam (pram), n. a flat-bottomed 
boat or lighter used in Holland 
and the Baltic. 

prac-ti-ca-bil-i-ty (prak-ti-ka- 
bil'i-ti), n. the state of being prac¬ 
ticable. 

prac-ti-ca-ble ('ti-ka-bl), adj. 
that may be done, used, or passed 
over ; feasible ; possible, 
prac-ti-ca-bly ('ti-ka-bli), adv. 

so as to be practicable, 
prac-ti-cal ('ti-kal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to action or use ; useful; capa¬ 
ble of applying knowledge or 
theory to practice; derived from, 
or reduced to, practice, 
prac-ti-cal-ly (-li), adv. in a 
practical manner, 
prac-tice (prak'tis), n. frequent 
or customary action; dexterity 
acquired by habit; use; exercise 
of any profession; systematic ex¬ 
ercise ; a rule in arithmetic: v.t. 
to do habitually or repeatedly; 
perform; exercise, as a profes¬ 
sion : v.i. to form a habit; exer¬ 
cise a profession. 

prac-ti-tion-er (-tish'un-er), n. 
one who is engaged in the exercise 
of any profession, especially medi¬ 
cine or law. 
prse, see pre. 

praec-i-pe (pres'i-pe), n. a writ re¬ 
quiring something to be done, or 
the reason why it is not per- « 
formed. 

prse-no-men (pre-no'men) n. a 
name prefixed to the family name, 
praetor ('ter), n. a Roman 
magistrate ranking next to con¬ 
sul. 

prag-mat-ic (prag-mat'ik), adj. 
meddling; officious; assuming 
business airs. Also pragmatical, 
prai-rie (pra'ri), n. an extensive 
treeless tract of level or slightly 
undulating land covered with tall 
coarse grass. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






pra 


&50 


pre 



prai-rie-dog (-dog), n. a small 
burrowing rodent that lives in 
communities on the prairies, 
praise (praz), n. approbation; 
commendation; tribute of grati¬ 
tude for benefits; renown ; ap¬ 
plause; object or reason of praise : 
v.t. to bestow commendation 
upon ; honor ; worship ; glorify. 

Syn. commend, extol, laud. 

Ant. (see blame), 
prance (prans), n. a spring or 
bound: v.i. to spring or bound; 
ride ostentatiously; strut about in 
a lively or bellicose manner, 
prank (prangk), n. a freak or 
frolic; mischievous trick: v.t. to 
dress up in a showy style; dec¬ 
orate. 

prate (prat), v.i. to prattle; talk 
idly; be loquacious: v.t. to utter 
without sense or meaning: n. tri¬ 
fling talk. Also prating, 
pra-tique (pra-tek'), n. a license 
to a ship to trade after quaran¬ 
tine, or after a certificate has 
been given that the vessel has not 
come from an infected port, 
prat-tle (prat'l), n. childish or 
empty talk: v.i. to talk much and 
lightly; chatter. 

prawn (prawn), n. a small 
marine crustacean, allied to the 
shrimp. 

prax-is (prak'sis), n. an example 
or series of examples for exercise, 
pray (pra), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
prayed, p.pr. praying], to ask 
earnestly ; address or petition ; ask 
with humility and reverence; 
supplicate. 

Syn. entreat, implore, invoke, 
petition, plead. 

prayer (prar), n. a solemn ad¬ 
dress to the Supreme Being; en¬ 
treaty ; a formula of worship; 
that part of a petition which 
specifies the request or desire. 

Syn. entreaty, petition, request, 
suit. 

prayerful ('fool), adj. using 
prayer; devotional, 
prayer-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
prayerful manner; devoutly, 
prayer-book (-book), n. a man¬ 
ual of public or private devotion, 
containing forms of prayer, 
pre, a prefix, meaning before, prior 
in time, space, or degree. 


preach (prech), v.i. to pronounce 
a public discourse on a sacred 
subject, especially from a text of 
Scripture; give advice in an of¬ 
fensive or obtrusive manner on 
religious or moral grounds: v.t. 
to teach publicly. 

pre-am-ble (pre'am-bl), n„ an in¬ 
troduction or preface; the open¬ 
ing clauses, of a statute setting 
forth the reasons and object of 
the act: commencing with the 
word whereas. 

pre-au-di-ence (-aw'di-ens), n. 
the right of previous audience; 
precedence at the bar. 
preb-end (preb'end), n. the 
stipend granted to a canon out of 
the estate of a cathedral or col¬ 
legiate church. 

pre ca ri ous (pre-ka'ri-us), adj. 
depending upon the will or pleas¬ 
ure of another; uncertain ; held 
by a doubtful tenure. 

Syn. risky, doubtful, dubious, 
perilous. 

Ant. (see steady), 
pre-cau-tion (pre-kaw'shun), n. 
caution taken beforehand; preven¬ 
tive measure. 

pre-cau-tion-a-ry (-a-ri), adj. 
containing, or proceeding from, 
precaution. 

pre-cede (pre-sed'), v.t. to go be¬ 
fore in time, place, rank, or im¬ 
portance. 

precedence (-se'dens), n. the 
act of going before in time, rank, 
&c.; priority; relative rank in 
social etiquette. Also precedency, 
pre-ce-deut ('dent), adj. going be¬ 
fore; anterior:' n. (pres'e-dent) 
something previously said or done, 
serving as an example to be fol¬ 
lowed ; a parallel case in the 
past. 

preceding (pre-sed'ing), p.adj. 

going before ; antecedent; former, 
pre-cen-tor (-sen'ter), n. the 
leader of a cathedral choir, &c.; 
the leader of the psalmody in a 
Presbyterian church, 
pre-cept (pre'sept), n. an au¬ 
thoritative command: rule of ac¬ 
tion or moral conduct; maxim ; 
written mandate. 

pre-cep-tor ('ter), n. an instruc¬ 
tor or teacher. Fcm. preceptress, 
pre-cep-to-ry (-sep'to-ri), adj. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; m5dn 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






651 


pre 


p re 


giving, or containing, precepts : n. 
a college or religious house of 
the Knights Templars, 
precession (-sesh'un), n. a go¬ 
ing forward, especially the slow 
but continual shifting of the 
equinoctial points along the eclip¬ 
tic from east to west ( precession 
of the equinoxes). 
pre-cinct (pre'singkt), n. an out¬ 
ward limit or boundary; minor 
territorial district, 
pre-cious (presli'us), adj. of 
great price or value ; costly ; highly 
esteemed; worthless (in irony). 
prec-i-pice (pres'i-pis), n. a steep 
descent, especially one nearly or 
quite perpendicular, 
pre-cip-i-tance (pre-sip'i-tans), 
n. haste in resolving or carrying 
out a purpose. Also precipitancy, 
pre-eip-i-tant ('i-tant), adj. fall¬ 
ing headlong; hasty: n. any 
chemical substance that causes 
something held in solution by a 
liquid to fall down in a solid state, 
pre-cip-i-tate (-sip'i-tat), v.t. to 
throw headlong; urge on vio¬ 
lently ; hurry on rashly, thought¬ 
lessly, or unexpectedly ; throw to 
the bottom of a vessel: v.i. to fall 
to the bottom of a vessel: adj. 
headlong ; over hasty ; rash ; fall¬ 
ing, flowing, or rushing headlong: 
n. a substance precipitated, 
pre-cip-i-tate-ly (-li), adv. in a 
precipitate manner, 
pre-cip-i-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. 
the act of precipitating; rash 
haste; that which is precipitated, 
pre-cip-i-tous ('i-tus), adj. very 
steep ; headlong ; rash ; hasty, 
pre-cise (precis'), adj. exact; 
strict; accurate; definite; adher¬ 
ing rigidly to rule; punctilious, 
pre-cise-ly ('li), adv. in a pre¬ 
cise manner. 

pre-cise-ness ('nes), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being precise, 
pre-ci-sian (-sizh'an), n. a punc¬ 
tilious or over precise person, 
pre-clude (-klood'), v.t. to shut 
out; hinder from access ; obviate ; 
prevent. 

pre-clu-sion (-kloo'zhun), n. the 
act of precluding; the state of be¬ 
ing precluded. 

pre-clu-sive ('siv), adj. preclud¬ 
ing or tending to preclude. 


pre clu sive ly (-li), adv. in a 
preclusive manner, 
pre-co-cious (-ko'shus), adj. pre¬ 
maturely ripe or developed ; pertly 
forward. 

pre-coc-i-ty (-kos'i-ti). n. the 
state or quality of being preco¬ 
cious ; premature development 
Also precociousness, 
pre-cog-ni-tion (-kog-nish'un), n. 

previous knowledge or thought, 
pre cur sor (-ker'ser), n. one who, 
or that which, precedes ; forerun¬ 
ner ; omen. 

precur sory ('s5-ri), adj. indi¬ 
cating something that is to hap¬ 
pen or follow. 

pre-da-cious (da'shus), adj. liv¬ 
ing by prey. 

pred-a-to-ry (pred'a-to-ri), adj. 

rapacious ; plundering ; pillaging, 
pre-de-ees-sor (pre-de-ses'er), n. 
one who has preceded another in 
the same office, business, posi¬ 
tion, &c.; an ancestor, 
pre-des-ti-na-ri-an (-des-ti-na'ri- 
an), adj. pertaining to predestina¬ 
tion : n. one who believes in the 
doctrine of predestination, 
pre-des-ti-nate ('ti-nat), v.t. to 
ordain beforehand by an unchange¬ 
able purpose. 

pre-des-ti-na-tion (-na'shun), n. 
the act of foreordaining; the 
doctrine that God has from all 
eternity decreed whatever comes 
to pass, especially, by an un¬ 
changeable purpose, the eternal 
life or death of man. 

Syn. fate, necessity, foreknowl¬ 
edge. 

Ant. (see chance), 
pred-i-ca-foil-i-ty (pred-i-ka-bil'i- 
ti), n. the state or quality of be¬ 
ing predicable. 

pred-i-ca-ble ('i-ka-bl), adj. 
capable of being predicated : n. in 
logic, a term that can be pred¬ 
icated of others, and noting 
genus, species, difference, property, 
or accident. 

pre-dic-a-ment (pre-dik'a-ment), 
n. in logic, a category ; a peculiar 
situation; critical condition or 
state. 

pred-i-cate ('i-kat), v.t. to affirm 
one thing of another; found: n. 
in logic, that which is affirmed or 
denied of the subject. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot ; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








pre 


652 


pre 


\ 


pred-i-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. 
affirmation. 

pred-i-ca-tive (-tiv), adj. affirma¬ 
tive. 

pre-dic-tion (pre-dik'shun), n. 
the declaration of a future event; 
prophecy. 

pre-dict-or ('erl, n. one who 
predicts or foretells, 
pre-di-lec-tion (pre-di-lek'shun), 
n. preference beforehand; pre¬ 
possession ; partiality^ 
pre-dis-pose (-dis-pdz'), v.t. to 
incline beforehand; adapt pre¬ 
viously. 

pre-dis-po-si-tion (-po-zish'un), 
n. previous # inclination or pro¬ 
pensity ; prejudice, 
pre-dom-i-nan-cy (-dom'i-nan-si), 
n. prevalence over others; supe¬ 
riority in strength, power, author¬ 
ity, &c. Also predominance, 
pre-dom-i-nant ('i-nant), adj. 
having superior influence, &c.; 
superior; controlling, 
pre-dom-i-nate ('i-nat), v.i. to be 
superior in strength, power, 
authority, &c.; prevail; be as¬ 
cendant. 

pre-dom-i-na-tion (-na'shun), n. 

the act or state of predominating, 
pre-empt (pre-empt'), v.t. to 
secure or occupy by preemption ; 
establish a right or claim to be¬ 
fore others. 

pre-emp tion (-emp'shun), n. the 
act or right of purchasing before 
others. 

preen (pren), n. a forked instru¬ 
ment used in cloth dressing: v.t. 
to cleanse, trim, and compose 
with the beak, as birds, 
pref-ace (pref'as), n. the intro¬ 
duction to a book, &c.; preamble: 
v.t. to introduce by preliminary 
remarks: v.i. to say or do some¬ 
thing introductory, 
pref-a-to-ry ('a-to-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of, a 
preface; introductory, 
pre-feet (pre'fekt), n. a civil 
magistrate or governor; com¬ 
mander ; monitor; the civil 
governor of a department in 
France. 

pre-fec-ture (-tur), n. the office, 
jurisdiction, or official residence 
of a prefect. 

pre-fer (-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 


preferred, p.pr. preferring], to 
regard or esteem more than some¬ 
thing else; present; place in ad¬ 
vance. . 

pref-er-ence (pref'er-ens), n. the 
act of preferring; the thing pre¬ 
ferred ; choice of one thing more 
than another; predilection, 
pref-er-en-tial (-en'shal), adj. 

having a preference, 
preferment (pre-fer'ment), n. 
promotion, especially in the 
church. 

pre-fer-rer ('er), n. one who pre¬ 
fers. 

pre-fix (pre'fiks), n. a letter, 
word, or syllable placed at the 
beginning of a word: v.t. (pre- 
fiks') to place before or at the 
beginning of. 

preg-nan-cy (preg'nan-si), n. the 
state of being pregnant; inventive 
power. 

pregnant ('nant), adj. being 
with young; fruitful; teeming; 
fertile; full of importance or 
significance. 

pre-hen-si-ble (pre-hen'si-bl), 
adj. that may be seized, 
pre-hen-sile ('sil), adj. adapted 
for holding or seizing, 
prehension ('shun), n. a taking 
hold. 

prejudice (prej'u-dis), n. pre¬ 
vious and unfavorable bias; pre¬ 
judgment without due examina¬ 
tion ; detriment; injury; v.t. to 
prepossess against; bias the mind 
of; create a prejudice against; 
hurt, impair, or damage in any 
way. 

Syn. bias, unfairness, precon¬ 
ception. 

Ant. (see reason), 
prej-u-di-cial (-dish'al), adj. dis¬ 
advantageous ; injurious, 
prej-u-di-cial-ly (-li), adv. in¬ 
juriously. 

prel-a-cy (prel'a-si), n. the office 
or status of a prelate ; episcopacy ; 
bishops collectively, 
prel-ate ('at), n. an ecclesiastical 
dignitary having episcopal author¬ 
ity. 

pre-lat-ic (pre-lat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
prelates or prelacy. Also pre- 
latical. 

prelection (-lek'shun), n. a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






pro 


653 


pre 


lecture, &c., read before students 
or others. 

pre-lec-tor ('ter), n. a lecturer, 
pre-lim-i-na-ry (-lim'i-na-ri), adj. 
preceding the main discourse or 
business; introductory: n. an in¬ 
troduction ; something preceding, 
pre-lude (prel'ud, or pre'lud), n. 
a short piece of music played as 
an introduction to a larger piece; 
preface: v.t. to serve as a pre¬ 
lude to; precede. 

pre-lu-so-ry (pre-lu'so-ri), adj. 
introductory. 

premature (pre-ma-tur'), adj. 
ripe before the proper time; ar¬ 
riving, occurring, or done, be¬ 
fore the proper time, 
pre-med-i-tate (-med'i-tat), v.t. 
to. design, conceive, or deliberate, 
beforehand. 

pre-med-i-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. 

the act of premeditating, 
prem i er (prem'i-er, or premi¬ 
er), adj. first; chief: n. the prime 
minister. 

prem-i-er-ship (-ship), n. the 
office or dignity of prime minis¬ 
ter. 

pre-mise (pre-mlz'), v.t. to ex¬ 
plain previously; lay down as 
propositions to reason from: v.i. 
to state antecedent propositions: 
n. (prem'is) a proposition an¬ 
tecedently assumed and laid 
down: pi. the two propositions 
of a syllogism in logic, the major 
and minor, from which the con¬ 
clusion is drawn. (Also prem¬ 
ises) ; a building and its ad¬ 
juncts ; foregoing statements or 
facts of a deed pf conveyance, 
premium (pre'mi-um), n. a 
recompense or reward; prize or 
bounty; bonus; payment for in¬ 
surance ; value above the original 
price or par of stock, &c. 
pre-mon-i-to-ry (-mon'i-to-ri), 
adj. giving warning beforehand, 
prep-a-ra-tion (prep-a-ra'shun), 
n. the act of preparing or fitting 
for a particular purpose; state 
of being prepared; readiness; a 
part of an animal body prepared 
for anatomical use; that which is 
prepared or made ready, as a 
medicine, &e. 

pre-par-a-tive (pre-par'a-tiv), 
adj. tending to prepare or make 


ready. Also preparatory: n. 
that which prepares, 
pre-par-a-tive-ly (-li), adv. by 
preparation. 

pre-par-a-to-ry (-par'a-to-ri), 
adj. previously necessary; intro¬ 
ductory. 

pre-pared (pre'pard), p.adj. in 
readiness. 

pre-pense (-pens'), adj. premedi¬ 
tated. 

pre-pon-der-ance (-pon'der-ans), 
n. superiority of weight, power, 
force, or influence, 
pre-pon-der-ant (-ant), adj. out¬ 
weighing. 

pre-pon-der-ate ('der-at), v.t. to 
outweigh ; exceed in power or in¬ 
fluence : v.i. to incline to one 
side. 

prep-o-si-tion ( prep-o-zish'un), 

n. a word placed before a noun or 
pronoun to indicate its relation 
to some other word in the sen¬ 
tence. 

prep-o-si-tion-al (-&1), adj. per¬ 
taining to a preposition, 
prep-o-si-tion-al-ly (-li), adv. 

like a preposition, 
pre-pos-i-tive (pre-pos'i-tiv), adj. 
placed before: n. a word or par¬ 
ticle placed before another word, 
pre-pos-sess (-poz-es'), v.t. to oc¬ 
cupy beforehand ; bias, 
pre-pos-sess-ing ('ing), p.adj. 
tending to win or secure favor; 
attractive. 

pre-pos-ses-sion (-zesh'un), n. 
prior possession; preconceived 
opinion or judgment, 
pre-pos-ter-ous (-pos'ter-us), adj. 
contrary to nature or reason ; ri¬ 
diculous ; absurd. 

pre-rog-a-tive (-rog'a-tiv), n. an 
exclusive or peculiar privilege, es¬ 
pecially of a sovereign, 
pres-age (pres'aj), n. a forebod¬ 
ing or presentiment: v.t. (pre- 
saj'), to forebode; predict, 
pres-by-o-pi-a (-bi-d'pi-ft), n. 
long-sightedness while near ob¬ 
jects are indistinctly seen, caused 
by a change in the refractive 
power of the eye, due to the flat¬ 
tening of the lens, 
pres-by-ter (pres'bi-ter). n. an 
elder, minister, or priest: an 
elder with authority to rule in 
the early Christian church. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

.ook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






Pre 


654 


pre 


Pres-by-te-ri-an (-bi-te'ri-an), n. 
one of a religious body governed 
by presbyters: adj. pertaining to 
a presbyter, or to the Presbyte¬ 
rian Church. 

Pres-by-te-ri-an-ism (-izm), n. 
the system of church government 
by presbyters, all of whom are re¬ 
garded as having equal rank and 
function. 

pres-by-ter-y ('bi-ter-i), n. in the 
early Christian church* a body of 
elders; ' in the Presbyterian 

Church, a court composed of the 
pastors and ruling elders of the 
churches in a given district; such 
district so represented. 

pre-sci-ence (pre'shi-ens), n. fore¬ 
knowledge. 

pre-sci-ent ('shi-ent), adj. fore¬ 
knowing. 

pre-scribe (-skrib'), v.t. to set 
down authoritatively; direct 
medically; appoint: v.i. to write 
medical directions; give law; 
claim by prescription. 

pre-script ('skript), adj. pre¬ 
scribed ; directed: n. a direction ; 
prescription. 

pre-scrip-tion (-skrip'shun), n. 
the act of prescribing: the thing 
prescribed ; a written direction for 
the preparation of a medicine; 
recipe; custom or title continued 
until it has acquired the force of 
law. 

pres-ence (prez'ens). n. the state 
or quality of being present; 
quickness at expedients; ap¬ 
proach face to face; society; 
mien. 

pres-ent ('ent), adj. being in a 
certain place ; at hand or in sight; 
at this time; not past or future; 
instant or immediate: n. the pres¬ 
ent time; a gift or donation : pi. 
what is written in a document or 
conveyance now present or re¬ 
ferred to: v.t. (pre-zent') to intro¬ 
duce to a superior; exhibit to 
view ; offer; give formally; point 
or aim, as a gun; appoint to an 
ecclesiastical benefice; lay before 
for consideration. 

pre s-e n-t a-t ion (prez-en-ta'- 
shun), n. the act of presenting; 
representation; the right or act of 
presenting to an ecclesiastical 


benefice; position of a child at 
parturition. 

pres-en-ta-tive ('ta-tiv), adj. 
having the right of presentation ; 
directly apprehending or appre¬ 
hended by the mind, 
pres-en-tee f-en-te'), n. one who 
is presented to an ecclesiastical 
benefice. 

pre-sen-tient (-sen'shient), adj. 

having previous perception, 
presentiment ('ti-ment), n. 
previous apprehension of some¬ 
thing about to come or happen 
(usually of impending evil), 
presently (prez'ent-li), adv. ere 
long. 

presentment (pre-zent'ment), 
n. the act of presenting; the thing 
presented ; representation ; notice 
taken of an offense by a grand 
jury from their personal knowl¬ 
edge ; formal information to the 
lord of a manor by his tenants, 
pre-ser-va-ble (-zer'va-bl), adj. 

that may be preserved, 
pre s-e r-v a-t ion (prez-er-va'- 
shun), n. the act of preserving; 
the state of being preserved from 
injury or decay. 

pre-ser-va-tive (pre-zer'va-tiv), 
adj. having the powrnr of preserv¬ 
ing : n. that which preserves. Also 
preservatory. 

pre-serve (-zerv'), v.t. to keep 
from injury; defend; uphold; 
save; keep in a sound state; sea¬ 
son with sugar for preservation : 
n. fruit, &c., seasoned and kept in 
sugar; a place set apart for pre¬ 
serving game. 

pre-side (pre-zld'), v.i. to direct 
or control, especially at a public 
meeting; superintend, 
presidency (prez'i-den-si), n. 
the office, dignity, term, jurisdic¬ 
tion, or residence of a president; 
one of the three principal divisions 
of British India. 

pres-i-dent ('i-dent), n. one who 
presides over a corporation or 
assembly ; the highest officer of a 
republic; the chief officer of a col¬ 
lege, university, or society^ 
pres-i-den-tial (-den'shal), ad j. 

pertaining to a president, 
press (pres), v.t. to urge; squeeze 
or crush strongly; hug or em¬ 
brace ; compel; crowd upon; dis¬ 


late, mar, mask, cat, aw l; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin. then. 








pre 


655 


pre 




tress; hurry; make smooth, as 
cloth, &c.; formerly, to force for 
service into the navy: v.i. to ex¬ 
ert pressure; move forward forci¬ 
bly ; crowd : n. an instrument or 
machine for compressing any¬ 
thing ; a printing machine ; news¬ 
paper and periodical literature; 
literature generally; a crowd; 
act of urging forward ; pressure; 
urgency; a closet with shelves; 
wine vat. 

press-gang ('gang), n. a detach¬ 
ment from a ship’s crew to force 
men into the navy, 
press-ing ('ing), p.adj. urgent; 
importunate. 

press-man ('man), n. a printer 
wlio works at the press and im¬ 
presses the sheets ; a journalist, 
pres-ti-dig-i-ta-tion (-ti-dij'i-ta'- 
shun), n. sleight of hand; legerde¬ 
main. Also prestigiation. 
pres-tige ('tij, or -tezh'), n. moral 
influence due to past reputation, 
achievements, &c. 

pre sume (pre-zum'), v.t. to take 
for granted on probable grounds; 
suppose: v.i. to venture without 
actual leave; form confident or 
arrogant opinions; behave with 
overconfidence or presumption, 
pre sump tion (-zump'shun), n. 
the act of presuming; the thing 
presumed ; strong probability ; ar¬ 
rogance or overconfidence ; the as¬ 
sumption of the credibility of cer¬ 
tain facts from circumstantial evi¬ 
dence. 

pre sump tive ('tiv), adj. taken 
by previous supposition; proving 
circumstantially ; arrogant, 
pre-suinp-tive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
presumptive manner, 
presumptuous ('tu-us), adj. 
bold and confident to excess; 
arrogant; wilful;_ rash._ 
pre-sup-pose (pre-sup-oz'), v.t. to 
take for granted; imply as an¬ 
tecedent. 

pre sup po si tion (-o-zish'un), 
n. a supposition previously formed. 
Also presupposal. 
pre-tend (-tend'), v.t. to allege 
or put forward falsely; make a 
show of; simulate ; counterfeit; 
assert: v.i. to put forward a claim, 
true or false. 

pre-tend-ed (-tend'ed), p.adj. os¬ 
tensible ; feigned. 


pre-tend-er ('er), n. one who lays 
claim to anything under the guise 
of a right; one who makes a show 
of anything not real, 
pre-tense (-tens'), n. false or 
hypocritical profession ; unfounded 
claim ; pretext. 

8yn. pretext, subterfuge, 
pre-ten-sion (-ten'shun), n. a 
claim, true or false; assumed 
right. 

pre-ten-tious ('slius), adj. assum¬ 
ing an air of superiority, 
preter, a prefix meaning beyond, 
more, besides, as preternatural, &c. 
pret-er-it (pret'er-it), adj. past; 
noting the tense which expresses 
past or completed time or action. 
Also preterite: n. the past tense, 
pre-text (pre'tekst), n. a pretense 
or excuse; ostensible motive put 
forward to conceal the real one. 
pre-tor, same as praetor, 
pret-ti-ly (prit'i-li), adv. in a 
pretty manner; pleasingly and 
elegantly. 

pret-ti-ness (-nes), n. the quality 
of being pretty; attractiveness 
without dignity; neatness with 
taste; agreeable manner, 
pret-ty ('i), adj. [comp, prettier, 
superl, prettiest], pleasing with¬ 
out being absolutely beautiful; 
pleasing; neatly arranged or or¬ 
namented ; trim; moderately large 
or excellent; fine: adv. fairly; 
moderately ; tolerably, 
pret-zel (pret'zel), n. a hard 
wlieaten biscuit, made in the form 
of a knot and salted on the sur¬ 
face. 

pre-vail (pre-val'), v.i. to over¬ 
come ; gain the advantage; oper¬ 
ate effectually; obtain influence 
or superiority; persuade (with 
on). 

prev-a-lence (prev-a'lens), adj. 
superior strength, influence, or 
efficacy ; preponderance ; general 
diffusion. Also prevalency, 
prevalent ('lent), adj. power¬ 
ful ; predominant; victorious; 
most general. 

pre-var-i-cate (pre-var'i-kat), v.i. 

to evade the truth ; quibble, 
pre-var-i-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. 
a quibbling to evade the truth; 
deviation from truth or fair deal¬ 
ing. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







pre 


656 


pri 


pre-var-i-ca-tor (-var'i-ka-ter), 
n. one who prevaricates, 
present (-vent'), v.t. to hinder, 
obstruct, or impede ; obviate ; pre¬ 
cede (as in prayer-book, “prevent 
us O Lord”). 

Syn. obviate, preclude, 
prevention (-ven'shun), n. the 
act of preventing; hindrance or 
obstruction. 

pre-ven-tive ('tiv), adj. tending 
to prevent: n. that which pre¬ 
vents. 

pre-ven-tive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
preventive manner, 
pre-vi-ous ('vi-us), adj. going be¬ 
fore ; anterior. 

Syn. antecedent, introductory, 
preparatory, preliminary. 

Ant. (see subsequent). 
pre-vi-sion (-vizh'un), n. fore¬ 
knowledge. 

prey (pra), n. plunder; booty; 
that which may be, or is, seized 
by a wild beast for food: v.i. [ p.t. 
& p.p. preyed, p.pr. preying], to 
take booty or plunder; seize and 
devour an animal as prey; weigh 
heavily (with on or upon). 
price (prls), n. the current value 
of a commodity; cost; value; 
recompense. 

Syn. cost, expense, outlay, 
value, worth. 

price-less ('les), adj. invaluable, 
prick (prik), n. a puncture; dot 
or point; slender pointed instru¬ 
ment ; a sharp stinging pain; 
thorn ; goad ; remorse ; small roll; 
footprint of a hare or deer: v.t. 
to pierce with, or as with, a prick ; 
puncture; spur or incite; mark 
or make by pricking: v.i. to dress 
one’s self for show; ride quickly; 
in archery, to aim at a mark, 
prick-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
piercing with a sharp point; sen¬ 
sation of a sharp, tingling pain, 
prickle ('1), n. a sharp: point | 
growing from the bark of a plant, 
prick-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being prickly, 
prickly ('li), adv. full of prickles, 
prier (pri'er), n. one who pries, 
priest (prest), n. an ecclesiastic 
in full orders, below a bishop and 
above a deacon; one who officiates 
in sacred offices, especially by of¬ 
fering sacrifice. Fern, priestess. 


priest-craft ('kraft), n. the pol¬ 
icy pursued by priests for the 
aggrandizement of their order and 
material interests, 
priest-hood ('hood), n. the priest¬ 
ly order; office or character of a 
priest. 

priest-ly ('li), adj. pertaining to, 
or befitting, a priest; sacerdotal, 
priest-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the ap¬ 
pearance or manner of a priest, 
prig (prig), n. a conceited fellow 
who gives himself airs of wisdom : 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. prigged, p.pr. 
prigging], to dress up; primp; 
prink. 

prig-gish ('ish). adj. conceited, 
prig-gism ('izm), n. the manners 
of a prig. 

prim (prim), adj. precise; affect¬ 
edly nice; formally neat: v.t. to 
deck with affected nicety; make 
prim. 

pri-ma (pre'ma), adj. first ( Fcm .) 
[Italian], 

primacy (pri'ma-si). n. the 
office or dignity of a primate, 
pri-ma don-na (pre'ma don'a), n. 
the principal female singer in an 
opera. 

prim-age (prim'aj), n. a small 
allowance! paid to the captain 
and crew of a vessel for loading 
or unloading a cargo, &c. 
pri-mal (pri'mal), adj. first, 
pri-ma-ri-ly (pri'ma-ri-li), adv. in 
the first place; originally, 
pri ma ry ('ma-ri), adj. in the 
first order of time, place, or rank; 
chief; original; principal; pre¬ 
paratory : n. that which is first 
in rank, place, or importance: pi. 
large quill feathers on the last 
joint of a bird’s wing, 
pri-ma-ry col-ors (kul'erz), n.pl. 
red, yellow, blue. 

primary rocks (roles), n.pl. 
rocks in which no organic remains 
occur. 

pri-mate ('mat), n. the highest 
dignitary in a national church; 
archbishop. 

prime (prim), adj. first in order 
of rank, time, or importance; 
original; early ; excellent: n. the 
spring of life; first or best part; 
beginning or dawn ; height of per¬ 
fection ; the first canonical hour: 
v.t. to prepare for firing, as a gun; 


vate, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her. let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










657 


prt 


prl 


lay the first coat of paint on : v.i. 
to serve for the charge of a gun ; 
convey water with the steam to 
the cylinder of an engine from the 
boiler. 

primely ('li), adv. originally ; 
excellently. 

prime-ness ('nes), n. supreme ex¬ 
cellence. 

prime num ber (num'ber), n. a 
number not divisible without re¬ 
mainder by any number except 
itself and unity. 

prim er (prim'er), n. a manual 
of elementary instruction ; a small 
prayer book ; one of two sizes of 
type, long primer and great 
primer (see type). 

pri-me-val (pri-me'val), ad], of 
the earliest age or time ; original. 

Syn. primal, old, ancient, pri¬ 
mordial. 

Ant. (see recentL 

pri-me-val-ly ('li), adv. in prime¬ 
val times. 

prim-ing (prlm'ing), n. the first 
coat of paint; powder in the nip¬ 
ple of a firearm. 

prim-i-tive (prim'i-tiv), adj. per¬ 
taining to the beginning ; original; 
not derivative ; old-fashioned : n. 
a word in its simplest form and 
not derived from another. 

prim-i-tive-ly (-li), adv. origi¬ 
nally. 

prim-i-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being primi¬ 
tive. 

pri-mo-gen-i-ture (pri-mo-jen'i- 
tur), n. seniority of birth; right 
of the eldest son to succeed to real 
estate. 

pri-mor-di-al (-mor'di-al), adj. 
existing from the beginning ; first 
in order; original: n. first princi¬ 
ple or element. 

primp (primp), v.t. to deck 
(one’s self) in a prim or affected 
manner; prink. 

prim-rose (prim'roz), n. an early 
spring flower of a pale yellow 
color, of several species: adj. pale 
yellow. 

prince (prins), n. a ruler or sover¬ 
eign ; the son of a king or sover¬ 
eign ; the chief of a body of men. 

prince con-sort (kon'sort), n. 
the husband of a female sover¬ 
eign. 


prince-ly ('li), adj. resembling, 
or befitting, a prince ; royal; high¬ 
born ; dignified; magnificent, 
prin-cess (prin'ses), n. the 
daughter of a sovereign ; the w’ife 
of a prince. 

prin-cess roy-al (roi'al), n. the 
eldest daughter of a sovereign, 
prin-ci-pai (prin'si-pal), adj. oc¬ 
cupying the first place or rank; 
chief in character, degree, or im¬ 
portance ; essential : n. a principal 
person or thing; one who takes 
the lead; the chief in authority; 
head of a firm ; a capital sum lent 
at interest. 

prin-ci-pal-i-ty (-si-pal'i-ti), n. 
the territory of a prince; the 
country from which lie derives his 
title; royal state ; supreme power, 
prin-ci-pal-ly ('si-pal-li), adv. 
chiefly. 

Syn. chiefly, mainly, essentially 
prin-cip-i-a (-sip'i-a), n.pl. first 
principles [Latin], 
prin-ci-ple ('si-pl), n. source or 
origin; element; fundamental 
truth or doctrine; settled rule or 
law of action or conduct; reason ; 
foundation of morality or re¬ 
ligion ; uprightness: v.t. to estab¬ 
lish firmly in the mind. 

Syn. ground, reason, motive, 
impulse, maxim, rule, rectitude, 
integrity. 

prink (pringk), v.t. to dress up, 
or deck out, in a showy or osten¬ 
tatious fashion; arrange with 
nicety. 

print (print), n. a mark or 
character made by impression ; im¬ 
pression of type ; anything that be¬ 
ing impressed leaves its form on 
any substance ; anything produced 
by printing, as a newspaper, en¬ 
graving, &c.: pi. engravings; 
printed cotton cloth: v.t. to im¬ 
press ; fix or stamp deeply: v.i. 
to practice the art of printing; 
publish books. 

print-ing ('ing), n. the art or act 
of impressing figures or characters 
on paper, &c.; typography; the 
business of a printer, 
pri-or (prl'er), adj. coming be¬ 
fore, in time; former: adv. pre¬ 
viously : n. the head of a priory or 
monastery, next in rank below an 
abbot. Fern, prioress. 


late, rmir, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; v5te, porch, lot; moon, 

►ook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 

TT^O 

# i ** 






658 


pro 


pri 


pri-or-ate (-at), n. the office, 
dignity, or government of a prior, 
pri-or-i-ty (-or'i-ti), n. the state 
of being first in rank, time, or 
place; first claim, 
pri-or-y ('er-i), n. [pi. priories 
(-iz)], a religious house, in dig¬ 
nity below an abbey, 
prism (prizm), n. a solid whose 
bases are similar, equal, and par¬ 
allel, and whose sides are paral¬ 
lelograms ; an instrument of solid 
glass with triangular ends, 
pris-mat-ic (priz-mat'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, like, formed by. or 
separated by, a prism. Also pris¬ 
ma ti cal. 

pris-mat-ic col-ors (kui'erz), n.pl. 
the seven colors into which a ray 
of light is decomposed when re¬ 
fracted from a prism, 
prison. (priz'n), n. a public 
building for the confinement of 
criminals, &c.; jail; any place of 
confinement or detention: v.i. to 
imprison. 

pristine (pris'tin), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to an early period; first; 
original; primitive, 
prith-ee (prii/t'e), corruption of 
*‘I pray thee.” 

prit-tle-prat-tle (prit'l-prat'l), 
n. trifling talk ; loquacity, 
pri-va-cy (pri'va-si, or priv'a-si). 
n. a state of retirement; place of 
seclusion ; secrecy, 
pri-vate (pri'vat), adj. peculiar 
to one’s self; personal; alone; 
secret; not public ; secluded ; un¬ 
official : n. a common soldier, 
pri-vate-ly (-li), adv. in a pri¬ 
vate manner. 

pri-vate-ness (-nes), n. the state 
of being private; privacy ; seclu¬ 
sion. 

pri-va-teer (-va-ter'), n. a private 
vessel licensed by the govern¬ 
ment to seize and plunder the 
ships of an enemy : v.i. to cruise 
in a privateer. 

pri-va-tion (-va'shun), n. the 
state of being deprived of some¬ 
thing, especially of the necessaries 
of life; destitution; hardship; ab¬ 
sence. 

priv-a-tive (priv'a-tiv), adj. caus¬ 
ing privation; taking away; 
negative: n. that wjiich depends 
on the absence of something else; 


a prefix or suffix, noting absence 
or negation. 

priv-a-tive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
privative manner. 

priv-et (priv'et), n. an ever¬ 
green shrub. 

privilege ('i-lej), n. a law, or 
exemption from the common 
provisions of a law, in favor of 
an individual or a body ; peculiar 
advantage, right, or immunity; 
prerogative: v.t. to invest with a 
privilege; exempt. 

Syn. immunity, advantage, fa¬ 
vor, prerogative, exemption, right, 
claim. v 

priv-i-ty ('i-ti), n. joint knowl¬ 
edge ; secrecy. 

priv-y ('i), adj. private; secret; 
clandestine; admitted to the 
knowledge of something secret 
(with to) : n. a person having an 
interest in a legal action ; a neces¬ 
sary house. 

prize (priz), n. a reward gained 
in a competition, lottery, &c.; 
that which is taken from an 
enemy in war, especially a cap 
tured vessel ; a iever used for forc¬ 
ing or raising heavy bodies, &c.: 
v.t. to value; esteem; to force 
with a lever. 

prize-fight ('fit), n. a boxing 
match for stakes. 

pro, a prefix meaning before, in 
the place of, forth , forward, as 
pro and con, for and against, or 
both sides of an argument, &c. 

prob-a-bil-i-ty (prob-a-bil'i-ti). n. 
appearance of truth; likelihood. 

pro-bate ( (pro'bat), n. the official 
proof of wills; the official copy of 
a will with the certificate of its 
having been proved. 

pro-ba-tion (-ba'shun), n. the act 
of proving; evidence; proof; 
moral trial ; novitiate; trial of 
abilities prior to election, &c., to 
office or employment. 

pro-ba-tion-a-ry (-a-ri), adj. 
serving for probation or trial. 
Also probational. 

probe (prob), n. a surgical in¬ 
strument for examining a wound : 
v.t. to examine with a probe; 
scrutinize. 

prob-i-ty (prob'i-ti), n. integrity; 
sincerity. 

Syn. rectitude, uprightness, 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her. let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







pro 


659 


pro 


honesty, integrity, sincerity, 
soundness. 

Ant. (see dishonesty), 
prob-lem ('lem), n. a question 
for solution : a proposition requir¬ 
ing something to be demonstrated, 
prob-lem-at-ic-al (-at'ik-al), adj. 
questionable; doubtful. 

8yn. uncertain, doubtful, du¬ 
bious, questionable, disputable, 
suspicious. 

Ant. (see certain), 
prob-lem-at-ic-al-ly (-li) , adv. 
doubtfully. 

pro-bos-cis (pro-bos'is), n. the 
trunk of an elephant; the elongat¬ 
ed snout of certain animals and 
insects. 

pro-ce-dure (-se'dur), n. manner 
of proceeding ; conduct; process, 
pro-ceed (-sed'), v.i. to pass from 
one step or place to another; ad¬ 
vance ; issue; make progress; be 
produced; carry on a legal proc¬ 
ess : n.pl. money resulting from 
a commercial transaction, 
pro-ceed-ing ('ing), n. advance¬ 
ment ; course of conduct; trans¬ 
action ; operation: pi. legal proc¬ 
ess ; transactions of a learned or 
scientific society. 

proc-ess (pros'es), n. progressive 
course; series of measures or 
changes ; operation ; projection on 
a bone; proceedings in a legal 
action. 

pro-ces-sion (pro-sesti'un), n. a 
train of persons in a formal 
march. 

pro-ces-sion-al (-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or consisting in, a pro¬ 
cession : n. a book relating to the 
ritual to be observed in the pro¬ 
cessions of the Roman Catholic 
church. 

pro-claim (-klam/), v.t. to an¬ 
nounce officially; publish; out¬ 
law by public proclamation, 
proc-la-ma-tion (prok-la-ma'- 
shun), n. an official announce¬ 
ment to the public; edict, 
pro-cliv-i-ty (pro-kliv'i-ti) , n. an 
inclination ; tendency. 
>ro-cli-vous (-kli'vus), adj. in¬ 
clined ; slanting forward and up¬ 
ward or downward : as, proelivous 
teeth. 

proconsul (-kon'sul), n. a 
Roman official who governed a 


province; a magistrate invested 
with consular authority without 
the office. 

pro-con-su-lar (-lar), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or governed by, a pro- 
consul. ' 

pro-con-su-late (-lat), n. the 
jurisdiction, office, or term of 
office, of a proconsul, 
pro-cras-ti-nate (-kras'ti-nat), 
v.t. to put off to a future time; 
defer: v.i. to be dilatory, 
pr o-cras-ti-na-tion (-na'shun), 

n. delay. 

pro-cras-ti-na-tor ('ti-na-ter), n. 
one who delays. 

pro-cre-ate ('kre-at), v.t. to 
generate and produce; beget, 
pro-cre-a-tion (-a'shun). n. the 
begetting and production of young, 
pro-cre-a-tive ('kre-a-tiv), adj. 
generative. 

pro-cre-a-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
power of generating, 
pro-cre-a-tor (-ter), n. one who 
begets. 

Pro-crus-te-an (-krus'te-an), adj. 
pertaining to Procrustes, a fabled 
robber of ancient Greece, who 
tortured his victims by stretching 
them on an iron bed to which 
their limbs were made to fit by 
mutilation: hence strict con¬ 

formity to a measure or standard 
by violent means. 

proc-tor (prok'ter), n. one em¬ 
ployed to manage the affairs of 
another; an attorney in an ec¬ 
clesiastical, admiralty, or probate 
court; a university official charged 
with the maintenance of univer¬ 
sity regulations. 

proc-to-ri-al (-to-ri'al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a proctor, 
procumbent (-kum'bent). adj. 

lying down ; prostrate ; trailing, 
pro-cu-ra-ble (-ku'ra-bl), adj. 
obtainable. 

proc-u-ra-tion (prok-u-ra'shun), 
n. the act of obtaining young 
women for immoral purposes, 
proc-u-ra-tor ('u-ra-ter), n. one 
who manages another’s affairs, es¬ 
pecially legal interests, 
pro-cure (pro-kur'), v.t. to get 
or obtain ; cause. 

pro-cur-er ('er), n. oue who pro¬ 
cures ; one who engages in the 


1, te. mar. mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







660 


pro 


pi o 


business of procuration. Fem. 
procuress. 

prod (prod), n. a goad; prick: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. prodded, p.pr. 
■ prodding], to goad, 
prodigal ('i-gal), adj. extrava¬ 
gant in expenditure; lavish; 
wasteful: n. a spendthrift; one 
who is lavish or wasteful, 
prod-i-gal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being prodigal; 
extravagance; lavishness, 
pro-dig-ious (-dij'us), adj. enor¬ 
mous ; adapted to excite wonder. 

Syn. huge, enormous, vast, 
amazing, astonishing, remarkable, 
astounding, surprising, wonder¬ 
ful. 

Ant. (see insignificant), 
prod-i-gy (prod'i-ji), n. anything 
wonderful or extraordinary; a 
miracle; portent. 

pro-duce (pro-dus'), v.t. to ex¬ 
hibit or bring to view; yield or 
bring forth ; manufacture ; extend ; 
n. (prod'usi that which is yielded 
or brought forth; result, 
pro-duc-i-ble (pr5-diis'i-bl), adj. 

capable of being produced, 
prod-uct (prod'ukt), n. that 
which is produced by nature, or 
made by art; work; result; the 
result of multiplying two or more 
numbers together. 

pro-duc-tion (pro-duk'shun), n. 
. that which is produced; act of 
producing ; fruit; result, 
pro-duc-tive ('tiv), adj. having 
the power of producing; genera¬ 
tive ; fertile. 

pro-duc-tive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
productive manner, 
pro-duc-tive-ness (-nes), n. 

quality of being productive, 
proem ('«m), n. a preface or 
introduction. 

prof-a-na-tion (prof-a-na'shun), 
n. the act of treating sacred things 
with disrespect or irreverence; 
desecration. 

pro-fane (pro-fan'), adj. secular; 
irreverent; irreligious; blasphe¬ 
mous : v.t. to treat with irrever¬ 
ence; desecrate; violate (holy 
things) ; put to an improper use. 
pro-f ane-ly ('li), adv. in a pro¬ 
fane manner. 

pro-fane-ness (-nes), n. irrever¬ 


ence towards holy tilings; blas¬ 
phemy. Also profanity, 
pro-fess (-fes'). v.t. to make open 
declaration of; acknowledge or 
avow ; declare publicly, 
pro-fessed (-fest'), p.adj. openly 
declared. 

pro-fes-sion (-fesh'un), n. the 
act of professing ; open declaration 
or avowal; calling or vocation, 
especially one that requires a 
learned education: collective 

body of persons in a profession ; 
the formal entrance of a novice 
into a religious order under a 
sacred vow. 

Syn. business, trade, occupa¬ 
tion, vocation, office, employment, 
engagement, avowal, 
pro-f es-sion-al (-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a profession: n. one 
who makes his living by his art, 
as distinguished from an amateur, 
pro-fes-sion-al-ism (-izm), n. 
the cultivation of athletic sports 
for pecuniary considerations, 
pro-f es-sion-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
a professional manner, 
pro-fess-or ('er), n. one who 
makes an outward profession of 
religion; one who publicly 
teaches any branch of knowledge, 
pro-fess-or-ate (pro-fes'er-at), n. 
professional staff. 

pro-fes-so-ri-al (-so'ri-al), adj. 

pertaining to professors, 
pro-fess-or-sbip (pro-f es'er-ship), 
n. the office or position of a pro¬ 
fessor. 

prof-fer (prof'er), v.t. to offer 
for acceptance ; tender : n. an offer 
made. 

Syn. volunteer, offer, propose, 
tender. 

pro-fi-cien-cy (pro-fish'en-si), n. 
degree of advancement in any 
branch of knowledge, science, or 
art. 

pro fi cient ('ent), adj. thoroughly 
qualified, or skilled: n. an expert, 
or adept. 

pro-file ('fll), n. a head or por¬ 
trait in a side view, outline or 
contour, especially of a building 
in vertical section: v.t. draw in 
profile. 

pro-fil-ist ('fil-ist), n. an artist 
who draws profiles, 
prof-it (prof'it), n. pecuniary 
gain ; benefit or advantage ; emolu- 


L.te, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote. p5reh, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






pro 


661 


pro 


rnent: v.t. to benefit; improve: 
v.i. to be of advantage; make im¬ 
provement ; receive profit, 
prof-it-a-ble (-fi-bl). adj. yield¬ 
ing or bringing profit; lucrative ; 
advantageous. 

prof-it-a-ble-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being profitable, 
profitably (-bli), adv. with 
profit. 

prof-li-ga-cy ('li-ga-si), n. a prof¬ 
ligate course of life. Also prof¬ 
ligateness. 

prof-li-gate ('li-gat), adj. aban¬ 
doned to vice ; dissolute ; openly 
vicious. 

Syn. abandoned, dissolute, de¬ 
praved, vicious, degenerate, cor¬ 
rupt, demoralized. 

Ant. (see virtuous), 
prof-li-gate-ly , (-li), adv. in a 
profligate manner, 
pro-found (pro-found'), adj. deep 
in skill or knowledge: abstruse; 
deep; intense. 

Syn. deep, fathomless, penetrat¬ 
ing, solemn, abstruse, recondite. 

Ant. (see shallow), 
pro-fun-di-ty (fun'di-ti), n. depth 
of place, knowledge, skill, &c. 
pro-fuse (-fus'), adj. liberal to 
excess; exuberant. 

Syn. extravagant, prodigal, lav¬ 
ish, improvident, excessive, copi¬ 
ous, plentiful. 

Ant. (see succinct), 
pro-fuse-ly ('li), adv. in a pro¬ 
fuse manner. 

pro-fu-sion (-fu'zhun), n. lavish¬ 
ness ; excess; abundance. Also 
profuseness. 

pro-gen-i-tor (-gen'i-ter), n. an 
ancestor: forefather, 
pro-gen-i-ture ('i-tur), n. a birth 
or begetting. 

prog-e-ny (proj'en-i), n. off¬ 
spring ; descendantslineage, 
prog-na-thous (-na'thus), adj. 
having projecting jaws, as certain 
races. Also prognathic, 
prog-no-sis (-no'sis), n. knowl¬ 
edge of the probable result of a 
disease from its symptoms; opin¬ 
ion so formed. 

prog-nos-tic (-nos'tik), adj. fore¬ 
shadowing ; foretelling: n. an 
omen or prediction, 
prog-nos-ti-cate 1'ti-kat), v.t. to 
foretell: v.i. indidate the future 
by present signs. 


prog-nos-ti-ca-tion (-ka'shun), 

n. the act of prognosticating; a 
foretoken. 

prog-nos-ti-ca-tor ('ti-ka-ter), n. 

one who foretells, 
pro-grain, pro gramme ('gram), 
n. an outline of a public enter¬ 
tainment, ceremony, &c.; a 
course of action prepared or an¬ 
nounced beforehand, 
prog ress (prog'res), n. a moving 
or going forward ; advancement; 
proficiency ; journey of state : v.i. 
(pro-gres') to move forward; ad¬ 
vance ; increase in proficiency, 
pro-gres-sion (pro-gresh'un), n. 
motion onwards; intellectual ad¬ 
vance ; regular and gradual ad¬ 
vance ; progress; a series of num¬ 
bers increasing or decreasing by 
proportional differences, 
pro-gress-ive ('iv), adj. moving 
forward; making progress; im¬ 
proving. 

pro-gress-ive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
progressive manner, 
pro-gress-ive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being progress¬ 
ive. 

pro-hib-it (-hib'it), v.t. to forbid; 

interdict by authority; hinder, 
pro-hi-bi-tion (-hi-bish'un), n. 

the act of prohibiting; interdict, 
pro-hi-bi-tion-ist (-ist), n. one 
who desires to prohibit the sale 
of intoxicating liquors, 
pro-hib-i-tive (-hib'i-tiv), adj. 

tending to prohibit, 
proj-ect (proj'ect), n. a design or 
scheme: v.t. (pro-jekt'), to throw 
or cast forward ; plan or scheme: 
v.i. to jut out. 

pro-ject-ile (pr5-jekt'il), n. a 
body thrown forward, especially 
through the air; a bullet, shot, 
&c.: adj. impelled or impelling for¬ 
ward. 

pro-ject-ing (-jekt'ing), p.adj. 
jutting out. 

pro-jec-tion (-jek'shun), n. the 
act or state of projecting; that 
which juts out; a plan or delinea¬ 
tion represented on a plane, 
pro-jec-tor ('ter), n. one who 
projects. 

pro-jec-ture ('tur), n. a jutting 
out. 

pro-lapse (laps'), n. a falling 
down or out of some part of the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







pro 


662 


pro 


body: v.i. to fall down or out; 
project too much. Also prolapsus, 
pro-late ('lat). adj. elongated at 
the poles. 

pro-le-ta-ri-an (-le-ta'ri-an), adj. 
pertaining to the common people; 
low ; vulgar: n. one of the lowest 
class of society; a workman; in 
ancient Rome, the lowest class of 
citizens. 

pro-le-ta-ri-at ('ri-at), n. prole¬ 
tarians collectively, 
pro-lif-er-ous (-lif'e-rus), adj. 

producing another by budding, 
pro-lif-ic (-lif'ik), adj. produc¬ 
tive ; fertile. 

Syn. productive, generative, 
fertile, fruitful, teeming. 

Ant. (see barren), 
pro-lif-ic-al-ly ('al-li), adv. 
abundantly. 

pro-lix (pro-liks' or pro'liks), adj. 
tedious and verbose ; not concise. 

Syn. diffuse, long, prolonged, 
tedious, tiresome, wordy, verbose, 
prosaic. 

Ant. (see concise), 
pro-lix-i-ty ('i-ti), n. verbosity; 
minute detail. 

pro-loc-u-tor (-lok'u-ter), n. the 
speaker or chairman of a con¬ 
vocation. 

prologue ('log), n. an introduc¬ 
tion or preface, especially verses 
spoken before a dramatic per¬ 
formance by way of introduction : 
v.t. to introduce by a preface, 
pro-long (- 16 ng'), v.t. to lengthen ; 
extend. 

pro-lon-ga-tion (-lon-ga'shun), 
n. extension in time or space; 
delay or postponement, 
prom en ade (prom-e-nad'), n. a 
walk for pleasure, show or exer¬ 
cise ; a public place for walking: 
v.i. walk for pleasure, &c. 
Pro-me-tlie-an (pro-me'the-an), 
adj. pertaining to Prometheus of 
classic mythology, who was fabled 
to have stolen fire from heaven 
and bestowed it upon men: hence 
life-giving or instinct with quick¬ 
ening fire. 

prominence (prom'i-nens), n. 
the state or quality of being- 
prominent ; a projection. Also 
prominency. 

prominent ('i-nent), adj. pro¬ 


jecting ; conspicuous ; chief ; pro¬ 
tuberant. 

Syn. eminent, marked, impor¬ 
tant, conspicuous, leading. 

Ant. (see obscure), 
pro-mis-cu-ons (pro-mis'ku-us), 
adj. confused; mingled; indis¬ 
criminate ; not restricted to any 
particular person. 

Syn. mixed, unarranged, in¬ 
discriminate, mingled. 

Ant. (see select), 
prom ise (prom'is), n. an engage¬ 
ment to do or not to do some¬ 
thing ; basis for expectation ; the 
thing promised: v.i. to assure one 
by a promise: v.t. to make a 
promise of; afford reason to ex¬ 
pect. 

prom-is-er (-er), n. one who 
promises. 

promisor (-er). n. one who 
makes a legal promise or covenant, 
prom is so ry ('is-o-ri), adj. con¬ 
taining a promise or covenant to 
do, or not to do, something, 
prom-is-so-ry-note (-ndt), n. a 
written promise to pay a certain 
sum at a specified date in con¬ 
sideration of value received, 
prom-on-to-ry ('on-to-ri), n. a 
high cape; a point of land jutting 
into the sea. 

promote (pro-mot'), v.t. to ad¬ 
vance, forward, or elevate; excite 
or stir up; raise to higher rank, 
pro-mot-er ('er), n. one who pro¬ 
motes, especially one who makes 
it his business to float new com¬ 
panies, &e. 

pro-mo-tion (-mo'shun), n. the 
act of promoting; state of being 
promoted; advancement; prefer¬ 
ment. 

pro-mo-tive ('tiv), adj. tending 
to promote. 

prompt (prompt), adj. ready and 
quick to act as occasion demands ; 
immediate ; done without delay : 
v.t. incite to action; assist (a 
speaker) when at a loss for words. 

Syn. See punctual, 
prompt i tude (prompt'i-tud). n. 
quickness of decision and action ; 
readiness; alacrity, 
promulgate (pro-mul'gat), v.t. 
to publish. 

pro-mul-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. 
publication. 


h.te. mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her. let: line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







pro 


663 


pro 


pro-mul ga tor ('mul-ga-ter), n. 

one who promulgates, 
prone (pron), adj. lying with the 
face downwards; not erect; in¬ 
clined ; disposed. 

prone-ness ('nes), n. the state 
of being prone; propensity, 
prong (prong), n. a sharp-pointed 
instrument; the spike of a fork, 
pro nom i nal (-nom'i-nal), adj. 
pertaining to, or of the nature of, 
a pronoun. 

pro-nom-i-nal-ly (-li), adv. as a 
pronoun. 

pro-non-ce (-nang-sa'), adj. pro¬ 
nounced ; strongly marked; em¬ 
phatic. 

pro-nonn ('noun), n. a word 
which refers to, or is used in the 
place of, a noun. 

pronounce (-nouns'), v.t. to 
speak or utter distinctly; articu¬ 
late ; utter formally, authorita¬ 
tively, or rhetorically ; affirm : v.i. 
to speak with confidence or 
authority. 

pronounceable ('a-bl), adj. 

that may be pronounced, 
pro-nonnced (-nounst'l, p.adj. 

strongly marked or decided, 
pro nounce ment (-nouns'ment), 
n. an emphatic declaration, 
pro-nnn-ci-a-men-to (-nun-si-a- 
rnen'to), n. a proclamation, 
pro-nun-ci-a-tion (-si-a'shun), n. 
the act or manner of articulating 
words or syllables; graceful and 
proper public speaking, 
pro-nun-ci-a-tive ('si-a-tiv), adj. 

pertaining to pronunciation, 
proof (proof), n. testimony or 
convincing evidence; test or ex¬ 
periment ; reason ; argument; dem¬ 
onstration ; impenetrability; capa¬ 
bility of resistance; a standard 
strength of spirit; an impres¬ 
sion taken from type for cor¬ 
rection ; an early impression of 
an engraving: adj. strong to resist 
impression or penetration; capa¬ 
ble of moral or physical resist¬ 
ance. 

prop (prop), n. a support or 
stay: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. propped, 
p.pr. propping], to support by 
something under or against; sus¬ 
tain. 

Syn. maintain, sustain, support, 
stay. 


prop-a-ga-ble (prop'a-ga-Dl), adj. 
that may be propagated. 

Prop-a-gan-da (-gan'da), n.pl. a 
society at Rome charged with the 
management of the missions of 
the Roman Catholic Church. 

prop-a-gan-da (-gan'da), n.pl. 
any methods for the propagation 
of doctrines, principles, &c., relig¬ 
ious or secular. 

prop-a-gan-dism ('dizrn), n. the 
act or practice of zealously propa¬ 
gating doctrines, &c. 

prop-a-gan-dist ('dist). n. one 
who ‘devotes himself to the propa¬ 
gation of any system of prin¬ 
ciples, &c. 

prop-a-gate ('a-gat), v.t. to con¬ 
tinue or spread by generation or 
successive production; extend; 
impel forward in space: v.i. to be 
produced by generation, or by new 
shoots or plants. 

Syn. spread, circulate, diffuse, 
disseminate, extend, breed, in¬ 
crease. 

Ant. (see suppress). 

prop-a-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. the 
act of propagating; spreading or 
extension. 

prop-a-ga-tor ('a-ga-ter), n. one 
who propagates. 

pro-pel (pro-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. propelled, p.pr. propelling], 
to drive forward; urge onward by 
force. 

pro-pel-lent ('ent), adj. that pro¬ 
pels. 

pro-pel-ler ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, propels; a screw-pro¬ 
peller; vessel so propelled. 

pro-pen-si-ty (-pen'si-ti), n. nat¬ 
ural tendency. 

prop-er (prop'er), adj. noting a 
particular person or thing; pe¬ 
culiar ; fit or suitable; correct; 
appropriate. 

Syn. legitimate, right, just, fair, 
equitable, honest, suitable, fit, 
decent, meet, becoming, benefit¬ 
ing, adapted, pertinent, appropri¬ 
ate. 

Ant. (see wrong). 

prop-er-ty ('er-ti), n. [pi. proper¬ 
ties (-tiz) ], a peculiar attribute, 
quality, or disposition; exclusive 
right of possession; the thing 
owned ; estate ; goods ; attribute 
common to a class: pi. articles, 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









pro 


664 


pro 


including dresses, required by 
actors on the stage, 
proph-e-cy (prof'e-si), n. a pre¬ 
diction of something to take place 
in the future, especially a pre¬ 
diction by Divine inspiration, 
proph-e-si-er ('e-sl-er), n. one 
who prophesies. 

proph-e-sy ('e-si), v.t. [p.t.&p.p. 
prophesied, p.pr. prophesying], to 
foretell future events, especially 
by Divine inspiration: v.i. to 
utter prophecies; preach, 
proph-et ('et), n. one who fore¬ 
tells future events, especially one 
inspired by God. Feminine 
prophetess. 

pro-phet-ic (pro-fet'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to prophecy; predictive. 
Prophetical. 

prophetically (-al-li), adv. in 
a prophetic manner, 
proph-y-lac-tic (prof-i-lak'tik), 
adj. guarding, or preserving, 
against disease: n. a preventive of 
disease. 

pro-pin-qui-ty (pro-ping'kwi-ti), 
n. nearness of place, time, or 
relationship. 

pro-pi-ti-ate (-pish'i-at), v.t. to 
conciliate; make propitious: v.i. 
to atone. 

pro-pi-ti-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of propitiating; atonement, 
pro-pi-ti-a-tor ('i-a-ter), n. one 
who propitiates. 

pro-pi-ti-a-to-ry (to-ri), adj. 

capable of propitiating, 
pro-pi-tious (-pish'us), adj. favor¬ 
able ; disposed to be merciful, 
pro-por-tion (pro-p6r'shun), n. 
comparative relation of one thing 
to another; ratio; rate; sym¬ 
metrical relation ; rule of three ; 
equal or just share: v.t. to form 
symmetrically; apportion, 
pro-por-tion-al (-al), adj. having 
due proportion; having the same 
ratio : n. a quantity or number in 
proportion. 

pro-por-tion-al-i-ty ( al'i-ti)., n. 
the quality of being proportional. 
Proportionateness, 
pro-por-tion-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
proportion. 

pro-por-tion-ate ('shun-at), adj. 
adjusted to something else accord¬ 
ing to a certain rate: v.t. to ad¬ 
just according to a settled rate. 


pro-por-tion-ate-ly (-li), adv. 

in a proportionate degree, 
pro-pos-al (-poz'al), n. that which 
is offered for consideration or ac¬ 
ceptance ; offer of marriage ; terms 
or conditions proposed. 

Syn. bid, offer, overture. 

Ant. (see refusal). 
pro-pose (-poz'), v.t. to bring for¬ 
ward or offer for consideration; 
nominate for election: v.i. to 
make an offer of marriage, 
prop-o-si-tion (prop-6-zish'un), 
n. an offer of terms; proposal; a 
complete sentence, or one that 
affirms or denies something; a 
theorem or problem for solution, 
prop-o-si-tion-al (-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or considered as, a 
proposition. 

pro-pound (-pound'), v.t. to offer 
for consideration; put or set as 
a question. 

pro-pri-e-ta-ry (-pii'e-ta-ri), adj. 
belonging to a proprietor or pro¬ 
prietary : n. a possessor in his 
own right; proprietors collectively, 
pro-pri-e-tor ('e-ter), n. one who 
has a legal right to anything; 
owner. Fern, proprietress; pro- 
prietrix. 

pro-pri-e-ty ('e-ti) , n. conformity 
to established rules or custom; 
decorum ; fitness. 

pro-pul-sion (-pul'shun), n. the 
act of propelling. 

pro-pul-sive ('siv), adj. having 
power to propel. Also pro- 
pulsory. 

pro-ro-ga-tion (-ro-ga'shun), n. 

the act of proroguing, 
pro-rogue (-rdg'), v.t. to ter- 
minate. a session of; to postpone, 
pro-sa-ic (-za'ik), adj. like prose; 
commonplace; uninteresting. Also 
prosaical. 

pro-sa-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 

prosaic manner. 

pro-sa-ism ('za-izm), n. prosaic 
style. 

pro-sce-ni-um (-se'ni-um), n. 
that part of the stage from the 
curtain to the orchestra, 
pro-scribe (-skrib'), v.t. to pun¬ 
ish with civil death; outlaw; in¬ 
terdict. 

pro-scrip-tion (-skrip'shun), n. 
the act of proscribing; outlawry ; 
interdiction. 

pro scrip tive ('tiv), adj. per- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; tnin, then. 







pro 


665 


pro 


taining to, or of the nature of, 
proscription. 

prose (proz), n. ordinary spoken 
or written language; unmetrical 
composition : v.i. & v.t. to write or 
speak tediously: adj. dull; 

tedious; commonplace, 
pros-e-cute (pros'e-kut), v.t. to 
follow or pursue with the view to 
reach or accomplish ; accuse of a 
crime before a legal tribunal: v.i. 
to carry on a legal prosecution, 
pros-e-cu-tioii (-ku'shun), n. the 
act of prosecuting; pursuit; the 
institution and carrying on of a 
legal suit; prosecutor or prosecu¬ 
tors collectively. 

pros-e-cu-tor ('e-ku-ter), n. one 
who carries on a legal suit with 
another; one who pursues any 
purpose, &c. Fern, prosecutrix, 
pros-e-lyte ('e-lit), n. a convert 
to some religion or belief, or 
party; a Gentile convert to the 
Jewish law and belief: v.t. to 
proselytize. 

pros-e-ly-tism ('e-li-tizm), n. the 
act of proselytizing; conversion 
to a creed or system, 
pros-e-ly-tize (-tiz), v.t. to make 
a convert of. 

pro-si-ly (pro'zi-ly), adv. in a 
prosy manner. 

pro-si-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being prosy, 
pro-sing ('ing), n. tedious minute¬ 
ness ; dull talk. 

pros-o-dy (pros'o-di), n. that part 
of grammar that treats of quan¬ 
tity, accent, and the laws of versi¬ 
fication. 

pros-pect ('pekt), n. a view of 
something distant; scene ; object 
of view; expectation: v.t. (pro- 
spekt') to search or explore, es¬ 
pecially for gold or valuable 
minerals. 

pro-spec-tive (-spek'tiv), adj. 
looking forward; acting with, or 
characterized by, foresight; in 
prospect. 

. pro-spec-tivw-ly (-li), adv. with 
regard to the future, 
pro-spec-tire-ness (-nes), n. re¬ 
gard for the future, 
pros-pec-tor (pros'pek-tSr), n. 
one who searches for valuable 
minerals. 

pro-spec-tus (pro-spek'tus), n. an 


outline of a proposed undertak¬ 
ing; sketch, or plan, 
pros-per (pros'per), v.t. to ren¬ 
der successful; favor: v.i. to 
thrive; succeed. 

Syn. flourish, succeed, grow 
rich, thrive, advance. 

Ant. (see fail). 

pros-per-i-ty ('i-ti), n. success¬ 
ful progress in any business or 
enterprise; good fortune. 

Syn. well-being, weal, welfare, 
happiness, good luck. 

Ant. (see poverty), 
prosper ous ('us), adj. success¬ 
ful ; thriving. 

pros-ti-tute ('ti-tut), v.t. to offer 
or expose to hire for lewd use; 
devote to infamous or improper 
purposes: adj. prostituted: n. a 
woman who indulges in lewdness, 
especially for hire; a base mer¬ 
cenary or hireling, 
pros-ti-tu-tion (-tu'shun), n. the 
act or practice of prostituting the 
person to lewd purposes for hire; 
the being devoted to infamous on 
base purposes. 

pros-ti-tu-tor ('ti-tu-ter), n. one 
who prostitutes himself for any 
base ends. 

pros-trate ('trat), adj. lying at 
full length; extended on the 
ground; lying at mercy as a sup¬ 
pliant : v.t. to lay flat; throw 
down; bow in humble reverence, 
pros-tra-tion (-tra'shun), n. the 
act of prostrating; great depres¬ 
sion ; exhaustion of the vital 
powers under disease, 
pro-style (pro'stil), n. a portico 
or range of columns in front of 
a building; a temple with a por¬ 
tico in front. 

pro-sy (proz'i), adv. tedious; dull, 
pro-te-an (pro'te-an), adj. readily 
assuming different shapes: from 
Proteus, the sea deity of classic 
mythology. 

pro-tect (-tokt'), v.t. to cover 
over; defend ; shield ; shelter; sup¬ 
port. 

pro-tec-tion ('shun), n. the act 
of protecting; the state of being 
protected; defense; shelter; se¬ 
curity ; passport; encourage¬ 
ment of home industry by duties 
on imports, bounties, &c. 
pro-tec-tion-ism (-izm), ». the 


late, m&r, m&sk, cat, awl; he, hSr, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







pro 


666 


pro 


doctrine that certain home in¬ 
dustries and produce should be 
encouraged by the imposition of 
duties on foreign imports, 
protectionist (-ist), n. one 
who advocates or supports protec¬ 
tionism ; one who opposes free 
trade unless it be reciprocal, 
pro-tect-ive ('iv), adj. serving to 
protect; defensive, 
pro-tect-or ('er), n. one who pro¬ 
tects. especially from injury or 
oppression; guardian. Fern, pro¬ 
tectress. 

pro-tect-or-ate (-at), n. govern¬ 
ment or defense by a protector, 
pro-te-ge (-ta-zha'), n. one who 
is under the protection, guardian¬ 
ship, or care of another. Fern. 
protegee [French], 
pro-te-ids ('te-idz), n.pl. a class 
of nitrogenous compounds, as al¬ 
bumen, fibrin, casein, &c., which 
form animal tissue, 
pro-te-in ('te-in), n. the gelatin¬ 
ous, . semi-transparent substance 
obtained from albumen, fibrin, or 
casein, the essential principle of 
food. 

pro-test (-test'), v.i. to affirm 
with solemnity; make a solemn 
declaration against some public 
act or measure; remonstrate: v.t. 
to make a solemn declaration or 
affirmation of; to declare formally 
to be insufficiently provided for by 
deposit or payment: said of a 
note or bill of exchange: n. (pro'- 
test) a solemn declaration of 
opinion against something; a 
document containing reasons for 
dissent: a formal declaration by 
the holder of a bill of exchange 
of its non-payment or non-accept¬ 
ance by the drawer. 

Prot-es-tant (prot'es-tant), n. a 
member of any of those bodies of 
Christians that protest against the 
spiritual supremacy of the Church 
of Rome, originally one of the 
party who adhered to Luther after 
the second diet of Spires, 1529: 
adj. pertaining to Protestants or 
Protestantism. 

Prot-es-tant-ism (-izm), n. the 
doctrines or religion of Protes¬ 
tants. 

prot-es-ta-tion (-ta'sliun), n. a 


formal declaration of dissent; 
solemn affirmation. 

pro-thon-o-ta-ry (-thon'o-ta-ri), 
n. a chief clerk or notary; the 
principal clerk or registrar in cer¬ 
tain courts; one of the chief 
secretaries of the Papal Chancery. 

proto, a prefix meaning first, as 
protfomartyr, &c. 

pro-to-col ('to-kol), n. the rough 
draft of a treaty, diplomatic de¬ 
spatch, &c. 

pro-to-plasm ('to : plazin), n. a 
semi-fluid albuminous substance, 
regarded as the ultimate basis of 
physical life, from which all living- 
organisms are formed and devel¬ 
oped. 

pro-to-plas-mic (-plaz'mik), adj. 
pertaining to, or formed of, proto¬ 
plasm. 

pro-to-plast ('to-plast), n. the 
original. 

pro-to-plas-tic (-plas'tik), adj. 
first formed. 

pro-to-type ('to-tip), n. the orig¬ 
inal from which others are copied. 

pro-tox-ide (-toks'id), n. a com¬ 
pound of one equivalent of oxygen 
with one of another element. 

Pro-to-zo-a (-z5'a), n.pl. the first 
or lowest division of the animal 
kingdom containing animals of the 
simplest type of organization. 

pro-tract (-trakt'), v.tf.-to draw 
out or lengthen in time; prolong; 
defer. 

pro-tract-er ('er), n. one who 
protracts. 

pro-trac-tion ('shun), n. the act 

of protracting; delay; the act of 
laying down on paper the dimen¬ 
sions of a plot of land, &c. 

pro-tract-or ('er), n. a mathe¬ 
matical Instrument for laying 
down angles on paper: used in 
surveying, &c.; a surgical instru¬ 
ment for drawing out extraneous 
bodies; a muscle that draws for¬ 
ward any part 

pro-trude (-trud'), v.t. to thrust, 
out or push forward: v.i. to shoot * 
forward; project. 

pro-tru-sion (-tru'zhun), n. the 
act of protruding; the state of 
being protruded. 

p^o-tru-sive ('siv), adj. thrust¬ 
ing or impelling forward. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






pro 


667 


pro 


pro-tru-sive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
protrusive manner, 
pro tu ber ance (-tu'ber-ans), n. | 
ar swelling; a prominence ; tumor. ! 
pro-tu-ber-ant (-ant), adj. swell- ' 
ing; prominent. 

proud (proud), adj. having excess¬ 
ive self-esteem ; arrogant; osten¬ 
tatious ; haughty; spirited; of 
lofty mien ; pleased ; grand ; grati¬ 
fied. 

prov-a-ble (proov'a-bl), adj. 

capable of being proved, 
prove (prdov), v.t. to ascertain 
or try by an experiment or test; 
establish or ascertain by argu¬ 
ment or other evidence; ascertain 
the genuineness of; experience; 
endure ; try by suffering; show or 
demonstrate the accuracy of (a 
calculation). 

prov en ('en), adj. proved. 
Pro-ven-gal (pro-vang'sal), adj. 
pertaining to, or from, Provence, 
France, its language or its in¬ 
habitants. 

prov en der (prov'en-der), n. dry 
food for beasts, as hay, &c. 
prov-erb ('erb), n. a short 
familiar pithy saying, expressing 
some well-known truth or common 
fact of experience; adage, 
pro-ver-bi-al (pro-ver'bi-al), adj. 
pertaining to proverbs; mentioned 
in, or like, a proverb; widely 
spoken of or well-known, 
pro-vide (pro-vld'), v.t. to make 
ready beforehand ; furnish ; stipu¬ 
late as a preliminary condition : 
v.i. to procure supplies; make 
preparations (with for or against). 
provided ('ed), conj. on condi¬ 
tion. 

prov-i-dence (prov'i-dens), n. 
timely care or preparation ; econo¬ 
my ; prudence; foresight and care 
of God for his creatures; an 
event directly caused by the power 
of God. 

Prov-i-dence (prov'i-dens), n. 

God as exercising his providence, 
prov-i-dent ('i-dent), adj. care¬ 
ful for the future; prudent; eco¬ 
nomical. 

prov-i-den-tial (-den'shal), adj. 
effected by, or proceeding from, 
Divine providence, 
prov-i-den-tial-ly (-li), adv. in 
a providential manner. 


prov ince ('ins), n. a division of 
an empire or state; a dependent 
country ; region ; jurisdiction of 
an archbishop; proper office or 
business; department of knowl¬ 
edge : pi. the country districts, 
pro-vin-cial (pro-vin'shal), adj. 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, 
a province ; rustic : n. one who be¬ 
longs to a province; countryman, 
pro-vin-cial-ism (-izm), n. an 
idiom or dialect peculiar to a 
province. 

pro-vi-sion (-vizh'un), n. the act 
of providing; the things provided; 
measures taken beforehand ; accu¬ 
mulation of stores: pi. food: v.t. 
to supply with food, 
pro-vi-sion-al (-al), adj. provided 
for present use; temporary, 
pro-vi-sion-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
provisional manner, 
proviso (-vi'zo). n. a conditional 
clause or stipulation in a deed, 
pro-vi-so-ry ('zo-ri), adj. con¬ 
ditional. 

prov-o-ca-tion (prov'o-ka'shun), 
n. that which excites to anger 
or resentment; act of provoking, 
pro - voc - a - tive (pro-vok'a-tiv), 
adj. tending to provoke; inciting: 
n. anything that tends to provoke; 
incitement. 

pro voke (-vdk'), v.t. to excite 
or stir to action ; enrage or irri¬ 
tate ; exasperate. 

prov-ost (prov'ust, or pro-vo'), n. 
the head of a college; superin¬ 
tendent or president; chief dig¬ 
nitary of a cathedral; chief mag¬ 
istrate of a city or town [Scotch], 
prow (prou), n. the bow of a ship, 
prow-ess ('es), n. bravery; valor, 
prowl (proul), v.i. to wander 
stealthily as for prey or plunder; 
n. a roving for prey or plunder, 
prox-i-mate (proks'i-mat), adj. 
immediate. 

prox-i-mate-ly (-li), adv. im¬ 
mediately. 

prox-im-i-ty (-im'i-ti), n. im¬ 
mediate nearness in place, blood, 
or alliance. 

prox-i-mo ('i-mo), adv. in or of 
the next or coming month, 
prox-y ('i). n. [ pi. proxies 
('iz)], the agency of a substitute; 
the document by which one person 
is authorized to act or vote for 
another. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her. lot: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 











pm 


668 


Pto 


Syn. agent, representative, sub¬ 
stitute, delegate, deputy, 
prude (prdod), n. a woman who 
affects great reserve, coyness, and 
excessive virtue. 

prudence (prob'dens), n. the 
quality of being prudent; wisdom 
applied to practice. 

Syn. carefulness, judgment, dis¬ 
cretion, wisdom. 

Ant. (see indiscretion), 
pru-dent ('dent), adj. practically 
wise; careful of the consequences 
of measures or actions ; judicious ; 
cautious; circumspect, 
pru-deu-tial (-den'shal), adj. 
proceeding from, or influenced by, 
prudence. 

pru-der-y (proo'der-i), n. affected 
niceness or scrupulousness in con¬ 
duct; manners of a prude. Also 
prudishness. 

pru-d’homme (pr5o-dom'), n. in 
France, one of a board of concilia¬ 
tion of masters and workmen to 
settle trade disputes, 
pru-dish (proo'dish), adj. like a 
prude; affectedly precise, nice, or 
scrupulous. 

prune (proon), n. a dried plum: 
v.t. to cut superfluous twigs or 
branches from (a vine, bush, or 
tree) ; trim. 

pru-nel-la (proo-nel'a), n. a 
smooth woolen stuff used for 
shoes and gaiters; a kind of dried 
plum. Also prunello. 
pru-ri-ence ('ri-ens), n. the state 
or quality of being prurient. Also 
pruriency. 

pru-ri-ent ('ri-ent), adj. having 
an eager desire for, or charac¬ 
terized by, lewdness; itching. 

Syn. itching, craving, hanker¬ 
ing, longing. 

Prus-sian-blue (prush'an-bloo), 
n. a rich blue color obtained from 
ferrocyanide of iron, 
prus-si-ate (prus'i-at), n. a salt 
of prussic acid. 

prus-sic ac-id ('ik as'id), n. 

hydrocyanic acid, a deadly poison, 
pry (pri), v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. pried, 
p.pr. prying], to inspect closely 
or with keen scrutiny: n. close 
inspection; impertinent peeping, 
psalm (salm), n. a sacred song, 
psalm-ist ('ist), n. a composer of 


psalms, especially of any of the 
Scriptural psalms, 
psalm-o-dist ('o-dist), n. one who 
composes or sings psalms, 
psalm-o-dy ('o-di), n. the art or 
practice of singing psalms. 
Psal-ter (sawl'ter), n. the Book 
of Psalms y the Prayer Book ver¬ 
sion of the Psalms, 
psal-ter-y (-i), n. a stringed 
musical instrument, used by the 
ancient Hebrews. 

pseudo, a prefix meaning false, 
spurious, as pseudoblepsis, false or 
deceptive vision. 

pseudonym (su'do-nim), n. a 
fictitious name. 

pseu-do-scope ('do-skop), n. an 
optical instrument which exhibits 
bodies in reversed relief, 
pshaw (shaw), interj. an expres¬ 
sion of contempt, &c. 
psy-chi-cal (si'ki-kal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or connected with, the 
human soul, spirit, or mind; 
spiritualistic; psychological. Also 
psychic. 

psy-cho-gen-e-sis (-ko-jen'e-sis), 
n. the development of mind as 
given in consciousness; biogenesis 
regarded as resulting from the 
operation of higher agency than 
natural selection. 

psy-chol-o-gy (-kol'o-ji), n. the 
science that treats of mental 
phenomena, and their classification 
and analysis ; mental philosophy ; 
metaphysics. 

psy-cho-log-ic-al (-loj'ik-al), adj. 

pertaining to psychology, 
psy-cho-log-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 
a psychological manner, 
psy-chol-o-gist ('o-jist), n. one 
skilled in psychology, 
psy-chom-e-try (si-kom'e-tri), n. 
the science of divining mental 
processes. 

psy-cho-phys-ics (-fiz'iks), w. the 
science which treats of the cor¬ 
relation of mind and matter, 
pter-o-pod (ter'o-pod), n. an 
individual of the Pteropoda, a 
class of marine cephalopods hav¬ 
ing the foot extended into a pair 
of wing-like lobes adapted for 
swimming or sailing. 
Ptol-e-ma-ic (tol-e-ma'ik), adj. 
pertaining to Ptolemy, the Greek 
geographer and astronomer, or to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








pto 


669 


his system of astronomy which 
supposed the earth to be the 
center or fixed point of the uni¬ 
verse, and that the heavenly 
bodies moved around it. 
pto-ma-ines (to'ma-inz), n.pl. a 
class of alkaloids of a highly 
poisonous nature, originating in 
decaying or dead matter, 
pu-ber-al (pu'ber-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
puberty. 

pu-ber-ty ('ber-ti), n. the age at 
which the generative powers be¬ 
gin to be developed, 
pubescence (-bes'ens), n. the 
state or age of puberty; soft, 
short, downy hair, 
pu-bes-cent ('ent), adj. arriving 
at the right age of puberty; 
covered with soft, downy hairs, 
pub-lic (pub'lik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to a nation, state, or com¬ 
munity ; belonging to the people; 
circulating among all classes; 
open ; generally known : common 
to all; open to general use: n. 
the people in general, 
pub-li -can ('li-kan), n. one who 
keeps a public-house; among the 
ancient Romans, a farmer of the 
public revenues; a collector of 
tolls, tribute, or customs, 
pub-li-ca-tion (-li-ka'shun), n. 
the act of publishing or making 
public; the act of publishing a 
book, &c. 

pub-lie-house ('lik-hous), n. an 
inn ; tavern ; hotel, 
pub-li-cist ('li-sist), n. a writer 
on international law, or on cur¬ 
rent events of political or social 
interest. 

pub-lic-i-ty ('lis-i-ti), n. the state 
of being public; notoriety, 
pub-lic-ly ('lik-li), adv. in a pub¬ 
lic manner. 

pub-lish ('lish), v.t. to make 
known; announce or proclaim; 
divulge; print and offer for sale; 
put into circulation, 
puce (pus), adj. dark-brownish 
purple. 

Puck, n. a mischievous sprite or 
elf. 

puck er ('er), v.t. & v.i. to gather 
into small folds; wrinkle: n. a 
small fold or wrinkle, 
pud-ding (pood'ing), n. a soft 


pug 


kind of food made of flour and 
various ingredients; an intestine 
stuffed with meat, &c.; quantity 
of yarns, matting, or oakum, 
pud-dle (pud'l), n. a small pool 
of dirty water; clay worked to¬ 
gether with sand: v.t. to make 
muddy; render watertight with 
puddle; convert (pig-iron) into 
wrought-iron. 

pueb-lo (pweb'Io), n. [pi. pueblos 
('loz)], a building constructed of 
adobe or sun-dried brick by the 
Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, 
pu-er-ile (pti'er-il), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to children ; juvenile ; boyish ; 
trifling. 

Syn. youthful, juvenile, boyish, 
childish, infantile, trifling, weak, 
silly. 

Ant. (see mature), 
pu-er-il-i-ty (-il'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being puerile; childish¬ 
ness. 

pu-er-per-al ('per-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or following, child¬ 
birth. 

puff (puf), n. a short quick blast; 
sudden forcible breath; a fun¬ 
gous ball filled with dust; any¬ 
thing light and porous or swollen ; 
a light kind of tart; exaggerated 
praise or advertisement: v.i. to 
expel air from the mouth with a 
sudden forcible blast; breathe 
quick and hard; swell with air; 
blow in contempt; move with 
hurry: v.t. to drive with a puff; 
swell, as with wind; praise in 
exaggerated terms, 
puff er ('er), n. one who puffs: 
one who praises in exaggerated 
terms; one who is hired to force 
up bids at sales. 

puf-fin ('in), n. a diving bird 
with a short thick projecting beak, 
allied to the auk. 

puff-ing ('ing), n. exaggerated 
praise, especially with the view 
to advertisement; quick and hard 
breathing: p.adj. praising in ex¬ 
aggerated terms. 

puf-fi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being puffy, 
puff-y (T), adj. distended with air 
or other light matter; windy; 
bombastic; tumid, 
pug (pug), n. a monkey; a small 
dog with the face and nose like 


lute, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






670 


pun 


pug 


a bulldog ; imp or elf ; plastic clay : 
v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. pugged, p.pr. pug¬ 
ging], to line or fill up with plastic 
clay or any oilier material, 
pugging ('ing), n. the act or 
operation of working up clay for 
bricks; any substance to deaden 
sound between spaces, 
pugh (poo), inter.}, an exclama¬ 
tion of contempt or disdain, 
pn-gil-ism (pu'jil-izm), n. the art 
or practice of boxing or fighting 
with the fists; prize-fighting, 
pu-gil-ist (-ist), n. a prize¬ 
fighter ; boxer. 

pu-gil-ist-ic ('ik), ad), pertaining 
to pugilism. 

pug na cious (pug-na'shus), ad). 

disposed to fight; quarrelsome, 
pug-nac-i-ty (-nas'i-ti), n. incli¬ 
nation to fight; quarrelsomeness, 
puisne (pii'ne), adj. younger or 
inferior in rank : said of judges, 
pu-is-sance ('is-ans), n. power; 
strength. 

pu-is-sant (-ant), adj. powerful; 
strong. 

puke (puk), v.i. & v.t. to vomit, 
pule (pul), v.t. to whine, 
puling (pul'ing), adj. whining; 
infantile. 

pull (pool), v.t. to draw towards 
one; pluck ; rend or tear; drag or 
haul: v.i. to tug: n. the act of 
pulling ; struggle ; contest, 
pull, n. a term much used to in¬ 
dicate a person who possesses 
political or other influence, 
pul-let ('et), n. a young hen. 
pul-ley ('ll), n. a small wheel 
turning about an axis, and hav¬ 
ing a groove in which a rope 
works. 

pul-mon-a-ry (pul'mon-er-i), adj. 
pertaining to, or affecting, the 
lungs. 

pul-mon-ic (-mon'ik), adj. affect¬ 
ing, or useful for, the lungs; con¬ 
sumptive : n. a medicine for dis¬ 
eases of the lungs, 
pulp (pulp), n. the soft, fleshy 
part of bodies, as of fruit; any 
soft uniform mass: v.t. to reduce 
to a soft mass ; extract or separate 
the pulp from. 

pulp-i-ness ('i-nes), n. pulpy 

jtate. 

pul-pit (pool'pit), n. an elevated 
or inclosed desk in a church from 


which the sermon is delivered; 
preachers or preaching, 
pulp-y (puip'i), adj. consisting 
of, or like, pulp; soft; succulent, 
pul-que (pool'ka), n. a favorite 
Mexican beverage made from the 
juice of the agave, 
pul-sate (pul'sat), v.i. to throb 
or beat. 

pul-sa-tiou (-sa'shun), n. a throb 
or beat, especially of the heart, 
pul-sa-tive ('sa-tiv), adj. beating 
or throbbing. Also pulsatory, 
pulse (puls), n. the rhythmic 
beating of the heart or arteries; 
vibration: leguminous plants or 
their seeds, as peas, beans, &c.: 
v.i. to beat or throb, as the pulse, 
pul-sim-e-ter (pul-sim'e-ter), n. 
an instrument to ascertain the 
force or movement of the pulse; 
a sphygmometer. 

pul-som-e-ter (-som'e-ter), n. a 
kind of steam-condensing vacuum 
pump. 

pu-lu (pu'lod), n. a kind of vegeta¬ 
ble silk obtained from the fibers 
of a fern-tree of Hawaii, 
pul-ver-i-za-tion (pul-ver-i-za'- 

shun), n. the act of pulverizing, 
pul-ver-ize ('ver-iz), v.t. to re¬ 
duce to powder. 

pu-uia (pu'ma), n. a large cat¬ 
like carnivorous animal of Ameri¬ 
ca ; mountain lion, 
pum ice (pum'is), n. a hard, light, 
spongy, volcanic lava or rock. 
Also pumice-stone, 
pump (pump), n. a machine for 
raising water or other liquid; a 
light low shoe or slipper: v.t. to 
raise (water or a liquid) by means 
of a pump; free from water by a 
pump; extract (information) by 
artful questions. 

pump-kin ('kin), n. a plant of 
the gourd family and its fruit, 
pun (pun), n. a play upon words: 
v.i. T p.t. & p.p. punned, p.pr. pun¬ 
ning], to play upon words .simi¬ 
lar in sound but having a differ¬ 
ent meaning 

punch (punch), n. a tool for 
stamping or perforating; a bever¬ 
age of rum, whisky, &c., water, 
lemon-juice, and suarar; a blow 
or thrust; the harlequin or buf¬ 
foon of a puppet-show; Punch¬ 
inello ; a short fat person ; thick- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her. let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








pun 


671 


pur 


set cart-horse: v.t. to perforate 
with a punch ; to strike with the 
fist. 

pun-cheou (pun'clmn), n. a liquid 
measure of 84 wine-gallons, 
pun-clii-nel-lo (pun-shi-nel'o), n. 
the thick-set, hump-backed figure 
in a puppet-show, 
punc-tate (pungk'tat), adj. 

dotted with small spots; pointed, 
punc - ti - form ('ti-form), adj. 
point-shaped. 

punc-til-i-o (-til'i-6), n. a nice 
point in conduct or ceremony; 
formal exactness. 

punc-til-i-ous ('i-us), adj. very 
nice or precise in conduct or cere¬ 
mony ; exact to excess. 

Syn. nice, particular, formal, 
precise. 

Ant. (see negligent). 
punc tual ('tu-al), adj. observ¬ 
ing, or done at, the exact time. 

Syn. exact, precise, nice, par¬ 
ticular, prompt, timely. 

Ant. (see dilatory), 
punc-tu-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being punctual; the 
characteristic of keeping the exact 
time of an appointment or en¬ 
gagement. 

punc-tu-al-ly ('tu-al-i), adv. in a 
punctual manner._ 
punc-tu-ate ('tu-at), v.t. to mark 
with points ; divide into sentences 
by points. 

punc-tu-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act or art of dividing sentences by 
points or stops. 

punc ture ('tur), n. a small hole 
or wound made by a pointed in¬ 
strument : v.t. to make a hole in, 
or pierce, with a pointed in¬ 
strument. 

pun-dit (pun'dit), n. a learned 
Brahman ; one versed in the San¬ 
skrit language, laws, and Hindu 
religion, &c.; a solemn pretender 
to learning. Also pandit, 
pung (pung), n. a rough sleigh, 
pun-gent (pun'jent), adj. sting¬ 
ing or pricking ; piercing ; keen ; 
biting; sarcastic; caustic. 

Pu-nie (pu'nik), adj. pertaining 
to the Carthaginians, or to their 
language ; treacherous ; perfidious, 
punish (pun'ish), v.t. to cause 
loss or pain to as a penalty for a 
crime or fault; chastise; correct. 


punishment (-nient), n. pain, 
loss, or penalty, inflicted for a 
crime or fault._ 

pu-ni-tive (pun'i-tivl, adj. per¬ 
taining to, or inflicting, punish¬ 
ment. 

pun-ster (pun'ster), n. one ad¬ 
dicted to, or skilled in, punning, 
punt (punt), n. a flat-bottomed 
boat for fishing: v.i. to play 
basset, omber, or faro against the 
banker or dealer, 
pu ny (pu'ni), adj. [comp, punier, 
superl. puniest], inferior in 
strength or size ; weak ; feeble ; 
petty. 

pu-pa (pvi'pa), n. [pi. pupae 
('pe)l, a chrysalis, 
pupil ('pil), n. a young person 
who is under the care of a tutor; 
scholar; ward ; in law, a boy or 
girl under the age of puberty 
(14 and 12 years respectively) ; 
the opening in the iris through 
which rays of light pass to the 
retina. 

pup-pet (pup'et,), n. a small doll 
or image, especially one moved by 
wires in a mock drama; one who 
is under the influence and control 
of another. 

pup-py ('i). n. a whelp ; young 
dog: a conceited young man. 
pur-blind (per'blind), adj. seeing 
obscurely. 

pur chase (per'chas), v.t. to ob¬ 
tain by paying an equivalent; ac¬ 
quire ; buy; expiate or recom¬ 
pense by a fine or forfeit; ob¬ 
tain at the expense of some sac¬ 
rifice, labor, &c.; move or raise 
by the application of some me¬ 
chanical power: n. the act of 
purchasing; thing purchased or 
bought; mechanical advantage, 
pure (pur), adj. [comp, purer, 
superl. purest], free from moral 
or physical defilement; chaste: 
unpolluted ; unadulterated ; clean ; 
holy ; real; mere ; absolute, 
pure-ly ('li), adv. in a pure man¬ 
ner; absolutely. 

pure-ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being pure, 
pur-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. the act 
of purging; the act of clearing 
from imputed guilt, 
pur-ga-tive ('ga-tiv), adj. serv¬ 
ing to purge. 


late, nfar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, Jot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







1»ur 


672 


pur 


pur-ga-to-ri-al (-to'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to purgatory. 

pur-ga-to-ry (per'ga-to-ri), n. in 
the Roman Catholic Church, the 
state after death in which the 
souls of the faithful departed are 
purified from venial sins by suf¬ 
fering : adj. cleansing; expiatory. 

purge (perj), v.t. to cleanse or 
free from impurities or guilt; 
make clear or pure; clear from 
accusation; defecate: v.i. to have 
frequent evacuations : n. a ca¬ 
thartic medicine. 

purg-ing ('ing), n. diarrhea or 
dysentery; looseness of the bow¬ 
els. 

pu-ri-fi-ca-tion (pu-ri-fi-ka'shun), 
n. the act of purifying; state of 
being purified; ceremonial cleans¬ 
ing from guilt or uncleanness. 

pu-ri-fi-ca-tive (pu'ri-fi-ka-ti v), 

adj. able or tending to purify. 
Also purificatory. 

pu-ri-fi-er ('ri-fi-er), n. one who, 
or that which, purifies. 

pu-ri-form ('ri-form), adj. like 
pus. 

pu-ri-fy ('ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
purified, p.pr. purifying], to ren¬ 
der pure; free from guilt or cere¬ 
monial uncleanness; free from 
impurities, corruptions, or barbar¬ 
isms. 

Pu -rim ('rim), n. a Jewish feast 
(Feast of Lots) observed annu¬ 
ally to commemorate the deliver¬ 
ance of the Jews (Esther ix.). 

pur-ism (pur'izm), n. affectation 
in the precise use of words in lit¬ 
erary style. 

pur-ist (pur'ist), n. one who is 
scrupulously precise in matters of 
literary style or the choice of 
correct words. 

pu-ris-tic (-ris'tik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to purism. 

Pu-ri-tan ('ri-tan), n. one who 
professes great purity in religious 
doctrine and practice, especially 
one of a body of Nonconformists 
in the 16th and 17th centuries 
who insisted on rigid adherence 
to the letter of Scripture in points 
of doctrine and practice: adj. per¬ 
taining to the Puritans or their 
doctrine or practice. Also puri¬ 
tanic, puritanical. 

pu-ri-tan-ic-al-ly (-tan'ik-M-i), 


adv. after the manner of the Puri¬ 
tans. 

pu-ri-tan-ism ('ri-tan-izm), n. 
the doctrines and practices of the 
Puritans. 

pu-ri-ty ('ri-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being pure; chastity ; 
cleanness; freedom from adultera¬ 
tion ; freedom from sinister mo¬ 
tives, foreign idioms, or bar¬ 
barisms. 

purl (perl), n. a warm spiced ale, 
or gin ; an embroidered or puck¬ 
ered border; a stitch in knitting ; 
the continued murmuring sound 
of a shallow stream : v.t. to fringe 
or embroider with a waved edg¬ 
ing; invert (stitches) in knit¬ 
ting : v.i. to ripple or flow with a 
gentle murmur. 

pur-lieus (per'luz), n.pl. adjacent 
districts. 

pur-lin ('lin), n. a piece of timber 
lying horizontally to support raft¬ 
ers. Also purline. 

pur-loin (-loin'), v.t. to steal. 

pur-ple ('pi), adj. of the color 
of blended blue and red; regal; 
livid; dyed with blood : n. purple 
color; purple robe, originally worn 
only by royalty; imperial gov¬ 
ernment ; cardinalate: v.t. to ren^ 
der, or dye, purple. 

pur-port ('port), n. meaning; de¬ 
sign ; signification; v.t. to mean 
or signify. 

pur-pose ('pus), n. design; end 
or aim desired : v.t. to intend or 
resolve; design: v.i. to have an 
intention. 

pur-pose-ful (-fool), adj. ex¬ 
pressly intended. 

pur-pose-ly (-li), adv. intentional¬ 
ly. 

purr (per), n. the low murmuring 
of a cat when pleased: v.t. to 
signify by purring: v.i. utter a 
low murmuring sound. 

purse (pgrs), n. a small bag or 
receptacle for money; sum of 
money; treasury: v.t. to pucker 
or wrinkle. 

purs-er ('er), n. a commissioned 
officer having charge of the pro¬ 
visions, clothing, and money of a 
ship; paymaster. 

purs-lane ('lan), n. an annual 
with succulent fleshy leaves. 

pur-su-ant (per-su'ant), adj. 
done in consequence or in prosecu- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








pur 


673 


pye 


tion of anything; agreeable: adv. 
in consequence of. 

pur-sue (-su'), v.t. to follow for 
some end; take and proceed in; 
prosecute ; chase ; seek : v.i. to go 
on or continue. 

pur su er ('er), n. one who pur¬ 
sues. 

pur-suit (-sut'), n. the act of pur¬ 
suing ; prosecution ; chase; occu¬ 
pation ; attainment. 

pur sui vant ('swi-vant), n. an 
attendant or follower; state mes¬ 
senger. 

pur-sy ('si), adj. fat, thick, and 
shortwinded; asthmatical. 

pu-ru-lence (pu'roo-lens), n. gen¬ 
eration of pus. 

pu-ru-lent (-lent), adj. consist¬ 
ing of, or containing, pus. 

pur-vey (per-va'), v.t. to provide; 
procure: v.i. to purchase provi¬ 
sions. 

pur-vey-auce ('tins), n. the pro¬ 
curing of provisions; provisions 
provided; the right formerly ac¬ 
corded to royalty of buying up 
provisions without the owner’s 
consent. 

pur vey or ('er), n. one who pro¬ 
vides provisions. 

pur-view ('vu), n. extent; pro¬ 
viso ; body of a statute. 

pus (pus), n. the white or yellow¬ 
ish-white matter secreted in sores, 
&c. 

push, (poosh), v.t. to press against 
with force; urge forward; drive 
by pressure: v.i. to make a thrust 
or effort; press hard: n. a 
thrust; force applied ; effort; as¬ 
sault ; exigence ; extremity ; per¬ 
sistent endeavor; pustule or 
pimple. 

push-ing ('ing), adj. enterpris¬ 
ing : energetic. 

pu-sil-la-nim-i-ty (pu-sil-a-nim'i- 
ti), n. cowardice. 

pu-sil-lan-i-mous (-an'i-mus), 
adj. cowardly; mean-spirited; 
faint-hearted. 

puss (poos), n. a cat; hare. Di¬ 
minutive pussy. 

pus-tu-lar (pus'tu-lar), adj. 
covered with glandular pustule¬ 
like excrescence. Pustulate. 

pus-tule ('tul), n. a small eleva¬ 
tion of the skin, or pimple con¬ 
taining pus. 

put (poot), v.t. to place in. or 


bring into, any state or condition; 
cause ; drive into action ; incite ; 
propose ; apply ; lay or deposit; 
throw in; state in language; 
shoot out or send forth ; in golf, 
to drive into a hole with a short, 
careful stroke (put) [p.t. & p.p. 
putting] : n. (put) in golf, a 
short, careful stroke, 
pu-ta-tive (pu'ta-tiv), adj. re¬ 
puted. 

put-log (poot'log), n. a short 
piece of timber used for a brick¬ 
layer’s platform or in scaffolding, 
pu-tre-f ac tion (pu-tre-f ak'shun), 
n. the act or process of putrefy¬ 
ing ; decomposition ; rottenness, 
pu-tre-fac-tive f'‘tiv), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or tending to, putre¬ 
faction. 

pu-tre-fy ('tre-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. putrefied, p.pr. putrefying], 
to cause to rot or decay by the 
decomposition of organic bodies; 
rot; corrupt: v.i. to become pu¬ 
trid. 

Syn. rot, decompose, corrupt, 
decay. 

pu-tres-cence (-tres'ens), n. a 
putrid state. 

pu-tres-cent ('ent), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to putrefaction; becoming 
rotten. 

pu-tres-ci-ble ('i-bl), adj. lia¬ 
ble, or tending, to become putrid, 
pu-trid-i-ty (-trid'i-ti), n. putrid 
state. Also putridness, 
put-ter (put'er), n. in golf, a 
club used for playing a short, 
careful stroke. 

put-tock ('ok), n. a hawk or kite, 
put-ty ('i), n. an oxide of tin, 
or of lead and tin, used for polish¬ 
ing ; a compound of whiting and 
linseed oil used in glazing: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. puttied, p.pr. putty¬ 
ing], to cement with putry. 
puz-zle (puz'l), n. something that 
tries the ingenuity, perplexes, or 
causes embarrassment: v.i. to be 
puzzled: v.t. to perplex; entan¬ 
gle. 

Syn. pernlex, confound, embar¬ 
rass, bewilder, confuse, pose, mys¬ 
tify. 

Ant. (see enlighten). 

py-e-mi-a, pyaemia (pi-e'mi-a), 
n. blood-poisoning. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






pyg 


674 


pyx 


pyg-me-an (pig-me'an), adj. 
dwarfish. 

Pyg-my ('mi), n. one of the 
fabled dwarfish races near the 
ocean who waged war with the 
cranes; one of a small race men¬ 
tioned by Herodotus, and found 
in Central Africa by numerous 
modern travellers. Also Pigmy, 
py jam as, same as pajamas, 
py-lor-ic (pl-lor'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the pylorus, 
py-lo-rus (-lo'rus), n. the lower 
and right opening of the stomach 
leading to the small intestines, 
pyr, a prefix, meaning fire. Also 
pyro, as pyracanth, a plant with 
flame-colored flowers; pyroscope, 
an instrument for measuring the 
intensity of radiating heat, 
pyr-a-mid (pir'a-mid), n. a solid 
body standing on a triangular, 
square, or polygonal base, having 
its triangular sides terminating in 
a point at the apex: pi. sepul¬ 
chral monuments of such shape, 
as in Egypt; a game at billiards, 
pyr-am-i-dal (-am'i-dal), adj. 
shaped like a pyramid. Also 
pyramidic, pyramidical. 
pyr-a-mid-ic-al-ly (-a-mid'ik-al- 

li), adv. in the shape of a pyra¬ 
mid. 

pyr-a-moid ('a-moid), n. a solid 
resembling a pyramid. Also 
pyramidoid. 

pyre (plr), n. a funeral pile, 
py-ri-tes (pi-ri'tez), n. a native 
compound of sulphur with iron, 
copper, &c, 

pyro, see pyr. 

py-ro-eol-lo-di-on (pl-ro-kol-lo'di- 
un), n. a smokeless powder, used 
by Russia. 

py-ro-e-lec-tric (-ro-e-lek'trik). 
adj. becoming electric by the ac¬ 
tion of heat. 

py-ro-ma-ni-a (pi-ro-ma'ni-a), n. 
an insane impulse to destroy by 
fire. 

py-rom-e-ter (pi-rom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring the 
temperature or expansion of 
bodies under the influence of heat. 


py-ro-scope, see under pyr. 
py-ro-tech-nic (pi-ro-tek'nik), 
adj. pertaining to fireworks or the 
art of making them, 
py-ro-tech-nics ('niks). n. fire¬ 
works or the art of making them. 
Also pyrotechny. 

py-ro-tech-nist ('nist), n. one 
skilled in the manufacture of fire¬ 
works. 

py-rox-y-line (-roks'i-lint, «. any 
explosive substance made by steep¬ 
ing a vegetable fiber in nitric or 
nitro-sulphuric acid and drying it 
after washing it with water. 
Pyroxyle. 

pyr-rliic (pir'ik), n. a metrical 
foot of two syllables; an ancient 
Greek military dance: adj. per¬ 
taining to such a dance. 
Pyth-i-an (pith'i-an). adj. per¬ 
taining to Delphi, or to Apollo, 
or to the priestess (pythoness) at 
Delphi. 

Pyth-i-an. games (gainz), n.pl. 
one of the four great national 
games of ancient Greece, cele¬ 
brated every 5th year near Delphi, 
in honor of Apollo, 
py-tho-gen-ic (pl-tho-jen'ik), adj. 
produced by filth or putrid mat¬ 
ter, as typhoid fever, &c. 
Py-thon ('thon), n. a genus of 
large serpents; the serpent or 
dragon slain by Apollo, 
py-thon ('tlion), n. a large non- 
venomous serpent nearly allied to 
the boa. 

py-thon-ess ('thon-es), n. the 
priestess of Apollo, Avho gave orac¬ 
ular answers at the temple of 
Delphi ; a witch. 

py-tlioii-ic (-thon'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to prophecy : oracular, 
py - thon - ism (pl'thon-izm). n. 
the art of predicting future events 
by divination, after the manner of 
the ancient oracle at Delphi, 
pyx (piks), n. in the Roman 
Catholic Church, the box or re¬ 
ceptacle in which the consecrated 
wafer or host is placed ; the box 
in which selected coins are placed 
at the mint to be tested prior to 
their issue as currency. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







qua 


675 


qua 


Q 


quack (kwak), n. the cry of the 
duck; a pretender to medical 
skill; charlatan: v.i. to cry like a 
duck; to act or practice like a 
quack: adj. pertaining to quacks 
or quackery. 

Syn. impostor, pretender, char¬ 
latan, empiric, mountebank. 

Ant. (see savant), 
quack-er-y ('er-i), n. boastful 
pretension to skill in medicine; 
false pretensions to any art; im¬ 
posture; empiricism, 
quack-ish ('ish), adj. like a 
quack. 

quad (kvvod), n. the court of a 
college, prison, &c.; a quadrat, 
quad ra ('ra), n. a square border 
or fillet of an Ionian column. 
Prefix meaning four. Also quadr, 
quadri, quadru. 

Quadragesima (-ra-jes'i-ma), 
n. Lent. 

Quad-ra-ges-i-ma Sun day (sun'- 
da), n. the first Sunday in Lent, 
quad-ra-ges-i-mal ('i-mal), adj. 

pertaining to, or used in, Lent, 
quad-ran-gle ('rang-gl), n. an 
open square surrounded by build¬ 
ings ; a plane figure with 4 angles 
and 4 sides. 

quad-ran-gu lar ('gu-lar), adj. 

having the form of a quadrangle, 
quad-rant (/rant), n. the 4tli part 
of a circle, an arc of 90° ; an in¬ 
strument for taking elevations; 
an instrument for elevating can¬ 
non. 

quad-rat ('rat), n. a piece of 
type metal lower than the type, 
use to fill void spaces in a line, 
pages, &c. 

quad-rate ('rat), adj. having 4 
equal sides and 4 right angles; 
raised to the second power; noting 
an aspect of the heavenly bodies 
in which they are distant 90° 
from each other: v.t. & v.i. to 
square; fit or correspond, 
quad-rat-ic (-rat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to. or involving, a square, 
quadrature ('ra-tur), n. the 
act of squaring; the reduction of 
a figure to a square, exactly or 


approximately ; the position of a 
heavenly body when distant 90° 
from another: said especially of 
the position of the moon from the 
sun. 

quad-ren-ni-al (-ren'i-al), adj. 
comprising, or occurring, every 4 
years. 

quad-ren-ni-al-ly (-li) , adv. 

once in 4 years. 

quadrilateral (-ri-lat'er-al), 

n. a plane figure with 4 sides and 
4 angles; the area inclosed and 
defended by four fortresses. 

qua-drille (ka- or kwa-dril'), n. 
a dance by four sets of couples; 
a game at cards played by four 
persons. 

quad-ril-lion (kwod-ril'yun), n. 
the French system of 'numeration, 
followed in the United States, a 
thousand trillions; in the Eng¬ 
lish system, the fourth power of 
a million, or 1 followed by 24 
ciphers. 

quad-roon (roon'), n. the off¬ 
spring of a mulatto and a white. 

Quad-ru-ina-na (-roo'ma-na), 
n.pl. an order of mammalia, in¬ 
cluding the monkey, &c. 

quad-ru-ma-nous ('ma-nus), adj. 
having 4 hands. 

quadruped ('roo-ped), n. a 
four-footed animal: adj. four- 
footed. 

quad-ru-ple (roo-pl), adj. four¬ 
fold : n. a sum or quantity four 
times as great as that taken as 
the standard: v.t. to ipultiply by 
four: v.i. to increase four-fold. 

quses-tor (kwes'ter), n. in ancient 
Rome, the public treasurer; in 
certain legislative assembles, an 
officer in charge. Also questor. 

quaff (kwaf), v.t. to drink or 
swallow in large quantities: v.i. 
to drink luxuriously. 

quag-ga (kwag'a), n. a South 
African quadruped allied to the 
ass and zebra. 

quag-mire (kwag'mlr), n. wet, 
boggy ground yielding under the 
feet. 

quail (kwal), v.i. to sink in 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 












qua 


676 


qua 


spirit or by dejection ; lose heart; 
cower: n. a gallinaceous bird, 
allied to the partridge, 
quaint (kwant), adj. singular and 
antique; not expressed or shown 
in the usual way; odd; neat. 

Syn. artful, curious, far-fetched, 
fanciful, odd. singular, 
quake (kwak), v.i. to tremble 
or shake; be agitated: n. a trem¬ 
ble or shudder. 

Qua ker ('er), n. one of a re¬ 
ligious sect, the Society of Friends, 
founded by Geo. Fox. Feminine 
Quakeress. 

Quaker-gun (-gun), n. a wood¬ 
en gun mounted to deceive an 
enemy. 

quak-ing ('ing), adj. trembling; 

shaking: n. a shaking or tremor, 
quak-i-ness ('i-nes), n. shaki¬ 
ness. 

quak-y ('i), adj. shaky, 
qual-i-fi-a-ble (kwal'i-fi-a-bl), 
adj. that may be qualified, 
qual-i-fi-ca-tion (-fi-ka'shun), n. 
any quality, endowment, or ac¬ 
quirement which fits a person for 
any office or occupation; legal 
power or ability ; limitation ; re¬ 
striction. 

qual-i-fi-ca-tive ('i-fi-ka-tiv), adj. 

serving to qualify, 
qual-i-ii-er ('i-fi-er), n. one who, 
or that which, qualifies, 
qualify ('i-fi), v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. 
qualified, p.pr. qualifying], to ren¬ 
der fit or capable for any office, 
occupation, &c.; render legally 
capable; make fit; moderate; 
limit: v.i. to become qualified, 
qual-i-ta-tive ('i-ta-tiv), adj. per¬ 
taining to quality; determining 
the nature of component parts 
quality ('i-ti), n. [pi. qualities 
(-tiz)], peculiar power or proper¬ 
ty ; attribute ; disposition ; rank ; 
superior birth. 

Syn. attribute, rank, distinction, 
qualm (kwam), n. a sudden fit 
of sickness; nausea ; scruple, 
quam-ash (kwa-mash'), n. an 
esculent bulb eaten by the North 
American Indians. Also camass. 
quan da ry (kwon'da-ri), n. a 
state of difficulty or perplexity; 
fix. 

quan-ti-ta-tive ('ti-ta-tiv), adj. 


pertaining to quantity. Also 
quantitive. 

quantify ('ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. quantified, p.pr. quantifying], 
to indicate the quantity or extent 
of. 

quan-ti-ty ('ti-ti), n. that proper¬ 
ty of anything that may be in¬ 
creased or diminished; any in¬ 
determinate bulk, weight, or num¬ 
ber ; large portion, sum, or mass ; 
the measure of time in pronounc¬ 
ing a syllable; anything that can 
be increased, divided, or meas¬ 
ured ; in logic, a general concep¬ 
tion. 

quan-tiv-a-lence (-tiv'a-lens). n. 
the combining power of an atom 
as compared with hydrogen, 
quantum ('turn), n. amount 
(Latin). 

quarantine (kwor'an-ten), n. 
the time (usually 40 days) during 
which a vessel from foreign parts 
suspected of infectious disease is 
prohibited from intercourse with 
the shore: v.t. to place under 
quarantine. 

quar-rel ('el), n. an angry dis¬ 
pute ; petty fight; altercation: 
ground of dispute; a square¬ 
headed arrow: v.i. to dispute vio¬ 
lently ; be at variance; disagree, 
quarrelsome (-sum), adj. in¬ 
clined to quarrel; contentious; 
easily provoked ; irascible, 
quar-ried ('id), p.adj. dug from 
the quarry. 

quar-ri-er ('i-er), n. one who 
works in a quarry, 
quar ry ('i), n. a place wher^ 
stone is dug out for building pur¬ 
poses, &c. ; game pursued by 
hawks or hounds: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
quarried, p.pr. quarrying], to dig 
or take from a quarry, 
quar-ry-man, same as quarrier. 
quart (kwort), n. 2 pints, or l-4th 
of a gallon; a sequence of 4 
cards in the game of piquet, 
quar tan (kwor'tan), adj. occur¬ 
ring every fourth day, as ague, 
&c. 

quarte (kart), n. a guard in fenc¬ 
ing. 

quar-ter (kwor'ter), n. the 4th 
part; 28 lbs. avoirdupois; 8 bush¬ 
els ; the 4th part of the moon's 
monthly revolution; part of the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







qua 


677 


que 


globe; particular county, region, 
or district: life granted to a cap¬ 
tive or enemy ; mercy ; after-part 
of a ship’s side; one of the 4 
points of the compass ; in herald¬ 
ry, one of the divisions of a shield 
when divided crosswise: pi. lodg¬ 
ings, especially for soldiers: v.t. 
to divide into four equal parts; 
furnish with lodgings, as soldiers; 
station ; bear as an appendage to 
hereditary arms. 

quar ter day (da), n. the day 
beginning or ending each quar¬ 
ter of the year, viz.: March 25, 
June 24, Sept. 29, Dec. 25, when 
payments of rent, &c., are made. 

quar-ter-deck (-dek), n. that 
part of a ship which is abaft the 
mainmast. 

quar-tered ('terd), p.adj. divided 
into quarters; stationed or lodged. 

quar-ter-ing (-ing), n. assign¬ 
ment of quarters; the division of 
a shield containing many coats. 

quar-ter-ly ('li), adj. consisting 
of, or containing, a quarter: adv. 
once each quarter of the year: 
n. a publication issued every quar¬ 
ter. 

quarter-master ('ter-mas-ter), 
n. an officer whose duty it is to 
assign quarters and provide food, 
clothing, forage, ammunition, &c., 
for a regiment; in the navy, a 
petty officer who attends to the 
steerage, signals, stowmge, &c., of 
ships. 

quar tern ('tern), n. l-4th of a 
pint, or of a bushel ; gill. 

quar-ter-staff (-staf), n. a staff 
G 1 /? feet long and shod with iron, 
formerly used as a weapon of de¬ 
fense. 

quar-tet (-tet'), n. anything in 
fours; musical composition in 4 
parts for 4 voices or instruments. 
Also quartette. 

quarto ('to), n. [pi. quartos 
('toz)], a book having the sheet 
folded into 4 leaves. Abbreviated 
4to.: adj. having 4 leaves in a 
sheet. 

quartz (kwbrts), n. a mineral 
compound of pure silica. 

quartz-ite ('It), n. quartz rock. 

qtiash (kwosh), v.t. to crush ; sub¬ 
due suddenly or completely; an¬ 
nul. 


quasi, a prefix meaning as it 
ivere, apparently , nearly. 
quas-si-a (kwosh'i-a), n. a 
South American tree yielding 
bark and wood of excessive bitter¬ 
ness. 

qua-tern (kwa'tern), adj. four- 
fold ; growing in fours, 
qua ter ni on (-ter'ni-on), n. the 
number 4 ; set of 4; a file of 4 
soldiers: pi. a calculus or method 
of mathematical investigation, 
qua-tre-foil (ka'tr-foil), n. in 
heraldry, four-leaved grass; an 
ornamental figure in architectural 
tracery divided by cusps into 4 
leaves. 

qua ver (kwa'ver), v.t. to shake 
or tremble; vibrate; sing or play 
with tremulous modulations : n. a 
vibration of the voice; a musical 
note, one-half a crotchet, 
quay (ke), n. a wharf for loading 
or unloading vessels, 
quean (kwen), n. a worthless 
woman. 

queasy (kwe'zi), adj. affected 
with, or causing, nausea, 
queen (kwen), n. a female sover¬ 
eign ; consort of a king; sover¬ 
eign of a swarm of bees (queen- 
bee) ; a court card with the figure 
of a queen ; a piece in chess; the 
best or chief of her kind: v.i. to 
play the queen: v.t. in chess, to 
make a queen of. 

queen con-sort (kon'sbrt), n. the 
wife of a reigning king, 
queen dow-a-ger (dou'a-jer), n. 

the widow of a king, 
queen-li-ness ('li-nes), n. queenly 
character or attributes, 
queen-ly ('li). adj. like, or befit¬ 
ting, a queen. 

queen-post ('post), n. one of 
two vertical timbers in a roof 
rising from the tie-beam, 
queen reg-nant (reg'nant), n. 

a queen in her own right 
queen’s coun-sel (-z koun'sel), n. 
a barrister holding a patent of 
precedence from the queen, 
queen’s-met-al (-met'al), n. 
an alloy of tin, antimony, lead, 
and bismuth. 

queen’s-ware ('war), n. cream- 
colored earthenware, 
queer (kwer), adj. odd; singular; 
droll ; strange; out of health. 




late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 
/ cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











678 


quc 


quell (kwel), v.t. to crush or sub¬ 
due ; put an end to ; calm ; allay, 
quench (kwench), v.t. to put out 
or extinguish ; check ; allay, 
quer-i-mo ni-ous (kwer-i-mo'ni- 
us), adj. complaining; querulous; 
discontented. 

que-rist (kwe'rist), n. one who 
asks questions, 
querl (kweri), v.t. to coil, 
quer u lous (kwer'dd-lus), adj. 
complaining; discontented. 

Syn. doubting, complaining, re¬ 
pining, fretting. 

Ant. (see patient). 
query (kwe'ri), n. a question; an 
inquiry to be resolved ; a mark of 
interrogation: v.t. [pt. & p.p. 
queried, p.pr. querying], to ex¬ 
amine by questions ; doubt; mark 
with a query: v.i. to ask ques¬ 
tions. 

quest (kwest), n. search; inquiry; 
jury of inquest: v.t. to search or 
seek for. 

ques-tion (kwes'chun), n. an in¬ 
quiry ; act of asking; interroga¬ 
tion ; doubt; subject of discus¬ 
sion ; examination by torture : v.t. 
to ask or interrogate; examine 
by questions; treat as doubtful: 
v.i. to ask a question. 

Syn. query, inquiry, interroga¬ 
tory. 

ques-tiou-a-bil-i-ty (-a-bil'i-ti), 
n. the state or quality of being 
questionable. Also questionable¬ 
ness. 

ques-tion-a-ble f-a-bl). adj. that 
may be questioned; doubtful ; sus¬ 
picious. 

ques-tion-a-bly (-a-bli), adv. in 
a questionable manner, 
ques-tor, same as quaestor, 
quet-zal (kwet'zal). n. an Ameri¬ 
can bird of paradise, 
queue (ku), n. the tail of a wig. 
quib-ble (kwib'l), n. a petty 
evasion or cavil: v.i. to evade the 
truth by artifice or evasion ; play 
on words. 

Syn. cavil, evade, equivocate, 
prevaricate, shuffle, 
quib-bling ('ling), n. evasion, 
quick (kwik), adj. rapid; hasty; 
active; nimble; ready; sharp in 
discernment; sprightly; precipi¬ 
tate ; living ; pregnant: adv. quick¬ 
ly : n. the living flesh; sensitive 
parts; a hedge of growing shrubs. 


qu« 


Syn. lively, brisk, expeditious, 
impetuous, adroit, fleet, rapid, 
swift, sweeping, dashing, clever, 
sharp, ready, prompt, alert, nim¬ 
ble, agile, active. 

Ant. (see slow). 

quick-en ('en), v.i. to impart 
life; vivify; show signs of life in 
the womb: v.t. increase the speed 
of; to resuscitate; stimulate; 
cheer. 

quickening ('en-ing), adj. vivi¬ 
fying. 

quick-lime ('11m), n. lime burnt 
and unslaked. 

quick-ly ('li), adv. soon; swiftly, 
quick-ness ('nes), n. speed; 

activity; activeness of perception, 
quick-sand ('sand), n. sand 
easily moved or readily yielding to 
pressure; anything unreliable or 
treacherous. 

quick-set ('set), n. a living 
shrub, especially the hawthorn, 
set to grow, as for a hedge, 
quick-sil-ver ('sil-ver), n. fluid 
mercury : v.t. to overlay with an 
amalgam of mercury and tin-foil, 
quid (kwid). n. a plug of tobacco 
for chewing; a sovereign, 
quiddity < 'i-ti). n. [pi. quid¬ 
dities (-tiz)]. the essence of any¬ 
thing; a trifling nicety; captious 
question. 

quid nunc ('nungk). n. one who 
is curious to know everything that 
passes; one who pretends to a 
knowledge of current events, 
qui-esce (kwl-es'), v.i. to be si¬ 
lent. 

qui es cence ('ens). n. repose or 
rest; mental quietude. Also qui¬ 
escency. 

qui-es-cent ('ent), adj. reposing 
or resting; calm; silent, 
qui-et (kwl'et), adj. free from 
motion, disturbance, or alarm; 
still ; calm ; peaceable; gentle; 
secluded; subdued and modest; 
not showy: v.t. to calm or pacify ; 
reduce to a state of rest: v.i. to 
become quiet. 

qui-et-ude ('et-iid), n. repose: 
tranquillity. 

qui-e-tus (e'tus), n. rest; death; 
final settlement or discharge; 
heavy blow. 

quill (kwil), n. the large strong 
feather of a bird’s wing; such 
feather used as a pen; a porcu- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







qui 


679 


quo 


pine's spine ; a weaver’s spindle: 
v.t. to plait or form with small 
quill-like ridges. 

quilt (kwilt), n. a kind of cover¬ 
let or counterpane: v.t. to stitch 
together, as two pieces of cloth, 
&c., with a soft material between, 
quilting ('ing), n. the act or 
process of making a quilt; ma¬ 
terial for quilting; quilted work, 
qui na ry (kwi'na-ri), adj. con¬ 
sisting of, or arranged in, fives, 
quin-ine (kwin'en or kwl'nin), 
n. an alkaline substance obtained 
from the bark of the Cinchona 
tree: used as a febrifuge and 
tonic. 

quin-qua-ges-i-ma (-kwa-jes'i- 
ma), adj. fiftieth. 
Quin-qua-ges-i-ma S u n - d a y 

(sun'da), n. the Sunday next be¬ 
fore Lent. 

quinque, a prefix meaning five, as 
quinque rente, a galley with five 
banks of oars. 

quin-quem-ni-al (-kwen'i-al), adj. 
recurring once in, or lasting, five 
years. 

quin-sy ('zi), n. inflammation of 
the tonsils of the throat, 
quint (kwint), n. a set or se¬ 
quence of five. 

quin-tal ('tal), n. a weight of 100 
or 112 lbs. 

quin-tan ('tan), adj. recurring 
every fifth day : n. an intermittent 
fever which recurs thus, 
quin-tes-sence (kw r in-tes'ens), n. 
the pure concentrated essence of 
anything; vital or essential part, 
quin-tet (-tet'), n. a musical com¬ 
position in five obligato parts. 
Also quintette, quintetto. 
quin-til-lion (-til'yun), n. in the 
French system of enumeration, 
followed in the United States, a 
thousand quadrillions; in the 
English system, a million raised 
to the fifth power, expressed by 
a unit followed by thirty ciphers, 
quin-tu-ple ('tu-pl), v.t. to make 
fivefold : adj. fivefold, 
quip (kwip), n. a short sarcastic 
turn or retort; jeer: v.i. [ pt. & 
p.p. quipped, p.pr. quipping], to 
scoff; jeer. 

quire (kwir), n. 24 sheets; an 
obsolete form of choir. 

Qui -ri-nal (kwi-ri'nal), n. at 
Rome, the royal palace. 


Qui-ri-tes (-ri'tez), n.pl. the an¬ 
cient Romans in their civil ca¬ 
pacity. 

quirk (kwerk), n. an artful eva¬ 
sion ; subterfuge ; quibble ; smart 
retort; a* light irregular air or 
melody. 

quit (kwit), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. quit 
or quitted, p.pr. quitting], to de¬ 
part from; discharge (an obli¬ 
gation); give up; forsake: adj. 
set free. 

quitch (kwich), n. couch-grass, 
quit-tance (kwit'ans), n. dis¬ 
charge from a debt, service, or 
obligation. 

quite (kwit), adj. wholly; com¬ 
pletely. 

quiver (kwiv'er), n. a case for 
arrows; a trembling or shivering: 
v.i. to tremble, shake, or shiver, 
quix-ot-ic (kwiks-ot'ik), adj. chiv¬ 
alrous or romantic to extrava¬ 
gance : from Don Quixote, the 
hero of Cervantes’ romance, 
quix-ot-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
a quixotic manner, 
quiz (kwiz), n. an enigma or ob¬ 
scure question designed to puzzle 
anyone; one who quizzes others: 
v.t. Vp.t. & p.p. quizzed, p.pr. 
quizzing], to puzzle ; make fun of; 
banter ; hoax ; examine narrowly 
with an air of mockery; peer at. 
quiz-zic-al ('ik-al), adj. given to, 
or of the nature of, quizzing; 
comical. 

quod (kwod), n. a quadrangle; 
prison. 

quod-li-bet ('li-bet), n. a nice 
point or subtlety, 
quoif, same as coif, 
quoif-fure, same as coiffure, 
quoin (koin), n. a wedge used to 
support and steady a stone; ex¬ 
ternal angle of a building; a 
wedge of wood or metal to ele¬ 
vate a gun; wedge-shaped wood¬ 
en block to tighten the pages of 
type within the chase, 
quoit (kwoit), n. a circular ring 
of iron to be pitched at a fixed 
object: pi. the game thus played, 
quon dam (kwon'dam), adj. for¬ 
mer [Latin]. 

quo-rum (kwo'rum), n. the num¬ 
ber of members of a body or cor¬ 
poration competent to transact 
business by law or constitution. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









quo 


680 


Qur 


quo ta (kwo'ta), n. the part or 
share assigned to each. 

quo-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the act 
of quoting; that which is quoted ; 
current price. 

quote (kwot), v.t. to adduce (a 
passage) from some author or 
speaker, for authority or illustra¬ 
tion ; give the current price of. 

Syn. note, repeat, cite, adduce. 


quoth, (kwoth), v.t. said, 
quo tha (quo'th&), interj. indeed! 
quo-tid-i-an (kwo-tid'i-&n), adj. 
recurring daily. 

quo-tient ('shent), n. the num¬ 
ber resulting from the division of 
one number by another, 
quo tum ('turn), n. share; propor¬ 
tion. 

Qu ran, another form of Koran. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook: mute, nut; thin, then. 





4 









raa 


681 


rad 


R 


raad (rad), n. a legislative as¬ 
sembly [South Africa], 
rab-bet (rab'et), n. a groove cut 
longitudinally in the edge of a 
plank, &c., so that another may fit 
into it: v.t. to groove and unite 
by a rabbet. 

rab-bi ('i or 'I), n. \ pi. rabbis 
('iz) ], a, Jewish doctor or inter¬ 
preter of the law. Also rabbin, 
rab-bin-ic (-in'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the rabbis, their doctrines, 
learning, and language. Also rab¬ 
binical : n. later Hebrew, 
rab-bin-ism ('in-izm), n. rab¬ 
binic phraseology, 
rab-bin-ist ('in-ist), n. one who 
adheres to the Talmud and the 
rabbinic traditions. Also rabbin- 
ite. 

rab-bit ('it), n. a burrowing 
rodent animal, esteemed for food 
and its fur. 

rab-bit-war-ren (-wor'en), n. a 
place where rabbits burrow and 
breed. 

rab-ble ('1), n. a noisy crowd or 
mob, especially of the lower or¬ 
ders. 

rab-id ('id), adj. mad; enthusias¬ 
tic to excess. 

Syn. mad, furious, raging, fran¬ 
tic. 

Ant. (see rational), 
rab-bo-ni (ra-bo'ni), n. my mas¬ 
ter : the highest title of distinc¬ 
tion among the ancient Jews, 
ra-bi-es (ra'bi-ez), n. canine mad¬ 
ness ; madness caused by the bite 
of a dog: hydrophobia, 
ra-ca (ra'ka), adj. worthless; a 
term of great contempt among the 
ancient Jews. 

rac-coon (rak-oon'), n. a badger¬ 
like animal of North America 
with a valuable fur. Also racoon, 
race (ras), n. a rapid course, as 
of an animal or river; contest of 
speed ; career ; descent or lineage ; 
breed or variety ; peculiar strength 
or flavor; root: pi. horseraces ; v.i. 
to run swiftly; contend in run¬ 
ning : v.t. to cause to contend in a 
race. 


Syn. course, match, pursuit, 
career, family, clan, house, ances¬ 
try, lineage, pedigree, 
ra ceme (ra-sem'), n. a flower 
cluster. 

rac e mose (ras'e-mos), adj. grow 
ing in racemes. 

ra-cial (ra'sial), adj. pertaining 
to race or lineage, 
ra-ci-ly ('si-li), adv. in a racy 
manner. 

ra-ci-ness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being racy, 
rack (rak), n. an instrument for 
stretching- or straining; an engine 
for stretching the limbs to extort 
a confession; a frame in which 
articles are arranged; a grating 
above a manger for holding hay; 
a straight toothed bar working in 
the pinions of a wheel; an in¬ 
clined plane on which ore is 
washed and separated; thin, 
broken, vapory clouds; entire 
ruin: v.t. to stretch or strain 
forcibly on, or as on, the rack; 
torture ; wrest; perplex ; exhaust; 
decant or strain off. 

Syn. agonize, wring, torture, 
excruciate, distress, harass. 

Ant. (see soothe), 
rack-et ('et), n. a clattering 
noise; a network bat used in 
tennis ; a snow-shoe : pi. tennis : 
v.i. to make a clattering noise; 
frolic; play tennis: v.t. to strike, 
as with a racket. 

rack-et-ing (-ing), n. noisy, con¬ 
fused mirth. 

rack-ing-pace ('ing-pas), n. the 
pace of a horse somewhat quicker 
and shorter than an amble, 
rack-rent ('rent), n. rent raised 
to its utmost value, 
ra-coon, same as raccoon, 
rac-quet, another form of racket, 
ra-cy (ra'si). adj. having a strong 
flavor; mentally exciting ; piquant. 

Syn. spicy, pungent, smart, 
spirited, lively, vivacious. 

Ant. (see insipid, dull), 
rad-dle (rad'l), n. a hedge of 
branches interwoven : v.t. to inter¬ 
weave. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








rad 


682 


rat 


rad-dock ('ok), n. the robin red¬ 
breast. 

ra-di-al (ra'di-al), aclj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or like, or using as, a ray; 
pertaining to the radius of the 
forearm. 

ra-di-ance ('di-ans), n. bright¬ 
ness shooting in rays; brilliant 
brightness; splendor. Also radi¬ 
ancy. 

Syn. splendor, brightness, bril¬ 
liance, brilliancy, lustre, glare. 

Ant. (see dullness), 
ra-di-ant ('di-ant), adj. emitting I 
rays of light or heat; shining; 
brilliant: n. the point from which 
a shower of meteors proceeds; a 
straight line proceeding from a 
given point about which it re¬ 
volves ; the luminous point from 
which light emanates, 
ra-di-ate ('di-at), v.t. to send 
out as rays: v.i. to emit, or issue 
forth in, rays : ad}, having rays, 
ra-di-a-ticn (-a'shun), n. the 
emission or diffusion of rays of 
light or heat from one luminous 
or heated body to another, 
ra-di-a-tor f'di-a-ter), n. the 
body from which rays radiate; 
a chamber, coil, drum, &c., in an 
apartment, heated by steam, hot 
air, or hot water, &c., for radiat¬ 
ing warmth into the apart¬ 
ment. 

rad-i-cal (rad'i-kal), ad), pertain¬ 
ing to the root or origin ; funda¬ 
mental ; original; underived ; ex¬ 
treme : n. a simple underived 
word ; letter belonging to the root: 
one of the ultra-liberal party : the 
base of a chemical compound 
(also radicle). 

Rim. orsranie, innate, funda¬ 
mental, original, constitutional, in¬ 
herent, complete, entire. 

Ant. (see moderate), 
rad-i-cal-ly ('i-kal-i), adv. es¬ 
sentially: entirely, 
rad-i-cate ('i-kat). v.t. to plant 
deeply and firmly: v.i. to take 
root: ad), deeply planted or 
rooted. 

rad-i-cel ('i-sel), n. a rootlet, 
radicle f'ikIV n. that part in 
the embryo in the seed of a plant 
which becomes the root; in chem¬ 
istry, the same as radical, 
radio-active (ra'di-o-ak'tiv). [ 
adj. emitting Becquerel rays; ex¬ 


hibiting the properties possessed 
by radium. 

ra-di-o-ac-tiv-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the 
power of emitting Becquerel rays. 

ra-di-o-fy (-fl), v.t. [p.t. p.p. 
radiofied, p.pr. radiofying], to 
cause to become radio-active by 
exposing to the influence of ra¬ 
dium. 

radio-graph (-graf), n. a pic¬ 
ture obtained by means of radiog¬ 
raphy : v.t. to produce a likeness 
of by means of radiography. 

ra-di-og-ra-phy (ra-di-og'ra-fi), n. 
the art or process of ‘producing 
pictures by the action of Roent¬ 
gen rays upon certain sensitive 
salts. 

ra-di-om-e-ter (ra-di-om'e-ter), n. 
an instrument revolving in a 
vacuum, which under the influ¬ 
ence of light exhibits the energy 
of the solar rays. 

ra-dio-tel-e-graphy (-tel-e-graf'i 
or te-leg'ra-fi), n. telegraphing 
through the air without aid of 
wires; wireless telegraphy. 

ra-di-o-tel-e-plio-ny (-tel-e-fo'ni 
or tel-ef'o-ni), n. telephoning 
through the air without the aid 
of wires : wireless telephony. 

radish (rad'ish), n. a plant with 
an edible root, used as a salad. 

ra di um (ra'di-um), n. a recently 
discovered element, possessing the 
property of giving off luminous 
and actinic rays, accompanied by 
heat, without apparent loss of 
energy or weight. 

radius (ra'di-us), n. [pi. radii 
(-I) ], a straight line from the 
center to the circumference of a 
circle; exterior bone of the fore¬ 
arm ; ray of a flower: anything 
resembling a radius, as the spoke 
of a wheel. 

ra-dix ('diks). n. a root: a primi¬ 
tive word; base of a system of 
logarithms. 

raff (raf), n. a jumble; refuse; 
the rabble. 

raf-fle ('IV n. a kind of lotterv 
in which ea^h participant deposits 
a part of the value of a thing in 
consideration of the chance of 
gaining it: v.t. to dispose of by 
raffle: v.i. to take r>art in a raffle. 

raft (raft) . n. pieces of timber 
fastened together for transport by 


la*', mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let: line, tin ; vote, pQrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










raf 


683 


ral 


floating; a floating wooden frame¬ 
work : v.t. to carry on a raft, 
raft-er ('er), n. an inclined beam 
supporting the roof of a house: 
v.t. to form into, or furnish with, 
rafters. 

rafting ('ing), n. the business of 
floating rafts. 

rafts man ('man), n. a man who 
manages a raft upon a river, 
rag (rag), n. a fragment of cloth; 
a low-class newspaper: pi. worn- 
out or tattered garments; mean 
dress.* 

rag-a-muf-fin ('a-muf-in), n. a 
low, disreputable fellow, 
rage (raj), n. excessive and un¬ 
controlled anger; vehemence ; ex¬ 
treme violence ; enthusiasm ; ex¬ 
treme desire or eagerness: v.i. to 
be furious with anger; prevail 
fatally, as a disease; be violently 
agitated, as the sea ; ravage, 
rage-ful ('fool), adj. full of rage, 
ragg, same as ragstone, 
rag-ged (rag'ed), adj. rent or 
worn into rags; clothed in tat¬ 
tered garments ; destitute ; rough ; 
jagged. 

rag-ing (raj'ing), p.adj. acting 
with fury; violent; vehement; 
frantic : n. fury ; violence, 
ra-gout (ra-goo'), n. a dish of 
stewed and highly seasoned meat, 
rag-stone (rag'ston), n. any hard, 
coarse-textured rock, 
rag-time ('tim), n. syncopated 
time, characteristic of negro melo¬ 
dies. 

rag-wort (rag'wert), n. a com¬ 
mon plant with jagged leaves, 
raid (rad), n. a hostile or pred¬ 
atory incursion: v.t. to make a 
raid upon. 

rail (ral), n. a bar of timber or 
metal extending from one support 
to another; w T ooden or iron fence; 
a railway ; a wading bird with a 
harsh cry: v.i. to brawl; use 
opprobrious language; scoff: v.t. 
to inclose with rails; despatch by 
rail. 

rail-ing ('ing), n. material for 
rails; fence made of posts and 
rails: adj. insulting or reproach¬ 
ing. 

rail-ler-y ('er-i), n. good-humored 
irony or satire ; banter. 


rail-leur (-yer'), n. a banterer 
[French]. 

rail-way ('wa), n. a way or road 
laid with two parallel iron or steel 
rails along which cars are drawn 
by steam power, electricity, &c. 
Also railroad. 

rai-ment (ra'ment), n. clothing. 

rain (ran), n. water in drops dis¬ 
charged from the clouds; v.i. to 
fall in drops from the clouds; 
drop like rain : v.t. to pour down 
like rain. 

rain-bow ('bo), n. the bright- 
colored arc formed in the heavens 
by the refraction or reflection of 
the sun’s rays falling upon watery 
particles in that part of the 
heavens opposite to the sun. 

rain-fall ('fawl), n. the amount 
of rain that falls on any given 
area. 

rain-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being rainy. 

rain-y ('i), adj. abounding with 
rain. 

raise (raz), v.t. to cause to rise; 
lift up; elevate; originate or pro¬ 
duce ; promote ; rouse ; increase ; 
construct; levy ; collect; cause to 
appear; cause to swell. 

rai-sin (ra'zn), n. a dried grape. 

ra-jah (rli'ja), n. a Hindu king, 
prince, or chief. 

raj-put (riij-poot'), n. a Hindu of 
royal descent or of the higher 
military caste. Also rajpoot. 

rake (rak), n. a toothed imple¬ 
ment for smoothing the soil; a 
rascal; inclination or slope; that 
part of the bow or stern of a ship . 
that projects beyond the keel: 
v.t. to gather or smooth with a 
rake ; collect together ; scour; fire 
upon, so as to sweep the deck of 
a vessel in a longitudinal direc¬ 
tion : v.i. to slope from the per¬ 
pendicular. 

rak-isli (rak'isli), adj. dissolute; 
debauched. 

ral-ly (M), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. rallied, 
p.pr. rallying], to collect and ar¬ 
range, as troops in confusion; re¬ 
unite ; attack with raillery; ban¬ 
ter or satirize humorously; v.i. to 
return to order; recover strength; 
exercise raillery: n. the act of 
recovering order, or of regaining 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then . 








ram 


684 


ran 


strength; good humored satire; 
horseplay, as in a pantomime, 
ram (ram), n. the male of a 
sheep; one of the signs (Aries) of 
the zodiac; a military engine for 
battering; a hydraulic engine; an 
iron-clad with a steel beak: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. rammed, p.pr. ram¬ 
ming], to push or press with 
force. 

ram-ble ('bl), v.i. to wander or 
rove about; visit many places; be 
desultory: n. a roving or wander¬ 
ing from place to place, 
ra-mee (ra-me'), same as ramie, 
ramen-ta (-men'ta), n.pl. the 
thin brown scales which cover the 
stems of ferns. 

ram - i - fi - ca - tion (ram-i-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. a division or separation 
into branches ; sub-division ; man¬ 
ner of producing branches, 
ramie (ram'e), n. grass-cloth 
plant, or its fiber, 
ram-i-fy ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
ramified, p.pr. ramifying], to 
divide into branches, or divisions: 
v.i. to shoot into branches; be¬ 
come divided or sub-divided, 
ram mer ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, rams; an instrument 
for forcibly driving anything; a 
rod for forcing down the charge 
of a gun. 

ramose (ra'mos), adj. branched; 
producing branches. Also ra- 
mous. 

ramp (ramp), v.i. to climb like a 
plant; spring; leap violently ; n. 
a leap or bound. 

ram-page (ram'paj), v.i. to 
prance about with unrestrained 
spirits; be furious: n. a state of 
excitement. 

ram-pant ('pant), adj. overleap¬ 
ing restraint or natural bounds; 
in heraldry, standing upright on 
the hind legs. 

ram-part ('part), n. a mound or 
wall surrounding a fortified place ; 
protection from assault or danger : 
v.t. to fortify with a rampart, 
ram-rod ('rod), n. a rod used for 
ramming dow r n the charge of a 
gun. 

ram-shack-1 e ('shak-1), adj. 

loose; out of repair, 
ra-mus (ra'mus j , n. a branch, 
ran, p.t. of run. 


ranch (ranch), n. a cattle-farm. 

Also ranche, rancho [Mexican], 
ran-che-ro (ran-cha'ro), n. a 
herdsman [Mexican], 
ran-cid (ran'sid), adj. having a 
rank, unpleasant smell; sour or 
musty. 

Syn. fetid, rank, stinking, sour, 
tainted, reasty. 

Ant. (see fresh), 
ran-cid-i-ty ('i-ti), n. rancid con¬ 
dition. Also rancidness, 
ran-cor (rang'ker), n. implacable 
enmity; deep spite or malice. 

# Syn. malignity, hatred, hos¬ 
tility, antipathy, animosity, en¬ 
mity, ill will, spite. 

Ant. (see forgiveness), 
ran-cor-ous (-us), adj. malignant; 
spiteful. 

rand (rand), n. an edge, margin, 
or border. 

ran-dan (ran'dan), n. a boat pro¬ 
pelled by three rowers, one in the 
center using two oars and the 
others one oar each, 
ran-dom ('dum), n. want of direc¬ 
tion or method; chance: adj. 
done haphazard; left to chance, 
or without method, 
ranee (ran'e), n. a Hindu queen 
or princess; rajah’s wife. Also 
rani, rannee. 
rang, p.t. of ring, 
range (ranj), v.t. to set or ar¬ 
range in a row ; place in proper 
order; rove over; sail along in a 
parallel direction: n. a rank or 
row ; order or class ; space or room 
for excursion; extent of discourse 
or roaming; power; an extended 
kitchen grate; distance to which 
a shot, &c., can be projected, 
ranger ('er), n. a rover; the 
chief official or keeper of a park 
or forest; a variety of dog. 
rank (rangk), n. a row or line, 
especially of soldiers placed 
abreast; station or position; 
grade ; dignity ; eminence ; v.t. to 
draw up in line; include in a 
particular class, or order, or di¬ 
vision : v.i. to hold a certain posi¬ 
tion : adj. luxuriant in growth; 
excessive ; coarse ; rancid. 

Syn. order, degree, dignity, no¬ 
bility, consideration, 
ran-kle ('1), v.i. to grow more 
rank or strong; fester; become 
mentally disquieted or irritated. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; mflon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ran 


685 


ras 


ran sack (ran'sak), v.t. to search 
minutely ; rummage : plunder. 

Syn. rummage, pillage, over¬ 
haul, explore, plunder, 
ran-som ('sum), v.t. to free from 
captivity, slavery, or punishment, 
by a payment; atone for; redeem 
from the bondage of sin: n. price 
paid for release from captivity, 
&c., or for goods captured by an 
enemy; price paid for procuring 
the pardon of sin and the re¬ 
demption of the sinner. 

Syn. emancipate, free, unfetter, 
rant (rant), v.i. to bluster or be 
noisily wordy; rave in extrava¬ 
gant or violent language : n. noisy ; 
empty declamation. 

Syn. bombast, fustian, cant, 
ranter ('er), n. one who rants; 

a boisterous preacher, 
rap (rap), v.i. to strike a quick, 
sharp blow; knock : v.t. to strike 
sharply > n. a quick, sharp blow ; 
something of no value, 
ra-pa-cious (ra-pa'shus), adj. 
given to plunder; seizing forcibly ; 
subsisting on prey ; greedy ; avari¬ 
cious. 

Syn. ravenous, greedy, vora¬ 
cious, grasping. 

Ant. (see generous), 
xa-pac-i-ty (-pas'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being rapacious. Also 
rapaciousness. 

rape (rap), n. a seizing and carry¬ 
ing away by force; the seizure 
and carnal knowledge of a woman 
against her will; a plant of the 
cabbage family, from the seeds 
of which an oil (colza oil) is ex¬ 
pressed. 

rap-id (rap'id), adj. very quick 
or swift; expeditious: n.pl. a 
swift current in a river where the 
channel is descending, 
ra-pi-er (ra'pi-er), n. a long thin 
sword, used for thrusting, 
rap-ine (rap'in, or 'in), n. the 
act of plundering or seizing forci¬ 
bly ; pillage; violence, 
rap-port (-por'>, n. harmonious 
relation; affinity. 

rap - proche - ment (ra-prosh'- 
miing), n. the act of coming to¬ 
gether ; an understanding, 
rap-scal-lion (rap-scal'yun), n. 
a rascal. 

rapt (rapt), p.adj. transported; 
ravished. 


Syn. ecstatic, transported, rav¬ 
ished, entranced, charmed. 

Ant. (see distracted). 
Rap-to-res (rap-to'rez), n.pl. an 
order of birds characterized by the 
strength of their claws and bills, 
including the eagles, owls, &c. 
rap-to-ri-al ('ri-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Raptores. Also rap- 
torious. 

rap-ture ('tur), n. extreme pleas¬ 
ure or delight; ecstasy; enthu¬ 
siasm. 

Syn. ecstacy, transport, delight, 
bliss. 

Ant. (see dejection), 
rap-tured, same as rapt, 
rare (rar), adj. [comp, rarer, 
superl. rarest], scarce; uncom¬ 
mon ; unusual; thinly scattered ; 
not dense; excellent; incompar¬ 
able ; of loose texture; almost 
raw. 

Syn. scarce, singular, uncom¬ 
mon. 

rare-bit ('bit), n. a dainty mor¬ 
sel. 

rar-e-f ac-tion (rar-e-fak'shun), 
n. the act of rarefying or render¬ 
ing less dense. 

rar-e-fy (rar'e-fi), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
rarefied, p.pr. rarefying], to make 
rare, thin, or less dense; ex¬ 
pand : v.i. to become less dense, 
rare-ly ('li), adv. seldom, 
rare ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being rare, 
rare-ripe (rar'rip), adj. ripe be¬ 
fore the usual season: n. an early 
fruit. 

rar-i-ty ('i-ti), n. a rare article; 

exceptional excellence; rareness, 
ras-cal ('kfil), n. a mean fellow; 
a scoundrel; one who is guilty of 
mean offenses. 

Syn. scoundrel, rogue, knave, 
vagabond, scamp. 

ras-cal-dom (-dum), n. rascals 
collectively. 

ras-cal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state of 
being a rascal; petty villainy or 
dishonesty. 

rash (rash), adj. hasty; incau¬ 
tious ; precipitate; acting with¬ 
out caution or reflection: n. a 
slight cutaneous eruption. 

Syn. precipitate, foolhardy, ad¬ 
venturous, heedless, reckless, care¬ 
less. 

Ant. (see deliberate). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







ras 


6 80 


rat 


rasher ('er), n. a thin slice of 
bacon. 

Ra-so-res (ra-so'rez), n.pl. an 
order of birds, including the barn 
fowls, pheasants, partridges, &c., 
who scratch the ground in search 
of food. 

ra-so-ri-al ('ri-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Rasores. 
rasp (rasp), v.t. to rub with, or 
as with, a rough instrument; file 
with a rasp : n. a kind of rough 
file. 

rasp-ber-ry (raz'ber-i), n. [pi. 
raspberries (-iz)], a shrub and its 
well-known fruit, 
ra-sure (ra'zur), n. erasure, 
rat (rat), n. an animal of the 
mouse family but larger and more 
voracious; one who deserts his 
party ; a workman who works dur¬ 
ing a strike, or for less than the 
usual wages: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
ratted, p.pr. ratting], to desert 
one’s party ; to act the rat: said of 
a workman; to catch rats, 
rat-a-ble (rat'a-bl), adj. assessed 
at a certain value; liable to be 
assessed. 

rat-a-bly ('a-bli), adv. proportion¬ 
ally. 

ra-tan, same as rattan, 
ratch (rach), n. a toothed bar 
into which a click drops; the 
wheel of a clock which causes it 
to strike. 

ratch-et ('et), n. the detent which 
stops a ratchet-wheel, 
ratch-et-wheel (hwel), n. a cir¬ 
cular ratch. 

rate (rat), n. ratio or proportion; 
price fixed or stated; comparative 
value; degree; a tax or assess¬ 
ment ; speed at which anything is 
done or performed; class of war¬ 
ship : v.t. to estimate; settle or 
fix the value, rank, or degree of; 
scold vehemently and hastily: v.i. 
to make an estimate; be placed 
in a certain class or rank. 

Syn. value, compute, appraise, 
estimate, chide, abuse, 
rath-er (rkth'ev). adv. sooner; 
more willingly; on the contrary ; 
preferably to-the other, 
rat-i-fi-ca-tion (rat-i-fi-ka'shun), 
n. the act of ratifying; confirma¬ 
tion. 

rat-i-fi-er ('i-fi-er), n. one who 
ratifies. 


rat-i-£y ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
ratified, p.pr. ratifying], to ap¬ 
prove and sanction ; settle or con¬ 
firm ; establish. 

Syn. confirm, establish, substan¬ 
tiate, sanction. • 

Ant. (see protest), 
ra-ti-o (ra'shi-o), n. [pi. ratios 
(-oz)], the relation or proportion 
of one thing or quantity to an¬ 
other. 

ra-ti-oc-i-nate (rash-i-os'i-nat), 

v.i. to reason deductively; argue, 
ra-ti-oc-i-na-tion (-i-na'shun), n. 
the act or process of reasoning; 
deducing conclusions from prem¬ 
ises. 

ra-ti-oc-i-na-tive ('i-na-tiv), adj. 

argumentative. 

ra-tion (ra'shun), n. an allow¬ 
ance : pi. allowance of provisions 
given per man for daily sub¬ 
sistence : v.t. to furnish with 
rations. 

ra-tion-al (rash'un-al), adj. 
agreeable to, or consistent with, 
reason; neither extravagant nor 
foolish ; wise ; judicious. 

Syn. reasonable, sagacious, ju¬ 
dicious, wise, sensible, sound. 

Ant. (see unreasonable), 
ra-tio-na-le (rash-o-na'le), n. a 
series of reasons assigned for any 
opinion, action, &c. 
ra-tion-al-ism ('un-al-izm), n. a 
system or doctrine which, reject¬ 
ing revelation, makes reason the 
sole guide in the interpretation of 
Scripture and dogma, 
ra-tion-al-ist (-ist), n. one who 
upholds or supports rationalism, 
ra-tion-al-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. 
pertaining to, characteristic of, or 
like, rationalism. 

ra-tion-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. the 
quality of being rational; power 
of reasoning; reasonableness; 
mental sanity. 

ra-tion-al-ize ('al-Iz), v.t. to in¬ 
terpret as a rationalist; convert 
to rationalism : v.i. to rely solely 
on reason or as a rationalist, 
ra-tion-al-ly ('al-li), adv. in a 
rational manner; in accordance 
with reason. 

rat-lins (rat'linz), n.pl. small 
horizontal ropes, extending over 
the • shrouds forming ladder-like 
steps. Also ratlines. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdreli, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







rat 


687 


re 


ratsbane (rats'ban), n. poison 
for rats; arsenious acid, 
rat-tan (rat-an'), n. one of the 
long, smooth, reed-like stems of 
several species of palms; a rattan 
walking stick. 

rat-teen (-teen'), n. a thick 
woolen quilted or twilled stuff, 
rat-ti-net (-i-net'), n. an inferior 
kind of ratteen. 

rat-ting ('ing), n. the act of 
deserting one's party ; the act of 
catching rats; working for less 
than current prices, 
rat-tie (rat'l), v.i. to produce 
rapidly sharp noises; speak rapid¬ 
ly or noisily; ride rapidly: v.t. 
to cause to make a rapid, sharp 
noise; stun with noise; drive 
rapidly; scold: n. a succession of 
rapid, sharp noises: noisy, rapid, 
empty talk; a child’s toy for 
rattling. 

rat-tier (rat'ler), n. one who or 
that which rattles; a rattlesnake, 
rat-tle-snake (-snak), n. a 
venomous snake with hard bony 
rings on the tail producing a rat¬ 
tling sound when in motion, 
rat-tling ('ling), adj. making a 
rapid succession of sharp, noisy 
sounds; quick: adv. very : n. noise 
produced by a rattle, 
rau cous (raw'kus), adj. hoarse, 
rav-age (rav'aj), v.t. to lay 
waste ; pillage ; plunder or sack : 
n. destruction by violence or de¬ 
cay ; devastation; ruin. 

Syn. overrun, overspread, deso¬ 
late, despoil, destroy, 
rave (rav), v.i. to wander in the 
mind or be delirious; rage as a 
madman. 

rav-el (rav'l). v.t. to unweave or 
untwist; involve or entangle : v.i. 
to be unwoven or untwisted ; busy 
one’s seif with perplexities, 
rave-lin ('lin), n. a detached 
work with two embankments mak¬ 
ing a salient angle, 
rav-el-ings ('el-ingz), n.pl. 
threads detached by untwisting, 
ra ven (ra'vn), n. a large bird of 
the crow family noted for its deep 
black color: adj. raven-colored, 
rav-en (rav'n), v.t. to obtain, or 
seize, by violence; devour with 
greediness or voracity: n. vio¬ 
lence; plunder; prey. 


rav-en-ing ('n-ing),’ n. eagerness 
for plunder. 

ravenous ('n-us), adj. devour¬ 
ing with rapacity; eagerly vora¬ 
cious ; eager for gratification, 
ra-vine (ra-ven'), n. a long, deep 
hollow, worn by the action of a 
stream or torrent; mountain 
gorge. 

rav-ish (rav'ish), v.t. to seize 
and to carry away by force; have 
sexual intercourse with (a woman) 
by force and without her con¬ 
sent ; transport with delight or 
rapture. 

Syn. enrapture, enchant, charm, 
delight, abuse. 

rav ish ment ('ish-ment), n. forci¬ 
ble violation of chastity; rape; 
abduction ; transport; rapture, 
raw (raw), adj. uncooked; crude; 
without skin ; sore; not spun or 
twisted; in the natural state; un¬ 
tanned ; undiluted ; unripe ; inex¬ 
perienced ; cold and damp: n. a 
sore. 

raw-boned ('oond), adj. with 
little flesh on the bones, 
raw-hide ('hid), n. a cowhide 
whip. 

raw-ish ('ish), adj. somewhat 
raw. 

ray (ra), n. a line or pencil of 
light proceeding from a radiant 
point; light; beam of intellectual 
light; perception or apprehension ; 
the outer whorl of a floret; a 
radius; a cartilaginous fish of the 
genus Raia, as the skate, &c. : 
v.t. to shoot forth, as a ray : v.i. 
shine forth. 

ra-yah (ra'ya), n. in Turkey, a 
non-Mohammedan, 
raze (raz), v.t. to level to the 
ground; blot out; efface; graze 
or shave. 

Syn. demolish, destroy, over¬ 
throw, ruin, dismantle. 

Ant. (see build up), 
ra-zee (ra-ze'), n. a large war¬ 
ship cut down to a smaller size 
and inferior class, 
ra-zor ('zer), n. a sharp-edged 
cutting instrument used for shav¬ 
ing. 

ra-zor-bill (-bil), n. the auk. 
ra-zure, same as rasure. 
re, prefix noting repetition or ret¬ 
rograde action. 


\ 


lfr<\ miir. mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








rea 


688 


rea 


reach (rech), v.t. to touch with 
the extended hand; stretch forth ; 
arrive at; gain ; penetrate to ; in¬ 
clude : v.i. to be extended so as 
to touch; endeavor to obtain 
something; the power of reach¬ 
ing or attaining; distance that 
can be reached; limit of power 
or ability; stretch of water or 
stream. 

Syn. touch, stretch, attain, gain, 
arrive at. 

read (red), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. read 
(red), p.pr. reading], to observe 
and apprehend the meaning of 
(something written, printed, or 
inscribed); peruse; discover by 
observation; study: v.i. to per¬ 
form the act of reading; peruse 
written or printed matter, 
read (red), adj. well-informed or 
acquainted with books, 
read-a-ble (red'a-bl), adj. fit to 
be read; worth reading; legible, 
read-er ('er), n. one who reads; 
one who reads prayers in church; 
a corrector of the press; a uni¬ 
versity lecturer; a reading-book, 
read-i-ly (red'i-li), adv. in a 
ready manner; quickly ; easily ; 
willingly. 

read-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being ready; promptness; 
cheerfulness. 

read-ing (red'ing), adj. addicted 
to reading: n. perusal of books; 
lecture ; public recital; variation ; 
version or interpretation of a 
particular passage in a book or 
MS.; observation made by ex¬ 
amining a scientific instrument; 
formal recital of a bill by the 
proper officer before a legislative 
assembly. 

read-y (red'i), adj. [comp, readier, 
superl. readiest], prepared at the 
moment; quick ; prompt; fit for 
a purpose; willing; near; about 
to do or be; dexterous. 

Syn. prepared, ripe, apt, 
prompt, adroit, handy. 

Ant. (see slow). 

real (re'al), adj. actually exist¬ 
ing ; not fictitious ; genuine ; true ; 
pertaining to things fixed, as 
lands or tenements; not personal: 
n. (ra'fil) a Spanish coin = 5 
cents (about). 


Syn. actual, literal, practical, 
positive, certain, genuine, true. 

Ant. (see unreal). 
real es-tate (es-tat), n. lands 
and all appertaining to them, 
re-al-ism ('&l-izm), n. the repre¬ 
sentation of nature or social life 
as it actually appears; the doc¬ 
trine that the objects immediately 
known are real existences, 
re-al-ist (-ist), n. one who holds 
the doctrine of, or practices, real¬ 
ism. 

re-al-is-tic (-is'tik). adj. pertain¬ 
ing to realism and realists, 
re-al-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. realities 
(-tiz)], actual existence; fact; 
truth. 

re-al-i-za-tion (-i-za'shun), n. the 
act of realizing, or of making and 
believing real; conversion of 
money into real property, or the 
contrary. 

re-al-ize ('51-iz), v.t. to bring into 
act or being; make real; convert 
into real property or money; 
bring home to one’s self; achieve; 
complete. 

Syn. accomplish, achieve, effect, 
gain, get. acquire, comprehend, 
re-al-ly ('&l-li), adv. with actual 
existence; in truth, 
realm (relm), n. royal jurisdic¬ 
tion or territory ; kingdom ; em¬ 
pire ; state. 

re-al-ty ('&l-ti), n. real estate, 
ream (rem), n. 20 quires, or 480 
sheets of paper; 516 sheets 

(printer’s ream). 

reap (rep), v.t. to cut with a 
scythe, sickle, or corn-cutting ma¬ 
chine ; perform the operation of 
reaping; gather in; receive as 
a reward. 

Syn. gain, get, acquire, obtain, 
rear (rer), n. the part behind the 
rest; last in order; background ; 
that part of a fleet or army behind 
the other: v.t. raise or lift up; 
exalt; build; educate; bring to 
maturity: v.i. to assume an erect 
posture: adj. pertaining to the 
rear. 

rear-ad-mir-al (-ad'mir-ftl), n, 
in the United States navy, an 
officer ranking next below the 
admiral; in other navies an officer- 
ranking next below a vice-admiral, 
rea son (re'zn), n. that mental 


late, mar, m^sk, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot: moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







rea 


689 


rec 


faculty in man which enables him 
to deduce inferences from facts, 
and to distinguish between right 
and wrong; right judgment: effi¬ 
cient or final cause; cause for 
opinion or act; premise of an 
argument, especially the minor: 
v.i. to exercise the faculty of rea¬ 
son ; argue; infer conclusions 
from premises: v.t. to persuade by 
reasoning; examine by the rea¬ 
son ; plead for. 

Syn. motive, design, end, proof, 
cause, ground, purpose, deduce, 
draw from, trace, infer, conclude, 
rea-son-a-ble (-A-bl), adj. en¬ 
dowed with reason; rational; 
equitable; moderate; fair. 

Syn. rational, wise, honest, fair, 
right, just. 

Ant. (see unreasonable), 
rea-son-a-ble-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality or state of being reason¬ 
able ; moderation. 

rea-son-a-bly (-a-bli), adv. in a 
reasonable manner, 
rea son ing (-ing), n. the exer¬ 
cise of the faculty of reason ; ar¬ 
gumentation ; reasons adduced or 
employed. 

re-bate (-bat'), v.t. to make 
blunt; make obtuse; abate or di¬ 
minish : n. a return to shippers by 
transportation companies of part 
of freight charges, 
reb-el (reb'el), n. one who re¬ 
volts from his allegiance or defies 
constituted authority : adj. rebel¬ 
lious : v.i. (re-bel') [p.t. & p.p. 
rebelled, p.pr. rebelling], to take 
up arms and resist lawful or con¬ 
stituted authority; revolt; rise 
against authority. 

re-bel-ler ('er). n. one who rebels, 
re-bel-lion ('yun), n. insurrec¬ 
tion against, or open resistance to, 
lawful or constituted authority; 
revolt. 

Syn. insurrection, revolt, 
re-bel-lious ('yus), adj. opposing 
lawful or constituted authority, 
re-bound (re-bound'), v.i. to start 
or leap back; re-echo; to rever¬ 
berate: n. the act of rebounding; 
a leaping or flying back, 
re-buff (-buf'), n. a beating back; 
sudden check or resistance; de¬ 
feat ; refusal: v.t. to beat back; 
repel; check ; refuse. 


re-buke (-buk'), n. reprimand 
or reproof; chiding; chastise¬ 
ment : v.t. to reprimand or chide; 
chastise. 

re-bus (re'bus), n. [pi. rebuses 
(-ez)], an enigmatical represen¬ 
tation of a word or phrase by pic¬ 
tures or figures instead of w T ords; 
in heraldry, a coat of arms bear¬ 
ing an allusion to the name of the 
wearer. 

re-but (re-but'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
rebutted, p.pr. rebutting], to beat 
back; oppose by argument or 
proof; repel: v.i. in law, to put 
in or return an answer, 
re-but-tal ('al), n. the act of re¬ 
butting. 

re-but-ter ('er), n. one who re¬ 
buts ; the answer of a plaintiff 
to the rejoinder of a defendant, 
re-cal-ci-trant (-kal'si-trant), adj. 
refractory. 

re-call (-kawl'), v.t. to call back; 
remember ; revoke ; withdraw : n. 
a revocation ; the power of unseat¬ 
ing an unsatisfactory legislator, 
re-cant (-kant'), v.t. to withdraw 
or retract; abjure. 

Syn. recall, abjure, retract, re¬ 
voke. 

re-can-ta-tion (-kan-ta'shun), n. 
the act of recanting; a declaration 
recalling and contradicting a for¬ 
mer one. 

re-ca-pit-u-late (-k&-pit'fl-lat), 
v.t. to go over, or summarize, the 
chief points of a discourse, argu¬ 
ment, &c. 

re-ca-pit-u-la-tion (-la'shun), n. 

the act of recapitulating, 
re-ca-pit-u-la-to-ry ('u-la-to-ri), 
adj. repeating again in brief, 
re-cap-tion (-kap'shun), n. re 
prisal. 

re-cede (-sed'). v.i. to fall back or 
retrograde; retreat: v.t.''to cede 
back to a former possessor. 

Syn. retire, retreat, withdraw, 
ebb. 

re-eeipt (-set'), n. the act of re¬ 
ceiving ; reception; a recipe; 
written acknowledgment of any¬ 
thing received : v.t. to give a re¬ 
ceipt for; sign in acknowledgment 
of. 

re-ceiv-a-ble (-sev'a-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being received, 
re-eeive (-sev'), v.t. to take or ob¬ 


late, m&r, mAsk, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 


H2S 






rec 


690 


rec 


tain from another in any manner; 
accept; obtain ; entertain ; gain 
knowledge of; suffer; take in, as 
stolen goods. 

Syn. accept, take, admit, en¬ 
tertain. 

re-ceiv-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, receives; one who 
buys stolen goods: a person ap¬ 
pointed by a court to manage 
property in controversy, 
re cen cy (re'sen-si), n. lateness 
of time; newness. Also recent¬ 
ness. 

re-cen-sion (re-sen'shun), n. re¬ 
view or revision, especially critical 
revision of the text of an author; 
the text thus revised and estab¬ 
lished. 

re-cent ('sent), adj. of late origin 
or occurrence; new; modern; 
fresh ; newly arrived ; subsequent 
to man’s existence, 
re-cep-ta-cle (-sep'ta-kll, n. a 
vessel or place into which any¬ 
thing is received; basis of a 
flower. 

re-cep-ti-bil-i-ty (-ti-bil'i-ti), n. 

the quality of being receivable, 
re-cep-tion ('shun), n. the act of 
receiving; the state of being re- 
' ceived ; welcome ; entertainment; 
admission; formal or official re¬ 
ceiving of a person. 

»S Ujn. receiving, levee, receipt, 
admission. 

re-cep-tive ('tiv), adj. having the 
quality of receiving or contain¬ 
ing ; capable of receiving mental 
impressions. 

re-cess (-ses'), n. withdrawal; 
state of being in retirement; se¬ 
clusion ; remission of business; 
cavity in a room or alcove; niche. 

»S 'yn. retreat, depth, niche, va¬ 
cation,,, intermission, 
re-ces-sion (-sesh'un), n. the act 
of receding or withdrawal ; ces¬ 
sion back. 

re-cber-che (re-sher-sha'), adj. 
I uncommon ; rare ; exquisite ; 
choice. 

rec-i-pe (res'i-pe), n. a medical 
prescription; formula for com¬ 
pounding anything, 
re-cip-i-ent (re-sip'i-ent), n. one 
who receives: adj. receiving, 
re-cip-ro-cal ('ro-kal), adj. mu¬ 


tual; alternating; mutually inter¬ 
changeable. 

re-cip-ro-cal-ly (-li), adv. mu¬ 
tually. 

re-cip-ro-cate ('ro-kat), v.t. to 
give and receive mutually: v.i. to 
alternate ; interchange, 
re-cip-ro-ca-ting ('ro-ka-ting), 
.adj. moving backwards and for¬ 
wards. 

re-cip-ro-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. 
interchange of acts; reciprocal 
motion. 

rec-i-proc-i-ty (res-i-pros'i-ti), n. 
reciprocal obligation or right; 
equal mutual rights or benefits t© 
be yielded or enjoyed, 
re-ci-sion (re-sizh'un), n. the act 
of cutting off. 

re-ci-tal (-si'tal), n. the act of 
reciting; rehearsal; narrative ; a 
musical entertainment by one per¬ 
former. 

rec-i-ta-tion (res-i-ta'shun), n. 
a public reading; delivery of a 
composition committed to mem¬ 
ory ; the composition so delivered, 
rec-i-ta-tive (-ta-tev'), adj. per¬ 
taining to recitation; words 
spoken in the sounds of the musi¬ 
cal scale; chant. Also recitativo 
[Italian] : adj. uttered musically; 
chanted. 

rec-i-ta-tive-ly ('li), adv. in a 
recitative manner, 
re-cite (re-sit'), v.t. to repeat 
aloud from memory ; enumerate; 
rehearse; recapitulate, 
reck (rek), v.t. & v.i. to care for; 
heed. 

reck-less ('les), adj. heedless of 
consequences; careless; thought¬ 
less. 

reck-less-ness (-nes), n. careless¬ 
ness ; thoughtlessness; heedless¬ 
ness. 

reckon ('n), v.t. to count or com¬ 
pute ; number; estimate by rank: 
v.i. to calculate; charge to ac¬ 
count ; make up accounts; pay a 
penalty; reason with one’s self 
and conclude from argument; 
think or suppose. 

reck-on-ing (-ing), n. computa¬ 
tion ; calculation; statement of 
accounts between debtor and 
creditor; money charged by a 
host: estimated position of a ship 
by its progress and course. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 










rec 


691 


rec 


re-claim (re-klam'), v.t. to call 
back ; demand the return of; re¬ 
form ; bring under cultivation, 
rec-li-nate (rek'li-nat), adj. re¬ 
clined, as a leaf. 

rec-li-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
act of reclining. 

re-cline (-kiln'), v.t. to cause 
to lean or lie back; lean to one 
side: v.i. to rest or repose, 
re-cluse (re-kloos'), n. one who 
lives in retirement; hermit; an¬ 
chorite : adj. retired from the 
world ; solitary ; secluded, 
re-cluse-ly ('li), adv. in a re¬ 
cluse manner. 

re-eluse-ness ('nes), n. retire¬ 
ment from society. Also reclu¬ 
sion. 

re-clu-sive ('siv), adj. affording 
retirement from the world or 
society. 

rec-og-ni-za-ble (rek'og-niz-a-bl), 
adj. capable of being recognized, 
re cog ni zance (re-kog'ni-zans or 
re-kon'i-zans), n. avowal; ac¬ 
knowledgment ; badge or token; a 
legal obligation entered into be¬ 
fore a magistrate or court to do, 
or abstain from doing, some par¬ 
ticular act. 

rec-og-nize (rek'og-nlz), v.t. to 
know again; acknowledge; avow; 
admit with a formal acknowledg¬ 
ment : v.i. to enter into recog¬ 
nizance. 

rec-og-niz-er (-er), n. one who 
recognizes. 

re-cog-ni-zor (re-cog'ni-zer or re- 
kon'i-zer), n. in law, one who 
enters into a recognizance, 
rec-og-ni-tion (rek-og-nish'un), 
n. the act of recognizing; the state 
of being recognized; remem¬ 
brance ; recollection ; formal avow¬ 
al. 

rec-ol-lect (-ol-ekt'), v.t. to call 
to memory ; (re-kol-ekt'), to 

gather together again, 
rec-ol-lec-tion (rek-ol-ek'shun), 
n. memory ; that which is remem¬ 
bered. 

rec-ol-lect-ive ('tiv), adj. having 
the faculty of recollecting or re¬ 
membering. 

rec om mend (-om-end'), v.t. to 
commend to another; introduce 
favorably; advise. 

recommendation • (-en-da'- 


shun), n. the act of recommend¬ 
ing ; favorable introduction, 
rec-om-men-da-to-ry (,'da-to-ri), 
adj. that recommends, 
re com mit (re-kom-it'), v.t. [ p.t. 
& p.p. recommitted, p.pr. recom¬ 
mitting], to commit anew; refer 
back to a committee, 
re-com-mit-ment ('ment), n. the 
act of recommitting; state of be¬ 
ing recommitted. Also recom¬ 
mittal. 

rec-om-pense (rek'om-pens), n. 
an equivalent given in return; 
reward; compensation: v.t. to 
give back as an equivalent; make 
amends for; repay or requite, 
rec-on-ci-la-ble (-on-sil'a-bl), adj. 

capable of being reconciled, 
rec-on-cile ('on-sll), v.t. to re¬ 
store to friendship or favor after 
estrangement; adjust; harmonize, 
rec-on-cil-i-a-tion (-sil-i-a'shun), 
n. the act of reconciling; the state 
of being reconciled; renewal of 
friendship; expiation or atone¬ 
ment. Also reconcilement, 
rec-on-cil-i-a-to-ry ('i-a-td-ri), 
adj. tending to reconcile, 
rec-on-dite ('on-dit), adj. deep; 
abstruse; hidden from view; 
secret. 

re - con ■ nais - sauce (re-kon'a- 
sans), n. the act of reconnoiter- 
ing. 

rec-on-noi-ter, rec-on-noi-tre 

(rek-o-noi'ter), v.t. to make a 
survey of, especially for military 
purposes; examine for scientific 
purposes. 

re-cord (re-kord'), v.t. to remem¬ 
ber, or cause to be remembered; 
register or enroll; celebrate: n. 
(rek'erd) an authentic memorial; 
register; formal writing or copy 
of an official document; in sports, 
the best performance: pi. public 
documents. 

8yn. entry, account, history, 
catalogue. 

re-cord-er (-kord'er), n. one who, 
or that which, records; one whose 
official duty is to register writing* 
or transactions. 

re-count (re-kount'), v.t. to go 
over or narrate in detail, 
re-coup (re-koop'), v.t. to in¬ 
demnify or make good; diminish 
by keeping back a part. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






rec 


692 


rec 


re-course (re-kors'), n. a going 
to for aid or protection; appli¬ 
cation of effort for a particular 
purpose or end. 

re-cov-er (-kuv'er), v.t. to regain; 
retrieve; cure; obtain as com¬ 
pensation ; obtain by judgment in 
a court of law; cover again : v.i. 
to regain health, strength, or any 
former state; be successful in a 
lawsuit. 

Syn. heal, recruit, regain, re¬ 
store. 

Ant. (see fail). 

re cov er y ('er-i), n. the act of 
recovering; restoration to health ; 
legal right to something after 
judgment of a court, 
rec-r e-ant (rek're-ant), adj. 

cowardly; mean-spirited; apos¬ 
tate ; false: n. a mean-spirited 
creature; a coward; an apostate, 
rec-re-ate ('re-iit), v.t. to reani¬ 
mate, especially after toil; grati¬ 
fy : v.i. to take recreation: v.i. 
(re-kre-at') to create anew, 
rec-re-a-tion (rek-re-a'shun), n. 
refreshment after toil, &c.; amuse¬ 
ment: n. (re-kre-a'shun), the act 
of creating anew; a new creation. 

Syn. sport, pastime, amuse¬ 
ment, play, game, fun. 
rec-re-a-tive (rek're-a-tiv), adj. 
reinvigorating. 

re-crim-i-nate (re-krim'i-nat), v.i. 
to return one accusation with 
another: v.t. to accuse in return, 
re-crim-i-na-tion (-na'shun), n. 

the act of recriminating, 
re-crini-i-na-to-ry ('i-na-to-ri), 
adj. retorting an accusation or 
charge. 

recrudescence (-kroo-des'ens), 
n. the state of becoming sore 
again ; a sharp relapse, 
re-cru-des-cent ('ent), adj. be¬ 
coming sore or raw again, 
recruit (-kroot'), v.t. to supply 
with new soldiers; restore to 
health; repair by fresh supplies: 
v.i. to obtain fresh supplies; re¬ 
cover health: n. a soldier newly 
enlisted ; supply of any want, 
re-cruit-ing ('ing), n. the enlist¬ 
ing of recruits for the army, 
rectangle (rek'tang-gl), n. a 4- 
sided figure with 4 right angles, or 
angles of 90°. 


rec-tan-gled (-gld), adj. having 
one or more right angles, 
rec-tan-gu-lar ('gu-lar), adj. 
right-angled. 

rec-ti-fi-a-ble ('ti-fl-a-bl), adj. 

capable of being rectified, 
rectification (-fi-ka'shun), n. 
the act of setting right; repeated 
distillation of a spirit to concen¬ 
trate it or render it purer; re¬ 
duction of a curve to a right line, 
rec-ti-fy ('ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
rectified, p.pr. rectifying], to set 
right; adjust; refine by distilla¬ 
tion. 

rec-ti-lin-e-al (-ti-lin'e-al), adj. 
bounded by straight lines; right- 
or straight-lined; straight. Also 
rectilinear. 

rec-ti-lin,-e-al-ly (-i), adv. in a 
straight line. 

rec-ti-tude ('ti-tud), n. rightness 
of principles and practice; hon¬ 
esty ; moral integrity, 
rec-tor ('ter), n. a clergyman who 
has the great and small tithes of a 
living; the headmaster of a public 
school, or head of a university 
[Scotch] ; the superior of a con¬ 
vent or religious house, 
rec-tor-ate ('ter-at), n. the office 
of a rector. Also rectorship, 
rec-to-ri-al (-td'ri-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a rector, 
rec-tor-y ('ter-i), n. the house of 
a rector; the benefice of a rector, 
with the rights appertaining to it. 
rectum ('turn), n. the lowest 
part of the great intestine, 
re-cum-ben-cy (re-kum'ben-si), n. 
the state of leaning or reclining. 
Also recumbence. 

recumbent ('bent), adj. reclin¬ 
ing ; idle. 

re-cu-per-ate (-ku'per-at), v.t. & 
v.i. to recover. 

re-cu-per-a-tion (-a'sliun), n. 

recovery. 

re-cu-per-a-tive ('per-a-tiv), adj. 
pertaining to, or tending to, re¬ 
covery. Also recuperatory. 
re-cur (-ker'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. re¬ 
curred, p.pr. recurring], return to 
the mind; return; happen at a 
stated interval; have recourse, 
recurrence (-kur'ens), n. re¬ 
turn ; resort. 

re-cur-rent ('ent), adj. return¬ 
ing repeatedly. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, tf/ien. 






rec 


693 


red 


re-curv-ate ('at), adj. bent back, 
rec-u-san-cy (rek'u-zan-si), n. 
nonconformity. 

rec-u-sant ('u-zant), adj. refusing 
to acknowledge the royal suprem¬ 
acy in religion ; nonconforming : n. 
a nonconformist. 

red (red), n. one of the primary 
colors, varying from scarlet to 
pink : adj. red-colored, 
re-dan (re-dan'), n. a Y-shaped 
field-work or rampart with the 
apex towards the enemy; a pro¬ 
jection in a wall, 
red-breast (red'brest), n. the rob¬ 
in. 

red-cap ('kap), n. a kind of gold¬ 
finch. 

red-den ('n), v.t. to make red: 

v.i. to become red; blush, 
red-dish ('ish), adj. somewhat 
red. 

re deem (re-dem'), v.t. to ran¬ 
som from bondage ; rescue ; make 
atonement for ; perform ; recover ; 
make good use of; ransom from 
sin and its consequences. 

Syn. ransom, recover, rescue, 
deliver, save, free, 
re deem er ('er), n. one who re¬ 
deems. 

Re-deeni-er, n. Jesus Christ, the 
Savior. 

re-demp-tion (-demp'shun), n. 
repurchase ; release ; ransom ; 
freeing of an estate from a mort¬ 
gage ; salvation of mankind by 
Jesus Christ. 

re-demp-tion-er (-er), n. an emi¬ 
grant to the United States who 
sells his services for a certain 
term, as payment for his passage 
out from Europe, 
re-demp-tive ('tiv), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to redemption, or serving to 
redeem. 

re-deinp-to-ry ('to-ri), adj. paid 
for ransom. 

red-gum (red'gum), n. strophulus ; 
a lofty Australian gum-tree, yield¬ 
ing a gum resin used in medi¬ 
cine. 

red-in-gote (-ing-got'), n. a long 
double-breasted coat, 
red-i-vi-vus (-i-vi'vus), adj. come 
to life again. 

red-let-ter day ('let-er da), n. 
a lucky day: from the Saints’ 


days printed in red-letter in the 
church calendars, 
red-o-lence ('o-lens), n. perfume; 
fragrance. 

red-o-lent ('o-lent), adj. emitting 
a sweet smell; fragrant, 
re-doubt (re-dout'j, n. a field¬ 
work for strengthening or fortify¬ 
ing a military position without 
flanks. 

re-doubt-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. for¬ 
midable ; valiant; terrible to ene¬ 
mies. 

re dound (-dound'), v.i. to tend 
or contribute; be in excess, 
red-o-wa (red'o-wa), n. a Bo¬ 
hemian dance; music for such a 
dance. 

re-dress (-dres'), v.t. to amend or 
set right; compensate; relieve 
from ; to dress again : n. the rep¬ 
aration of wrong; relief. 

Syn. remedy, repair, remission, 
abatement, relief. 

re-dress-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of being redressed, 
red-sear (red'ser), v.t. to break 
or crack under the hammer, as 
iron when hot. 

red-shank ('sliangk), n. the red- 
legged sandpiper; a Highlander, 
red-snow ('sno), n. an Arctic 
lichen or fungus. 

red-start ('start), n. a small red¬ 
tailed migratory song-bird, 
red-tape ('tap), n. red-colored 
tape used for tying official docu¬ 
ments : hence excessive official, 
formality. 

red-tap-ism ('izm), n. govern¬ 
ment by strict official routine, 
re-duce (re-dus'). v.t. to bring 
into a lower state; degrade; di¬ 
minish ; conquer: shorten; re¬ 
claim to order; bring or change 
(numbers or quantities) from one 
denomination into another; bring 
into classes. 

Syn. abate, lessen, decrease, 
lower, shorten, conquer, 
re-du-ci-ble ('si-bl), adj. capable 
of being reduced. 

re-duc-tion (-duk'shun), in. the 
act of reducing; the state of be¬ 
ing reduced; diminution; con¬ 
quest or subjugation ; the chang¬ 
ing of quantities from one de¬ 
nomination to another; the proc¬ 
ess of converting a metallic 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





red 


694 


ref 


oxide into metal by the expulsion 
of the oxygen contained in it. 
re-dun-dance (-dun'dans), n. 
superfluity ; excess. Also redun¬ 
dancy. 

redundant ('dant), adj. super¬ 
fluous. 

re-du-pli-cate (-du'pli-kat), v.t. 

to double again ; repeat; multiply, 
re-du-pli-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. 

the act of reduplicating, 
red-wing (red'wing), n. a kind 
of thrush. 

ree (re), n. a Portuguese and 
Brazilian money of account, the 
1,000th part of a milree. Also 
rea, rei. _ 

reed (red), «. a large, coarse 
grass, of the genus Arundo, with 
jointed hollow stems; a pastoral 
pipe; mouth tube of a musical in¬ 
strument ; the comb-shaped part 
of a’ loom which beats the weft 
up to the web; an arrow, 
reef (ref), n. that part of a sail 
which can be reduced by being 
drawn in by small ropes running 
in eyelet holes ; a chain of rock 
lying at or near the surface of 
the water: v.t. to reduce the size 
of (a sail), by means of reefs, 
reef-er ('er), n. one who, for the 
purpose of plunder, entices ves¬ 
sels in distress by false signals 
to come among rocks ; a midship¬ 
man ; a rough kind of jacket, 
reek (rek), n. smoke; steam: v.i. 
to emit smoke or steam, 
reek-y ('i), adj. smoky; made 
foul by smoke or steam, 
reel (rel), n. a turning frame 
for winding yarn, &c.; bobbin ; an 
angler’s implement for winding 
his line upon ; a stagger; a lively 
Scotch dance: v.t. to wind on a 
reel : v.i. to stagger; perform a 
reel. 

reeve (rev), n. a bailiff or stew¬ 
ard ; the female of the ruff: v.t. to 
pass the end of (a rope) through 
any hole. 

re-fec-tion (re-fek'shun), n. a 
light repast. 

re-fec-to-ry ('to-ri), n. an eating 
room or hall. 

re-fer (-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
referred, p.pr. referring], to sub¬ 
mit to another person or au¬ 
thority for information, corrobora¬ 


tion, or decision: v.i. to allude; 
have relation ; appeal; hint, 
referable (ref'er-a-bl), adj. that 
may be referred; ascribable. 
ref-er-ee (ref-er-e'), n. one to 
whom anything is referred for 
decision ; an umpire, 
ref er ence ('er-ens), n. the act 
of referring; allusion; one who, 
or that which, is referred to; 
trial or decision by referees, 
ref er en dum (ref'er-en-dum), n. 
the referring of a legislative act 
to the decision of a vote of the 
people. 

referential (-en'shal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or referring to, some¬ 
thing else. 

re-fer-ri-ble (re-fer'i-bl), same as 
referable. 

re-fine (-fin'), v.t. to separate 
from impurities; clear from dross; 
polish; educate or improve: v.i. 
to become fine or pure; improve 
in accuracy or delicacy, 
re fine ment ('ment), n. the act 
of refining; state of being re¬ 
fined ; elegance ; polish ; purity of 
taste, mind, morals, &c.; affecta¬ 
tion of elegant or subtle improve¬ 
ments. 

re fin er y ('er-i), n. [pi. refiner¬ 
ies (-iz) ], a place where anything 
is refined or purified, 
re-fit (-fit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re¬ 
fitted, p.pr. refitting], to make 
fit for use again; prepare or fit 
afresh : v.i. to repair damages, es¬ 
pecially damages of ships: n. the 
renewal of that which is damaged 
or worn, especially of parts of a 
ship. 

re-fleet (-fiekt'), v.t. to throw 
back, especially rays of light or 
heat after striking on any sub¬ 
stance : v.i. to be thrown back, 
as rays of light, &c.; consider in 
the mind: cast reproach or cen¬ 
sure (with upon). 

Syn. consider, cogitate, think, 
ponder, muse, censure, 
re-flect-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of being reflected, 
reflecting ('ing). p.adj. making 
reflection ; thoughtful; casting re¬ 
proach or censure, 
reflection (-flek'sluin), n. the 
act of reflecting; state of being 
reflected; that which is reflected; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










ref 


695 


ref 


the turning of thought back upon 
past experiences or ideas; atten¬ 
tive consideration; reproach or 
censure. Also reflexion, 
re-flect-ive ('iv), adj. throwing 
back images or rays; considering 
the operations of the mind or 
things of the past; reflexive, 
re-flect-ive-ly (-li), adv. in a re¬ 
flective manner. 

re-flect-ive-ness (-nes), n. the 
power or habit of reflection, 
re-flect-or ('er). n. one who, or 
that which, reflects; a polished 
surface reflecting rays of light or 
heat. 

re-flex ('fleks), adj. bent or turned 
back ; directed backwards ; illumi¬ 
nated by light reflected from 
another part of the same picture; 
noting the action of the motor 
nerves acting independently of the 
will under stimulus from impres¬ 
sions made on the sensory nerves: 
n. reflected light, &c. 
re-flex-i-bil-i-ty (-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being reflexible. 
re-flex-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of being reflected, 
re-flex-ive ('iv), adj. reflective; 
having respect to something past; 
referring back to the gram¬ 
matical subject. 

re-flux ('fluks), n. a flowing back, 
re-form (-form'), v.t. to make 
better; change or return to a 
former good state; introduce im¬ 
provement in or change for the 
better; amend; correct; form 
again or anew: v.i. to abandon 
evil for that which is good; be¬ 
come better, or amended: n. 
amendment; change for the better, 
especially political change; cor¬ 
rection. 

Syn. amend, correct, better, re¬ 
store, improve. 

Ant. (see corrupt), 
ref-or-ma-tion (ref-or-ma'shun), 
n. the act of reforming; state of 
being reformed; amendment; 
political redress; the act of form¬ 
ing again or anew. 

Syn. improvement, reform, 
amendment. 

Ant. (see corruption). 
Ref-or-ma-tion, n. the great re¬ 
ligious movement (16th century) 
under Martin Luther (with the). 


reformative ('a-tiv), adj. form¬ 
ing again. 

reformatory ('fi-to-ri). adj. 
tending to reform : n. an institu¬ 
tion for the detention and refor¬ 
mation of juvenile offenders, 
re-formed (-fopnd'), p.adj. re¬ 
stored to a previous good state; 
amended, as noting the Protestant 
churches. 

Re-formed Church (cherch). n. 
that section of the Protestant 
Church which on the Continent 
separated from Luther, and adopt¬ 
ed the theology and ecclesiastical 
polity of Calvin. 

re-form-er ('er), n. one who ef¬ 
fects a reformation, religious, 
moral, or political, 
re-fract (-frakt'), v.t. to break 
the natural course of, or bend 
from, a straight line, 
re-fract-ed ('ed), p.adj. bent 
back at an acute angle; bent from 
a direct course. 

re-fract-ing ('ing), p.adj. having 
the power to turn rays from a 
direct course. 

re-frae-tion (-frak'shun), n. the 
change from a straight line which 
a ray of light or heat assumes 
when passing through a smooth 
surface into a medium of greater 
density at any angle other than 
90°. 

refract-ive ('iv), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to refraction. 

re-frac-to-ri-ly ('to-ri-li), adv. 

in a refractory manner, 
re-frac-to-ri-ness (-nes), n. per¬ 
verse obstinacy; difficulty of 
fusion or malleability, 
re-frac-to-ry ('to ri), adj. sullen¬ 
ly or perversely obstinate; diffi¬ 
cult of fusion, &c. 
re-frain (-fran'), v.t. to restrain: 
v.i. to forbear; abstain from ac¬ 
tion : n. burden of a song repeated 
at the end of each stanza, 
re-fran-gi-bil-i-ty (-fran-ji-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being re¬ 
frangible. Also i*efrangibleness. 
re-fran-gi-ble ('ji-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being refracted, 
re-fresh (-fresh'), v.t. to revive 
after fatigue or exhaustion; re¬ 
invigorate ; restore, 
re-fresh-ing ('ing), adj. rean¬ 
imating ; reinvigorating; cooling. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 










ref 


696 


re* 


re-fresh-ment ('ment), n. the act 
of refreshing; state of being re¬ 
freshed ; that which refreshes, as 
food or rest. 

xe-frig-er-ant (-frij'er-ant), adj. 
cooling; refreshing: n. a sub¬ 
stance that cools; a cooling medi¬ 
cine. Also refrigerative. 
xe-frig-er-ate ('er-at), v.t. to 
cool, or keep cool, as by a re¬ 
frigerator. 

xe-frig-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. 
act of cooling. 

xe-frig-er-a-tor ('er-a-ter), n. an 
apparatus or vessel for preserv¬ 
ing or cooling things by means of 
ice, &c. 

xe-frig-er-a-to-xy ('er-a-to-ri), 
adj. cooling. 

xef-uge (ref'iij), n. protection 
from danger or distress; shelter 
or asylum ; stronghold ; expedient 
or resource. 

Syn. asylum, protection, harbor, 
shelter, retreat. 

refugee (-e'), n. one w’ho flees 
for protection, especially from 
political or religious persecution, 
xe-ful-gence (re-ful'jens), n. 
brightness; flood of light; splen¬ 
dor. Also refulgency. 
xe-ful-gent ('jent), adj. casting a 
bright light; brilliant; splendid, 
refund (-fund'), v.t. to pay back 
again. 

xe-fu-sa-ble (-fu'za-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being refused, 
re-fu-sal ('sal), n. the act of re¬ 
fusing ; rejection; right to take 
the preference; option, 
re-fuse (-fuz'), v.t. to deny or re¬ 
ject, as a demand or request: v.i. 
to decline to accept; not to com¬ 
ply: n. (ref'us), waste or worth¬ 
less matter; rubbish: adj. re¬ 
jected ; worthless. 

Syn. deny, reject, repudiate, de¬ 
cline, withhold, dregs, dross, 
scum, rubbish, leavings, remains. 

Ant. (see accept), 
re-fu-ta-ble (re-fu'ta-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being refuted, 
ref-u-ta-tion (ref-u-ta'shun), n. 
the act of refuting; that which 
is refuted. 

re-fute (re-fut'), v.t. to prove to 
be false or erroneous; repel; dis¬ 
prove. 

re-gain (-gan'), v.t. to recover 


possession of; get back; reach 
again. 

re-gal (re'gal) , adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, a king; 
kingly ; royal. 

re-gale (-gal'), v.t. to entertain 
with something to delight the 
senses; feast sumptuously: v.i. 
to feast. 

re-ga-lia (-ga'lia), n.pl. the en¬ 
signs of sovereignty, as the crown, 
&c.; royal rights or prerogatives ; 
decorations of an order or office. 

regard (re-gard'), v.t. to ob¬ 
serve particularly ; heed ; esteem ; 
consider ; respect; value : n. atten¬ 
tion ; respect; consideration ; ref¬ 
erence : pi. good wishes. 

Syn. mind, heed, notice, behold, 
view, consider, respect. 

re-gard-ant ('ant), adj. in heral¬ 
dry, looking backwards or behind. 

re-gard-ful ('fool), adj. taking 
notice. 

re-gard-ing ('ing), prep, concern¬ 
ing. 

re-gat-ta (-gat'a), n. a sailing 
or rowing match for prizes. 

re-gel-a-tion (re-jel-a'shun), n. 
the act of freezing two pieces of 
ice with moist surfaces together at 
32° F. 

re-gen-cy (re'jen-si), n. the office 
or jurisdiction of a regent; a 
body instructed with the duties 
of a regent. 

re-gen-er-a-cy (re-jen'er-S-si), n. 
the state of being regenerated. 

re-gen-er-ate ('er-at), v.t. to re¬ 
new the heart of and cause to 
turn to the love of God; produce 
anew : adj. renewed ; reformed. 

re-gen-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. 
the act of regenerating; the state 
of being regenerated; formation 
of new tissue to supply that which 
has been lost. 

re-gen-er-a-tive ('er-a-tiv), adj. 

renewing. 

re-gen-er-a-to-ry ('er-a-to-ri), 

adj. having the power to regen¬ 
erate. 

re-gent (re'jent), adj. exercising 
vicarious authority: n. one who 
governs in the interim during the 
minority, absence, or disability 
of the sovereign; a university 
teacher; a member of a board of 
superintendence of colleges and 
schools in the state of New York. 




late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








reg 


697 


re? 


re-gent-bird (-berd), n. an Aus¬ 
tralian honey-eater with handsome 
plumage. 

reg-i-ci-dal (rej'i-si-dal), adj. per¬ 
taining to a regicide or to regicide, 
reg-i-cide ('i-sid), n. the mur- 
der,. or murderer, of a king, 
re gime (ra-zhem'), n. mode ; 
system or rule of government, 
social or political, 
reg-i-men (rej'i-men), n. system- 
‘ atic regulation of diet or habit; 
rule; the grammatical regulation 
of one word by another, 
regiment (rej'i-ment), n. a 
number of companies of soldiers 
united into one body under the 
command of a colonel, 
reg-i-ment-al ('al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to a regiment: n.pl. the uni¬ 
forms worn by the troops of a 
regiment. 

reg-i-men-ta-tion (-men-ta'shun), 
n. enforced socialism, 
re-gion (re'jun), n. a tract of 
land; country. 

reg-is-ter (rej is-ter), n. an official 
written record ; the book contain¬ 
ing such record; that which reg¬ 
isters, records, or regulates; a 
list of persons entitled to vote; 
an organ stop; musical compass 
or range. 

reg-is-trar (-trar), n. an official 
who keeps a register or record, 
reg-is-tra-tion (-tra'shun), n 
the act of inserting in a register, 
reg-is-try ('is-tri), n. the place 
where a register is kept, 
reg-let (reg'let), n. a flat, nar¬ 
row molding; a slip of "wood used 
for separating lines or filling 
blank spaces in printing, 
reg-nal ('nal), adj. pertaining to 
a reign. 

regnant ('nSnt), adj. reigning; 
exercising royal authority; prev¬ 
alent. 

re-gres-sion (re-gresh'un), n. 
retrogression. 

re-gret (-gret'), n. mental sorrow 
or concern for anything, as for 
past conduct or negligence; re¬ 
morse r v.t. Vp.t. & p.p. regretted, 
p.pr. regretting], to remember 
with sorrow; bewail the loss or 
want of. 

Syn. grief, sorrow, lamenta¬ 
tion, repentance, remorse. 


re-gret-ful ('fool), adj. full of 

regret. 

re-gret-ful-ly (-li), adv. with re¬ 
gret. 

re-gret-ta-ble ('fi-bl), adj. admit¬ 
ting of, or causing, regret, 
reg-u-lar (reg'u-lar), adj. accord¬ 
ing to rule, order, or established 
usage; consistent; governed by 
rule; uniform ; methodical; ex¬ 
act ; fully qualified; having sides 
or surfaces composed of equal 
figures or lines: n. a soldier be¬ 
longing to a standing army; one 
who is under monastic rule. 

Syn. orderly, uniform, custom¬ 
ary, ordinary, stated. 

Ant. (see irregular), 
reg-u-lar-i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being regular; 
conformity to rule; uniformity; 
method or certain order, 
reg-u-late ('u-lat), v.t. to make 
regular; put in good order; adjust 
by rule. 

Syn. methodize, arrange, ad¬ 
just, organize, govern, rule. 

Ant. (see disorder), 
reg-u-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
act of regulating ; order ; method ; 
rule. 

reg-u-la-tor ('u-la-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, regulates; a 
lever for regulating motion ; lever 
of a watch; an accurate time¬ 
piece. 

reg-u-lus ('u-lus), n. a metal con¬ 
taining more or less impurities of 
the ore. 

re-gur-gi-tate (re-ger'ji-tat), v.i. 

to be thrown or poured back, 
re-hear-sal (-her'sal), n. a recital 
in private prior to a public per¬ 
formance. 

re-hearse (-hers'), v.t. to repeat, 
as what has already been said or 
written; tell or narrate; recite 
before public performance. 
Reichs-rath (rikhs'rat), n. [Ger.] 
the parliament of the Austrian 
empire. 

Reichs-tag ('takh), n. TGer.] the 
German parliament, 
reign (ran), v.i. to exercise sov¬ 
ereign authority; rule; be pre¬ 
dominant : n. supreme power or 
influence; time during which a 
sovereign rules. 


late, mitr, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








rel 


698 


rel 


re im burse ( re-im-bers'), v.t. to 
refund. 

Syn. refund, repay, satisfy, in¬ 
demnify. 

re-im-burse-inent ('ment), n. re¬ 
funding. 

rein (ran), n. the strap of a 
bridle; an instrument for curbing, 
restraining, or governing ; power: 
pi. the kidneys, or parts about 
them; loins; the heart T Old 
Testament] : v.t. to govern with a 
bridle ; restrain ; control: v.i. to 
check a horse with the reins, 
rein-deer ('der), n. a large Arctic 
deer. 

re-in-force (re-in-fdrs'), v.t. to 
supply with new strength, sup¬ 
port, or assistance, 
re-in-forced (-forst'), adj. made 
stronger. 

re-in-forced-con-crete (-kon'- 
kret), n. concrete strengthened by 
rods of iron for building purposes, 
re-in-force-ment ('ment), n. ad¬ 
ditional support. 

re-in-state (-in-stat'), v.t. to re¬ 
store to a former state, 
re-it-er-a-tion (-it-er-a'shun), n. 
repetition. 

re-it-er-a-tive (-it'er-a-tiv), n. a 
word or part of a Word redupli¬ 
cated ; a verb noting reproduction 
or intensive action, 
re-ject (re-jekt'), v.t. to throw 
away as useless or vile; refuse; 
renounce; discard, 
re-ject-ive (-jekt'iv), adj. tending 
to reject. 

re-jec-tion ('shun), n. the act of 
rejecting. 

rejoice (-jois'), v.i. to feel or ex¬ 
press joy or gladness; exult: v.t. 
to make joyful. 

re-joic-ing ('ing), n. expression, 
subject, or experience, of joy or 
gladness. 

re-join (-join'), v.t. to unite 
again after separation: v.i. to an¬ 
swer a reply; answer as the de¬ 
fendant to the plaintiff’s replica¬ 
tion. 

re-join-der ('der), n. an answer 
to a reply; in law, the defendant’s 
answer to the plaintiff’s replica¬ 
tion. 

re-lais (-la'), n. a narrow walk 
without the rampart of a fortifi¬ 
cation. 


re-lapse (-laps'), v.i. to fall back 
from a state of convalescence; 
return to a former bad state or 
habit: n. a falling into a former 
bad state; return of a disease 
after convalescence or partial re¬ 
covery. 

re-laps-ing ('ing), p.adj. subject 
to relapse. 

re-late (-lat'), v.t. to tell; de¬ 
scribe ; recite; narrate: v.i. to 
refer. 

re-la-ted (-la'ted), p.adj. told or 
described; allied by kindred or 
blood relationship, 
re-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the act 
of relating; the thing related; ' 

mutual connection between two or 
more things; proportion or ratio; 
connection by birth or marriage; 
kinsman or kinswoman, 
re-la-tion-ship (-ship), n. the 
state of being related by kindred, 
affinity, or other alliance, 
rel-a-tive (rel'a-tiv), adj. having, 
or expressing, relation ; pertinent; 
belonging to or connected with; 
relating to a word, sentence, or 
clause: n. that which has rela¬ 
tion to something else; a person 
connected by kinship or consan¬ 
guinity ; a word which relates to 
its antecedent. 

rel-a-tive-ly (-li), adv. compara¬ 
tively. 

rel-a-tive-ness (-nes), n. the state 

or quality of being relative. Also 
relativity. 

re-la-tor (re-la'ter), n. one who 
relates; a prosecutor, 
re-lax (daks'), v.t. to slacken; 
make less close; render less tense, 
rigorous, or severe; divert, as the 
mind; loosen, as the bowels; 
make languid : v.i. to take relaxa¬ 
tion ; become less severe or close, 
re-lax-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of relaxing; state of being re¬ 
laxed ; diminution of tension; di¬ 
version or recreation, 
re-lay (-la'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. re- 
laid, p.pr. relaying], to lay a 
second time: n. fresh post-horses 
or hunting dogs to relieve others; 
new supply ; a subsidiary electric 
circuit. 

re-lease (-les'), v.t. to set free; 
discharge; free from obligation 
or penalty: n. liberation from re- 


*ate, mar, mfisk, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








rel 


699 


rem 


straint, penalty* pain, &c.; dis¬ 
charge from an obligation, 
relegate (rel'e-gat), v.t. to 
banish ; consign. 

rel-e-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. the 
act of relegating. 

re-lent (-lent'), v.i. to grow less 
hard or severe; become more ten¬ 
der ; yield. 

re-lent-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
becoming less hard or more ten¬ 
der or compassionate, 
re-les-see (-les-e'). n. the person 
to whom a deed of release is 
granted. Also releasee, 
re-les-sor ('er), n. the person 
who grants a deed of release, 
rel-e-van-cy (rel'e-v&n-si), n. ap¬ 
plicability ; pertinence. Also rel¬ 
evance. 

rel-e-vant ('e-vant), adj. appli¬ 
cable ; related; pertinent. 

Syn. fit, proper, suitable, ap¬ 
propriate, pertinent, apt. 

Ant. (see irrelevant), 
re-li-a-bil-i-ty (re-li-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state of being reliable. Also 
reliableness. 

re-li-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. trust¬ 
worthy. 

re-li-a-bly ('a-bli), adv. so as to 
be relied on. 

re-li-ance ('ans), n. confidence; 
trust. 

Syn. trust, hope, dependence, 
confidence. 

» Ant. ( suspicion), 
re-li-ant ('ant), adj. having re¬ 
liance. 

rel-ic (rel'ik), n. that which is 
left after the loss or decay of 
the rest; memorial or souvenir; 
remains of a person deceased; 
body or other memorial of a saint 
held in religious reverence, 
rei-ict ('ikt), n. a widow, 
relief (re-lef'), n. that which 
mitigates pain, grief, &c.; release 
from some post of duty; assist¬ 
ance given to the poor; aid; re¬ 
dress ; the projection of a 
sculptured design from the plane 
surface. 

Syn. ^succor, aid, help, redress, 
alleviation. 

re-li-er (-li'er), n. one who relies, 
re-liev-a-ble (-lev'a-bl), adj. 

capable of being relieved, 
re-lieve (-lev'), v.t. to free from 


pain, suffering, grief, &c.; miti¬ 
gate ; alleviate; help; release 
from a post of duty, 
religion (re-lij'un), n. any sys¬ 
tem of faith or worship ; love and 
obedience towards God; piety; 
monastic vow or state, 
re-lig-ious ('us), adj. pertaining 
to, characteristic of, or set apart 
for, religion ; godly ; pious; de¬ 
votional ; conscientiously exact 
or strict; bound by monastic 
vows: n. one who is bound by 
monastic vows. 

re-lig-ioiis-house (-hous), n. a 
monastery or nunnery, 
re-lin-quish (-ling'kwish), v.t. 
to forsake or abandon; quit; 
leave with reluctance; desist 
from; renounce a claim to. 

Syn. give up, forsake, resign, 
surrender, quit, leave, forego. 

Ant. (see retain), 
re-lin-quish-ment (-rnent), n. 
the act of relinquishing; abandon¬ 
ment. 

rel-i-qua-ry (rel'i-kwa-ri), n. 
[pi. reliquaries (-riz)], a deposi¬ 
tory for relics; a casket or small 
chest for holding relics, 
r e-1 ique (-lek'), n. a relic 
[French]. 

rel-ish (rel'ish), v.t. to like the 
taste of; use with pleasure; en¬ 
joy : v.i. to have a pleasing taste: 
n. sensation of flavor; taste; 
savor; zest; enjoyment given by 
anything ; pleasure ; inclination, 
re luc tance (re-luk'tans), n. un¬ 
willingness. Also reluctancy. 
re-luc-tant ('tant), adj. unwill¬ 
ing ; disinclined. 

rely (-11'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. relied, 
p.pr. relying], to lean upon with 
confidence; trust or have confi¬ 
dence in. 

re-main (-man'), v.i. to continue; 
stay; last; endure; be left in a 
particular state or place; be left 
after or out of a greater number: 
n.pl. a dead body; the literary 
works of an author published 
after his death : ruins, 
re mand (-rnand'), v.t. to recom¬ 
mit or send back; remit in cus¬ 
tody to a future time: n. the act 
of remanding; state of being re¬ 
manded. 

re-mark (-mark'), v.t. to note or 


late, mar, mask cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









rem 


700 


rem 


observe ; express ; say : n. notice 
or observation ; comment. 

Syn. comment, note, observa¬ 
tion, utterance. 

re-mark-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. 
worthy of notice or remark ; extra¬ 
ordinary ; strange; famous; un¬ 
common. 

re-mark-a-bly (-li), adv. in a re¬ 
markable manner, 
re-me-di-a-ble (re-me'di-a-bl), ad). 

admitting remedy, 
re-me-di-a-bly (-a-bli), adv. in a 
way that may be remedied, 
re-me-di-al ('di-al), adj. afford¬ 
ing, or intended for, a remedy, 
re-me-di-al-ly (-li), adv. by way 
of remedy. 

rem edy ('e-di), n. [pi. remedies 
(-diz)], that which cures a dis¬ 
ease, or counteracts an evil; a 
restorative; an efficacious medi¬ 
cine : v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. remedied, 
p.pr. remedying], to repair or re¬ 
move something evil from. 

Syn. help, relief, redress, cure, 
specific, reparation, 
re mem ber (re-mem'ber), v.t. to 
recall to mind; attend to; keep 
in mind with gratitude, regard, 
or reverence. 

remembrance ('brans), n. 
power of remembering ; memory ; 
length of time during which any¬ 
thing can be remembered; recol¬ 
lection. 

re mem brancer (-er), n. one 
who, or that which, reminds; re¬ 
corder. 

re mind (-mind'), v.t. to bring to 
the remembrance of; put in mind, 
rem-i-nis-cence (rem-i-nis'ens), 
n. recovery of ideas; memory; 
that which is remembered, 
rem-i-nis-cent ('ent), adj. hav¬ 
ing recollection. 

re-mise (re-mlz'), v.t. to resign 
or surrender by deed: n. the sur¬ 
render of a claim by deed, 
re-miss (-mis'), adj. careless in 
the performance of duty or busi¬ 
ness ; heedless; dilatory, 
re-mis-sion (-mish'un), n. the act 
of remitting ; pardon ; abatement; 
relaxation. 

re-mit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
remitted, p.pr. remitting], to par¬ 
don ; transmit, as money, bills, 


&c.; send back: v.i. moderate or 
abate in violence or force, 
re-mit-tal ('al), n. surrender; 
transmission. 

re-mit-tance ('ans), n. that 
which is remitted; the sending of 
money, bills, &c., in payment; the 
sum so transmitted, 
re-mit-tent ('ent), adj. increas¬ 
ing and abating alternately, 
rem-nant (rem'nant), n. that 
which is left after a part has 
been removed; remainder, 
re-mon-e-tize (re-mon'e-tiz), v.t. 
to restore to circulation in the 
shape of money. 

re mon strance (-mon'strans), n. 
strong representation against 
something complained of ; expostu¬ 
lation. 

re mon strant ('strant), adj. ex- 
postulatory. 

remonstrate ('strat), v.i. to 
urge or put forward strong rea¬ 
sons against some act or course 
complained of; expostulate, 
re-morse (re-mOrs'), n. anguish 
of mind caused by the sense of 
guilt; sympathetic sorrow; com¬ 
punction. 

re-morse-ful ('fool), adj. full of 
remorse. 

re-morse-ful-ly (-li), adv. with 
remorse. 

re-morse-less ('les), adj. cruel; 

merciless. 

Syn. pitiless, relentless, mer¬ 
ciless, cruel, ruthless, barbarous. 

Ant. (see merciful), 
re-mote (-mot'), adj. distant in 
time or space; far; primary; 
alien ; foreign ; inconsiderable. 

Syn. distant, far, secluded, indi¬ 
rect. 

Ant. (see near). 

re-mote-ly ('li), adv. at a dis¬ 
tance. 

re mote ness ('nes), n. distance, 
re-mov-a-bil-i-ty (-moov-a-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being re¬ 
movable. 

re-mov-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being removed, 
remov al ('al), n. the act of re¬ 
moving or displacing; change of 
place; dismissal; act of putting 
an end to. 

re-move (moov'), v.t. to put from 
its place; withdraw; cut off, or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









rem 


701 


rep 


kill: v.i. to change place; change 
residence: n. change of place; re¬ 
moval ; promotion; class, 
removed (-mbovd'), p.adj. re¬ 
mote ; displaced. 

re mu-ner-a-ble (-mu'ner-a-bl), 
adj. that may be remunerated, 
re aiu-ner-ate (-mu'ner-at), v.t. 
to reward as an equivalent for 
service; recompense, 
re-mu-ner-a-tioa (-a/shun), n. 
payment for service ; recompense ; 
reward. 

re mu ner-a-tive ('ner-a-tiv), adj. 
yielding an equivalent return for 
outlay ; lucrative ; profitable, 
re-mu-ner-a-to-ry ('ner-a-to-ri), 
adj. yielding remuneration ; profit¬ 
able. 

Re -nais-sance (-na-sangs'), n. re¬ 
vival of letters and arts in the 
15th century : the style of archi¬ 
tecture that succeeded the Gothic; 
the classic decorative style re¬ 
vived by the artist Raphael. Also 
Renascence. 

renal (re'nal), adj. pertaining to 
the kidneys. 

ren-ard, another form of rey- 
nard. 

re nas cent (re-nas'ent), adj. 

coming again into being, 
ren con tre (rang-kong'tr), [Fr.] 
n. a causal meeting in opposition 
or contest; collision : v.i. to meet 
an enemy unexpectedly; to come 
in collision. Also recounter, 
rend (rend), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. rent, 
p.pr. rending], to tear apart with 
violence ; split; lacerate : v.i. to 
become rent. 

Syn. break, sever, sunder, tear. 

Ant. (see mend), 
ren der (ren'der), v.t. to return; 
pay back ; make up; deliver; af¬ 
ford ; yield ; furnish ; reproduce ; 
translate; cause to be boiled 
down; exhibit: n. payment of 
rent. 

rendering (-ing), n. a transla¬ 
tion ; version; execution; first 
coat of plaster. 

ren-dez-vous (ran'da-vo5 or ren'- 
de-vo5), n. appointed place of 
meeting, especially for warships 
or troops: v.i. to assemble, 
rendition (ren-dish'un), n. sur¬ 
render ; translation, 
renegade (ren'e-gad), n. one 


who renounces his faith; apos¬ 
tate; traitor^ deserter, 
re-new (re-nu'), v.t. to make new 
again; restore; renovate; rein¬ 
vigorate ; v.i. to be made new; 
begin afresh; grow again, 
re-new-al ('al), n. the act of re¬ 
newing ; state of being renewed ; 
renovation ; revival, 
ren-i-form (ren'i-form), adj. kid¬ 
ney-shaped. 

ren-net (ren'et), n. the inner 
membrane of a cglf’s stomach: 
used for coagulating milk, 
re-nounce (re-nouns'), v.t. to dis¬ 
own ; reject publicly and finally ; 
repudiate; reject; v.i. in card 
playing, not to follow suit: n. 
failure to follow suit. 

Syn. abandon, discard, disown,, 
reject. 

Ant. (see advocate). 

renouncement, same as re¬ 
nunciation. 

renovate (ren'o-vat), v.t. to 
make new again; restore to a pre¬ 
vious condition, or to a good 
state; repair. 

renovation (-va'shun), n. re¬ 
newal ; state of being renovated, 
ren-o-va-tor ('o-va-ter), n. one* 
who, or that which, renovates; 
restorer. 

renown (-noun'), n. celebrity; 
fame; distinction: v.t. to make 
famous. 

re nowned (-nound'), p.adj. cele¬ 
brated ; famous ; illustrious ; dis¬ 
tinguished. 

rent (rent), n. a tear; fissure; 
schism ; periodical payment for the 
use of property: p.t. & p.p. of 
rend. 

rent-al ('al), n. amount of rent-; 
schedule of rents of an estate; 
rent-roll. 

renter (rent'er), n. one who 
holds an estate or tenements by 
payment of rent. 

rent-roll (rent'rol), n. a schedule 
of income derived from rents, 
re-nun-ci-a-tion (re-nun-si-a'- 
shun), n. disavowal; rejection, 
rep (rep), adj. having a fine 
corded surface; n. a dress fabric 
with a fine corded surface, 
re-pair (re-par'), v.i. to go to 
a (specified) place; betake one’s 
self; v.t. to restore after injury; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









rep 


702 


rep 


mend ; renovate ; make amends : n. 
restoration after injury ; state of 
a building. 

rep-a-ra-ble (rep'a-ra-bl), adj. 

capable of being repaired, 
rep-a-ra-tion (-a-ra/shun), n. re¬ 
storation to a good condition; 
amends or compensation; restitu¬ 
tion. 

re-par-a-tive (re-par'a-tiv), adj. 

amending defects; repairing, 
rep-ar-tee (rep-ar-te'), n. a ready, 
witty reply. 

re-past (re-past'), w. a meal; 
victuals. 

re-peal (-pel'), v.t. to revoke or 
abrogate; annul; n. revocation ; 
abrogation. 

re-peat (-pet'), v.t. to do or speak 
a second time; iterate; recite; 
quote from memory : n. repetition ; 
a sign in music directing a part 
to be repeated. 

re-peat-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, repeats; revolver; a 
watch that strikes the hours, &c., 
by pressing a spring; a decimal 
in which the same figure or figures 
are repeated; one who illegally 
votes more than once at the same 
election. 

re-pel (-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
repelled, p.pr. repelling], to drive 
back; resist; check the advance 
of: v.i. to act in opposition to 
force impressed; check or drive 
•inwards. 

re-pel-lent Tent), adj. driving 
back ; tending or able to repel; re¬ 
pulsive. 

re-pent (-pent'), v.i. to feel pain 
or sorrow on account of some¬ 
thing done or left undone, espe¬ 
cially for sin committed leading 
to repentance; change from past 
evil: v.t. to regret [Old Testa¬ 
ment]. 

re pent-ance (-pent'ans), n. con¬ 
trition. 

Syn. regret, remorse, sorrow, 
contrition. 

Ant. (see obstinacy), 
re-pent-ant ('tant), adj. penitent, 
rep-er-toire (rep-er-twar'), n. a 
repository; stock of dramas, 
songs, &c., ready for use. 
rep-er-to-ry (-t5-ri), n. a store¬ 
house ; treasury. 

rep-e-ti-tion (-e-tisli'un), n. the 


act of repeating; recital from 
memory. 

re-pine (re-pin'), v.i. to fret one’s 
self ; murmur ; complain ; feel dis¬ 
content. 

replenish (-plen'ish), v.t. to fill 
up again; fill or stock in abund¬ 
ance. 

re-plen-ish-ment (-ment), n. the 
act of replenishing ; state of be¬ 
ing replenished. 

re-plete f-plet'), adj. completely 
filled; full. 

re-ple-tion (-ple'sliun), n. the 
state of being too full; plethora. 

re-plev-in (-plev'in), n. an action 
to recover goods wrongfully seized, 
on security being given to try the 
case; writ for replevying. 

re-plev-y ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
replevied, p.pr. replevying], to re¬ 
cover by writ goods wrongfully 
seized, on giving security to try 
the right to them at law. 

rep-li-ca (rep'li-ka), n. a copy 
of an original picture or statue 
executed by the same artist or 
sculptor. , 

rep-li-cate ('li-kat), adj. folded 
back. 

rep-li-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. a 
reply; echo; repetition; the 
plaintiff’s answer to the plea of 
the defendant. 

re-pli-er (re-pli'er), n. one who 
replies. 

re-ply (-pH'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. re¬ 
plied, p.pr. replying], to answer; 
respond : n. an answer; response ; 
rejoinder. 

re-port (-port'), v.t. to give an 
account of; relate; tell from one 
to another; circulate publicly; 
take down (spoken words) : v.i. 
to make a statement: n. an official 
statement of facts; description, 
an account of a meeting, &c.; 
rumor; hearsay ; noise. 

Syn. rumor, recital, account, 
tale. 

re-por-to-ri-al (-por-to'ri-al). adj. 
pertaining to, or constituted by, 
reporters. 

re-pos-al (-poz'fil), n. state of re¬ 
pose. 

re-pose (-poz'), v.t. to lay to rest; 
refresh by rest; compose; lay, 
place, or rest, as confidence or 
trust (with in or on) : v.i. to 
sleep; recline : n. sleep; quiet; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin; vote, p6reh, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







rep 


703 


rep 


mental rest; certain parts in a 
picture which tranquilize its as¬ 
pect. 

re-pos-i-to-ry (-poz'i-to-ri), n. 
[pi. repositories (-riz)], a ware¬ 
house for the storing and safe 
keeping of goods; shop or ware¬ 
house. 

re-pous-se (re-poos'a), n. orna¬ 
mental metal work formed in re¬ 
lief and chased. 

rep-re-hend (rep-re-hend'), v.t. 
to censure. 

rep-re-hen-si-ble (-lien'si-bl), adj. 
deserving censure; culpable. 

rep-re-hen-si-bly (-bli), adv. in 
a reprehensible manner. 

rep-re-hen-sion ('shun), n. cen¬ 
sure ; reproof. 

rep-re-hen-sive ('siv), adj. given 
to, or containing, reproof. Also 
reprehensory. 

rep-re-sent (rep-re-zent'), v.t. to 
exhibit the image of; show; de¬ 
scribe ; give an account of; per¬ 
sonate or act the part of_: re¬ 
produce; to present again (re-pre- 
zent'). 

rep-re-sen-ta-tion (-zen-ta'shun), 
n. the act of representing; that 
which represents : portrayal ; de¬ 
scription ; likeness; image or pic¬ 
ture ; dramatic performance; 
body of representatives; state¬ 
ment of arguments or reasons. 

rep-re-sen-ta-tive ('ta-tiv), adj. 
having the power or character of 
another; exhibiting a similitude; 
typical : n. one who is authorized 
to act for another or others; dep¬ 
uty or delegate, especially one 
chosen by a body of electors; a 
member of the popular branch of 
Congress or of a State Legisla¬ 
ture ; he who, or that which, rep¬ 
resents or exhibits a likeness ; an 
heir. 

re-press (-pres'), v.t. to check or 
restrain ; crush ; quell. 

re-pres-sion (-presh'un), n. the 
act oi> repressing. 

re-press-ive (-pres'iv), adj. serv¬ 
ing to repress. 

re-press-ive-ly (-li), adv. so as to 
repress. 

re-prieve (-prev'), v.t. to grant 
a respite to; delay the execution 
of: n. temporary suspension of a 
criminal sentence. 


reprimand (rep'ri-mand), v.t. 
to reprove severely; reprove pub¬ 
licly and officially : n. a severe re¬ 
proof. 

re-print (re'print), n. a verbatim 
copy of any printed work ; a re¬ 
production of printed matter, 
re-pris-al (re-prlz'al), n. some¬ 
thing done or seized by way of re¬ 
taliation for an injury or wrong 
suffered. 

re proach (-proch'), v.t. to cen¬ 
sure severely; upbraid: n. severe 
blame mingled with contempt; ob¬ 
ject of scorn ; shame or disgrace, 
reproachful ('fool), adj. con¬ 
taining, or expressing, reproach, 
re proachfully (-li), adv. in a 
reproachful manner, 
rep-ro-bate (rep'ro-bat), v.t. to 
condemn strongly or with detesta¬ 
tion ; disown: adj. wholly given 
up to sin ; abandoned ; depraved : 
n. a profligate person, 
rep-ro-ba-tion (-ba'shun), n. the 
act of reprobating; abandonment 
to eternal destruction; condemna¬ 
tion. 

re-proof (-proof'), n. censure; re¬ 
buke. 

Syn. blame, censure, rebuke, 
chiding. 

Ant. (see approval). 
re prove (-proov'), v.t. to censure 
or blame ; reprimand ; rebuke, 
rep-tile (rep'til), n. an animal 
of the class Reptilia that creeps 
or crawls on the ground; a mean, 
groveling person: adj. creeping; 
crawling; groveling, 
rep-til-i-an (til'i-Sn), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or like, a reptile. Also 
reptilious. 

re-pub-lic (re-pub'lik), n. a state 
or country in which the supreme 
power is vested in representatives 
elected by popular vote; common¬ 
wealth. 

re-pub-lic-an ('lik-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to, characteristic of, or 
consisting of, a republic: n. one 
who favors republican govern¬ 
ment ; a member of the Repub¬ 
lican party. 

re-puh-lic-an-ism (-izm), n. the 
principles of a republican govern¬ 
ment ; attachment to such princi¬ 
ples. 

re-pub-lic-an-ize (-iz), v.t. to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 















Y04 


res 


rep 


form into a republic; convert to 
republican ideas. 

xe-pub-li-ca-tion (-li-ka'shun), 

n. the act of republishing; re-im- 
pression of a printed book; second 
publication. 

xe-pub-lish ('lish), v.t. to pub¬ 
lish anew; print a new edition of. 
xe-pu-di-ate (-pu'di-at), v.t. to 
disown or disclaim; refuse to pay 
or acknowledge; disavow. 

Syn. disown, discard, disavow, 
renounce, disclaim. 

Ant. (see acknowledge), 
re-pu-di-a-tion (-a/shun), n. the 
act of repudiating; disavowal; re¬ 
jection. 

xe-pu-di-a-tor ('di-a-ter), n. one 
who repudiates. 

Te-pug-nance (-pug'nans), n. 
aversion ; reluctance; dislike. 
Also repugnancy. 

re-pug-nant ('nant), adj. highly 
distasteful or offensive ; contrary ; 
hostile. 

Syn. antagonistic, distasteful. 
Ant. (see agreeable), 
re-pulse (puls'), v.t. to drive 
back ; beat off; repel: n. the state 
of being driven back or repelled; 
refusal; denial. 

re-pul-sion (-pul'shun), n. the act 
of driving back; state of being 
repelled ; the power by which cer¬ 
tain bodies or their molecules re¬ 
cede from each other; aversion, 
re-pul-sive ('siv), adj. tending 
to repel; forbidding ; disgusting. 

Syn. forbidding, odious, ugly, 
disagreeable, revolting. 

Ant. (see attractive), 
xe-pul-sive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
repulsive manner. 

re-pul-sive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being repul¬ 
sive. 

xep-u-ta-ble (rep'u-ta-bl), adj. es¬ 
teemed ; honorable; respectable, 
xep-u-ta-bly ('u-ta-bli), n. in a 
reputable manner, 
xep-u-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. good 
name or character ; honor; credit. 
Te-pute (-put'), v.t. to estimate; 
deem : n. estimation ; character ; 
reputation. 

xe-quest (-kwest'), n. desire ex¬ 
pressed; petition; prayer; de¬ 
mand ; entreaty : v.t. to ask for. 
xe-qui-em (re'kwi-em), n. a mass, 


or musical setting of a mass, for 
the repose of the soul or a per¬ 
son deceased. 

re-quire (re-kwir'), v.t. to ask 
for or claim as by right or au¬ 
thority ; demand ; exact; need, 
re quire ment ('ment), n. the act 
of requiring; that which is re¬ 
quired ; demand ; necessity, 
req-ui-site (rek'wi-zit), adj. need¬ 
ful ; indispensable: n. anything 
requisite. 

req-ui-site-ly (-li), adv. in a req¬ 
uisite manner. 

req-ui-site-uess (-nes), n. neces¬ 
sity. 

req-ui-si-tiou (-wi-zish'un), n. 
the act of requiring; that which 
is required; demand, especially 
a written one: v.t. to demand; 
make a requisition upon, 
re-qui-tal (-kwlt'al), n. retalia¬ 
tion. 

re-quite (-kwlt'), v.t. to make re¬ 
turn for treatment, good or evil; 
recompense ; retaliate ; revenge, 
rere-mouse (rer'mous), n. the 
bat. 

re-scind (re-sind'), v.t. to annul; 

revoke. 

re-scis-sion (-sizh'un), n. the act 
of annulling. 

re-script ('skript), n. an edict or 
decree, especially of an emperor 
or pope in answer to some 
question or jurisprudence officially 
submitted to him, and having the 
force of a law. 

res-cue (res'ku), v.t. to set free 
from danger, restraint, or vio¬ 
lence; liberate; deliver: n. deliv¬ 
erance from danger, restraint, or 
violence; forcible retaking of per¬ 
sons or goods detained by legal 
authority. 

re search (-sercli'), n. laborious, 
careful inquiry or investigation: 
v.t. to search again; investigate 
carefully and diligently, 
re-semblance (-zem'blans), n. 
likeness. 

re-sem-ble (-zem'bl), v.t. to have 
a likeness to; have similarity to. 
xe-sent (zent'), v.t. to consider 
as an injury or affront; take ill; 
be angry in consequence of. 
xe-sent-ful ('fool), adj. easily pro¬ 
voked to anger; full of resent¬ 
ment. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







res 


705 


res 


re-sent-ful-ly (-li), adv. with 
resentment. 

re sent ment ('ment), n. strong 
anger or displeasure; deep sense 
of injury. 

res-er-va-tion (rez-er-va'shun), 

n. anything kept back or re¬ 
served ; clause, proviso, or limi¬ 
tation, by which something is re¬ 
served ; public land reserved for 
some particular use, as schools, 
&c. 

re serve (re-zerv'), v.t. to keep 
in store; hold back for future use; 
retain : n. that which is retained 
for future use; closeness or cau¬ 
tion in speaking or acting; 
taciturnity; modesty : pi. troops 
kept for the support of an army 
or to meet any contingency, 
res-er-voir (rez'er-vwar), n. a 
place where anything (usually 
fluids and liquids) is collected and 
stored up for use. 
re-set-ter (re-set'er), n. one who 
resets or places again, 
re-side (re-zld'), v.i. to dwell or 
inhabit; live. 

res-i-dence (rez'i-dens), n. place 
of abode; domicile; act of resid¬ 
ing. 

res-i-den-cy (-den-si), n. in In¬ 
dia, the official residence of the 
British Minister. 

res-i-den-tial ('shal), n. pertain¬ 
ing to, containing, or suitable for, 
residents. 

re-sid-u-al (re-zid'u-al), adj. re¬ 
maining after a part has been | 
taken away. 

re-sid-u-a-ry ('u-a-ri), adj. per- j 
taining to, or constituting, the 
residue; relating or entitled to the 
remainder of an estate, &c., after 
deducting legal expenses, 
res i-due (rez'i-du), n. remainder, 
xe-sid-u-um ( re-zid'u-um ), n. 
that which is left after a chemical 
process. 

re-sign (-zln'), v.t. to yield to 
another; surrender formally; 
withdraw from : submit calmly ; 
sign again (re-sin'), 
res-ig-na-tion (rez-ig-na'shun). 
n. the act of resigning; state of 
being resigned; calm submission 
or acquiescence; patience, 
re-sil-i-ent (re-zil'i-ent), adj. 
springing back. 


res-in (rez'in), n. a solid inflam¬ 
mable substance obtained from 
various trees which exude it in 
the form of gum. 

res-i-nous (-us), adj. containing, 
consisting of, or like, resin, 
re-sist (re-zist'), v.t. to oppose; 
withstand ; thwart; strive against: 
v.i. to make opposition or resist¬ 
ance. 

re-sist-ance (-zist'ans), n. the act 
of resisting; opposition ; power of 
a body that acts in opposition to 
another; in photography, contrast 
of light and shade, 
re-sist-ant ('ant), adj. offering re¬ 
sistance : n. one who, or that 
which, resists. 

re-sist-i-bil-i-ty (-zizt-i-bil'i-ti), 
n. the quality of being resistible, 
re-sist-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of resisting. 

re-sist-i-bly (-bli), adv. in a re¬ 
sistible manner. 

re-sist-less ('les), n. irresistible, 
res-o-lu-ble (rez'o-lfi-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being melted or resolved, 
res-o-lute ('o-lut). adj. deter¬ 
mined ; having a fixed purpose; 
decided ; firm ; steady, 
res-o-lute-ly ('li), adv. in a 
resolute manner. 

res-o-lute-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being resolute, 
res-o-lu-tion (-lu'shun), n. the 
act of resolving; state of being 
resolved; analysis; fixed deter¬ 
mination; constancy of purpose; 
formal proposal in a legislative 
assembly or public meeting; solu¬ 
tion. 

res-o-lu-tion of for-ces (for'sez), 
the dividing of a force into two 
or more, which would have the 
same effect as if it acted alone, 
res-o-lu-tive ('o-lu-tiv), adj. hav¬ 
ing the power to dissolve, 
re-sol-va-bil-i-ty (re-zol-v&-bil'i- 
ti), n. the quality of being resolva¬ 
ble. Resolvableness, 
re-sol-va-ble ('va-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being resolved, 
re-solve (-zolv'), v.t. to reduce to 
constituent parts: analyze; free 
from doubt or difficulty; clear or 
separate; solve; settle in an opin¬ 
ion ; decide; determine by vote; 
disperse, as a tumor, &c.; carry a 
discord into a concord [ Music] : 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








res 


706 


res 


v.i. to determine; pass a formal 
resolution. 

re-solved (-zolvd'), p.adj. deter¬ 
mined ; firm. 

re-sol-vent (-zol'vent), adj. hav¬ 
ing the power of resolving; caus¬ 
ing solution : n. a medicine to dis¬ 
perse a tumor, &c. 
res-o-nance (rez'o-nans), n. the 
quality of being resonant. Also 
resonancy. 

res o nant ('o-nant), adj. return¬ 
ing sound. 

re-sort (-zort'), v.i. to betake 
one’s self; go often; have re¬ 
course ; apply: n. place much 
frequented; concourse; resource, 
re-sound (-zound'), v.i. & v.t. to 
reverberate ; be re-echoed ; spread 
the fame or renown of; send 
back sound; echo; sound again 
(re-sound'), 

re-source (-sors'), n. source of 
help or supply; an expedient to 
which one resorts: pi. money; 
means of any kind, 
resp (resp), n. a disease of sheep, 
re-spect (re-spekt'), n. regard; 
expression of esteem ; deference ; 
manner of treating others; re¬ 
spectful demeanor; point, refer¬ 
ence, or particular: pi. expression 
of good-will or regard: v.t. to 
honor or esteem ; have relation to. 
re-spect-a-bil-i-ty (-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being 
respectable. 

re-spect-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble or worthy of respect; held in 
good repute; moderate in excel¬ 
lence or number. 

re-spect-a-bly (-bli), adv. in a 
respectable manner, 
re-spect-ful ('fool), adj. charac¬ 
terized by respect, 
re-spect-ful-ly (-li), adv. with 
respect. 

re-spect-ing ('iug), prep, con¬ 
cerning. 

re-spect-ive ('iv), adj. relating 
to a particular person or thing; 
not absolute; relative, 
re-spect-ive-ly (-li), adv. as each 
belongs to each; not absolutely, 
re-spir-a-bil-i-ty (-splr-a-bil'i-ti), 
n. the quality of being respirable. 
Respirableness. 

re-spir-a-bl „* ('a-bl), adj. that 

may be, or is fit to be, breathed. 


res-pi-ra-tion (res-pi-ra'shun), 
n. the act or process of breathing; 
relief from toil. 

res-pi-ra-tor ('pi-ra-ter), n. a 
network contrivance for covering 
the mouth and protecting the 
lungs from cold, fog, &c. 
res-pi-ra-to-ry ('pi-ra-to-ri), adj. 
pertaining to or serving for, res¬ 
piration. 

re-spire (-splr'), v.t. to draw air 
into the lungs and expel it again; 
breathe; inhale: v.t. to breathe 
in and out, as air. 
res-pite (res'pit), n. pause or 
temporary cessation of anything; 
delay ; interval of rest; reprieve : 
v.t. to grant a respite to; sus¬ 
pend the execution of. 
re-splen-dence (re-splen'dens), n. 
brilliant luster; intense light. 
Also resplendency, 
re-splen-dent ('dent), adj. shin- 
• ing with brilliant luster; in¬ 
tensely bright. 

re-spond t-spond'), v.i. to answer 
or reply; be liable for payment: 
v.t. to pay: n. a short anthem 
sung between the reading of the 
lessons. 

re spond ent ('ent), adj. giving 
response: n. one who answers or 
replies; one who maintains a 
thesis in reply; one wdie answers 
to a suit at law. 

res-pon-den-ti-a (res-pon-den'shi- 
a), n. a loan on the security of 
a ship’s cargo. 

re-sponse (re-spons'), n. the act 
of answering; reply; in a litur¬ 
gical service, the answer of the 
congregation to the priest, 
responsible ('si-bl), adj. in¬ 
volving responsibility; answera¬ 
ble ; liable. 

re-spon-si-bly ('si-bli), adv. in a 
responsible manner, 
re-spon-sive ('siv), adj. answer¬ 
ing ; correspondent, 
re-spon-sive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
responsive manner, 
re-spon-sive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being respon¬ 
sive. 

re-spon-so-ry ('so-ri), adj. con¬ 
taining answer: n. the answer of 
the congregation to the priest 
in a liturgical service, 
rest (rest), n. cessation from 
motion or disturbance; quiet; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







res 


l 


707 


ret 


peace; repose; sleep; death; 
place of quiet or repose; trust; 
interval of silence and its sign 
tMusic] ; remainder: v.i. to cease 
from motion or action ; repose; be 
quiet; sleep ; die; stand ; be satis¬ 
fied ; lean: v.t. to lay to rest; 
place. 

Syn. calm, ease, peace, quiet, 
repose, sleep. 

. Ant. (see movement), 
res tau rant (res'to-rant, or -to- 
rang), n. a house for refreshment; 
an eating-house. 

res tau ra teur (-ra-ter), n. the 
keeper of a restaurant, 
restful ('fool), adj. full of rest; 
quiet. 

rest-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a restful 
manner. 

res-ti-tu-tion (-ti-tu'shun), n. the 
act of making good any loss, in¬ 
jury, or damage; compensation; 
amends. 

rest-ive (rest'iv), adj. unwilling 
to go forward; stubborn; obsti¬ 
nate ; uneasy. 

Syn. fidgety, impatient, rest¬ 
less, unruly. 

Ant. (see passive), 
rest-ive-ly (-li), adv. in a restive 
manner. 

rest-ive-ness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being restive, 
re-stor-a-ble (re-stor'a-bl), adj. 

capable of being restored, 
res-to-ra-tion (res-td-ra'shun), 
n. the act of restoring ; renewal ; 
repair. 

re-stor-a-tive (re-stor'a-tiv), adj. 
capable of restoring: n. a re¬ 
invigorating medicine, 
re-stor-a-tive-ly (-li), adv. so as 
to restore. 

re-store (-stor'), v.t. to bring back 
to its former strength ; repair; re¬ 
build ; heal or cure; re-invigor- 
ate; renew ; amend; reclaim ; 
store again. 

re-strain ('-stran'), v.t. to check; 
repress. 

Syn. bridle, check, confine, 
curb, hold. 

Ant. (see free). 

re-straint (-strant'), n. the act 
of restraining; state of being re¬ 
strained ; limitation, 
re-strict (-strikt'), v.t. to con¬ 
fine or limit. 


re-stric-tion (-strik'shun), n. the 
act of restricting; limitation; 
confinement. 

re-strict-ive ('iv), adj. imposing 
restraint. 

re.-strict-ive-ly (-li), adv. with 
restriction. 

result (-zult'), v.i. to follow as a 
consequence; to come to a deci¬ 
sion ; ensue ; decree : n. conclusion 
or consequence. 

re-sult-ant ('ant), adj. follow¬ 
ing as a result: n. a single force 
compounded of two or more forces 
and representing their combined 
effects. 

re-sulting ('ing), p.adj. follow¬ 
ing as a result or consequence, 
re-su-me (ra-zu-ma'), n. a sum¬ 
mary. 

re sume (-zum'), v.t. to take up 
again after interruption; begin 
again ; take back. 

re-suinp-tion (re-zump'shun), n. 

the act of resuming, 
res-ur-rec-tion (rez-er-ek'shun), 
n. a rising again from the dead; 
moral revival. 

res-ur-rec-tion-ist (-ist), n. 
formerly a man who disinterred 
dead bodies for sale for anatomic¬ 
al purposes. 

re-sus-ci-tate (re-sus'i-tat), v.t. 
to revive from apparent death; 
revivify. 

re-sus-ci-ta-tiou (-ta'shun), n. 
the act of resuscitating; state of 
being resuscitated, 
re-sus-ci-ta-tive ('i-ta-tiv), adj. 
tending to resuscitate; restorative, 
re-sus-ci-ta-tor ('i-ta-ter), n. 
one who, or that which, resusci¬ 
tates. 

ret (ret), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. retted, 
p.pr. retting], to steep in water 
to separate the fibers of a sub¬ 
stance, as flax, by incipient rot¬ 
ting. 

re-tail (re-tal'), v.t. to sell in 
small quantities; sell second¬ 
hand: n. (re'tal) sale of goods in 
small quantities: adj. dealing in 
small quantities or second-hand, 
re-tain (-tan'), v.t. to hold or 
keep in possession; detain; en¬ 
gage by a fee prepaid, 
re-tain-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, retains; a depend- 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 












ret 


708 


ret 


ent; attendant; preliminary re¬ 
taining fee paid to counsel, 
re-tal-i-ate (-tal'i-at), v.t. to re¬ 
turn by giving-like for like (usu¬ 
ally in an ill sense), 
re-tal-i-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
act of retaliating, 
re-tal-i-a-tive ('i-a-tiv), adj. re¬ 
turning like for like; vindictive. 
Also retaliatory. 

re-tard. ^-tard'), v.t. to hinder or 
obstruct; delay ; keep back, 
re-tar-da-tion (-tar-da'shun), n. 
the act of retarding; hindrance ; 
postponement. 

r e-t a r-d a-t i v e ('da-tiv), adj. 

tending to retard, 
retch (rech), v.i. to try to vomit; 

strain in vomiting, 
re-ten-tion (re-ten'shun), n. the 
act of holding back; power of 
retaining, especially ideas, 
re-ten-tive ('tiv), adj. having 
the power to retain, 
re-ten-tive-ly (-li), adv. with re¬ 
tentiveness. 

re-ten-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being retentive, 
ret-i-cence (ret'i-sens), n. silence; 
reserve. 

ret-i-cent ('i-sent), adj. silent; 
reserved. 

re-tic-u-lar (-tik'u-lar), adj. 

fonned with interstices, 
re-tic-u-late ('u-lat), adj. formed 
of, or resembling, network, 
ret-i-cule (ret'i-kul), n. a lady’s 
handbag or workbag; a telescopic 
eyepiece across which is stretched 
a network of very fine material 
for dividing the field of view into 
small equal squares, 
re-ti-form (re'ti-form), adj. net- 
shaped. 

ret-i-na (ret'i-na), n. one of the 
coats of the eye, containing the 
ends of the sensory nerves "which 
receive the impressions which give 
rise to vision. 

retinitis (-i-ni'tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of the retina, 
ret-i-nue ('i-nu), n. the suite or 
attendants of a prince or person 
of distinction ; train, 
re-tir-a-cy (re-tir'a-si), n. the 
state of having retired; com¬ 
petency. 

re-tire (,-tir'), v.i. to go to a place 
of privacy ; withdraw ; retreat; re¬ 


cede ; withdraw from business, 
official, or active life; to go to 
bed. 

re-tired (-tird'), adj. secluded 
from society; having given up 
business, &c.; private, 
re-tire-ment (-tir'ment), n. the 
act of retiring; state of being re¬ 
tired ; privacy; solitude. 

Syn. loneliness, privacy, soli¬ 
tude. 

Ant. (see association). 
re-tir-ing ('ing), adj. reserved, 
not obtrusive ; assigned as a pen¬ 
sion, to an official retiring from 
the public service, &c. 
re-tort (-tort'), v.t. to return, as 
an argument, incivility, censure, 
accusation, &c.: v.i. to make a re¬ 
tort : n. censure, incivility, &c., re¬ 
turned ; sharp reply ; a vessel used 
in distilling and decomposing sub¬ 
stances. 

re-touch (-tuch'), v.t. to touch 
again; improve by going over a 
work of art to restore faded parts, 

&c. 

re-tract (-trakt'), v.t. to draw, 
or take back ; recall; rescind ; re¬ 
cant : v.i. to withdraw something 
.previously said or written : n. the 
prick of a horse’s foot in nail¬ 
ing a horseshoe. 

re-tract-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of being retracted. Also retract¬ 
ile, retractable. 

re-trac-ta-tion (-trak-tfi'shun), n. 
the act of retracting; recantation ; 
disavowal. Also retraction, 
re-tract-or ('ter), n. one who re¬ 
tracts ; a muscle or instrument 
for drawing back, 
re-treat (-tret'), n. the act of 
withdrawing or retiring; retire¬ 
ment or seclusion; place of pri¬ 
vacy ; shelter; the retiring of an 
army of troops from the face of 
an enemy or an advanced position; 
signal for retiring from an en¬ 
gagement, or to quarters: v.i. to 
withdraw to seclusion or place of 
safety ; retire before an enemy, 
re-trench (-trench'), v.t. to fur¬ 
nish with a retrenchment: v.i. 
to cut down expenses, 
re-trench-nient ('rnent), n. cur¬ 
tailment ; reduction of expenses; 
military work constructed inside 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






ret 


709 


rev 


another to resist an enemy who 
has forced the outer one. 
ret-ri-bu-tion (ret-ri-bu'shun), n. 
reward or punishment suitable 
to the action ; distribution of re¬ 
wards or punishments in future 
life at the linal judgment, 
retributive (re-trib'u-tiv), adj. 
rewarding for good deeds and pun¬ 
ishing for offenses. Also retribu- 
tory. 

re-triev-a-ble (-trev'a-bl), adj. 

capable of being retrieved, 
re-triev-a-ble-ness (-nes), n. 

the state of being retrievable, 
re-triev-a-bly ('a-bli), adv. in a 
retrievable manner, 
re-trieve (-trev'), v.t. to recover; 
restore; regain: v.i. to act as a 
retriever. 

re-triev-er ('er), n. a variety of 
dog trained to fetch game, 
retro, a prefix meaning back, 
backwards, as retrospect, a re¬ 
view of the past. 

re-tro-cede (re-tro-sed'), v.t. to 
cede or grant back, 
re-tro-ces-sion (-sesh'un), n. the 
act of going back, 
ret-ro-grade (ret'ro-grad), adj. 
going or moving backwards ; appar¬ 
ently moving from east to west 
as a planet; going from a better 
to a worse moral condition; be¬ 
coming less highly organized: v.i. 
to go backwards. 

re - tro - gres - sion (re-tro-gresli'- 
un), n. the act of going backward, 
re-tro-gres-sive, same as retro¬ 
grade. 

Tet-ro-spect, see under retro, 
ret - ro - spec - tiou (ret-ro-spek'- 
sbun), n. the act or faculty of 
looking back on the past, 
ret-ro-spec-tive ('tiv), adj. look¬ 
ing back on things past; referring 
to past things. 

ret-ro-spec-tive-ly (-li), adv. in 
a retrospective manner, 
ret-ro-ver-sion (-ver'shun), n. a 
turning or falling backward, 
•re-turn (re-tern'), v.i. to come 
back again to the same place or 
state ; revisit; retort: v.t. to re¬ 
pay : restore; requite: elect; re¬ 
ply or report officially : n. the act 
of going back or returning; retro¬ 
gression ; repayment; requital; 
restitution; remittance; advan¬ 
tage ; profit; official report. 


re turn ing of fi cer ('ing of'i- 
ser), n. an official whose duty it 
is to preside at an election, make 
returns to writs, juries, &c. 
re-tuse (-tils'), adj. very blunt; 
having the extremity broad and 
slightly depressed, 
re-un-ion (re-un'yun), n. a fes¬ 
tive gathering of familiar friends 
or associates ; act of reuniting, 
re-u-nite (-u-nlt'), v.t. to unite 
again; reconcile after variance: 
v.i. become united again, 
re-veal (re-vel'), v.t. to make 
known; disclose: n. the vertical 
side of a doorway, window, &c. 
rev-eil-le (rev-el-e' or re-val'ye), 
n. the beat of a drum, or bugle 
call at daybreak to awaken 
soldiers. 

rev-el (rev'el), n. a noisy or 
riotous feast: v.i. to feast with 
joyous or clamorous merriment, 
rev-e-la-tion (-a'shun), n. the act 
of revealing or making known, 
especially Divine truth ; that which 
is revealed, especially by God to 
man. 

rev-el-er ('el-er), n. one who rev¬ 
els. 

rev-el-ry (-ri), n. boisterous fes¬ 
tivity. 

re-venge (re-venj'), v.t. to inflict 
pain or punishment because of; 
exact retribution for; avenge: n. 
the act of revenging: malicious 
injuring in return for an injury 
or offense received; retaliation; 
malice. 

Syn. vengeance, retaliation, re¬ 
quital, retribution. 

Ant. (see forgiveness). 
re-venge-ful ('fool), adj. vin¬ 
dictive. 

re-venge-ful-ly (-li), adv. vin¬ 
dictively. 

rev e nue (rev'e-nu), n. the gen¬ 
eral income of a state, derived 
from the annual taxes, excise, 
customs, &c; annual profits from 
lands, &c. 

Syn. produce, income, proceeds, 
fruits, w r ealth. 

re-ver-ber-ate ( re-ver'ber-at), v.t. 
to send back, as sound ; re-echo: 
v.i. to be driven back, or reflected, 
as sound or light, 
re-ver-ber-a-tion (-a'shun), n. 
the act of reverberating. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






rev 


710 


rev 


re-ver-ber-a-tory ('ber-a-to-ri), 
adj. pertaining to, or characterized 
by or produced by, reverberation : 
n. a domed furnace which re¬ 
flects the flame upon a vessel 
placed within it, without being in 
contact with the fuel. 

re vere (-ver')» v.t. to regard with 
fear mingled with respect and 
affection; reverence. 

rev-er-ence (rev'er-ens), n. ven¬ 
eration ; honor; respect; act of 
obeisance; a title given to the 
clergy (with his, your) : v.t. to 
regard with reverence. 

Syn. honor, respect, awe, ven¬ 
eration, deference, homage, wor¬ 
ship. 

Ant. (see execration). 

reverend (-end), adj. worthy 
of reverence. 

Rev er end (-end), n. a title given 
to the clergy. 

rev er ent (-ent), adj. showing, or 
expressive of, reverence ; humble ; 
submissive. 

rev-er-en-tial (-en'shal), adj. pro¬ 
ceeding from reverence; respect¬ 
ful. 

rev-er-en-tial-ly (-li), adv. with 
reverence. 

rev-er-ie ('er-i), n. deep musing; 
wakeful dreaminess; irregular 
train of thoughts or fancies in 
meditation. 

re-ver-sal (re-ver'sal), n. the act 
of reversing; overthrow or an¬ 
nulling ; repeal. 

re-verse (-vers'), adj. turned back¬ 
ward ; having an opposite direc¬ 
tion ; made or declared void: v.t. 
to turn upside down ; change en¬ 
tirely : n. the contrary or opposite ; 
back of a coin or medal; change; 
vicissitude; defeat. 

re-vers-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of being reversed. 

re-ver-sion ('shun), n. right to 
future possession or enjoyment; 
tendency of an animal or plant 
to revert to its original form, 
&c. 

re-ver-sion-a-ry (-a-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or involving, right of 
reversion. 

re-vert (-vert'), v.t. to turn back; 
change; reverse: v.i. to return 
or fall back; return to the origi¬ 
nal owner or his heirs. 


re-vert-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being reverted, 
re-vest (-vest'), v.i. to return to 
a former owner. 

re-vet-nvent (-vet'ment), n. in 
fortification, a strong wall 
erected round the lower part of 
the rampart; a retaining wall, 
re-view (-vii'), v.t. to consider 
over again; re-examine; look 
back ; revise ; examine critically ; 
inspect (troops, &c.) ; write a 
critical notice of: n. the act of 
reviewing; re-examination; sur¬ 
vey of the past; criticism, es¬ 
pecially of a new publication ; a 
periodical with criticisms on 
new books, essays, &c; inspection 
of troops, &c. 

re-vile (-vil'), v.t. to address with 
opprobrious or contumelious lan¬ 
guage ; reproach. 

re-vise (-viz'), v.t. to review and 
amend; examine for correction: 
n. a revision ; second proof-sheet. 

Syn. review, reconsider, 
re-vi-sion (-vizh'un), n. the act 
of examining for correction; 
that which is revised, 
re-vi-val (-vi'val), n. the act 
of reviving; recovery ; renewal of 
life ; renewed performance of ; re¬ 
production ; spiritual awakening, 
re-vi-val-ism (-izm), n. an in¬ 
terest in revivals of religion, or 
the methods of procedure to pro¬ 
mote such. 

re-vi-val-ist (-ist), n. one who 
promotes revivals, 
re-vive (-vlv'), v.i. to recover 
life; return to vigor or activity, 
especially from a state of languor, 
neglect, &c.: v.t. to restore to 
life again ; renovate ; reproduce. 

Syn. refresh, renew, renovate, 
animate, resuscitate, vivify, cheer, 
comfort. 

revivify (-viv'i-fi), V.t. \p.t. & 
p.p. revivified, p.pr. revivifying], 
to reanimate; quicken, 
rev-o-ca-ble (rev'o-ka-bl), adj. 
that may be revoked, 
rev-o-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the 
act of revoking; recall; repeal; 
reversal. 

revoke (-vok'), v.t. to recall; 
repeal; annul: v.i. to fail to fol¬ 
low suit at cards: n. the act of 
revoking at cards. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pSrch, lot; m55n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








#ev 


711 


rha 


re-volt (-volt'), w. rebellion 
against constituted authority ; in¬ 
surrection : change of sides; de¬ 
sertion : v.i. to turn away in dis¬ 
gust ; to rebel: v.i. overturn; 
shock. 

re-volt-ing ('ing), p.adj. disgust¬ 
ing ; repellent. 

rev-o-lute (rev'o-lut), adj. rolled 
backwards. 

rev-o-lu-tion (-lu'sliun), n. the 
act of revolving; rotation ; change 
or alteration of system; motion 
of a point or line about a center; 
recurrence or succession; funda¬ 
mental and sudden change in, the 
government of a country. 

Syn. confusion, disorder, muti¬ 
ny, rebellion, anarchy. 

Ant. (see law, order). 

rev-o-lu-tion-a-ry (-a-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, tending to produce, 
or constituting, a revolution: n. 
a revolutionist. 

rev-o-lu-tion-ist ('shun-ist), n. 
one who organizes or takes part in 
a revolution. 

rev-o-lu-tion-ize ('shun-Iz), v.t. 
to cause a revolution or entire 
change of government or any sys¬ 
tem. 

re-volve (re-volv'), v.i. to turn 
round, as on an axis; roll in a 
circle; rotate: v.t. to cause to 
turn or roll round; meditate or 
reflect upon. 

re-volv-er (-volv'er), n. one who, 
or that which, revolves; a pistol 
with revolving barrels, fired suc¬ 
cessively without reloading. 

revolving ('ing), adj. turning 
round. 

revulsion (-vul'shun), n. sudden 
and violent change, especially of 
feeling; diversion of the cause of 
a disease from one part of the 
body to another. 

re-vul-sive ('siv), adj. having 
the power of, or tending to, re¬ 
vulsion. 

re-ward (-ward'), n. something 
given as a return for good or ill 
received; recompense; retribu¬ 
tion ; punishment; gift in token 
of approved merit: v.t. to give in 
return for good or ill received; 
recompense; punish. 

rey-nard (ren'ard or rfi'nard), 
n. the fox. 


Rhad-a-man-thine (rad-a-man'- 
thin), adj. sternly just and inflexi¬ 
ble : from Rhadamanthus, one of 
the three judges in classic mythol¬ 
ogy who decided the fate of the 
souls of the departed in the low¬ 
er world. 

rhap-sod-ic (rap-sod'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or connected with, 
rhapsody ; unconnected ; confused. 
Also rhapsodical. 

rhap-so-dist ('s5-dist), n. one 
who makes or recites verses, es¬ 
pecially one whose profession was 
to recite the Homeric or other 
epics. 

rhap-so-dize ('so-dlz), v.i. to 
write or utter rhapsodies. 

rhap-so-dy ('so-di), n. [pi. rhap¬ 
sodies (-diz)], any unconnected 
or rambling composition, com¬ 
posed under the influence of ex¬ 
citement ; part of an epic poem 
for recitation at one time. 

rhea (re'a), n. the South Ameri¬ 
can ostrich. 

Rhen-ish (ren'ish), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the river Rhine: n. Rhine 
wine. 

rhe-o-chord (re'o-kord), n. a 
metallic wire used for measuring 
the resistance or variability of an 
electric current. 

rhe-om-e-ter (-om'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring the in¬ 
tensity of an electric current. 

rhe-om-e-try ('e-tri), n. the art 
of measuring the intensity and 
velocity of electric and other cur¬ 
rents. 

rhe-o-mo-tor ('o-mo-ter), n. an 
apparatus by which an electrical 
current is generated. 

rhe-o-phore ('o-for), n. the con¬ 
necting wire of an electric or 
galvanic apparatus. 

rhe-o-scope ('o-skop), n. an ap¬ 
paratus for detecting an electric 

current. 

rhe-o-stat ('o-stat), n. an ap¬ 

paratus for regulating an electric 
current. 

rhe-o-tome ('o-tom), n. an ap¬ 

paratus for interrupting an elec¬ 
tric current at stated intervals. 

rhe-o-trope ('o-tr5p), n. an ap¬ 
paratus for periodically reversing 
the direction of an electric cur¬ 
rent. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







rhe 


712 


rib 


rhe sus ('sus), n. a monkey, held 
sacred in certain parts of India, 
rbet-o-ric (ret'o-rik), n. the art 
of speaking with elegance and 
force; declamation; showy ora¬ 
tory. 

rbe-tor-i-cal (re-tor'i-kal), adj. 
pertaining to rhetoric; figura¬ 
tive; declamatory, 
rhe-tor-i-cal-ly (-li), adv. in a 
rhetorical manner, 
rbet-o-ri-cian (ret-o-rish'&n), n. 
a teacher of rhetoric, or one 
skilled in the art; orator, 
rheum (room), n. the increased 
action of the vessels of any or¬ 
gan, especially the lungs or nos¬ 
trils, producing an increased dis¬ 
charge of secretions, 
rheu-uiat-ic (-rnat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or affected by, rheu¬ 
matism. Also rheumatical. 
rheuma tism ('ma-tizm), n. a 
painful disease of the muscles 
and joints accompanied by swell¬ 
ing and stiffness. 

rbi-no (ri'no), n. money: a prefix 
meaning the nose. Also rhin. 
rbi -noc-er-os (ri-nos'er-os), n. a 
large pachydermatous animal al¬ 
lied to the elephant, with one or 
two horns on the snout, 
rhi-no-plas-ty (rl'no-plas-ti), n. 
a surgical operation by which a 
new nose is formed or partially 
restored by ingrafting new flesh, 
rlii-no-scope ('no-skop), n. an 
instrument furnished with a mir¬ 
ror for examining the passages of 
the nose. 

rhi zome ('z5m), n. a thick stem 
running along or under the 
ground, producing roots below 
and shoots above. Also rhizoma. 
rho-di-um (ro'di-um), n. one of 
the metallic elements, rare and of 
extreme hardness, 
rhodo, a prefix meaning a rose. 
Rho-do-den-dron (ro-dd-den'- 
dron), n. a genus of ornamental 
evergreen shrubs with large hand¬ 
some roselike flowers, 
rbo-dop-sin (ro-dop'sin), n. the 
visual purple of the retina, 
rhomb, same as rhombus, 
rhom-bic (rom'bik), adj. rhom¬ 
bus-shaped. 

rhom-bo-be-dral (-bo-he'drftl), 

adj. pertaining to, or formed like, 
a rhombohedron. 


rhom-bo-he-dron ('dron), n. a 
solid figure bounded by 6 rhom¬ 
bic planes. 

rbom-boid ('boid), n. a 4-sided 
figure having its opposite sides 
equal, and its angles not right 
angles : adj. lozenge-shaped. Also 
rhomboidal. 

rbom-bus ('bus), n. a 4-sided 
figure whose sides are equal and 
the opposite sides parallel, but 
which has two of its angles ob¬ 
tuse and two acute; a genus of 
flat fishes, containing the turbot, 
&c. 

rhu-barb (roo'barb), n. a plant 
whose leaf-stalks used for culinary 
purposes, and its roots used in 
medicine as a purgative, 
rhumb (rum), n. a circle making 
any given angle with the meri¬ 
dian ; a point of the compass, 
rhumb-line ('lln), n. the track 
of a ship which cuts all the meri¬ 
dians at the same angle, 
rhyme (rim), n. the correspond¬ 
ence of the sound of the last 
word or syllable of one verse or 
line to the sound of the last word 
or syllable of another; harmoni- 
cal succession of sounds; poetry : 
v.i. to accord in sound; make 
verses or rhymes: v.t. put into 
rhyme. Rime (more correctly), 
rhyme (rim), n. the correspond¬ 
ence measure or time in poetry 
or prose ; meter ; verse, 
rhym-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining to 
rhyme. 

rhyth-mic (rith'mik), adj. per¬ 
taining to rhythm ; harmonical; 
periodical. Also rhvthmical. 
rhyth-mic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
a rhythmic manner, 
rib (rib), n. one of the curved 
bones attached to the vertebral 
column and supporting the lateral 
walls of the thorax; anything re¬ 
sembling a rib ; a piece of timber 
to shape and strengthen the side 
of a ship; the main vein of a leaf: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ribbed, p.pr. rib¬ 
bing], to furnish, or inclose, with 
ribs; form with grooves, 
rib-aid ('aid), adj. low; obscure; 
filthy : n. a vulgar, foul-mouthed, 
licentious fellow, 
rib-ald-ry (-ri). n. obscenity, 
rib-bon ('on), n. a fillet or strip 
of silk, &c.; narrow strip. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ric 


713 


rif 


rice (rls), n. a valuable food 
grain produced extensively in hot 
countries. 

rice-bird ('berd), n. the bobolink, 
rice-pa-per ('pa-per), n. a kind 
of paper prepared from pith : used 
in China, &c\, for painting upon, 
rick (rich), adj. abounding in 
money or possessions; wealthy; 
opulent; sumptuous ; valuable ; 
splendid ; fertile ; fruitful; high- 
flavored ; mellow ; full of beauty ; 
vivid; sweet or harmonious in 
sound: n. rich people collectively 
(with the ) : pi. wealth; affluence. 

Syn. wealthy, affluent, opulent, 
copious, ample, abundant, exuber¬ 
ant, plentiful, fertile, fruitful, 
superb, gorgeous. 

Ant. (see poor). 

rick (rik), n. a pile or heap, as 
of hay or corn, and usually thatch¬ 
ed or sheltered: v.t. to pile or 
heap in a rick. 

rick-ets ('ets), n. a disease affect¬ 
ing children, characterized by soft¬ 
ness and curvature of the bones, 
due to the absence of lime, 
rick-et-y ('et-i) : adj. affected with 
rickets; feeble in the joints; un¬ 
steady. 

ric-o-cliet (-o-sha' or -o-shet'), v. 
the rebounding of a shot or shell, 
&c., along the ground or from the 
surface of the water: v.i. [p.t. 
& p.p. ricochetted: p.pr. rico- 
chetting], to bound by touching 
the earth or the surface of water 
and glancing off, as a cannon¬ 
ball : v.t. to cause to ricochet, 
rid (rid), v.t. {p.t. & p.p. rid, 
p.pr. ridding], to set free; de¬ 
liver ; clear or destroy by violence : 
adj. clear; free. 

rid-dance ('ans), n. the act of rid¬ 
ding or clearing away; deliver¬ 
ance. 

ridden ('n), p.p. of ride, 
rid-dle ('1), n. an enigma; puz¬ 
zling question; something am¬ 
biguous ; a large sieve: v.t. to 
solve, as a riddle; to sift by a 
riddle; perforate with, or as with, 
shot: v.i. to speak ambiguously 
or as in riddles. 

Syn. problem, puzzle, enigma. 

Ant. (see answer), 
rid-dlings ('lingz), n.pl. broken 
ore of medium size obtained by 
•sifting. 


ride (rid), v.i. & v.t. [p.t. rode, 
p.p. ridden, p.pr. riding], to be 
borne along, as on horseback or in 
a vehicle ; practice horsemanship ; 
manage a horse well; sit, float or 
rest on; to sit on so as to be 
carried; manage insolently at 
will; n. excursion on horseback 
or in a vehicle; drive; road ; dis¬ 
trict under an officer of the excise, 
ri-deau (re-do'), n. a small mound 
to cover a camp from the approach 
of the enemy. 

rid-er (rld'er), n. one who rides 
on, breaks, or manages, a horse; 
an additional clause to a docu¬ 
ment ; subsidiary problem, 
ridge (rij), n. anything formed 
like an animal’s back, as a con¬ 
tinuous range of hills, &c.; crest 
of a roof: v.t. to form or furnish 
with a ridge; wrinkle, 
ridg-y ('i), adj. rising in ridges, 
rid-i-cule (rid'i-kul), n. words or 
action designed to bring the sub¬ 
ject of it into contempt; banter; 
mockery; satire: v.t. to treat or 
address with ridicule: expose to 
contemptuous merriment; laugh 
at. 

ri-dic-u-lous (ri-dik'u-lus), adj. 
deserving or exciting ridicule ; pre¬ 
posterous ; absurd; ludicrous; 
droll. 

rid-ing (rld'ing), p.adj. employed 
for traveling: n. a road cut 
through a wood or ground for 
riding upon. 

ri-dot-to (ri-dot'o), n. a public 
assembly; a public entertainment 
of music and dancing, 
ri-f a-ci-men-to (re-fa-chi-men'- 
to), n. the recasting of a literary 
work to adapt it to changed cir¬ 
cumstances. 

rife (rif), adj. prevalent, com¬ 
mon. 

riff-raff (rif'raf), n. refuse; the 
rabble. 

ri-fle (ri-fl), n. a musket with the 
barrel spirally grooved : pi. troops 
armed with rifles: v.t. to groove 
spirally; pillage. 

ri-fle-kird (-herd), n. an Aus¬ 
tralian bird. 

rifle-corps (-kor), n. a body 
armed with rifles, 
ri-fler ('fler), n. a plunderer, 
rift (rift), n. an opening or split 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









rig 


714 


rln 


in anything ; fissure : v.t. to cleave 
or split. 

rig (rig), n. a practical joke or 
frolic; dress; manner of fitting 
the masts and rigging to the 
hull of a vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
rigged, p.pr. rigging], to furnish 
or fit with rigging; dress (with 
out). 

rig-a-doon (-a-doon'), n. an old- 
fashioned lively dance performed 
by one couple. 

rigger ('er), n. one whose occu¬ 
pation is to fit the rigging of a 
vessel; a band-wheel with a flat 
or slightly curved rim., 
rig ging ('ing), n. the cordage or 
ropes by which the masts of a ves¬ 
sel are supported, and the sails 
extended or furled, 
right (rlt), adj. according to 
truth, justice, or law; correct; 
fit; true ; exact; most direct; not¬ 
ing the side opposed to the left; 
most convenient; well performed; 
rising perpendicularly: adv. in a 
right line; justly: n. upright¬ 
ness ; truth; justice ; rectitude; 
propriety ; virtue ; legal claim ; the 
right side: v.t. to set upright; 
make right or straight; correct; 
t do justice to: v.i. to recover the 
vertical position: inter}, well 
done! 

Syn. claim, liberty, prerogative, 
privilege. 

right-an-gle ('an-gl), n. an 
angle of 90°, formed by one 
i straight line standing perpendicu¬ 
lar to another. 

right-eous ('yus), adj. just; 
equitable; honest; holy; de¬ 
served. 

right-eous-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being righteous; holi¬ 
ness ; justice; moral integrity, 
right-f ul ('f ool), adi. having a 
just claim ; accordant with justice, 
right-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a right 
manner. 

right-ful-ness (-nes), n. justice, 
rig-id (rij'id). adj. not pliant; 
stiff ; inflexible ; strict; stern ; 
severely just. 

ri-gid-i-ty (ri-jid'i-ti), n. want 
of pliability ; stiffness ; resistance 
to change of form, 
rig-let, same as reglet. 
rig-ma-role (rig'ma-rol), n. fool¬ 
ish disconnected talk; long story. 


rig-ol (rig'ol), n. a circle; dia¬ 
dem. 

rig-or ('er), n. stiffness or se¬ 
verity ; exactitude ; strictness ; se¬ 
verity of climate. 

rig-or-ism (rig'er-izm), n. auster¬ 
ity or severity in principle or 
practice; obedience to the law; 
the philosophical doctrine that 
self-control and disregard of cir¬ 
cumstances constitute human hap¬ 
piness. 

rig-or-ist (-ist), adj. pertaining 
to rigorism; one who is very 
austere or severe. 

ri-gor mor-tis (rl'gor mor'tis), 
n. stiffness of the body caused by 
death. 

rig-or-ous (rig'er-us), adj. char¬ 
acterized by, or exercising, vigor; 
stern ; inflexible ; scrupulously ac¬ 
curate. 

Rigs-dag (rigz'dag), n. the Dan¬ 
ish parliament. 

rill (ril), n. a small stream or 
rivulet: v.i. to run in a small 
stream. 

rim (rim), n. a border or mar¬ 
gin; raised border: brim: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. rimmed, p.pr. rimming], to 
furnish with a rim. 
rime (rim), n. hoar-frost: an¬ 
other form of rhyme: v.i. to con¬ 
geal into hoar-frost, 
ri-mose (rl'mos), adj. full of, or 
covered with, cracks. Also ri- 
mous. 

rim-ple (rim'pl), n. a wrinkle or 
fold: v.t. to become wrinkled, 
ri-my (rf'mi), adv. frosty, 
rind (rind), n. the outer cover¬ 
ing of fruit, &c.; bark: v.t. to 
strip the rind from, 
rin-der-pest (rin'der-pest), n. a 
malignant and contagious disease 
in cattle; cattle plague, 
ring (ring), n. a circle; any¬ 
thing circular in form; small 
hoop worn on the finger or used 
as a means of attachment; cir¬ 
cular area or course; combina¬ 
tion for political purposes; pu¬ 
gilists or betting-men collectively 
(with the ) : v.i. r p.t. rang, p.p. 
rung, p.pr. ringing], to sound as 
a bell when struck; practice the 
art of ringing bells: tingle: v.t. 
to cause to sound, as metal when 
struck; sound aloud or abroad. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; m5on, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










rln 


715 


ris 


ring-dove ('duv), n. the wood- 
pigeon. 

ring-ing ('ing), p.adj. sounding 
like a bell; resonant: n. the act 
of sounding as a bell; sound as 
of a bell ringing. 

ring-lea-der ('le-der), n. the 
head of a riotous body or fac¬ 
tion. 

ring-let ('let), n. a little ring; 
curl. 

ring-ou-sel ('do-zl), n. a kind of 
thrush. 

ring-worm ('werm), n. a con¬ 
tagious cutaneous disease, usual¬ 
ly on the scalp, characterized by 
distinct circular patches. 

rink (ringk), n. a long clear 
space on the ice used for curling ; 
a ground for skating upon: v.i. 
to skate on a rink. 

rinse (rins), v.t. to cleanse light¬ 
ly with clean water; cleanse re¬ 
peatedly ; give a final cleansing 
to after washing: n. a cleansing 
with a second application of clean 
water. 

riot (ri'ot), n. uproar; tumult; 
noisy revelry; luxurious excess; 
disturbance of the public peace 
by more than three persons : v.i. 
to raise an uproar; go to excess 
in sensual indulgence; be highly 
excited. 

ri-ot-ing ('ot-ing), n. reveling; 
uproar. 

ri-ot-ous (-us), adj. indulging in 
riot or excess ; licentious ; noisy ; 
turbulent; seditious. 

rip (rip), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. ripped, 
p.pr. ripping], to divide by tear¬ 
ing or cutting; cut asunder; dis¬ 
close ; undo the seam of: v.i. to 
swear (with out ) : n. a rent or 
tear; a rogue or cheat; a wicker 
basket for fish. 

ri-pa-ri-an (rl-pa'ri-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to the banks of a river. 

ripe (rip), adj. brought to ma¬ 
turity or perfection; ready for 
harvest; fit for use; complete; 
resembling ripe fruit. 

ripe-ly ('li), adv. in a ripe man¬ 
ner. 

ripen ('pen), v.t. to make ripe; 
bring to perfection: v.i. to grow 
ripe. 

ripe-ness (-nes), n. the state or 
quality of being ripe; maturity. 


rip-per ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, rips; something or 
somebody super-excellent, 
rip-pie (rip'l), n. a small curling 
wave on the surface of water; 
the sound made by such waves; 
large comb for cleansing flax: v.t. 
to cover with small curling waves; 
cleanse with a ripple, 
rippling ('ling), n. the break¬ 
ing of, or sound made by, rip¬ 
ples ; the act of cleansing flax 
by a ripple. 

rip-rap ('rap), n. a loose founda¬ 
tion of stones in deep water on 
a soft bottom. 

rise (riz), v.i. \_p.t. rose, p.p. 
risen, p.pr. rising], to ascend; get 
up from the ground or recumbent 
position; begin to stir; swell in 
quantity or extent; grow up¬ 
ward ; spring; tower up; appear 
above the horizon ; come in view 
or existence; be promoted; 
thrive ; be hostile ; close a session ; 
ascend from the grave: n. the 
act of rising; ascent; elevated 
place ; appearance above ; origin ; 
source; increase of price or value, 
social advancement or distinction ; 
anger (in “take the rise out of”). 

>S Ujn. arise, ascend, issue, flow, 
spring. 

Ant. (see descend, drop), 
ris-i-bil-i-ty (riz-i-bil'i-ti), n. in¬ 
clination to laughter. Also 
risibleness. 

ris-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. having the 
faculty or power of laughing; in¬ 
clined to laugh ; causing laughter, 
ris-i-bly ('i-bli), adv. laughably, 
rising (ri'zing), n. the act of 
getting up or ascending; insur¬ 
rection ; an ascent; closing of a 
session: adj. increasing, as of 
wealth or influence; appearing 
above the horizon ; reviving from 
death. 

risk (risk), n. possibility of loss 
or injury ; hazard ; peril; danger : 
v.t. to hazard; venture upon, 
risk-y ('i), adj. hazardous; dan¬ 
gerous ; approaching indelicacy, 
ri-so-ri-al (ri-so'ri-fil), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or exciting, laughter, 
ri-sot-to (re-sot'o), n. an Italian 
dish of rice with onions, &c., 
fried in butter. 

ris-sole (ris'ol), n. a savory 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











rit 


716 


rob 


mince inclosed in a tliin batter 
paste and fried. 

rite (rit), n. a solemn religious 
act; external religious observance, 
ri-tor-nel-lo (re-tor-nel'o), n. a 
short introduction or concluding 
symphony; repetition or burden 
of a song. Also ritornelle. 
rit-u-al (rit'u-al), adj. pertaining 
to, consisting of, or prescribing, 
rites: n. manner of performing 
divine service ; a book of rites', or 
manner of service; body of rites 
used in the Church, 
rit-u-al-ism (-izm), n. a system 
of ritual or prescribed forms of 
religion; excessive observance of 
forms in divine worship; Trac- 
tarianism; Anglo-Catholicism, es¬ 
pecially as emphasized by the use 
of Eucharistic vestments, 
rit-u-al-ist (-ist), n. one who 
advocates, or is skilled in, ritual ; 
an Anglo-Catholic, 
rit-u-al-is-tic (-al-is'tik), adj. 
pertaining to, or characterized by, 
ritualism ; pertaining to ritualists, 
rit-u-al-ly ('u-al-i). adv. by rites. 
ri-va.1 (ri'val) , n. one who strives 
to equal or excel another in the 
same object or pursuit; compet¬ 
itor; antagonist: adj. having the 
same claims; emulous: v.t. to 
strive to equal or excel; emulate. 

Syn. antagonist, opponent, com¬ 
petitor. 

ri-val-ry (-ri), n. competition; 
emulation. 

rive (rlv), v.t. [p.t. rived, p.p. 
riven, p.pr. riving], to be split or 
torn asunder: n. a rent, tear, or 
split. 

riv-er ('er), n. a large running 
stream of water flowing into the 
»ea or another river; copious 
flow. 

riv-er-liorse (hors), n. the hip¬ 
popotamus. 

riv-et ('et), n. a short metal 
bolt clinched by hammering: v.t. 
to secure with, or as with, a rivet; 
clinch ; make firm or secure, 
ri-vose (ri'vSs), adj. marked with 
irregular grooves or furrows, 
riv-u-let (riv'u-let), n. a little 
stream. 

rix-dol-lar (riks'dol-ar), n. a 
small silver continental coin of 
varying value. 


roach (roch), n. a fresh-water 
fish ; a cockroach, 
road (rod), n. a public way for 
traveling upon ; path ; way: pi. a 
place where ships may ride safely 
at anchor. Roadstead. 

Syn. way, highway, route, 
course, path, pathway, anchorage, 
road-ster ('ster), n. a horse 
suited for traveling ; a bicycle for 
road-work; a vessel which works 
by tides. 

roam (rom), v.i. to wander about 
without any definite object; 
ramble: v.t. to wander over. 

Syn. ramble, rove, stray, wan¬ 
der, stroll. 

roan (ron), adj. of a bay or dark 
color with a shade of red: n. a 
roan color; grained sheepskin 
leather. 

roan-tree, same as rowan, 
roar (ror), n. the deep full cry 
of a large animal; a cry as in 
distress; any loud noise; loudly 
expressed mirth; sound of the 
wind or sea: v.i. to utter a roar: 
v.t. to utter in a roar, 
roar-ing ('ing), n. the act or 
sound of roaring; a disease of 
horses : adj. noisy ; brisk, 
roast (rost), v.t. to cook before 
a fire; heat too violently or to 
excess; parch by exposure to 
heat; burn (broken ore to free 
it from extraneous matter) ; to 
banter or ridicule; criticise se¬ 
verely : v.i. to be roasted: adj. 
roasted : n. that which is roasted, 
rob (rob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. robbed, 
p.pr. robbing]. to steal; plunder; 
strip of something by secret theft 
or violence; deprive, 
rob-ber ('er), n. a thief, 
rob-ber-y (-i), n. theft; the fe¬ 
lonious and forcible taking away 
the money and goods of another, 
robe (rob), n. a loose outer gar¬ 
ment ; state dress; an elegant 
gown ; dressed skin of a buffalo: 
v.i. to put on robes-: v.t. to invest 
with a robe; dress; array, 
rob-in (rob'in), n. the redbreast, 
rob-ur-ite ('er-It), n. a flameless 
explosive used extensively in min¬ 
ing operations. 

ro-bust (ro-bust'), adj. hardy; 
strong ; vigorous ; muscular. 

Syn. strong, lusty, vigorous, sin- 

i 


late, mar, mask,'cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; mdon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 












roc 


717 


rol 


ewy, stout, sturdy, stalwart, able- 
bodied. 

Ant. (see puny). 

roc (rok), n. a fabulous bird of 
great size and strength, 
rocket (roch'et), n. a linen vest¬ 
ment worn by a bishop resembling 
a surplice open at the sides, 
rock (rok), n. a large mass of 
stone or stony matter; any min¬ 
eral deposit; natural deposit of 
sand, earth, or clay; firm or 
immovable defense; a movement 
backwards and forwards; distaff: 
v.t. to cause to move backwards 
and forwards; lull to sleep: v.i. 
to move backwards and for¬ 
wards. 

rock-et ('et), n. a firework made 
of a case filled with saltpeter, sul¬ 
phur, and charcoal, fastened to 
a stick, and which, on being ig¬ 
nited, is projected through the 
air. 

rock-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being rocky. 

rock-oil ('oil), n. petroleum, 
rock-ru-by ' ('rdo-bi), n. a fine 
bluish-red variety of garnet, 
rock-wood ('wood), n. ligniform 
asbestos. 

rock-y ('i), adj. full of, or resem¬ 
bling, rocks; stony; hard; in¬ 
flexible. 

ro-co-co (ro-ko'ko), adj. noting a 
florid, debased style, in the or¬ 
namentation of buildings, furni¬ 
ture, &c., prevalent during the 
reigns of Louis XIV. and XV. 
of France: hence noting bad taste 
in ornamentation, 
rod (rod), n. a long twig or shoot 
of any woody plant; a wand ; in¬ 
strument of punishment; cane; 
a fishing-rod; scepter; measure 
of length, yards, 
rode, p.t. of ride, 
ro-dent (ro'dent), adj. gnawing: 
n. any animal of the Rodentia, an 
order of Mammalia, containing 
the rats, mice, squirrels, &c. 
ro-de-o (ro-da'o), n. a gathering 
together of cattle on a ranch, 
rod-o-mon-tade (rod-o-mon-tad), 
n. bluster; brag; from Rodo- 
monte in Ariosto’s Orlando Furi- 
oso : v.i. to bluster or brag, 
roe (ro), n. a species of deer, the 


roebuck; the female of the hart; 
the spawn or sperm of fishes. 

Roent gen rays (rent'gen raz), 
n. a form of radiant energy 
emanating from the surface of 
an electrically excited vacuum 
tube opposite the cathode elec¬ 
trode, having power of penetrating 
objects impervious to light or 
heat rays, affecting sensitive pho¬ 
tographic films, and exciting 
fluorescence in certain salts. Also 
called X-rays. 

ro-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. a litany ; 
supplication. 

Ro-ga-tion Days (daz), n.pl. the 
Monday, Tuesday, and Wednes¬ 
day before Ascension Day. 

rogue (r5g), n. a dishonest per¬ 
son ; knave; a shy, mischievous 
person; wag; term of endearment. 

ro-guer-y (ro'ger-D, n. knavish 
or dishonest practices ; cheating ; 
mischievous or waggish conduct. 

ro-guish (ro'gish), adj. fraudu¬ 
lent ; dishonest; somewhat mis¬ 
chievous or sly. 

roil (roil), v.t. to render turbid; 
vex or irritate. 

role (rol), n. a part or character 
in a play, &c.; function or part. 

roll (rol), v.i. to turn like a wheel 
or on an axis; move in a circu¬ 
lar direction ; be moved with vio¬ 
lence ; rock ; wallow ; make a long 
deep sound: v.t. to revolve; in¬ 
wrap ; move on wheels; spread 
flat under a roller: n. the act of 
rolling; that which rolls; a writ¬ 
ing or paper rolled upon itself; 
an official document; list or regis¬ 
ter ; kind of fancy bread; con¬ 
tinued deep sound, as of a drum 
beaten, thunder, &c.; twist of to¬ 
bacco. 

rol-ler ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, rolls; a cylinder used for 
grinding, smoothing, flattening, 
&c.; long heavy wave; long broad 
bandage; a kind of crow. 

rol-lick (rol'ik), v.i. to move or 
act with a careless, swaggering 
air. 

rol-lick-ing f-ing), adj. jovial; 
careless; swaggering. 

rol-ling (rol'ing), adj. moving on, 
or as on, wheels; undulating; 
used for rolling: n. a circular 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







rol 


718 


roo 


motion; undulation; lateral os¬ 
cillation of a ship. 

ro-ly-po-ly (ro'li-pd'li), n. a 
game in which by rolling a ball 
into a certain hole it wins; a 
kind of jam pudding. 

Romaic (ro-ma'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the vernacular lan¬ 
guage of modern Greece. 

Roman ('man), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Rome, the Romans, or to 
the Church of Rome ; noting the 
ordinary type used in printing: 
opposed to italic ; written in let¬ 
ters, not in figures, as VI. 

Ro-man can-dle (-kan'dl), n. a 
kind of firework. 

Ro man ce ment (se-ment'), n. 
a strong cement used in building 
and hydraulic engineering. 

Ro man Catholic (kath'o-lik), 
adj. pertaining to the Church of 
Rome, of which the Pope is the 
head: n. a member of the Church 
of Rome. 

R'o-man Ca-thol-i-cism (ka-thol'- 
i-sizm), n. the doctrines and 
practices of the Roman Church. 

ro mance (-mans'), n. a work of 
fiction or adventure ; novel; fable : 
v.i. to invent and tell fictitious 
stories ; exaggerate ; lie. 

Ro mance (-mans'), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the dialects of Latin and 
the languages which grew out of 
classic Latin, spoken in the old 
Roman provinces. 

Romanesque (-man-esk'), n. 
that style of architecture and 
ornamentation in vogue during 
the period of the later Roman 
Empire: n. the dialect of Langue¬ 
doc. 

Romanic (-man'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to Rome, or the Roman¬ 
esque dialects. 

ro-man-tic (-man'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or of the nature of, 
romance ; extravagant; fanciful; 
ideal; full of wild and fantastic 
scenery. 

ro-man-ti-cism ('ti-sizm), n. the 
state or quality of being roman¬ 
tic ; the reactionary movement in 
opposition to cold classical liter¬ 
ary forms, begun in Germany in 
the 18th century. 

Rom a ny (rom'a-ni), rt. a Gip¬ 
sy ; Gipsy language. 


romp (romp), n. an unrestrained, 
boisterous girl; rough play or 
frolic: v.i. to play in a boisterous, 
unrestrained manner, 
ronde (rond), n. a kind of type, 
ron-deau (ron'do), n.; pi. ron¬ 
deaux, ('doz), a little poem of 
thirteen verses or lines; a light 
air or jig [Mus.]. Also rondo, 
ron-del ('del), n. a poem of 14 
lines; small round tower. 
Rimt-gen rays. See Roentgen 
rays. 

rood (r55d), n. 40 square poles 
or perches; a cross or crucifix, 
rood-loft ('loft), n. the gallery 
in a church over the entrance to 
the choir where the rood was 
fixed. 

roof (roof), n. the top covering 
of a house or other building; 
covering or shelter; canopy; 
palate of the mouth : v.t. to cover 
with, or as with, a roof, 
roof-tree ('tre), n. a roof-beam; 
roof; home. 

rook (rook), n. a bird of the 
crow family with • dark glossy 
plumage and having the base of 
the bill destitute of feathers; a 
swindler or sharper; the castle 
in chess: v.t. & v.i. to swindle or 
cheat. 

rook-er-y ('er-i), n. a group of 
nests on trees where rooks re¬ 
sort ; colony of rooks; place of 
low resort: low slum, 
room (room), n. unoccupied 
place or space; apartment of a 
house; freedom to act; oppor¬ 
tunity ; place of another; ^a deep 
blue dye: v.i. to lodge, 
room-i-ly ('i-Ii), adv. spaciously, 
room-i-ness ('i-nes), n. spacious¬ 
ness. 

room-y ('i), adj. spacious, 
roorback (roor'bak), n. a lie; 
fictitious report made for the pur¬ 
pose of influencing an election, 
roost (roost), n. the pole, perch, 
&c., upon which a bird rests at 
night; number of fowls resting 
together: v.i. to sit or sleep upon 
a perch, &c.; lodge, 
roost-er ('er), n. the domestic 
cock. 

root (root), n. that part of a 
plant that descends and fixes it¬ 
self in the earth by which the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








roo 


719 


roi 


plant is nourished; edible root; 
anything resembling a root; foun¬ 
dation ; basis, or origin; funda¬ 
mental note of any chord 
[Music] ; that quantity which 
multiplied by itself produces a 
given quantity; the part of a 
word which expresses its pri¬ 
mary or essential meaning, as 
distinguished from a derivative: 
v.t. to fix by the root; plant in 
the earth ; implant deeply ; to dig 
or burrow with the snout; eradi¬ 
cate (with out),', v.i. to take 
root. 

root-let ('let), n. a radicle. 

rope (rop), n. a thick cord, usually 
over one inch in circumference, 
of several strands twisted to¬ 
gether ; small cable; halter; 
series of things connected : v.t. to 
fasten or draw with a rope; curb 
(a horse) so as to prevent him 
winning a race: v.i. to draw 
into viscous threads. 

rop-i-ness ('i-nes), n. tendency to 
draw out into viscous filaments; 
partial viscosity. 

rop-y ('i), adj. like a rope; vis¬ 
cous. 

Roquefort (rok'for), n. a 
French mold-streaked cheese made 
from ewe’s milk. 

ror-qual (ror'kwal), n. a whale 
with dorsal fins. 

ro sa-ceous (rd-za'shus), adj. 
composed of several petals ar¬ 
ranged in a circular form; con¬ 
sisting of roses. 

ro-sa-ry ('za-ri), n. [pi. rosaries 
(-riz)], a garland or chaplet; a 
string of threaded beads by which 
prayers are counted ; the prayers 
repeated as thus counted. 

rose (roz), n. a plant of the 
genus Rosa or its well known 
flower; rose-color; knot of rib¬ 
bons ; rosette.; a perforated noz¬ 
zle : p.t. of rise. 

rose-di a mond ('di-a-mund), n. 
a diamond cut into 24 triangular 
facets. 

ro-se-ate (ro'ze-at), adj. rose- 
colored; rose-like; blooming. 

rosemary (roz'ma-ri), n. a 
sweet-smelling evergreen shrub 
from which an aromatic water is 1 
distilled. 

ro-sette (ro-zet'), n. a cluster 
of ribbons arranged like a rose. 


rose-win-dow ('win-do), n. a cir¬ 
cular window with compartments 
branching from the center, 
rose-wood ('wood), n. a Bra¬ 
zilian wood used as a veneer, 
ros-i-ly ('i-li), adv. with a rosy 
glow. 

ros-in (roz'in), n. another form 
of resin; specifically, inspissated 
turpentine : v.t. to rub with rosin, 
ross (ros), n. the outer rough 
bark of trees; tan bark: v.t. to 
remove the outer bark or rough 
surface of. 

ros-ter ('ter), n. list or muster- 
roll showing how the duties of 
military officers, regiments, &c., 
are regulated. 

rostral ('tral), adj. pertaining 
to, or like, a beak, 
ros-trate ('trat), adj. furnished 
with a beak or beak-like process, 
rostrum ('trum), n. [pi. ros¬ 
trums ('trumz), or rostra ('tra)], 
the beak of a bird; in ancient 
Rome, a pulpit or elevated plat¬ 
form in the Forum, adorned with 
the beaks or prows of ships taken 
from the enemy, and from which 
orators, &c., addressed the people: 
hence a pulpit or platform ; prow 
of an ancient war vessel, 
ros-y (roz'i), adj. like a rose; 
red; blooming ; charming; very 
favorable. 

rot (rot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. rotted, 
p.pr. rotting], to putrefy or be¬ 
come decomposed ; decay: v.t. to 
make putrid or corrupt: n. putre¬ 
faction ; decomposition ; nonsense, 
ro-ta-ry (ro'ta-ri). adj. turning 
on an axis; pertaining to rotation. 
Also rotatory. 

ro-tate ('tat), v.t. to revolve on, 
or as on, an axis; cause to turn : 
v.i. to turn round like a wheel: 
adj. wheel-shaped, 
ro-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the act 
of turning round on an axis, like 
a wheel; regular succession, 
ro-ta-tive ('ta-tiv), adj. revolv¬ 
ing. 

ro-ta-tor ('ter), n. that which 
imparts a circular motion; a 
muscle having such power, 
ro-ta-to-ry (ro'ta-to-n), same as 
rotary. 

rote (rot), n. mechanical repeti¬ 
tion, or learning without under¬ 
standing. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let: line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








tot 


720 


rou 


ro-ti-fer (ro-ti-fer), n. an indi¬ 
vidual of the Rotifera, the wheel- 
animalcules. 

ro-tor (ro'ter), n. the part of a 
dynamo which rotates, 
rot-ten (rot'n), adj. putrefied; 
decomposed; unsound; untrust¬ 
worthy. 

rot-ten-stone (-ston), n. a soft 
stone used as a polishing powder, 
ro tund (ro-tund'), adj. spherical, 
ro-tun-da (-tun'da), n. a cir¬ 
cular domed building. Also ro- 
tundo. 

ro-tun-di-ty ('di-ti), n. round¬ 
ness. 

rou-ble (roo'bl), adj. a Russian 
silver coin of varying value, used 
as a monetary unit (about 77 
cents). 

roue (-a'), n. a fashionable sen¬ 
sualist ; confirmed rake; de¬ 
bauchee. 

rouge (ro5zh), n. a cosmetic of 
red color used for imparting a 
tint to the cheeks and lips; a 
kind of lake color: v.i. to color or 
paint with rouge. 

rouge-et-noir (-a-nwar'), n. a 
gambling game played with cards 
and a table marked with two 
black and two red diamond¬ 
shaped spots. 

rough (ruf), adj. having in¬ 
equalities on the surface ; rugged ; 
not smooth or plane; uneven ; un¬ 
cut ; unpolished; harsh to the 
ear; uncivil; austere; cruel; un¬ 
feeling ; violent; boisterous ; hard- 
featured; shaggy; vague; adv. 
roughly: v.t. to shape out rough¬ 
ly; furnish (a horse) with rough¬ 
ened shoes; break in (a horse), 
roughen ('en), v.t. to make 
rough: v.i. to become rough, 
rou-lade (roo-liid'), n. a flourish 
or rapid movement [Music], 
rou-leau (-15'), n. a little roll, 
especially of coins made up in 
paper. 

rou-lette (-let'), n. a game of 
chance played with a revolving 
disc and ball; a wheeled. instru¬ 
ment for making dotted lines, 
rounce (rouns), n. the handle of 
a printing press. 

round (round), adj. circular; 
spherical; globular; cylindrical; 
plump; corpulent; whole; con¬ 


siderable ; large: adv. on all sides; 
circularly ; from one side or party 
to another: n. a circle, sphere, or 
globe; circuit or tour; routine; 
step of a ladder; constantly re¬ 
curring series; cycle; round 
dance; accustomed walk; volley 
of firearms; a song in which alt 
the company take part: rrep. 
about; on every side of ; around : 
v.t. to make round; travel or 
pass round : v.i. to go the rounds, 
as a patrol, &c.; grow or become 
round. 

round-a-bout ('a-bout), adj. in¬ 
direct ; encompassing: n. a merry- 
go-round ; a short coat or jacket, 
roun-del (roun'del), n. a circle; 
roundelay; a small circular Nor¬ 
man shield ; semi-circular bastion, 
roun-de-lay ('de-la), n. an an¬ 
cient song or dance in which the 
passages are repeated, 
round-band (round'hand), n. 
penmanship in well-rounded let¬ 
ters. 

Round-head ('hed), n. a con¬ 
temptuous epithet applied to the 
Puritans by the Cavaliers, from 
the close-cut hair of the former, 
round-house ('hous), n. formerly 
a watch-house; the cabin on the 
after part of a ship’s deck; a 
building having stalls for the hous¬ 
ing of locomotives, 
round-ly ('li), adv. in a round 
form; straightforwardly, 
round-num ber (-num'ber), n. a 
number divisible by ten. 
round-rob-in ('rob-in), n. a 
petition having the signatures 
written in a circle so as not to 
show who signed it first, 
rounds man ('z-man). n. a po¬ 
lice inspector who visits the of¬ 
ficers on their beats, 
round-to w-er ('tow-er), n. an 
ancient circular tapering tower, 
as in Ireland, with a conical top, 
usually near a church or monas¬ 
tery. 

rouse (rouz), v.t. to awmken ; stir 
to thought or action; drive 
(game) from a covert, 
rous-ing ('ing), p.adj. stirring; 
exciting ; startling ; exceeding, 
roust (roust), v.t. to disturb, 
roust-a-bout ('&-bout), n. an 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awd ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pCrch, lot; moo*, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








rou 


721 


ruD 


idler or loafer; a laborer on a 
steam vessel. 

rout (rout), n. ’total defeat and 
flight of an army; resulting dis¬ 
order from such defeat; tumul¬ 
tuous crowd; uproar; a large 
evening party; the attempt of 
three or more persons to avenge 
some common wrong by an illegal 
act: v.t. to defeat and put to dis¬ 
orderly flight. 

Syn. discomfit, beat, defeat, 
overthrow, scatter, 
route (root), n. way or road 
traveled; course; journey; march. 

Syn. road, course, march, way, 
path, journey, direction, 
rou-tine (roo-ten'), n. course of 
business or official duties regu¬ 
larly pursued.; regular habit or 
practice. 

roux (roo), n. a thickening for 
soups, &c., of melted butter and 
flour. 

^•ove (rov), v.i. to wander or 
ramble: v.t. draw through an eye. 
rover ('ver), n. robber; wan¬ 
derer ; fickle person, 
ro-ving ('ving), p.adj. rambling, 
row (ro), n. line, file, or rank; 
excursion in a row-boat; noisy 
disturbance (rou) : v.i. to labor 
with an oar; be impelled by oars: 
v.t. to imnel by means of oars; 
as to row a boat. 

sow-an (rou'an), n. the mountain- 
ash. Also roan. 

rowdy (rou'di), n. a rough, 
riotous fellow: adj. rough and 
riotous. 

row dy ism (-izm), n. rude, riot¬ 
ous conduct; blackguardism, 
row-el ('el), n. the small sharp- 
pointed wheel of a spur; flat ring 
on a horse’s bit. 
row-en ('en), n. aftermath, 
row-lock (ro'lok), n. the crutch 
or hollow in the gunwale of a 
boat in which the oar rests in 
rowing. 

royal (roi'al). adj. pertaining to 
a king or to the crown ; befitting 
or like a king; majestic; kingly; 
noble ; magnificent; specially pa¬ 
tronized or founded by a king, or 
in his service: n. a size of paper, 
25 x 20 in.; one of the shoots 
of a stag’s head ; the highest sail 
of a ship; a gold coin formerly 


current in England: pi. the first 
regiment of foot in the British 
army (with the). 

Syn. regal, kingly, majestic, 
princely. 

Ant. (see poor). 

roy-al-ism (-izm), n. adherence 
to the principles or cause of 
royalty or government by a king, 
roy-al-ist (-ist), n. an adherent 
of a king or government by a 
king. 

roy-al-ly (-li), adv. in a royal 
manner. 

roy-al-ty ('al-ti), n. [pi. royal¬ 
ties (-tiz) ], the character, or 
status, of a king; person of a 
king or sovereign ; a certain sum 
paid to the crown or other pro¬ 
prietor on the produce of a mine, 
&c.; a percentage for the use 
of a patent or copyright; royal 
manor. 

Roys-ton-crow (rois'ton-kro), 
n. the hooded crow, 
ru.b (rub), v.t,. [p.t. & p.p. rubbed, 
p.pr. rubbing], to apply pressure 
with motion to the surface of; 
clean or scour; wipe; polish : v.i. 
to make a friction; get through 
difficulties; fret: n. the act of 
rubbing; that which is rubbed; 
friction ; obstruction ; pinch ; jibe, 
rub-ber ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, rubs: india-rubber; 
coarse file or whetstone; in card¬ 
playing, two games out o£ v th^e. 
or the winning game: v.i. to pr>. 
rubbish ('ish), n. mixed or 
waste fragments: ruins of build¬ 
ings ; any mingled mass; anything 
of no value; nonsense, 
rub-ble ('!), n. rough undressed 
stone; builders’ rubbish, 
ru-bes-cent (roo-bes'ent), adj. be¬ 
coming red. 

ru-bi-can ('bi-kan), adj. noting 
a bay, or grey-black color, with 
white or light-grey on the flanks: 
said of a horse. 

ru-bi-cund ('bi-kund), adj. in¬ 
clined to red. 

ru-bid-i-um (-bid'i-um), n. a me¬ 
tallic element. 

ru-bied ('bid), adj, ruby-colored, 
ru-bi-go ('bi-go), n. rust or mil¬ 
dew on plants. 

rubric ('brik), n. the directions 


late, miir, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










rub 


722 


rul 


for liturgical use in prayer-books, 
formerly printed in red; title or 
direction printed in red : v.t. to 
rubricate: adj. pertaining to, or 
marked in, rubrics: red. 

ru-bri-cate ('bri-kat), v.t: to 
mark, or distinguish, with red. 

ru-by ('bi), n. [pi. rubies ('biz)], 
a precious stone, varying in color 
from carmine-red to crimson; a 
size of type used in England, 
smaller than nonpareil and larger 
than pearl. 

ruche (roSsh), n. frilled or 
plaited lace, silk. &c., for edging 
dresses, &c. Also ruching : v.t. 
to make, or ornament with a 
ruche. 

ruck (ruk), v.t. to wrinkle or 
crease: n. a wrinkle or crease ; a 
heap; a fag-end; the crowd of 
horses that come in at the end 
of a race. 

ruc-tion ('shun), n. a row; dis¬ 
turbance. 

rudd (rud), n. a red-eyed fresh¬ 
water fish. 

rud-der ('er), n. the frame of 
wood or metal by which a vessel 
is steered; anything that directs 
or governs. 

rud-di-uess ('i-nes), n. redness 
of complexion denoting perfect 
health; redness. 

rud-dle ('1), n. red ochre. 

rudvdock ('ok), n. the robin red¬ 
breast. 

rud-dy ('i), adj. approaching to 
redness ; florid ; fresh-colored ; 
flesh-colored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

ruddied, p.pr. ruddying], to make 
ruddy. 

rude (rood), adj. [comp, ruder, 
stiperl. rudest], rough; barbar¬ 
ous ; uncultivated : harsh; ig¬ 
norant ; impolite; tempestuous; 
robust; strong ; rugged ; crude. 

Fyn. rugged, rough, uncouth, un¬ 
polished, harsh, gruff, impertinent, 
impudent, saucy, flippant, in¬ 
solent, churlish. 

Ant. (see polite). 

rude-ly ('li), adv. in a rude man¬ 
ner. 

rude-ness ('nes), n. the state of 
being rude; rude conduct; in¬ 
civility ; unskilfulness. 


ru-di-ment ('di-ment), n. first 
principle; anything in its first or 
undeveloped state: v.t. to instruct 
in first principles. 

ru-di-men-ta-ry (-men'ta-ri), adj . 
pertaining to. or containing, first 
principles; in an undeveloped 
state. Also rudimental. 
rue (rdd), v.t. to lament or be 
sorry for; repent of: n. an herb of 
bitter taste and strong odor, used 
as a medicine. 

rue-ful ('fool), adj. mournful; 
sad. 

rue-ful-ly (-li), adv. mournfully; 
sadly. 

ruff (ruf), n. a large frilled col¬ 
lar; anything plaited; a small 
fresh-water fish (also ruffe) ; a 
kind of snipe ( Fem. reeve) ; a 
kind of pigeon: v.t. to disorder 
or ruffle; trump at whist instead 
of following suit, 
ruf-fi-an ('3-an), n. a brutal, bois¬ 
terous fellow: any base, low char¬ 
acter, as a robber, &c. 
ruf-fie ('1), v.t. to wrinkle, pucker, 
or disarrange; furnish or adorn 
with ruffles; annoy or vex: v.i. 
to grow rough or turbulent; flut¬ 
ter ; be in disorder: n. a plaited 
1 article of dress; agitation; dis¬ 
composure ; low roll of a drum, 
ru-fous (roo'fus), adj. yellowish- 
red. 

rug (rug), n. an adjustable floor 
covering, usually of a textile 
heavier than carpeting; a coarse 
warm nappy woolen cloth, used 
as a coverlet or wrap, 
rugae ('je), n.pl. wrinkles, 
rugate (rod'gat.), adj. wrinkled; 

ridged. Also rugose, rugous, 
rug-ged (rug'ed), adj. having an 
uneven surface ; rough ; shaggy ; 
brutal; uncouth ; crabbed, 
ru-in (roo'in), n. overthrow; de¬ 
struction ; downfall; loss of hap¬ 
piness ; cause of destruction or de¬ 
cay ; ruined building, &c.: v.t. to 
pull down, destroy, subvert, over¬ 
throw, or impoverish, 
ru-ined ('ind), adj. demolished; 
destroyed ; decayed, 
ru-in-ons (-us), adj. fallen into 
ruin ; decayed ; consisting of ru¬ 
ins ; destructive; hurtful, 
rule (rool), n. standard or guide; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch. lot: moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 












rul 


723 


run 


maxim or precept; government; 
law or regulation : canon ; an in¬ 
strument for drawing lines; 
method of performing any opera¬ 
tion ; order made between par¬ 
ties to a suit on motion, or to 
regulate the practice of a court : 
v.t. to govern or control; settle 
as by a rule; manage or restrain ; 
establish by a decision; mark 
with lines: v.i. to decide; ex¬ 
ercise superior authority. 

Syn. sway, method, system, 
law, maxim, precept, guide, for¬ 
mula, regulation, government, 
standard, test. 

rul er ('er), n. one who rules or 
governs; an instrument for rul¬ 
ing lines. 

ruling ('ing). p.adj. governing 
or having control; marking with 
lines; predominant: n. a rule laid 
down by a judge or court. 

rum (rum), n. spirit distilled 
from the fermented juice of the 
sugarcane : adj. strange ; odd. 

rum-ble ('bl), v.i. to make a low, 
heavy, continued sound : n. a rum¬ 
bling sound; seat for servants be¬ 
hind a carriage. 

rum bling ('bling), adj. making 
a tumble: n. same as rumble. 

rumen (rSo'men), n. the first 
stomach of a ruminant animal. 

ru mi nant ('mi-nant). adj. chew¬ 
ing the cud: n. an animal that 
chews the cud. 

ru-mi-nate ('mi-nat), v.i. to chew 
the cud; meditate or muss; pon¬ 
der : v.t. to chew again. 

ru-mi-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
act of chewing the cud; medita¬ 
tion. 

ru-mi-na-tor ('mi-na-ter), n. one 
who muses or meditates on any 
subject. 

rum-mage (rum'aj), v.t. to 
search carefully for; ransack: v.i. 
to make a careful search: n. a 
careful searching. 

rum-mage sale (sal), n. a sale 
of unclaimed goods at the docks 
or at a warehouse, &c.; sale of 
miscellaneous articles for a chari¬ 
table object. 

ru-mor (roo'mer), a. popular re¬ 
port ; current story : v.t. to circu¬ 
late by report. 


Syn. hearsay, talk, fame, re¬ 
port, bruit. 

rump (rump), n. the end of the 
backbone of an animal, with its 
adjacent parts; buttocks; fag- 
end. ; 

rum-pie (rum'pl), n. a fold or 
plait: v.t. to fold or plait; make 
uneven. 

rum-pus ('pus), n. great disturb¬ 
ance. 

run (run), v.i. [p.t. ran, p.p. 
run, p.pr. running], to pass 
quickly with the legs over the 
ground ; extend; move swiftly ; 
flee for escape; contend in a race; 
sail; flow ; melt; pass ; shoot; dis¬ 
charge matter ; make sudden press¬ 
ing demands; continue in time: 
v.t. to cause to move swiftly; 
push ; force; fuse or melt; smug¬ 
gle ; start as a candidate; pur¬ 
sue in thought: n. the act of 
running; course run; flow or 
discharge; free access; distance 
sailed ; sudden pressing demand ; 
pair of millstones; prevalence; 
large grazing ground; in cricket, 
distance run between the wick¬ 
ets. 

ruu-a-gate ('a-gat), n. a fugi¬ 
tive ; renegade. 

run-ci-nate ('si-nat), adj. having 
the lobes (of a leaf) convex be¬ 
fore and straight behind. 

run-dle ('dl), n. the step of a 
ladder. 

runes (roonz), n.pl. runic letters 
or poetry. 

rung (rung), p.t. of ring: n. step 
of a ladder; a floor-timber in a 
ship ; spar. 

ru-nic (roo'nik), adj. pertaining 
to, or consisting of, runes: n. the 
alphabet of the earliest Teutonic 
nations, the letters of which con¬ 
sisted principally of straight 
lines. 

run-let (run'let), n. a rivulet; a 
small barrel containing about 18 
gals. 

run-nel ('el), n. a little brook. 

run-ner ('er), n. one who runs; 
racer; messenger: keel to sup¬ 
port a sleigh; roller; slender, 
prostrate, shooting sprig; revolv¬ 
ing millstone; rope to increase 
the mechanical power of a tackle. 

run-ning ('ing), adj. moving 


late, mar, 


mask, cat, gwl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 
jook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










run 


724 


rut 


swiitly; kept for a race; being 
in motion ; continuous; discharg¬ 
ing pus: n. the act of moving 
swiftly ; that which runs or flows; 
discharge of pus. 

runt (runt), n. a dwarf animal; 
stump. 

rn-pee (roo-pe'), n. an East In¬ 
dian coin, worth about 48 cents, 
rup ture (rup'tur), n. the act of 
bursting or breaking; state of 
being broken or violently burst 
asunder; breach or interruption 
of friendly relations; hernia; v.t. 
to burst or break violently asun¬ 
der ; to affect with hernia : v.i. to 
suffer a breach or disruption, 
ru-ral (rbo'ral), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the 
country or agriculture; rustic, 
ru-ral dean (den), n. an ecclesias¬ 
tic having the supervision of the 
churches in a rural deanery or 
district. 

ru-ral-ist ('ral-ist), n. one who 
leads a rural life, 
ru-ral-ize ('ral-iz), v.t. to render 
rural: v.i. to become rural, 
ru-ral-ly (-li), adv. as in the 
country. 

ruse (rodz), n. a trick; stratagem, 
rush (rush), v.i. to move or press 
forward with impetuosity; enter 
with undue eagerness: n. a driv¬ 
ing forward with eagerness and 
haste; a plant of many species 
growing on wet ground ; anything 
worthless or of little value, 
rusk (rusk), n. a kind of light 
biscuit. 

Russ, same as Russian, 
rus-set (rus'et), adj. reddish- 
brown ; homespun ; coarse: n. rus¬ 
set color; homespun cloth; a 
yariety of apple. 

rus-set-y ('et-i), adj. russet-col¬ 
ored. 

Rus-sia leath-er (rush'a leth'er), 
n. a strong soft leather prepared 
from the hides of sheep and cat¬ 
tle steeped in birch-oil. 
rust (rust), n. the reddish matter 
formed on iron and steel; red 
oxide of iron; anything resem¬ 
bling rust; mildew on cereals ; loss 
of power by inactivity: v.i. to 
contract rust; degenerate in idle¬ 
ness : v.t. to cause to contract 
rust; impair by time or inactivity. 


rus-tic ('tik), adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, the country ; 
rural; artless; unpolished; un¬ 
adorned : n. a countryman; peas¬ 
ant. 

Syn. rude, rural, country, plain, 
uncouth. 

Ant. (see polished). 

rus-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 
rural manner. 

rus-tic-al-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being rustic; 
rudeness. 

rus-ti-cate ('ti-Kat), v.i. to reside 
in the country: v.t. to banish for 
a time from college, 
rus-ti-ca-tion (-ka/shun), n. resi¬ 
dence in the country; temporary 
banishment from a college, 
rus-tic-i-ty (-tis'i-ti), n. rural 
manners or simplicity; rudeness, 
rust-i-ly (rust'i-li), adv. in a 
rusty condition. 

rust-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being rusty. 

rus-tle (ras'l), v.i. to make a 
soft whispering sound, as the rub¬ 
bing together of silk or dry leaves ; 
to bestir one’s self: n. a rustling, 
rus-tler (Her), n. one who rus¬ 
tles ; an enterprising, successful 
man. * 

rus-tling ('ling), n. the. soft 
whispering sound made by rub¬ 
bing silk or dry leaves together; 
rustle. 

rust-y (rust'i), adj. covered with 
rust; impaired by inactivity; rust- 
colored. 

rut (rut), n. the copulation and 
sexual desire of deer and certain 
other animals; the track of a 
wheel; groove or hollow: v.i. [p.t. 
& p.p. rutted, p.pr. rutting], to be 
moved with sexual desire, as deer, 
&c.: v.t. to cut into ruts, 
ru-ta-ba-ga (roo-ta-ba'ga), n. a 
variety of turnip larger than the 
common turnip and of a yellow¬ 
ish color. 

ruth (rooth), n. pity; compas¬ 
sion ; tenderness; sorrow, 
ru the ni um (roo-the'ni-um), n. 
a metallic element extracted from 
platinum ore. 

ruth-less ('les), adj. cruel; piti¬ 
less. 

Syn. cruel, savage, barbarous, 


late, mar, mask, cat, aw r l; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







rut 


725 


rye 


inhuman, merciless, remorseless, 
relentless, unrelenting. 

Ant. (see considerate), 
ru-til-ant ('til-ant), adj. shining, 
ru-tile ('til), n. red oxide of titan¬ 
ium. 


rut-tish. (rut'ish), adj. lustful; 
wanton. 

rye (ri), n. a hardy esculent plant 
closely allied to wheat; also its 
grain or seed. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 















sab 


726 


sac 


S 


sab-a-oth (sab-a'oth), n.pl. 
armies; hosts. 

Sab-ba-ta-ri-an (sab-a-ta'ri-an), 
adj. pertaining to the Sabbath or 
to Sabbatarianism: n. a rigid 
observer of the Sabbath ; one who 
keeps the Sabbath on the seventh 
clay. 

Sab-ba-ta-rian-ism (-izm), n. 
the tenets and practices of the 
Sabbatarians. 

Sab-bath ('ath), n. the seventh 
day of the week, observed by the 
Jews as a day of rest, commencing 
from sunset on Friday and end¬ 
ing at sunset on Saturday: the 
Christian Sunday ; Sabbatical 
year. 

Sab-bat-ic-al (-at'i-kal), adj. per- I 
taining to, or resembling, the Sab¬ 
bath. Also Sabbatic. 

Sab-bat-ic-al year (yer), n. 
among the ancient Jews, every 
seventh year, in which the lands 
and vineyards of the Israelites 
were allowed to remain fallow. 

saber, sa-bre (sa'ber), n. a 
cavalry sword: v.t. to cut, wrnund, 
or kill with, or as with, a saber. 

Sa-bi-an (sa'bi-an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or characteristic of, 
Sabianism. 

Sa-bi-an-ism (-izm), n. the wor¬ 
ship of the heavenly hosts, as 
symbolical of the Deity. 

Sa-bine ('bin), adj. pertaining to 
an Italian race, subsequently 
merged into the Roman. 

sa-ble (sa'bl), n. a kind of weasel 
valued for its handsome, dark, 
glossy fur; in heraldry, black: pi. 
mourning dress: adj. dark-col¬ 
ored ; black. 

sa-bot (sa-bo'), n. a wooden shoe 
worn by the peasantry of France, 
*e. 

sac (sak), n. a bag or membran¬ 
ous receptacle: cyst: an ancient 
privilege of a lord of a manor to 
hold a court. 

sac-cade (sak-kad'), n. a sudden 
check with the bridle; strong pres¬ 
sure of the bow of a violin against 
the strings. 


sac-cha*rine ('a-rin), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or having the qualities 
of, sugar: n. the uncrystallized 
sugar of maltwort. 
sac-cha-rize ('a-riz), v.t. to con¬ 
vert into sugar. Also saccharify, 
sac-cha-roid ('a-roid), adj. hav¬ 
ing a texture resembling loaf- 
sugar. 

sac-cha-rom-e-ter (-rom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for determining the 
quantity of sugar in liquids, 
sac-eho-lac-tic (-o-lak'tik), adj. 
obtained from the sugar of milk; 
mucic acid. 

sac-cule ('ul), n. a little sac or 
cyst. 

sac-er-do-tal (sas-er-do'tal), adj. 
pertaining to priests or to the 
priesthood ; priestly, 
sac-er-do-tal-ism (-izm), n. sac¬ 
erdotal spirit or system ; tendency 
to emphasize the priestly office or 
its sacred character. 
sac-er-do-tal-Iy (-li), adv. in a 
sacerdotal manner, 
sa chem (sa'chem), n. a North 
American Indian chief, 
sa-cbet (sa-sha'), n. a small bag 
or cushion filled with a perfume, 
sack (sak), n. a bag or pouch, 
especially a large coarse bag for 
holding grain, &c.; quantity con¬ 
tained by a sack ; loose garment or 
cloak; a Spanish dry wine; plun¬ 
der or pillage by soldiery of a 
town taken by storm; dismissal 
(with the) : v.t. to plunder or 
pillage ; ravage ; put into sacks ; 
dismiss from service, 
sack-but ('but), n. an ancient 
musical instrument of the lyre 
kind ; a kind of trombone, 
sack-cloth ('klbth). n. coarse 
material of which sacks are made: 
coarse rough cloth worn as a 
token of mourning, 
sack-ful ('fool), n. the quantity 
a sack will hold. 

sacking ('ing). n. coarse mate¬ 
rial used for making sacks, 
sac-ra-ment ('ra-ment), n. a sign 
or pledge of grace; an outward 
and visible sign of an. inward and 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











sac 


727 


saf 


spiritual grace, instituted by ' 
Jesus Christ; holy baptism, the 
eucharist, Lord’s supper. 

Syn. eucharist, service, rite, 
communion. 

sacramental (-ment'al), adj. 
pertaining to, or constituting, a 
sacrament; solemnly pledged, 
sac-ra-ment-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
sacramental manner, 
sa-cred (sa'kred), adj. pertaining 
to religion or to religious uses; 
consecrated; inviolable. 

Syn. holy, hallowed, divine, con¬ 
secrated, dedicated, devoted. 

Ant. (see profane,). 
sac-ri-fice ('ri-fis), n. the act of 
sacrificing or offering to a deity, 
especially a victim on an altar; 
that which is offered; destruc¬ 
tion or giving up one thing for 
another; goods sold at a loss: v.t. 
to offer to God or a deity in wor¬ 
ship ; destroy or surrender to gain 
some other object; devote with 
loss; kill; sell at a loss; v.i. to 
offer sacrifice. 

sac-ri-fi-cial (-ri-fish'al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, consisting in, or offer¬ 
ing, sacrifice. Also sacrificatory. 
sac-ri-fi-cial-ly (-li), adv. by sac¬ 
rifice. 

sac-ri-lege ('vi-lej), n. the crime 
of appropriating to one’s self or 
to secular use what is consecrated 
to God or religion ; breaking into 
a church and committing felony, 
sac-ri-le-gious (-le'jus), adj. vio¬ 
lating sacred things; guilty of 
sacrilege; profane, 
sac-ri-le-gist ('ri-le-jist), n. one 
guilty of sacrilege, 
sa-cring-bell (sa'kring-bel), n. 
the sanctus-bell, rung when the 
Host is elevated at high mass, 
sa-crist (sa'krist), n. a cathedral 
official who copies the music for 
the choir; minor canon; sacristan, 
sac-ris-tan (sak'ris-tan), n. one 
who has the care of church ves¬ 
sels and movables, 
sac-ris-ty ('ris-ti), n. an apart¬ 
ment in a church where the 
sacred vessels, vestments, &c., are 
kept; vestry. 

sac-ro sanct ('ro-sangkt), adj. 

preeminently sacred or inviolable, 
sa crum (sa'krum), n. a triangu¬ 


lar-shaped bone at the base of the 
vertebral column. 

sad (sad), adj. [comp, sadder, 
superl. saddest], full of grief; 
mournful ; sorrowful; sober or 
sedate ; dark-colored. 

sad den ('n), v.t. to make sad 
or sorrowful; tone down; v.i. to 
become sad. 

sad-dle ('1), n. a seat, usually of 
leather, for riding on horseback; 
anything resembling a saddle; 
block of wood nailed to the lower 
yardarm: v.t. to place a saddle 
upon ; burden or emoarrass. 

sad-dle-bow (-bo), n. the pieces 
which form the pommel or arched 
part of a saddle. 

sad-dler-y ('ler-i), n. the business 
of a saddler; articles made by a 
saddler. 

Sad-du-ce-an (-jii-se'an), adj. 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, 
the Sadducees. 

Sad-du-cee ('ju-se), n. one of the 
ancient Jewish sect or school that 
adhered to the written law and 
denied the resurrection of the 
dead. 

safe (saf), adj. free from danger, 
injury, or damage; secure; secur¬ 
ing from harm; no longer dan¬ 
gerous ; sound ; sure: n. a fire- or 
burglar-proof iron chest; cup¬ 
board. 

Syn. secure, harmless, trust¬ 
worthy, reliable. 

Ant. (see perilous). 

safe-con-duct (-kon'dukt), n. a 
guard or passport which ensures 
a safe passage. 

safe-guard ('gard), n. one who, or 
that which, guards or protects ; de¬ 
fense ; protective warrants granted 
to a foreigner: v.t. to protect or 
guard safely. 

safe-ly ('li), adv. in a safe man¬ 
ner. 

safe-ty ('ti), n. freedom from dan¬ 
ger, injury, or damage; safe keep¬ 
ing ; a bicycle with medium-sized 
wheels of equal height. 

safe-ty-lauip (-lamp), n. a wire- 
gauze covered lamp used in mines. 

safe-ty-valve (-valv), n. an au¬ 
tomatic valve in a boiler which 
opens when the steam exceeds a 
certain pressure. 

saf-fron (saf'run), n. a bulbous 
plant of the genus Crocus, the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 














sag 


728 


sal 


dried stigmas of which yield a 
deep yellow dye; deep yellow: 
adj. saffron-colored, 
sag (sag), v.i. [p.t.&p.p. sagged, 
p.pr. sagging], to sink down 
or yield; incline from an upright 
or horizontal position ; incline to 
leeward: v.t. to cause to give way 
or incline. 

sa-ga-cious (sa-ga'shus), adj. 
mentally quick and discerning; 
judicious ; wise ; acute. 

Syn. acute, apt, keen, shrewd, 
wise. 

Ant. (see dull). 

sa-gac-i-ty (-gas'i-ti), n. a readi¬ 
ness of apprehension; discrimina¬ 
tive intelligence; acute practical 
judgment. 

sag-a-more (sag'a-mor), n. a 
North American Indian chief, 
sa-gas (sa'gaz), n.pl. a class of 
prose epics embodying the myths J 
and heroic tales of the ancient 
Scandinavians. 

sage (saj), adj. wise; discerning; 
well-judged ; discriminating ; char¬ 
acterized by wisdom; grave: n. 
a man of experienced wisdom and 
of venerable age; an aromatic 
herb. 

sage-ly ('li), adv. in a sage man¬ 
ner. 

sage-ness ('nes), n. wisdom; sa¬ 
gacity. 

sa-go (sa'go), n. a kind of granu¬ 
lated food-starch from the pith 
of certain palms, 
sag-oin, same as saguin. 
sa-guar-o (sa-gwar'd), n. the 
giant cactus of Mexico, 
sa-guin (sa'gwin), n. a South 
American monkey. Also sagoin, 
sagouin. 

sa-gum (sa'gum), n. an ancient 
Roman military cloak, 
sa-hib (sa'ib), n. a term of ad¬ 
dress used in India and Persia 
to a European gentleman, 
sa-ic (sa'ik), n. a Turkish or 
Grecian vessel common in the Le¬ 
vant. 

said (sed), p.t. & p.p. of say. 
sai-ga (si'ga), n. the antelope of 
the Russian steppes, 
sail (sal), n. a sheet of canvas 
spread to catch the wind by means 
of which a vessel is driven for¬ 
ward in the water; ship or vessel; 
an excursion in some vessel: v.i. 


to be moved by a sail or sails; 
commence a voyage; swim; glide 
through the air; pass smoothly 
along: v.t. to pass over in a ship; 
navigate. 

sail-er ('er), n. a vessel that sails, 
with special reference to its 
speed, or manner of sailing, 
sail-ing ('ing), n. the art of navi¬ 
gation ; the art of moving 
through water, or of setting sail, 
sail-or ('er), n. a mariner; sea¬ 
man. 

saint (sant), n. a holy or sancti¬ 
fied person; one eminent for piety 
and virtue, especially one can¬ 
onized by the Church of Rome; 
one blessed in heaven : pi. a name 
applied to themselves by the Mor¬ 
mons : v.t. to canonize: v.i. to 
act as a saint. 

saint-ed (’ed), p.p. canonized: 
adj. pious; holy; departed to 
heaven. 

saint-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the 
quality of being saintly, 
saintTy ('li), adj. like, or befit¬ 
ting, a saint. 

sai-va (si'va), n. a devotee of the 
deity Siva. 

sa-jou (sa-jGo'), n. a South Ameri¬ 
can monkey. 

sake (sak), n. end; purpose; 

cause ; account; regard ; reason, 
sa-ki (sak'i), n. Japanese rice- 
beer; a South American monkey, 
with a non-prehensile hairy tail, 
sal, a prefix meaning salt, as sal- 
volatile, aromatic spirit of am¬ 
monia. 

sa laam (sa-lam), n. an Oriental 
form of salutation or respect, 
meaning “peace.” 

sal-a-kle (sal'a-bl), adj. market¬ 
able. 

sa-la-cious (sfi-la'shus), adj. lust¬ 
ful ; impure. 

sa-lac-i-ty (-las'i-ti), n. lustful¬ 
ness. Also salaciousness, 
sal-ad (sal'ad), n. raw herbs cut 
up and dressed with vinegar, oil, 

&c. 

sal-ad-days (daz), n.pl. years of 
youthful inexperience, 
sal-a-man-der ('a-man-der), n. 
an amphibious animal resembling 
a newt, and fabled by the ancients 
to live in fire. 

sal-a-man-drine ('drin), adj. re¬ 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then 









sal 


729 


sal 


sembling a salamander; fire-re¬ 
sisting or -enduring, 
sal-a-ried (sal'a-rid), p.adj. hav¬ 
ing a salary. 

sal-a-ry ('a-ri), n. recompense, 
usually periodically, for services 
rendered ; stipend, 
sale (sal), n. the act of selling; 
exchange of a commodity for an 
agreed price; market; auction ; 
demand. 

Syn. bargain, barter, deal, trade. 
Sal -ic law (sal'ik law), n. the 
law of the Salian Franks exclud¬ 
ing females from the succession to 
the French throne, 
sal-i-cin ('i-sin), n. a bitter sub¬ 
stance extracted from the willow 
and poplar: the acid (salicylic 
acid) is used_ as an antiseptic, 
sa-li-ence (sa'li-ens), n. the state 
of being salient. 

salient ('li-ent), adj. leaping; 
prominent; noting any angle less 
than two right angles; in heral¬ 
dry, in a leaping position, 
sa-lif-er-ous (sa-lif'er-us), adj. 
yielding salt. 

sa-li-na (sa-ll'na), n. a salt- 
marsh ; salt-works, 
sal-i-na-tion (sal-i-na'shun), n. 
the act of steeping or washing in 
salt liquor. 

sa-line (sa'lln), adj. consisting of, 
containing, or like, salt: n. a salt¬ 
spring. 

sa-li-va (sa-ll'va), n. the watery 
fluid or spittle secreted in the 
mouth. 

sa-li-val ('val), adj. pertaining to 
or secreting saliva. Also sali¬ 
vary. 

sal-i-vant (sal'i-vant), adj. ex¬ 
citing salivation : n. a substance 
to excite salivation, 
sal-i-vate (sal'i-vat), v.t. to pro¬ 
duce an abnormal secretion in the 
mouth of. 

sal-i-va-tion (-va'shun), n. the 
act of producing an abnormal 
secretion of saliva, 
sal-let (sal'et), n. a light helmet, 
sal-low ('o ),adj. of a pale, sickly, 
yellow color; a small tree of the 
willow* kind. 

sal-ly ('i), n. [pi. sallies ('iz)l, a 
sudden rushing forth of troops to 
attack the besiegers; sudden out¬ 
burst of wit or fancy; excursion; 
wild gaiety: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sal¬ 


lied, p.pr. sallying], to rush out 
as troops from a besieged town; 
issue or rush forth suddenly, 
sal-ly-port (-port), n. a postern 
or passage for troops to sally 
out. 

sal-ma-gnn-di (-ma-gun'di), n. a 
compound of chopped meats with 
other ingredients, seasoned, &c.; 
medley. 

sal-mi ('mi), n. a ragout of roast¬ 
ed game and other ingredients 
stewed in wine. Salmis, 
salm on (sam'un), n. a marine 
fish of the genus Salmo, which as¬ 
cends fresh-water rivers to spawn, 
salm-on-peel (-pel), n. a young 
salmon. 

salm-on-trout (-trout), n. a sea- 
trout, resembling the salmon, but 
of smaller size. 

sa-lon (sa-long'l. n. a saloon; fine 
art gallery: pi. fashionable circles 
or assemblages [French], 
sa loon (sa-loOn'), n. a hall or 
state apartment; large reception 
room; fine art exhibition; bar¬ 
room or grogshop, 
sal-pi-con (sal'pi-kon), n. chopped 
meat, bread, and vegetables, re¬ 
cooked in sauce. 

sal-phinx (sal'pingks), n. the 
eustachian tube. 

sal-pru-nel-la (-proo-nel'a), n. 
nitrate' of potash fused and cast 
into balls. 

sal-si-fy (sal'si-fi), n. a plant of 
the aster family, which from the 
flavor of its edible root is called 
oyster-plant and vegetable oyster. 
salt (sawlt), n. chloride of sodium, 
used for seasoning and the preser¬ 
vation of meat, &c., obtained from 
the earth or by the evaporation of 
sea water; anything like salt; the 
combination of an acid with a 
base; wit; piquancy; a sailor: 
v.t. to sprinkle or season with 
salt: adj. flavored, seasoned, or 
impregnated, with salt, 
sal-tant (sal'tant), adj. leaping: 
dancing; in heraldry, same as 
salient. 

sal-ta-rel-lo (sal-ta-rel'o), n. a 
vivacious Spanish and Italian 
dance; music for such a dance, 
sal-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. a leap¬ 
ing or dancing. 

sal-ta-to-ry ('ta-to-ri), adj. danc¬ 
ing. 


late, mar. mfisk, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









sai 


730 


san 


saltern (sawlt'ern), n. a salt 
manufactory. 

sal-tier, sal-tire (sal'ter), n. a 
St. Andrew’s cross, 
saltish (sawlt'ish), adj. some¬ 
what salt. 

salt-less ('les), adj. without salt; i 
insipid. 

sa-lu-bri-ous (sa-ldo'bri-us), adj. 
healthy. 

sa-lu-bri-ty ('bri-ti), n. healthful¬ 
ness. Also salubriousness, 
sal-u-ta-ri-ly (sal'u-ta-ri-li), adj. 
in a salutary manner, 
sal-u-ta-ri-ness ('ii-ta-ri-nes). n. 
the state or quality of being salu¬ 
tary. 

sal-u-ta-ry (Ti-ta-ri), adj. health¬ 
ful ; wholesome ; beneficent, 
sal-u-ta-tion (-u-ta'shun), n. act 
or manner of saluting; greeting, 
or act of paving respect, 
sa-lu-ta-to-ry (sa-lu'ta-to-ri), adj. 
saluting; greeting: n. the open¬ 
ing oration at the commencement 
. in American schools and colleges ; 

any address- of welcome, 
sa-lute (-lut'), n. a mark of mili¬ 
tary respect shown by raising the 
hand to the helmet, &c.; a kiss; 
greeting; salvo of artillery, low¬ 
ering of a flag, &c., as a mark of 
honor: v.t. to address with kind 
wishes; welcome; greet with a 
kiss or bow; honor by a 'salvo of 
artillery, lowering a flag, &c.: v.i. 
to make a salute. 

sal-va-bil-i-ty (sal-va-bil'i-ti), n. 

the state of being salvable. 
sal-va-ble ('va-bl), adj. capable 
of being saved. 

sal-vage t'vaj), n. compensation 
given to those who assist at sav¬ 
ing a vessel or cargo at sea ; the 
goods or vessel saved, 
sal-va-tion (-va'shun), n. the act 
of saving; preservation from de¬ 
struction; rescue; spiritual de¬ 
liverance from sin and death. 
Sal-va-tion Ar my (iir'mi), n. 
a religious organization formed 
on a quasi-military model. 

Sal -va-tion-ist (-ist), n. a mem¬ 
ber of the Salvation Army, 
salve (siiv). n. a healing ointment; 

a remedy or soothing application, 
sal-ver (sal'ver), n. a tray on 
which anything is presented, 
sal-vo ('vo), n. a discharge of a 
number of pieces of artillery, in¬ 


tended as a salute ; general, simul¬ 
taneous cheering; an exception or 
reservation. 

sal-vol-a-tile, see under sal. 
sal vor ('ver), n. one who effects 
the salvage of goods, &c. 
Samaritan (sa-mar'i-tan), adj. 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, 
Samaria, or the Samaritans; not¬ 
ing certain characters used by the 
Hebrews prior to the captivity : n. 
a native of Samaria; a kind, 
charitable person (Luke x. 30- 
37). 

sam-bo (sam'bo), n. the offspring 
of a black and a mulatto; negro, 
sam-bur ('her), n. the elk of the 
hill-country of India, 
same (sam), adj. identical in kind 
or degree; exactly alike; before- 
mentioned. 

same-ness ('nes), n. identity; 
similarity. 

sam-o-var (sam'o-var), n. a Rus¬ 
sian tea-urn. * 
samp (samp), n. hulled Indian 
corn. 

sam pan (sam'pan), n. a Chinese 
fishing boat, frequently used as a 
residence. 

sam-phire ('fer). n. a marine 
plant growing usually on cliffs, 
and used as a pickle, 
sam-ple ('pi), n. a specimen: 
model; pattern; part shown as 
indicative of the quality of the 
whole: v.t. to show something 
similar; take a sample of. 

Syn. case, example, specimen, 
illustration. 

Ant. (see whole), 
sam-pler ('pier), n. a pattern; a 
piece of ornamental needlework 
for practice, &c. 

sample-room (-room), n. a 
dram-shoo. 

san-a-bil-i-ty (san-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality'of being sane. 
Also sanableness. 
san-a- v ble ('a-bl ), adj. curable, 
san-a-tive-ness ('a-tiv-nes), n. 
i power of healing, 
san-a-to-ri-um (-to'ri-um), n. a 
health retreat; an institution for 
the care of invalids or the treat¬ 
ment of particular diseases, 
san-a-to-ry ('a-td-ri), adj. con¬ 
ducive to health. 

sanc-ti-fi-«a-tion (sangk-ti-fi-ka'- 
sliun), n. the act of sanctifying; 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl: lie. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 

























san 


731 


san 


state of being sanctified ; consecra¬ 
tion. 

sanc-ti-fi-er ('ti-fi-er), n. one 
who sanctifies. 

sanc-ti-mo-ni ous (-ti-mo'ni-us), 
adj. having the appearance of, or 
affecting, sanctity; hypocritical, 
sanction ('shun), n. the act ef 
ratifying, or giving authority* to; 
authority; custom: v.t. to give 
sanction to; countenance. 

Syn. confirm, countenance, en¬ 
courage, support, ratify, author¬ 
ize. 

Ant. (see disapprove), 
sanc-ti-tude ('ti-tud), n. holiness, 
sanc-ti-ty ('ti-ti), n. purity; in¬ 
violability ; sacredness ; solemnity ; 
a saint. 

sanctuary ('tu-a-ri), n. [pi. 
sanctuaries (-riz)], the most re¬ 
tired and sacred part of a temple; 
consecrated place ; temple ; part of 
a church around the altar; in¬ 
violable asylum; shelter; refuge, 
sanc tum ('turn), n. a sacred or 
private place. 

sanc tum sanc-to-rum (-to'rum), 
n. a most holy place; in the Jew¬ 
ish Temple, the Holy of Holies; a 
place of the utmost privacy, 
sanc-tus bell ('tus bel), n. a bell 
rung at the more solemn parts of 
the mass. 

sand (sand), n. fine particles of 
crushed or worn rock: pi. tracts 
of sand; hours or time one has 
to live: v.t. to sprinkle with 
sand. 

san-dal (san'dal), n. a kind of 
shoe fastened by straps to the 
foot; a loose slipper; the official 
shoe of a Roman Catholic prel¬ 
ate or abbot. 

san-daled (Maid), adj. wearing 
sandals. 

san-dal wood (-wood), n. a 
white-colored, odoriferous wood, 
used in cabinet-making, 
san-da-rac (M°i-rak), n. a kind of 
resin or gum. used in varnishes. 
Also sandarac-h. 

san dei’-Iing (Mer-ling), n. a 
small wading-bird. 
san-ders (Merz), n. red sandal¬ 
wood. 

san-di-ver (Mi-ver)\ n. a saline 
scum which forms on glass when 
fused ; glass-gall. 


san-dix (Miks), n. a kind of red 
lead. 

sand-pi-per (sand'pl-per), n. a 
name for various birds of the 
snipe and woodcock family, 
sand-wich ('wich), n. two thin 
slices of bread with ham, &c., be¬ 
tween ; anything like a sandwich : 
v.t. to place between two other 
persons or things, 
sand-y ('i), adj. composed of, 
abounding in, of the color of, or 
covered with, sand; shifting; un¬ 
stable. 

sane (san), adj. mentally sound 
Or healthy. 

Syn. sober, lucid, sound, ration¬ 
al. 

Ant. (see crazy), 
sane-ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sane, 
sang, p.t. of sing, 
san-ga-ree (sang-ga-re'), n. a 
beverage of wine or brandy and 
water spiced with nutmeg, 
sang-froid (sang-frwa'), n. cool 
indifference or composure 
[French]. 

san-gu ('goo), n. the Abyssinian 
ox. 

san-guif-er-ous (-gwif'er-us), 
adj. conveying blood, 
san-gui-fy ('gwi-fi), v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. sanguified, p.pr. sanguifying], 
to form or produce blood ; v.t. to 
convert into blood, 
san-gui-na ry ('gwi-na-ri). adj. 
attended with much bloodshed; 
bloodthirsty; murderous; cruel, 
san guine ('gwin), adj. warm and 
ardent in temper; hopeful; confi¬ 
dent; n. blood color: v.t. to stain 
with blood. 

san-gnine-ly (-li), adv. in a san¬ 
guine manner. 

san-guine-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality or state of being sanguine ; 
plethora ; heat or ardor of tem¬ 
perament ; hopefulness, 
san guin e ous (-gwin'e-us), adj. 
pertaining to, abounding with, or 
constituting, blood ; of a blood 
color. 

San-lie-driin (san-he'drim). n. 
the great judicial council of the 
ancient Jews, composed of 71 
priests, scribes, and elders, pre¬ 
sided over by the high priest. 
Also Sanhedrin. 

sa-ni-es (sa'ni-ez), n. a thin red- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. bo r . lot; 1 T^'\ tin ; vote, porch, lot: miV>n, 

cook ; mute, nut: thin, the n. 










3 an 


732 


sar 


dish discharge from a wound or 
sore. 

san-i-ta-ri-an (san-i-ta'ri-an), 

adj. of or pertaining to the laws 
of health; having regard to the 
public health: n. one versed in 
or devoted to sanitary studies; an 
advocate or promoter of sanitary 
measures. 

san-i-ta-ri-um (-ta'ri-um), n. a 
sanatorium, especially one where 
the treatment is prophylactic in¬ 
stead of therapeutic. 

san-i-ta-ry (san'i-ta-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to, connected with, or 
tending to ‘promote, health, es¬ 
pecially by legislative enactment; 
hygienic. 

san-i-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. hy¬ 
giene. 

san-i-ty ('i-ti), n. saneness. 

sank, p.t. of sink. 

sans-cu-lotte (sanz-koo-lot'), n. 
a fellow without breeches; a term 
of contempt applied to the French 
Revolutionists. 

sans-cu-iotte-rie (-lot're), n. the 
French Revolutionists collective¬ 
ly ; extreme republicanism. 

Sanskrit (san'skrit), n. the an¬ 
cient language of the Hindus. 
Also Sanscrit. 

sap (sap), n. the watery circulat¬ 
ing juice of a plant; alburnum of 
a tree; vital fluid; an excavated 
trench for approaching a fort; an 
ardent student: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
sapped, p.pr. sapping], to deprive 
of vitality; undermine: v.i. to 
study ardently, as for an examina¬ 
tion ; proceed by secretly under¬ 
mining. 

sap-id ('id), adj. savory. 

sa-pi-ence (sa'pi-ens), n. knowl¬ 
edge ; wisdom. 

sa-pi-ent ('pi-ent), adj , wise; 
sagacious. 

sap-ling (sap'ling), n. a young 
tree. 

sap-o-dil-la (-o-dil'a), n. a trop¬ 
ical tree yielding a large fruit, the 
seeds of which are used in medi¬ 
cine. 

sap-o-na-ceous (-o-na'shus), adj. 
resembling, or having the qualities 
of, soap; unctuous. 

sa-pon-i-fi-ca-tion (sa-pon-i-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. conversion into soap. 

sa-pon-i-fy ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. saponified, p.pr. saponifying], 


to convert into soap by combina¬ 
tion with an alkali._ 
sap-o-rif-ic (sap-o-rif'ik), adj. 
producing taste. 

sap-o-ros-i-ty (-ros'i-ti), n. that 
quality in a substance which ex¬ 
cites the sensation of taste, 
sap-o-rous ('o-rus), adj. having, 
or stimulating, flavor, 
sap-pan ('an), n. an Asiatic dye- 
wood. Sapan. 

sap-per ('er), n. one who saps; 
a soldier employed in sapping or 
digging trenches. 

sap-phire (saf'Ir), n. a precious 
stone of a blue color, a variety of 
corundum. 

sap-pi-ness (sap'i-nes), n. the 
quality of being sappy, 
sap-py ('i), adj. full of sap; 
juicy. 

sar-a-band (sar'a-band), n. a 
Spanish dance; music for such a 
dance. 

Sar-a-cen ('a-sen), n. the mediae¬ 
val name for an Arab or Moham¬ 
medan. 

Sar-a-cen-ic ('ik), adj , pertain¬ 
ing to, or cnaracteristic of, the 
Saracens. 

sar-casm (sar'kazm), n. a bitter, 
cutting, satirical expression, 
sarcastic (-kas'tik), adj. bitterly 
satirical.. Also sarcastical. 
sarcastically (-al-li), adv. in 
a sarcastic manner.- 
sar-eine (sar'sin), n. a nitroge¬ 
nous substance existing in mus¬ 
cular and glandular tissues, 
sar-co-carp ('ko-karp), n. the 
fleshy part of a fruit, 
sar-co-col ('ko-kol), n. an in¬ 
spissated sap or gum-resin of an 
African tree. Sarcocollin. 
sar-code ('kod), n. animal proto¬ 
plasm. 

sar-co-derm ('ko-derm), n. the 
fleshy layer between the interior 
and exterior covering of a seed, 
sar-cod-ic (-kod'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to. or consisting of. sarcode. 
sar-coid ('koid), adj. flesh-like, 
sar-co-line ('ko-lin), adj. flesh- 
colored. 

sar-co-lite ('ko-llt), n. a flesh- 
colored mineral occurring in the 
volcanic rocks of Vesuvius, 
sar-co-log-ic-al (-loj'ik-al), adj. 

pertaining to sarcology. 
sar-col-o-gy (-kol'o-ji), n. that 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mtite, nut; thin, then. 








sar 


733 


sat 


part of anatomy that treats of 
the soft parts of the body, 
sar co ma (-ko'ma), n. - a fleshy 
tumor. Also sarcosis. 
sarcophagous (-kof'a-gus), adj. 
feeding on flesh. 

sar-copli-a-gus ('a-gus), n. a 
* limestone used by the Greeks for 
coffins; a stone coffin, 
sar-cot-ic (-kot'ik), adj. flesh¬ 
forming. 

sard (sard), n. a precious stone, 
a deep blood-red variety of 
carnelian. 

sar-dine (-den'), w. a species of 
pilchard, abundant in the Medi¬ 
terranean, and preserved in oil for 
exportation; ('din) a precious 
stone mentioned in Rev. iv., the 
sardius. 

sar-don-ic (-don'ik), adj. forced, 
bitter, or heartless: said of a 
laugh or smile; from a Sardinian 
herb, reputed to cause convulsive 
motions of the cheek and lips 
when eaten. Also sardonian. 
sar-do-nyx ('do-niks), n. a variety 
of agate. 

sar-gas-so (-gas'o), n. the floating 
sea- or gulf-weed of the North 
Atlantic. Also sargassum. 
sar-sa-pa-ril-la (-sa-pa-ril'&) n. 
a twining shrub found in Mexico, 
&c., the root of which is used as 
a medicine. 

sarse-net (sars'net), ft. a thin fine 
kind of woven silk, used for rib¬ 
bons, linings, &c. 

sar-to-ri-al (-to'ri-fd), adj. per¬ 
taining to a tailor, 
sar-to-ri-ous ('ri-us), ft. the mus¬ 
cle of the thigh by means of which 
the legs can be crossed; the 
tailor’s muscle. 

sash (sash), ft. a band, ribbon, or 
scarf, worn round the waist or 
over the^ shoulder; a frame for 
holding panes of glass: v.t. to 
furnish with sashes, 
sas-in (sas'in), ft. the Indian ante¬ 
lope. 

sas-sa-fras ('a-fras), n. a tree 
allied to the laurel, with a 
fragrant root, wood, and flowers, 
sas-so-line ('o-lin). ft. native 
boracic acid. Also sassolin. 
sat, p.t. of sit. 

Satan (sa'tan), ft. the Devil. . 
sa-tan-ic (-tan'ik). adj. pertain¬ 


ing to. or resembling, Satan ; dia¬ 
bolical ; infernal; very malicious, 
sa-tan-ism ('tan-izm), n. the evil 
disposition of Satan; a diabolical 
spirit. 

satch-el (sach'el), n. a small bag 
for carrying books, papers, &c.; 
any handbag. 

sate (sat), v.t. to satisfy the 
appetites or desires of. 
sateen (sa-ten'), n. a woolen or 
cotton fabric made in imitation 
of satin. 

sat-el-Iite (sat'el-It), n. a small 
planet revolving round a larger 
one; an obsequious attendant, 
sa-ti-a-ble (sa'shi-a-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being gratified or satiated, 
sa-ti-ate ('shi-at), v.t. to fill, or 
gratify fully; surfeit; glut: adj. 
glutted. 

sa-ti-e-ty (-ti'e-ti). n. fulness of 
gratification beyond desire: re¬ 
pletion. 

sat-in (sat'in), n. a closely woven 
glossy silk: adj. made of, or like, 
satin. 

sat-in-et (in-et'), ft. a thin kind 
of satin; a glossy cloth woven 
with wool and cotton made to re¬ 
semble satin. 

sat-in-y ('in-i), adj. like satin, 
sat-ire (sat'Ir), n. a species of 
poetry in which contemporary vice 
and folly are held up to ridicule; 
sarcasm; ridicule, 
sa-tir-ic (sa-tir'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or containing, satire: ad¬ 
dicted to satire. Also satirical, 
sa-tir-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in a 
satiric manner. 

sat-i-rist (sat'i-rist), n. a writer 
of satire; one who satirizes, 
sat-i-rize ('i-rlz), v.t. to assail or 
ridicule with satire, 
sat-is-f ac-tion (sat-is-fak'shun). 
n. the act of satisfying; the state 
of being satisfied ; contentment; 
gratification ; payment; redress ; 
conviction. 

sat-is-f ac-to-ry ('to-ri), adj. giv¬ 
ing satisfaction or content; mak¬ 
ing redress: relieving the mind 
from doubt or uncertainty, 
sat-is-fy ('is-fi), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. 
satisfied, p.pr. satisfying], to 
gratify to the fullest degree; free 
from doubt or uncertainty; pay 
in full; discharge: v.i. to give 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








sat 


734 


sav 


satisfaction : make atonement or 
payment. 

*S 'yn. content, satiate, surfeit, 
suffice fill. 

Ant. (see check, stint), 
sa-trap (sa'trap), n. a kind of 
viceroy among the ancient Per¬ 
sians. 

sa-trap-y (-i), n. the government 
or jurisdiction of a satrap, 
sat-u-ra-ble (sat'u-ra-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being saturated, 
sat u-rant ('u-rant), adj. impreg¬ 
nating to the full: n. a substance 
that neutralizes acid in the 
stomach. 

sat-u-rate ('u-rat), v.t. to soak or 
imbue. 

sat-u-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. the j 
act of saturating; the state of I 
being saturated ; impregnation of 
one substance by another until the 
latter can contain no more. 
Sat-ur-day ('er-da), n. the 7th 
day of the week. 

Sat urn (sat'ern), n. the planet 
next beyond, and next in magni¬ 
tude to, Jupiter; the ancient Ital¬ 
ian god of seed-time and harvest. 
Sat-ur-na-li-a (-er-na'li-a), n. an 
ancient Roman festival in honor 
of the god Saturn, in which all 
classes, including slaves, took 
part: hence unrestrained revelry. 
Sat-ur-na-li-an ('li-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
the Saturnalia; dissolute; riot¬ 
ously mirthful. 

Sat-ur-ni-an ('ni-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
the god Saturn, or to the golden 
age of purity and happiness, 
sat-ur-nine ('nln). adj. under the 
influence of the planet Saturn; 
dull; morose ; gloomy ; phlegmatic. 
%at-yr ('er), n. a sylvan Greek 
deity, attendant on Bacchus, rep¬ 
resented with long, pointed ears, 
short horns, a man’s body, and 
the legs of a goat, 
sauce (saws), n. a liquid condi¬ 
ment or seasoning for food; any 
mixture used as a relish; pert- 
ness: v.t. to put sauce into; ren¬ 
der pungent: treat with pertness. 
sauce-box ('boks), n. a pert, im¬ 
pudent person. 

sau cer ('ser), n. a shallow piece 


of china, &c., in which a tea or 
coffee cup is placed, 
sau-ci-ly (saw'si-li). adv. in a 
i saucy manner. 

sau-ci-ness ('si-nes), n. impudent 
pertness or boldness, 
sau-cy ('si), adj. [comp, saucier, 
superl. sauciest], pert; impudent. 

Syn. impertinent, rude, impu¬ 
dent, insolent, flippant, forward. 

Ant. (see modest). 
sauerkraut (sour'krout), n. a 
pickle of chopped cabbage packed 
in layers with salt between, which 
causes fermentation. 

, saul (sawl), n. an Indian timber 
tree, used for building purposes, 
and yielding the resin called dam¬ 
mar. 

saun ter (san'ter or sawn'ter), 
v.i. to wander about idly; loiter; 
linger: n. a place for sauntering; 
idle walk or ramble, 
sau ri an (saw'ri-an), n. any in¬ 
dividual of the Sauria. an order 
of four-legged reptiles having the 
body furnished with scales, as the 
crocodile and lizard, 
sau-roid f'roid), adj. lizard-like, 
sau-ry ('ri), n. a kind of pike, 
san-sage (saw'saj), n. the gut of 
an animal stuffed with seasoned 
minced meat; minced meat sea¬ 
soned with sage, salt, pepper, &c. 
sau-te (so-ta'), n. a method of 
cooking by tossing the material 
in a frying pan of particular con¬ 
struction. 

sau-terne (-tern'), n. a French 
white wine. 

sav-a-ble (sav'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being saved. 

savage (sav'aj), adj. uncivilized; 
wild; cruel; fierce; pitiless; un¬ 
cultivated ; enraged: n. a human 
being in a rude, uncivilized state; 
barbarian; a fierce, brutal per¬ 
son. 

sav-age-ly (-li), adv. in a savage 
manner. 

sav-age-ness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being savage: wild¬ 
ness. 

sav-age-ry ('aj-ri), n. the state of 
being wild or uncivilized ; barbar¬ 
ism ; brutal roughness, 
sa-van-nah (sS-van'a), n. an ex¬ 
tensive open plain or meadow. 
Also savanna. 


late, mar, mask. cat. awl: he, her, let: line, tin : vote, p6rch, lot; m5on, 

cook: mute, nut: thin, 1 7>en. 



















sav 


735 


sea 


sa vant (-vang'), n. a man of 
learning or science [French]. 
save (sav), v.t. to bring out of 
danger or preserve from evil; 
rescue; deliver from spiritual 
death ; prevent; lay bytake ad¬ 
vantage of: v.i. to be economical: 
prep, except; not including, 
sav-e-loy (sav'e-loi), n. a kind of 
cooked sausage. 

savin ('in), n. an evergreen tree 
or shrub with a dark foliage with 
bluish-green berries: the young 
leaves and branches yield an act¬ 
ive volatile oil used in medicine. 
Also savine. 

sav-ing (sav'ing), adj. preserv¬ 
ing ; frugal; parsimonious ; reserv¬ 
ing : n. an exception or reserva¬ 
tion : pi. money, &c., saved : prep. 
with exception in favor of. 
sav-ing-ly (-li), adv. in a saving 
manner. 

savior (sa'-vyer), n. one who 
saves. , 

Savior, Saviour, n. Jesus 
Christ, the Redeemer (with the). 
sav-o-nette (sav-o-net'), n. a hard 
ball of toilet soap, composed of 
various ingredients, 
sa-vor (sa'ver), n. flavor; taste; 
relish ; scent; characteristic prop¬ 
erty ; v.i. to have a particular 
flavor or smell; exhibit tokens of: 
v.t. to taste or smell with delight, 
sa-vor-i-ly ('ver-i-li), adv. in a 
savory manner. 

sa-vor-i-ness (-i-nes), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being savory, 
sa-vor-y ('ver-i), n. an aromatic 
plant. 

sa-voy (sa-voi'), n. a kind of win¬ 
ter cabbage with crisp curled 
leaves. 

saw (saw), n. a cutting steel in¬ 
strument with a toothed edge; a 
proverb or wise saying: v.t. to 
cut with, or as with, a saw: v.i. 
to be cut with a saw: p.t. of 
see. 

saw-fish ('fish), n. a fish with a 
long bony snout furnished with 
spines or teeth. 

saw-fly ('fll), n. an insect with a 
saw-like apparatus for depositing 
its eggs. 

saw-yer ('yer), n. one who saws 
timber into planks; a tree in a 
river, whose branches, partly 


above water, sway up and down 
by the force of the current, 
sax-horn (saks'liorn ), n. a musical 
wind instrument, used in military 
bands. 

Sax-on ('n), adj. pertaining to the 
Saxons, a race of people formerly 
inhabiting North Germany, their 
country or language ; Anglo-Sax¬ 
on : n. a member of the Saxon 
race. 

sax-o-phone ('o-fon), n. a brass 
musical instrument with a single 
reed and clarinet mouthpiece, 
say (sa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. said 
(sed), p.pr. saying], to utter in 
words ; declare ; speak ; decide ; 
allege ; pronounce ; intone : v.i. to 
speak; relate; answer: imper, tell 
me: n. something said ; speech ; 
remark. 

say-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
speaking ; expression ; saw ; adage, 
scab (skab), n. an incrustation 
formed over a wound; a con¬ 
tagious disease in sheep ; a work¬ 
man who refuses to join a strike, 
or who takes the place abandoned 
by a striker. 

scab-bard ('ard), n. the sheath 
in which the blade of a sword is 
kept: v.t. to put into a scabbard, 
scab-bi-ness ('i-nes), n. scabby 
state. 

scab-by ('i), adj. covered with, or 
full of, scabsj affected with scab, 
sca-bi-es (ska'bi-ez), n. the itch, 
sca brous ('brus), adj. rough to 
the touch ; uneven ; dotted ; scaly, 
scad (skad), n. the shad or horse- 
mackerel. 

scaf-fold (skaf'old), n. a tempor¬ 
ary timber stage or structure; an 
elevated platform for the execu¬ 
tion of a criminal: v.t. to furnish 
or support with a scaffold, 
scaf-fold-ing (-ing), n. a scaf¬ 
fold ; materials for erecting scaf¬ 
folds ; framework, 
scal-a-ble (skal'a-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being scaled, 
scal-a-wag (skal'a-wag), n. a 
scamp; scapegrace, 
scald (skawld), v.t. to burn with 
hot liquid or steam; injure by 
contact with any hot fluid ; expose 
to violent heat over a fire or hot 
liquid: n. a burn or injury to 
the skin or flesh from a hot liquid 
or steam; scab or scurf on the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








sea 


786 


sea 


head ; one of the old Scandinavian 
poets, who recited or sang heroic 
poems (also skald), 
scald-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining to,; 
or composed by, the scalds. Also 
skaldic. 

scald ing ('ing), p.adj. burning as 
with a hot liquid or steam, 
scale (skal), n. the dish of a 
balance; a balance; an instru¬ 
ment or machine for weighing; 
the small bony or horny plates 
covering a fish, certain reptiles, 
and insects; any thin plate or 
layer; the thin oxide which forms 
on the surface of iron forgings; 
incrustation on the interior of a 
boiler; a series of steps; gradu¬ 
ated measure; series of all the 
tones [Music] ; relative dimen¬ 
sions ; basis for a numerical sys¬ 
tem ; a scale-insect, or bark-louse, 
very destructive to fruit trees: 
v.t. to strip or clear of scales; 
weigh ; climb over, as by a ladder; 
clamber up; ascend by steps or 
by climbing: v.i. to separate and 
come off in thin layers, 
sca-lene (ska-len'), adj. having 
the sides and angles unequal: said 
of a triangle. 

scal-lop (skol'op), n. a marine bi¬ 
valve fish, having the edge of its 
shell in the form of a series of 
curves: the shell was formerly 
worn by pilgrims who had visited 
the Holy 'Land; a curving or 
recess: v.t. to cut the edge or 
border of in scallops or curves, 
scal-loped-oys-ters (-ois'terz), 
n.pl. oysters baked with bread 
crumbs, &c. 

scalp (skalp), n. the skin on the 
top of the head from which the 
hair grows; the skin and hair of 
the head torn off by the North 
American Indians in token of vic¬ 
tory : v.t. to deprive of the scalp: 
v.i. to make a small quick profit 
by slight fluctuations of the 
market. 

scalp-el ('el), n. a small keen- 
edged knife. 

scalp-er ('er), n. one who scalps; 
a person who buys and sells the 
unused parts of railway tickets, 
sca-ly (skal'i), adj. covered with, 
or like, scales; mean ; caddish, 
scani-mo-ny ('o-ni), n. an in¬ 
spissated sap obtained from the 


root of a species of convolvulus, 
used as a cathartic. 

scamp (skamp), n. a rascal; 
worthless fellow; rogue: v.t. to 
execute or perform in a super¬ 
ficial or careless manner and with 
bad material. 

scam per (skam'per), v.i. to run 
with speed; hasten away: n. a 
hasty flight. 

scan (skan), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

scanned, p.pr. scanning], to ex¬ 
amine by counting the metrical 
feet or syllables; scrutinize or 
examine carefully. 

scan-dal ('dal), n. offense oc¬ 
casioned by the faults of another; 
something uttered that is false 
and injurious to the reputation; 
opprobrium; defamation; dis¬ 
grace. 

scan-dal-ize (-Iz), v.t. to offend 
by some supposed improper action 
or conduct. 

Syn. shock, disgust, offend, ca- 
luminate, vilify, revile, malign, 
traduce, defame, slander. 

scandalous (*us), adj. giving 
offense to the conscience or moral 
sense; exciting condemnation or 
opprobrium. 

Scan-di-na-vi-an (-di-na'vi-an), 
adj. pertaining to Scandinavia, its 
language, literature, or people. 
Also Scandian. 

scant (skant), adj. [comp, scanter, 
superl. scantest], not full or abun¬ 
dant ; scarcely sufficient: v.t. to 
stint; treat illiberally ; limit: v.i. 
to fail or become diminished. 

scant-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a scanty 
manner. 

scant-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being scanty. Also 
scantness. 

scant-ling ('ling), n. a piece of 
timber cut or sawn of small size ; 
the size to which a piece of tim¬ 
ber is to be cut. 

scant-y ('i), adj. [comp, scantier, 
superl. scantiest], narrow; bare¬ 
ly sufficient; scant. 

Syn. bare, pinched, insufficient, 
slender, meager. 

Ant. (see ample). 

scape (skap), n. the shaft of a 
column where it leaves the base; 
a peduncle rising from the ground 
or stem underneath the ground: 
v.t. & v.i. to escape [Poet]. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 

























sea 


737 


see 


scape-goat ('got), n. among the 
ancient Jews, one of the two goats 
determined by lot, over whose 
head the high priest confessed the 
sins of the people, after which it 
was sent away into the wilder¬ 
ness : hence one who bears the 
blame for others. 

scape-grace ('gras), n. a grace¬ 
less, unprincipled fellow, 
scap-ple (skap'l), v.t. to rough- 
dress (stone) preparatory to 
hewing. 

scap-u-la (' 11 -la), n. the shoulder- 
blade. 

scap-u-lar ('u-lar), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the scapula or shoulder; in 
the Roman Catholic Church, part 
of the habit of certain religious 
orders; two pieces of cloth worn 
over the shoulders from motives 
of devotion. Also scapulary. 
scar (skar), n. a mark caused by 
a wound; mark or blemish; a 
precipitous rock or bank ; the par¬ 
rot-fish : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. scarred, 
p.pr. scarring], to mark with, or 
as with, a scar: v.i. to form a 
scar. 

scarab (skar'ab), n. a lamellicorn 
beetle, searabseus; a gem or seal 
cut in the form of a beetle worn 
as a charm by the ancient Egyp- 
rians. 

scarce (skars), adj. not common; 
not plentiful; not equal to the de¬ 
mand. 

scarce-ly('li) ,adv. seldom ; rarely ; 
with difficulty. 

scarce ness ('nes), n. the state of 
being scarce. Also scarcity, 
scare (skar), v.t. to strike with 
sudden terror; frighten: n. a 
sudden fright or panic, 
scare-crow ('krb), n. anything fan¬ 
tastic set up to scare away birds; 
a vain cause of terror; a guy. 
scarf (skarf), n. a light handker¬ 
chief or tie for the neck; sash : 
v.t. throw on loosely; dress with 
a scarf; to unite (two pieces of 
timber) at the ends by a kind of 
dovetail. 

scarf-ing ('ing), n. the forma¬ 
tion of a beam out of two pieces 
of timber. 

scarf-skin ('skin), n. the cuticle, 
scar-i-fi-ca-tion (skar-i-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act of scarifying. 


scar-i-fl-ca-tor ('i-fi-ka-tSr), n. a 
surgical instrument used in scari¬ 
fying. 

scar-i-fi-er ('i-fl-er), n. one who, 
or that which, scarifies; a scari¬ 
ficator ; an agricultural instru¬ 
ment for stirring the soil, 
scar-i-fy ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
scarified, p.pr. scarifying], to 
scratch or cut; make small in¬ 
cisions in by a lancet or scari¬ 
ficator : as, to scarify the skin; 
to stir up and prepare for plant¬ 
ing : as, to scarify the soil, 
scar-la-ti-na (skar-lfi-te'na), n. 

scarlet fever of a mild form, 
scar-let ('let), n. a bright red 
color; cloth of such a color: adj. 
of a scarlet color, 
scar-let fe-Ver (fe'ver), n. con¬ 
tagious febrile disease character¬ 
ized by a scarlet eruption, 
scar-let run-ner (run'er), n. a 
variety of bean. 

scarp (skarp), n. a slope or de¬ 
clivity, nearly perpendicular; the 
slope of a ditch at the foot of a 
parapet: v.t. to cut perpendicular¬ 
ly or nearly so. 

sca-ry (ska'ri), adj. causing, or 
subject to, sudden fright, 
scathe (ska#7/), v.t. to injure or 
hurt: n. injury or harm, 
scathing ('ing), adj. injurious; 

hurtful; very severe or bitter, 
scat-ter (skat'er)., v.t. to strew or 
throw loosely about; disperse or 
dissipate: v.i. to be dispersed or 
dissipated. 

Syn. strew, spread, disseminate, 
disperse, dissipate, dispel. 

Ant. (see collect). 

scat-ter-brained (-brand), adj. 
giddy. 

scaup (skawp), n. a species of 
duck. 

scavenge (skav'enj), v.t. to 
cleanse, as streets, from mud and 
filth. 

scav-eng-er (-er), n. a man em¬ 
ployed to clean the streets; any 
animal that devours refuse or any 
other deleterious matter, 
scenario (sha-na're-o) : n. the 
sketch of a plot or chief incidents 
of a libretto or play, 
scene (sen), n. the time, place, 
or circumstance, &c., in which 
anything occurs: part of a play; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







see 


738 


sch 


the imaginary place where the 
action of a play is supposed to 
take place; spectacle; exhibition; 
display of feeling or passion be¬ 
tween two or more persons, 
scen-er-y ('er-i), n. the appear¬ 
ance of anything presented to the 
vision ; general aspect; combina¬ 
tion of natural views; painted 
representation on a stage, 
scenic ('ik), adj. pertaining to 
scenery or to the stage ; dramatic. 
Also scenical. 

scen-o-graph-ic (sen-o-graf'ik), 

adj. drawn in perspective, 
scen-o-graph-ic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. 
in perspective. 

scen-og-ra-phy (sen-og'ra-fi), n. 

the art of drawing in perspective, 
scent (sent), n. odor; sense of 
smell; chase followed by means 
of the scent: v.t. to perceive by 
the olfactory nerves; smell; per¬ 
fume : v.i. to hunt animals by the 
sense of smell. 

scep-ter, scep-tre (sep'ter), n. a 
staff borne by $l sovereign as the 
emblem of authority; royal mace: 
v.t. to invest with regal authority, 
scep-tered ('terd), p.adj. bearing 
a scepter; regal; imperial, 
sceptic, same as skeptic, 
sched-ule (sked'ul), n. a written 
or printed paper or parchment 
containing a list, or inventory; 
list or document annexed to a 
larger instrument, as a will, &c.: 
v.t. to place in a schedule, 
scheme (skem), n. a connected 
combination of things for the at¬ 
tainment of a certain end; plan ; 
contrivance; purpose; plot: v.t. 
to design or plan; plot: v.i. to 
form a scheme or plan. 
Schiedam (ske-dam'), n. Holland 
gin. 

schil-ler (shil'er), n. the peculiar 
bronze-like luster in certain min¬ 
erals. 

schism (sizm), n. a split or divi¬ 
sion, especially permanent divi¬ 
sion or separation in the Christian 
Church; sin of causing such a 
division. 

scis-mat-ic (siz-mat'ik). adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of. or 
implying, schism. Also schismat- 
ic-al ; n. one who creates or takes 
part in a schism. 


schist (shist), n. any rock that 
splits into slates or slabs, 
schist-ose ('os), adj. like schist; 
fissile. 

Schiz-o-my-ce-tes (skiz-6-mi-se'- 
tez), n. a class of very small or¬ 
ganisms, as bacteria, &c. 
schol-ar (skol'er), n. a student; 
disciple ; man of letters : an under¬ 
graduate on the foundation of a 
college. 

Syn. pupil, savant, student, 
learner. 

Ant. (see dunce), 
schol-ar-ly (-li), adj. like a 
scholar; adv. in the manner of a 
scholar. 

schol-ar-ship ('er-ship), n. high 
attainments in literature or sci¬ 
ence; learning; erudition: main¬ 
tenance for a scholar, awarded by 
an educational institution, 
scho-las-tic (sko'las'tik ). adj. 
pertaining to a scholar or to 
schools; scholar-like: character¬ 
istic of the mediaeval schoolmen ; 
formal. 

scho-las-ti-cism ('ti-sizm), n. the 
scholastic philosophy of the Me¬ 
diaeval Age. 

scho-li-ast (sko'li-ast), n. a com¬ 
mentator or annotator, especially 
of the classics. 

scho - li - um ('li-um), n. \pi. 
scholia (-a)l, a marginal or ex¬ 
planatory note, especially on the 
text of a classic author, 
school (skobl), n. a place where 
instruction is given ; scholars or 
pupils collectively: a mediaeval 
seminary for teaching theology, 
logic, and metaphysics: disciples 
of a particular teacher; canon; 
precepts, or body of opinion ; ex¬ 
amination hall; any means of 
knowledge; a shoal or great num¬ 
ber, as of fish: v.t. to train or 
instruct: chide or admonish, 
school-rug ('ing), n. education, 
school-man ('man) , «, \pl. school¬ 
men ('men)], one of the divines 
and philosophers in the Middle 
Ages. 

schoon er (skoon'er). n. a vessel 
with 2 masts, sometimes 3, rigged 
for and aft; a tall beer-glass, 
scliot-tische (sho-tesh'). n. a 
k,nd of polka. 

schweitz-er-ka-se (shvits'er-ka- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









sci 


739 


SCO 


ze), n. another name for Gruyere 
cheese. 

sciagraph (sl'a-graf), n. the 
vertical section of a building show¬ 
ing its interior. 

sci-ag-ra-phy (-ag'ra-fi), n. the 
art or science of projecting or de¬ 
lineating shadows as they fail in 
nature. 

sci-at-ic (-at'ik), adj. pertaining 
to. or affecting, the hip. 
sci-at-i-ca ('i-ka), n. neuralgia 
of the sciatic nerve, 
sci-ence ('ens), n. systematized 
knowledge of the conditions and 
relations of mind and matter; 
accepted facts and principles as 
demonstrated by induction, obser¬ 
vation, or experiment. 

Syn. art, knowledge, 
sci-en-tif-ic (-en-tit'ik). adj. per¬ 
taining to, used in, or skilled in, 
science: skilful. 

sci-en-tif-ic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. 

in a scientific manner, 
sci-en-tism ('en-tizm), n. the 
theories and practices of scien¬ 
tists. 

scientist ('en-tist), n. • one 
skilled in, or devoted to, science, 
scil-i-cet (sil'i-set), adv. namely 
[Latin]. 

scim-i-tar (sim'i-ter), n. an Ori¬ 
ental sword with a curved blade 
having its edge on the convex 
side. Also scimeter. 
scintillate (sin'til-at), v.i. to 
•emit sparks, fire, or igneous par¬ 
ticles ; twinkie. 

scin-til-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
act of scintillating: a spark or 
flash ; twinkle. 

sciolism (si'o-lizm), n. super¬ 
ficial knowledge. 

sci-o-list (-list), n. one who 
knows many things superficially, 
sci-on (si'on), n. the sprout or 
shoot of a plant; a descendant; 
heir. 

sci-op-tic (-op'tik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the art of exhibiting 
luminous images in a darkened 
room or camera obscura. Also 
scioptric. 

sci-op-ti-con ('ti-kon), n. a magic 
lantern for exhibiting photo¬ 
graphs. 

sci-re fa-ci-as (si-re fa'shi-as), 
n. a writ to enforce the execution 


of judgments, &c., or to annul 
them. 

scis-sors (siz'erz), n.pl. a cut¬ 
ting instrument resembling shears 
but smaller. 

scle-rot-ic (skle-rot'ik), adj. 
hard; noting the firm white outer¬ 
most membrane of the eyeball. 

scle-ro-ti-tis (-ro-tl'tis), n. in¬ 
flammation of the sclerotic coat 
of the eye. 

scobs (skobs), n. raspings of 
ivory, metal, or other hard sub¬ 
stances. 

scoff (skof), n. an expression of 
scorn or contempt; ridicule; de¬ 
rision : v.i. to exhibit scorn or 
contempt: v.t. to treat or address 
with derision. 

scold (skold), v.i. to chide sharply 
or rudely ; rail in a loud or violent 
manner: v.t. to find fault with: 
n. one who habitually scolds, es¬ 
pecially a rude, clamorous woman. 

sco-lex (sko'leks), n. [pi. sco- 
leces (-le'sez)], the larva of the 
tapeworm. 

scol-lop, same as scallop. 

sconce (skons), n. a bulwark; 
small fort; protection; a fixed 
hanging or projecting candle¬ 
stick ; tube in a candlestick for in¬ 
serting the candie: the head: 
mulct or fine; a small, thin cake 
of oatmeal, &c. 

scoop (skoop), n. a large ladle; 
deep shovel; kind of scuttle: v.t. 
to take out or up with a scoop; 
ladle out; make hollow. 

scoot (skoot), v.i. to walk or run 
hastily. 

scope (skop), n. room or oppor¬ 
tunity for free outlook or action: 
aim or intention; design ; suffix 
meaning an instrument for view¬ 
ing, as microscope. 

scor-bu-tic (skor-bu'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or affected by, scurvy. 

scorch (skorch), v.t. to burn c c 
roast slightly; parch, shrivel, or 
affect painfully with heat: v.i. to 
be scorched. 

score (skor). n. a notch or in¬ 
cision, especially one made as a 
reckoning; the number 20; line 
or groove ; bill; account; behalf ; 
sake; reason : copy of a small 
musical work showing the com¬ 
ponent parts: v.t. to notch or 
mark furrows in ; keep record or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut, thin, then. 








SCO 


740 


scr 


account of; to make a score of, 
as runs, points, &c., in a game, 
sco-ri-a (sko'ri-a), n. [pi. scoriae 
(-e)], volcanic cinder;slag formed 
after the fusion of metallic ores, 
sco-ri-a-ceous (-a'shus), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or resembling, scoria, 
scorn (skorn), n. extreme and 
lofty contempt; haughty disdain ; 
object of contempt: v.t. to hold in 
extreme contempt or disdain, 
scorn-er ('er), n. one who scorns, 
especially one who holds religion 
in derision. 

scorn-ful ('fool), adj. full of 
scorn; contemptuous; disdainful, 
scorn-ful-ly (-i), adv. with scorn, 
scor-pi-on (skdr'pi-un), n. an in¬ 
dividual of the genus Scorpio, fur¬ 
nished with lobster-like claws, and 
armed with a poisonous sting in 
the tail; a painful scourge. 

Scot (skot), n. a Scotchman. 
Scotch (skocli), adj. pertaining 
to Scotland, its inhabitants, or its 
dialect. 

scotch, n. a wedge, &c., to pre¬ 
vent slipping or rolling; a slight 
cut or incision: v.t. to cut or 
wound superficially, 
sco-ter (sko'ter), n. a kind of 
duck. 

sco-ti-a ('ti-a), n. the hollow 
molding in the base of an Ionic 
column. 

Scott-i-cism ('i-sizm), n. a Scot¬ 
tish idiom. 

scoun-drel (skoun'drel), n. a 
man without honor or virtue ; low, 
worthless fellow. 

scour (skour), v.t. to clean by 
friction ; cleanse from grease, dirt, 
and make bright; pass swiftly 
along ; search thoroughly ; purge, 
scourge (skerj), n. a whip with 
thongs used as a punishment: v.t. 
to whip severely; afflict or harass 
greatly. 

scout (skout), n. a person sent out 
to obtain and bring in informa¬ 
tion, especially of the movements, 
&c., of an enemy ; a college serv¬ 
ant ; in cricket, a fielder: v.i. to 
act as a scout: v.t. to treat with 
scorn. 

scov-el (skuv'l), n. a mop for 
sweeping a baker’s oven, 
scow (skou), n. a large fiat-bot¬ 
tomed boat with square ends: v.t. 
to transport in a scow. 


scowl (skoul), v.i. to wrinkle the 
brows in frowning or displeas¬ 
ure ; look sullen or angry: n. the 
wrinkling of the brows in dis¬ 
pleasure or anger; frown. 

scrab-ble (skrab'l), v.i. to scrawl 
or scribble; make irregular, un¬ 
meaning marks: v.t. to mark with 
irregular lines or letters. 

scrag (skrag), n. anything thin, 
lean, or rough ; something merely 
skin and bones. 

scrag-gi-ly ('i-li), adv. in a 
scraggy manner. 

scrag-gi-ness ('i-nes), n. scraggy 
state or quality. 

scrag-gy ('i), adj. lean, thin, and 
rough; rough, with irregular 
points. 

scram-ble (skram'bl), v.i. to 
clamber with the hands and feet; 
seize or catch hold of anything 
with eagerness and roughness: 
v.t. to toss together at random; 
mix and cook in a confused mass: 
as, to scramble eggs: n. a rude, 
eager struggle; act of scrambling. 

scrancli (skranch), v.t. to grind 
with the teeth with a crackling 
sound ; craunch. 

scrap (skrap), n. a small or de¬ 
tached piece ; fragment; a scrim¬ 
mage : v.i. to engage in a scrim¬ 
mage. 

scrap-book ('book), n. a blank 
book for the pasting in of news¬ 
paper extracts, &c. 

scrape (skrap), v.t. to make a 
harsh or grating noise on; rub 
with something sharp; clean by 
rubbing; remove by scraping: 
gather laboriously by small gains 
or savings: v.i. barely succeed, 
as in passing an examination; 
play awkwardly or inharmoniously 
on the violin ; bow by awkwardly 
drawing back the foot: n. the act. 
noise, or effect of scraping; a 
drawing back of the foot awk¬ 
wardly; difficulty; perplexity. 

scrap-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, scrapes; an instru¬ 
ment for scraping; an awkward 
violinist; miser. 

scratch (skracli), v.t. to mark or 
tear the surface of with some¬ 
thing pointed ; wound slightly : * 
tear or dig with the claws; erase; 
remove the name of (especially 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 

















scr 


741 


scr 


that of a horse) from a race: v.i. 
to use the nails or claws in tear¬ 
ing or digging; score by a fluke: 
v. a mark or tear made by scratch¬ 
ing ; a superficial wound; a kind 
of wig; a line across the prize 
ring, up to which boxers are 
brought when they commence 
fighting: adj. taken at haphazard. 

scratches ('ez), n.pl. dry scabs 
between the heel and pastern- 
joint of a horse. 

scratch race (ras), n. a race in 
which the competitors are unre¬ 
stricted by conditions or are 
chosen by lot. 

scrawl (skrawl), v.t. & v.i. to 
write or draw irregularly or has¬ 
tily ; scribble: n. hasty, irregular, 
or illegible writing; scribble. 

scray (skrn), n. the sea-swallow. 

screak (skrek), n. a shriek; 
screech. 

scream (skrem), n. a sharp, 
shrill cry as of fear or pain : v.i. 
to utter such a cry. 

screamer ('er), n. a South 
American wading bird; an ex¬ 
aggerated statement, or excess¬ 
ively funny joke. 

screech (skrech), n. a harsh, 
shrill cry: v.i. to utter a harsh, 
shrill cry. 

screed (skred), n. wooden rules 
for running moldings ; loud, shrill 
sound; a fragment or piece; a 
harangue; a piece of poor prose 
or verse. 

screen (skren), n. a light movable 
partition for protection; coarse 
sieve; a partition separating the 
chancel from the rest of a church : 
v.t. to shelter or conceal; protect; 
pass through a coarse sieve. 

screw (skroo), n. a cylinder of 
metal or wood grooved spirally; 
one of the six mechanical powers; 
screw-propeller: v.t. to press with 
a screw; apply a screw to; twist; 
force or squeeze; oppress by ex¬ 
actions. 

screw-pro-pel-ler (-pro-pel'er), 
n. a spiral-bladed wheel at the 
stern of a steam-vessel for pro¬ 
pelling it; the vessel thus pro¬ 
pelled. 

scrib-ble (skrib'l). v.t. to write 
hastily and carelessly: v.i. write 
carelessly and without regard to 


correctness: n. hasty, careless 
writing. 

scribbler t'ler). n. one who 
scribbles ; a literary hack, or petty 
author. 

sci’ibe (skrib), n. a writer; clerk; 
amanuensis; a teacher or copyist 
of the Jewish law: v.t. to adjust, 
scrim (skrim), n. a kind of fabric 
of cotton or linen f<5r making 
blinds, &c. 

scrim-mage ('aj), n. a general 
quarrel or fight. 

scrimp (skrimp), v.t. to make 
small, narrow, or short; limit or 
straiten : v.i. to be parsimonious 
or miserly : adj. short; narrow ; 
curtailed : n. a niggard or miser, 
scrimp-ness ('nes), n. scantiness. 
scx*ip (skrip), n. a satchel; 
schedule ; certificate ; writing; 
certificate of stock subscribed to 
a bank or other company, 
script (skript), n. a piece of 
writing; style of writing; type in 
imitation of writing; original 
document or instrument, 
scrip-tur-al ('tur-al). adj. per¬ 
taining to, contained in, or ac¬ 
cording to, the Scriptures; Bibli¬ 
cal. 

scrip-tur-al-ism (-izm), n. ad¬ 
herence to the letter of the Scrip¬ 
tures. 

scrip-tur-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
scriptural manner, 
scrip-ture ('tur), n. sacred writ¬ 
ing ; Biblical text: pi. the books 
of the Old and New Testaments; 
the Bible. 

scriv-e-ner (skriv'e-ner), n. one 
who draws up contracts, prepares 
writings, &c.; formerly a broker 
or financial agent._ 
scrof-u-la (skrof'u-la), n. a dis¬ 
ease caused by the formation and 
deposition of tubercle in the or¬ 
gans and tissues of the body; 
king’s evil. 

scrof-u-lous (-lus), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, of the nature of, or affected 
with, scrofula. 

scroll (shred), n. a roll of paper 
or parchment; a convoluted spiral 
ornament; a flourish to a signa¬ 
ture. 

scro-tuin (skro'tum), n. the pouch 
which contains the testes, 
scrouge (skrouj), v.t. to crowd or 
squeeze. 


lute, rmir, mSsk. cat. awl: lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








scr 


742 


scu 


scrub (skrub), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
scrubbed, p.pr. scrubbing], to rub 
hard ; wash with rubbing or a wet 
brush: v.i. to clean or scour: n. 
one who labors hard and lives 
meanly; a sorry fellow; a worn- 
out brush: adi. mean or small; 
contemptible; dirty, 
scrub-by ('i). adj. mean and 
small; stunted in growth ; covered 
with brushwood; unshaven, 
scrumptious (skrump'shus), 
adj. nice ; excellent; fine, 
scrunch (skrunch), v.t. to crunch, 
scru-ple (skroo'pl), n. 1-3 of a 
dram, or 20 grains; hesitation, 
especially from conscientious 
motives: v.i. ter hesitate from 
conscientious motives, 
scru-pu-los-i-ty (-pu-los'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being scru¬ 
pulous ; nice or conscientious re¬ 
gard to exactness or propriety; 
precision. Also scrupulousness.' 
scru-pu-lous ('pu-lus), adj. full 
of scruples : conscientious ; exact; 
careful; strict. 

scru-ti-nize ('ti-niz), vt. to in¬ 
spect or examine closely, 
scru-ti-nous ('ti-nus), adj. close¬ 
ly inspecting or examining; pre¬ 
cise ; careful ; captious, 
scru-ti-ny ('ti-ni), n. close inspec¬ 
tion or examination; minut in¬ 
quiry ; examination of votes re¬ 
corded at an election, 
scud (skud), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 

scudded, p.pr. scudding], to run 
quickly; run before a gale of wind 
with little or no sail spread: n. 
the act of scudding; loose, vapory 
clouds driven by tlie wind, 
scuf-fle (skuf'l), v.i. to fight or 
struggle confusedly, especially 
hand to hand: n. a struggle for 
mastery with close grappling; 
confused conflict; fight, 
scull (skul). n. one of a pair of 
short oars; an oar used at the 
stern of a boat to propel it: v.i. 
to impel a boat with a scull or 
sculls. 

scul-ler-y f'er-i). n. [pi. scul¬ 
leries (-iz)], a place where culi¬ 
nary utensils, &c., are kept and 
cleansed. 

scul-lion ('yun), n. a servant em¬ 
ployed in the menial work of a 
scullery. 


scul-pin ('pin), n. a North Ameri¬ 
can fish with a large head fur¬ 
nished with sharp spines, 
sculptor (skulp'ter), n. one who 
practices the art of sculpture. 
Feminine scu 1 ptress. 
sculp-tu-ral ('tii-ral), adj. per¬ 
taining to sculpture, 
sculp-ture ('tur), n. the art of 
carving, cutting, or hewing stone 
or other material into images of 
men. animals, &c.; carved work 
or figure: v.t. to represent in, 
or fashion by, sculpture, 
sculp tur esque (-esk'). adj. re¬ 
sembling, or having the character 
of, sculpture. 

scum (skum), n. extraneous mat¬ 
ter or impurities which rise to 
the surface of liquids when boiled 
or fermented; scoria of metals 
in a molten state; anything 
worthless or vile; the dregs of 
the population: v.i. [p.t. * p.p. 
scummed, p.pr. scumming], to 
form a scum: v.t. to clear im¬ 
purities from the surface of; 
skim. 

scup per (skup'er), n. a hole or 
tube in the side of a ship to carry 
off deck water. 

scurf (skerf). n. minute, white, 
flaky seales formed on the skin, 
especially on the scalp: dandruff; 
loosely adherent matter, 
scurff (skerf). n. the bull-trout, 
scurf-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being scurfy, 
scurf-y ('i), adj. [comp, scurfier, 
superl. scurfiest], pertaining to. 
producing, covered with, or like, 
scurf. 

scur-rile (skur'il), adj. befitting 
a buffoon or vulgar jester: grossly 
opprobrious or jocosely indecent, 
scur-ril-i-ty ('i-ti). n. [pi. scur¬ 
rilities (-tiz) ]. vulgar, vile, or in¬ 
decent jocularity. 

scur-ril-ous ('il-us). adj. using 
the low, indecent language of the 
vulgar; mean; foul-mouthed; 
vile; containing low indecency or 
abuse. 

scur ry (sktir'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
scurried, p.pr. scurrying], to has¬ 
ten or move rapidly along: n. hur¬ 
ried movement. 

scur-vi-ly (sker'vi-li), adv. in a 
scurvy manner. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










scu 


743 


sea 


scur-vi-ness (-nes), n. scurvy 
state or quality ; meanness, 
scur-vy ('vi), adj. affected by 
scurvy ; scabby ; vile ; contempti¬ 
ble ; mean : paltry : n. a condition 
of anaemia, caused by deficiency 
of vegetable food or lime juice, 
causing great weakness, emacia¬ 
tion, &c. 

scut (skut), n. the short, erect 
tail of a fox. deer, &c. 
scutch (skuch), v.t. to dress (fiax 
or cottou) by beating, 
scutch-eon ('un), n. an escutch¬ 
eon ; shield for a keyhole, 
scut-tle (skut'l), v.i. to hasten or 
hurry : v.t. to cut a hole or holes 
in (a ship) to sink it: n. a quick 
or short run ; a pan for holding 
coals: lid or door closing or 
covering an opening in a roof. 
&c. ; hatchway or small opening 
in the deck of a ship, 
scu-tum (sku'tum), n. [pi. scuta 
('ta)j, a shield; a shield-like 
plate.^ 

scym-i-tar, same as scimitar, 
scythe (si th), n. a curved cutting- 
instrument used for mowing grass, 

&C. 

Scyth-i-an (sith'i-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Scythia, to its lan¬ 
guage. or its inhabitants. 

’sdeath (sdeth), interj. an ex¬ 
clamation expressing impatience 
or disdain. 

se, a prefix, meaning without, 
apart , aside. 

sea (se), n. an expanse of salt 
water, less in extent than an 
ocean, and usually forming a part 
of, or connecting with, an ocean 
or larger sea ; an inland body of 
water; the ocean; a billow or 
large wave; swell of the ocean in 
a tempest: a large quantity; the 
great brazen laver of the Jewish 
Temple. 

sea-bar ('bar), n. the sea-swal¬ 
low. 

sea-bat ('bat), n. a kind of fly¬ 
ing-fish. 

sea-bear ('bar), n. the polar bear, 
sea-calf ('kiif), n. the common, 
seal. 

sea-cow ('kou), n. the manatee; 
dugong; walrus. 

sea-cu-cum-ber ('kii-kum-ber). 
n. the trepang. 

sea-dev-il ('dev-il), w. a fish with 


a large head and great mouth, 
the sea-angler. 

sea-dog ('dog), n. the common 
seal; an old sailor, 
sea-el-e-pliant ('el-e-fant), n. a 
variety of seal with a proboscis 
somewhat like that of the ele¬ 
phant. 

sea-far-er ('fa-rer), n. a sailor, 
sea-far-ing ('far-ing), adj. fol¬ 
lowing the occupation of a sailor, 
sea-fen-nel ('fen-el), n. sam¬ 
phire. 

sea-fox ('foks), n. a variety of 
shark. 

sea-gage ('gnj), n. the draught of 
a ship; a self-registering appara¬ 
tus for deep-sea soundings, 
sea-hog ('hog), n. the porpoise, 
sea-horse ('hors), n. the walrus; 
the hippocampus; the hippopota¬ 
mus. 

seal (sel), n. a carnivorous marine 
mammal, valuable for its skin 
and oil; a stamp or die engraved 
with some device, motto, or image, 
used for making an impression in 
relief on wax, &c.; wax or other 
soft substance set to an instru¬ 
ment, and impressed with a seal; 
any act of confirmation or ratifi¬ 
cation : that which seals or fast¬ 
ens ; drain-trap: v.t. to fasten 
with a seal ; set or affix a seal to : 
ratify or confirm ; keep secure or 
secret; among the Mormons, to 
set apart an additional wife, 
sea-legs ('legz), n.pl. ability to 
walk on a ship’s deck, when the 
vessel is pitching or rolling, 
sea-lem-on ('lem-un). n. a ma¬ 
rine gasteropodus mollusk of the 
genus Doris. 

sea-leop-ard ('lep-ard), n. a 
variety of seal. 

sea-li-on (jl-un), n. a name for 
several large species of seals, 
seam (sem), n. the line formed by 
the sewing of two pieces of ma¬ 
terial together: line of junction 
or union ; narrow vein between 
two thicker strata; thin layer; 
piece of needlework : v.t. to form 
a seam upon or of; join with 
a seam; scar; knit with a par¬ 
ticular kind of stitch: v.i. to 
crack open. 

sea-mew (se'mu), n. a species of 
gull. 


i&te, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










seam-stress (sem'stres), n. a 
needlewoman. 

seam y ('i), adj. showing, or like, 
seams. 

seam-y-side (-sid), n. the worst 
side. 

se ance (sa-angs'), n. a session as 
of some deliberative body ; a meet¬ 
ing of spiritualists for evoking 
manifestations; a select scientific 
gathering. 

sea-pheas-ant (se'fez-ant), n. 
the pin-tail duck. 

sea-purse ('pers), n. the horny 
envelope of the skate, and cer¬ 
tain sharks, in which they deposit 
their eggs. 

sear (ser), v.t. to bum to dryness 
on the surface; cauterize; brand; 
render callous or insensible, 
search (serch), v.t. to seek for; 
go over and examine; explore; 
inspect: v.i. to make inquiry; 
seek : n. the act of seeking or look¬ 
ing for something; investigation ; 
examination ; pursuit; quest, 
search-light ('lit), n. an electric 
light so arranged that by revolv¬ 
ing it a tract of land or sea can 
be seen at night. 

search-war-rant ('wor-ant), n. 
a warrant issued by a magistrate 
authorizing a police officer to 
search a house for stolen property, 
seared (serd), adj. hardened; 

callous ; indifferent; cauterized, 
sea-scape (se'skap), n. a picture 
representing a scene at sea. 
sea-son ('zn), n. any particular 
time as distinguished from others; 
one of the four divisions of the 
year: v.t. to mature; prepare by 
drying and hardening, or removing 
natural juices ; render palatable ; 
spice moderately: v.i. to become 
mature, acclimated, inured, or 
seasoned. 

sea-son-a-ble (-a-bl), adj. occur¬ 
ring or done in good, or proper, 
time; opportune. 

sea-son-a-ble-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being season¬ 
able. 

sea-son-a-bly (-bli), adv. oppor- , 
tunely. 

sea-son-ing (-ing), n. that which 
is added to give relish or piquancy 
to food; anything added to in¬ 
crease enjoyment, 
seat (set), n. that on which any¬ 


one sits; chair; post or authority ; 
station ; site ; residence ; mansion ; 
regular or appropriate place of 
sitting; posture on horseback, 
&c.; place in Congress or other 
legislative body: v.t. to place on 
a seat; cause to sit down ; estab¬ 
lish ; place in any site or position ; 
instal; fix. 

secant (se'kantU adj. cutting 
into two parts: n. a right line 
from the center of a circle 
through one extremity of an arc, 
produced till it meets the tangent 
from the other extremity of the 
same arc; the number expressing 
the ratio of this line to the radius 
of the circle. 

sec-co (sek'o), n. painting on dry 
plaster: adj. dry [Italian]. 

se-cede (se-sed'), v.i. to withdraw 
from fellowship, communion, or 
association. 

se-ced-er ('er), n. one who se¬ 
cedes. 

se-ces-sion (-sesh'un), n. the act 
of seceding; withdrawal or sepa¬ 
ration from the communion or 
association of others; withdrawal 
of a State from the Federal 
Union. 

se-ces-sion-ist (-ist), n. an up¬ 
holder of secession; one who took 
part with the Southern States in 
the Civil war of 1861. 

se-clude (-klood'), v.t. to keep 
apart from the company or society 
of others; exclude. 

se-clu-sion (-kloo'zhun), n. sepa¬ 
ration or withdrawal from the 
society of others; privacy. 

se-clu-sive ('siv), adj. keeping in 
seclusion. 

sec-ond (sek'und), adj. immedi¬ 
ately following the first; next to 
the first in order of place, or 
time; next in value, excellence, 
merit, dignity, or importance; in¬ 
ferior ; subordinate; being of the 
same kind as another that has 
preceded; below in pitch [Music] : 
ft. one or that next the first in 
place, rank, excellence, or power; 
one who attends on the principal 
at a duel; backer; the l-60th 
part of a minute of time or of a 
degree: pi. coarse flour: v.t. to 
follow; act as an assistant or 
supporter of; assist; support, as 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 













sec 


745 


sec 


a motion, &c., by adding onq’s 
voice to that of the proposer, 
sec-ond-ar-i-ly ('und-a-ri-li), adv. 

in a secondary manner or degree, 
sec-ond-ar-i-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being second¬ 
ary. 

sec ond a ry ('und-&-ri), adj. suc¬ 
ceeding next in order to the first; 
of second place, origin, &c .; not 
primary ; subordinate ; inferior; 
deputed; revolving round a pri¬ 
mary planet; noting rocks inter¬ 
mediate between the Primary and 
Tertiary, the Mesozoic: n. a 
delegate or deputy, 
sec ond a ry bat-ter-y (bat'er-i), 
n. a storage battery, 
sec-ond-a-ry-col-or (kul'er), n. 
a color produced by the mixture of 
two primary colors in equal pro¬ 
portions. 

sec-ond-a-ry-tints (-tintz), n.pl. 
subdued tints, as grey, 
se-cre-cy (se'kre-si), n. [pi. se¬ 
crecies (-siz)], the state or qual¬ 
ity of being hidden ; concealment; 
retirement; solitude; habit of 
keeping secrets; discretion, 
se-cret ('kret), adj. hidden or 
concealed; removed from sight; 
kept from the knowledge or view 
of all except those concerned; 
silent; private: n. that which is 
concealed ; something unknown or 
undisclosed. 

Syn. clandestine, concealed, hid¬ 
den, sly, underhand, latent, pri¬ 
vate. 

Ant. (see open). 

sec-re-ta-ri-al (sek-re-ta'ri-al), 
adj. pertaining to, or befitting, a 
secretary. 

sec-re-ta-ry ('re-tfi-ri), n. [pi. 
secretaries (-riz)], a confidential 
person employed to assist another 
in conducting correspondence, &c.; 
one who transacts the business of 
a Government department, com¬ 
pany, &c.; an escritoire, 
sec-re-ta-ry-bird (-berd), n. a 
South African predatory bird hav¬ 
ing a crest of feathers which re¬ 
semble when depressed pens stuck 
in the ear. 

sec-re-ta-ry-ship (-ship), n. the 
office, or term of office, of a sec¬ 
retary. 

se-crete (se-kret'), v.t. to hide or 


conceal; separate from the blood, 
sap, &c. 

se-cre-tion (-kre'shun), n. the act 
of secreting or separating from a 
circulating fluid; any substance 
or fluid secreted. 

se-cre-tive ('tiv), adj. given to 
secrecy; causing, or promoting 
secretion. 

se-cre-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being secretive; the 
phrenological organ which impels 
to secrecy, reserve, or conceal¬ 
ment. 

sec-re-to-ry ('to-ri), adj. perform¬ 
ing, or connected with, the office 
of secretion. 

sect (sekt), n. a number of per¬ 
sons who, following a teacher or 
leader, are united by a common 
attachment to some particular 
religious or philosophical doc¬ 
trines. 

sec-ta-ri-an (sek-ta'ri-an), adj. 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, 
a sect: n. a member of a sect; 
dissenter. 

sec-ta-ri-an-ism (-an-izm), n. the 
spirit, tendency, or principles of 
a sect; adherence to some particu¬ 
lar sect. 

sec-ta-ri-an-ize (-iz), v.t. to im¬ 
bue with a sectarian spirit. &e. 

sec-ta-ry ('ta-ri), n. [pi. sectaries 
(-riz)], a member or adherent of 
a sect; sectarian. 

sec-tile (sek'til), adj. capable of 
being cut. 

sec-tion ('shun), n. the act of 
cutting, or separation by cutting; 
part or division; slice; the line 
formed by the intersection of two 
surfaces; division or subdivision 
of a chapter or statute; distinct 
part of a country, people, com¬ 
munity, or class; one of the 
squares of 640 acres each into 
which -public lands are divided; 
l-36th of a township; division of 
a genus; vertical plan of. any 
structure as it would appear if cut 
by an intersecting plane; part of 
a musical period. 

sec-tion-al-ism ('shun-al-izm), n. 
local patriotism. 

sec-tion-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
sectional manner. 

sec-tor (sek'ter), n. that part of 
a circle included between two radii 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






sec 


746 


sed 


and the arc; a mathematical in¬ 
strument for laying down plans, 
measuring zenith distances. &c. 
sec-to-ri-al (-to'ri-al), adj. 
adapted for cutting; noting one 
molar tooth on each side of both 
jaws, having the crown adapted 
for cutting. 

sec-u-lar ('u-lar), adj. pertaining 
to this present world, or to things 
not sacred; worldly; temporal ; 
extending over, or occurring in, 
a long period of time ; not bound 
by monastic vows: n. an ecclesias¬ 
tic not bound by monastic vows ; 
a layman ; a church official whose 
duties are confined to the vocal 
department of the choir, 
sec-u-lar-ism (-izm), n. the prin¬ 
ciples or tenets of the secularists, 
sec-u-lar-ist (-ist), n. one who 
objects to religious teaching in 
elementary schools; one who, dis¬ 
carding the forms of religion, 
maintains that the duties and 
problems of this present life 
should be the primary objects of 
man’s concern. 

sec-u-lar-i-ty ('i-ti), n. supreme 
attention to the things of the pres¬ 
ent life; worldliness, 
sec-u-lar-i-za-tion (-i-za'shun), 
n. the act of secularizing, 
sec-u-lar-ize ('u-lar-iz), v.t. to 
convert from sacred to secular or 
common use; render worldly or 
unspiritual; convert from regular 
or monastic into secular, 
se-cund (se'kund). adj. arranged 
on one side only ; unilateral, 
se cure (se-kiir'), adj. free from 
fear or danger: safe; protected : 
Confident; relying upon (with 
of): v.t. to make safe; protect; 
guarantee; make fast; confine 
effectually; gain possession of: 
put beyond hazard of losing or not 
receiving (with against or 
from). 

se-cure-ly ('15 >, adv. in a secure 
manner. 

se-cur-i-ty (M-ti), n. [pi. securi¬ 
ties (-tiz) 3, the state or quality 
of being secure; freedom from 
fear or danger; assurance; cer¬ 
tainty ; something sriven to secure 
the fulfilment of a contract; 
pledge; evidence of debt or prop¬ 
erty; one who becomes surety for 


another; something given or done 
to secure good behavior. 

tiyn. bail, pledge, surety, ear¬ 
nest. 

se dan (-dan'), n. a portable cov¬ 
ered chair or vehicle for the con¬ 
veyance of one person, used in the 
18th century, and carried by two 
men by means of a pole on either 
side. Also sedan-chair, 
se-date (se-dat'), adj. calm: com¬ 
posed : quiet: serious : unruffled, 
se-date-ly ('li), adv. in a sedate 
manner. 

se-date-ness ('nes), n. tranquil¬ 
lity ; composure. 

sed-a-tive (sed'a-tiv). adj. allay¬ 
ing nervous irritation and irrita¬ 
bility ; assuaging pain: n. medi¬ 
cine having such an effect, 
sed-en-ta-ri-ly ('en-tar-i-li), adj. 

in a sedentary manner, 
sed-en-ta-ri-ness (-i-nes). n. the 
quality or state of being sed¬ 
entary. 

sed-en-ta-ry ('en-tar-i), adj. ac¬ 
customed to pass much time in a 
sitting posture; characterized by 
much sitting; remaining in one 
place ; inactive. 

sedge (sej), n. a coarse grass of 
the genus Carex, growing in 
swamps. 

sedg-y ('i), adj. overgrown with 

sedge. 

se-dil-i-a (se-dil'i-a). n.pl. seats 
on either side of the altar set 
apart for the clergy, 
sed-i-ment (sed'i-ment). n. the 
matter which subsides or settles 
at the bottom of a liquid: dregs; 
lees. 

sedimentary ('a-ri). adj. per¬ 
taining to, or formed by, or con¬ 
sisting of. sediment, 
se-di-tion (se-dish'un). n. any 
offense against the state less 
grave than insurrection or trea¬ 
son ; tumultuous assembly of 
people in opposition to lawful 
authority; the stirring up of 
such opposition. 

se-di-tions ('us), adi. pertaining 
to, of the nature of, or charac¬ 
terized by. sedition, 
se duce (dus'), v.t. to entice from 
the paths of rectitude, duty, or 
virtue, by flattery, promises, &c.; 
persuade to a surrender of chas¬ 
tity. 


late, mar, mask. cat. awl : lie. her. let; line, tin; vote, p6rcb, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut: thin, the n. 











sed 


747 


sel 


Syn. allure, attract, decoy, en¬ 
tice, abduct, inveigle, deprave, 
se-duce-inent ('ment), n. the act 
of seducing ; seduction ; means em¬ 
ployed to seduce. 

se-du-eer ('er), ri. one who se¬ 
duces, especially one who per¬ 
suades a woman to surrender her 
chastity. Feminine seductress, 
se-dn-ci-ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of being seduced. 

seduction (-duk'shun), n. the 
act of seducing; the act or crime 
of inducing a woman to surrender 
her chastity. 

se-duc-tive ('tiv), adj. tending 
to seduce or lead astray; enticing, 
se-duc-tive-ly (-li), adv. in a se¬ 
ductive manner. 

se-duc-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being seductive, 
sedulity (se-du'li-ti), n. steady 
diligence. 

sed-u-lous (sed'u-lus), adj. stead¬ 
ily industrious and persevering 
in business and endeavor; dili¬ 
gent ; untiring. 

see (se), n. the authority of the 
Pope or papal court; diocese or 
jurisdiction of an archbishop or 
bishop: v.t. [p.t. saw, p.p. seen, 
p.pr. seeinal, to perceive by the 
eye ; observe ; perceive mentally ; 
experience: pay a visit to; meet 
or associate with ; escort or ac¬ 
company : v.i. to have the faculty 
of sight or of perceiving; discern; 
examine; take care or heed; be 
attentive. 

seed (sed), n. that part of a plant 
that contains the embryo of the 
future plant; semen; first prin¬ 
ciple or source; offspring; de¬ 
scendants ; race or birth: v.i. to 
sow, or shed the seed: v.t. to 
sprinkle with seed, 
seed-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being seedy; shabbi¬ 
ness ; exhaustion or wretchedness, 
seed-y ('i), adj. abounding with, 
or run to, seeds ; having the flavor 
of weeds ; shabby; exhausted and 
miserable. 

seeing (se'ing), n. the act or 
power of sight: conj. inasmuch 
as considering ; since, 
seek (sek), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. 

sought, p.pr. seeking], to go in 
search of; look for; resort to; in¬ 


quire for: v.i. to make search or 
inquiry ; try or endeavor, 
seem (sem), v.i. to appear; look; 
have the resemblance of truth or 
fact; pretend. 

seeming ('ing), adj. apparent; 
specious: n. appearance; show, 
especially false show, 
seem-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being seemly; pro¬ 
priety ; decency ; comeliness, 
seem-ly ('li), adj. fit or becoming; 
decent; proper ; comely ; suited to 
the object, occasion, purpose, or 
character, 
seen, p.p. of see. 

seer (ser), n. one who foresees 
future events; prophet; one who 
sees. 

see-saw ('saw), n. a reciprocat¬ 
ing motion; a game played with 
a plank balanced on some sup¬ 
port enabling those who sit at 
each end to move up and down 
alternately: v.i. to move up and 
down with a reciprocating motion, 
seethe (s eth), v.t. to boil; decoct 
or prepare for food in a hot 
liquor: v.i. to be hot; be in a con¬ 
dition of boiling. 

segment ('ment), n. a part di¬ 
vided or set off; section; a part 
cut off from a figure by a' line or 
plane: v.i. to divide into segments, 
seg-ment-al (-al), adj. pertaining 
to, consisting of, or like, a seg¬ 
ment. 

segmentation (-men-ta'shun), 
n. the act of dividing into seg¬ 
ments; state of being divided int® 
segments. 

seg-re-gate (seg're-gat), v.t. to 
separate from others, 
seg-re-ga-tion (-ga'shun), the act 
of segregating; state of being seg- 
related. 

Seid-litz (sed'litz), adj. noting" 
effervescent powders used as a 
gentle aperient: n. a sparkling 
mineral water. 

sei-gnior (sen'yer), n. a title of 
honor in use in Southern Europe; 
a lord or fee of a manor 
sei-gnior-age ('yer-aj), n. some¬ 
thing claimed or taken by virtue 
of sovereign prerogative; a charge 
levied on bullion brought by pri¬ 
vate persons to the mint to be 
coined. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








sei 


748 


sem 


sei-gnior-i-al (-ybr'i-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to tlie lord of a manor, 
seine (san), n. a large fisliing- 
net. 

seis-mic (sis'mik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or produced by, an earth¬ 
quake. 

seis-mo-graph. ('mo-graf), n. an 
instrument for recording the un- 
dulatory motions, duration, and 
direction of an earthquake. Also 
seismometer, seismoscope. 
seis-ino-graph-ic ('ik), adj. indi¬ 
cated by a seismograph, 
seis-mog-ra-pliy (-mog'ra-fi), a. 

a description of earthquakes, 
seis-mol-o-gist (-mol'6-jist), n. 

one skilled in seismology, 
seis-mol-o-gy ('d-ji), n. the scien¬ 
tific study of earthquakes, 
seiz-a-ble (sez'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being seized. 

seize (sez), v.t. to take possession 
of forcibly or suddenly; grasp; 
snatch ; take hold of; comprehend, 
seiz-in ('in), n. the act of taking 
possession ; thing possessed ; pos¬ 
session. Also seisin, 
seizor ('er), n. in law, one who 
takes possession. 

seiz-ure ('ur), n. the act of seiz¬ 
ing ; sudden attack, as of a dis¬ 
ease. 

se-lah (se'la), n. a Hebrew word 
used in the Psalms, supposed to 
indicate a pause, 
seldom (sel'dum), adv. rarely, 
se-leet (se-lekt'), adj. more valua¬ 
ble or excellent than others; 
chosen or picked out ns more val¬ 
uable than others ; nicely chosen ; 
choice; superior: v.t. to take by 
preference from among others; 
choose. 

selection (-lek'shun), n. the act 
of selecting; the thing selected, 
select man (-lekt'man), n. [pi. 
selectmen ('men)l, one of a board 
of town officials concerned with 
its management, the enforcement 
of local laws, care of the poor, &c., 
elected annually in New England, 
se-lect-or ('er), n. one who se¬ 
lects. 

sel-e-nate (sel'e-nat), n. a salt of 
selenic acid. 

sel-en-ic (sel-en'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, containing, or derived 
from, selenium. 

sel-e-ni-nin (-e'ni-um), n. a non- 


metallic elementary substance, re¬ 
sembling lead. 

sel-e-no-cen-tric (-e-no-sen'trik), 
adj. as seen or calculated from the 
center of the moon. 

sel-e-no-grapli ('no-graf), n. a 
map or delineation of the moon’s 
surface. 

sel-e-no-grapli-ic (-graf'ik), adj. 
pertaining to selenography. 

sel-e-nog-ra-phy (sel-e-nog'ra-fi ), 
n. a description of the moon, its 
features, and phenomena ; the art 
of delineating the moon’s surface. 

self (self), n. [pi. selves (selvz)], 
one’s own . person ; personal inter¬ 
est ; personality ; personification ; 
identity ; selfishness : adj. very ; 
particular. 

selfish ('ish), adj. attentive only 
to one’s own interests; influ¬ 
enced in actions from motives of 
private advantage; egotistical. 

sell (sel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sold. 
p.pr. selling], to ’transfer to 
another for an equivalent, as 
property, goods. &c.; make a mat¬ 
ter of sale or bargain of; vend ; 
betray for a pecuniary reward: 
v.i. to practice selling; be sold: 
n. a hoax ; an imposition. 

Selt-zer wa ter (selt'zer waw'- 
ter), n. a mineral water, mildly 
stimulative. 

sel-vage (sel'vhj), n. the edge of 
cloth so closed by complicating the 
threads as to prevent raveling; 
Selvedge. 

-je'), n. a kind of 
yarns, used for 


having 


a 


woven border, 
sel-va-gee (-va 
skein of rope 
stoppers, &c. 
sel-vedged ('vejd), adj 
selvage. Also selvaged. 
selves, pi. of self, 
semaphore (sem'a-for), n. a 
telegraphic apparatus for signal¬ 
ing by means of arms, lanterns, 
flags, &c. 


sem-hlance ('blans), n. likeness; 
resemblance; exterior; appear¬ 
ance. 

semen (se'men), n. sperm; seed 
of plants. 

semi, prefix meaning half, par¬ 
tially. 

sem-i-breve (sem'i-brev), n. a 
note equal to 4 crotchets. 

sem i col on ('kol-on), n. a mark 
in punctuation ( ;). 



late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










sem 


749 


sen 


sem i nal ('i-nal), adj. pertaining 
to, containing, or consisting of, 
seed ; primary ; radical; original. 

sem-i-na-ry (sem'i-na-ri), n. [pi. 
seminaries (-riz)], a place of edu¬ 
cation ; school, academy, or col¬ 
lege. 

sem-i-ped ('i-ped), n. a half-foot. 

sem-i-ped-al (-al), adj. consist¬ 
ing of a half-foot. 

Semi-Sax-on (-sak'sun), adj. 
noting the language intermediate 
between Saxon and English 1150- 
1250. 

semi-tan-gent (-tan'jent), n. the 
tangent of half an arc. 

Sem-ite (sem'It), n. one of the 
Semitic race; a descendant of 
Shem : adj. Semitic. 

Se-mit-ic (se-mit'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to Shem. or to his de¬ 
scendants ; noting, or belonging 
to, one of the great divisions of 
races and languages to which 
Hebrew, Phoenician, Arabic, As¬ 
syrian, &c., belong. 

sempstress (semp'strcs), n. a 
woman who does needlework. 

sen (sen), n. a small Japanese 
coin. 

sen-a-ry (sen'a-ri), adj. of, or 
containing, 6. 

Sen-ate (sen'&t), n. the upper 
house of Congress or of a State 
legislature; the upper house of 
legislature in various countries; a 
body of elders, elected or ap¬ 
pointed in ancient Rome from the 
nobility and invested with su¬ 
preme legislative authority. 

sen-ate (sen'at), n. an assembly 
or body of elders; a legislative 
body generally. 

sen-a-tor ('a-ter), n. a member of 
a senate. 

sen-a-to-ri-al (-to'ri-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or befitting, a senator 
or a senate; entitled to elect a 
senator. 

send (send), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. sent, 
p.pr. sending], to throw, cast, or 
impel; cause to go in any man¬ 
ner ; dispatch; cause to be or 
happen ; grant; inflict: v.i. to dis¬ 
patch a messenger; pitch, as a 
vessel: n. the motion of a wave 
causing a vessel to be carried for¬ 
ward. 


Syn. throw, despatch, forward, 
project, discharge. 

Ant. (see keep, retain). 
sen-dal (sen'dal), n. a light, thin 
silk stuff. 

se-nile (se'nil), adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or occasioned 
by, old age. 

se-nil-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being senile; old age. 
sen-ior (sen'yer), ,adj. prior in 
age, dignity, rank, or office ; elder : 
n. one older than another; one 
older in dignity, rank, or office; 
a student in the fourth or final 
year of his college, 
sen-ior-i-ty (-yor'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being senior, 
sen na (sen'a), n. the dried leaves 
of several plants of the genus 
Cassia, used as a cathartic medi¬ 
cine. 

sen-niglit ('It), n. the space of 7 
nights and days. 

sen-nit ('it), n. braided cordage, 
se-nor (sa'nySr'), n. a Spanish 
title of courtesy, equivalent to 
Mr. or Sir. Feminine senora. 
se-no-ri-ta (-nyo-re'ta), n. a 
Spanish title of courtesy given to 
a young lady, equivalent to Miss; 
a young lady. 

sen-sate (sen'sat), adj. perceived 
by or through the senses, 
sen-sa-tion (-sa'shun), n. percep¬ 
tion by the senses; an impression 
made on the mind or brain by 
the senses; spiritual or physical 
affections; state of excited feel¬ 
ing or interest, or its cause, 
sen-sa-tion-al (-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, having, or causing, sensa¬ 
tion ; fitted to excite great inter¬ 
est ; emotional. 

sen sa tion al ism (-izm), n. sen¬ 
sational writing or language; the 
philosophical doctrine that our 
ideas are the outcome of impres¬ 
sions originating solely in sen¬ 
sation and consist of sensations 
transformed. 

sen-sa-tion-al-ist (-ist), n. an 
advocate of philosophical sensa¬ 
tionalism ; a sensational writer or 
speaker. 

sense (sens), n. the faculty by 
which objects are perceived 
physically, or mentally; discern¬ 
ment ; understanding; conviction ; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








sen 


750 


sen 




good mental capacity; correct 
judgment; opinion; meaning; sig¬ 
nification ; moral perception. 

Syn. discernment, apprecia-* 
tion, perception, view, opinion, 
feeling, sensibility, susceptibility, 
thought, signification, judgment, 
import, significance, meaning, pur¬ 
port, wisdom. 

sense-less ('les), adj. incapable 
of sensation; without sensibility 
or feeling ; unconscious ; foolish ; 
stupid; nonsensical; opposed to 
reason or sound judgment. 

sen-si-bil-i-ty (sen-si-bil'i-ti), n. 
[pi. sensibilities (-tiz) ], the 
state or quality of being sensible ; 
acuteness of perception or emo¬ 
tion ; delicacy of feeling; capacity 
of being sensitive. Also sensi¬ 
bleness. 

sen-si-ble ('si-bl), adj. capable of 
being perceived by the senses or 
the mind; having moral percep¬ 
tion; easily affected ; delicate; ju¬ 
dicious; reasonable; intelligent. 

Syn. wise, intelligent, reason¬ 
able, sober, sound, conscious, 
aware. 

Ant. (see foolish). 

sen-si-bly (-bli), adv. in a sensi¬ 
ble manner; with intelligence or 
good sense; appreciably. 

sen-si-tive ('si-tiv), adj. having 
keen sense or feeling; quickly and 
acutely alive to impressions from 
external objects; easily affected 
or moved; pertaining to, or de¬ 
pending upon, sensation. 

sen-si-tive-ly (-1 i), adv. in a sen¬ 
sitive manner. 

sen-si-tive-ness (-nos), n. the 
state or quality of being sensitive. 
Also sensitivity. 

sen-si-tize (-tiz), v.t. to render 
sensitive; render capable of be¬ 
ing acted upon by the actinic rays 
of the sun. X-rays, &c. 

sen-so-ri-al (-so'ri-ftl). adj. per¬ 
taining to the sensorium. Also 
sensory. 

sen-so ri-um (-um), n. the central 
seat of sensation or consciousness ; 
the brain. 

sen-su-al ('shti-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, consisting in. or affecting, 
the senses; not spiritual or in¬ 
tellectual ; carnal ; voluptuous; 
devoted to the indulgence of the 
passions or appetites. 


sensualism (-izm), n. sensu¬ 
ality ; the philosophical doctrine 
that all ideas or operations of the 
understanding have their origin 
in sensation and are transformed 
sensations. 

sen-su-al-ist (-ist), n. one who is 
sensual; a believer in the doctrine 
of sensualism. 

sen-su-al-i-ty (al'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being sensual; in¬ 
dulgence of carnal gratifications, 
sensualize ('shu-al-Iz), v.t. to 
make sensual; debase by the in¬ 
dulgence of carnal gratifications., 
sen su ous ('shu-us), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or addressed to the senses; 
connected with sensible objects; 
full of passion, 
sent, p.t. & p.p. of send, 
sen-tence ('tens), n. judgment, 
opinion, or decision; judgment 
pronounced by a court; series of 
words so arranged as to convey 
a complete thought, followed by a 
dot or full point: v.t. to condemn 
by judgment of a court, 
sen-ten-tious (-ten'shus), adj. 
short and energetic; terse; com¬ 
prising sentences; abounding in 
axioms or maxims, 
sen-ti-ence ('shi-ens), n. the state 
or quality of being sentient. Also 
sentiency. 

sen-ti-ent ('shi-ent). adj. having 
the faculty or faculties of sensa¬ 
tion and perception, 
sentiment ('ti-ment), n. a 
thought prompted by passion or 
feeling ; opinion ; thought; feel¬ 
ing ; sensibility; prevailing feel¬ 
ing; maxim; a toast; thought ex¬ 
pressed in striking language ; sen¬ 
tence or passage expressive of 
some wish. 

sen-ti-nien-tal (-men'tal), adj. 
having, expressing, or given to, 
sentiment; appealing to sentiment 
rather than reason ; artificially or 
affectedly tender; romantic, 
sen-ti-men-tal-ism (-izm), n. 
the quality of being sentimental. 
Also sentimentalitj 7 . 
sentimentalize (-iz), v.t. to 
think or act in a sentimental man¬ 
ner: affect sentiment, 
sentimentally (-li), adv. in a 
sentimental manner, 
sentinel ('ti-nel), n. one who 
watches or guards, especially a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 














sen 


751 


soldier on guard: v.t. to furnish 
with, or as with, a sentinel; watch 
over or guard. 

sen-try ('tri), n. [pi. sentries 
('triz)], a sentinel, guard or 
watch. 

sep al (sep'al or se'pal), n. one 
of the leaf-like divisions of the 
calyx enclosing the corolla of a 
flower. 

sep-a-ra-bil-i-ty (-a-ra-bil'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being separable or 
divisible. 

separable ('a-ra-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being separated or divided, 
separate ('a-rat), v.t. to part 
or divide ; disunite ; disconnect; 
set apart from a number for a 
particular purpose ; withdraw : v.i. 
to part; be disunited; withdraw 
from each others adj. divided 
from the rest; disconnected; not 
united; distinct. 

sep-a-rate-ly (-li), adv. in a sepa¬ 
rate state or manner, 
sep-a-rate-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being separate, 
sep-a-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. the 
act of separating ; state of being 
separated; disconnection; legal 
disunion of married persons; re¬ 
peal of a union between two or 
more countries or states, 
sep-a-ra-tor f'a-ra-ter). n. one 
who, or that which, separates, 
se-pi-a (se'pi-a), n. [pi. sepias 
(-az)], the European cuttle-fish; 
a dark-brown pigment prepared 
from the black secretion or ink of 
the cuttle-fish. 

se-poy ('poi), n. [pi. sepoys 
. ('poiz)J. an Indian native em¬ 
ployed as a soldier in the British 
service in India. 

sep-sin (sep'sin). n. a toxinous 
ptomaine. 

sep-sis ('sis), n. infection by 
pathogenic bacteria; a putrefac¬ 
tive condition. 

sept (sept), a prefix meaning 7, as 
septangular: adj. having 7 angles. 
September (sep-tem'ber), n. the 
ninth month of the year. In the 
Roman calendar it was the 
seventh month. 

sep-tem-vir ('ver), n. [pi. sep- 
temviri ('vi-rl) ], in ancient 
Rome, one of 7 men associated to¬ 
gether in office. 


seq 


septenary ('ten-a-ri), adj. con¬ 
sisting of, containing, or lasting 
7 years. 

sep-ten-ate (-at), n. a period of 7 
years; the period during which 
the President of the French Re¬ 
public holds office: adj. growing 
in s'evens. 

sep-ten-ni-al (-ten'i-al), adj. oc¬ 
curring once in, or containing, 7 
years. 

sep-ten-ni-al-ly (-li), adv. once 
in 7 years. 

sep-tet (sep-tet'), n. a musical 
composition for 7 voices. Also 
septette. 

sept-foil (sept'foil), n. the plant 
tormentil; in architecture, an or¬ 
namental foliation with 7 lobes; 
a symbolical figure composed of 7 
equal segments of a circle typical 
of the 7 sacraments of the Roman 
Catholic Church. 

septi, a prefix meaning 7, as septi¬ 
lateral : adj. seven-sided, 
sep-tic ('tik), adj. having the 
power to promote putrefaction : n. 
a substance having such an effect, 
sep-tic-e-mi-a, sep-tic-ae-mi-a 
(-ti-se'mi-a >. n. blood-poisoning, 
caused by the absorption of septic 
matter into the circulation. Also 
septemia, septaemia. 
sep-til-lion (-til'yun), n. in the 
French system of numeration, fol¬ 
lowed in the United States, a 
number expressed by unity with 
24 ciphers annexed; in the 
English system a number ex¬ 
pressed by unity with 42 ciphers 
annexed. 

sep-tin, same as sepsin. 
sep-tu-ag-e-na-ri-an (-tu-aj-e-na'- 
ri-an), n. a person 70 years old. 
sep-tu-ag-e-na-ry (-a j'e-na-ri), 

adj. consisting of 70: n. the num¬ 
ber 70. 

Sep-tu-a-ges-i-ma (-a-jes'i-ma) 

n. the 3rd Sunday before Lent, 
septuple ('tu-pl), adj. sevenfold, 
se-pul-chral (se-pul'kral), adj. 
pertaining to a sepulcher, or to 
monuments erected to the dead; 
deep, grave, or hollow toned, 
sep-ul-cher, sep-ul-clire (sep'ul- 
ker), n. a grave or tomb; place 
of burial: v.t. to bury; entomb, 
sep-ul-ture ('ul-tur), n. burial, 
se-quel (se'kwel), n. succeeding 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








seq 


752 


part or result; continuation ; con¬ 
sequence. 

se quence ('kwens), n. order of 
succession ; series ; result; suit of 
cards in the same order; regular 
alternate succession of similar 
chords. 

sequent ('kwent), adj. following; 

consequent: n. a sequence, 
se-quen-tial-ly (se-kwen'shal-i), 
adv. by succession, 
se-ques-ter (-kwes'ter), v.t. to 
separate from the owner for a 
time; take possession of the prop¬ 
erty of another until some claim 
is paid or established ; withdraw; 
seclude: v.i. to renounce, as a 
widow any interest in the estate 
of a husband. Also sequestrate, 
se-ques-ter ed ('terd), adj. se¬ 
cluded ; retired. 

se-ques-tra-tion (-tra'shun), n. 
the act of sequestering, especially 
the act of seizing property by the 
State during dispute or for the 
benefit of creditors; the collecting 
of the fruits of a benefice during 
a vacancy for the use of the 
next incumbent; retirement; se¬ 
clusion. 

se-ques-tra-tor (-tra'ter or se'- 
kwes-tra-ter), n. one who seques¬ 
ters property or takes possession 
of it for a time. 

Se-quoi-a (se-kwoi'a), n. a genus 
of gigantic trees of the cypress 
family, comprising the redwood 
and “big tree” of California, 
se-ragl-io (se-ral'yo), n. the pal¬ 
ace of the Sultan of Turkey at 
Constantinople, especially that 
part where the women are kept; 
a harem. 

se-ra-i (se-ra'i), n. in the East, a 
palace ; seraglio ; caravansary or 
inn. 

seralbumin (ser-al-bu'min), n. 

the albumin of the blood, 
se-ra-pe (sa-ra'pa), n. a Mexican 
blanket or shawl worn by men. 
seraph (ser'af), n. [pi. seraphs, 
seraphim ('afs, -im)], an angel 
of the highest order, 
ser-aph-ic (se-raf'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, composed of, or like, 
seraphs ; sublime ; angelic, 
ser-aph-ic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. in 
the manner of a seraph, 
ser-a-phine (ser'fi-fen), n. a kind 
of small harmonium. 


ser 




ser-as-kier (ser-as-ker'), n. a 
Turkish general or commander of 
land forces, especially the com¬ 
mander-in-chief or minister of 
war. Also serasquier. 
Ser-bo-ni-an (ser-bo'ni-an), adj. 
noting the lake or bog of Ser- 
bonis in ancient Egypt, which ap¬ 
peared like solid land, but en¬ 
gulfed those who ventured upon 
it: hence pertaining to any diffi¬ 
culty or complication from which 
there is no way of extrication, 
sere (ser), adj. dry; wiltered 
[Poet.]. 

serein (se-rang'), n. fine rain 
that falls from a clear sky. 
serenade (ser'e-nad), n. even¬ 
ing music in the open air; music 
sung or played by a lover in a 
spirit of gallantry under the win¬ 
dow of a lady; piece of music 
for such an occasion: v.t. to en¬ 
tertain with a serenade, 
serene (se-ren'), adj. clear and 
calm; unclouded; placid; un¬ 
ruffled. 

se-rene-ly ('li). adv. in a serene 
manner ; unruffled ; calmly, 
se-ren-i-ty (-ren'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being serene; calm¬ 
ness of mind ; equanimity of tem¬ 
per ; coolness; composure. Also 
sereneness. 

serf (serf), n. the lowest class 
of servants or slaves in the Mid¬ 
dle Ages, who were attached to 
the land and transferred with it: 
a villein or feudal slave; for¬ 
merly in Russia, one of the peas¬ 
ant class. 

serf-age ('fij), n. the state or con¬ 
dition of a serf. Also serfdom; 
serfism. 

serge (serj), n. a twilled woolen 
stuff. 

ser-gean-cy (siir'jen-si). n. the 
office of a sergeant. Also sergeant- 
cy, sergeantsliip. 

ser-geant ('jent), n. a non-com¬ 
missioned officer ranking next 
above a corporal, 
ser geant-ma jor (-rna'jer), n. a 
warrant officer who is attached 
to each company or troop and as¬ 
sists the adjutant, 
se-ri-al (se'ri-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or consisting of, a series; pub¬ 
lished in successive parts or num- 












late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her. let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 













ser 


ses 


75? 


bers: n. a periodical; tale issued 
in parts. 

se-ri-al-ly (-li), adv. in a series, 
se-ri-a-tim (-a'tim), adv. in regu¬ 
lar order. 

sericeous (se-rish'us). adj. silky, 
ser-i-cul-ture (ser'i-kul-tfir), n. 

the. culture of silkworms, 
series (se'rez), n. a number of 
things or events standing or suc¬ 
ceeding in order, and connected 
by a like relation; sequence; an 
infinite number of terms in suc¬ 
cession, increasing or diminishing 
in a certain ratio, 
serin (ser'in), n. a kind of finch, 
se-ri-o-com-ic (se-ri-o-kom'ik), 
adj. having a mixture of serious¬ 
ness and comicality, 
se-ri-ous ('ri-us), adj. grave in 
manner or disposition ; in earnest; 
not trifling ; religious ; solemn, 
ser mon (ser'mun), n. a discourse 
on a text of Scripture; homily; 
serious exhortation, 
ser mon ize (-Iz), v.i. to compose 
or write a sermon; preach: v.t. 
to preach a sermon to. 
se-ros-i-ty (se-ros'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being serous; 
the thin watery fluid part of the 
blood exuding from serum, 
se-rous ('rush adj. pertaining to 
serum ; thin, watery, 
ser-pent (ser'pent), n. a reptile 
of the order Ophidia, with a very 
long body without feet, and mov¬ 
ing by contractions and undula¬ 
tions of the body; a bass wind 
instrument; a kind of firework ; a 
subtle, treacherous, malicious per¬ 
son. 

ser-pen-tine ('pen-tin), adj. per¬ 
taining to, like, or having the 
qualities of, a serpent; moving 
or winding like a serpent; zig¬ 
zag ; subtle: n. a rock composed 
of a hydrated silicate of mag¬ 
nesia, susceptible of a fine polish, 
ser-rate (ser'at), adj. notched on 
the edge like a saw. Also ser¬ 
rated. 

ser-ried ('id), adj. crowded; 
pressed together. 

serum (se'rum), n. the thin yel¬ 
lowish watery fluid secreted by 
the serous membranes, 
ser-val (ser'v&l), n. the African 
bush or tiger-cat, having a valu¬ 
able fur. 


serv-ant (serv'ant), n. one who 
serves, or is in the service of 
another ; a domestic ; subordinate ; 
an expression of civility, 
serve (serv), v.t. to work for; 
perform duties for; yield obedi¬ 
ence to; worship; supply with, 
as food, &c. ; attend or wait on ; 
treat or requite; present (a writ) : 
v.i. to be a servant; be employed 
in labor; suit or be convenient; 
be in subjection; discharge the 
duties of an office or employment, 
serv-ice (serv'is), n. the "condi¬ 
tion or occupation of a servant; 
duty required or performed in any 
office; naval or military duty; 
spiritual obedience and reverence ; 
course of dishes at table ; waiting 
at table; labor, assistance, or 
kindness to another; number of 
conveyances plying between 
places; musical composition for 
devotional use; profession of re¬ 
spect. 

serv-ice-a-ble ('is-a-bl), adj. use¬ 
ful ; beneficial. 

serv-ice-a-ble-ness (-nes). n. the 
state or quality of being serv¬ 
iceable. 

serv-ice-a-bly (-bli), adv. in a 
serviceable manner, 
serv-ile ('ll or 'il), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, characteristic of, or be¬ 
fitting, a slave or servant; meanly 
submissive or obsequious; cring¬ 
ing ; fawning; not belonging to 
the original root; not sounded: 
said of a letter. 

serv-ile-ly (-li), adv. in a servile 
manner. 

ser-vil-i-ty (ser-vil'i-ti), n. mean 
submission or obsequiousness; 
baseness. Servileness, 
serv-i-tude ('i-tud), n. the condi¬ 
tion of a servant or slave; state 
of slavish dependence; bondage, 
ses-a-me (ses'a-me), n. a plant 
yielding flat seeds from which 
an oil is expressed, 
ses-a-moid bones ('a-moid bonz), 
n.pl. small bones formed at the 
articulation of the great toes, 
fingers, &c. 

sesqui, a prefix meaning a whole 
and a half, as sesquioxide , an 
oxide containing 3 atoms of oxy¬ 
gen and 2 atoms of a metal, 
ses-sile ('il), adj. without a foot¬ 
stalk. 


late, m^r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 


HJ5 







ses 


754 


sev 


ses-sion (sesh'un), n. the actual 
sitting or assembling of a court, 
council, or legislative body; the 
time between the first meeting 
and the prorogation, dissolution, 
or final adjournment of a parlia¬ 
ment, congress, or legislature, 
sessional (-al), adj. pertaining 
to a session, especially of an 
ecclesiastical court, 
ses-terce (ses'ters), n. an ancient 
Roman coin, value about 4 cents, 
ses-ter-ti-um (-ter-shi-um), n. a 
sum of 1,000 sesterces, 
ses-tet ('tet), n. the last 6 lines 
of the second division of a son¬ 
net. 

set (set), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. set, p.pr. 
setting], to place or put in any 
position; fix; plant; make stable; 
render motionless; spread, as 
sails; replace; make to agree 
with some standard ; start by fix¬ 
ing the keynote; regulate or ad¬ 
just ; value; assign or prescribe; 
mark (game) ; compose, as type, 
&c.: v.i. to sink below the hori¬ 
zon ; strike root; be fixed closely 
or firmly; congeal; apply one’s 
self; flow or tend; start (with 
out) : adj. fixed or established; 
regular; determined; firm; for¬ 
mal; obstinate; immovable: n. 
the act of setting; direction ; num¬ 
ber of persons associated together ; 
clique; number of things of the 
same kind intended for use to¬ 
gether ; a young plant for 
growth ; number of persons neces¬ 
sary to execute a quadrille; de¬ 
scent below the horizon; flow; 
permanent twist; in lawn tennis, 
a series of as many games as will 
enable one side to win six. 
set-tee (-te'). n. a long seat with 
a back for several oersons; a 
Mediterranean single-decked ves¬ 
sel with a very long, sharp prow, 
and lateen sails. 

set-ter ('er), w. one who, or that 
which sets; a species of hunting- 
dog. < 

set-ting ('ing), n. the act of one 
who, or that which, sets ; direction 
of a current of wind; that which 
sets or holds, as the mounting of 
a jewel; hardening, 
set-tie (set'l), v.t. to place or set 
in a fixed state; establish; 
cause to sink or subdue; free from 


uncertainty; compose; fix by a 
legal act; liquidate ; pay ; clear of 
dregs; make pure or clear; colon¬ 
ize : v.i. to become fixed, station¬ 
ary, or permanent; descend or 
stop; grow calm or clear; sink 
to the bottom, or by its own 
weight; cease from agitation ; ad¬ 
just differences or accounts ; marry 
and establish a home. 

Syn. arrange, adjust, regulate, 
conclude, determine, 
set-tle-xnent (-ment), n. the act 
or state of being settled; estab¬ 
lishment in life, business, condi¬ 
tion ; jointure granted to a wife: 
liquidation, payment, or adjust¬ 
ment ; subsidence; a colony newly 
settled; legal residence, 
set-tier ('ler), n. a colonist; 
something that finally settles or 
decides a contest. 

set-to (too'), n. a contest in box¬ 
ing ; argument. 

sev en (sev'n), n. the sum of six 
and one ; the symbol representing 
7 units: adj. consisting of one 
more than 6. 

sev-en-fold (-fold), ado. 7 times 
as much. 

sev en teen (-ten), ad>. one more 
than sixteen. 

sev-en-teenth (tenth), adj. not¬ 
ing the next after the sixteenth, 
sev-enth (sev'nth), adj. next in 
order after the sixth: n. one 
next in order after the sixth ; one 
of 7 equal parts; the interval of 
5 tones and a semitone, 
sev-en-ti-eth ('n-ti-eth), adj. next 
in order after the sixty-ninth : n. 
one of 70 equal parts, 
seventy (-ti), n. [pi. seventies 
(-tiz) ], the sum of 10 times 7; 
the symbol representing 70 units, 
sev-en-up (-up'), n. a card game, 
sev-er (sev'er), v.t. to divide or 
separate with violence; cut open 
or through ; keep distinct or apart: 
v.i. to make a separation or dis¬ 
tinction ; be rent asunder; part; 
distinguish. 

sev-er-al (-al), adj. distinct; 
separate ; consisting of a number 
more than two, but not many; 
different; various. 

Syn. sundry, divers, many, 
various. 

sev-er-al-ly (-li), ado. separately; 
individually. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vbte, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 












sev 


755 


sha 


J 

sev-er-al-ty (-ti), a. a state of 
separation from the rest, or from 
all others. 

sev-er-ance (-tins), n. the act of 
severing; the state of being- 
severed ; separation ; partition, 
se vere (se-ver'), adj. strictly ad¬ 
hering to rule ; strict; austere ; 
rigid; harsh ; grave; serious; 
inclement; inflexible ; painful; 
critical. 

Syn. harsh, stern, stringent, 
unmitigated, rough, unyielding. 

Ant. (see lenient), 
se-vere-ly (/li), adv. in a severe 
manner. 

se-ver-i-ty (-ver'i-ti), n. [pi. se¬ 
verities (-tiz)], the quality of 
being severe; harshness ; rigor; 
gravity ; exactness ; strictness ; in¬ 
clemency. 

Se -vres (sa'vr), n. a highly glazed 
china or porcelain manufactured 
at Sevres, France, 
sew (so), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sewed 
or sewn, p.pr. sewing], to unite 
or fasten together with a needle 
and thread: v.i. to practice sew¬ 
ing. 

sew-age (su'aj), n. the foul mat¬ 
ter carried oft' by a sewer, 
sew-er ('Sr), n. a pipe or channel 
to carry off the used or surface 
water and foul matter of a town, 
&c.; (so'er) one who sews, 
sew-er-age (-aj), n. drainage by 
sewers; the system of sewers of 
a town, &c. 

sex, a prefix meaning six, as sexen¬ 
nial, adj. occurring once in, or 
lasting, six years, 
sex (seks), n. the physical dis¬ 
tinction between male and female ; 
one of the two divisions of ani¬ 
mals and plants, based on such 
distinction; women in general 
(with the). 

sex-a-ge-na-ri-an (-a-je-na'ri-an), 
n. one who is sixty years old. 
sex ag e na ry (-aj'e-na-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, or noting, the 
number 60. 

Sex-a-ges-i-ma (-fi-jes'i-mfi), n. 

the second Sunday before Lent, 
sex-a-ges-i-mal (-mal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or based on, the num¬ 
ber 60. 

sexed (sekst), adj. pertaining to, 
or having, sex. 


sex-e-na-ry ('e-na-ri), adj. pro¬ 
ceeding by sixes. 

sex-loc-u-lar (-lok'u-lar), adj. 
six-celled. 

sext (sekst), n. in the Roman 
Breviary, the office for the sixth 
canonical hour. 

sex-tain (seks'tan), n. a six- 
lined stanza. 

sex-tant ('taut), n. the sixth 
part of a circle; an instrument 
for measuring angular distances 
between objects, used especially 
at sea for determining latitude 
and longitude. 

sex-tile ('til), adj. noting the 
aspect or position of two planets 
when distant from each other 60°. 
sex-til-lion (-til'yun), n. in the 
French system of enumeration, 
followed in the United States, the 
7th power of a thousand = 1 
with 21 ciphers annexed ; in the 
English system, a million raised 
to the 6th power = 1 with 36 
ciphers annexed. 

sex-to ('to), n. [pi. sextos ('toz)], 
a book consisting of sheets each 
of which is folded into six leaves, 
sex-ton ('tun), n. an inferior 
official of a church whose duty it 
is to attend to burials, the church, 
&c. Fem. sextoness. 
sex-tu-ple ('tii-pl), adj. sixfold, 
sex-u-al ('fi-al), adj. pertaining 
to, characteristic of, based on, or 
distinguishing, sex ; pertaining to 
the organs of generation, 
sex-u-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being distinguished 
by sex. 

sex-u-al-ize (-Iz), v.t. to attribute 
sex to. 

sex-u-al-ly ('u-al-li), adv. in a 
sexual manner; with reference or 
relation to sex. 

sex-u-al-ize (-iz), v.t. to attribute 
sex to. 

shabbily (sliab'i-lil, adv. in a 
shabby manner. 

sbab-bi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being shabby, 
sbab-by ('i), adj. [comp, shab¬ 
bier, superl. shabbiest], thread¬ 
bare or worn, as clothes; mean in 
appearance or conduct; despica¬ 
ble. 

shack (shak), n. shabby old 
house; hut; log cabin, 
shack (shak), n. liberty of winter 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







756 


sha 


sha 


pasturage from harvest to seed¬ 
time ; a tramp. 

shackle (shak'i), n. anything 
that confines the hands or legs 
or obstructs free action, as gyves; 
fetters; handcuffs; the bar of a 
padlock: v.t. to fetter; embarrass 
or hinder; unite or fasten with 
a shackle. 

shad (shad), n. an anadromous 
fish, valued as food. 

shade (shad), n. comparative ob¬ 
scurity caused by the interception 
of the rays of light; darkness; a 
shady place; gradation of light; 
screen or cover; the soul after 
death: pi. wine vaults: v.t. to 
screen from light or heat; darken 
or obscure; shelter; paint in ob¬ 
scure colors; mark with gradation 
of light or color. 

sha-di-ly ('di-li), adv. in a shady 
manner. 

sha-ding ('ding), n. the act of 
making a shade ; representation of 
light and shade._ 

shad ow (shad'd), n. shade with¬ 
in defined limits; shade or dep¬ 
rivation of light representing on 
a surface the forms of the body 
which intercepts the rays of 
light; dark part of a picture; 
obscurity or darkness; protection 
or security ; reflected image ; faint 
representation; inseparable com¬ 
panion ; small degree ; a detective : 
v.t. to shade; darken or cloud; 
conceal or screen ; represent typi¬ 
cally ; attend closely as a shadow ; 
follow and watch closely, as a 
detective. 

shad-ow-i-ness (-i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being shadowy. 

shad ow ing (-ing), n. shading. 

shad-ow-y ('i), adj. full of, or 
causing, shade or shadows; 
sheltered from light or heat; dim ; 
unreal; typical. 

shady (sha'di), adj. [comp. 
shadier, superl. shadiest], abound¬ 
ing in, or causing, shade; shel¬ 
tered from the glare of light or 
heat; pertaining to darkness; du¬ 
bious ; equivocal. 

shaft (shaft), n. an arrow; any¬ 
thing resembling an arrow; the 
long narrow entrance to a mine ; 
carriage-pole; handle; part of a 
chimney; body of a column be¬ 
tween the base and the capital. 


shaft-ing ('ing), n. a system of 
shafts for transmitting power, 
shag (shag), n. a kind of tobac¬ 
co ; rough, woolly hair; a bushy 
mass. 

shag-gi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being shaggy, 
sliag-gy ('i), adj. rough with long 
hair or wool; rough ; rugged, 
shagreen (sha-gren'), n. the 
skins of various animals, as 
horses, donkeys, prepared without 
tanning, and grained to resemble 
the skins of sharks; the rough 
skin of sharks and dogfishes pre¬ 
pared as leather: adj. made of 
shagreen. 

shah (sha), n. the sovereign of 
Persia. 

shake (shak), v.t. [p.t. shook, 
p.p. shaken, p.pr. shaking], to 
cause to shiver; move with a 
quick, short motion; agitate; 
make afraid; give a tremulous 
note; to vibrate: v.i. to tremble 
or quake. 

Syn. tremble, shudder, shiver, 
quiver, quake. 

shake-down ('doun), n. a tem¬ 
porary bed. 

shaken ('n), p.adj. agitated; 
cracked or split. 

Shak -er ('er), n. one of a religious 
communistic sect that practices 
dancing in worship. Fern. Shak- 
eress. 

Shak-er-ism ('izm), n. the doc¬ 
trines or tenets of the Shakers. 
Shake-spear-e-an (shak-sper'e- 
an), adj. pertaining to, resem¬ 
bling, or characteristic of, Shake¬ 
speare or his works. Also Shake¬ 
spearian, Shaksperian. 
shak-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being shaky, 
shak o (sliak'o), n. a kind of mili¬ 
tary cap. 

shaky (shak'i), adj. [comp. 
shakier, superl, shakiest], in a 
shaking condition; feeble; full of 
cracks ; unsound. 

shale (shal), n. a husk; a lam¬ 
inated argillaceous rock, 
shall (shal). v.i. & auxil. [p.t. 
should], to be under obligation: 
used in the future tense of the 
verb. 

shalloon (-don'), n. a kind of 
twilled worsted stuff, 
shal - lop ('op), n. a schooner- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thih, then. 






sha 


757 


sha 


rigged two-masted boat; a small 
boat or canoe. 

shal-lot ('ot), n. the eschalot, 
shallow ('d), adj. having little 
depth ; not profound ; superficial; 
trifling; a flat place where the 
water is not deep; shoal: v.i, to 
become shallow. 

Syn. superficial, flimsy, slight. 

Ant. (see deep). 

sham (sham), n. a trick, fraud, 
or make-believe ; imposture ; coun¬ 
terfeit : adj. feigned ; false ; un¬ 
real: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shammed, 
p.pr. shamming], to make false 
pretenses: v.t. to make a pre¬ 
tense of in order to deceive, 
sham-ble (sham'bl), v.i. to walk 
awkwardly and unsteadily; shuf¬ 
fle : n.pl. a slaughter-house ; meat- 
market. 

shambling ('bling). n. an awk¬ 
ward, unsteady pace, 
shame (sham), n. a painful sen¬ 
sation caused by the sense of 
guilt, impropriety, or dishonor; 
that which causes shame; re¬ 
proach incurred or suffered; 
modesty or decorum: v.t. to make 
ashamed; cause to blush; cover 
with disgrace. 

Syn. disgrace, dishonor. 

Ant. (see honor), 
shame-faced ('fast), adj. bash¬ 
ful. 

shameful ('fool), adi. causing 
shame ; disgraceful; indecent. 

Syn. degrading, scandalous, dis¬ 
graceful, outrageous. 

Ant. (see honorable). 
shame-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
shameful manner, 
sham-mer (sham'er), n. one who 
shams. 

sham my ('i), n. chamois, 
sham-poo (-po5'), v.t. [p.t. & 

p.p. shampooed, p.pr. shampoo¬ 
ing], to rub and press (the limbs 
and joints) after a hot bath ; to 
cleanse and rub (the head) with 
soap, &c.: n. the act of sham¬ 
pooing. 

sham-poo-er ('er), n. one who 
shampoos. 

sham-rock ('rok), n. a trefoil 
clover plant; the Irish national 
emblem. 

shank (shangk), n. the leg from 
the knee to the ankle; long part 


of any instrument; body of a 
type. 

shan-ty (shan'ti), n. a rude hut. 
sliap-a-ble (shap'a-bl), adj. that 
may be shaped; shapely, 
shape (sliap), n. the form or 
figure of a thing; external ap¬ 
pearance pattern: v.t. to make 
into a particular form; fashion; 
regulate ; conceive. 

Syn. form, fashion, mold, model, 
shape-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being shapely, 
sliape-ly ('li), adj. well-formed; 

symmetrical: comely, 
shard (shard), n. a potsherd, 
share (shar). n. a portion or 
part; part allotted or belonging 
to one ; dividend ; plowshare: v.t. 
to part among two or more; 
divide; take or possess in com¬ 
mon ; partake of or use with 
others: v.i. to have a share or 
part. 

Syn. portion, lot. division, quan¬ 
tity, quota, contingent, 
share-bro-ker ('bro-ker). n. one 
who deals in railway or other 
shares. 

shark (shark), n. a large vora¬ 
cious fish with sharp teeth; a 
rapacious, artful fellow, 
sharp (sharp), adj. having a very 
thin edge or fine point; terminat¬ 
ing in an edge or point; very thin; 
peaked or ridged ; keen ; severe; 
acute; subtle: n. a character 
(#) in music which raises a note 
a semitone. 

Syn. acute, keen. 

Ant. (see dull). 

sharpen ('en), v.t. to make 
sharp or sharper; give edge or 
point to ; make more acute v.i. to 
become sharp; play tricks in bar¬ 
gaining. 

sharp-er ('er), n. a cheat; 
swindler. 

shat-ier (shat-er), v.t. to break 
into many pieces at once; crack 
or rend ; overthrow ; dissipate: 
n.pl. broken fragments, 
shave (shav), v.t to cut or pare 
off with a razor or other sharp- 
edged instrument; cut in thin 
slices; skim along or near the 
surface of; plunder or fleece: v.i. 
to use the razor in removing hair: 
n. a thin slice; the operation of 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







758 


She 


dha 


shaving; an instrument for shav¬ 
ing hoops. &c. 

shav er ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, shaves; a barber; a young¬ 
ster. 

shav-ing ('ing), n. the act of one 
who shaves; a thin slice pared off. 
shawl (shawl), n. a square cloth 
of various materials used as a 
loose outer covering for the 
shoulders, &c.: v.t. to cover or 
wrap with a shawl, 
shawm (shawm), n. an ancient 
wind instrument. 

shea (she'a), n. a tropical tree 
yielding a kind of butter or solid 
oil. 

sheaf (shef), n. [pi. sheaves 
(shevz)], a quantity of grain 
bound together; a bundle ; number 
of arrows sufficient to fill a 
quiver: v.t. to gather or bind into 
sheaves. 

shear (sher), v.t. [p.t. sheared, 
p.p. sheared or shorn, p.pr. shear¬ 
ing], to cut or clip, especially 
with shears; reap: v.i. to use 
shears: n.pl. a cutting instrument 
operating like scissors, but larger; 
an apparatus for raising heavy 
weights. 

shear-steel ('stel), n. a kind of 
fine steel, especially tempered, &c. 
shear-wa-ter ('waw-ter), n. a 
kind of gull. 

sheath (sheth), n. a scabbard; 

any sheath-like covering, 
sheathe (sheth), v.t. to put into 
a sheath or scabbard; case with 
a protecting covering, 
sheave (shev), n. a grooved wheel 
in a block or pulley over which 
the rope runs. 

She-chi-nah (she-kl'na), n. the 
visible presence of Jehovah mani¬ 
fested from the mercy-seat and 
reflected from the overshadowing 
cherubim. Also Shekinah. 
shed (shed), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shed, 
p.pr. shedding], to pour out or 
diffuse; cause to flow out; emit: 
v.i. to let fall or cast off seed: 
n. a slight building, 
sheen (shen). n. brightness; 
splendor: ad), bright; glittering. 
Also sheeny: v.i. to shine or glis¬ 
ten. 

sheep (shep). n., s. & pi. any 
ruminant animal of the genus 
Ovis, valued for its wool and 


flesh: a foolish, bashful fellow: 
pi. God’s people, as being under 
the care of the Good Shepherd, 
Jesus Christ. 

sheer (sher), ad), pure; unmixed; 
very thin or transparent; precipi¬ 
tous : v.i. to deviate from the 
proper course, 
sheers, same as shears, 
sheet (shet), n. a large thin slice 
of anything; broad piece of linen 
to cover a bed; broad piece of 
paper ; letter ; newspaper ; broad 
expanse or surface; rope attached 
to a sail to extend it; open space 
in the bow or stern of a boat, 
sheik (sliek, or shak), n. the 
head of a Bedouin family, tribe, 
or clan. 

sliek-el (shek'el), n. an ancient 
Jewish coin : shekels ; money. 
She-ki-nah, same as Shechinah. 
shel-drake (shel'drak), n. a kind 
of duck. Fern, shelduck. 
shelf (shelf), n. [pi. shelves 
(shelvz)], a flat dedge or board 
for holding anything; a sand¬ 
bank or flat projecting ledge of 
rock. 

shell (shel), n. a hard outside 
covering ; any framework ; rough 
kind of coffin ; a hollow projectile; 
lightly constructed boat: v.t. to 
strip off or remove the shell of; 
take out of the shell; separate 
from the ear or cob ; throw shells 
upon or into: v.i. to fall off, as 
a shell. 

shel-lac (-ak'). n. crude resin lac 
melted and formed into thin 
plates. 

shel-ter ('ter), n. that which pro¬ 
tects or shields; security: asy¬ 
lum; harbor; defense; protector: 
v.t. to protect or shield from in¬ 
jury or violence; conceal : v.i. to 
take or give shelter. 

Syn. cover, defend, protect, 
screen, shield. 

shel-tie ('ti), n. a Shetland pony, 
shelve (shelv), v.t. to place on a 
shelf; furnish with a shelf; dis¬ 
miss from service, or postpone in- 
v definitely: v.i. to incline gradual¬ 
ly ; slope. 

shelving ('ing), n. materials 
for shelves; shelves collectively. 
She-ol (she'ol). n. among the 
Hebrews the place of departed 
spirits; Hades. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 












she 


759 


sho 


shepherd (shep'erd), n. one who 
tends sheep ; a pastor. Fem. shep¬ 
herdess : v.t. to tend as a shep¬ 
herd. 

sher-bet (sher'bet), n. a cooling 
beverage of water and fruit juices 
sweetened, &c. 

sherd (sherd), n. a fragment, 
sheriff ('if), n. the chief ex¬ 
ecutive officer of a shire or county, 
sher-iff-al-ty (-al-ti), n. the office 
or jurisdiction of a sheriff, 
sher-ry ('i), n. a dry amber-col¬ 
ored wine, originally obtained 
from Xeres, Spain, 
shew, same as show, 
shib - bo - leth (shib'o-leth), n. 
[Heb.] a word which was made 
the criterion to distinguish the 
Ephraimites from the Gileadites, 
the former not being able to pro¬ 
nounce sh (Judges xii.) : hence 
the criterion of a party, 
shied, p.t. & p.p. of shy. 
shield (sheld), n. a broad piece 
of defensive armor, carried on 
the left arm; defense or protec¬ 
tion ; an escutcheon : v.t. to pro¬ 
tect with, or as with, a shield; 
ward off or avert, 
shift (shift), n. a turning from 
one thing to another; change; 
substitution; chemise: v.t. to 
change the place of; dress in 
fresh clothes: v.i. resort to ex¬ 
pedients ; to alter or change. , 
shift-less ('les), adj. destitute of 
expedients; having no means of 
livelihood ; lazy ; improvident, 
shift-y ('i), adj. full of ex¬ 
pedients ; changeable, 
shil-la-lah (shil-a'Ia), n. an oak¬ 
en cudgel. Also shillelah, shille¬ 
lagh [Irish]. 

shilling ('ing), n. a silver 
British coin, value about 24 
cents. 

shil-ly-shal-ly ('i-shal'i), adv. in 
an irresolute, undecided manner: 
v.i. to hesitate; act irresolutely. 
Shi-loh (shi'lo), n. the Messiah 
[Hebrew]. 

shim mer (shim'er), v.t. to shine 
unsteadily or tremulously ; flicker : 
n. a tremulous gleam ; flicker, 
shi-mose (sln'mos), n. a powerful 
explosive, used by Japan, 
shin (shin), n. the forepart of the 
leg between the ankle and knee ; 


shank: v.i. to climb a tree, &c., 
by means of the hands and legs. 

shin-dy ('di), n. an uproar; 
spree; fancy. 

shine (shin), v.i. [p.t. & pp. 

shone, p.pr. shining], to eml ( 
rays of light; be bright or beaut?- 
ful; be distinguished, eminent, or 
conspicuous: v.t. to cause to shine 
by reflected light: n. sunshine; 
bright weather; row; prank; 
fancy for a person. 

Syn. glare, glitter, radiate, 
sparkle. 

shin-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, shines; the dace; a 
gold coin. 

shin-gle (shing'gl), n. a thin 
piece of tvood used for roofing; 
coarse, round, water-worn gravel: 
pi. a cutaneous disease which 
spreads round the body like a 
belt: v.t. to cover or roof with 
shingles. 

shin-ing (shin'ing), adj. emitting 
light; radiant; eminent; distin¬ 
guished. 

Shin-to-ism (shin'to-izm), n. the 
native religion of Japan, a system 
of nature and ancestor worship, 
associated with which is the pecu¬ 
liar reverence paid to the Mikado. 
Also Shinto. 

Shin-to-ist (-ist), n. an adherent 
of Shintoism. 

shin-ty ('ti), n. hockey; the club 
used in playing it [Scotch]. 

shin-y (shin'i), adj. [comp, shinier, 
supcrl. shiniest], diffusing light; 
bright. 

ship, a suffix meaning office, state, 
dignity , art , or skill, as lordship, 
horseman ship. 

sbip (ship), n. any large vessel 
for the conveyance of passengers 
or merchandise, especially one 
with three masts and square- 
rigged: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shipped. 
p.pr. shipping], to place on board 
a ship; carry by water; put in its 
place or proper position : v.i. en¬ 
gage for service on board ship. 

ship-board ('bord), n. the deck of 
a ship. 

ship-shape ('sliap), adj. in good 
order: adv. neatly. 

shock-er (shok'er), n. one who, 
or that which, shocks; cheap sen¬ 
sational novel. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let'; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







she 


760 


sho 


shock ing ('ing), adj. causing to 
shake or tremble; extremely offen¬ 
sive or disgusting, 
shod, p.t. of shoe, 
shod-dy (shod'i), n. the wool of 
old woolen fabrics torn to pieces 
and remade with an admixture of 
fresh wool into new cloth: adj. 
made of shoddy; not genuine; 
sham. 

shoe (shod), n. [pi. shoes 
(shooz)], a low covering for the 
foot, usually of leather; a horse¬ 
shoe ; anything in the shape of a 
shoe: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. shod, p.pr. 
shoeing], to furnish with a shoe 
or shoes; tip. 
shone, p.t. & p.p. of shine, 
shook (shook), p.t. of shake: n. 
a set of staves and headings for 
a cask ready to be set up; set 
of boards for a sugar-box : v.t. to 
nack in shooks. 

shoot (shoot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
shot, p.pr. shooting], to let fly 
or discharge with a sudden force 
as a bullet, &c.; strike with a 
shot; hurl; emit; kill game in or 
over: v.i. to protrude or project; 
be shot or propelled forcibly; 
rush along; sprout; be affected 
with darting pains: n. a young 
branch or growth; chute, 
shoot-ing ('ing), n. the act- of 
one. who shoots; wounding and 
killing with a firearm; sensation 
of darting pain: adj. pertaining 
to, or suitable for, shooting, 
shop (shop), n. a building -where 
goods are sold by retail; place 
where mechanics carry on their 
trade: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. shopped, 
p.pr. shopping], to visit-shops to 
purchase goods. 

shop-lift-ing ('lift-ing), n. steal¬ 
ing goods from a shop, 
shore (shor), n. the coast or land 
adjacent to the sea, &c.; a prop 
or support: v.t. to support by a 
shore or shores. 

shor-ing ('ing), n. the act of sup¬ 
porting or strengthening by a 
shore; props collectively, 
shorn, p.t. of shear, 
short (short), adj. [comp. 
shorter, supcrl. shortest], not 
long either in space or time; near 
at hand; inadequate ; defective ; 
deficient; not tenacious ; abrupt; 


petulant; brief; brittle; crum¬ 
bling in the mouth ; not prolonged 
in sound: pi. ground grain sifted 
finer than bran: adv. abruptly; 
quickly. 

Syn. brief, concise, succinct, 
summary: 

Ant. (see long). 

short-en ('n), v.t. to make short 
or shorter in time, extent, or 
measure. 

short-hand ('hand), n. a system 
of writing by abbreviated sym¬ 
bols. 

short-ly ('li), adv. soon; quickly; 
curtly. 

short-ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being short, 
shot (shot), n. [pi. shots and 
shot], the act of shooting; dis¬ 
charge of a firearm, &c.; missile, 
especially a bullet or ball; small 
balls of lead for killing game; a 
marksman ; range of a missile: v.t. 
to load with shot, 
shot-silk ('silk), n. a silk fabric 
having the warp and weft of two 
colors, thus presenting changeable 
tints. 

should, p.t. of shall, 
shoulder (shol'der), n. the ar¬ 
ticulation connecting the human 
arm, or the foreleg of a quadruped, 
to the body; that which resembles 
a shoulder; a prominence; sup¬ 
port : pi. the upper nart of the 
back: v.t. to take upon the shoul¬ 
der ; assume the responsibility of; 
jostle or thrust about with the 
shoulder. 

shout (shout), n. a loud and sud¬ 
den cry or outburst of joy, tri¬ 
umph, encouragement, &c.: v.i. tef 
utter a loud and sudden cry: v.t. 
to utter with a shout, 
shove (shuv), n. a forcible push: 
v.t. to push along; drive before 
one: v.i. to push forward or off. 
sliov-el ('1), n. an implement with 
a broad scoop and a handle for 
lifting and throwing coal, &c.: 
v.t. to take and throw up with a 
shovel; gather up with, or as 
with, a shovel. 

show (sho), v.t. [p.t. showed, p.p. 
shown, p.pr. showing]. to present 
to view ; display ; disclose ; make 
clear ; guide ; direct; teach ; con¬ 
fer or bestow: v.i. to appear; 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her,- let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







sho 


761 


shu> 


manifest one’s self: n. the act of 
showing; exposure to sight; os¬ 
tentatious display; exhibition or 
spectacle; pretense. 

Sim. indicate, mark, point out, 
exhibit, display. 

shower (shou'er), n. a fall of 
rain or hail of short duration; 
copious fall or supply of any¬ 
thing : v.t. to water copiously with 
rain ; bestow liberally : v.i. to rain 
in showers. 

show-er-i-ness (-i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being showery- 
show er y (shou'er-i), adj. rain¬ 
ing or abounding in showers, 
show-i-ly (shd'i-li), adv. in a 
showy manner. 

show-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
and a bursting charge, 
tentation ; parade, 
showy ('i), adj. ostentatious; 
gay. 

shrank, p.t. of shrink, 
shrap-nel-shell (shrap'nel-shel), 
n. a projectile filled with bullets 
and a bursting charge, 
shred (shred), n. a long narrow 
piece torn or cut off; piece or 
fragment: v.t. to tear into small 
pieces. 

shrew (shroo), n. a scolding, 
vexatious woman; a small, in¬ 
sectivorous, burrowing animal, re¬ 
sembling a mouse, 
shrewd (shrood), adj. sharp-wit¬ 
ted or clever in practical affairs; 
of nice discernment; sagacious; 
sly; astute. 

shrew-ish (shroo'ish), adj. like a 
shrew. 

shriek (shrek), v.i. to utter a 
shriek: n. a sharp, shrill outcry, 
shriev-al-ty (shrev'al-ti), n. the 
office or jurisdiction of a sheriff. 
Also shrivalty. 

shrift (shrift), n. confession to a 
priest; absolution, 
shrike (shrik), n. a bird that 
preys on small birds and insects 
and impales them on thorns to 
eat them conveniently ; the butch¬ 
er-bird. 

shrill (shril), adj. sharp and 
piercing in tone : v.i. to utter an 
acute, piercing sound, 
shrimp (shrimp), n. a small shell¬ 
fish allied to the lobster; any¬ 
thing very small of its kind; a 
dwarf. 


shrine (shrin), n. a case or re¬ 
ceptacle in which sacred relics 
are deposited; any sacred place or 
hallowed object; an altar: v.t. to 
place in a shrine. 

shrink (shringk), v.i. [p.f. 
shrank, p.p. shrunk, p.pr. shrink¬ 
ing], to contract spontaneously; 
become wrinkled; withdraw; re¬ 
coil : v.t. to cause to contract: 
n. contraction ; withdrawal, 
shrink-age ('aj), n. the act of 
shrinking ; contraction ; decrease 
in value. 

shrive (shriv), v.t. [p.t. shrived 
or shrove, p.p. shriven, p.pr. shriv¬ 
ing], to confess and absolve: v.i. 
to receive confession, 
shriv-el (shriv'l), v.i. to be drawn 
into wrinkles; contract: v.t. to- 
cause to contract into wrinkles, 
shroud (shroud), n. a winding 
sheet or covering for the dead; 
anything that covers or conceals : 
pi. a set of large ropes supporting 
the masts: v.t. to cover with, or 
as with, a shroud; ^onceal. 
shrove, p.t. of shrive. 

Shrove Tues-day (shrov tuz'dii), 
n. the Tuesday next before Ash 
Wednesday. 

shrub (shrub), n. a woody plant 
of less size than a tree; a kind 
of beverage of lemon juice, spirit,. 
&c. 

shrub ber y ('er-i), n. [pi. shrub¬ 
beries (-iz) ], a collection of 
shrubs; plantation of shrubs, 
shrug (shrug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
shrugged, p.pr. shrugging], to con¬ 
tract or draw up (the shoulders) 
to express doubt, contempt, dis¬ 
like, &c.: v.i. to raise the 
shoulders: n. a raising or con¬ 
tracting of the shoulders, 
shrunk, p.t. & p.p. of shrink, 
shrunken (shrungk'en), p.adj.. 
shriveled up. 

shuck (shuck), n. a shell or husk :: 

v.t. to deprive of shells or husks.. 
shud-der (shud'er), n. a trem¬ 
bling with fear or horror; cold 
shivering : v.i. to feel a cold' 
tremor from fear or horror; 
quake. 

shud-der-ing (-ing), p.adj. trem¬ 
bling as with fear or horror, 
shuf-fle (shuf'l), v.t. to push from 
one to another; change the rela¬ 
tive positions of: v.i. to change 


late, miLr, m5sk, cat, awl : he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; modn,. 

cook ; mfite, nut; thin, then. 







stiu 


762 


sid 


the order of cards in a pack; 
evade fair questions : prevaricate ; 
drag the feet in walking or danc¬ 
ing : n. the act of shuffling; 
artifice or evasion; slovenly, ir¬ 
regular gait. 

shuffler ('ler), n. one who 
shuffles; an American duck, 
shuffling ('ling), adj. moving 
with a slovenly, irregular gait; 
evasive. 

shun (shun), v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. 
shunned, p.pr. shunning], to 
avoid; keep clear of; escape 
from ; neglect; decline, 
shunt (shunt), v.t. to turn off, 
on, or as on, a side rail: v.i. to 
be turned aside: n. a turning off 
to a side rail; a short side rail, 
shut (shut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

shut, p.pr. shutting], to close so 
as to prevent entrance or exit; 
prohibit or bar; exclude; close 
over: v.i. to become closed : adj. 
closed. 

shut-ter ('er), n. one who. or 
that which, * shuts; a movable 
screen for a window, 
shut-tie ('1), n. an instrument 
used in weaving; sliding thread- 
holder in a sewing machine, 
shut-tie-cock (-kok), n. a cork 
stuck with feathers and driven 
with a battledore, 
shy (shl), adj. [comp, shyer, 
perl, shyest], timid; shunning 
approach ; cautious ; reserved ; 
suspicious; modest: v.i. to start 
aside from fear: v.t. to throw 
sidewise with a jerk; fling: n. 
the act of starting aside from 
fear; a side throw, 
shy-ly ('li) , adv. in a shy man¬ 
ner. 

shy-ness ('nes), n. the state of 
being shy. 

shy-ster ('ster), n. one who car¬ 
ries on legal business in a mean 
and tricky manner, 
si (se), the seventh note of the 
scale [Music], 

Si-a-mese (sl-a-mez'), adj. per¬ 
taining to Siam, its language, or 
inhabitants. 

sib-i-lance (sib'i-lftns), n. the 
state or quality of being sibilant. 
Also sibilancy. 

sib-i-lant ('i-lant), adj. making, 


or uttering, a hissing sound: n. 
a sibilant letter, as s, z. 
sib-i-la-tion (-la'shun), n. utter¬ 
ance with a hissing sound, 
sib-yl (' il), n. a woman endowed 
with a spirit of prophecy, 
sib-yl-line (-in), adj. pertaining 
to, uttered, or written by. a sibyl, 
sic (sik), adj. such [Scotch] : adv. 
thus [Latin]. 

sic-ca-tive ('a-tiv), adj. drying, 
sice (sis), n. the number G at dice, 
sick (silt), adj. ill in health; af- 
fectedi with nausea; inclined to 
vomit; disgusted ; indisposed ; set 
apart for the sick. 

Syn. diseased, sickly, unhealthy, 
morbid. 

Ant. (see healthy), 
sick-en ('n), v.i. to become sick; 
fall ill; be filled with disgust; 
decay or languish: v.t. to make 
sick ; disgust. 

sick-en-ing (-ing), adj. making 
sick; disgusted; nauseating, 
sick-isk ('ish), adj. somewhat 
sick or ill ; exciting disgust, 
sick-le ('1), n. a reaping hook, 
sick-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the state 
of being sickly or in bad health, 
sick-ly ('li), adj. ailing; weak; 
habitually indisposed; producing 
disease. 

sick-ness ('nes), n. the state of 
being sick or in .bad health ; ill¬ 
ness ; diseased condition, 
si-da (si'da), n. a ligneous Ind ; an 
fiber used as a substitute for hemp 
and flax. 

side (sid), n. one of the surfaces 
that define or limit a solid; edge; 
part of a man or an animal be¬ 
tween the shoulder and hip; slope 
or declivity; party; position; 
line of descent; aspect; affecta¬ 
tion or self-assertion; bias of a 
billiard ball : v.i. to embrace the 
cause or tenets of one party 
against another: v.t. to stand at 
the side of. 

side-board ('bord), n. a piece of 
dining-room furniture for hold¬ 
ing dining utensils, 
side-long ('long), adv. obliquely: 
adj. lateral. 

si-de-re-al (si-de're-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to the stars : astral; meas¬ 
ured by the apparent motion of 
the stars. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





















763 


sig 


gid 


ai-de-re-al year (yer), n. the time 
occupied by tile earth in complet¬ 
ing its revolution round the sun. 
side-wheel (sid'hwel), n. a pad¬ 
dle wheel at the side of a steam¬ 
boat. 

side-wheel-er ('er), n. a steam¬ 
boat having side-wheels, 
siding ('ing), n. a railroad track 
by the side of the main track, 
for switching, &c.: p.adj. taking- 
sides. 

sid-le ('1), v.i. to go or move side 
foremost. 

siege (sej), n. the surrounding 
and investing of a place by an 
army to compel its surrender; 
continued endeavor to obtain pos¬ 
session ; floor of a glass furnace: 
v.t. to besiege. 

si -en-na (si-en'a), n. red or brown 
clay obtained from Sienna, Italy: 
used as a pigment, 
si-er-ra (se-er'a), n. a chain of 
ountains with serrated ridges, 
si-es-ta (-es'tfi), n. midday or 
after-dinner nap. 

sieve (siv), n. a utensil for sepa¬ 
rating the finer from the coarser j 
parts of a substance, 
sif-fleur (si-flSr'), n. a profes¬ 
sional whistler. Fem. siffleuse. 
sift (sift), v.t. to separate with, 
or as with, a sieve; scrutinize, 
sigh (si), v.i. to inhale and respire 
with a long, deep, and audible 
breathing; grieve; lament: v.t. 
to express by sighs; mourn: n. 
the act of sighing, 
sight (sit), n. the act 9 f seeing; 
perception ; visibility ; judgment; 
mental view; spectacle; view; 
space seen ; a small piece of metal 
on a gun, &c., to guide the eye 
in aiming; large number or quan¬ 
tity: v.t. to see; adjust the sight 
of. j 

sight-li-ness (Mi-nes). n. the state j 
or quality of being sightly, 
sight-ly Cli), adj. pleasing to j 
tne eye. # j 

sigmoid (sig'moid), adj. curved. 
U.ke the letter s. 

sign (sin), n. a mark, token, 
symbol; that by winch anything ■ 
is known or represented; visible j 
representation ; memorial ; indi- j 
cation; the twelfth part of the 
zodiac ; omen ; wonder ; signboard : 


v.t. to represent with a sign; 
signify ; affix a signature to ; ratify 
by writing one's own name; con¬ 
vey formally: v.i. to make a sign 
or signal. 

sig-nal (sig'nal), n. a sign for 
giving notice, especially at. a dis¬ 
tance ; something to attract the 
eye or ear: adj. memorable; dis¬ 
tinguished ; remarkable; pertain¬ 
ing to signals: v.t. to convey by 
signals ; make signals to. 
sig-nal-ize (-Iz), v.t. to make 
especially conspicuous, 
sig-na-to-ry ('na-to-ri), adj. sign¬ 
ing : n. one who signs or sub¬ 
scribes, especially for a state, 
sig-na-ture ('na-tur), n. name of 
a person written by himself; sign- 
manual ; mark or stamp im¬ 
pressed ; flats or sharps after 
the clef to indicate the key 
[Music]. 

sig-net (sig'net), n. a seal, es¬ 
pecially that used by a sovereign 
in sealing documents under sign- 
manual. 

sig-nif-i-cance (-nif'i-kans), n. 
meaning or import; consequence. 
Also significancy. 
sig-nif-i-cant (-kant), adj. de¬ 
signed or adapted to signify; ex¬ 
pressive or suggestive ; important: 
n. a token or symbol. 

Syn. expressive, material, im¬ 
portant. 

Ant. (see insignificant). 
signification (-ka'shun), n. 
the act of signifying; that which 
is signified; meaning. 

Syn. import, sense, meaning, 
sig-nif-i-ca-tor (-nif'i-ka-ter), n. 
one who, or that which, signifies, 
sig-nif-i-ca-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. 

having signification, 
sig-ni-fy ('ni-fi), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. 
signified, p.pr. signifying], to 
show by a sign, mark, or token; 
denote; make known; involve; 
manifest: v.i. to be of conse¬ 
quence. 

si-gnior y fse'nyor-i), n. domin¬ 
ion ; lordship ; estate; aristocracy 
[Italian]. 

sign-man-u-al (sin'man-u-al), n 
a signature, especially a royal 
signature. 

si-gnor (senyor), n sir [Itab 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 















sig 


764 


Jim 


ian]. Also signior. Fern. si¬ 
gnora. 

si - gnor - i - na (-e'na), n. Miss 
[ Italian]. 

Sikh (sek), n. one of a warlike 
race inhabiting the Punjab, 
silage, same as ensilage, 
si-lence (sl'lens), n. entire ab¬ 
sence of sound; having no sound; 
taciturnity ; obscurity; oblivion : 
v.t. to make silent; reduce to si¬ 
lence by irrefutable arguments; 
cause to cease firing; restrain 
from the exercise of any function, 
especially preaching. 

Syn. speechlessness, dumbness. 

Ant. (see noise), 
si-lent ('lent), adj. noiseless; 
not speaking; not pronounced; 
taciturn : quiet. 

Syn. dumb, mute, speechless. 

Ant. (see talkative), 
si-le-si-a (si-le'shi-&), n. a kind 
of linen cloth, 
si-lex (si'leks), n. flint, 
sil-hou-ette (sil-oo-et'), n. the 
outline or profile filled in with 
black: v.t. to represent by a sil¬ 
houette. 

sil-i-ca ('i-kS.), n. silicon dioxide, 
sil-i-cate ('i-kat), n. a salt of 
silicic acid. 

sil i-ca-ted (-ka-ted), adj. com¬ 
bined or impregnated with silica, 
silicic (si-lis'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, derived from, compounded 
with, or like, silica, 
silico, a prefix . denoting the 
presence of silicon , as silico- 
fluoride. 

sil-i-con ('i-kon), n. a non-metal- 
lic element. 

silk (silk), n. a fine, soft, tena¬ 
cious thread spun by certain cat¬ 
erpillars, as that of Bombyx mori; 
cloth made of silk; garment made 
of silk: adj. pertaining to, or 
made of, silk. 

silk -en ('en), adj. made of, or 
like, silk. 

silk-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being silky, 
oilk-y ('i), adj. pertaining to, 
made of, or resembling, silk; silk¬ 
en. 

sill (sil), n. the foundation of 
anything in timber or stone, es¬ 
pecially a timber at the bottom 


of a door or window; a. young 
herring. 

sil-li-bub ('i-bub), n. a mixture 
of cream, wine, or cider, forming 
a soft curd. Also sillabub; 
syllabub. 

sil-li-ly ('i-li), adv. foolishly, 
sil-li-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being silly, 
sil-ly ('i), adj. [comp, sillier, 
svperl. silliest], weak in intellect; 
foolish ; indiscreet, 
si-lo (si'lo), n. a store pit for 
green fodder, potatoes, &c. 
silt (silt), n. mud or sand de¬ 
posited by running or* standing 
water: v.t. to fill up or obstruct 
with silt: v.i. to percolate, 
sil-ver (sil'ver), n. a soft, white, 
metallic element, used for coins 
and articles of plate, &c.; money; 
anything resembling silver in 
brightness or color: adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or made of, silver; soft 
and clear, as the voice; gentle: 
v.t. to cover or coat with silver, 
silvering (-ing), n. the art or 
process of covering with silver, or 
with an amalgam of tin and 
quicksilver; the film thtis laid on. 
sil-ver-y (-i), adj. covered with, 
containing, or like, silver; soft 
and clear; bright, 
sim-i-an (sim'i-an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, characteristic of, or like 
an ape: n. an ape or monkey, 
sim-i-lar ('i-lar), adj. having a 
general likeness or correspond¬ 
ence ; alike. 

sim-i-lar-i-ty ('i-ti) . n. resem¬ 
blance. 

sim-i-le ('i-le), n. [pi. similes 
(-lez)], a likening by comparison 
to illustrate something. 

Syn. comparison, similitude, 
sim-i-lor ('i-lor), n. an alloy of 
copper and zinc in imitation of 
gold. 

sim mer ('er), v.t. & v.i. to boil 

gently. 

sim-o-ny (sim'o-ni), n. the act or 
crime of buying or selling ec¬ 
clesiastical preferment ; corrupt 
presentation of any one to a 
benefice: from Simon Magus 
(Acts viii., 18). 

si moom (si-moom'), n. a hot, 
dry, suffocating wind which blows 
from the deserts of Arabia, &c.. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon* 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 



















sim 


slo 


765 


laden with minute particles of 
sand. Also simoon, 
si -mous (si'mus), adj. having a 
flat or snub nose, 
sim-per (sim'per), v.i. to smile in 
an affected or silly manner: n. 
affected or silly smile, 
sim-ple (sim'pi), adj. [comp, sim¬ 
pler, superl. simplest], single, not 
complex ;* undivided ; not blended 
or compounded ; pure ; plain ; un¬ 
adorned ; sincere; natural; un¬ 
affected; intelligible; clear; weak 
in intellect; humble; plain : n. 
something unmixed or not com¬ 
pounded ; a medicinal herb. 

Syn. single, uncompounded, 
plain, artless. 

Ant. (see complex), 
sim-ple-ton (-tun), n. one who is 
foolish or of weak intellect, 
sim -plic-i-ty (-plis'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being simple; 
artlessness of mind ; freedom from 
duplicity; absence of excessive or 
artificial ornament; clearness; 
innocence; folly. 

cim - pli - fi - ca - tion (-pli-fi-ka - 
shun), n. the act of simplifying, 
sim-pli-fy ('pli-fl), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. simplified, p.pr. simplifying], 
to make simple; render less com¬ 
plex ; make plain or easy 
sim-ply ('pli), adv. in a simple 
manner; without addition ; only ; 
merely; foolishly or weakly, 
sim-u-late ('u-lat), v.t. to pre¬ 
tend or counterfeit; assume the 
likpnp^ of 

Syn. dissimulate, dissemble, 
pretend. 

sim-u-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
act of simulating or feigning that 
which is not true, 
sim-ul-ta-ne-ous (-ul-ta'ne-us), 
adj. happening, done, or existing 
at the same time. 

* sin (sin), n. wilful transgression 
of the Divine law; neglect of the 
laws of morality and religion; 
violation of propriety ; transgres¬ 
sion ; iniquity: v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. 
sinned, p.pr. sinning], to commit 
sin ; transgress or offend. 
Si-na-it-ic (sl-na-it'ik), adj. Per¬ 
taining to, or given at, Mt. Sinai 
sin-a-pism (sin'a-pizm), nl a 
mustard plaster. 

since (sins), adv. from that time ; 


before this or now: prep, from 
the time of; after: conj. because ; 
seeing that; considering, 
sin-cere (sin-ser'), adj. true; 
honest; not falsely assumed; 
genuine ; frank ; upright; pure ; 
unadulterated. 

Syn. candid, hearty, honest, 
pure, genuine, real. 

Ant. (see insincere), 
sin-cere-ly (-li», adj. in a sincere 
manner. 

sin-cer-i-ty (-ser'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being sincere; 
freedom from hypocrisy or pre¬ 
tense. Also sincereness, 
sine (sin), n. a straight line 
drawn from one extremity of the 
arc of a circle perpendicular to 
the diameter passing through the 
other extremity ; a prefix meaning 
without , as sinecure (sin'e-kur), 
any office or position for which 
pay is received without an equiva¬ 
lent in work rendered, 
sinew (.sin'u), n. a tendon; any¬ 
thing supplying strength, 
sinewy (-i), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or like, sinew; vig¬ 
orous ; tough. 

sin-ful ('fool), adj. full of sin; 

wicked; impious; unholy, 
sin-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a sinful 
manner. 

sing (sing), v.i. [p.t. sung, sang, 
p.p. sung, p.pr. singing], to utter 
melodious sounds; make a shrill 
or humming noise; celebrate in 
verse or poetry; cry out: v.t. to 
celebrate in song; chant. 

Syn. carol, warble, chant, hum. 
singe (sinj), v.t. to burn slightly 
or on the surface: n. a slight 
burn. 

sin-gle (sing'gl), adj. consisting 
of one only; alone ; separate; un¬ 
married ; performed by one person 
or one on each side; straightfor¬ 
ward ; sincere; honest: v.t. to se¬ 
lect (one person or thing) from 
others; separate: n. a unit: pi. 
reeled and twisted filaments of 
silk; in lawn tennis, a game with 
only one player on each side, 
sin-gle-ness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being single; sin¬ 
cerity. 

sin-gle-ton (-tun), n. a single 
card of any suit held by a player 
at a deal, as at whist. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, than. 









sin 


766 


sis 


sin-gly ('gli), adv. individually; 
particularly. 

sing-song (sing'song), n. bad 
singing or poetry; monotonous or 
drawling tone: adj. monotonous, 
sin-gu-lar ('gti-ler), adj. not 
complex or compound; alone; 
noting one person or thing; un¬ 
common ; unusual; strange; extra¬ 
ordinary ; eminent; peculiar ; odd ; 
unique: n. in Grammar, the num¬ 
ber denoting one person or thing, 
sin-gu-lar-i-ty (-lar'i-ti), n. [pi. 
singularities (-tiz)], the state or 
quality of being singular; pecu¬ 
liarity ; oddity. 

sin-is-ter ('is-ter), adj. inauspi¬ 
cious ; unlucky ; evil; ill-omened ; 
corrupt; dishonest; on the left 
hand or side. 

sink (singk), v.i. [ p.t. sunk, sank, 
p.p. sunk, sunken, p.pr. sinking], 
to fall or go downwards; fall to 
the bottom; descend lower and 
lower; decline gradually; enter 
deeply ; subside : v.t. to . cause to 
sink; make by digging; lower in 
value or amount; reduce or ex¬ 
tinguish by payment: n. a drain 
to carry off dirty or superfluous 
water. 

sin-ner (sin'er), n. one who sins; 
an offender; transgressor; one 
who is unregenerate, 
sin-net ('et). n. a yarn bound 
round ropes to prevent friction. 
Also sennet. 

Sinology (si-nol'o-ji), n. the 
systematized knowledge of the 
Chinese language, literature, laws, 
and history. 

sin-ter (sin'ter), n. crystallized 
rock precipitated from mineral 
water; scale from hammered iron, 
sin-u-ate (sin'u-at), adj. having 
the margin alternately curved in¬ 
ward and outward, 
sin-u-os-i-ty (-os'i-ti), n. a wavy 
line: the character of being sin¬ 
uous. 

sin-u-ous ('ii-iis), adj. bending in 
and out: winding; crooked, 
si-mis (sl'nus), n. a bay or recess; 

cavity or depression ; fistula, 
sip (sin), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sipped, 
p.pr. sipping], to imbibe in small 
onantities; drink out of; draw 
into the mouth; taste: v.i. to 
drink a small quantity; take a 


fluid with the lips: n. the act of 
sipping; taste. 

si-plion (si'fon), n. a bent pipe or 
tube having one end longer than 
the other, used for drawing off 
liquids from a higher to a lower 
level; the respiratory tube of a 
mollusk; a siphon bottle r v.t. to 
convey or draw off by a siphon. 
Also syphon. • 

si-pkon-age (-aj), n. the action 
of a siphon. 

Sir (ser), n. the title of a baronet 
or knight; a term of respect, 
sir-dar (dar'), n. in India, a 
chief; captain. 

sire (sir), n. a title of respect 
used in addressing the sovereign ; 
father; head of a family; male of 
beasts: v.t. to procreate, 
si-ren (si'ren), n. one of certain 
fabulous nymphs in Southern 
Italy said to have sung with such 
sweetness that mariners were 
irresistibly lured to their destruc¬ 
tion : hence a woman dangerous 
from her fascinating, enticing 
wiles: a foghorn; a South Ameri¬ 
can eel-like amphibian : adj. per¬ 
taining to, characteristic of, or 
like, a siren; bewitching, 
si-ren, si-rene (-ren'), n. an 
instrument for ascertaining the 
number of vibrations per second 
corresponding to a note of given 
pitch. 

Sir-i-us (sir'i-us), n. the dog- 

star. 

sir-loin (ser'loin), n. the loin, or 
upper part of the loin, of beef, 
si-roe-co (si-rok'5), n. [pi. siroc¬ 
cos ('oz)], a hot, relaxing wind, 
from the Libyan deserts, 
sir-rah (sir'a), n. a term of re¬ 
proach or contempt, 
sis-al-grass (sis'al-gras), n. the 
prepared fiber of the American 
aloe, used for cordage, &c. 
sis-kin ('kin), n. a kind of finch, 
siss (sis), n. a hissing noise: v.i, 
to make a hissing noise, 
sis-ter (sis'ter), n. a female bom 
of the same parents as another 
person : a female fellow-Christian : 
a female of the same religious 
society, order, or community; 
nun: one of the same kind or 
condition. 

sis-ter-hood (-hood), n. sisters 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let: line, tin : vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 













sis 


767 


ske 


collectively; number of females 
belonging to the same religious 
society, &c. 

sis-ter-in-law (-in-law), n. [pi. 
sisters-in-law], the sister of one’s 
husband or wife; wife of one’s 
brother. 

Sis-y-phe-an (-i-fe'an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Sisyphus, condemned 
by Pluto to roll to the top of a 
hill a stone which incessantly fell 
back when it had reached the 
summit: hence incessantly re¬ 
curring; vainly toilsome, 
sit (sit), v.i. [ p.t . & p.p. sat, p.pr. 
sitting], to rest on the lower part 
of the trunk of the body; perch ; 
rest or lie; repose on a seat; press 
or weigh ; occupy a seat officially; 
be officially engaged; incubate; 
hold a session: v.t. to sit upon, 
site (sit), n. local position or 
situation; ground-plot, 
sit-ting (sit'ing), adj. resting on 
the haunches ; perching ; incubat¬ 
ing : n. the state, posture, or 
act of one who sits; a seat in a 
church, &c.; a session ; time dur¬ 
ing which one sits; set of eggs for 
incubation. 

sit-u-ate ('u-at), adj. placed, 
sit-u-a-ted ('u-a-ted), adj. having 
a position; placed with respect to 
any other object, 
sit-u-a-tion (-a'sbun), n. posi¬ 
tion ; locality; circumstances; 
office; employment. 

Syn. condition, plight, predica¬ 
ment, state, position, 
sitz-batk (sits'bath), n. a bath 
for bathing in a sitting, posture, 
six (siks), adj. one mo’*e than 5; 
n. the number greater by one than 
5; the symbol representing 6 
units. 

six-fold ('fold), adj. 6 times as 
many or as much, 
six-pence ('pens), n. a small 
British silver coin, value 6 pen¬ 
nies, or 12 cents. 

six-pen-ny ('pen-i), adj. worth 
sixpence. 

six-score ('skor), n. & adj. 6 
times 20. 

six-teen ('ten), adj. 15 and one 
more. 

six-teen-mo (-mo), n. sextodeci¬ 
mo. 


six-teenth ('tenth), adj. next in 
order after the fifteenth, 
sixth (siksth), adj. first after the 
fifth. 

six-ti-eth (siks'ti-eth), adj. next 
in order after the fifty-ninth, 
six-ty ('ti), n. [pi. sixties ('tiz) ], 
the product of 0 and 10: adj. 10 
times G. 

siz-a-ble (slz'a-bl), adj. of con¬ 
siderable or suitable size, 
size (slz), n. a kind of thin, weak 
glue; magnitude or bulk: v.t. to 
prepare or cover with size: adjust 
or arrange according to size or 
bulk; separate by means of a 
sieve. 

Syn. bulk, greatness, magni¬ 
tude, dimension. 

siz-zle (siz'l), v.i. to make a hiss¬ 
ing sound ; fry : n. a hissing sound, 
skald, same as scald, 
skate (skat), n. a kind of flat 
fish of the ray family ; a metallic 
runner fitted in a frame for fast¬ 
ening to the boot to slide pver 
ice: v.i. to slide on skates, 
ske-dad-dle (ske-dad'l), v.i. to 
run away, especially in terror, 
skein (skan), n. a quantity of 
thread, silk, &c., coiled together, 
skel-e-ton (skel'e-tun), n. the 
bones of an animal separated 
from the flesh ; framework of any¬ 
thing ; outline; a secret annoy¬ 
ance ; very thin person, 
skel-e-ton-ize (-iz), v.t. to make 
a skeleton of. 

skel-e-ton-key (-ke), n. a thin 
light key, the center parts of 
which have been almost wholly 
filed away. 

skep-tic (skep'tik), n. one who 
doubts the truth of any doctrine 
or system; one who doubts the 
existence of God or revelation ; an 
adherent of philosophical skep¬ 
ticism. 

Syn. deist doubter, atheist, in¬ 
fidel. 

Ant. (see believer), 
skep-tic-al (-ul), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or characteristic of, a 
skeptic; characterized by skep¬ 
ticism ; doubting the existence of 
God or Divine revelation, 
skep-tic-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
skeptical manner; with doubt, 
skep-ti-cism ('ti-sizm), n. fil¬ 


iate, mar, mask, cat, awl ; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot ; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








768 


ski 


ske 


•credulity; doubt; the doctrine 
that no facts can be known with 
certainty beyond the range of ex¬ 
perience ; unbelief in any par¬ 
ticular doctrine or system, 
.'sketch (skech), n. an outline; 
first rough draft; preliminary 
study: v.t. to draw the outline 
or give principal features of; 
make a sketch of: v.i. to make 
sketches. 

Syn. outline, design, draft, pict¬ 
ure, plan. 

sketch-i-ly (h-li), adv. in a 
sketchy manner. 

sketch-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being sketchy ; 
incompleteness. 

sketch-y ('i), adj. outlined; un¬ 
finished. 

skew (sku), adj. oblique: adv. 
obliquely. 

skew-er ('er), n. a pin of wood 
or metal for securing meat, &c.„ 
in form when roasting: v.t. to 
fasten with, or as with, a skewer, 
ski (ske), n.pl, long narrow 
pieces of wood with one end 
curved in front, used as snow- 
shoes. 

ski -a-graph (ski'fi-graf), n. same 
as radiograph. 

ski-ag-ra-phy, same as radiogra¬ 
phy. 

skid (skid), n. a sliding wedge or 
drag to retard the motion of a 
vehicle by pressure against the 
wheel; a fender to protect the 
side of a ship: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
skidded, p.pr. skidding], to cause 
to move on, or protect with, a 
skid; retard by a skid: v.i. to 
slip along obliquely, 
skid-daw ('aw), n. the black 
guillemot. 

skied, p.t. & p.p. of sky. 
skiff (skif), n. a small light boat, 
skil-ful (skil'fool), adj. having, 
or displaying, skill ; expert in any 
art or science; discriminating; 
clever; dexterous. 

Syn. adroit, apt, clever, expert. 

A n t. (see awkward). 
skill (skil), n. expertness in any 
art or science; aptitude; power 
to discern and execute, 
skilled (skil'd), adj. having the 
knowledge and ability which come 
from experience; possessing skill. 


skill-et ('et), n. a small culinary 

vessel. 

skilling ('ing), n. the bay of a 
barn or slight addition to a cot¬ 
tage. 

skil-ly ('i), n. a kind of thin oat¬ 
meal broth in which meat has 
been boiled. 

skim (skim), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

skimmed, p.pr. skimming], to re¬ 
move the scum from; brush the 
surface of lightly: v.i. to pass 
lightly over; read superficially, 
skimmer ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, skims; a perforated 
ladle; a marine bird, 
skimp (skimp), v.t. to do care¬ 
lessly or superficially: v.i. to be 
parsimonious: adj. scanty, 
skin (skin), n. the external cov¬ 
ering of an animal body; hide; 
bark or rind; anything resem¬ 
bling a skin: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
skinned, p.pr. skinning], to re¬ 
move or strip the skin from; 
flay; fleece; cover with, or as 
with, skin; reduce to extremities 
by cheating, &c.: v.i. to become 
covered over with skin, 
skin-flint ('flint), n. a niggard, 
skin ful ('fool), n. a stomachful. 
skink (skingk), n. a kind of 
lizard. 

skin-ni-ness (skin'i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being skinny, 
skin-ny ('i), adj. consisting only 
of skin ; very lean, 
skip (skip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

skipped, p.pr. skipping], to leap 
lightly over; omit: v.i. to leap or 
bound lightly; pass over un¬ 
noticed : n. a light leap or bound; 
omission; a wicker basket. Also 
skep. 

skipper ('er), n. one who, or that 

which, skips ; the cheese maggot; 
the master of a merchant vessei; 
sea-captain. 

skir-mish (sker'mish), n. a slight 
combat or irregular fight between 
two small parties; contest: v.i. 
to fight slightly or in small 
parties ; fight irregularly, 
skirr (sker), v.t. to pass over 
rapidly. 

skirt (skert), n. the lower and 
loose part of a coat, dress, or 
other garment; part below the 
waist; upper petticoat; midriff 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrcli, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 



















769 


sia 



of animals ; margin or border: v.t. 
to cover with a skirt; border; run 
or pass along the edge of: v.i. 
to be on the border, 
skirting ('mg), n. skirts collect¬ 
ively ; material for skirts; a nar¬ 
row vertical board placed round 
the margin of a floor, 
skit (skit), n. brief satire; bur¬ 
lesque. 

skittish ('ish), adj. shy; easily 
frightened ; volatile \> vivacious ; 
wanton. 

skit-ties ('lz), n.pl. ninepins, 
skiv-er (slclv'er), n. a paring tool 
for leather; sheepskin split for 
bookbinding, &c. 

skulk (skulk), v.i. to withdraw 
into a corner for concealment; 
lurk; avoid work in a cowardly 
manner: n. a skulker; a num¬ 
ber of foxes together, 
skull (skul), n. the bony case in¬ 
closing the brain of a vertebrate 
animal. 

skunk (skungk), n. an American 
carnivorous animal allied to the 
weasel, which emits a foetid secre¬ 
tion when pursued; a vile, con¬ 
temptible fellow: v.t. to defeat 
(an opponent) as at cards, 
sky (ski), n. [pi. skies (skiz)], 
the apparent vault of the 
heavens; region of clouds sur¬ 
rounding the earth; climate or 
weather: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. skied, 
p.pr. skying], to raise in the air; 
hang very high. 

sky-horn ('born), adj. heaven- 
born [Poet.]. 

sky-lark ('lark), n. a species of 
lark that mounts high in the air 
and sings as it soars, 
sky-lark-ing (-ing), n. running 
about the rigging of a ship in 
sport; frolicking. 

sky-scra-per ('skra-per). n. a 
lofty building; a triangular sail 
next above the royal, 
slab (slab), n. a flat piece of any¬ 
thing, especially marble or stone; 
a puddle; mire: adj. thick; 
glutinous. 

slab-si-ded ('sl-ded), adj. flat¬ 
sided ; tall and lanky, 
slabber ('er), n. saliva: v.i. to 
let saliva or liquid fall from the 
mouth. 

slack (slak), adj. relaxed or 


loose ; inattentive ; easy or moder¬ 
ate ; not busy; backward : n. that 
part of anything, as a rope, &c., 
that hangs loose. 

slack-en ('n), v.i. to become slack 
or less firm, tense, or rigid; be 
remiss or less diligent; languish ; 
become slower. 

slag (slag), n. the dross of a 
metal; vitrified cinders, 
slag-gy ('i), adj. pertaining to, 
or like, slag. 

slake (slak), v.t. to quench; ex¬ 
tinguish ; mix with water: v.i. 
to be mixed with water, 
slam (slam), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
slammed, p.pr. slamming], to shut 
violently and with a loud noise; 
put down with force and loud 
noise: v.i. to strike violently or 
noisily: n. a violent and noisy 
banging. 

slan-der (slan'der), n. a false or 
malicious report; verbal defama¬ 
tion : v.t. to defame or calumniate 
Si/n. defame, libel, malign, 
revile. 

Ant. (see defend), 
slan-der-ous (-us), adj. uttering 
slanders. 

slang (slang), n. a colloquial lan¬ 
guage or expression current at any 
particular period; jargon of some 
particular calling or class in so¬ 
ciety : v.t. to address with slang; 
abuse with vulgar language, 
slant (slant), n. an inclined plane; 
a sarcastic remark; a passing 
breeze: v.t. to give a sloping di¬ 
rection to: adj. inclined from a 
straight line. 

slant-ing ('ing), adj. oblique, 
slap (slap), n. a blow given with 
the open hand: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
slapped, p.pr. slapping], to strike 
with the open hand or with any¬ 
thing broad: adv. with a sudden, 
violent blow ; direct; quick, 
slap-dash ('dash), adv.. in a 
bold, careless, or random manner, 
slap-jack ('jak), n. a kind of flat 
batter cake. 

slash (slash), n. a long cut; ran¬ 
dom cut; slit in old costumes : pi. 
swampy or wet lands: v.t. to cut 
by striking violently and at ran¬ 
dom ; out into long slits; cut with 
a whip: v.i. to strike violently 
and at random. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






sla 


770 


sie 




slashing ('ing), adj. sarcastic; 
severe. 

slat (slat), n. a thin, narrow 
strip of wood or metal used for 
fastening together larger pieces, 
slatch (slach), n. the slack of a 
rope; passing breeze, 
slate (slat), n. any rock that 
splits into thin plates; thin stone 
for roofing; tablet of stone for 
writing upon; list of candidates, 
prepared for nomination or elec¬ 
tion : v.t. to cover with slate; 
register for a political appoint¬ 
ment ; criticise fiercely, 
slatt (slat), n. a slab of stone 
used as a veneer. 

slat-tern ('em), n. a careless, 
slovenly woman. 

slat-tern-ly (-li), ad), slovenly; 
untidy : adv. awkwardly ; untidily, 
slat-ting ('ing), n. the violent 
flapping of anything hanging loose 
in the wind; slats collectively, 
slat-y (slat'i), adj. like slate, 
slaugh-ter (slaw'ter), n. great 
destruction of life by violence; 
carnage; killing of oxen, &c., for 
human food : v.t. to slay or kill 
with violence; kill (beasts) for 
the market. 

Slav (slav), n. one of the great 
divisions of the Aryan family or 
language: adj. Slavonic, 
slave (slav), n. a human being 
held in bondage; serf; drudge ; 
one under fhe power or influence 
of another: v.i. to work like a 
slave; toil or drudge, 
slav-er ('er), n. a vessel or trader 
engaged in the slave trade, 
slav-er-y ('er-i), n. [pi. slaveries 
(-iz)L the state of entire sub¬ 
jugation to the will of another; 
condition of a slave. 

Syn. servitude, enthrallment, 
thralldom. 

Ant. (see freedom), 
slav-ey ('i), n. a maidservant. 
Slav-ic, same as Slavonic, 
slav-ish ('ish), adj. pertaining to, 
befitting, or characteristic of, a 
slave. 

Sla-von-ic (sla-von'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the Slavs, their litera¬ 
ture, or language. Also Slavon¬ 
ian, Slavic. 

slaw (slaw), n. sliced cabbage 
served as a salad, 
slay (sla), v.t. [p.t. slew, p.p. 


slain, p.pr. slaying], to kill or put 
to death with a weapon ; destroy 
suddenly or with violence, 
sleave (slev), n. the knotted or 
entangled part of silk or thread; 
floss. 

sled (sled), n. a carriage or ve¬ 
hicle mounted on runners for 
traveling over snow or ice. Also 
sledge: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sledded. 
p.pr. sledding], to convey or trans¬ 
port on a'sled or sledge, 
sled-ding ('ing), n. the act of 
transporting on, or conveying by, 
a sled; snow sufficient for the 
running of sleds. 

sledge (slej), n. a large, heavy 
hammer; another form of sled, 
sleek (slek), adj. smooth; glossy, 
sleek-y ('i), adj. of a sleek ap¬ 
pearance ; fawning, 
sleep (slep), n. slumber; rest; 
death: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slept, p.pr. 
sleeping], to take rest in sleep; 
be motionless or inactive; be 
dead; spin rapidly and smoothly. 

Syn. doze, drowse, nap, slum¬ 
ber. 

sleep-er ('er), n. one who sleeps: 
a piece of timber supporting a 
railway track; a sleeping car. 
sleep-ful ('fool), adj. drowsy. 
Also sleepish. 

sleep-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a sleepy 
manner. 

sleep-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being sleepy, 
sleep-y ('i ), adj. [comp, sleepier. 
superl. sleepiest], inclined to, # or 
overcome by, sleep; drowsy; slug¬ 
gish ; lethargic. 

Syn. somnolent. 

Ant. (see wakeful), 
sleet (slet), n. rain mingled with 
snow or hail: v.i. to hail or snow 
with rain mingled, 
sleet-i-ness ('i-nes). n. the state 
or quality of being sleety, 
sleet-y ('i), adj. consisting of, 
or like, sleet. 

sleeve (slev), n. the part of a gar¬ 
ment that covers the arm: v.t 
to. furnish with sleeves, 
sleigh, another form of sled, 
sleight (slit), n. dexterity: cun¬ 
ning: artful trick, 
slen-der (slen'der), adj. small or 
narrow in proportion to the length 
or height; feeble: slim: moderate, 
slept, p.t. & p.p . of sleep. 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl: he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot : moon.. 

cook: mute, nut: thin. then. 


















sle 


771 


slo 


sleuth (slooth), n. the track of 
a man or beast as known by the 
scent. 

sleuth-hound ('hound), n. a 
bloodhound, 
slew, p.t. of slay, 
sley (sla), n. a weaver’s reed, 
slice (slis), n. a thin broad piece 
of anything; a thin broad knife 
for taking up or serving fish ; a 
spatula: v.t. to cut into thin 
broad pieces; cut into parts; di¬ 
vide. 

slick (slik), adv. immediately; 
completely : n. metal ore, especial¬ 
ly gold, crushed and prepared for 
working. 

slid, p.t. of slide. 

slide (slid), v.i. to pass smoothly 
over a surface without leaving it; 
glide; pass inadvertently or un¬ 
observed ; slip: v.t. to thrust 
a’ong; cause to slip: n. a smooth 
surface of ice for sliding upon; 
smooth declivity ; picture on glass 
for exhibition on a screen; fall 
of a mass of rock or snow down 
a mountain ; a grace of two small 
notes moving by degrees [Music], 
slid-iug-scale ('ing-skal), n. a 
variable scale of wages or prices 
according to the state of trade, 
slight (slit), adj. feeble; incon¬ 
siderable ; unimportant; not 
severe ; trifling; slender: n. 
neglect; oversight: v.t. to disre¬ 
gard as of little value ; neglect, 
sli-ly, same as slyly, 
slim (slim), adj. [comp, slimmer, 
snperl, slimmest], of small diam¬ 
eter ; weak ; unsubstantial; slen¬ 
der. 

slime (slim), n. glutinous mud; 

any viscous substance, 
slim-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being slimy, 
slim-sy (slim'zi), adj. frail, 
slim-y (sllm'i), adj. consisting of, 
covered over with, or like, slime, 
sling (sling), n. an instrument 
for throwing stones; a throw; 
hanging bandage for an injured 
arm : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slung, p.pr. 
slinging], to hurl with, or~as with, 
a sling; hang so as to swing; 
hang by a rope so as to be moved, 
slink (slingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
slunk, p.pr. slinking], to creep 
away as if ashamed; sneak off; 
miscarry: said of beasts: v.t. to 


cast prematurely : said of beasts: 
adj. produced prematurely; lean 
[Scotch] : n. the young of a beast 
prematurely born, especially a 
calf; a sneak, 
slink-y ('i), adj. thin, 
slip (slip), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slipped, 
p.pr. slipping], to glide or slide, 
miss one’s foothold; fall down; 
escape observation ; enter by over¬ 
sight ; move out of place; depart 
or escape: v.t. to convey secretly; 
cause to move quickly and smooth¬ 
ly ; omit; part from a branch or 
stem : n. the act of slipping; an 
oversight or omission; indis¬ 
cretion ; strip ; twig from a stock ; 
scion ; a kind of petticoat; outer 
covering or case; liquid potter’s 
clay; an incline * for launching 
ships; a young sole; a fielder in 
cricket; a narrow pew or bench: 
pi. part of a theater at the sides 
of the stage. 

slip-per ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, slips; a kind of loose 
shoe. 

slip-per-i-ness (-i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being slippery, 
slip-per-y ('er-i), adj. non-ad¬ 
hesive ; without firm hold or foot¬ 
ing ; unstable ; smooth ; cunning, 
slip-shod ('shod), adj. wearing 
shoes or slippers down at the 
heel; slovenly. 

slit (slit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slit or 
slitted, p.pr. slitting], to cut 
lengthwise or into long strips; 
split: n. a long cut; narrow open¬ 
ing. 

slith-er (slit/f'er), v.i. to slide, 
sliv-er (sliv'er or sliv'er), v.t. to 
cut into long thin, or very small 
pieces: n. a splinter, 
sloam (slom), n. a layer of earth 
between seams of coal, 
slob-ber, same as slabber, 
sloe (slo), n. a small bitter plum, 
slo-gan ('gan), n. the war-cry 
or gathering-cry of a Highland 
clan. 

sloop (sloop), n. a one-masted 
vessel with a fore-and-aft rig. 
slop (slop), n. water carelessly 
spilled; puddle; poor liquor or 
liquid food: pi. dirty water; 
ready-made clothing; seaman’s 
outfit: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. slopped, 
p.pr. slopping], to soil by letting 
liquid fall upon. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







slo 


772 


sma 


slope (slop), n. an oblique direc¬ 
tion ; surface inclining gradually 
downwards: v.t. to form with a 
slope; incline or slant; direct 
obliquely: v.i. to take an oblique 
direction ; run off. 
slop-py (slop'i), adj. wet; muddy ; 
splashed. 

slot (slot), n. a broad, flat 
wooden bar; bolt; narrow aper¬ 
ture ; mortise; deer’s track ; trap¬ 
door of a stage; valley: v.t. [ p.t . 
& p.p. slotted, p.pr. slotting], to 
groove; trace by a slot, 
sloth (sloth), n. idleness; habit¬ 
ual indolence; a South Ameri¬ 
can arboreal quadruped which 
Walks slowly on the ground, 
sloth-ful ('fool), adj. lazy; in¬ 
active. 

sloth-ful-ly (-li), adv. lazily; in¬ 
dolently. 

slouch (slouch), n. a hanging 
down, as of the head or other 
parts of the body; ungainly, 
clownish gait; awkward, dull 
fellow: v.t. to cause to hang 
down; depress at the side: v.i. 
to walk in a clumsy, heavy, awk¬ 
ward manner. 

slough (slou), n. a deep muddy 
place; bog. 

slough (sluf), n. the cast-off skin 
of a serpent; the part that sepa¬ 
rates from a foul sore: v.i. to 
separate in dead matter from the 
sound flesh; come off, as the 
matter formed over a sore, 
slough (sloo), n. drainage-stream 
and marsh in a prairie, 
slov-en (sluv'en), n. one who is 
habitually untidy in his dress and 
negligent of cleanliness; one who 
is negligent of order and neatness, 
slov-en-li-ness (-li-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being slovenly, 
slow (slo), adj. not quick or rapid 
in motion; dilatory; not prompt 
or quick; behind in time; not 
progressive; dull. 

Syn. dilatory, tardy. 

Ant. (see fast). 

slow-worm ('werm), n. a small 
snake-like reptile; the blind- 
worm. 

sludge (sluj), n. slush; mire, 
sludg-y ('i), adj. slushy; miry, 
slue (sloo), v.t. to turn about a 
fixed point, as a spar, &c.; twist 


round: v.i. to turn about (with 
round). 

slug (slug), n. a shell-less mol- 
lusk, allied to the land-snail; a 
sluggard; a kind of oval bullet: 
pi. half-roasted ore. 
sluggard ('erd), n. one who is 
habitually lazy and idle, 
slug-gish ('isli), adj. habitually 
lazy and idle; dull; slothful; in¬ 
active ; slow. 

sluice (sloos), n. a gate for ex¬ 
cluding or regulating the flow of 
water in a canal, &c.; stream of 
water issuing through a flood¬ 
gate : v.t. to wash with water 
from, or as from, a sluice; w r et 
copiously. 

slum (slum), n. a low, dirty street 
or district of a city or town, in¬ 
habited by the very poor or criini- 
*nal classes: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. slum, 
p.pr. slumming], to visit slums 
as a fashionable amusement, 
slum-ber ('her), v.i. to sleep 
lightly; doze; be in a state of 
inactivity or negligence, 
slump (slump), n. gross amount 
or mass; a bog; a sudden fall, as 
of shares, &c.: v.t. to lump or 
throw into a single lot: v.i. fall 
or sink suddenly, 
slung, p.t. of sling, 
slunk, p.t. of slink, 
slur (sler), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

slurred, p.pr. slurring], to sully; 
soil; contaminate; pass over 
superficially; disparage; pro¬ 
nounce indistinctly ; sing or per¬ 
form in a light, gliding manner 
[Music]: n. a stain; slight re¬ 
proach or disgrace; stigma; a 
mark ('^"^) connecting notes 
that are to be sung or played 
legato. 

slush (slush), n. half-melted 
snow; a greasy lubricating mix¬ 
ture. 

slut (slut), n. a dirty, untidy 
woman. 

slut-tish ('ish), adj. untidy and 
dirty. 

sly (slT)., adj. [comp, slyer, supcrl. 
slyest], artfully cunning; under¬ 
hand and crafty; meanly in¬ 
sidious. 

sly-ly ('li), adv. in a sly manner, 
sly-ness ('nes), n. the state of 
being sly. 

smack (srnak), n. a quick, smart 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 




















sma 


773 


smo 


blow; loud kiss; quick, sharp 
noise with the lips; flavor; taste; 
a one-masted coasting or fishing 
vessel: v.t. to kiss with a quick, 
sharp noise; strike with a quick, 
smart blow : v.i. make a noise with 
the lips after tasting something, 
small (smawl), adj. [comp. 
smaller, superl. smallest], little in 
quantity or degree; inconsidera¬ 
ble ; of little worth or ability ; not 
large or extended in dimensions; 
narrow-minded; mean: n. the 
slender part of anything, 
small pi-ca (pi'ka), n. a size of 
printing-type (see type), 
small-pox ('poles), n. a conta¬ 
gious, feverish disease, charac¬ 
terized by eruptions upon the 
skin. 

smalt (smawlt), n. a deep blue 
pigment. 

smart (smart), adj. causing a 
quick, sharp pain; poignant; 
sharp ; clever; accomplished ; 
brilliant; witty ; vivacious ; pre¬ 
tentious ; showy ; brisk ; obtained 
by sharp practices: n. a quick, 
pungent, lively pain; poignant 
grief: v.i. to feel a lively, pungent 
pain; endure punishment, 
smart-en ('n), v.t. to make smart 
or spruce. 

smart-money (-mun'i), n. 
money paid by a person to free 
him from some unpleasant diffi¬ 
culty, especially a recruit from 
his enlistment; money allowed to 
wounded soldiers and sailors, 
smash (smash), v.t. to break in 
pieces by violence; crush : v.i. to 
become bankrupt: n. a breaking to 
pieces; bankruptcy, 
smash er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, smashes, 
smat-ter (smat'er), v.i. to talk 
superficially or ignorantly; have 
a superficial knowledge of any¬ 
thing. 

smattering (-ing), n. super¬ 
ficial knowledge. 

smear (smer), v.t. to overspread 
with anything unctuous, viscous, 
or adhesive; daub; pollute: n. 
a blot or stain. 

smec-tite (smek'tlt), n. fuller’s 
earth. 

smell (smel). v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
smelled or smelt, p.pr. smelling], 
to perceive by the nose; obtain 


the scent of: v.i. to affect the 
nose or olfactory nerves; exercise 
the sense of smell : n. that quality 
of bodies which affects the sense 
of smell; odor. 

Syn. fragrance, odor, scent, per¬ 
fume. 

smell-ing ('ing), n. the sense of 
smell. 

smelt (smelt), n. a small sal- 
monoid fish: v.t. to fuse, as an 
ore, to separate the metal. 

smerk-y (smerk'i), adj. jaunty; 
spruce. 

smer-lin (smer'lin), n. a kind of 
loach. 

smew (smu), n. a migratory div¬ 
ing bird of the duck family; the 
white nun. 

smi-lax (smi'laks), n. a climbing 
plant of the lily family. 

smile (smil), v.i. to express pleas¬ 
ure, moderate joy, love, or kind¬ 
ness by the countenance; look 
gay, cheerful, or happy; express 
slight contempt by a smile; favor: 
v.t. to express by a smile: n. the 
act of smiling; a look of pleasure, 
kindness, happiness, or slight con¬ 
tempt ; a drink of liquor.' 

smirch (smerch), v.t. to smear; 
dirty. 

smirk (smerk), v.i. to smile af¬ 
fectedly or conceitedly: n. an 
affected smile : adj. spruce. 

smite (smlt), v.t. [p.t. smote, p.p. 
smitten, p.pr. smiting], to strike, 
as with the hand or a weapon; 
kill; overthrow in battle; blast; 
chasten ; affect with any passion : 
v.i. to strike. 

smith (smith), n. one who forges 
metal with a hammer; worker in 
metals. 

smiih-ing ('ing), n. the art or 
process of working or forging 
metals into shape. 

smith-y ('i), n. a smith’s work¬ 
shop. 

smock (smok), n. a chemise; 
smock-frock. 

smock-frock ('frok), n. an agri¬ 
cultural laborer’s loose outer 
shirt. 

smok-a-ble (smok'^-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being smoked. 

smoke (sm5k), n. the vapor or 
substance that escapes when a 
substance is burned; rapor; ex¬ 
halation ; act of smoking pipe 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let: line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








smo 


774 


sna 


or cigar; foolish talk: v.t. to ap¬ 
ply smoke to; hang up in smoke; 
dry, scent, or medicate by smoke ; 
inhale and puff out the smoke of; 
expel by • smoke; detect or ferret 
out: v.i. to emit smoke; burn 
tobacco in a pipe, &c. ; inhale and 
puff out smoke. 

smoke-less (smok'les), adj. with¬ 
out smoke. 

smoke-less-pow-der (-pou'der), 
n. an explosive used in war, which 
burns without emitting smoke, 
smok-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a smoky 
manner, 

smok-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being smoky, 
smoking ('ing), p.adj. emitting 
smoke; used for smoking in. 
smoky (i), cdj. giving out, or 
filled with, smoke; tarnished or 
noisome with smoke, 
smol der (smol'der). v.i. to burn 
slowly or smoke without vent; 
exist in a stifled condition, 
smolt (smolt), n. a young sal¬ 
mon that has acquired its silver 
scales. 

smooth (smdo th), adj. not rough; 
even surfaced ; frictionless ; gently 
flowing ; glossy ; bland ; soothing ; 
flattering: v.t. to make smooth; 
render easy ; calm ; regulate : v.i. 
to become smooth : n. the act of 
making smooth; smooth part of 
anything; a meadow. 

Syn. even, level, mild. 

Ant. (see rough), 
smote, p.t. of smite, 
smother (smu#7i/er), v.t. to 
destroy the life of by suffocation ; 
stifle; suppress or conceal: v.i. 
to be suffocated: n. stifling smoke 
or thick dust. 

moul der, same as smolder, 
smudge (smuj), n. a smear or 
stain ; suffocating smoke ; a smol¬ 
dering fire of damp combustibles 
emitting dense smoke for the pur¬ 
pose of keeping off mosquitoes: 
v.t. to smear or stain ; blacken or 
stifle with smoke, 
gmudg-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being smudged, 
smug (smug), adj. affectedly pre¬ 
cise or prim; spruce; neat, 
smug-gle ('D, v.t. to import or 
export secretly without paying 
custom-house duties; convey or 


v.t. to 


rough 
a tree 


introduce clandestinely 
practice smuggling, 
smut (smut), n. a spot or stain 
made by soot or similar dirty 
matter; bad, soft coal; a fun¬ 
goid disease affecting cereal grain ; 
obscenity: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. smut¬ 
ted, p.pr. smutting], to soil or 
blacken with, or as with, smut: 
v.i. to become converted into 
smut; give off smut, 
smut-ti-ly ('i-li), adv. in a 
smutty manner. 

smut-ti-ness ('i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being smutty, 
smut-ty ('i), adi. soiled or stained 
with smut; affected with smut ; 
obscene. 

snack (snak), n. a slight, hasty 
repast. 

snac-ot ('ot), n. a kind of pipe¬ 
fish. 

snaf-fle (snaf'l), n. a bridle con¬ 
sisting of a joint in the middle 
and rings at the ends: v.t. to put 
a snaffle in the mouth of. 
snag (snag), n. a short 
branch; knot; trunk of 
fixed in the bed of a river: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. snagged, p.pr. snag¬ 
ging], to injure or destroy by 
contact with a snag, 
snagged ('d), adj. 
covered w T ith, snags, 
snail (snal), n. a 
creeping gasteropod 
Helix; hence any 
person; drone, 
snake (snake), n. a 
to wind round spirally 
out. 

snak-isk ('ish). adj. snake-like, 
snak-y ('i), adj. pertaining to. or 
having the characteristics of. a 
snake; deceitful; sly; cunning; 
insinuating. 

snap (snap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 

snapped, p.pr. snapping], to break 
short or instantaneously ; produce 
a sharp, sudden sound : utter 
sharp, angry words; miss fire: v.t. 
to break at once; crack ; bite sud¬ 
denly and unexpectedly: n. the 
act of snapping; noise made by 
snapping; spring catch; sudden 
and sharp spell, as of weather: 
pi. a kind of crisp cake: adj. 
brisk; offhand; made or done 
without due notice; unfair.- 
snap-dragon ( 'drag-un), 


or 


full of, 
Also snaggy, 
slimy, slow r - 
of the genus 
slow-moving 






serpent: v.t. 
to draw 7 


- n. a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdi^ch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 










sna 


775 


snu 


plant with a corolla that shuts 
with a snap when opened; a social 
game in which raisins are 
snatched from a bowl of burning 
brandy. 

snap-pish ('ish), adj. apt to 
snap or eager to bite; sharp in 
retorting; peevish; caustic; easily 
irritated. 

snare (snar), n. a running noose 
of cord or wire-for catching an 
animal; anything that entangles 
or entraps one; the gut stretched 
across the head of a drum : v.t. to 
catch or entangle with, or as with, 
a snare. 

snarl (snarl), v.i. to growl like an 
angry dog; speak surlily: v.t. to 
complicate or entangle, as thread 
or hair: n. the act of snarling; 
growl; angry contention or quar¬ 
rel : a complicated entanglement 
of hair, &c. 

snarling (fing), n. the produc¬ 
tion of raised hollow metal work 
by hammering with a special tool 
on the inner surface. 

snatch (snach), v.t. to take or 
seize abruptly and suddenly or 
without permission; seize and 
carry away: v.i. to attempt to 
seize anything suddenly (with 
at) : n. a hasty catch or seizing. 

snathe (sna th), n. the handle of 
a scythe. 

sneak (snek), v.i. to creep or 
steal aw'ay privately or meanly; 
slink; act with servility and 
meanness ; steal: n. a mean, ser¬ 
vile fellow r ; petty thief. 

sneer (sner), v.i. to show con¬ 
tempt by some facial expression ; 
insinuate contempt by a covert 
expression; scoff: n. an indirect 
expression of contempt or scorn. 

8yn. mock, taunt, jeer, gibe, 
scoff. 

sneeze (snez), v.i. to emit a sud¬ 
den and violent rush of air 
through the mouth and nostrils, 
audibly and convulsively: n. the 
act of sneezing. 

snick-er (snik'er), n. a half-sup¬ 
pressed laugh; a giggle: v.i. to 
laugh slyly; giggle. 

sniff (snif), v.i. to draw in the 
breath through the nose, often 
as an expression of contempt: v.t. 


to smell or scent: n' the act of 
sniffing. 

snigger, same as snicker, 
snig gle (snig'l), v.i. to fish for 
eels by thrusting the baited hook 
into their holes. 

snip (snip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

snipped, p.pr. snipping], to cut or 
clip off at once, as with scissors: 
n. a single cut with scissors; 
small piece. 

snipe (snip), n. a long-billed fen 
fowl; curbstone broker, 
sniv-el (sniv'el), v.i. to run at 
the nose; cry, as a child: n. 
mucus running from the nose; 
cant. 

sniv-el-er (-er), to. one who 
snivels. 

snob (snob), to. a vulgar person 
who apes gentility; vulgar up¬ 
start; journeyman shoemaker; 
knobstick. 

snob-bish (fish), adj. pertaining 
to, characteristic of, or like, a 
snob. 

snob-bish-ness (-nes), to. vulgar 
or ostentatious show\ Also snob¬ 
bery, snobbism. 

snood (snood), to, a ribbon for 
binding up the hair of a maiden 
[Scotch] ; hair-line to connect a 
fishing-line with the hook, 
snooze (snooz), v.i. to nap: to. a 
nap. 

snore (snor), v.i. to breathe 
through the nostrils with rough¬ 
ness or hoarseness in sleep: to. a 
noisy breathing in sleep, 
snout (snout), n. the projecting 
nose of a beast; nose of a man 
(in contempt). 

snow (sno), to. frozen particles of 
vapor in the atmosphere in the 
form of white feathery flakes: v.i. 
to fall in snow\ 

snow-bird ('herd), to. an Arctic 
bird, the snow-bunting, 
snow-drop ('drop), to. a bulbous 
plant with pretty white flowers, 
snow-fall ('fal), to. the quantity 
of snow which falls during a 
given time. 

snow-line (fiin), n. the low r est 
limit of perpetual snow, 
snow-y (fi), adj. white like snow; 
covered with, or abounding in, 
snow; pure. 

snub (snub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
snubbed, p.pr. snubbing], to check 


late, mar, mask, cat, awd ; lie, her, let; line, tin : vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








snu 


776 


soc 


or reprimand with sarcasm or as¬ 
perity ; treat with designed con¬ 
tempt : n. an intended slight; rep¬ 
rimand. 

snub-nosed ('nozd), adj. having 
a short, flat nose. 

snuff (snuf), v.t. to draw in 
through the nose; smell or scent; 
take the snuff off, as a candle: 
v.i. to snort or sniff; take snuff 
into the nostrils: n. powdered 
tobacco inhaled through the nose; 
charred part of the wick of a 
candle. 

snuf-fle ('1), v.i. to speak or 
breathe hard through the nose 
when obstructed: n. a speaking 
through the nose when obstructed ; 
affected nasal twang; cant: pi. 
obstruction of the nostrils by 
mucus. 

snuf-fy ('i), adj. soiled with snuff. 

snug (snug), adj. [comp, snugger, 
superl. snuggest], concealed ; lying 
close and warm; compact and 
convenient: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 

snugged, p.pr. snugging], to lie 
close and warm (with up or to - 
yether ). 

snug-ger-y ('er-i), n. [pi. snug¬ 
geries (-iz)], a warm, cosy place. 

snug-gle ('1), v.i. to lie close for 
warmth and comfort. 

so (so), adv. in a like manner or 
degree; in high degree; as lias 
been stated; for this reason; 
therefore; more or less:, conj. on 
condition that; if; therefore: 
interj. stop! 

soak (sok), v.t. to cause to suck 
in moisture; steep in a fluid ; wet 
thoroughly: v.i. to become satu¬ 
rated or steeped in fluid; drink 
excessively. 

Syn. drench, imbrue, steep. 

soap (sop), n. a compound of oils 
or fats and an alkali used for 
washing and cleansing: v.t. to 
rub over, or wash, with soap; 
wheedle. 

soap-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being soapy. 

soap-stone ('ston), n. a variety 
of steatite. 

soap-y ('i), adj. covered with, or 
like, soap; soft and smooth. 

soar (sor), v.i. to fly aloft, as a 
bird; mount upwards with wings; 
rise in thought or imagination: n. 
a lofty flight. 


sob (sob), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. sobbed, 
p.pr. sobbing], to sigh in a con¬ 
vulsive manner with tears: v.t. 
to utter with a sob: n. a convul¬ 
sive sigh ; lamentation, 
sob-bing ('ing), n. the act of 
sighing with a short convulsive 
heaving of the breast, 
so-ber (sd'ber), adj. habitually 
temperate, especially in the use 
of intoxicating liquors; self-pos¬ 
sessed ; calm ; steady ; sedate : v.t. 
to make sober: v.i. to become so¬ 
ber. 

so-bri-e-ty (-bri'e-ti), n. habitual 
temperance; calmness; serious¬ 
ness. 

so-bri-qnet (so-bre-ka'), n. a 
nickname [French], 
soc (sok), n. certain privileges of 
tenants under the feudal system; 
the feudal lord’s power of holding 
a court in a district. Also soke, 
soc-cer (sok'ker), n. a ball game, 
so-cia-bil-i-ty (so-shia-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being 
sociable; disposition to associate 
and converse with others. Also 
sociableness. 

so-cia-ble ('shiff-bl), adj. disposed 
to associate and converse with 
others ; social; companionable ; 
affable: n. a social gathering, 
so-cia-bly (-bli), adv. in a socia¬ 
ble manner. Socially, 
so-cial ('shSl), adj. pertaining to 
men as living in society ; inclined 
to friendly intercourse and con¬ 
versation ; convivial; growing in 
groups or masses ; living in com¬ 
munities. 

Syn. sociable, friendly, commu¬ 
nicative. 

Ant. (see unsocial), 
so-cial-ism (-izm), n. an economic 
theory or system for the recon¬ 
struction of society, on the basis 
of the cooperation of labor and 
collective ownership of land and 
collectively - used property, w r ith 
individual ownership of property 
used by the individual or family, 
so-cial-ist (-ist), n. an advocate 
of socialism. 

so-cial-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
socialism. Also socialist, 
so-ci-al-i-ty (-shi-al'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being social. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 














soc 


777 


sol 


so-ci-al-iae ('shal-iz), v.t. to ren¬ 
der social; regulate according to 
socialistic principles, 
society (-sl'i-ti) n. [ph socie¬ 
ties (-tiz)], a number of persons 
united for a common interest; 
people collectively who live in any 
region at any given period; fra¬ 
ternity ; company: the more culti¬ 
vated portion of any community 
in its social relations, &c. 
so-ci-o-log-ic-al (-shi-o-lo j'ik-iil), 
adj. pertaining to, or characteris¬ 
tic of, sociology. 

so-ci-ol-o-gist (-ol'o-jist), n. a 
student of sociology, 
so-ci-ol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. the sci¬ 
ence of the constitution, evolu¬ 
tion, and phenomena of human 
society; social science, 
sock (sok), n. a light shoe worn 
by the classic actors of comedy ; 
a short stocking; warm inner 
sole. 

sock-dol-a-ger (-dol'ji-jer), n. a 
conclusive argument; whopper, 
sock-et ('et), n. a hollow into 
which something is fitted ; hollow 
of a candlestick. 

so-cle (so'kl), n. a plain plinth 
forming.a low pedestal; base of 
a statue, &c. 

sod (sod), n. turf; sward: v.t. to 
cover with sod ; turf, 
so-da (so'da), n. impure carbonate 
of soda ; sodium oxide, 
so-da-wa-ter (waw-ter), n. 
aerated water containing bicar¬ 
bonate of soda. 

sod-den (sod'n), adj. boiled; satu¬ 
rated : v.i. to be soaked or seethed : 
v.t. to saturate, 
sod-dy ('i), adj. turfy, 
so-dic (so'dik), adj. pertaining to, 
or containing, sodium, 
so-di-um ('di-um), n. a metallic 
element. 

so-fa (so'fa), n. a long seat with 
stuffed bottom, back, and arms, 
sof-fit (sof'it), n. a small paneled 
ceiling; under part of a cornice 
presenting a flat surface, 
soft (soft), adj. easily yielding 
to pressure; malleable; smooth to 
the touch; not glaring; impres¬ 
sionable : effeminate : quiet; easy : 
courteous ; mild ; kind ; somewhat 
weak in intellect: n. a foolish 


person: adv. softly; quietly: 

interj. gently ! stop ! 

8yn. gentle, meek, mild. 

Ant. (see hard). 

soft-en (sof'n), v.t. to make soft 
or softer; tone down; palliate; 
assuage; render less rude or of¬ 
fensive ; make effeminate; melt: 
v.i. to become soft or softened, 
sog-gy (sog'i), adj. soaked; wet.l 
soi-dis-ant (swa-de-zang'), adj. { 
self-styled ; calling himself ; would- 
be ; pretended [French], 
soil (soil), n. the top stratum of 
the earth’s surface ; land ; dirt; 
manure ; stain : v.t. to make dirty ; 
stain or mar:v.i. to become soiled, 
soi-ree (swa-ra'), n. an evening 
party for conversation and social 
intercourse; public evening en¬ 
tertainment with refreshments, 
so-journ (sd'jern or so-jern'), v.i. 
to dwell for a time: n. a tem¬ 
porary residence. 

so-ko (so'kd), n. a species of 
anthropoid ape. 

Sol (sol), n. the sun. 
sol (sol), n. the 5th note of the 
diatonic scale. 

sol-ace (sol'as), n. comfort in 
sorrow; consolation: v.t. to com¬ 
fort in sorrow. 

so-la-no (so-la'no), n. a hot; op¬ 
pressive wind in the Mediterra¬ 
nean. 

so-lar ('lar), adj. pertaining to, 
measured by, or proceeding from, 
the sun. 

so-lar-ize (-Iz), v.t. to expose too 
long in the camera, 
so-lar-year (-yer), n. the period 
during which the earth makes one 
complete revolution round the 
sun, 365 days 5 hours 48 min¬ 
utes 52 seconds, 
sold, p.t. & p.p. of sell, 
sold-er (sod'er or sol'der), n. a 
metallic alloy for uniting metals: 
v.t. to unite by a fusible metallic 
cement; join. 

sol-dier (sol'jer), n. a person en¬ 
gaged in military service; a 
private as distinguished from an 
officer; man of military skill: 
v.i. to serve or act as a soldier j 
make a pretense of work, 
sole (sol), n. the underside of the 
foot; bottom of a boot or shoe, 
&c.; bottom of anything; a flat 


late, mar, mfisk, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







778 


SOI 


sol* 


fish of the genus Solea: v.t. to 
furnish with, or as with, a sole: 
adj. alone; being or acting by 
one’s self; unmarried, 
sol-e-cism (sol'e-sizm), n. a breach 
of the rules of syntax, or idiom 
of a language; impropriety; ab¬ 
surdity. 

sole-ly (soldi), adv. alone; singly, 
sol emn (sol'em), adj. character¬ 
ized by religious rites or cere¬ 
monies ; inspiring awe ; serious ; 
devout; formal; attended with a 
serious appeal to God. 
sol-em-ni-ty ('ni-ti), n. [pi. sol¬ 
emnities (-tiz) ], a religious rite 
or ceremony; ceremony adapted 
to inspire awe; gravity; impress¬ 
iveness ; affected or mock seri¬ 
ousness. 

sol-em-ni-za-tion (-ni-za'sliun), 
n. the act of solemnizing, 
sol-em-nize ('em-n!z), v.t. to per¬ 
form with ceremonies; celebrate, 
so-len-oid (so'len-oid), n. an 
electro-magnetic helix, 
sol-fa (sol-fa/), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
sol-faed, p.pr. sol-faing], to sing 
or vocalize the diatonic scale to 
the syllables do, re, mi, fa, &c. 
sol-fa-ta-ra (sol-fii-ta'ra), n. a 
volcanic vent, which emits sul¬ 
phurous and other vapors, 
sol-feg-gio (-fad'jo), n. the sys¬ 
tem of arranging the musical 
scale with the syllables do, re, &c., 
instead of the letters, A, B, &c. 
Also solfeggiare. 

sol-fe-ri-no (-fa-re'no), n. a 
bright, deep pink aniline color, 
so-lic-it (so-lis'it), v.t. to ask for 
with earnestness ; entreat; invite 
or summon ; endeavor to obtain: 
v.i. to canvass. 

Syn. importune, urge, 
so-lic-i-ta-tion (-i-ta'shun), n. 
the act of soliciting ; importunity ; 
the offense of inciting to a felony; 
offense of accosting by a prosti¬ 
tute. 

so-lic-it-or ('it-er), n. one who 
solicits; a person legally qualified 
to act for another in a court of 
law; an attorney; a canvasser, 
so-lic-i-tor-ship (-ship), n. the 
office or rank of a solicitor, 
so-lic-i-tous ('i-tus), adj. eager; 

anxious ; apprehensive ; concerned, 
so-lic-i-tude ('i-tud), n. the state 


of being solicitous ; concern ; anx¬ 
iety ; carefulness. 

sol-id (sol'id), adj. having the 
particles so close or firmly adher¬ 
ing as to resist impression ; com¬ 
pact ; cubic ; not hollow ; dense ; 
heavy ; weighty ; just; unanimous : 
n. a body having its constituent 
particles firmly adhering together, 
solidarity (-i-dar'i-ti), n. com- 
munitj; of interests and respon¬ 
sibilities. 

s o 1-i d-i-fi-c a-t ion (-id-i-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act of solidifying, 
the state of being solidified, 
sol-id-i-fy (-id'i-fI), v.t. I p.t. 
p.p. solidified, p.pr. solidifying], 
to make solid : v.i. to harden, 
sol-id-i-ty ('i-ti), n. density; com¬ 
pactness ; stability ; truth ; moral 
firmness. 

so-lil-o-quize (s5-lil'o-kwIz), v.i. 

to utter a soliloquy, 
so-lil-o-qtiy ('o-kwi), n. [pi. solil¬ 
oquies (-kwiz)], a talking or dis¬ 
course to one’s self; a written 
composition of the nature of a 
monologue. 

sol-i-taire (sol-i-tar'), n. a game 
played by one person ; a stud ; pre¬ 
cious stone in single setting; her¬ 
mit. 

sol-i-ta-ri-ly ('i-ta-ri-li), adv. in 
a solitary manner, 
sol-i-ta-ri-ness (-nes), n. the 
state of being solitary, 
sol-i-ta-ry ('i-ta-ri), adj. living by 
one’s self; lonely ; single ; done, 
passed, or suffered alone; re¬ 
mote ; unoccupied; gloomy. 

Syn. sole, only, single, 
sol-i-tude ('i-tud), n. the state of 
being by one’s self; loneliness; se¬ 
clusion ; desert. 

so-lo (s5'lo), n. [pi. solos ('loz)], 
an air, or musical piece performed ' 
by a single instrument or by one 
vocalist. 

so-lo-ist (-ist), n. one who per¬ 
forms or sings a solo, 
sol-stice (sol'stis), n. that point 
in the ecliptic at which the sun 
is farthest from the equator, north 
in summer, south in winter, 
sol-sti-tial (-sti'shal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or happening at, a sol- 
stice 

sol-u-bil-i-ty (-u-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state, quality, or degree of being 
soluble or dissolvable. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










sol 


. 779 


soo 


sol-u-ble ('u-bl), adj. capable of 
being dissolved in a fluid ; capable 
of solution. 

so-lus (so'lus), adj. alone [Latin], 
so-lu-tion (-lu'sliun), n. the act 
of dissolving by means of a fluid; 
deliverance; explanation, 
solv-a-bil-i-ty (solv-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being solv¬ 
able ; solvency. 

solv-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. capable of 
being solved. 

solve (solv), v.t. to explain; clear 
up; remove. 

solvency ('en-si), n. the state 
or quality of being solvent, 
solv-ent (solv'ent). n. any liquid 
that dissolves another substance: 
adj. able to discharge just claims 
or debts; having the power of 
dissolving. 

so-ma-tol-o-gy (so-mS.-tol'd-ji), n. 
the science of the general princi¬ 
ples of matter, and its properties. I 
somber (som'ber), adj. dull; 

melancholy ; dark ; gloomy, 
som bre ro (-bra'ro), n. a kind of 
broad-brimmed hat. 
sombrous ('brus), adj. gloomy; 
dull. 

some (sum), a suffix meaning like, 
same , as winsome, gladsome, &c.: 
adj. more or less; expressing an 
indeterminate number, person, or 
quantity; one or the other; about, 
some bod y ('bod-i), n. some per¬ 
son ; a person of importance, 
some-how ('how), adv. in one 
way or another; by some means, 
som-er-sault ('er-sawlt), n. a 
leap in w T hich a person turns with 
his heels over his head, 
something ('thing), n. a thing 
unknown, or not specified; part 
or portion ; indefinite quantity or 
degree; adv. in some'degree, 
some-time ('tlm), adv. at a time 
indefinitely : formerly ; once, 
some what ('hwot), n. more or 
less: adv. in some degree or ex¬ 
tent. 

some-where ('hwar), adv. in one 
place or another. 

some-while ('hwll), adv. once; 
for a while. 

some whith er ('hwi#h-er), adv. 

to some indeterminate place, 
som-nam-bu-lism (som-nam'bu- 
lizm), n. the act or practice of 
walking in sleep. 


somnambulist (list), n. a 
sleep-walker. 

som nif er ous (-nif'er-us), adj. 
causing sleep. 

soin-nip-a-thy (-nip'a-thi), n. 
sleep caused by some external in¬ 
fluence, as mesmerism, 
som no lence ('no-lens), n. sleep¬ 
iness ; drowsiness. Also somno¬ 
lency. 

som-no-lent ('no-lent), adj. in¬ 
clined to sleep. 

son (sun), n. a male child, or de¬ 
scendant ; male issue of a parent, 
father or mother; pupil; native or 
inhabitant of a particular country. 
Son, n. the second person of the 
Holy Trinity. 

so-nant (so'nant), adj. sounding; 
vocal. 

so-na-ta (-na'ta), n. a musical 
composition for one instrument, 
especially the pianoforte, 
so-na-ti-na (-na-te'na), n. a 
short, simple sonata, 
song (song), n. a lyrical poem or 
ballad; any poetical strain; 
poetry; poem; notes of birds; 
mere trifle. 

song-ster ('ster), n. one skilled 
in singing; a singing bird. Fern. 
songstress. 

so-nif-er-ous (so-nif'er-us), adj. 

producing, or conveying, sound, 
son-in-law (sun'in-law), n. \pl. 
sons-in-law (sunz-)], the husband 
of one’s daughter, 
son-net (son'et), n. a short lyric 
poem of fourteen lines, each of 
five accents, with varying rhymes, 
son net eer (-et-er'), n. a com¬ 
poser of sonnets; minor poet: v.i. 
to compose sonnets, 
so-nom-e-ter (sd-nom'e-ter), n. 
an apparatus for showing the re¬ 
lation between musical notes, or 
testing the capacity of the audi¬ 
tory nerves. 

so-no-rif-ic (so-no-rif'ik), adj. 
producing sound. 

so no rous (so-no'rus), adj. giving 
a clear sound when struck; reso¬ 
nant ; loud-sounding ; vocal; deep- 
toned. 

son-ship (sun'ship), n. the state 
or position of being a son. 
soon (sdon), adv. in a short time; 
quickly; easily; early; without 
delay. 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








soo 


780 • 


sor 


soot (soot), n. finely divided car¬ 
bon. 

sooth (sooth), n. truth, 
soothe (sooth), v.t. to please or 
calm with soft words or blandish¬ 
ments ; comfort; allay ; pacify ; 
assuage. 

sooth-say (sboth'sa), v.i. to pre¬ 
dict or foretell. 

sooth-say-er (-er), n. one who 
foretells or prognosticates, 
sooth-say-ing (-ing), n. the art 
or practice of foretelling or mak¬ 
ing predictions. 

soot-i-ness (soot'i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being sooty, 
soot-y ('i), adj. [comp., sootier, su- 
perl. sootiest], pertaining to, pro¬ 
ducing, or like, soot; dusky, black, 
sop (sop), n. anything steeped, 
dipped, or softened in a liquid, es¬ 
pecially in broth ; something given 
to pacify: v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. sopped, 
p.pr. sopping], to steep or dip in 
a liquid. 

soph-ism (sof'izm), n. a specious 
but fallacious argument; fallacy, 
soph-ist ('ist), n. one of a body 
of men in ancient Greece (5th 
century B. C.) who taught phi¬ 
losophy, eloquence, and politics; a 
fallacious or captious reasoner. 
so-phis-tic-al (so-fis'tik-al), adj. 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, 
a sophist; fallaciously subtle; 
quibbling. Also sophistic, 
so-phis-ti-cate ('ti-kat), v.t. to 
render worthless by adulteration ; 
pervert; vitiate. 

soph-is-try (sof'is-tri), n. [pi. 
sophistries (-triz)], specious but 
fallacious reasoning; unsound 
argument. 

soph-o-more ('o-mor), n. a stu¬ 
dent in his second academic year, 
so-por (so'per), n. deep sleep from 
which a patient is aroused with 
difficulty. 

so-po-rif-ic (so-pd-rif'ik), adj. 
causing, or tending to induce, 
sleep: n. an opiate or anodyne, 
sop-py (sop'i), adj. soaked or 
saturated with a liquid; very wet. 
so-pra-no (s5-pra'no), n. [pi. so¬ 
pranos, soprani ('noz, -ne)], the 
highest kind of female voice; a 
singer with such a voice, 
sorb (s6rb), n. the European 
mountain-ash, yielding a fruit 
called rowans. 


sor-be-f a-ci-ent (sbr-be-fa'shi- 
ent), adj. producing absorption, 
sor-cer-er ('ser-er), n. a magician, 
wizard, or enchanter. Fern, sor¬ 
ceress. 

sor-cer-y (-i), n. [pi. sorceries 
(-iz)], divination by the aid of 
evil spirits; witchcraft; magic; 
enchantment. 

sor-did ('did), adj. mean; vile; 
base; niggardly; meanly avari¬ 
cious. 

sore (sor), adj. tender or painful 
to the touch ; inflamed ; painful ; 
sensitive; susceptible of irrita- 
I tion; heavy; grievous; severe; 
distressing: adv. grievously; se¬ 
verely ; deeply: n. a painful or 
diseased part in an animal body ; 
ulcer ; wound ; sorrow ; trouble ; 
a hawk of the first year; a buck 
of the fourth year, 
sore-ly ('li), adv. in a sore man¬ 
ner. 

sore ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sore; tenderness, 
sor ghum (sor'gum), n. a cane¬ 
like grass resembling broom corn, 
yielding sugar; molasses pre¬ 
pared from the juice of sorghum, 
so-ro-sis (so-r5'sis), n. a woman’s 
club or association, 
sor-rel (sor'el), n. a dock-like 
plant of the genus Rumex; a red¬ 
dish-brown color. 

Sor-ren-to work (-en'to werk). 
Vs. carved ornamental fretwork in 
olive-wood with inlaid decora¬ 
tions. 

sor-ri-ly ('i-li), adv. in a sorry 
manner. 

sorriness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being sorry, 
sor-row ('5), n. mental pain or 
uneasiness caused by loss, disap¬ 
pointment. ’&c.; grief; distress; 
unhappiness ; regret; affliction : 
v.i. to feel mental pain or uneasi¬ 
ness ; grieve; lament; be sad. 
sorrowful (-fool), adj. full of, 
or showing, sorrow; sad. 
sor-row-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
sorrowful manner, 
sor-ry ('i), adj. [comp, sorrier, 
superl. sorriest], feeling regret for 
the loss of some good; vexed; 
pained ; mean ; worthless. 

Syn. grieved, poor, paltry, in¬ 
significant. 

Ant. (see glad). 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 

















sor 


731 


sow 


sort (sort), n. a kind or species; 
class, rank, or order; manner; de¬ 
gree : v.t. to separate arid place in 
different divisions or classes; se¬ 
lect : v.i. to conscri't or associate, 
sor-tie (s5r'te), n. the issuing of 
a body of troops from a besieged 
place to attack the besiegers, 
sot (sot), n. a habitual drunkard, 
sot-tish ('ish), adj. like a sot; 
stupid ; infatuated, 
sot-to vo-ce ('to vo'cha), adv. in 
an undertone; with a moderate or 
restrained tone of voice, 
sou (soo), n. I pi. soos (sooz)], an 
old French copper coin — one 
cent. 

sou-brette (-bret'), n. a female 
servant or attendant; in comedies, 
a lady’s maid who acts the part of 
an intriguing female, 
sou-cbet (-sha'), n. fish served up 
in the water in which it has been 
boiled. 

sough (sou, or suf), n. a hollow 
murmur or whistling, as of the 
wind: v.i. to murmur or whistle, 
sought, p.t. & p.p. of seek, 
soul (sol), n. the spiritual, ra¬ 
tional, and immortal part in man; 
reason or intellect; conscience; 
life ; essence ; moving or inspiring 
power; courage; human being. 

Syn. mind, spirit. (Soul is op¬ 
posed to body, mind to matter.) 
soul-ful ('fool), adj. full of soul 
or feeling. 

soul-less ('les), adj. without a 
soul ; senseless ; spiritless ; dull; 
mean. 

sound (sound), adj. whole; en¬ 
tire ; unbroken; healthy; not de¬ 
cayed ; founded on truth or right; 
orthodox; solvent; firm; safe; 
strong; legal; valid ; laid on with 
force: n. the impression made on 
the ear by the vibrations of the 
air; noise; report; noise without 
signification; a straight or nar¬ 
row passage of water; swimming 
bladder of a fish ; the cuttlefish : 
v.t. to measure or ascertain the 
depth of; cause to make a noise; 
utter audibly; play upon; exam¬ 
ine or try; probe: v.i. to make a 
noise or sound ; play upon an in¬ 
strument ; be spread or published. 

Ryn. healthy, sane, tone, noise. 

Ant. (see unsound, noiseless). 


sounding ('ing), n. the ascer¬ 
taining the depth of water: adj. 
causing sound; resonant, 
soup (soop), n. a kind of broth, 
sour (sour), adj. having an acid, 
sharp, or astringent taste; 
changed so as to become rancid; 
disagreeable ; cross ; morose : v.t. 
to cause to become sour: v.i. be¬ 
come morose, peevish, or discon¬ 
tented ; to turn from sweet to 
sour. 

sour-crout, same as sauerkraut, 
source (sors), n. that from which 
anything arises or originates; 
spring or fountain; first cause; 
original. 

sour-ish (sour'ish), adj. some¬ 
what sour. 

souse (sous), n. pickle made with 
salt; anything steeped or pre¬ 
served in pickle; a plunging in 
water: v.t. to steep in pickle; 
plunge into water; strike with 
sudden violence: v.i. to make a 
sudden attack: adv. with sudden 
violence. 

south (south), n. that one of the 
four cardinal points of the com¬ 
pass directly opposite the north : 
adv. toward the south: v.i. to 
turn or move toward the south ; 
come to the meridian: adj. per¬ 
taining to the south. 

South, n. the southern portion of 
the United States (with the). 
south-eru (sut/i/ern), adj. per¬ 
taining to, situated in, or pro¬ 
ceeding from or towards the 
south. 

South-ern-er (-er), n. a native of 
the South. 

south ern wood ('ern-wood), n. 

a species of wormwood. 
South-ron ('run), n. a South¬ 
erner. 

sou-ve-nir (soo-ve-ner'), n. a me¬ 
mento or keepsake, 
sov-er-eign (sov' or suv'er-in), 
adj. royal; supreme in power; 
possessing supreme dominion; 
effectual: n. a king, emperor, or 
queen; a British gold coin = 20s. 
sov-er-eign-ty (-ti), n. supreme 
power or dominion, 
sow (sou), n. a female pig; ob¬ 
long piece of metal, 
sow (so), v.t. [p.t. sowed, p.p. 
sown, p.pr. sowing], to scatter, as 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






soy 


782 


spa 


seed upon the earth; propagate; 
disseminate; scatter on or over: 
v.i. to scatter seed for growth. 

soy (soi), n. a kind of fish sauce. 

spa (spa), n. a spring of mineral 
water. 

space (spas), n. extension; room; 
interval between lines; quantity 
of time; short interval: v.t. in 
printing, to make intervals be¬ 
tween (lines or words) by sepa¬ 
rating them with thin pieces of 
type-metal. 

Syn. room. 

spa-cial (spa'shal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to space. Also spatial. 

spa-cious ('shus), adj. extending 
far and wide; roomy ; vast in ex¬ 
tent. 

spade (spad), n. an implement 
for digging, &c., consisting of a 
broad blade of iron with a handle; 
one of a suit of cards having one 
or more figures resembling a 
spade; a hart three years old: 
v.t. to dig or work with a spade. 

spade-ful ('fool), n. as much as 
a spade will hold. 

spalpeen (spal'pen), n. a scamp 
[Irish]. 

Span (span), n. the space from 
the thumb to the end of the lit¬ 
tle finger when extended; nine 
inches; a short space of time; 
spread or extent of an. arch, &c., 
between its abutments or sup¬ 
ports ; yoke of oxen or horses; 
pair of horses similar in color 
harnessed together: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. spanned, p.pr. spanning], to 
measure by the snan of the hand ; 
reach from one side to the other; 
fetter or hobble: v.i. to be 
matched for running in harness. 

span-gle (spang'gl), n. a small 
plate or boss of shining metal; 
any glittering ornament, especially 
for a dress: v.t. to set or adorn 
with, or as with, spangles. 

Span-iard (span'yerd), n. a na¬ 
tive of Spain. 

span-iel ('yel), n. a variety of 
dog. 

Span-isli ('ish), adj. pertaining 
to Spain, its language, or to its 
inhabitants. 

Span-isli-fly (-fll), n. cantharides. 

Spanish-main (-man), n. the 
name formerly applied to the 


southern part of the Caribbean 
sea, and adjacent'coast, 
spank (spangk), v.t. to strike 
with the open hand; slap : v.i. to 
move quickly: *n. a sounding slap, 
spank er ('er), n. one who. or 
that which, spanks; the after-sail 
of a ship or barque, 
spanking ('ing), adj. moving 
with a quick, lively step; dash¬ 
ing; stout; large. 

span-ner (span'er). n. a wrench 
for tightening up or loosening the 
nuts on screws. 

spar (spar), n. a lustrous crystal¬ 
line mineral ; a general name for 
a mast, yard, boom, &c.; a con¬ 
test at boxing, or in words: v.i. 
[p.t. & p.p. sparred, p.pr. spar¬ 
ring], to box; contest in words, 
spare (spar), v.t. to use in a 
frugal manner; part with with¬ 
out inconvenience; omit; treat 
tenderly: v.i. to live frugally; 
forbear or forgive: adj. thin or 
lean ; scanty ; parsimonious ; su¬ 
perfluous ; reserved, 
sparing ('ing), adj. frugal; ab¬ 
stemious. 

spark (spark), n. a small particle 
of fire or ignited substance thrown 
off in combustion; small shining 
body or transient light; small por¬ 
tion of anything active or vivid ; 
gay young fellow ; beau, 
spark-le ('!), v.i. to emit sparks; 
glisten ; scintillate ; flash ; corus¬ 
cate. 

spark-ling ('ling), adj. emit¬ 
ting sparks; glittering; flashing; 
lively; brilliant. 

spar-ling (spar'ling), n. a smelt, 
spar-row (spar'o). n. a well- 
known small bird of the passerine 
family. 

sparse (spars), adj. thinly scat¬ 
tered ; not dense; set or planted 
here and there. 

Syn. scanty, thin. 

Ant. (see luxuriant), 
sparse-ly ('li), adv. in a sparse 
manner. 

sparse-ness Cnes), n. the state or 
quality of being sparse; thinness. 
Spar-tan (spar'tan), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Sparta ; hardy ; undaunted ; 
severe. 

spar-ter-ie ('ter-i), n. articles 
spun or woven of esparto grass. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOreh, lot; moon, 

cook : mute, nut; thin, the n. 








spa 


783 


spe 


spasm (spazra), n. a sudden, vio¬ 
lent, involumary contraction of 
the muscles. 

spas-inod-ic (spaz-mod'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or consisting in, 
spasms’, convulsive; violent but 
short-lived. Also spasmodical, 
spas-mod-ic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. in 
a spasmodic manner, 
spat (spat), n. the spawn of 
shell-fish, especially the oyster: 
/>/. spatterdashes. 

spate (spat), n. a sudden heavy 
flood caused by heavy rains, 
spatial, same as spacial. 
spat-ter (spat'er), v.t. to sprinkle 
with a liquid; defame: v.i. to un¬ 
dergo or cause scattering or 
splashing in drops or small quan¬ 
tities: n. a small splash, 
spat-ter-dash-es (-dash-ez), n.pl. 
leather leggings for riding; gai¬ 
ters. 

spatula (spat'u-la), n. a broad, 
flat, thin, flexible knife for 
spreading plasters, paints, &c. 
spat-u-late ('u-lat), adj. spatula¬ 
shaped. 

spav-in (spav'in), n. a disease of 
horses, characterized by a swell¬ 
ing in the hock joint, causing 
lameness. 

spawn (spawn), n. the ova of 
fishes, oysters, &c.; mycelium of 
fungi; offspring or product: v.i. 
to produce and deposit spawn; 
deposit eggs, as fish, &c. 
spawn-er ('er), n. a female fish, 
speak (spek), v.i. [ p.t . spoke, 
p.p. spoken, p.pr. speaking], to 
utter articulate sounds: said of 
human beings ; talk • say; utter a 
discourse or speech; make men¬ 
tion ; convey ideas; tell ; sound : 
v.t. to utter articulately; declare 
or pronounce ; publish. 

Syn. converse, talk, say. tell, 
confer. 

speak er ('er), n. one who speaks ; 
one who delivers a discourse in 
public; the presiding officer of 
the popular branch of a legisla¬ 
tive body, as of congress or a 
state legislature. 

speaking ('ing), p.adj. uttering 
speech; life-like: n. the act of 
.uttering words. 

spear (sper), n. a long-pointed 
weapon of war and the chase 


used for thrusting or throwing; a 
lance with barbed prongs for 
spearing fish; a shoot, as of 
grass: v.t. to pierce, or kill, with 
a spear: v.i. to shoot into a long 
stem. 

spear-grass ('gras), n. long stiff 
grass, especially of the genus 
Poa. 

spear-wort (-wert), n. a species 
of ranunculus, 
spec., abbr. for speculation, 
special (spe'shal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or constituting, a species; 
designed for a particular purpose; 
different from others; distinctive; 
uncommon ; appropriate ; limited 
in range or extent; specific. 

Syn. particular, specific. 

Ant. (see general), 
spe-cial-ism (-izm), n. devotion 
to a particular and restricted 
branch of knowledge, science, &c. 
spe-cial-ist (-ist), n. one who de¬ 
votes himself to a particular 
branch of a profession. &c. 
spe-ci-al-i-ty (-i-al'i-ti), n. [pi. 
specialities (-tiz)], the special or 
distinctive mark of a person or 
thing; snecial department. &c. 
spe-cial-i-za-tion (shal-i-za'sliun), 
n. application to a special func¬ 
tion or use ; act of specializing, 
spe-cial-ize ('shal-iz), v.t. to par¬ 
ticularize ; assign to a specific use 
or function. 

spe-cial-ly ('shal-i), adv. in a spe¬ 
cial manner; particularly, 
spe-cial-ty ('shal-ti), n. that for 
which a perso" is noted or dis¬ 
tinguished ; special contract or ob¬ 
ligation. 

spe-cie (spe'shi), n. coined 
money. 

spe-cies ('shez), n. a group of in¬ 
dividuals agreeing in common 
attributes and called by a com¬ 
mon name; a sub-division of i. 
genus ; kind ; sort, 
spe-cif-ic (-sif'ik), adj. pertaining 
to a species; definite or particu¬ 
lar ; precise: n. a remedy for a 
particular disease, 
spe-cif-ic-al-ly (-fil-li), adv. in a 
specific manner. 

spec -i - £L - ca - tion (spesd-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act of specifying; 
detailed statement of particulars, 
spec-i-fy ('i-fI), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








784 


spe 


spe 


specified, p.pr. specifying], to 
mention or name particularly; 
designate verbally, so as to dis¬ 
tinguish from other things, 
spec-i-men ('i-men), n. a sample; 
a part of something to show the 
quality, &c., of the whole, 
spe-cious (spe'shus), adj. appear¬ 
ing well at first sight; plausible; 
ostensible; fair. 

speck (spek), n. a spot; flaw; 
blemish ; small particle ; blubber : 
v.t. to spot. 

speck-le ('1), n. a small spot in 
anything different in substance or 
color from the thing itself: v.t. to 
variegate with spots of a different 
color to that of the thing itself, 
spec-ta-cle ('ta-kl), n. something 
exhibited to view, especially some¬ 
thing unusual or worthy of no¬ 
tice ; pageant; exhibition: pi. an 
optical instrument with two 
lenses mounted in a frame to as¬ 
sist the vision. 

spec-tac-u-lar (-tak'u-lar), adj. 
pertaining to shows or exhibi¬ 
tions ; adapted to excite wonder 
or admiration by scenic effect, 
spec-ta-tor (-ta'ter), n. a be¬ 
holder. 

spec-ter, spec-tre (spek'tr), n. a 
ghost or apparition, 
spec-tral ('tral), adj. ghostly; 
pertaining to, or produced by, the 
spectrum. 

spec-trol-o-gy (-trol'o-ji), n. the 
science of spectrum analysis, 
spec-tro-scope ('tro-skop), n. an 
optical instrument for forming 
and examining spectra, 
spec-tro-scop-ic-al (-skop'ik-al), 
adj. pertaining to the spectroscope. 
Also spectroscopic, 
spec-tro-scop-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. 

by means of the spectroscope, 
spec-tro-sco-pist ('tro-sko-pist), 
n. one skilled in spectroscopy, 
spec-tro-sco-py (-sko-pi), n. that 
branch of science connected with 
the use of the spectroscope and 
spectrum analysis, 
spec trum ('trum), n. [pi, spec¬ 
tra ('tra)], the colored and other 
rays of light separated by refrac¬ 
tion through a prism and exhib¬ 
ited on a screen, &c. 
spectrum a-nal-y-sis (a-nal'i- 
sis), n. the determination of the 


chemical or physical composition 
of a body by means of the spec¬ 
trum of light which it gives forth 
or which passes through it: each 
substance in the spectrum having 
its own particular system of lines, 
spec-u-lar ('u-lar), adj. having a 
smooth reflecting surface, as a 
mirror or speculum, 
spec-u-late ('u-lat), v.i. to con¬ 
sider or meditate upon; purchase 
stock, land, goods, &c., out of the 
usual order of trade with a view 
to sell them at an enhanced profit 
by an expected rise in the market, 
spec-u-la-tion (-la'shun), n. in¬ 
tellectual examination ; theory; 
purchase of stock, goods, &c., out 
of the regular order of trade for 
future sale at an enhanced price; 
game at cards. 

spec-u-la-tive ('u-la-tiv), adj. 

pertaining to, or given to. specu¬ 
lation ; contemplative; theoret¬ 
ical ; risky. 

spee-u-la-tor (-ter), n. one who 

engages in speculation, 
spec u lum ('fi-lum), n. [pi. spec¬ 
ula (-la)], a mirror, especially a 
concave mirror used as a reflec¬ 
tor ; a surgical instrument for di¬ 
lating certain passages of the 
body and throwing light by reflec¬ 
tion within them for examina¬ 
tion, &c. 

sped, p.t. & p.p. of speed, 
speech (spech), n. the faculty of 
uttering articulate sounds or 
words; expression of thought in 
words; act of speaking; particu¬ 
lar language or dialect; formal 
discourse in public; oration. 

Syn. talk, address, utterance, 
discourse. 

Ant. (see silence), 
speed (sped), n. velocity; swift¬ 
ness; quickness; success: v.i. [p.t. 
& p.p. sped, p.pr. speeding], to 
make haste ; move quickly ; fare ; 
v.t. to prosper; favor; despatch 
quickly ; execute ; aid. 
speed-i-ly ('i-li), adv. quickly, 
speed i ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being speedy, 
speed-y ('i ). adj. [comp, speedier, 
superl. speediest], not dilatory or 
slow ; prompt; quick ; hasty, 
spell (spel), n. a charm or incan¬ 
tation ; time during which a per- 


late, mar, m5sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 












spe 


785 


spi 


son works; duration : v.i. to form 
words with the proper letters, 
either orally or in writing: v.t. to 
write, repeat, or point out the 
proper letters of; read with dif¬ 
ficulty (with o u t). 
spell-er ('er), n. one who spells; 
a spelling-book. 

spelling ('ing), p.adj. pertaining 
to spelling: n. orthography, 
spelt (spelt), n. a kind of grain, 
spelt-er ('er), n. zinc, 
spence (spens), n. a buttery or 
larder. 

spenc-er ('er), n. a kind of short 
jacket; a four-cornered fore-and- 
aft sail. 

Spen-cer-ism (-izm), n. the philo¬ 
sophical system advocated by 
Herbert Spencer in his works, es¬ 
pecially the application of the 
principles of evolution, 
spend (spend), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
spent, p.pr. spending], to lay out, 
as money ; give for any purpose ; 
dispose of; consume; drain of 
force or strength: v.i. to incur ex¬ 
pense. 

Syn. expend, exhaust, consume, 
dissipate, waste, squander. 

Ant. (see save). 

spend-thrift ('thrift), adj. prod¬ 
igal ; extravagant: n. one who is 
prodigal or lavish in expenditure, 
sperm (sperm), n. the seminal 
fluid of animals; spermaceti; 
spawn of frogs and fishes, 
sper-ma-ce-ti (sper-ma-se'ti) ; n. 
a white waxy substance obtained 
from the head of the sperm-whale, 
sper mat ic (-mat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to semen. Also spermat- 
ical. 

spermatozoon (-ma-to-zo'on), 
n. the germ cell in animals and 
plants. 

sper-mo-derm ('mo-derm), n. the 
outer coat or testa of a seed, 
spew (spu), v.i. to vomit, 
sphe-noid (sfe'noid), adj. wedge- 
shaped. 

snliere (sfer), n. a globe or glob¬ 
ular body; the concave or expanse 
of the heavens; circuit or range 
of knowledge, influence, action, 
&c.; place of existence: social po¬ 
sition ; a solid body contained un¬ 
der a single surface, each point 


of which is equidistant from a 
central point. 

spher-ic-al (sfer'ik-al), adj. glob¬ 
ular. 

spher-ic-al-ly (-i), adv. in the 
form of a sphere, 
s p h e-r i c-i-t y (sfe-ris'i-ti), n. 
roundness. 

spher-ics (sfer'iks), n. spherical 
geometry and trigonometry, 
spher-o-graph ('o-graf), n. an in¬ 
strument for the practical appli¬ 
cation of spherics to navigation, 
sphe-roid (sfe'roid). n. a body re¬ 
sembling a sphere but not quite 
round. 

splie-roi-dal ('dal), adj. like a 
spheroid. 

sphe-rom-e-ter (-rom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
curvature of round surfaces, and 
the thickness of small bodies, 
spher-ule (sfer'ul), n. a little 
sphere. 

sphinc-ter (sfingk'ter), n. a mus¬ 
cle that closes an orifice which it 
surrounds. 

sphinx (sfingks), n. [pi. sphinxes 
('ez)l, a fabled monster having 
the head of a woman and the 
body of a lioness; a person of 
enigmatical character or policy, 
from the custom of the sphinx of 
proposing riddles to travelers and 
destroying those who could not 
solve the enigmas, 
spi-eate (spi'kat), adj. having, or 
arranged in the form of, a spike 
or car. Also spicated. 
spice (spis), n. any aromatic and 
pungent vegetable used for season¬ 
ing food ; relish ; small quantity 
giving flavor to a greater: v.t. 
to season or flavor with, or as 
with, spice ; tincture, 
spi-ci-ly ('si-li), adv. in a spicy 
manner. 

spi-ci-ness ('si-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being spicy, 
spick and span (spik and span), 
adj. new. 

snic-u-lar (spik'u-lar). adj. dart¬ 
like. 

spic-u-late f'u-lat), adj. covered 
with, or having, spicules, 
spic-ule ('ul), n. a slender sharp- 
pointed body. 

spi-cy (spi'si), adj. [comp, spicier, 
superl. spiciest], flavored with, 


I 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

ccok ; mute, nut; thin, then. 


H2d 








spi 


spi 


V8t> 


containing, or having the qualities 
of, spice; aromatic; fragrant; 
pungent; racy. 

spi-der ('der), n. any individual 
of the genus Arachnida that spins 
webs to ensnare its prey; some¬ 
thing like a spider, 
spigot (spig'ot), n. a pointed 
piece of wood used to stop the 
vent-hole of a cask or pipe of a 
faucet. 

3pike (splk), n. a large kind of 
nail; anything like a spike; ear 
of grain: v.t. to fasten with 
spikes; stop the vent of (a can¬ 
non) by driving a spike into it. 
spike-let ('let), n. a small spike, 
spike-nard ('nard), n. an aro¬ 
matic plant from which an oil, the 
ancient nardos, is extracted, 
spik-y ('i), adj. spike-like; set 
with spikes. 

spill (spil), n. a thin strip of 
paper or wood for lighting a lamp, 
&c.; a tumble or overthrow: v.t. 
[ p.t. & p.p. spilled, spilt, p.pr. 
spilling], to suffer to run or fall 
out of a vessel: v.i. to fall out. 
spil-ler ('er), n. one who spills; 

a kind of fishing-line, 
spil-li-kin (spil'i-kin), n. a small 
peg of wood, &c., used for making 
scores in a game: pi. a game 
played with spillikins, 
spin (spin), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spun, 
p.pr. spinning], to draw out and 
twist into threads ; protract; draw 
out tediously; cause to whirl rap¬ 
idly ; form by drawing out and 
twisting the materials of: v.i. to 
practice spinning; whirl; issue in 
a small stream; move swiftly, as 
a bicycle: n. the act of spinning; 
single effort; a bicycle run. 
spin-ach ('aj), n. an esculent 
vegetable. 

spin-al (spln'al), ad}, pertaining 
to the spine. 

spin-dle (spin'dl), n. the long 
thin rod used in spinning wheels 
for twisting the thread; any axis 
of revolution. 

spine (spin), n. in vertebrates, 
the backbone. 

spin-el (spin'el). n. a mineral of 
various colors, allied to corundum, 
spin-et (spin'et), n. a keyed in¬ 
strument, allied to the harpsi¬ 
chord, but smaller. 


spi-nif-er-ous (spi-nif'er-us), ad}. 

thorny. Also spinose, spinous, 
spink (spingk), n. a kind of finch, 
spin-ner-et (spin'er-et), n. an 
organ with which certain insects 
form their webs or silk, 
spin-ning jen-ny ('ing jen-i), n. 
a machine for spinning cotton, 
spin-ster (spin'ster), n. an un¬ 
married woman. 

spin-y (spln'i), ad}, full of 

spines. 

spir-a-cle (spir'a-kl), n. any mi¬ 
nute passage which serves for in¬ 
haling or exhaling air or other 
fluid. 

spi-ral (spl'ral), adj. winding 
around a center like the thread 
of a screw; tapering or pointed 
like a spire: n. a curve or curved 
line receding continually from the 
center about which it revolves, 
spi-ral-ly (-li), adv. in a spiral 
form. 

spi-rant ('rant), n. a name ap¬ 
plied to those consonants in 
which the breath is hot entirely 
stopped in articulating, 
spire (splr), n. a slender stalk or 
blade; a tapering body; winding 
line; steeple; top: v.i. to shoot 
forth or up like a spire, 
spir-it (spir'it), n. the soul; the 
intelligent, immaterial, immortal 
part of man; life; disembodied 
soul ^apparition ; courage ; energy ; 
vivacity; power of mind, moral 
and intellectual; genius; real 
meaning ; . essence ; any liquid pro¬ 
duced by distillation ; alcohol: pi. 
intoxicants, as brandy, &c.; live¬ 
liness ; natural vivacity: v.t. to 
take away suddenly or secretly. 
Spir-it, n. the third person of the 
Holy Trinity (with the). 
spir-it-ed (-ed), ad}, full of 
spirit, or life; animated; viva¬ 
cious ; lively. 

spiritless (-les), ad}, without 
spirit; depressed ; dejected, 
spirit-rapping (-rap'ing), n. a 
spiritualistic manifestation, char¬ 
acterized by rapping, table-turn¬ 
ing, &c. 

spir-it-u-al (spir'it-u-al), ad}, in¬ 
corporeal ; not material; possess¬ 
ing the nature or qualities of a 
spirit; mental or intellectual; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









pure ; holy ; heavenly-minded : not 
lay or temporal; ecclesiastical, 
spir-it-u-al-ism (-izm), n. the 
state of being: spiritual; the phil¬ 
osophical doctrine that nothing is 
real except soul or spirit; the be¬ 
lief that certain alleged phenom¬ 
ena, as rapping, table-turning, 
trances. &c., are caused by the 
presence of departed spirits who 
thus manifest their presence; the 
tenets and practices of spiritual¬ 
ists. 

spir-it-u-al-ist (-ist), n. a be¬ 
liever in spiritualism, 
spir-it-u-al-is-tic (-is'tik), adj. 
pertaining to, produced by, or 
characteristic of, spiritualism, 
spir-it-u-al-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being spiritual; 
spiritual nature; essence as dis¬ 
tinguished from matter; that 
which belongs to the church or 
religion. 

spir-it-u-al-i-za-tion (-i-za'shun), 
n. the act of spiritualizing, 
spir-it-u-al-ize (-Iz). v.t. to free 
from sensuality ; make spiritual; 
give a spiritual meaning to. 
spir-it-u-al-ly (-u-al-li), cidv. in 
a spiritual manner; like a spirit. 
spir-it-u-ell,e (-u-el'), adj. re¬ 
fined ; ethereal; pure, 
spir-it-u-ous (spir'it-u-us), adj. 
having the quality of spirit; pure ; 
immaterial; alcoholic; ardent, 
spi-ro-graph (spl'ro-graf), n. an 
instrument for recording graph¬ 
ically respiratory movements, 
spi-rom-e-ter (-rom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring the ca¬ 
pacity of the lungs, 
spit (spit), n. a long pointed rod 
on which meat is roasted; small 
point of land or a long narrow 
shoal running into the sea: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. spitted, p.pr. spitting], 
to thrust a spit through; impale; 
[p.t. spit or spat], eject or throw 
out: v.i. eject saliva from the 
mouth ; drizzle, as rain, 
spite (spit), n. ill-will or hatred 
toward another, with the desire 
to thwart or injure ; petty malice ; 
grudge: v.t. to try to injure or 
thwart; annoy. 

spite-ful ('fool), adj. full of 
spite ; malicious ; malignant. 


spitefully (-i), adv. in a spite¬ 
ful manner. 

spit-fire (spit'flr), n. a very vio¬ 
lent or passionate person, 
spit-tie ('1), n. saliva; sputum, 
spitz-dog (spitz'dog), n. a small 
variety of Pomeranian dog. 
splash (splash), v.t. to spatter 
with water, mud, &c.: v.i. to dash 
water about: n. water or slush 
thrown upon anything; a noise.as 
from water thrown up, or by any¬ 
thing striking in or upon a liquid, 
splat-ter (splat'er), v.t. to splash, 
splat-ter-dash (-dash), n. up¬ 
roar ; noise: pi. same as spatter¬ 
dashes. 

splay (spla), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
splayed, p.pr. splaying], to dislo¬ 
cate, as the shoulder bone of a 
horse; slope or slant: n. a 
sloped surface: adj. turned or 
spreading outwards, 
spleen (splen), n. a soft vascular 
organ near the large extremity 
of the stomach, supposed by the 
ancients to be the seat of anger, 
melancholy, or vexation : hence a 
fit of ill-humor, melancholy, or 
latent spite. 

spleg-et (splej'et), n. a wet cloth 
for washing a wound, 
splen-dent (splen'dent), adj. 
brilliant; illustrious ; shining ; 
very conspicuous. 

splen-did ('did), adj. magnifi¬ 
cent ; very bright; brilliant; fa-, 
mous ; heroic ; celebrated ; sump¬ 
tuous. 

splen-dor ('der), n. the appear¬ 
ance of anything splendid; mag¬ 
nificence ; pomp. 

sple-net-ic (sple-net'ik). adj. 
fretful; peevish ; melancholy, 
splen-ic (splen'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the spleen. 

splice (splls), v.t. to unite, as 
two ropes, by interweaving the 
strands; connect, as pieces of 
wood or metal, by overlapping 
parts and making them fast to¬ 
gether ; to unite in marriage: n. 
the union of ropes, &c., by inter¬ 
weaving or joining, 
splint (splint), n. a splinter; a 
thin piece of wood to keep a 
broken bone, &c., in position; a 
hard excrescence on the shank- 
bone of a horse. 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl; he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; muon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







788 


spc 


spl 


splint-coal ('kol), n. a variety 
of coal with a slaty structure, 
splin-ter (splin'ter), n. a thin 
piece of wood, &c., split or rent 
off lengthwise; fragment: v.t. to 
split or rend into long thin pieces; 
shiver: v.i. to be rent into 
splinters. 

splin-ter-y (-i), adj. of, or like, 
splinters. 

split (split), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. split, 
p.pr. splitting], to divide length¬ 
wise ; tear asunder violently; 
cleave; rupture; disunite: v.i. 
burst with laughter (figurative¬ 
ly) ; betray confidence; throb or 
ache violently. 

splotch (sploch), n. a stain; 
daub. 

splurge (splerj), n. a great dis¬ 
play. 

splut-ter (splut'er), v.i. to 
speak hastily and confusedly; 
scatter ink upon a paper, as with 
a bad pen: n. a confused noise; 
stir; commotion. 

spof-fish (spof'ish), adj. bustling 
about trifling matters, 
spoil (spoil), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

spoiled, spoilt, p.pr. spoiling], to 
take away by force; plunder; 
corrupt; vitiate ; ruin ; destroy : 
v.i. to become useless; decay : n. 
that wdiich is taken from another 
by violence; pillage; plunder; 
booty. 

spoke (spok), n. one of the bars 
of a wheel connecting the nave 
or center with the felly or rim ; 
round of a ladder: v.t. to furnish 
with spokes: p.t. of speak, 
spok-en ('n), adj. uttered in 
speech; oral ; speaking: p.p. of 
speak. 

spoke-shave ('shav), n. a kind 
of double-handled plane for dress¬ 
ing curved work. 

spo-li-a-tion (spo-li-a'shun), n. 
the act of plundering or robbery, 
especially in time of war; injury 
done to a document, 
spon-da-ic (spon-da'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to a spondee, 
spon-dee ('de), n. a poetic foot of 

two long syllables (-). 

spon-dyl ('dil), n. a vertebra, 
sponge (spunj), n. the porous, 
elastic, fibrous framework of any 
species of Spongida; any sub¬ 


stance resembling sponge; a mop 
for cleansing a gun after its dis¬ 
charge ; point of a horseshoe; par¬ 
asite : v.i. to suck in like a 
sponge; live upon others: v.t. 
cleanse or wipe with a sponge; ob¬ 
tain by mean arts without cost, 
spon-gi-ness (spun'ji-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being spongy, 
spon - gi - ous (spun'ji-us), adj. 
sponge-like. 

spon-gy (spun'ji - ), adj. flexible 
and full of small cavities; like a 
sponge; having the quality of im¬ 
bibing fluids ; wet and soft; rainy, 
spon-sion (spon'shun), n. the act 
of becoming surety for another; 
an engagement on behalf of a 
state pending ratification, 
spon-son ('sun), n. the triangular 
space before and abaft the paddle- 
boxes of a steamboat; one of the 
armored projections with gun 
ports of a warship, 
sponsor ('ser), n. a surety; a 
godfather or godmother, 
spon-so-ri-al ( so'ri-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to a sponsor, 
spon-sor-ship ('ship), n. state or 
position of being a sponsor, 
spontaneity (-ta-ne'i-ti), n. 
the quality of being spontaneous; 
tendency in animal ajid vegetable 
organisms to undergo changes ir¬ 
respective of environment, 
spontaneous (-ta'ne-us), adj. 
proceeding from natural disposi¬ 
tion or impulses; acting by in¬ 
ternal impulse or natural law. 

Syn. free, impulsive, voluntary, 
willing. 

spook (spodk), n. a ghost, 
spool (spoSl), n. a hollow cylinder 
surrounded with a ridge at each 
end on which thread, &c., are 
wound : v.t. to wind on a spool, 
spoon (spoon), n. a small domes¬ 
tic implement consisting of a hol¬ 
low bowl and handle for dipping 
in liquids and conveying them to 
the mouth, &c. ; a simpleton ; 
a ■ club used in golf: v.t. to 
take up in, or as in, a spoon : v.i. 
to act the part of a demonstrative 
lover. 

spoon-bill ('bil), n. a wading bird 
of the heron family with a spoon¬ 
like bill. 

spoon-ful ('fool), n. [pi. spoon- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








spo 


789 


spr 


fills ('foolz)], as much as a spoon 
will hold; small quantity, 
spoon.-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a spoony 
manner. 

spoony ('i), n. a simpleton: 
ad), weak-minded ; demonstratively 
fond. 

spoor (spoor), n. the track or 
trail of any wild animal, 
spor-a-des (spor'a-dez), n.pl. 
stars not included in any constel¬ 
lation. 

spo-rad-ic (spo-rad'ik), ad), oc¬ 
curring separately or apart from 
others of the same kind; single. 
Also sporadical. 

Syn. isolated, rare. 

Ant. (see general, prevalent), 
spo-rad-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. in 
a sporadic manner, 
spo rad ic dis ease (diz-ez'), n. 
a disease, usually epidemic, at¬ 
tacking only a few in a particular 
district and not spreading, 
spore (spor), n. a minute grain in 
cryptogamous plants which per¬ 
forms the function of a seed; a 
minute ovoid body in certain or¬ 
ganisms which gives rise to new 
organisms by germination, 
spor ran (spor'an), n. the furry 
pouch worn in Highland costume 
in front of the kilt, 
sport (sport), n. diversion; jest; 
mirth ; mockery; play; outdoor 
recreation, as hunting, shooting, 
&c.; athletics and games of skill 
for which prizes are given or 
money staked ; an animal or plant 
which deviates in its organism 
from the normal condition : v.i. to 
play or frolic; trifle: practice 
field diversions: v.t. to divert; ex¬ 
hibit or wear in public, 
sport-ful ('fool), ad), full of 
sport; indulging in mirth or play ; 
merry ; frolicsome, 
sporting ('ing), p.adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, characteristic of, or en¬ 
gaging in, sport or sports, 
sporting man (man), n. [pi. 
sporting men], a fast man; gam¬ 
bler; a sportsman, 
sport-ive ('iv), adj. frolicsome; 
merry. 

sport-ive-ly (-li), adv. in a sport¬ 
ive manner. 

sport-ive-ness (-nes), n. the 


state or quality of being sportive; 
disposition to mirth, 
sports-man (sports'man), n. [pi. 
sportsmen ('men)], one who pur¬ 
sues the sports of the field, as 
hunting, &c. Fern, sportswoman, 
sports-man-ship (-ship), n. skill 
or practice in field sports, 
spor-ule (spor'ul), n. a granule 
with a spore. 

spot (spot), n. a blot or mark; 
discolored place or stain ; blemish ; 
disgrace or reproach; locality; 
place; small part of a different 
color; dark place on a luminous 
disc, as of the sun or a planet; 
mark on a billiard table where the ' 
red ball is placed ; spot-stroke : v.t. 

[ p.t. & p.p. spotted, p.pr. spot¬ 
ting], to mark with spots; dis¬ 
color ; stain ; disgrace or blemish ; 
mark or note so as to recognize; 
detect. 

spot light ('lit), n. an adjustable 
calcium light for throwing a shift¬ 
ing light on a stage, so as to keep 
a player within its rays, 
spot-stroke ('strok), n. a partic¬ 
ular stroke off the red ball when 
on the Spot. 

spot-ter ('er), n. a detective, 
spot-ti-ness ( 'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being spotted, 
spot-ty ('i), adj. marked with, or 
full of, spots. 

spou-sals (spou'zals), n.pl. mar¬ 
riage ; nuptials. 

spouse (spouz), n. a married per¬ 
son. 

spout (spout), n. the projecting 
mouth of a vessel; pipe for con¬ 
ducting a liquid ; lift or shoot: v.t. 
to throw out forcibly and abun¬ 
dantly, as from a pipe; pawn : v.i. 
issue with violence, as from a 
pipe. 

sprag (sprag), n. a young salmon 
or cod. 

sprain (spran), n. an excessive 
strain of the muscles or ligaments 
of a joint without dislocation: 
v.t. to overstrain (the muscles or 
ligaments of a joint) without dis¬ 
location. 

sprang, p.t. of spring, 
sprat (sprat), n. a small fish, 
sprawl (sprawl), v.i. to stretch 
the body carelessly when in a hori- 


liite, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







spr 


790 


spu 


zontal position; lie; stretch or 
toss out the limbs or move awk¬ 
wardly ; open irregularly, as cav¬ 
alry ; spread in an irregular man¬ 
ner, as a plant. 

spray (spra), n. a small shoot or 
branch of a tree, or a collection of 
them; small particles of water 
driven or dashed in the air; jet of 
fine medicated water, perfume, 
&c.: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sprayed, p.pr. 
spraying], to throw spray upon, 
spread (spred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
spread, p.pr. spreading], to extend 
in all directions; propagate ;• un¬ 
furl ; open ; emit; scatter; set or 
furnish with provisions : v.i. to be 
extended or propagated: n. ex¬ 
tent ; table furnished with pro¬ 
visions ; feast. 

Syn. disperse, diffuse, expand, 
disseminate, scatter, 
spread-ea-gle ('e-gl), adj. defi¬ 
antly bombastic: n. the figure of 
an eagle with its wings elevated 
and its legs extended; the he¬ 
raldic emblem of the United 
States. 

spree (spre), n. a merry frolic; 
carousal. 

sprig (sprig), n. a small twig or 
shoot; scion; headless brad or 
nail; ornament in the form of a 
spray: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sprigged, 
p.pr. sprigging], to work or adorn 
with sprigs; drive brads into, 
spriglit (sprit), n. a sprite, 
spright-li-ness ('li-nes), n. vi¬ 
vacity. 

sprightly ('li), adj. [comp. 
sprightlier, superl. sprightliest], 
vivacious ; brisk ; animated ; airy ; 
gay: adv. with vivacity, 
spring (spring), v.i. [p.t. sprang. 
p.p. sprung, p.pr. springing], to 
arise; originate; appear; shoot 
up; leap; bound; dart; start or 
rise up suddenly ; fly back ; issue 
or proceed ; warp: v.t. to start or 
rouse; cause to spring up: ex¬ 
plode ; crack; strain; cause to 
close suddenly; leap over; cause 
to open : n. a leap or bound; an 
elastic body used for various me¬ 
chanical purposes; a flying back 
with elastic force; source: a 
fountain of water; one of the four 
seasons of the year when plants 


begin to grow; crack in a mast, 

&c. 

Syn. fountain, source, 
spring-bok ('bok), n. the South 
African gazelle. 

springe (sprinj), n. a gin or 

noose. 

spring-i-ness (spring'i-nes), n. 

elasticity ; sponginess, 
spring-ing ('ing), n. the act or 
process of leaping; growth; the 
point at which an arch unites 
with its support. 

spring-tide ('tld), n. the tide 
which happens at or near the new 
and full moon ; springtime, 
spring-y ('i), adj. elastic; light; 
spongy. 

sprin-kle (spring'kl), v.t. to scat¬ 
ter in small drops: baptize with 
a few drops of water; cleanse or 
purify : v.i. to rain in small drops : 
n. a sprinkling. 

sprinkling (springk'ling), adj. 
scattering in small drops: n. a 
small quantity distributed in 
small drops; a small quantity dis¬ 
tributed or scattered, as of peo¬ 
ple, &c. 

sprint (sprint), n. a run for a 
short distance at full speed: v.i. 
to run at full speed, 
sprit (sprit), v.i. to bud or 
sprout: n. a sprout or shoot; a 
small spar which raises diagonally 
the peak of the sail of a boat, 
sprout (sprout), v.i. to germi¬ 
nate ; shoot, as the seed of a 
plant: n. a shoot; bud : pi. Brus¬ 
sels sprouts. 

spruce (sproos), n. a fir tree of 
the genus Picea ; wood of the 
spruce tree; a fermented beverage 
made from spruce leaves. &c.: adj. 
smart; trim; neat; dandified: v.t. 
to dress with affected neatness, 
spruce-ly ('li), adv. in a spruce 
manner. 

spruce ness ('nes), n. the state 
or quality of being spruce, 
sprung, p.t. & p.p. of spring, 
spry (spri). adj. nimble; sharp, 
spume (spurn), n. froth; foam: 
v.i. to foam. 

spumy ('i), adj. frothy; foamy, 
spun, p.t. & p.p. of spin, 
spunk (spungk), n. touchwood; 
mettle. 

spunk-y ('i), adj. mettlesome; 
plucky. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







spu 


791 


squ 


spur (sper), n. a rowel with sharp 
points worn on the heel of boots 
for inciting a horse; any incen¬ 
tive to action; largest root of a 
tree ; something projecting ; stiff, 
sharp spine on a cock’s leg, &c.: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spurred, p.pr. 
spurring], to prick with a spur; 
incite to action; hasten: v.i. to 
travel with haste; push on. 
spu-ri-ous (spu'ri-us), adj. not 
genuine ; counterfeit; illegitimate ; 
false. 

spurn (spern), v.t. to drive away, 
as with the foot; reject with con¬ 
tempt ; treat with disdain; v.i. to 
manifest contempt in rejecting 
anything: n. disdainful rejection, 
spur-ri-er (spur'i-er), n. a spur 
maker. 

spurt (spert), v.i. to issue forth 
suddenly or violently in a stream 
or jet; make a sudden brief ef¬ 
fort : v.t. to throw out in a 
stream or jet: n. a sudden or 
forcible ejection of a liquid ; brief, 
sudden effort. 

sput-ter (sput'er). v.i. to throw 
out moisture in scattered drops; 
speak rapidly and indistinctly; 
spit: v.t. to emit in small parti¬ 
cles with a crackling or splutter¬ 
ing noise: n. moist matter thrown 
out in small drops, 
sputum (spu'tum), n. saliva; 
spittle. 

spy (spi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. spied, 
p.pr. spying], to discover, espe¬ 
cially at a distance; gain sight 
of ; detect; explore ; examine se¬ 
cretly : v.i, to scrutinize ; play the 
spy: n. a person who in time of 
war enters the enemy’s camp to 
gain information as to its move¬ 
ments, &c.; one who keeps watch 
on others; secret agent. 

Syn. detective, scout, 
spy-glass ('glas), n. a small tele¬ 
scope. 

squab (skwob), n. a person of 
short, fat figure; kind of sofa; 
stuffed cushion; nestling of a 
pigeon: adj. short and fat; 

bulky: adv. with a heavy fall, 
squab-pie ('pi), n. pigeon-pie. 
squab-ble ('1), v.i. to wrangle or 
dispute in a noisy manner: v.t. to 
disarrange: said of type set up: 
n. a noisy wrangle ; dispute. 


squad (skwod), n. a small party 
of soldiers assembled for drill, 
&c.; any small party. 

squad-ron ('run), n. a division of 
a regiment of cavalry, comprising 
two troops; detachment of war 
vessels employed on some particu¬ 
lar service. 

squal-id (skwol'id), adj. extremely 
dirty ; foul; poverty-stricken. 

squall (skwawl), n. a sudden and 
violent gust of wind, often ac¬ 
companied with rain, sleet, &c.; a 
loud scream: v.i. to scream or 
cry violently. 

squall-y ('i), adj. gusty. 

squa-loid (skwa'loid), adj. shark¬ 
like. 

squal or (skwol'er or skwa'lor), 
n. foulness; dirt. 

squa-moid (skwa'moid), adj. 
scaly. 

squa-mose ('mos), adj. covered 
with, or like, scales. Also squa¬ 
mous. 

squander (skwon'der), v.t. to 
spend lavishly or wastefully; 
dissipate: v.i. to be wasteful or 
prodigal. 

square (skwar), n. a parallelo¬ 
gram having 4 equal sides and 4 
right angles; anything nearly re¬ 
sembling a square; an area of 4 
sides having houses on each side; 
square body of troops; a mathe¬ 
matical instrument for measuring 
right angles ; product of a number 
multiplied by itself: adj. having 4 
equal sides and 4 equal angles; 
forming a right angle; having a 
straight front; true; upright; 
honest; just; well-set; stout: v.t. 
to form with 4 equal sides and 4 
equal angles; multiply by itself; 
reduce to a given standard; ad¬ 
just ; regulate; make even; place 
at right angles with the keel: v.i. 
to accord or agree (with with) ; 
fit; assume a boxing attitude 
(with up). 

square-ly ('li), adv. in a square 
form. 

square-ness ('nes), n. the state 
or quality of being square. 

square meas ure (mezh'er), n. 
the square of a lineal measure. 

square-rigged ('rigd), adj. hav¬ 
ing the sails extended on yards 
suspended horizontally by the 
middle. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








squ 


792 


sta 


square-root ('root), n. that num¬ 
ber or quantity which, multiplied 
by itself, produces the given 
number or quantity, as 2 is the 
square-root of 4. 

squash (skwosh), v.t. to crush, 
especially into a flat mass or 
pulp : n. something soft and easily 
crushed; something unripe and 
soft; unripe pea cod; shock of 
soft bodies ; sudden fall of a soft 
body ; a gourd. 

squash-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being squashy, 
squask-y ('i), adj. easily crushed; 
soft. 

squat (skwot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
squatted, p.pr. squatting], to. sit 
down on the hams or heels; cover 
or lie close, as an animal; to set¬ 
tle on public land ; settle on the 
land of another without a title: 
adj. sitting on the hams and 
heels; crouching: n. the posture 
of one who squats ; small vein of 
ore. 

squat-ter ('er), one who squats; 
one who settles on new or unculti¬ 
vated land without a title; in 
Australia and New Zealand, one 
who leases land for pasturing 
sheep from the Government, 
squaw (skwaw), n. a North 
American Indian woman or wife, 
squawk (skwaw T k), v.i. to utter a 
loud, harsh noise: n. a harsh 
squeak. 

squeak (skwek), •v.i. to utter a 
short, shrill, sharp cry; make 
a sharp disagreeable noise; break 
silence ; confess : n. a short, shrill, 
sharp cry; a sharp disagreeable 
noise. 

squeal (skwel), v.i. to cry with a 
sharp, shrill, prolonged sound; 
to turn informer: n. a sharp, 
shrill, prolonged sound, 
saueaui-isk (skwem'ish), adj. 
sickish at stomach; easily dis¬ 
gusted ; nice to excess in taste; 
fastidious about trifles; scrupu¬ 
lous. 

squee gee (skwe'je), n. a hoe¬ 
shaped implement with an india- 
rubber edge or plate for cleaning 
pavements, &c. 

squeez-a-ble (skwez'a.-bl), adj. 

capable of being squeezed, 
squeeze (skwez), v.t. to press be¬ 


tween two bodies ; crush ; embrace 
forcibly; compress; force by com¬ 
pression ; cause to pass: v.i. to 
press ; push between close bodies : 
n. the act of squeezing; compres¬ 
sion between bodies; facsimile in 
some soft substance; a forcible 
embrace. 

squelck (skwelch), v.t. to crush; 

silence: n. a heavy blow, 
squib (skwib), n. a kind of fire¬ 
work : petty lampoon; sarcastic 
publication: v.i. to use or write 
squibs or sarcastic reflections; 
contend in petty dispute, 
squid (skwid), n. a name for va¬ 
rious 10-armed cephalopods; cut¬ 
tlefish. 

squill (skwil), n. a genus of 
plants allied to the lily, used in 
medicine. 

squint (skwint), adj. looking ob¬ 
liquely : said of the eyes: v.i. to 
see or look obliquely; have the 
vision distorted: v.t. to cause to 
squint: n. the act or habit of 
looking obliquely. 

squirm (skwerm), v.i. to wriggle; 
writhe. 

squir-rel (skwer'el), n. a small, 
agile, reddish-brown rodent with 
a long bushy tail, 
squirt (skwert), v.t. to eject in 
a stream from a small orifice; 
spurt: n. a small stream or jet; 
an instrument for ejecting water, 
«fec. 

stab (stab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

stabbed, p.pr. stabbing], to pierce 
with, or as with, a pointed weap¬ 
on ; kill or wound; injure se¬ 
cretly, or by malicious falsehood 
or slander: v.i. to pierce; inflict 
a % wound: n. a thrust or wound 
with a sharp-pointed weapon; a 
malicious injury done secretly, 
sta-bil-i-ty (sta-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being stable or 
firm; firmness of character: 
strength of purpose or resolution ; 
fixedness. Also stableness, 
sta-ble ('bl), adj. fixed; firm; 
constant: n. a building for lodging 
horses, cows, &c.: v.t. to put or 
keep in a stable: v.i. to dwell or 
shelter, as in a stable, 
stabling ('bling), n. the act of 
putting into a stable; accommoda¬ 
tion. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






sta 


793 


sta 


stack (stak), n. a large quantity 
of hay, corn, wood, &c., piled up 
in circular or regular form; 
number of chimneys standing to¬ 
gether : v.t. to pile into a stack, 
sta-di-wm (sta'di-um), n. [pi. sta¬ 
dia (-a)], a Greek linear measure 
= 600% ft.; the course for foot¬ 
races at the Olympic games: 
hence a race-course, 
staff (staf), n. [pi. staves, staffs 
(stavz, stafs)], a stick carried for 
support in walking or for defense; 
support; prop; pole, handle, or 
bar; wand as a badge of office; 
stanza or a series of verses; the 
five lines and four spaces between 
them on which music is written ; 
flagstaff ; an establishment of offi¬ 
cers attached to an army or its 
commander; number of persons 
engaged in any undertaking or 
work. 

Syn. prop, support, stay, 
stag (stag), n. the male of the red 
deer; male of the ox kind, cas¬ 
trated at a certain age; an out¬ 
side irregular dealer in stocks, 
stag-beetle ('be-tl), n. a beetle 
having, in the male, mandibles re¬ 
sembling a stag’s horn, 
stage (staj), n. an elevated plat¬ 
form, especially in a theater; 
place of scenic entertainments or 
representations; the theatrical 
profession; place of rest on a 
journey : field of action ; degree of 
progress; coach : v.t. to put on the 
stage, as a play. 

sta-ger (sta'jer), n. a horse for 
drawing a stage coach ; one who 
has long acted on the stage of 
life: a person practiced in cun¬ 
ning ; one who is experienced ; a 
player. 

stag-ger (stag'er), v.t. to totter 
or reel; begin to doubt, weary, or 
give way; hesitate: v.t. to cause 
to totter or reel; shock; make 
less eonfident: n. a sudden reeling 
or tottering: pi. a disease of 
horses and cattle: vertigo. 

Syn. reel, totter. 

stag-ing (staj'ing), n. a tempo¬ 
rary structure of boards and 
posts: business of running and 
managing stage roaches; style of 
play production. 


stag-nan-cy (stag'nan-si), n. the 
state or quality of being stagnant, 
stag nant ('nant), adj. not flow¬ 
ing, or running in a stream ; mo¬ 
tionless ; not brisk ; torpid ; dull, 
stag nate ('nat), v.i. to cease to 
flow or run; be motionless; be¬ 
come torpid, inactive, or dull; be¬ 
come impure or foul, 
stagnation (-na'shun), n. the 
state or quality of being stagnant, 
sta-gy (sta'ji), adj. characteristic 
of the stage; unreal, 
staid (stad), adj. sober; sedate; 

regular ; steady ; not volatile, 
stain (st:1n), v.t. to blot; spot; 
tinge with color; dye; soil with 
guilt or infamy ; tarnish ; pollute : 
v.i. to take stains; become 
stained: n. discoloration; spot of 
color different from the ground; 
spot or blot; taint of guilt or in¬ 
famy ; cause of reproach. 

Syn. soil, discolor, spot, sully, 
tarnish. 

stair (star), n. one of a series of 
steps for ascending to a higher 
level; a step: pi. a flight of steps, 
stair-case ('kas), n. a set of steps 
in a house with railings, &c. 
staitlx (stath), n. an elevated 
staging upon a wharf with a line 
of rails for discharging coals, &c. 
stake (stak), n. a post or strong 
stick sharpened at one end and 
fixed in the ground; palisade; 
post to which a person condemned 
to be burnt was secured; hence 
martyrdom ; that which is pledged, 
wagered, or put to hazard; prize 
contested for; small anvil: v.t. to 
fasten or support with stakes; de¬ 
fend with, or mark out the limits 
of, with stakes; wager or pledge, 
stal-ac-tite (stal-ak'tit), n. an 
icicle-like incrustation of carbon¬ 
ate of lime, &c., formed by perco¬ 
lation in caverns, &c. 
stal-ag-mite (-ag'mit), n. a cone 
of carbonate of lime, &c., formed 
on the floor of a cavern in a simi¬ 
lar manner to a stalactite, 
stale (stal), adi. not fresh or 
new ; vapid ; tasteless ; worn out 
by use or familiarity ; trite; com¬ 
mon ; decayed; past the prime: 
v.t. to make stale; wear out: v.i. 
to discharge urine: said of horses, 
stale-mate ('mat), n. the position 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let: line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






sta 


794 


sta 


of a king in cliess. when he cannot 
move without being placed in 
check: v.t. to subject to stale¬ 
mate ; bring to a stand, 
stale-ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being stale, 
stalk (stawk), v.t. to pursue 
stealthily and under cover so as 
to kill, as game : v.i. to walk with 
high and proud steps ; walk behind 
a stalking-horse: n. the stem or 
main axis of a plant; support 
which attaches a flower or fruit 
to a plant or tree; anything like 
a stalk; a high, proud, stately 
step. 

stalk-ing-horse ('ing-hdrs), n. a 
horse, or figure of a horse, behind 
which a hunter conceals himself 
from his game; a mask, 
stall (stawl), n. that part of a 
stable where a horse or ox is kept 
and fed; a bench or table where 
goods are exposed for sale; small 
house or shed where business is 
carried on ; seat of a church dig¬ 
nitary in the choir of a cathedral; 
canonry; reserved seat in a thea¬ 
ter, &c.: v.t. to place or keep in 
a stall: v.i. to kennel, as dogs, 
stall-age ('aj), n. rent paid for a 
stall; right of erecting a stall at 
a fair. 

stal-lion (stal'yun), n. an uncas¬ 
trated male horse kept for breed¬ 
ing. 

stal - wart (stawl'wert), adj. 
sturdy ; strong; tall and stout; 
brave; daring. 

sta-xnen (sta'men), n. the male 
organ of a flower* 

stamina (stam'in-ft). n.pl. tone 
and vigor of the animal system ; 
backbone ; power of endurance, 
stam-in-al ('in-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or consisting in, stamens 
or stamina; tonic, 
stam-in-if-er-ous (-if'er-us), adj. 
bearing stamens. 

stain-mer (stam'er), v.i. to hesi¬ 
tate or falter in speaking, espe¬ 
cially from an impediment in 
speech: stutter: v.t. to utter or 
pronounce with difficulty or hesi¬ 
tation : n. difficulty in pronounc¬ 
ing or speaking; stutter, 
stammering (-ing), n. imper¬ 
fect utterance in speech: adj. 
hesitating in speech. 


stamp (stamp), v.t. to strike wfith 
the sole of the foot by thrusting 
it downwards ; crush or pulverize ; 
impress ; fix deeply ; make valid ; 
affix a stamp to; coin: v.i. to 
strike or beat the foot forcibly on 
the ground : n. the act of stamp¬ 
ing ; die; the impression made; 
official mark on dutiable things; 
small piece of paper having a cer¬ 
tain device and value impressed 
upon it by government, required 
legally to be affixed to a letter, 
document, &c.; currency; char¬ 
acter or reputation ; authority. 

stam-pede (stam-ped'), n. a sud¬ 
den panic seizing a herd of ani¬ 
mals causing them to run violent¬ 
ly away; any sudden flight or 
rush: v.t. to cause to take to sud¬ 
den flight: v.i. to start off in a 
panic. 

stancli (stanch), adj. firm; con¬ 
stant ; trustworthy ; zealous : v.t. 
to stop the flowing of, as blood. 
Also staunch. 

stan-chion (stan'shun), n. a sup¬ 
port or post of iron or wood. 

stand (stand), v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. 
stood, p.pr. standing], to be erect; 
occupy a certain position; cease 
to move; be at rest or fixed; con¬ 
tinue ; remain without injury or 
ruin ; be safe ; not to fail or yield ; 
be obstinate; be firm ; be placed; 
become a candidate; hold a course 
at sea; continue in force; stag¬ 
nate : v.t. to endure; sustain; 
abide by ; set in an erect position ; 
pay for: n. a stop or halt; inter¬ 
ruption ; station for the hire of 
vehicles; raised platform for 
spectators; small table; state of 
perplexity or difficulty ; resistance. 

standard ('erd), n. an ensign or 
flag, especially a national ensign; 
that which is established by 
authority as a fixed rule or meas¬ 
ure ; established rule or model; 
criterion ; a standing tree not sup¬ 
ported by a wall; proportion of 
weights of fine metal and alloy 
established by authority. 

standing ('ing), n. the act of 
stopping or of being erect on the 
feet; duration: maintenance of 
position ; reputation ; rank or stat¬ 
us : adj. remaining erect; stag¬ 
nant ; lasting; established or set¬ 
tled ; fixed. 


rite, mar, mask, cat, awd ; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the t 







sta 


795 


sta 


a>tan-hope (stan'hop or 'up), n. a 
light two-wheeled carriage with¬ 
out a top. 

stannary (stan'a-ri), n. [pi. 
stannaries (-riz)J, a tin mine or 
works: adj. pertaining to tin 
mines. 

stannic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or got from, tin. 

stan-nif-er-ous (-if'er-us), adj. 
yielding tin. 

stannous ('us), adj. of, pertain¬ 
ing to, or containing tin. 
stan za ('za), n. a number of 
lines or verses connected with and 
adjusted to each other, usually 
ending in a pause ; part of a poem 
containing every variation of 
measure in the poem, 
stan-za-ic (-za'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or consisting of, stanzas, 
sta-pes (sta'pez), n. the stirrup 
bone of the ear. 

sta-ple (sta'pl), n. the chief pro¬ 
duction or industry of a country 
or district; settled market or em¬ 
porium ; principal element or 
topic; unmanufactured or raw 
material, as cotton, flax, or wool 
fiber; loop of metal for holding 
a bolt, &c. : adj. chief .; regularly 
produced; established in com¬ 
merce : v.t. to sort according to 
its staple, as cotton, &c. 
sta-pler ('pier), n. one who deals 
in staple commodities; a wool 
sorter. 

star (star), ri. any celestial body, 
especially one that is self-lumi¬ 
nous ; anything resembling a star; 
a planet supposed to influence a 
person’s destiny; an ornamental 
rayed badge; an asterisk (*) ; a 
person of distinguished eminence, 
especially in the theatrical pro¬ 
fession : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. starred, 
p.pr. starring], to set or adorn 
with stars: v.i. to shine as a 
star; be preeminent; appear as 
principal actor among inferior 
players. 

star-board ('bord), n. the right- 
hand side of a vessel looking 
towards the bow: adj. pertaining 
to, or lying on the right side of 
a vessel; v.t. to put to the right 
or starboard side of a vessel, 
star cham ber (cham'ber), n. an 
ancient civil and criminal court 


at Westminster, notorious for its 
despotism and injustice during 
the reign of Charles I. 
starch (starch), n. a widely dif¬ 
fused vegetable substance: used 
for laundry purposes, &c.: v.t. to 
stiffen with starch ; make stiff. 
sta.rched (starcht), adj. stiffened 
with starch ; formal; precise, 
starchy (starch'i), adj. consist¬ 
ing of starch ; stiff; formal; pre¬ 
cise. 

stare (star), n. a fixed look with 
wide-open eyes; a starling: v.i. 
to look with fixed eyes wide open ; 
look earnestly; be very conspic¬ 
uous ; stand out prominently : v.t. 
to gaze at. 

stark (stark), adj. stiff; strong: 
adv. wholly or completely, 
star-ling (star'ling), n. a passer¬ 
ine bird of the genus Sturnus; 
piles driven round the piers of 
a bridge for its protection, 
starred (st;ird), p.adj. decorated 
with stars; influenced by the stars, 
star-ri-ness (stiir'i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being starry, 
star-ry ('i), adj. abounding in, 
consisting of, or proceeding from, 
stars; star-shaped, 
star-stone ('ston), n. a variety 
of sapphire. 

start (start), v.i. to be moved or 
twitched suddenly, as by sudden 
alarm, &c.; shrink; move ab¬ 
ruptly ; set out; commence a race, 
career, &c. ; loosen: v.t. to origi¬ 
nate or set going; rouse sud¬ 
denly from concealment; empty ; 
dislocate; punish with a rope’s 
end: n. the act of starting; out¬ 
set ; a sudden motion or twitch ; 
sudden fit or excitement; quick 
spring; starting post, 
star-throat (star'throt), n. a 
humming-bird. 

start-le (start'l), v.i. to move 
suddenly, as by an alarm ; to feel 
sudden alarm : v.t. to frighten sud¬ 
denly ; shock. 

stai’-va-tion (star-va'shun), n. 
the state of being starved, 
starve (starv), v.i. to suffer ex¬ 
treme hunger; perish with hunger 
or cold: v.t. subdue by famine; 
destroy by want of any kind, 
starveling ('ling), adj. hungry; 
weak; lean: n. a thin, weak, 
pining animal or plant. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot: m50n. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, t/ten 0 








sta 


796 


sta 


sta-sis (sta'sis), n. arrest of the 
circulation of blood in the ves¬ 
sels. 

state (stat), n. circumstances or 
condition ; position or situation ; 
case; quality; pomp; principal 
persons constituting the govern¬ 
ment of a country ; legislature ; 
whole body of people united un¬ 
der one government; civil power: 
adj. pertaining to the body politic; 
used on state occasions; ceremo¬ 
nial : v.t. to express the details 
of; represent fully in words; nar¬ 
rate. 

Syn. commonwealth, realm. 

State, n. one of the federated 
commonwealths composing the 
United States. 

stat-ed ('ed), adj. fixed; regular. 

stat-ed-ly (-li), adv. at fixed 
times. 

state-li-ness ('li-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being stately • ma¬ 
jestic appearance. 

state-ly ('li), adj. [comp, state¬ 
lier, supcrl. stateliest], grand: 
majestic; dignified; displaying 
state or dignity. 

state-ment ('ment), n. the act of 
stating; that which is stated; 
narrative or recital. 

sta-ter (sta'ter), n. a gold coin of 
ancient Greece. 

states-man (stats'man), n. [pi. 
statesmen ('men)], one who is 
skilled in public affairs and the 
art of government; politician. 

statesman-ship (-ship), n. the 
qualification or skill of a states¬ 
man. 

state-tri-al ('trf-al), n. a trial 
for political offenses. 

static (stat'ik), adj. pertaining 
to bodies at rest or in equilibrium ; 
noting by mere weight without 
producing motion. Also statical: 
~n.pl. that branch of mechanics 
which treats of the equilibrium, 
pressure, weight, &c., of bodies at 
rest. 

stat-ic-al-ly ('ik-al-li), adv. in a 
statical manner. 

sta-tion (sta'shun), n. place where 
a person or thing stands; posi¬ 
tion : rank or condition of life; 
class or order; place on a rail¬ 
way for passengers or goods: dis¬ 
trict police office; military quar¬ 


ters; post for war-vessels: v.t. to 
place in a certain post, rank, or 
situation ; appoint or assign, 
sta-tion-a-ry (-a-ri), adj. fixed; 

not moving; not improving, 
stationer ('shun-er), n. one who 
sells paper, pens, pencils, writing 
materials, &c. 

sta-tion-er-y (-er-i), n. stationer's 

articles. 

sta-tist (sta'tist), n. a statisti¬ 
cian. 

sta-tis-tic (sta-tis'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to statistics. Also sta¬ 
tistical. 

sta-tis-tic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. by 

statistics. 

statistician (stat-is-tish'an), n. 

one skilled in statistics, 
sta-tis-tics (sta-tis'tiks), n. the 
science of the classification and 
arrangement of facts relating to 
the condition of a people or class, 
domestic economy, health, longev¬ 
ity, &c. 

sta-tor (sta'ter), n. the part of 
a dynamo or motor which remains 
at rest. 

stat-u-a-ry (stat'u-a-ri), n. a 

sculptor; the art of carving stat¬ 
ues ; statues collectively, 
stat-ue ('u), n. the representation 
of a living being sculptured or 
modeled in some solid material: 
v.t. to form a statue of; place, as 
a statue. 

stat-u-esque (-u-e^k'), adj. hav¬ 
ing the characteristics of a statue ; 
immobile. 

stat-u-ette (-u-et'), n. a little 
statue. 

stat-ure ('ur), n. the natural 
height. 

sta-tus (sta'tus), n. condition; 

social standing or place; rank, 
sta-tus quo (kwo), [L.] present 
or previous condition or position, 
statutable (stat'u-ta-bl), adj. 
made or introduced by statute ; ac¬ 
cording to law or statute, 
stat-u-ta-bly f-ta-bli), adv. con¬ 
formably to statute, 
stat-ute ('ut), n. a law expressly 
enacted by the legislature of a 
country or state; written law; an 
act of a corporation or of its 
founders, designed to be a per¬ 
manent rule. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











sta 


797 


ste 


stat-u-to-ry ('u-to-ri), adj. en¬ 
acted by statute: depending on, 
statute forits authority, 
stave (stav), n. [pi. staves 
(stavz)], one of the thin nar¬ 
row strips of wood forming the 
sides of a cask ; a nole or piece of 
wood of some length; the five 
parallel lines and the four con¬ 
tained spaces on and within which 
the notes and rests are written 
[Music]: pi. of staff: v.t. \p.t. 
& p.p. staved, stove, p.pr. stav¬ 
ing], to break a hole in; burst; 
pour out; delay or put off. 
stay (sta), n. a large, strong 
rope which stiffens and supports 
a mast; stop or stand; prop or 
support: abode or continuance in 
a place: pi. pair of corsets: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. stayed, p.pr. stay¬ 
ing], to hold up or support; sus¬ 
tain; endure; restrain; delay; 
tack: v.i. to remain or abide; 
wait; rest; stand still; continue; 
cease; hold out or last, 
stead fsted). n. the place or 
room which another had or might 
have. 

stead-fast ('fast), adj. firmly 
fixed or established ; steady ; con¬ 
stant ; uniform. 

stead-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a steady 
manner. 

stead-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being steady, 
steady ('i), adj. [comp, steadier, 
superl. steadiest], fixed; regular; 
firm ; constant in feeling or pur¬ 
pose; resolute; undeviating; un¬ 
wavering; uniform; v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. steadied, p.pr. steadying], to 
make or keep steady or firm; 
make constant or resolute; regu¬ 
late : inter}, be fixed, 
steak (stak). n. a slice of beef, 
&c.. for broiling. 

steal (stel), v.t. [p.t. stole, p.p. 
stolen, p.pr. stealing], to take by 
theft or feloniously ; take without 
leave or right; withdraw or con¬ 
vey clandestinely; gain secretly 
and gradually: v.i. to commit 
theft; slip in and out un¬ 
perceived. 

stealth (stelth), n. secret means 
employed to accomplish an ob¬ 
ject : underhand procedure, 
stealthily ('i-li), adv. in a 
stealthy manner. 


stealth-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the 

state or quality of being stealthv. 
stealth-y ('i), adj. [comp, stealth- 
ier, superl. stealthiest], done or 
performed by stealth ; clandestine ; 
sly. 

steam (stem), n. vapor into which 
water is changed when heated to 
boiling-point; vapor ; any exhala¬ 
tion : v.i. to emit steam ; rise or 
pass off in steam ; move by steam : 
v.t. to apply steam to. 
steam er ('er), n. a vessel pro¬ 
pelled by steam ; road locomotive; 
an apparatus for steaming 
articles. 

steam-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being steamy ; misti¬ 
ness. 

steam-y ('i), adj. consisting of, or 
like, steam. 

steam-tur-bine (tur'bin), n. a; 
steam engine in which the steam 
acts upon a rotating turbine in¬ 
stead of on a piston, 
ste-a-rate (ste'a-rat), n. any salt 
of stearic acid. 

ste-ar-ic (-ar'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or obtained from, stearin, 
ste-a-rin ('a-rin), n. a constit¬ 
uent of most animal and some 
vegetable fats; tallow, 
ste-a-tite ('a-tlt), n.' soapstone, 
steed (sted), n. a horse, especially 
one which is spirited, 
steel (stel), n. iron refined and 
combined with carbon; any in¬ 
strument of steel; anything made 
of steel ; anything of extreme 
hardness ; a chalybeate medicine : 
adj. made of, or resembling, steel: 
v.i. to overlay, edge, or tip with 
steel ; make hard or invulnerable; 
render like steel. 

steel-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being steely, 
steeling ring), n. the process 
of overlaying, edging, or point¬ 
ing with steel ; acierage. 
steel-y ('i), adj. made of, or 
like, steel : hard ; inflexible ; col¬ 
ored like steel. 

steel-yard ('yard), n. a kind of 
balance, consisting of a single 
weight moved along a graduated 
beam. 

steen-ing (sten'ing), n. a lining 
of stone, brick, &c., of a well o** 
similar structure. 


late, mar, nisVk, cat, awl ; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ste 


798 


ste 


steep (step), adj. rising or de¬ 
scending with g”eat inclination; 
precipitous: n. a precipitous 

place: v.t. to soak in a liquid; 
dip ; imbue. 

Syn. high, precipitous, sharp. 
Ant. (see flat, low), 
steep-en ('n), v.i. to become steep 
or steeper. 

stee-ple (ste'pl), n. a tower or 
turret tapering to a point; spire, 
stee-ple-chase (-chas), n. a kind 
of cross-country horse-race, 
stee-pled ('pld), adj. furnished 
with, like, or adorned with, a 
steeple. 

steer (ster), n. a young male of 
the ox kind ; bullock : v.t. to direct 
the course of (a vessel) with the 
helm ; control; guide: v.i. to di¬ 
rect a ship in its course; move; 
be governed. 

steer-age ('aj), n. the act or 
practice of steering; that part of 
a ship allotted to the poorer pas¬ 
sengers. 

steer-age-way (-wa), n. rate of 
motion through the water of a 
vessel sufficient to enable her to 
feel the effect of the helm, 
steere (ster), v.t. to give a cer¬ 
tain angle of elevation to (the 
bowsprit of a vessel), 
steer-ing f'ing). n. the angle of 
elevation of a bowsprit with the 
horizon. 

stein-bock (stln'bok). n. a small 
antelope of South Africa. Also 
steenbok. 

stel-lar (stel'ar), adj. pertaining 
to stars; astral; starry. Also 
Stella ry. 

stellate ('at), adj. star-like; 
radiated. 

stel-li-form ('i-f5rm). adi. star¬ 
shaped. 

stel-lu-lar ('u-lar), adj. radiated, 
stem (stem), n. the principal 
axis of a tree or plant; anything 
resembling a stem; race: pedi¬ 
gree ; progenv : branch of a fam¬ 
ily : the forepart of a vessel; the 
unchangeable part of an in¬ 
flected word ; the upright or down¬ 
right line joined to the body of a 
note ("Music] : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
stemmed, p.pr. stemming!, to re¬ 
sist or check; dam up: v.i. to 
move forward against an obstacle. 


stem-pie ('pi), n. a crossbar of 
wood in a mining shaft for as¬ 
cending and descending. 

stench (stench), n. a strong of¬ 
fensive odor. 

sten-cil (sten'sil), n. a thin plate 
of metal with a pattern, &c., cut 
out, used for marking, &c.: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. stenciled, p.pr. sten¬ 
ciling], to mark or color with a 
stencil. 

sten-o-graph ('b-graf), n. wr't- 
ing in shorthand: v.t. to write 
or report in shorthand. 

ste-nog-ra-pher (ste-nog'ra-fer), 
n. a shorthand writer. Also sten¬ 
ographist. 

sten-o-graph-ic (sten-o-graf'ik), 
adj. pertaining to, or written in, 
shorthand. 

ste-nog-ra-phy (ste-nog'ra-fi), n. 
the art of writing in shorthand. 

Sten-tor (sten'ter), n. a person 
■with a very powerful voice: from 
the Greek herald in the Trojan 
war. 

sten-to-ri-an (-toTi-an), adj. ex¬ 
tremely loud. 

step (step), n. the distance meas¬ 
ured by the foot in walking or 
running; pace; small distance; 
footstep ; action ; measure ; pro¬ 
cedure ; gait; stair; round of a 
ladder: pi. portable framework 
of stairs: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. stepped, 
p.pr. stepping], to make a move¬ 
ment by a single change of the 
position of the foot; walk: 
advance or retire by pacing; go 
or come as by chance; walk 
slowly: v.t. to set, as the foot; 
measure by steps; fix. as a mast: 
prefix denoting relation by mar¬ 
riage only. 

steppe (step), n. a name for the 
vast barren plains of Russia. 

stere (star), n. in the metric sys¬ 
tem, a unit of cubic measure — 
35.31 cubic feet. 

stereo, a prefix meaning solid, 
firm, as stereos ram, a picture rep¬ 
resenting objects on a plane sur¬ 
face as if in relief: n. an albr. of 
stereotype. Also stereograph. 

ster-e-om-e-ter (ster-e-om'e-ter), 
n. an instrument for measuring 
the solid contents of a body: an 
instrument for determining specific 
gravity. 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; mobn, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 














ste 


799 


sti 


ster-e-om-e-try (-om'e-tri), n. 
the art of measuring the cubical 
contents of bodies; the art of 
determining the specific gravity of 
bodies. 

ster-e-op-ti-con (-op'ti-kon), n. a 
magic-lantern showing photo¬ 
graphic slides as if in relief. 

ster-e-o-scope (ster'e-o-skop), n. 
a binocular optical instrument by 
means of which two pictures ap¬ 
pear as one and stand out in re¬ 
lief. 

ster-e-o-scop-ic (-skop'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, characteristic of, or 
adapted to, the stereoscope. Also 
stereoscopical. 

ster-e-o-type ('e-o-tip), n. a metal 
plate cast from a mold taken 
from a page of movable types: 


v.t. [p.t. & 
stereotyping 
stereotype 


o.p. stereotyped, p.pr. 
_, to cast or print in 
ix permanently: adj. 


pertaining to, or done by, stereo¬ 
type. 

ster-ile ('il), adj. barren; pro¬ 
ducing little or no crop; destitute 
of ideas. 

Syn. barren, unfruitful. 

Ant. (see fertile), 
ster-il-i-ty (-il'i-ti), n. barren¬ 
ness ; infecundity. 


ster-il-i-za-tion (-za'shun), n. 
the act or process of rendering 
sterile; state of being sterile, 
ster-il-ize ('il-iz), v.t. to make 
sterile; deprive of the power of 
reproduction, as bacteria, 
sterling ('ling), adj. pure; un¬ 
adulterated ; genuine; noting 
English money of standard value; 
of high merit. 

stern (stern), adj. harsh or 
severe in countenance or man¬ 
ners ; austere ; unrelenting; stead¬ 
fast ; being in the stern: n, the 
after part of a vessel, 
ster-nal ('nal), adj. pertaining to 
the sternum. 

ster num ('num), n. the breast 
bone. 

stern-sheets ('shetz), n. that part 
of a boat furnished with seats for 
passengers. 


stern-way ('wa), n. movement of 
a vessel backwards, 
ster-to-rons (ster'to-rus), adj. 

characterized by deep snoring, 
stet (stet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stetted, 


p.pr. stetting], to mark with the 
word stet (let it stand) on a 
proof, indicating that something 
marked for omission is to remain, 
steth-om-e-ter (steth-om'e-ter), 

n. an apparatus for measuring the 
external movements ’of the walls 
of the chest during respiration, 
steth-o-scope ('d-skop), n. an in¬ 
strument for examining the chest, 
or ascertaining diseases of the 
chest by sound produced in the 
thorax. 

steth-o-scop-ic (-skop'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or by means of, 
the stethoscope. Also stethoscop- 
ical. 

steth-o-sco-py ('o-sk5-pi), n. ex¬ 
amination by the stethoscope, 
steve (stev), v.t. to stow in a 
ship’s hold. 

stev-e-dore ('e-dor), n. one who 
loads or unloads a vessel in port, 
or stows cargo in a ship’s hold, 
stew (stu), v.t. to boil slowly or 
with a simmering heat: v.i. to be 
boiled slowly or gently: n. a dish 
prepared by stewing; a store- 
pond : pi. a brothel, 
stew-ard ('erd), n. one who man¬ 
ages the domestic concerns of a 
family or institution ; manager of 
a large estate or farm; person 
employed at a hotel, club, or on 
board ship to superintend culinary 
affairs; a college official who 
superintends the kitchen arrange¬ 
ments ; a fiscal agent; an officer 
of the royal household; manager 
at races, sports, &c. 
stew-ard-ess (-es), n. a woman 
who attends to female passengers 
on board ship. 

stew-ard-ship (-ship), n. the 
office of a steward; management, 
sthen-ic (sthen'ik), adj. charac¬ 
terized by morbid activity of the 
heart and blood vessels, 
sti-ac-cia-to (ste-at-cha'to), n. in 
sculpture, the lowest kind of re¬ 
lief [Italian]. 

stib-i-al (stib'i-al), adj. like an¬ 
timony. 

stib-i-al-ism (-izm), n. antimo- 
nial poisoning. 

stibium ('i-um), n. antimony, 
stic-ca-do (stik-a'dd), n. amusical 
instrument of wooden bars of 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, n.ut; thin, then. 








sti 


800 


stl 


graduated lengths, played with a 
small mallet. 

stick (stik), n. a small branch 
or shoot cut off a tree; walking 
stick ; staff ; printer's composing- 
stick ; thrust or stab with a 
pointed instrument; an incom¬ 
petent or dull speaker: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. stuck, p.pr. sticking], to stab 
or thrust; pierce; fasten ; fix in ; 
make to cohere; attach ; set with 
something pointed ; compose or set 
up (type) :* v.i. to be fixed; re¬ 
main ; cleave; adhere; be fastened 
by piercing; be stayed; hesitate 
(with at). 

stick-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being sticky, 
stick-le ('1), v.i. to wrangle or 
contend pertinaciously, especially 
on insufficient grounds, for some¬ 
thing of little importance, 
stick-le-back (-bak), n. a spiny- 
backed fish. 

sticky ('i), adj. [comp, stickier, 
superl. stickiest], adhesive; glu¬ 
tinous ; viscous. 

stiff (stif), adj. not easily bent; 
rigid; inflexible; stubborn ; not 
liquid or fluid; strong; violent; 
not natural or easy; constrained; 
affected; formal; severe; not 
written with ease, 
stif-fen ('n), v.t. to make stiff; 
make more thick or viscous; make 
torpid : v.i. to become stiff; grow 
more obstinate. 

stif-fen-ing (-ing), n. the act of 
making stiff; material for mak¬ 
ing anything stiff, 
stiff-necked ('nekt), adj. in¬ 
flexibly obstinate; stubborn, 
sti-fle (stif'l), v.t. to suffocate; 
smother; extinguish; deaden; sup¬ 
press or conceal: v.i. to be suffo¬ 
cated : n. the first joint above a 
horse’s thigh, next the buttock. 

Syn. choke, suffocate, smother, 
stig-nia (stig'ma), n. [pi. stigmas, 
stigmata ('maz, 'ma-ta)], a mark 
made with a branding-iron; mark 
of infamy or disgrace; the re¬ 
ceptive upper part of the pistil of 
a flower on which the pollen which 
fertilizes it falls: pi. the coun¬ 
terparts of the marks of the 
wounds in Christ’s body, supposed 
to be impressed on the bodies of 
certain saints (stigmata). 


stigmatize ('ma-tlz), v.t. to 
mark with a stigma or brand; 
hold up to disgrace, reproach, or 
infamy. 

stile (stil), n. a set of steps to 
pass from one side of a fence 
or wall, &c„ to the other; the 
gnomon of a sun-dial; an upright 
piece in framing or paneling, 
sti-let-to (sti-let'o), n. a small 
dagger with a thin, rounded, and 
pointed blade; pointed instrument 
for making eyelet holes, 
still (stil), adj. at rest; without 
motion ; quiet; calm ; silent; not 
effervescent: adv. to this time; 
nevertheless ; always ; after that: 
v.t. to make still; calm; lull; 
pacify; render motionless: n. an 
apparatus for distilling liquids, 
stilt (stilt), n. a pole of wood 
with a rest for the foot; used in 
pairs in walking: v.t. to set or 
raise on stilts. 

stilt-ed Ced), adj. inflated; pom¬ 
pous. 

stil-ton (stil'tun), n. a rich kind 

of cheese. 

stimulant (stim'u-lant), adj. 
serving to stimulate; producing 
transient increase of vital energy : 
n.pl. medicines or alcoholic bev¬ 
erages having such an effect, 
stim-u-late ('u-lat), v.t. to excite 
or rouse ; animate ; goad ; encour¬ 
age ; excite greater vitality in : v.i. 
to act as a stimulus, 
stim-u-la-tive ('u-la-tiv), adj. 
having the power of stimulating: 
n. anything that stimulates, 
stim-u-la-tor (-ter), n. one who, 
or that Which, stimulates, 
stim-u-lus ('u-lus),w. [pi. stimuli 
(-11)], that which stimulates; a 
spur; anything exciting to ac¬ 
tion ; incentive; stimulant, 
sting (sting), n. the sharp- 
pointed, poisonous weapon with 
which certain animals and insects 
are furnished; one of the stiff, 
sharp-pointed, hollow hairs of cer¬ 
tain plants; anything that gives 
acute mental or physical pain; 
the thrust of a sting: v.t. [p.£. & 
p.p. stung, p.pr. stinging], to 
pierce or wound with, or as with, 
a sting; cause acute pain to; 
goad. 

sting-a-ree ('a-re), n. the sting¬ 
ray. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 

















st i 


801 


sto 


sting-ing ('ing), p.adj. piercing, 
as with a sting; acutely painful; 
pungent; adapted for stinging, 
stin-gy (stin'ji), adj. [comp, stin¬ 
gier, superl. stingiest], close and 
covetous; meanly avaricious; 
miserly; niggardly, 
stink (stingk), v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. 
stunk, p.pr. stinking], to emit a 
strong, offensive odor: v.t. to 
causq to stink: n. a strong, of¬ 
fensive odor ; disgusting smell; an 
unpleasant exposure, 
stink-ing ('ing), p.adj. emitting 
a stink. 

stint (stint), v.t. to restrain with¬ 
in certain limits: v.i. to stop or 
cease: n. a limit; quantity as¬ 
signed. 

stipe (stlp), n. the stalk of a 
frond or of a pistil; stem of a 
fungus. Also stipes, 
sti-pend (sti'pend), n. salary, es¬ 
pecially clerical income, 
sti-pen-di-a-ry (-pen'di-a-ri), adj. 
receiving stipend or salary: n. 
one who performs services for a 
salary. 

stip-ple (stip'l), v.t. to engrave 
by means of dots; paint by small, 
short touches. 

stip-pler ('ler), n. a brush used 
for stippling. 

stip-n-late ('u-lat), v.t. to ar¬ 
range or settle definitely or by 
special mention. 

stip-u-la-tion (-u-la'shun), n. the 
act of stipulating; contract, agree¬ 
ment, or bargain ; a special con¬ 
dition in a contract, 
stip-u-la-tor ('u-la-ter), n. one 
who stipulates, contracts, or cove¬ 
nants. 

stipule ('ul), n. a small leaf-like 
appendage at the base of petioles, 
stir (ster), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stirred, 
p.pr. stirring], to put into motion ; 
move: incite; agitate; animate; 
rouse; instigate: v.i. to move or 
exert one’s self; be in motion; 
change place; rise in the morn¬ 
ing : n. bustle ; agitation ; tumult; 
noise ; public disturbance ; excite¬ 
ment. 

stir-a-bout ('a-bout), n. oatmeal 
porridge. 

stirk (sterk), n. a young bull or 
heifer. 


stirps (sterps), n. [pi. stirpes 
('pez)], family; race; stem; root, 
stir-rer (ster'er), n. one who 
stirs. 

stir-ring ('ing), n. the act of 
moving: adj. busy; bustling; 
exciting; stimulating, 
stir-rup (stir'up or ster'up), n. 
an iron hoop suspended by a strap 
in which a horseman sets his foot 
■when he mounts or rides, 
stitcli (stich), n. a single pass 
of a needle and thread through 
anything made by sewing; link of 
yarn in knitting; sudden, sharp, 
local pain ; a furrow: v.t. to form 
stitches in; unite by stitches; 
form (land) into furrows; v.i. to 
practice stitching, 
stitching ('ing), n. the act of 
sewing; work sewn ; formation of 
land into furrows, 
stith-y (stith'i), n. a smith’s 
forge; anvil. 

stive (stiv), v.t. to make close, 
hot, or sultry; stuff up ; pack or 
press closely together: v.i. to be 
stifled. 

stiv-er ('er), n. a Dutch coin, 
value 2 cents: hence anything of 
little value. 

sto-a (sto'a), n. a portico or porch, 
stoat (stot), n. a weasel, 
stoc-cade (stok-ad'), n. a thrust 
in fencing. 

stock (stok), n. the trunk or stem 
of a tree or plant; pillar, log, or 
post; trunk into which a graft 
is inserted; a blockhead; race, 
family, or lineage ; fund ; capital; 
share of a public debt; store’; 
cattle; stiff cravat; part of a fire¬ 
arm to which the barrel and lock 
are attached ; foundation of soups, 
&c.; a kind of flower: pi. a wood¬ 
en frame in which the legs of 
criminals were confined; public 
funds; shares of capital in a cor¬ 
porate company; frame on which 
a ship is built: v.t. to store up; 
fill: supply: v.i. to take in or 
obtain supplies : adj. kept in 
stock ; permanent, 
stock-ade (ad'), n. a line of posts 
used as a barrier for defense or 
enclosure for cattle: v.t, to sur¬ 
round with, or defend by, a stock¬ 
ade. 

stock-fish ('fish), n. salted and 
dried fish. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







sto 


802 


sto 


stock-i-net (-i-net'), n. an elastic 
textile fabric. 

stock-ing ('ing), n. a close-fit¬ 
ting covering for the foot and leg. 
stock-job-ber ('job-er), n. one 
who deals or speculates in stocks 
and shares. 

stock-still ('stil), adj. motionless, 
stodg-y (stoj'i), adj. wet. 

Sto-ic (sto'ik), n. a disciple of the 
Greek philosopher Zeno, w T ho 
taught that a wise man should 
be governed by the reason, sub¬ 
due all passions, and be indiffer¬ 
ent to pleasure or pain ; one who 
proposes such doctrines: adj. per¬ 
taining to the Stoics: indifferent 
to pleasure or pain. Stoical, 
sto-ic-al-ly ( -1 i), adv. in a stoical 
manner. 

stoi-chi-om-e-try ( stoi-ki-om'e- 
tri), n. the science of estimating 
the atomic weights, &c., of chem¬ 
ical elements and their compounds, 
sto-i-cism (sto'i-sizm), n. the doc¬ 
trines and maxims of the Stoics; 
real or assumed insensibility to 
pleasure or pain. 

stoke (stok), v.t, maintain and 
tend the fire in: as, to stoke a 
furnace: v.i. to act as a stoker, 
stok-er ('er), n. one who supplies 
fuel to, and attends to the fur¬ 
nace of, an engine; a fireman, 
sto-la (stb'la), n. [pi. stolse 
('le)L a long, loose garment worn 
by Roman matrons, 
stole (stol), n. a stola; a long, 
narrow scarf fringed at the ends, 
worn by bishops, priests, and 
deacons of the Roman Catholic 
and Anglican Churches: p.t. of 
steal. 

sto-len, p.p. of steal, 
stol-id (stol'id), adj. stupid; dull; 
impassive. 

stol-id-i-ty Ci-ti), n. the state or 
quality of being stolid ; intellectual 
dulness. 

sto-lon (sto'lon), n. a trailing 
branch or creeping sucker which 
sends down roots, 
sto-ma f'ma), n. [pi. stomata 
(sto'ma-ta) ], a minute breathing 
pore or aperture. 

stom-ach (stum'ak), n. the prin¬ 
cipal organ of digestion in the 
body ; appetite; inclination ; 


haughtiness: v.t. to resent; .put 
up with. 

stom-acli-er ('ak-er), n. an orna¬ 
mental breast covering, worn by 
women. 

sto-mach-ic (sto-mak'ik). adj. 
pertaining to, exciting or strength¬ 
ening the stomach : n. a strength¬ 
ening medicine for the stomach, 
sto-mat-ic (sto-mat'ik), n. a medi¬ 
cine for diseases of the mouth, 
stomp, another form of stamp, 
stone (ston). n. a hard mass of 
earthy or mineral matter; gem : 
material of stone used for build¬ 
ing, &c.; calculus; hard seed shell 
of certain fruits ; a weight of vary¬ 
ing value, usually 14 lb. avoir¬ 
dupois ; insensibility; hardness: 
v.t to pelt or kill with stones; 
free from stones, as fruit, 
stone age (aj), n. the period of 
civilization when stone weapons, 
implements, &c., were used prior 
to introduction of bronze, 
stone-blind ('blind), adj. quite 
blind. 

stone-chat ('chat), n. a small 

British bird. 

stone-cut-ting ('kut-ing), n. 

hewing or dressing stone, 
stone-ware ('war), n. a coarse 
kind of pottery baked hard and 
glazed. 

stone-wort ('wert), n. a plant of 
the genus Chara. 

ston-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a stony 
manner. 

ston-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being stony, 
ston-y ('i), adj. [comp, stonier, 
superl. stoniest], pertaining to, of 
the nature of, or like, stone; 
rocky ; hard ; cruel; inflexible; 
pitiless. 

stood, p.t. of stand, 
stool (stool), n. a seat without a 
back for one person, usually sup¬ 
ported with 3 legs; the seat used 
in evacuating the bowels; evacua¬ 
tion of the_ bowels, 
stoop (stoop), v.i. to bend the 
body downward and forward ; de¬ 
scend from rank or dignity; sub¬ 
mit ; condescend; sweep down on 
prey: n. inclination downward 
and forward: descent from dig¬ 
nity ; condescension; fall of a bird 
upon its prey; stairway, veranda, 
or porch with seats; a flagon. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 












sto 


803 


str 


stop (stop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

stopped, p.pr. stopping], to hinder, 
check, or impede; render impass¬ 
able ; intercept; desist from; 
regulate the sounds of; deduct; 
suspend: v.i. to cease from any 
motion or action; reside tem¬ 
porarily : n. the act of stopping; 
state of being stopped ; cessation ; 
a device for arresting or limiting 
musical sounds; series of organ 
pipes ; mark used in punctuation : 
interj. stay ! cease ! 

stop-gap ('gap), n. a temporary 
expedient. 

stop-page ('aj), n. the act of 
stopping; state of being stopped ; 
obstruction ; deduction from pay. 

stop-per ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, stops; that which 
closes a vent or hole. 

stop-ping ('ing), n. the act of 
halting ; stoppage ; something that 
fills up, or closes. 

stop-pie ('1), n. a cork or plug: 
v.t. to close with a stopple. 

stor-age (stor'aj), n. safe keeping 
of goods in a warehouse, &c.; 
price for storage. 

sto-rax (sto'raks), n. a balsamic 

resin. 

store (stor), n. a large number 
or great quantity ; stock accumu¬ 
lated ; abundance or plenty ; ware¬ 
house ; shop: pi. naval and mili¬ 
tary arms, ammunition, clothing, 
provisions, &c.: v.t. to furnish or 
supply with stores; gather in 
quantities; accumulate; hoard 
up ; warehouse. 

stor-ied. ('id), adj. furnished with 
stories; told in a story. 

stork (stork), n. a large wading 
bird with long legs and large 
pointed bill. 

storm (storm), n. a violent at¬ 
mospheric disturbance; tempest; 
heavy fall of rain, snow, or hail; 
violent commotion or agitation; 
tumult; calamity ; violent assault 
on a fortified place : v.t. to attack 
with violence or open force: v.i. 
to blow violently; be angry or 
rage. 

Syn. tempest, agitation, dis¬ 
turbance. 

Ant. (see calm). 

storm-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a stormy 
manner. 


storm-i-ness ('i-nes), n. tempest- 
uousness. 

storming ('ing), n. the taking 
of a fortified place by a violent 
and open assault: p.adj. violently 
angry or raging. 

storm-y ('i), adj. [comp, stormier, 
superl. stormiest], characterized 
by, or proceeding from, storms; 
tempestuous; violent. 

Syn. rough, boisterous, tempest¬ 
uous. 

Ant. (see calm). 

stor-thing (stor'ting), n. [Nor.] 
the Norwegian parliament, 
sto-ry (sto'ri), n. [pi. stories 
('riz)], a fictitious narrative; 
pretty tale; short romance; his¬ 
tory ; stage or floor of a build¬ 
ing ; division of a house reached 
by one flight of stairs. 

Syn. account, legend, tale, myth. 

Ant. (see history), 
stoup (stoop), n. a flagon; recep¬ 
tacle for holy water; a liquid 
measure. 

stout (stout), adj. corpulent; 
thick-set; stormy ; lusty ; brave ; 
resolute: n. a strong kind of por¬ 
ter. 

stove (stov), n. an apparatus for 
enclosing a fire for cooking or 
heating; hothouse: v.t. heat or 
dry, as in a stove: p.t. of stave, 
stow (sto), v.t. to fill by packing 
closely ; lay_ up ; pack, 
stow-age ('aj), n. the act of stow¬ 
ing ; state of being stowed; ac¬ 
commodation for stowing things ; 
money paid for stowage, 
stow-a-way ('a-wa), n. one who 
conceals himself on a vessel leav¬ 
ing port to obtain a free passage, 
stra-bis-mus (stra-biz'mus), n. 
squinting. 

stra-bot-o-my (-bot'o-mi), n. a 
surgical operation for the removal 
of squinting. 

strad-dle (strad'l), v.t. to stand 
or sit astride of: v.i. to stand or 
walk with the legs wide apart: n. 
the act of standing, sitting, or 
walking with the legs wide apart; 
a stock option giving the holder 
the right of both “put” and “call.” 
strag-gle (strag'l), v.i. to wander 
from the direct course or way; 
ramble ; rove ; roam idly about; 
be dispersed or scattered; occur 
at intervals. 


iate, miir, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, hut; thin, the a. 









str 


804 


sti 


strag-u-lum ('u-lum), n. the 
mantle of a bird, 
strahl-ite (stral'it), n. actinolite. 
straight (strat), adj. not 
crooked; right, as a line stretched 
between two points; direct; up¬ 
right ; undiluted; consistent in 
support of a candidate or party : 
adv. in a straight manner; di¬ 
rect ; at once. 

straight-eii ('en), v.t. to make 
straight. 

straight-f or-ward (-f or'werd), 

adj. not deviating; honest; open, 
straight-spoken ('spo-ken), adj. 
plain-spokeu. 

straight-way ('wa), adv. at once, 
strain (.stran), n. stock; lineage; 
race ; descent; tune or melody ; 
manner of speech or action; a 
violent effort; injury by over¬ 
exertion : v.t. to put to its utmost 
strength; draw out with force; 
stretch; injure by overtasking; 
make uneasy or unnatural; filter: 
v.i. to make violent efforts; be 
filtered. 

strain-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, strains; an apparatus 
for filtering. 

strait (strat), adj. narrow; not 
broad ; confined ; distressful; diffi¬ 
cult: n.pl. a narrow passage of 
water connecting two seas; diffi¬ 
culty ; poverty. 

Syn. narrow, confined, 
strait-en ('en), v.t. to make nar¬ 
row ; contract; confine; put into 
difficulties; embarrass: v.i. to be¬ 
come narrow. 

strait - jack et ('jak-et), n. a 
kind of garment for confining mad 
or delirious persons. Also strait- 
waistcoat. 

strait-laced ('last), adj. laced 
tightly; strict in manners or mor¬ 
als. 

strake (strak), n. the iron tire 
by which the felloes of a wheel 
are secured; continuous line of 
planking of a vessel from stem to 
stern; a trough for washing brok¬ 
en ore. 

etra-mo-ni-um (stra-mo'ni-um), 
n. the thorn-apple, commonly 
called jimson-weed. 
strand (strand), n. the shore of 
a sea, ocean, or large lake; one 
of the divisions or twists of a 
rope: v.t. to drive or force upon 


the sea-shore; run aground ; bring 
into a state of embarrassment: 
v.i. to be lifted or be driven 
ashore. 

strange (stranj), adj. belonging 
to another country ; not domestic ; 
novel; unusual; reserved ; inex¬ 
perienced ; unfamiliar, 
strange-ly ('li), adv. in a strange 
manner. 

strange-ness ('nes), n. the state 
or quality of being strange, 
stranger ('er), n. a foreigner; 
guest or visitor; one who is un¬ 
known or acquainted ; one not ad¬ 
mitted to fellowship. 

Syn. alien, foreigner. 

Ant. (see friend), 
stran-gle (strang'gl), v.t. to 
choke; suffocate by compressing 
the windpipe ; suppress or stifle: 
pi. a disease in horses._ 
s tr angulation (-gu-la'shun), 

n. the act of strangling; state of 
being strangled ; suffocation ; close 
constriction. 

stran-gu-ry ('gu-ri), n. painful 
voiding of urine by drops, 
strap (strap), n. a long, narrow 
piece of leather or cloth; razor- 
strop : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. strapped, 
p.pr. strapping], to fasten or bind 
with a strap; beat with a strap, 
strap-per ('er), n. one who uses 
a strap; a person unuswally tall, 
strap-ping ('ing), adj. tall; 
strong ; well-made ; handsome, 
strass (stras), n. a kind of color 
less glass used as the base of 
artificial paste gems, 
stra-ta, pi. of stratum, 
stratagem (strat'a-jem), n. a 
device or scheme for defeating aD 
enemy, especially in war; an arti¬ 
fice or plan for deception of any 
kind, or for gaining some advan¬ 
tage. 

stra-teg-ic (stra-tej'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or effected by, strategy 
or artifice. Also strategical: n. 
pi. the science of military war¬ 
fare ; direction of a campaign, 
strategy (strat'e-ji), n. strateg¬ 
ics ; use of artifice or stratagem 
in carrying out some design, 
strat-i-fi-ca-tion (-i-fi-ka'shun), 
n. the process of being arranged 
or deposited in layers, 
strat-i-fied ('i-fld), adj. arranged 
in strata. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











805 


str 


<Jtr 


strat-i-f orm ('i-form), adj. 

strata-like. 

stiat-i-fy ('i-fl), v.t. [p.f. & p.p. 
stratified, p.pr. stratifying], to 
form, deposit, or arrange, in strata 
or layers. 

stra.-tum (stra'tum), n. [pi. strata 
('tfi) ], a bed of earth or rock, 
consisting generally of a series of 
layers; an artificial layer. 

stra tus ('tus), n. a cloud appar¬ 
ently resting horizontally on the 
earth's surface. 

straw (straw), n. the stalk of 
grain ; bundle of such stalks when 
cut and thrashed; anything pro¬ 
verbially worthless; mere trifle. 

straw-ber-ry ('ber-i), n. [pi. 
straw T berries (-iz)], a plant of the 
genus Fragaria and its rvell- 
known fruit. 

straw-worm ('werm), n. the cad¬ 
dis-worm. 

straw-y ('i), adj. pertaining to, 
made of, or like, straw. 

stray (stra), v.i. to w-ander from 
limits or the direct path; deviate; 
err: v.t. to mislead: adj. gone 
astray ; wandering. 

streak (strek), n. a line of color 
different from the ground color; 
stripe: v.t. to form, or mark with, 
streaks; stripe. 

streak-y ('i), adj. having streaks; 
with alternate layers of fat and 
lean. 

stream (strern), n. a current of 
water or other fluid; anything 
flowing out of a source; river, 
rivulet, or brook; drift or tend¬ 
ency : v.i. to issue or flow in a 
stream; run in a current; issue 
forth. 

stream-er ('er), n. a long narrow 
flag or pennon ; the aurora bore¬ 
alis. 

stream-let ('let), n. a little 
stream ; a rivulet; a rill. 

stream-tin ('tin), n. diluvial ore 
in tin mines. 

stream y ('i), adj. abounding in, 
or full of, streams; flowing in 
streams. 

street (stret), n. a public road 
in a city or town lined with houses 
on either side. 

street Ar-ab (ar'ab), n. a neg¬ 
lected child wdio lives in the 
streets. 


street-car ('kar), n. a car that 
runs on a street-railway, 
street-rail-way (-ral'wa), n. a 
railway laid on the surface of the 
streets, distinguished from a rail¬ 
road, elevated road, or sub-vray 
road. 

strength (strength), n. the state 
or quality of being strong; active 
or passive power ; muscular force ; 
vigor; power of endurance or re¬ 
sistance ; toughness; numbers or 
amount of any body, as an army ; 
vigor of style; intensity, as of 
light or color; legal or moral 
force; potency of liquors, 
strength-en ('en). v.t. to make 
strong; confirm; cause to in¬ 
crease in power or security : v.i. 
to become stronger. 

Syn. fortify, invigorate. 

Ant. (see weaken), 
stren-u-ous (stren'ii-us), adj. ur¬ 
gent or eagerly pressing ; ardent; 
zealous ; strong; vigorous ; bold ; 
earnest; valiant. 

stress (stres), n. urgency; strain; 
pressure ; force ; importance ; 
weight; violence; force of utter¬ 
ance. 

stretch (strech), v.t. to draw out 
to a greater length or width; ex¬ 
tend or expand; strain; exag¬ 
gerate : v.i. to be extended ; reach ; 
sail by the wind under press of 
canvas: n. tlie act of stretching; 
state of being stretched; strain; 
effort; extension ; direction ; ut¬ 
most extent of meaning, 
stretch-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that -which, stretches; a foot¬ 
board used in rowing; a frame or 
litter for carrying the sick or 
dead. 

strew (stroo), v.t. to spread by 
scattering; scatter loosely, 
striae (strl'e), n.pl. fine thread¬ 
like lines ; slight furrows ; fillets 
between the channels of columns, 
stri-ate ('at), adj. marked, or 
formed with, striae, 
strick-en (strik'en). p.adj. far 
advanced: p.p. of strike, 
strict (strikt), adj. vigorous; 
exact; severe ; nice to an extreme ; 
careful ; rigidly interpreted; 
straight and narrow, 
stric-ture ('tur), n. a morbid con¬ 
traction of any passage of the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 


I 







str 


806 


s:r 


body, especially of the urethra; 
censure or adverse criticism, 
stride (strld), n. a long step; 
straddle: v.i. to walk with long 
steps; straddle: v.t. to pass by 
long steps. 

stri-dcnt (stri'dent), adj. harsh; 

shrill; grating or creaking, 
strid-u-la-tion (strid-u-la'shun), 
n. the power possessed by certain 
male insects of making shrill 
sounds by the friction of parts of 
their bodies. 

strid-u-lous ('u-lus), adj. produc¬ 
ing a shrill, harsh, creaking 
sound. 

strife (strlf), n. contention for 
superiority ; discord ; conflict; 
quarrel; enmity ; war. 
stri-ga (stri'ga), n. [pi. strigse 
('je)], the fluting of a column: 
pi. small, upright, stiff hairs, 
swelled at their bases, 
strig-il (strij'il), n. an instru¬ 
ment for scraping, used by the 
ancients after the bath, 
strike (strlk), v.t. [p.t. struck, 
p.p. struck, stricken, p.pr. strik¬ 
ing], to hit with a blow or with 
force ; dash ; collide ; pass quick¬ 
ly ; lower or take down; notify by 
sound; affect strongly or sensi¬ 
bly ; produce by a blow or 
friction ; coin or mint; ground ; 
light upon; make, as a bargain : 
v.i. to make a quick blow or 
thrust; hit; sound by being 
struck; pay homage, as by lower¬ 
ing a flag or sail in token of re¬ 
spect or submission; cease from 
work: n. cessation of work for 
higher wages; an instrument for 
leveling a measure, as of grain; 
four bushels; direction cf the out¬ 
crop of a stratum, 
strik-ing (ring), adj. affecting 
with strong emotions ; impressive ; 
forcible ; wonderful; surprising, 
string (string), n. a small cord 
or line; cord of a musical instru¬ 
ment ; cord on which things are 
filed ; series of things connected : 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. strung, p.pr. 

stringing], to furnish with 
strings; put in tune; thread on a 
string; file; deprive of strings 
strin-gen-cy (strin'jpn-si), n. the 
state or quality of being stringent. 


strin-gent (strin'jent), adj. se¬ 
vere ; rigid ; strict; binding ; tense, 
string-i-ness (string'i-nes), n. 
the state or quality of being 
stringy. 

string-y ('i), adj. consisting of, 
or like, string ; filamentous; 
viscid. 

strip (strip), V.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
stripped, p.pr. stripping], to make 
naked; deprive of a covering; 
skin or peel; rob or pillage; be¬ 
reave; take away; milk dry: v.i. 
to undress: n. a long narrow 
piece; trough for washing ore; 
waste, as destruction of fences, 
stripe (strip), v.t. to variegate 
with lines of different colors; 
form the stripes upon; lash or 
whip: n. a line or long narrow 
division of anything of a differ¬ 
ent color to the ground; stroke 
or weal made by a whip, &c. ; 
party badge or color, 
strip-ling (stripping), n. a 
youth. 

strive (striv), v.i. to make ex¬ 
ertions or efforts; labor hard or 
earnestly ; aim ; struggle ; contend 
in emulation. 

strob-ile (strob'il), n. the cone or 
fruit of the pine-tree, 
stro-cal (strb'kal), n. a glass- 
maker’s shovel, 
strode, p.t. of stride, 
stroke (strok), n. a knock or 
blow; calamity or affliction ; sud¬ 
den effect; hostile blow or attack ; 
touch of a pencil or pen ; sound 
of a clock; length of the recti¬ 
linear motion of a piston, &c. ; 
sweep of an oar; the principal 
oarsman in a boat who sets the 
time to the rowers: v.t. to rub 
gently with the hand in one di¬ 
rection ; soothe. 

stroll (strol), v.i. to wander on 
foot; ramble or rove idly: n. a 
leisurely ramble. 

strol-ler ('er), n. one who 
strolls; an itinerant player: 
vagrant. 

stro-ma (stro'ma), n. [pi. stro¬ 
mata ('rna-ta)], the basis of an 
organ or tissue. 

strong (strong), adj. having 
strength ; robust; healthy ; vigor¬ 
ous : having power of endurance : 
powerful; violent; muscular ; af- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








str 


807 


stu 


fecting the senses; ardent; well- 
fortified ; rising to higher prices. 

Syn. robust, sturdy, powerful. 

Ant. (see weak). 

strong-hold ('hold), n. a for¬ 
tress. 

stron-ti-a (stron'shi-a), n. an 
oxide of strontium, 
stron-ti-um ('shi-um), n. a me¬ 
tallic element forming the base of 
strontia. 

strop (strop), n. a strip of leath¬ 
er for sharpening razors: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. stropped, p.pr. strop¬ 
ping], to sharpen on a strop, 
stro-phe (stro'fe), n. that part of 
a song or dance in the ancient 
Greek drama performed by the 
chorus in turning from the right 
to the left; the first of two stan¬ 
zas. 

stro-phic (stro'fik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or consisting of, strophes, 
stroud (stroud), n. a kind of 
coarse blanket used by the North 
American Indians, 
struck, p.t. & p.p. of strike, 
struct-u-ral (strukt'u-ral), adj. 

pertaining to structure, 
struct-ure ('ur), n. an edifice or 
building; manner or form of 
building ; form ; make ; arrange¬ 
ment of parts or organization of 
a vegetable or animal substance, 
strug-gle (strug'l), v.i. to use 
violent efforts with contortions of 
the body; strive with effort; be 
in pain or agony; contend: n. 
a violent effort with contortions of 
the body ; pain or agony; labor; 
contest.' 

strum (strum), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & 
p.p. strummed, p.pr. strumming], 
to play badly and noisily on a 
stringed instrument, 
stru ma (stroo'ma), n. scrofula, 
stru mous ('mus), adj. scrofulous, 
strum-pet (strum'pet), n. a 
prostitute. 

strung, p.t. & p.p. of string, 
strut (strut), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
strutted, p.pr. strutting], to walk 
with affected dignity: n. a proud 
step or walk with the head erect; 
a support of timber. 

Stru-thi-o (stroo'thi-o), n. a 
genus of birds, containing the 
ostriches. 

strych-nic (strik'nik), adj. per¬ 


taining to, derived from, or con¬ 
taining, ‘strychnine, 
strych-nine ('nin), n. a highly 
poisonous alkaloid extracted from 
nux vomica. 

stub (stub), n. the stump of a 
tree; a stub-nail: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
stubbed, p.pr. stubbing], to grub 
up by the roots; root out; strike 
against some fixed obstacle: as, 
to stub one’s toe. 

stubbed (stubd), adj. short and 
thick. Also stubby, 
stub-bi-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being stubby, 
stub-ble ('1), n. short stalks or 
stumps of grain left in the ground 
after reaping. 

stub-born ('em), adj. inflexibly 
headstrong; obstinate; contuma¬ 
cious ; refractory; not easily 
worked or melted, as a metal, 
stub-nail ('nal), n. a short, 
thick nail. 

stuc-co (stuk'o), n. [pi. stuccoes 
('oz)], plaster used as a coating 
for walls or internal decorations; 
work executed in stucco: v.t. to 
overlay, or decorate, with stucco, 
stuck, p.t. & p.p. of stick, 
stuck-up (stuk'up), adj. con 
ceited. 

stud (stud), n. an ornamental 
knob or button ; large-headed or¬ 
namental nail; an upright beam 
or scantling; collection of breed¬ 
ing horses and mares ; place where 
they are kept; horses kept for 
racing, hunting, &c.: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. studded, p.pr. studding], to 
adorn with, or as with, studs; set 
with detached ornaments or prom 
inent objects. 

stud-ding ('ing), n. material for 
studs or joists; studs or joists 
collectively. 

stud-ding-sail ('ing-sal), n. a 
light sail set at the side of a 
square sail to increase its area in 
light winds. 

stu-dent (stu'dent), n. one who is 
engaged in study; scholar ; one de¬ 
voted to books or learning; syste¬ 
matic observer. 

stud-horse (stud'hors), n. a stal¬ 
lion. 

stud-ied ('id), adj. qualified by 
study ; well-read ; precise or form¬ 
al ; premeditated. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









808 


stu 


stu 


studio (stu'di-o), n. an artist’s 
workroom. * 

studious ('di-us), adj. devoted to 
study or the acquisition of knowl¬ 
edge ; diligent; designed ; deliber¬ 
ate ; careful (with of). 
stud-y (stud'i), n. the application 
of the mind to acquisition of 
knowledge; any particular branch 
of learning; sketched ideas of a 
painter, &c., for his future in¬ 
struction or improvement; a room 
set apart for a study: v.i. [ p.t. & 
p.p. studied, p.pr. studying], to 
apply the mind closely to a sub¬ 
ject ; endeavor diligently: v.t. to 
examine closely in order to learn 
thoroughly; con over; devote 
one’s thoughts to. 

stu-fa (stoo'fa), n. a jet of steam 
issuing from a fissure in the earth, 
stuff (stuf), n. materials out of 
which anything is made; textile 
fabrics ; furniture ; goods ; refuse 
matter; nonsense: v.t. to fill by 
crowding something into; press 
or pack; fill with seasoning; fill 
the skin of (a dead animal) for 
preservation in its natural form : 
v.i. to eat gluttonously, 
stuff-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being stuffy, 
stuff-y ('i), adj. close or ill-venti¬ 
lated ; sulky. 

stul-ti-fi-ca-tion (stul-ti-fi-ka'- 
shun), n. the act of stultifying; 
the state of being stultified, 
stul-ti-fi-er ('ti-fl-er), n. one who 
stultifies. 

stul-ti-fy ('ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
stultified, p.pr. stultirying], to 
render foolish ; make nugatory, 
stumble (stum'bl), v.i. to trip up 
or fall in walking; light (with on 
or upon) ; slide into error or 
crime: n. a trip in walking or 
running; failure or blunder, 
stump (stump), n. that part of a 
tree which remains in the ground 
after the trunk is cut down ; part 
remaining after amputation, &c.; 
an artist’s soft pencil or rubber; 
one of three posts of the wicket 
at cricket: v.t. to lop off; reduce 
to a stump; defeat: v.i. travel 
about making speeches for elec¬ 
tioneering purposes; to walk 
clumsily. 

stump-or-a-tor (-or'a-ter), n. one 


who harangues the people on 
some current question, usually 
political. 

stump-speech ('spech), n. an 

electioneering speech, 
stump y ('i), adv. full of stumps; 
short and thick. 

stun (stun), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

stunned, p.pr stunning], to ren¬ 
der senseless by, or as by, a blow ; 
confuse with noise ; surprise com¬ 
pletely ; astonish, 
stung, p.t. & p.p. of sting, 
stunk, p.t. & p.p. of stink, 
stun ning ('ing), adj. remarkably 
fine or large. 

stunt (stunt), v.t. to check in 
growth or progress: v.i. to become 
stunted: n. a check in growth; 
something stunted; an allotted 
task ; a performance, 
stupe (stup), n. flax, flannel, &c., 
steeped in warm water or medica¬ 
ments used as a compress &c. 
stu-pe-£a-ci-ent (-pe-fa'shi-ent), 
n. a narcotic. 

stupefaction (-fak'shun), n. 

the act of stupefying; state of 
being stupefied; insensibility; 
torpor; stupidity. 

stu-pe-fac-tive ('tiv), adj. caus¬ 
ing stupefaction. 

stu-pe-fi-er ('pe-fi-er). n. one who 
or that which, stupefies. 
stu-pe-£y ('e-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
stupefied, p.pr. stupefying], to de¬ 
prive of sensibility ; make stupid ; 
dull. 

stupendous (-pan'dus), adj. 
overcoming the senses by its vast¬ 
ness ; astonishing, 
stu pid ('pid), adj. deficient in 
understanding ; insensible ; dull; 
silly ; nonsensical. 

8yn. dull, foolish, obtuse, wit¬ 
less. 

stupidity ( 'i-ti ) . n. extreme 

dullness of perception or under¬ 
standing ; crass ignorance; folly. 

Syn. dullness, apathy, slowness, 
obtuseness. 

Ant. (see cleverness). 
stu-por ('per), n. suspension or 
great diminution of sensibility; 
numbness; lethargy; intellectual 
insensibility. 

stur-di-ly (ster'di-li), adv. in a 
sturdy manner. 

stur-di-ness ('di-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being sturdy. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








fltu 


809 


sub 


stur-dy ('di), adj. hardy; robust; 
stout: strong ; stubborn ; vigorous ; 
forcible. 

stur geon ('jun), n. a large, car¬ 
tilaginous fish of the genus 
Acipenser, the roes of certain 
species of which are made into 
caviare, and isinglass from the 
air-bladder. 

stutter (stut'er), .i. to speak 
with hesitation or stammering: 
v.t. to utter in a stammering man¬ 
ner : n. hesitation or stammering 
in speech. Also stuttering. 

sty (stl), n. a pen or enclosure 
for swine : a filthy or mean place ; 
a kind of boil upon the eyelid: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. stied, p.pr. sty- 
ing], to shut up in a filthy or 
mean place. 

Styg-i-an (stij'i-an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the Styx, the river of 
Hades, over which the dead were 
ferried by the boatman Charon: 
hence infernal; hellish. 

style (stll), n. a pointed instru¬ 
ment used by the ancients for 
writing upon wax tablets; the 
gnomon of a dial; appellation or 
title; distinctive manner of writ¬ 
ing with regard to the choice of 
words, &c.; manner of speaking; 
characteristic mode of expression 
or execution ; method of reckoning 
time ; fashion ; manner ; the stalk 
between the ovary and stigma of a 
flower; a probe: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
styled, p.pr. styling], to designate 
or name. 

sty-li-form ('li-form), adj. like a 
style. 

sty-lish ('fish), adj. fashionable; 
modish. 

sty-list ('list), n. a master of 
literary style. 

sty-lo-bate ('lo-bat), n. an un¬ 
interrupted base below a range of 
columns. 

stylo-graph ('lo-graf), n. a sty- 
lographic pen. 

sty-lo-graph-ic (-graf'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, or used in, a stylo- 
graphic pen, or stylography. 

sty-log-ra-phy (stl-log'rfi-fi) , n. a 
method of writing or tracing by 
means of a style. 

sty-loid ('loid), adj. resembling 
a style or pen; pertaining to a 
particular bone. 


styp-tic (stip'tik), adj. stopping 
bleeding. 

styr-a-cine (stir'a-sin), n. a crys¬ 
talline substance obtained from 
storax. Also styracin. 
su a ble (su'a-bl), adj. capable of 
being, or liable to be, sued, 
su-aut ('ant), adj. uniform; level, 
sua-si-ble (swa'si-bl), adj. easily 
persuaded. 

sua sion ('zhun), n. persuasion, 
sua-sive ('siv), adj. persuasive, 
suave (swav), adj. pleasant in 
manner. 

suav-i-ty (swav'i-ti), n. urbanity; 

gentleness. 

sub, prefix meaning under, be¬ 
neath, beloiv, slightly. 
sub-ac-id (sub-as'id), adj. slightly 
acid. 

sub-al-tern (-awl'tern), n. a com¬ 
missioned officer under the rank 
of captain: adj. inferior, 
sub-al-ter-nate (-ter'nat), adj. 
successive. 

sub-due (-du), v.t. to overcome or 
conquer; vanquish ; reduce ; low¬ 
er ; tone down. 

sub-ja-ceiit (sub-ja'sent), adj. ly¬ 
ing under or below ; situated lower 
but not directly beneath, 
sub-ject ('jekt), adj. under the 
power or control of another; sub¬ 
ordinate ; disposed; liable: n. one 
who is under the power or control 
of another; that which is treated 
in writing, speaking, &c.; theme; 
topic; design; a dead body for 
dissection ; substance ; material; 
theme of a proposition ; the Ego, 
as distinguished from the non-Ego 
or object; theme of a movement 
[Music] : v.t. (sub-jekt') to bring 
under the power or control of; 
render subordinate ; enslave ; sub¬ 
jugate ; render liable; expose. 

Syn. exposed to, liable, obnox¬ 
ious, inferior, subordinate. 

Ant. (see exempt), 
sub-jec-tion (-jek'shun), n. the 
act of subjecting; state of being 
subjected. 

sub-jec-tive ('tiv), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the subject as opposed to 
the object; derived from one’s 
own consciousness. 

Syn. objective. 

sub-jec-tive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
subjective manner. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






sub 


810 


sub 


sub-jec-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being subjec¬ 
tive. Also subjectivity, 
sub-jec-tiv-ism ('iv-izm), n. the 
philosophical doctrine that knowl¬ 
edge is relative or purely subjec¬ 
tive. 

sub-join (-join'), v.t. to affix, 
sub-ju-gate ('ju-gat), v.t. to con¬ 
quer by force; bring under 
dominion. 

sub-ju-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. the 
act of subjugating; state of being 
subjugated. 

sub-ju-ga-tor ('ju-ga-ter), n. one 
who subjugates. 

sub-junc-tive (-jungk'tiv), adj. 
noting a form of the verb express¬ 
ive of contingency, condition, or 
hypothesis. 

sub-li-mate ('li-mat), v.t. to con¬ 
vert (a solid) by heat into vapor, 
which on cooling returns to the 
solid state;.refine and exalt, 
sub-lime (-Urn'), adj. awakening 
feelings of awe and reverence; 
high in place or excellence; ex¬ 
alted in nature; elevated in man¬ 
ner or style: n. that which is 
awe-inspiring in works of nature 
or art as distinguished from the 
beautiful (with the) : v.t. to 
dignify or exalt; render noble: 
v.i. to be capable of sublimation, 
sub-lime-ly ('li), adv. in a sub¬ 
lime manner. 

sub-lim-i-ty (-lim'i-ti), n. lofti¬ 
ness of style or sentiment; eleva¬ 
tion ; moral grandeur; excellence, 
sub-ma-rine (sub-ma-ren'), adj. 
under water. A submarine boat 
is one that can be propelled under 
water. 

sub-merge (-merj'), v.t. to place 
under water; overwhelm: v.i. to 
be, or lie, under water, 
sub mer sion (-mer'shun), n. the 
act of submerging; state of being 
submerged. Also submergence, 
sub-mis-sion (-mish'un), n. the 
act of submitting or yielding; 
obedience. 

sub-miss-ive (-mis'iv). adj. yield¬ 
ing to authority; obedient; hum¬ 
ble. 

sub-miss-ive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
submissive manner, 
sub-miss-ive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being submiss¬ 
ive. 


sub-mit (-mit'), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
submitted, p.pr. submitting] , to 
yield to the authority of another; 
surrender; resign; refer to judg¬ 
ment or discretion ; comply with : 
v.i. to be subject; yield, 
sub-mit-ter ('er), n. one who sub¬ 
mits. 

sub-mul-ti-ple (-mul'ti-pl), n. a 
number or quantity which is con¬ 
tained in another a certain num¬ 
ber of times exactly, as 4 is the 
submultiple of 28. 
sub-or-di-nate (-6r'di-nat), adj. 
inferior in rank, value, power, or 
importance : n. one who is inferior 
to another in rank, &c.: v.t. to 
place in a lower order; render 
subject. 

sub-or-di-nate-ly (-li), adv. in a 

subordinate manner, 
sub-or-di-na-tion (-na'shun), n. 
the act of subordinating or plac¬ 
ing in a lower order; subjection ; 
state of being subordinate; in¬ 
feriority of rank, position, &c. 
sub orn (-orn'), v.t. to procure or 
induce to commit perjury; pro¬ 
cure by indirect means or by 
secret collusion. 

subornation (-or-na'shun), n. 
the act of inducing a person to 
commit perjury by bribes or per¬ 
suasion. 

subpoena (-pe'na), n. a writ 
commanding the attendance of a 
person in court as a witness under 
a penalty: v.t. to serve with a 
subpoena. 

sub-scribe (-skrib'), v.t. to write 
or annex (one’s name) to a paper 
or document; give or promise (a 
sum of money) for some object 
by writing one’s name; publish 
(a book) by subscription: v.i. to 
give consent. 

sub-scrip-tion (-skrip'shun), n. 
the act of subscribing; name sub¬ 
scribed ; signature; sum of money 
subscribed. 

sub-so quence ('se-kwens), n. the 
act or state of being subsequent, 
subsequent ('se-kwent), adj. 
following or coming after in time 
or order; posterior. 

Syn. succeeding following. 

Ant. (see previous), 
sub-serve (-serv'), v.t. to be sub¬ 
servient to; promote; serve in- 
strumentally. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; m5on, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









sub 


811 


sub 


subsesqui, 'prefix , meaning combi¬ 
nation in the proportion of two 
to three. 

sub-sess-ile (-ses'il), ad), having 
very . short foot-stalks, 
sub-side (-sid'), v.i. to sink or 
fall to the bottom; tend down¬ 
wards ; settle; abate; become 
tranquil or calm. 

sub-si-dence ('dens), n. the act of 
subsiding or sinking down ; down¬ 
ward tendency. 

subsidiarily (-sid'i-a-ri-li), 
adv. so as to assist, 
subsidiary ('i-a-ri), ad), auxil¬ 
iary ; furnishing additional sup¬ 
plies : n. an auxiliary, 
sub-si-dize ('si-diz), v.t. to fur¬ 
nish with a subsidy, 
sub-si-dy ('si-di), n. [pi. subsi¬ 
dies (-diz) ], pecuniary aid granted 
by one government to another, 
especially for war expenses; pub¬ 
lic grant or subvention to aid an 
enterprise for the public conveni¬ 
ence. 

Syn. aid, bonus, bounty, grant, 
tribute. 

sub-sist (-sist'), v.i. to have exist¬ 
ence ; to retain the present state; 
inhere; have the means of liveli¬ 
hood. 

sub-sist-ence ('ens), n. means of 
support; maintenance ; livelihood ; 
inherence. 

sub-stance ('stans), n. matter or 
material; characteristic and es¬ 
sential part of anything; pur¬ 
port ; wealth or propertj\ 
sub-stan-tial (-stan'slial), ad). 
belonging to, or having, sub¬ 
stance ; containing the essential 
parts ; solid ; material; corporeal ; 
having considerable wealth or 
property: n.pl. essential parts. 

Syn. solid, durable. 

Ant. (see unsubstantial). 
sub-stan-tial-ly (-1 i), adv. in a 
substantial manner; essentially, 
sub-stan-ti-ate ('slii-at), v.t. to 
establish the truth of by proof or 
competent evidence, 
sub-stan-ti-val (-stan-ti'val), 
ad), pertaining to, or of the na¬ 
ture of, a substantive, 
sub-stan-tive ('stan-tiv), adj. ex¬ 
pressing existence; real; essen¬ 
tial : n. that part of speech which 
expresses the existence of any¬ 


thing material or immaterial; 
noun. 

substantively (-li), adv. in a 
substantive manner ; essentially ; 
as a substantive or noun, 
sub-sti-tute ('sti-tut), v.t. to put 
in the place of another; change: 
n. one who, or that which, is put 
in the place of another, 
sub-sti-tu-tion (-tu'shun), n. the 
act of substituting; state of being 
substituted. 

subsume (-sum'), v.t. to include 
under a more general class or 
under something else, 
sub-tan-gent (-tan'jent), n. the 
part of the axis of a curve inter¬ 
cepted between the tangent and 
the ordinate. 

sub-tend (-tend'), v.t. to extend 
under or be opposite to. 
subter, a prefix meaning under. 
sub-ter-fuge ('ter-fuj), n. an 
evasion or artifice ; trick ; shift, 
sub-ter-ra-ne an (ra'ne-an), adj. 
below the surface or beneath the 
earth. Also subterraneous, 
sub-tile (sub'til or sut'l), ad). 
thin ; delicately constructed ; fine ; 
delicate ; refined ; acute ; cunning ; 
artful. 

sub-tile-ly (-li), adv. in a subtile 
manner. 

sub-tile-ness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being subtile. Also 
subtility. 

sub-tie (sut'l), ad), artful; in¬ 
sinuating ; crafty, 
sub-tle-ty (-ti), n. acuteness of 
intellect; cunning; shrewdness. 
Subtleness. 

sub-tract (-trakt'), v.t. to with¬ 
draw or take away, as a part from 
a whole; deduct. 

sub-trac-tion (-trak'shun), n. the 
act of subtracting, 
sub-tract-ive ('iv), ad), tending, 
or having power, to subtract, 
sub-tra-hend ('tra-hend), n. the 
quantity or number to be sub¬ 
tracted from another, 
sub-trip-le (-trip'l), adj. contain¬ 
ing a third. 

su-bu-late (su'bu-lat), ad), awl- 
shaped. 

sub-urb (sub'erb), n. an outlying 
district of a city or town; en¬ 
virons (usually pi.). 
suburban (-er'ban), adj. per- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






812 


SuQ 


sub 


taining to, in, or living within, the 
suburbs. 

sub-ven-tion (-ven'shun), n. a 
government grant or subsidy. 
sub-ver-sion(-ver'shun), n. the act 
of subverting ; overthrow ; ruin, 
sub-ver-sive ('siv), adj. tending 
to subvert. 

sub-vert (-vert'), v.t. to turn up¬ 
side down ; ruin ; overthrow ; cor¬ 
rupt. 

Syn. destroy, overturn, ruin, 
supplant. 

Ant. (see preserve), 
sub-vert-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being subverted, 
sub-way ('wa), n. an under¬ 
ground passage, 
sue, another form of sub. 
suc ceed (sitk-sed'), v.t. to take 
the place of; follow: v.i. to follow 
in order; obtain one’s wishes; 
be successful; accomplish some¬ 
thing attempted; end with advan¬ 
tage ; prosper. 

Syn. win, achieve, attain, pros¬ 
per, thrive. 

Ant. (see fail). 

suc-cess (-ses'), n. the prosperous 
termination of any enterprise; 
prosperity. 

successful (-fool), adj. ending 
in success ; prosperous ; fortunate, 
suc-cess-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a 
successful manner, 
suc-ces-siou ('shun), n. the act 
of following in order; lineage; 
act or right of coming in the 
place of another; rotation, as of 
crops. 

suc-ces-sion-al (-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or implying, succes¬ 
sion ; consecutive. 

suc-ces-sive ('iv), adj. following 
in uninterrupted order; legiti¬ 
mate ; consecutive, 
suc-ces-sive-lv (-li), adv. consecu¬ 
tively. 

suc-ces-sor ('er), n. one who suc¬ 
ceeds or follows in the place or 
character of another, 
suc-cinct (-singkt'), adj. tersely 
expressed. 

suc cor O'er), v.t. to help or re¬ 
lieve when in difficulty or distress ; 
aid : n. relief ; aid. 
suc-co-tash ('o-tasli), n. a dish 
of green maize and beans boiled 
together. 


suc-cu-la ('u-la), n. an axis or 
cylinder without a drum, with 
staves to move it round, 
suc-cu-lence ('u-lens), n. juici¬ 
ness. 

succulent ('u-lent), adj. juicy: 

said of plants replete with juices, 
succumb (-kum'), v.i. to yield; 
submit. 

suc-cur-sal (-ker'sal), adj. an¬ 
nexed and assistant, as a chapel 
of ease. 

such (such), adj. the same that, 
or as referred to; denoting a par¬ 
ticular person or thing; certain ; 
very great. 

suck (suk), v.t. to draw in with 
the mouth : v.i. to draw milk from 
the breast: n. the act of sucking; 
milk drawn from the breast, 
suck-er ('er), n. one w T ho, or that 
which, sucks ; piston of a pump ; 
a tube through which anything 
is drawn ; shoot of a plant from 
the lower part of the stem; a 
sweet. 

suck-ing ('ing), adj. drawing 
with the mouth or with an instru¬ 
ment; very, young, 
suckle ('1), v.t. to nurse at the 
breast. 

suck-ling ('ling), n. an unweaned 
child or animal. 

su-crose (su'kros), n. cane- 
sugar. 

suc-tion (suk'shun), n. the act 
or process of sucking; act of 
drawung fluids by the removal of 
the atmospheric pressure, 
suc-to-ri-al (-to'ri-a 1 ), adj. adapted 
to, or living by, sucking, 
su-da-ri-um (su-da'ri-um), n. the 
cloth on which Christ is said to 
have miraculously impressed his 
image when He vciped his face 
with it on the way to Calvary, 
su-da-tion ('shun), n. the act of 
sweating. 

su-da-to-ri-uni (-to'ri-um), n. a 
sweating-batli. 

sud-den (sud'n), adj. happen¬ 
ing unexpectedly ; instantaneous; 
without notice; quick, 
su-dor-if-er-ous (su-dor-if'er-us), 
adj. secreting perspiration, 
su-dor-if-ic (-if'ik), adj. causing 
perspiration: n. a medicine pro¬ 
ducing such an effect. 

Su-dra (sob'drff), n. the lowest of 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 














sud 


813 


sui 


the fo^x' great castes into which 
the Hindus are divided. Also 
Soodra. 

suds (sudz), n.pl. soapy water. 

sud-sy_ (sud'zi), adj. like suds. 

sue (su), v.t. to prosecute at law: 
v.i. to entreat; beg; petition : pay 
court; institute legal proceedings 
with for). 

su-et ('et), n. the hard fat around 
the kidneys and loins of sheep and 
oxen. 

suf-fer (suf'er), v.t. to feel with 
a sense of pain ; undergo; bear; 
be affected by ; allow ; tolerate : 
v.i. to feel pain or punishment; 
be in distress ; endure loss or in¬ 
jury. 

suf-fer-a-ble (-&-bl). adj. that 
may be allowed or tolerated; per¬ 
missible. 

sufferance ('fer-ans), n. pa¬ 
tience under pain; toleration ; 
negative consent; permission. 

su£-fer-ing (-ing), n. the state 
of enduring physical or mental 
pain ; distress; loss or injury en¬ 
dured. 

Buf-fice (-is'), v.i. to be sufficient: 
v.t. to satisfy. 

suf-fi-cien-cy (-fish'en-si), n. the 
state or quality of being suffi¬ 
cient ; competence; self-confi¬ 
dence ; conceit. 

suf-fi-cient ('ent), adj. equal to 
any end or purpose; adequate; 
competent. 

suf-fix ('iks), n. a letter or syl¬ 
lable added at the end of a word ; 
affix: v.t. (suf-iks') to add. as 
a letter or syllable at the end of 
a word. 

suffocate ('o-kat). v.t. to choke 
by stopping respiration; smother; 
stifle. 

suf-fo-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the 
act of suffocating; state of be¬ 
ing suffocated. 

suffrage ('raj), n. vote, or right 
to vote; franchise; voice or vote 
given on a controverted subject: 
pi. united prayer of a congrega-' 
tion. 

suffragette (suf'ra-jet), n. a 
woman advocate of the exercise 
of the suffrage by women. 

suf-fuse (-fuz'), v.t. to spread 
over as with a fluid or a color. 

suffusion. (-fu'zhun). n. the act 


of suffusing; state of being suf¬ 
fused. 

sug ar (shoog'er), n. a sweet crys¬ 
talline substance obtained from 
the sugar-cane, beet, &c.; any 
substance resembling sugar; flat¬ 
tery : adj. pertaining to, like, made 
of, or yielding, sugar; sweet: v.t. 
to sprinkle or mix with sugar; 
sweeten ; flatter. 

sug ar i ness ('er-i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being sweet or 
like sugar. 

sug-ar-y ('er-i), adj. like, com¬ 
posed of, or fond of, sugar; sweet. 

sug-gest (sug-jest' or suj-est'), 
v.t. to introduce indirectly to the 
mind or thoughts; hint; insinu¬ 
ate ; allude or refer to: v.i. to 
make suggestions. 

sug-ges-tion (-jes'chun), n. the 
act of suggesting; thing sug¬ 
gested ; hint. 

Syn. hint, innuendo, sugges¬ 
tion. 

suggestive ('iv), adj. contain¬ 
ing, or full of, suggestion. 

sug-gest-ive-ly (-li), adv. by way 

of suggestion. 

su-i-ci-dal (su'i-sl-dal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or partaking of, su¬ 
icide ; fatal to one’s own interests. 

su-i-ci-dal-ly (-i), adv. in a sui¬ 
cidal manner. 

su-i-cide ('i-sid) , n. a person who 
kills himself ; self-murder ; ruin of 
one’s own interests. 

suint (swint), n. a peculiar fatty 
substance obtained from sheep’s 
wool. 

suit (sut), n. a set of things cor¬ 
respondent to each other, as of 
the same kind ; petition or prayer; 
courtship; one of four sets of a 
pack of cards; an action or proc¬ 
ess at law for the recovery of a 
right or claim : v.t. to be fitted to; 
fall in with; accommodate; 
please: v.i. to correspond or ac¬ 
cord ; agree. 

Syn. accord, agree. 

Ant. (see disagree). 

suit-a-bil-i-ty (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being suitable. 
Also suitableness. 

suit-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. fitting; ap¬ 
propriate. 

suit a bly (ffi-bli), adv. in a suit¬ 
able manner. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








814 


sum 


SUE 


suite (swet). n. a retinue or com¬ 
pany ; series; set, as of rooms, 
furniture, &c. 

suit-or (siit'er), n. a petitioner; 
supplicant; lover; party to a 
lawsuit. 

sul-cate (sul'kat), adj. grooved, 
sulk (sulk), thi. to be sulky, 
sulk-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a sulky 
manner. 

sulk-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being sulky. 

sulk-y ('i), adj. [comp, sulkier, 
superl. sulkiest], silently sullen: 
n. a kind of two-wheeled carriage, 
sul-len (sul'en), adj. morosely 
silent; gloomily angry ; dismal ; 
heavy. 

sul-ly ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sullied, 
p.pr. sullying], to tarnish or soil; 
dirty ; stain : n. a tarnish or stain, 
sul-phate ('fat), n. a salt of sul¬ 
phuric acid. 

sul-phide ('fid), n. a compound 
of sulphur with a metal or other 
element. 

sul-pkite ('fit), n. a salt of sul¬ 
phurous acid. 

sul-phur ('fer), n. a non-metallic 
element, brittle and of a yellow 
color, insoluble in water, but 
fusible by heat. 

sulphurate (-at), v.t. to com¬ 
bine with, or subject to the action 
of, sulphur: adj. pertaining to, or 
of the color of, sulohur. 
sul-pliur-a-tor ('fer-a-ter). n. an 
apparatus for bleaching by the 
fumes of sulphur. 

sul-phu-re-ous (-fii're-us), adj. 
consisting of, impregnated with, 
or having the qualities of, sul¬ 
phur. Also sulphurous, 
sul-pliu-ret, same as sulphide, 
sul-plm-ret-ted ('fu-ret-ed), 
adj. combined with sulphur, 
sul-phu-ric (-fu'rik), adj. ob¬ 
tained from, or containing, sul¬ 
phur. 

sul-phu-ric ac-id (as'id), n. a 
heavy, corrosive liquid composed 
of sulphur, oxygen, and water; oil 
of vitriol. 

sul phur ous ac-id ('fur-us as'¬ 
id), n. an acid composed of 2 
parts of oxygen and 2 parts of 
sulphur. 

sul-phur-y ('fer-i), adj. like sul¬ 
phur. 


sul-tan ('tan), n. the title of a 
Mohammedan sovereign, especial¬ 
ly the sovereign of the Ottoman 
Empire. Feminine sultana, 
sul-tan-ate ('tan-at), n. the rule 
or domin.^n of a sultan, 
sul-tan-ship ('tan-ship), n. the 
office, rank, or dignity of a sultan, 
sul-tri-ly (-tri-li), adv. oppress¬ 
ively. 

sultriness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being sultry, 
sultry ('tri), adj. [comp, sul¬ 
trier, superl. sultriest], very hot, 
close, and oppressive; close and 
heavy with a moist heat, 
sum (sum), n. the aggregate of 
two or more things taken to¬ 
gether ; whole; total ; quantity of 
money ; substance ; compendium ; 
utmost degree ; arithmetical prob¬ 
lem for solution : v.t. [p.t. & p.p 
summed, p.pr. summing], to add 
into one amount; condense into 
few words. 

su mac (su'mak or shu'mak), n. 
a plant or shrub the dried leaves 
and roots of which are used in 
tanning, dyeing, and medicine, 
summarily (sum'a-ri-li), adv. 
in a short way or method; con¬ 
cisely. 

sum ma rize ('a-riz), v.t. to £tate 
concisely. 

summary ('a-ri), adj. brief; la¬ 
conic ; compendious; done in a 
short way or method: n. an 
abridgment; compendium, 
summation (-a'shun), n. the 
act of forming a total; aggregate, 
sum mer ('er), n. that part of 
the year which comprises the 
hottest months, June, July, and 
August; a large piece of timber 
to receive the ends of the joists; 
horizontal girder: v.i. to pass the 
summer: v.t. to feed or keep dur¬ 
ing the summer. 

sum-mit ('it), n. the top or high¬ 
est point. 

sum-mon ('un), v.t. to cite or call 
by authority; command to appear 
in court; invite; rouse to exer¬ 
tion : n.pl. a citation to appear in 
court on a certain day; document 
containing such a citation ; au¬ 
thoritative call. 

sum-pit (sum'pit), n. the poi- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let: line, tin : vote, pSrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 



















sum 


815 


sup 


soiled arrow used with a surnpi- 
tan. 

sum-pi-tan ('pi-tan), n. a kind of 
long blowpipe, used by the Ma¬ 
lays. 

suinp-tu-a-ry (sump'tu-&-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, or regulating, ex¬ 
pense. 

sump tu a ry laws (lawz), n.pl. 
laws to limit excessive expendi¬ 
ture on dress or other luxuries. 

sumptuous ('tu-us), adj. ex¬ 
pensive ; costly ; luxurious; mag¬ 
nificent. 

sun (sun), n. the luminous body 
around which the earth, and other 
planets, &c., of the solar system 
revolve; the source of light and 
heat to the earth ; any center of 
a system of worlds: anything like 
the sun in splendor or power; 
sunshine: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. sunned, 
p.pr. sunning], to expose to the 
sun’s rays; warm or dry in the 
sun. 

Sun-day ('da), n. the first day of 
the week, the Christian Sabbath, 
or Lord’s Day : adj. pertaining to 
Sunday. 

sun der ('der), v.t. to divide or 
rend. 

sun-dew ('du), n. a plant of the 
genus Drosera, whose leaves se¬ 
crete a dew-like viscid fluid. 

sun-dries ('driz), n.pl. numerous 
small or miscellaneous articles or 
matters. 

sun-dry ('dri), adj. various; sev¬ 
eral. 

sung, p.p. of sing. 

sunk, p.t. & p.p of sink. 

sunk-en (sungk'en), adj. lying on 
the bottom of the sea ; fallen or 
pressed down. 

sunn (sun), n. an East Indian 
plant, the fiber of which is used 
as a substitute for hemp. 

Sun-na ('a), n. a collection of 
oral laws and precepts of Moham¬ 
med handed down by tradition, 
and esteemed as of equal value 
with the Koran by the Sunnites. 

sun-ni-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being sunny. 

Sun-nites ('its), n.pl. the ortho¬ 
dox Mohammedans who regard the 
Sunna as equally binding with 
the Koran. 

sun-ny ('I), adj. pertaining to, 


like, proceeding from, or exposed 
to, the sun; bright; warm; 
cheerful. 

sun-shine ('shin), n. the light or 
rays of the sun ; warmth ; bright¬ 
ness. 

sun-stroke ('strok), n. a kind of 
apoplexy, caused by the intense 
heat of the sun’s rays, 
sun-up ('up), m sunrise, 
sup (sup), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. supped, 
p.pr. supping], to take into the 
mouth with the lips; sip: v.i. to 
take supper: n. a small mouthful, 
as of a liquid; sip. 
super, prefix meaning over , above, 
beyond, in excess. 

superannuate (su-per-an'u- 
at), v.t. to pension on account of 
old age or infirmity, 
su-per-an-nu-a-tion (-u-a'shun), 
n. the state of being superannu¬ 
ated ; pension granted to one who 
is superannuated. 

su-perb (su-perb'), adj. grand; 
proud; stately; elegant; first- 
rate; sumptuous. 

su-per-car-go (su-per-kar'gd), n. 
a person or officer in a merchant 
vessel who superintends the cargo 
and commercial affairs of a ship 
during its voyage, 
su-per-cil-i-a-ry (-sil'i-a-ri), adj. 
pertaining to, or situated above, 
the eyebrow. 

su - per - oil - i- ous ('i-us), adj. 
haughty ; proud ; disdainful; dic¬ 
tatorial ; overbearing, 
su-per-cil-i-um (-sil'i-um), n. the 
eyebrow. 

su-per-er-o-ga-tion (-er-o-ga'- 

shun), n. the performance of more 
than is required by duty, 
su-per-er-og-a-to-ry (-er-og'a-to- 
ri), adj. performed beyond what 
is required by duty, 
su-per-fi-cial (-fisli'al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or being on the sur¬ 
face ; slight; not deep ; unlearned. 

Syn. flimsy, shallow, untrust¬ 
worthy. 

Ant. (see thorough), 
su-per-fi-cial-i-ty (-al'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being super¬ 
ficial ; slight knowledge. Also su¬ 
perficialness. 

su-per-fi-cies (-fish'ez), n. su¬ 
perficial area or exterior face of 
a body. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook*, mute, nut: thin, then. 







816 


>up 


su>» 

V 


su-per-llu-i-ty (-floo'i-ti), n. [pi. 
superfluities (-tiz)], suberabund- 
ance; excess. 

su-per-flu-ous ('floo-us), adj. 
more than enough or necessary; 
excessive. 

Syn. unnecessary, excessive. 

Ant. (see necessary). 
su-per-fron-tal (-fron'tal), n. 
that part of an .altar-cloth which 
hangs over the frontal, 
superheat (-het'), v.t. to heat 
to an extreme degree; heat 
(steam) until it resembles a per¬ 
fect gas. 

su-per-in-duce (-in-dus'), v.t. to 
bring in or upon as an addition to 
something else; superadd. 
su-per-in-tend (-in-tend'). v.t. to 
have, or exercise the charge or 
oversight of; direct or control, 
su-per-in-tend-ence (-tend'ens), 
n. supervision ; oversight; control, 
su-per-in-tend-ent ('ent), n. 

one who superintends; overseer, 
su - pe - ri - or (su-pe'ri-or), adj. 
higher or above in place, position, 
rank, dignity, office, or excellence ; 
stronger; surpassing others ; un¬ 
conquered ; preferable ; beyond the 
power or influence of;* placed 
above another organ : n. one who 
is superior to others; one of 
higher rank or position; head of 
a religious house, 
su-pe-ri-or-i-ty (-ri-or'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being superior; 
preeminence ; advantage, 
superlative (-per'la-tiv), adj. 
superior to all others; highest in 
degree: n. a word expressing the 
highest degree,of anything, 
superlatively (-li), ado. in a 
superlative manner, 
sn-per-la-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being superla¬ 
tive. 

su-per-nal ('nal), adj. pertaining 
to, or situated in, a higher place 
or region ; celestial, 
su-per-nat-u-ral (-nat'u-ral). ad >. 
beyond, or exceeding, the powers 
or laws of nature. 

Syn. miraculous, preternatu¬ 
ral. 

Ant. (see natural), 
su-per-nat-u-ral-ism (-izm), n. 
the state or quality of being su¬ 


pernatural ; the doctrine that rev¬ 
elation is the only means by 
which man acquires the knowledge 
of God. 

su-per-nat-u-ral-ist (-ist), n. 
one who believes in the doctrine 
of supernaturalism, 
su-per-ziat-u-ral-ly (-li), ado. in 
a supernatural manner, 
su-per-num-er-a-ry (-num'er-a- 
ri), n. [pi. supernumeraries 
(-riz)], a person or thing be¬ 
yond the stated or required num¬ 
ber : adj. exceeding the number 
stated or required, 
super phosphate (-fosfat), n. 
a phosphate containing the great¬ 
est quantity of phosphoric acid 
capable of entering into combina¬ 
tion with the base, 
su - per - roy - al (-roi'fil). adj. 
noting a size of paper larger than 
royal, 27% X 20% in. 
su-per-scrihe (-skrib'), v.t. to 
write or inscribe, or engrave on 
the outside or top. 
su-per-scrip-tion (-skrip'shun), 

n. the act of superscribing; the 
address or direction, 
su-per-sede (-sed'), v.t. to set 
aside or render null and void by 
superior power: come into, or 
take, the place of. 
su-per-sti-tion (-stish'un). n. 
reverence for, and belief in, the 
supernatural, or objects which are 
not worthy of worship; false 
worship or religion ; extreme ob¬ 
servance of religious rites or 
ceremonies. 

su-per-sti-tiour ('us), adj. per¬ 
taining to, characterized by. pro¬ 
ceeding from, or addicted to su¬ 
perstition ; overscrupulous and 
extreme in religious rites or cere¬ 
monies. 

su-per-struc-ture (-stvuk'tur); n. 
anything built or founded on 
something else; a building, 
su-per-tou-ic (-ton'ik), n. in 
music, the note next above the 
keynote. 

su-per-vene (-ven'), v.i. to come 
upon as something extraneous; 
occur. 

su-per-vise (-ziz'), v.t. to oversee, 
su-per-vi-sion (-vish'un). n. the 
act of supervising; superintend¬ 
ence. 


late, mar, mask, cat, anl : lie. her, let: line, tin: vote, porch, lot: moon. 

cook : mute, nut; thin. then. 


I 












817 


sur 


jup 


su-per-vis-or (-vlz'er), n. an 
overseer. 

supervisory (-vi'zo-ri), adj. 

exercising supervision, 
su-piue (su-pln'), ad}, lying on 
the back ; indolent; careless ; in¬ 
attentive ; negligent: n. a Latin 
verbal noun, ending in um, and u. 
su-pine-ly (Hi), adv. in a supine 
manner. 

su-pine-ness ('nes), n. the state 
or quality of being supine, 
sup per (sup'er), n. the evening 
meal. 

sup-plant (-plant'), v.t. to dis¬ 
place and take the place of, as by 
craft: supersede. 

sup-pie ('!), ad}, flexible; yield¬ 
ing ; servile: v.t. to make supple: 
v.i. to grow pliant, 
sup ple ment (He-ment), v.t. to 
add something to ; fill up or sup¬ 
ply : n. something added to render 
anything more complete or supply 
defects or errors; appendix; the 
quantity by which an arc or angle 
falls short of a semicircle, 
sup-ple-men-tal (-men'tal), ad}. 
serving as a supplement; addi¬ 
tional. Supplementary, 
sup-ple-ness (sup'l-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being supple; 
pliancy. 

sup-pli-ant (sup'li-ftnt), adj. be¬ 
seeching ; entreating; suing: n. 
one who supplicates; humble pe¬ 
titioner. Also supplicant, 
sup-pli-cate (-kat), v.t. to ask or 
beg humbly and earnestly; ad¬ 
dress in prayer ; beseech ; implore, 
sup-pli-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the 
act of supplicating; humble and 
earnest prayer or entreaty, 
sup-pli-ca-to-ry ('li-ka-to-ri), ad}. 
pertaining to, containing, or of 
the nature of, supplication, 
sup-pli-er (-H'erl. n. one who. or 
that which, supplies, 
sup-ply (-11'), V.t. [p.t. & p.p. sup¬ 
plied, p.pr. supplying], to furnish 
with what is required; provide; 
serve instead of: fill: n. [pi. sup¬ 
plies (-Hz')], the act of supply¬ 
ing; thing supplied; amount of 
money or food required for daily 
necessaries, as of an army, &c. 
(usually pi.). 

sup-port (-ndrt'L v.t. to susta’’ 1 : 
bear up ; endure ; uphold ; favor ; 


second; incur; carry on; provide 
for or nourish : n. the act of sup¬ 
porting ; that which supports; 
maintenance ; livelihood ; aid. 

Syn. bear, keep, maintain, prop. 

Ant. (see abandon). 
sup-pose (-poz'), v.t. to imagine; 
admit without proof; assume as 
true; think. 

Syn. guess, imagine, surmise, 
think. 

Ant. (see ascertain). 
sup-po-si-tion (-po-zish'un), n. 
the act of supposing; thing sup¬ 
posed ; assumption, 
sup-pos-i-ti-tious (-poz-i-tish'us), 
adj. supposed or imaginary; not 
genuine ; counterfeit, 
sup-pos-i-to-ry (-poz'i-to-ri), n. a 
medicated mass, usually in the 
form of a cone, for introduction 
into some cavity of the body, 
where it dissolves, 
sup-press (-pres'), v.t. to subdue; 
crush; keep in or down; quell; 
conceal; restrain the publication 
of; arrest the normal secretions 
of. 

sup-pres-sion (*-presh'un), n. the 
act of suppressing; stoppage; 
concealment: omission, 
sup - press - ive (-pres'iv), ad}. 

tending to suppress, 
sup-press-or ('er), n. one who 
suppresses. 

sup-pu-rate ('u-rat), v.i. to gen¬ 
erate pus. 

sup-pu-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. the 
act of generating pus; pus gener¬ 
ated in a sore. 

sup-pu-ra-tive ('u-ra-tiv), ad}. 
tending to produce, or accompa¬ 
nied by, suppuration : n. a medi¬ 
cine to promote suppuration, 
supra, a prefix meaning above , be¬ 
yond, over as supralapsarian. 
su-prem-a-cy (su-prem'a-si), n. 
the state or qualitv of being su¬ 
preme ; highest authority, 
su preme (-prem'), adj. highest 
in power or authority; most ex¬ 
cellent ; extreme ; utmost, 
su-preme-ly (Hi), adv. in a su¬ 
preme manner. 

sur, a prefix meaning over, beyond, 
above, upon, as surcharge (ser- 
ehiirj'), n. an excessive charge, 
load, or burden ; an overcharge be¬ 
yond what is just and right: v.t. 


late. mar., mask cat awl: he. her. let: line. tin : vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook : mute, nut: thin. then. 









stir 


818 


sur 


to charge more than is clue; over¬ 
load. 

su-rab (soo'ni), n. a soft, twilled 
silk fabric. 

su-rat (s5o-rat'), n. a kind of 
short coarse cotton, 
sur-base (ser'bas), n. a cornice, 
or series of mouldings, on the top 
of the base of a pedestal, &c. 
surcingle ('sing-gl), n. a girth, 
belt, or girdle for passing around 
the body of a horse and securing 
the saddle or some burden, &c.; 
girdle of a cassock, 
sur-eoat ('kot), n. a coat worn 
over another coat or garment, 
surd (serd), n. a mathematical 
quantity that cannot be expressed 
by rational numbers, or has no 
root, as 3: adj. not expressible 
by rational numbers; involving 
surds; uttered with the breath, 
sure (shoor), adj. fit to be de¬ 
pended upon ; certain ; reliable ; 
infallible; firm; safe : adv. cer- 
.tainly; securely. 

sure-ly ('li), adv. certainly; with¬ 
out risk, hazard,, or doubt. 

Bare ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being sure; certainty, 
sure-ty ('ti), n. [pi. sureties 
('tiz)], certainty; security 
against loss or damage; guaran¬ 
tee ; hostage; one who becomes 
jointly bound with another; bail, 
sure-ty-sbip (-ship), n. the state 
of being surety; obligation of be¬ 
ing bound to answer for another, 
surf (serf), n. the swell of the sea 
that breaks and foams upon the 
shore or the rocks, 
sur-face (ser'fas), n. the exterior 
part or upper face of anything; 
superficies; outside, 
surf-boat (serf'bot), n. a strong, 
light boat for landing through the 
surf. 

surfeit (ser'fit), n. excess in eat¬ 
ing or drinking; sickness caused 
by such excess: v.t. to feed to ex¬ 
cess and sickness, 
surf-man (serf'man), n. a boat¬ 
man of a surf-boat, 
surf-y ('i), adj. covered with surf, 
surge (serj), n. a large wave or 
billow; great roll; swell: v.i. to 
roll or rise high. 

sur-geon (ser'jun), n. a medical 


practitioner, especially one who 
practices surgery. 

sur-geon-cy (-si), n. the post of a 
surgeon in the army or navy. 

sur-ger-y ('jer-i), n. the act and 
art of treating injuries or dis¬ 
eases by manual operations; place 
where a surgeon operates or keeps 
his medicines. 

sur-li-ly (ser'li-li), adv. in a 
surly manner. 

sur-li-ness ('li-nes), n. surly be¬ 
havior. 

sur-ly ('li), adj. [comp, surlier, 
supcrl. surliest], gloomily mo¬ 
rose ; rough ; uncivil; churlish; 
snarling; ill-natured. 

sur mise (-mlz'), n. guess or con¬ 
jecture; suspicion: v.t. to imagine 
without certain knowledge; sus¬ 
pect ; conjecture; fancy. 

sur mount (-mount'), v.t. to rise 
above ; overcome ; conquer ; van¬ 
quish ; exceed. 

surname ('nam), n. a name 
added to the baptismal names; 
family name: v.t. to give the fam¬ 
ily name to. 

sur-pass (-pas'), v.t. to exceed; 
excel; go beyond in excellence or 
badness. 

sur-plice ('plis), n. the outer 
linen vestment with wide sleeves, 
worn by the officiating clergy and 
choristers of the Roman Catholic 
and Anglican Churches. 

sur-plus ('plus), n. that which re¬ 
mains over and above what is re¬ 
quired ; excess: adj. exceeding 
what is required. 

sur-prise (-prfz'), n. the act of 
taking unawares ; astonishment; 
sudden emotion, confusion, or per¬ 
plexity: v.t. to take unawares; 
confuse or perplex; assail unex¬ 
pectedly ; astonish. 

sur-prise par-ty ('par-ti), n. a 
party who visit the house of a 
mutual friend unexpectedly, each 
bringing some article of food for 
supper. 

surprising (-prTz'ing), adj. 
causing surprise or astonishment; 
extraordinary. 

surrender (-ren'der), v.t. to 
yield to the power of another; 
give up on compulsion ; cede; re¬ 
sign : v.i. to yield; give up one’s 
self into the power of another; n. 


bite, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moo.a. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 















sur 


819 


sus 


the act of yielding into the power 
or possession of another; a yield- j 
ing or giving up. 

Syn. cede, relinquish, yield, 
abandon. 

sur-rep-ti-tious (-rep-tish'us), 
adj. done by stealth or fraud; un¬ 
authorized. 

surrogate (sur'6-gat), n. the 
deputy of a bishop, who is author¬ 
ized to issue marriage licenses, 
surround (-round'), v.t. to en¬ 
close on all sides; encompass; en¬ 
viron ; invest: n. a precipitous 
place where animals are sur- I 
rounded and driven over and cap¬ 
tured. 

Syn. encircle, encompass, en¬ 
viron. 

sur-roy-al (-roi'al), n. the crow r n 
antler of a stag. 

sur tax (ser'taks), n. an addi¬ 
tional tax: v.t. (ser-taks'), to im¬ 
pose a surtax on. 

sur-tout (-too'), n. a wide-skirted 
coat reaching below the knees, 
sur - veil - lance (-val'yans), n. 
watch ; oversight; inspection, 
sur-vey (-va'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
surveyed, p.pr. surveying], to in¬ 
spect or take a view of; overlook ; 
examine; measure and estimate, 
as land: n. (ser'va), the act of 
surveying; particular view or ex¬ 
amination ; customs district, 
sur vey ing ('ing), n. the art or 
business of measuring land, 
sur-vey-or ('er), n. one who sur¬ 
veys ; one whose business it is to 
measure land. 

sur-vi-val (-vi'val), n. continu¬ 
ance beyond the life of another; 
any ancient use, custom, or belief 
continuing to the present day. 
sur-vive (-viv'), v.t. to live longer 
than ; outlive: v.i. to remain alive, 
sur-vi-vor ('ver), n. one who out¬ 
lives another; the longer-lived of 
two joint tenants, &c. 
survivorship (-ship), n. the 
state of outliving another; a re¬ 
versionary benefit contingent upon 
some surviving life, 
sus, prefix, another form of sub. 
sus-cept-i-bil-i-ty (sus-sept-i-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the state or quality of be¬ 
ing susceptible ; impressibility; 
sensibility ; capability. Also sus¬ 
ceptibleness. 


sus cept i ble ('i-bl), adj. capable 
of admitting something additional, 
or any change, influence, affection, 
&c.; easily acted upon; impress¬ 
ible. Also susceptive, 
sus-eept-i-bly ('i-bli), adv. in a 
susceptible manner, 
sus-lik ('lik), n. a squirrel-like 
rodent. 

sus-pect (-pekt'). v.t. to have a 
suspicion of; imagine to exist; 
conjecture; mistrust: n. (sus'- 
pekt), a person suspected to be 
guilty of some crime, 
sus pend (-pend'), v.t. to make to 
hang by anything; delay ; inter¬ 
rupt ; cause to cease for a time ; 
debar temporarily, 
sus-pend-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, suspends: pi. braces, 
sus-pense (-pens'), n. a state of 
uncertainty, doubt, or anxiety; 
indecision ; act of withholding the 
judgment; temporary cessation of 
a man’s right. 

sus-pens-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being suspended, or held 
from sinking. 

sus-pen-sion (-pen'shun), n. the 
act of suspending; state of being 
suspended; a keeping in doubt; 
uncertainty ; delay ; interruption ; 
temporary privation of power, of¬ 
fice, privilege, or rights; continua¬ 
tion of a note from one chord to 
another [Music]. 

sus-pen-sor ('ser), n. something 
that suspends; a suspensory, 
suspen sory ('so-ri), adj. that 
suspends: n. a suspensory band, 
or pcuch. 

sus-pi-cion (-pish'un), n. the act 
of suspecting; distrust; want of 
confidence; imagination of some¬ 
thing wrong on slight or insuffi¬ 
cient proof; hint; very small 
quantity. 

sus-pi-cious ('us), adj. full of, 
inclined to, or cherishing, sus¬ 
picion ; open to, or exciting, sus¬ 
picion ; doubtful. 

stis-tain (-tan), v.t. to hold up 
or support; maintain ; keep ; sup¬ 
port ; nourish ; bear; endure; 
strengthen. 

Syn. maintain, support, 
sustained (-tfrnd), adj. main¬ 
tained at a certain pitch er level; 
uniform. 


late, miir, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

rook; mute, nut; thin, then. 











sus 


f 


820 


swa 


sus ten ance ('ten-ans), n. that 
which supports life; food ; main¬ 
tenance or support, 
sus-ten-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. the 
act of sustaining; support or 
maintenance. 

sut-ler (sut'ler), n. a person who 
follows an army and sells pro¬ 
visions, liquor, &c., to the troops. 
Su-tras (soo'traz), n.pl. certain 
aphorisms summarizing the teach¬ 
ing of the 1 Brahmans, and giving 
the essence of their doctrines in 
short, connected sentences, 
sut-tee (sut-e'), n. a Hindu 
widow who immolates herself on 
the funeral pile of her deceased 
husband; a form of widow sacri¬ 
fice, formerly common among the 
Hindus, in which the wife was 
burnt with her deceased husband 
on his funeral pile, 
sut-tee-ism ('izm), n. the prac¬ 
tice or rite of self-immolation 
among Hindu widows, 
su-tu-ral (su'tu-ral), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or situated at,*a suture, 
su-ture ('tur), n. the drawing 
together of the edges of a wound 
by sewing; lines of junction of 
the bones of the skull; seam at 
the union of two margins of a 
plant. 

su-ze-rain (su'ze-ran), n. a feudal 
lord, to whom fealty is due; su¬ 
perior or paramount ruler, 
su-ze-rain-ty (-ti), n. the office, 
or dignity, of a suzerain; para¬ 
mount authority. 

swab (swob), n. a mop for clean¬ 
ing decks, floors, &c.; clumsy per¬ 
son or lubber: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
swabbed, p.pr. swabbing], to rub 
or clean with a swab, 
swad-dle (swod'l), v.t. to swathe 
or bind tightly, especially infants, 
swaddling ('ling), adj. binding 
tightly. 

swag (swag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
swagged, p.pr swagging], to sink 
down by its own weight; hang 
heavily ; sag: n. an unequal, hob¬ 
bling motion ; thieves’ booty, 
swag-ger ('er), v.i. to bully or 
bluster; strut haughtily or with 
affected superiority : n. an affected 
or insolent manner of walking; 
noisy boastfulness, 
swain (swan), n. a peasant; rus¬ 
tic lover; sweetheart. 


swallow (swol'o), n. a well- 
known migratory passerine bird; 
any species of swift resembling 
the swallow; groove round a 
tackle-block; the gullet or esoph¬ 
agus; voracity; as much as 
can be swallowed at once: v.t . 
to take into the stomach through 
the esophagus; absorb; engulf: 
engage entirely; retract; put up 
with: v.i. to perform the act of 
swallowing. 

swallow-tailed (-tald), adj. like 
a swallow’s tail; having tapering 
or forked skirts, 
swam, p.t. of swim, 
swamp (swomp), n. wet or boggy 
land; soft, low land saturated 
with water: v.t. to plunge, over¬ 
whelm, or sink in, or as in, a 
swamp ; overset or sink in water; 
plunge into inextricable difficul¬ 
ties ; ruin. 

swamp-y ('i), adj. consisting of, 
or like, a swamp. 

swan (swon), n. a web-footed Dird 
of the genus Cygnus, with a very 
long neck, and remarkable for its 
grace in swimming, 
swan-skin (swon'skin), n. a 
kind of soft, fine-twilled flannel; 
very thick, closely-woven woolen 
cloth used by printers, 
swap (swop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
swapped, p.pr. swapping], to ex¬ 
change or barter: n. barter; a 
blow or stroke: adv. hastily; sud¬ 
denly. 

sward (swawrd), n. the grassy 
surface of land. 

sward ed ('ed), adj. covered with 

sward. 

sware, old p.t. of swear, 
swarm (swawrm), v.i. to throng 
together in a crowd; collect and 
rise from the hive: said of bees; 
breed multitudes; to climb a tree, 
&c., by embracing it with the 
arms and legs alternately (with 
up) : n. a cluster of insects, es¬ 
pecially bees; crowd or multitude 
in motion. 

swarth-i-ly (sworth'i-li), adv. 

with a swarthy hue. 
swartli-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being swarthy. 
Also swartness. 

swarth y ('i), adj. of a dark or 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vdte, porch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin. then. 









swa 


821 


swe 


tawny hue; dark-skinned. Also 
swart, swarth. 

swash (swosh), n. a dashing or 
splashing of water: v.i. to dash 
or splash water about, 
swashing ('ing), adj. crushing; 
slashing. 

swash-y ('i), adj. soft like fruit 
too ripe. 

swath (swawth), n. a line or 
ridge of grass or grain as cut 
down by the mower; sweep of a 
scythe in mowing, 
swathe (swa th), v.t. to bind with 
a bandage or roller; wrap: n. a 
bandage or roller, 
sway (swa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

swayed, p.pr. swaying], to move 
backwards and forwards; in¬ 
fluence by power or moral force; 
bias; govern: v.i. to incline on 
one side; be drawn by weight: n. 
the swing or sweep of a weapon ; 
cast of the balance; anything 
moving with power and bulk; 
rule ; dominion ; authority ; con¬ 
trol ; inclination or weight on 
one side. 

swear (swar), v.i. [p.t. swore, 
sware, p.p. sworn, p.pr. swear¬ 
ing], to make a solemn declara¬ 
tion by appealing to God for the 
truth of what is affirmed; give 
evidence on oath ; use profane lan¬ 
guage : v.t. to utter or affirm by 
appeal to God; cause to take, 
or bind by, an oath, 
sweat (swet), n. the moisture 
which exudes from the pores of 
the skin; toil; exertion: v.i. to 
exude moisture through the pores 
of the skin; perspire; labor; 
drudge: v.t. to cause to sweat; 
oppress by employing at an un¬ 
fair rate of wages, 
sweat-ing-sys-tem ('ing-sis-tem), 
n. the system by which middlemen 
employ people to work at their 
own homes for unfair wages. 
Swe den bor-gi-an (swe-den-bor'- 
ji-an), adj. pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, the doctrines of 
Swedenborg, a Swedish mystic, 
the founder of the New Jerusalem 
Church. 

sweep (swep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
swept, p.pr. sweeping], to brush, 


rub over, or clean, with a broom, 
&c.; drive or carry along or off 
with force; strike with a long 
stroke; touch in passing: v.i. to 
pass with violence, speed, or 
pomp ; pass with celerity or force ; 
move along with a long reach : n. 
the act of sweeping; general de¬ 
struction ; range; extent; di¬ 
rection of a curve; rapid survey 
with the eye; extent of a stroke; 
chimney-sweeper; large oar; 
blackguard. 

sweep-stakes ('staks), n.pl. the 
whole money or other things 
staked or won at a horse-race or 
in gaming. 

sweet (swet), adj. pleasing to the 
senses, as smell, taste, &c.; tast¬ 
ing like sugar; luscious; 
fragrant ; melodious ; soft; 
gentle ; kind ; obliging ; loved ; not 
stale or putrid ; fresh ; not salted : 
n. a term of endearment: n.pl. 
confectionery ; homemade wines, 
sweet-bread ('bred), n. a calf's 
pancreas. 

sweet-bri-ar ('bri-er), n. a 
thorny shrub of the rose kind; 
eglantine. 

sweet-corn ('korn), n. a kind 

of maize of a sweet taste, exten¬ 
sively used as a table food, 
sweeten ('n), v.t. to make 
sweet; render mild, kind, grateful, 
or pleasing; render less painful, 
difficult, or laborious; palliate: 
v.i. to become sweet, 
sweet-flag ('flag), n. an aro¬ 
matic plant with sword-shaped 
leaves; calamus. 

sweet-beart ('hart), n. a lover; 
one who is the object of a lover's 
affection. 

sweet-ish ('ish), adj. somewhat 
sweet. 

sweet-meat ('met), n. a confec¬ 
tion made wholly or partly of 
sugar. 

sweet-po-ta-to (-po-ta'to), n. a 
plant and its edible root; yam. 
sweet-william (-wil'yam), n. 
a beautiful flowering plant of the 
pink kind. 

swell (swel), v.i. [p.t. swelled, 
p.p. swelled, swollen, p.pr. swell¬ 
ing], to expand or enlarge; in¬ 
crease in bulk; heave; be in- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 

< 










swe 


822 


Swi 


flated; rise and increase by de¬ 
grees ; be puffed up; grow in 
violence: v.t. to heighten; cause 
to rise or increase; inflate; di¬ 
late : n. extension of bulk; act or 
state of swelling; gradual in¬ 
crease of sound; succession of 
large waves; gradual elevation of 
land ; a distinguished personage; 
fop: adj. dandified, 
swell-ing ('ing), p.adj. becoming 
inflated ; turgid: n. the act of in¬ 
creasing in bulk; tumor or any 
morbid enlargement, 
swelter ('ter), v.t. to perspire 
profusely; faint with excessive 
heat. 

swel-try ('tri), adj. sultry, 
swept, p.t. & p.p. of sweep, 
swerve (swerv), v.i. to turn 
aside from any prescribed line or 
rule of duty : deviate; incline, 
swerv ing ('ing). n. deviation, 
swift (swift), adj. moving far in 
a short time; rapid; quick; 
ready ; sudden : adv. rapidly : n. 
a bird allied to the swallow; a 
species of moth; the common 
newt; current of a stream, 
swift-er ('er), n. a rope for con¬ 
fining the bars of the capstan in 
their sockets: the foremost or 
aftermost shroud ; a rope used as 
a fender to a boat, 
swill (swfl), v.t. to drink greedily 
or grossly; inebriate: n. drink 
taken in excessive quantities; 
liquid food for animals, particu¬ 
larly the refuse or leavings of the 
kitchen, as given to swine, 
swim (swim), v.i. [p.t. swam, 
swum, p.p. swum, p.pr. swim¬ 
ming], to float on water or other 
liquid ; move progressively in the 
water by the hands and feet; be 
conveyed along by, or as by, a 
current; glide smoothly; over¬ 
flow ; be dizzy: v.t. to cause to 
swim or float: n. the act of 
swimming ; air-bladder of fishes, 
swim-mer ('er). n. one who 
swims; water-spider; water-fowl; 
protuberance on a horse’s leg; a 
kind of dumpling. 

swimming ('ing), n. the act or 
art of floating or moving pro¬ 
gressively in the water by the 
hands and feet. 

swim-ming-ly ('ing-li), adv. in 


a smooth, easy, gliding manner: 
with great success or without 
hindrance. 

swin-dle (swin'dl), v.t. to cheat 
grossly and deliberately under 
pretense of fair dealing: n. a 
gross fraud. 

swin-dling ('dling), adj. cheat¬ 
ing grossly. 

swine (swin), n. any animal of 
the genus Sus with bristly skin 
and long snout; pig. 
swing (swing), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
swung, p.pr. swinging], to wave 
or vibrate to and fro; oscillate; 
practice swinging; float round 
w T ith the tide ; be hanged: v.t. to 
move to and fro; wave loosely; 
brandish: n. the act or state of 
swinging; contrivance for swing¬ 
ing to and fro; full course, 
swinge (swinj), v.t. to whip or 
thrash: n. sweep or swing of any¬ 
thing in movement; sway; in¬ 
fluence. 

swin-gle (swing'gl), v.t. to 
cleanse (flax) by beating: v.i. to 
dangle: n. that part of a flail 
which strikes the grain. 
swin-gle-tree (-tre), n. the cross¬ 
bar of a carriage, &c., to the ends 
of which the traces of the horse 
are fastened. 

swi-nish (swi'nisli), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, like, or characteristic of, 
swine; bestial. 

swink (swingk), v.i. to toil: 

drudge. 

swipe (swlp), n. a vigorous blew 
at cricket or golf; sweeping blow: 
pi. thin or small beer: v.i. & v.t. 
to deliver a strong blow; hit out 
with great force at cricket, &c.; 
take and carry away; purloin, 
swirl (swerl), v.i. to rush along 
in, or form, eddies: n. a whirling 
or eddying motion, 
swish (swish), v.t. to lash; flog. 
Swiss (swis), adj. pertaining to 
Switzerland, its language, or its 
inhabitants. 

switch (swich), n. a noble, thin, 
flexible rod; a movable rail for 
transferring a railway carriage, 
&c., from one line to another: a 
device for connecting one electric 
circuit with another: v.t. to lash 
or flog; shunt. 

Swit-zer (swit'ser), n. Swiss. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; mOOn, 

cook ; miite, nut; thin, the n. 








swi 


823 


sym 


swiv-el (swiv'l), n. something 
fixed in another body so as to 
turn round in it; twisting link in 
a chain ; a kind of small cannon 
which turns on a pivot: v.t. & v.i. 
p.t. & p.p. swiveled, p.pr. swivel- 
1 to turn on a swivel or pivot, 
swol-len, p.p. of swell, 
swoon (swoon), v.i. to sink into 
a fainting fit, with apparent sus¬ 
pension of the vital and mental 
powers: n. the act of swooning; 
syncope. 

swoon ing ('ing), n. the act of 
fainting. 

swoop (swoop), v.t. to fall upon 
and seize at once, as prey: v.i. 
to catch prey while on the wing: 
n. a sudden falling upon and 
seizing. 

sword (sord), n. a keen-edged 
weapon for cutting and thrust¬ 
ing; destruction by war; emblem 
of authority, power, justice, or 
vengeance. 

swore, p.t. of swear, 
sworn, p.p. of swear: adj. bound 
by an oath. 

Syb-a-rite (sib'a-iit), n. an ef¬ 
feminate voluptuary : from the in¬ 
habitants of Sybaris, Italy, an an¬ 
cient Greek city noted for its 
luxury. 

Syb-a-rit-ic (-rit'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, like, or characteristic 
of, a Sybarite. 

syc-a-more ('a-mor), n. a tree of 
the maple family; the fig-mul¬ 
berry of the East; the button- 
wood. 

sy-cee (sl-se'), n. pure native sil¬ 
ver cast into small hemispherical 
ingots by the Chinese, and used as 
silver currency. 

syc-o-phan-cy (sik'o-fAn-si), n. 
obsequious or servile flattery, 
syc-o-phant ('d-fant), n. a mean 
or servile flatterer, especially of 
great men; parasite, 
sy-en-ite (si'en-it), n. a granitic 
rock found at Syene in Egypt., 
syl-lab-ic (sil-ab'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or consisting of, a syllable, 
syl-lab-ic-al-ly (-Al-li), adv. in 

..uoies. 

tyi lab-i-ca-tion or syl-lab-i-fi- 
ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the for¬ 
mation of syllables, 
syl-lab-i-fy ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 


syllabified, p.pr. syllabifying], to 
form into syllables, 
syl-la-ble ('A-bl), n. that part of 
a word which can be uttered dis¬ 
tinctly by a single effort of the 
voice; anything proverbially con¬ 
cise. 

syl-la-bub, same as sillibub. 
syl-la-bus ('A-bus), n. a table of 
contents; compendium of the 
heads of a discourse; abstract, 
syllogism ('o-jizm), n. an argu¬ 
ment stated in logical form, con¬ 
sisting of three propositions, the 
first two being called the prem¬ 
ises and the last the conclusion 
which contains the matter to be 
proved. 

syl-lo-gis-tic (-jis'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or consisting of, a 
syllogism. 

syl-lo-gis-tic-al-ly (-Al-li), adv. 

in a syllogistic form, 
sylph (silf), n. an imaginary be¬ 
ing inhabiting the air; fairy, 
sylvan (sil'van), adj. pertaining 
to, inhabiting, or growing in, a 
wood or grove; rustic; woody; 
shady. 

sym, prefix , another form of syn. 
sym-bi-o-sis (sim-bi-o'sis), n. the 
more or less permanent united life 
of certain animal and vegetable 
organisms rendering mutual serv¬ 
ice to each other, 
sym-bi-ot-ic (-ot'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to symbiosis, 
symbol ('bol), n. an emblem or 
sign representing something else; 
type; mark or character used as 
an abbreviation; a creed, 
sym-bol-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining 
to, serving as, or of the nature of, 
a symbol: n.pl. the study of 
creeds. Also symbolical, 
sym-bol-ic-al-ly (-Al-li), adv. by 
symbols. 

sym-bol-ize (-Iz), v.t. to repre¬ 
sent by a symbol: v.i. to have a 
typical resemblance; agree, 
sym-bol-ism ('bol-izm), n. the 
use of, or the being represented 
by, symbols; science of creeds, 
sym-met-ric-al (-met'rik-Al), adj. 
having corresponding parts or re¬ 
lations ; harmonious; proportion¬ 
ate. Also symmetric., 
sym-met-ric-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
symmetrical manner. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; m5on, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 











sym 


824 


syn 


symmetrize ('et-riz), v.t. to 
make symmetrical, 
symmetry ('et-ri), n. the due 
proportion of the several parts of 
a body to each other; harmony or 
adaptation of parts to each other; 
proportion. 

Syn. proportion. ^ 
sym-pa-tliet-ic (-pa-thet'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, expressing, or in¬ 
ducing, sympathy ; compassionate. 
Also sympathetical. 
s y m-p a-t h e t-i c-al-ly (-ffl-li), 
adv. in a sympathetic manner, 
sym-pa-thize ('pfi-thiz), v.i. to 
have a mutual feeling with an¬ 
other ; be compassionate, 
sym-pa-thy ('pa-thi), n. mutual 
feeling of pleasure or pain ; com¬ 
passion ; reciprocal action of the 
organs of a body. 

Syn. commiseration, compas¬ 
sion, condolence. 

sym-phon ic (-fon'ik), adj. agree¬ 
ing in sound ; pertaining to a sym¬ 
phony. Also symphonious. 
sym pho ny ('fo-ni), n. [pi. sym¬ 
phonies (-niz)], harmony of 
sound; a musical composition for 
a full band of instruments; in¬ 
strumental introduction or ending 
of a vocal composition, 
sym-po-si-nm (-po'zi-um), n. [pi. 
symposia (-a)], a banquet; a 
drinking together; merry-making; 
an article in a magazine in which 
various writers express their 
views on some given topic, 
symptom (simp'tom), n. that 
which indicates the existence of 
something else of which it is the 
effect; token or sign, 
symp to mat ic (-to-mat'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, serving as, or indi¬ 
cating, a symptom. Also sympto- 
matical. 

symp-to-mat-ic-al-ly (-fil-li), 

adv. by symptoms, 
syn, a prefix meaning with , to¬ 
gether, as synantherous: adj. hav¬ 
ing stamens united by their 
anthers. 

syn-aer-e-sis (sin-er'e-sis), n. the 
contraction of two vowels into 
one. 

syn-a-gog-ic-al ('a-goj'ik-al), adj. 
pertaining to a synagogue, 
syn-a-gogue ('a-gog), n. a relig¬ 


ious assembly of Jews for wor¬ 
ship ; Jewish place of worship. 

synchronism (sing'kr5-nizin), 
n. concurrence in time of two or 
more events; tabular arrangement 
of contemporaneous historical 
events. 

syn-chro-nize ('kro-niz), v.t. to 
cause to agree in time: v.i. hap¬ 
pen simultaneously. 

syn-cliro-nous ('kro-nus), adj. 
happening at the same time. Also 
synchronal. 

syn-cli-nal ('kli-nal), adj. noting 
a line or axis formed when strata 
dip in opposite directions and 
meet in a common central point or 
line. 

syn-co-pate ('k5-pat), v.t. to con¬ 
tract by omitting a letter or let¬ 
ters from the middle of (a word) ; 
unite (the last note of one bar to 
the first note of the next) by a 
slur. 

syn-co-pa-tion (-pa'shun), n. the 
act of syncopating. 

syn co pe ('ko-pe), n. the omis¬ 
sion of a letter or letters from 
the middle of a word; fainting 
caused by interruption of the 
heart’s action. 

syn-cret-ic (sin-kret'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or characteristic of, 
syncretism. 

syn-cre-tism ('kre-tizm), n. the 
attempt to blend opposite and 
contradictory tenets into one sys¬ 
tem to produce union and concord. 

syndic ('dik), n. a government 
official invested with varying 
powers in different countries; 
chief magistrate; municipal or 
other official. 

syndicate ('di-kat), n. a body 
of syndics; a combination of cap¬ 
italists to promote some special 
undertaking or speculation. 

syn-ec-do-clie (-ek'do-ke), n. a 
rhetorical figure in which the 
whole is put for a part, or a part 
for the whole. 

syn-er-gy ('er-ji), n. correlation 
between different organs. 

synod ('od), n. a council or meet¬ 
ing of ecclesiastics for consulta¬ 
tion on religious matters; a 
church council composed of sev¬ 
eral presbyters. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






syn 


825 ' 


syz 


syn-od-al ('od-al), adj. pertaining 
to a synod or synods, 
syn-od-ie (-od'ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or transacted by, a synod. 
Also synodical. 

syn-ed-ic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. by the 
authority of a synod, 
syn-ce-cious (-e'shus), adj. having 
both male and female flowers on 
the same receptacle, 
syno nym ('d-nim), n. a word 
having nearly the same significa¬ 
tion as another. 

syn-op-sis (-op'sis), n. a general 
or collective view of any subject; 
summary. 

syn-op-tic (-op'tik), adj. giving a 
general view of the whole or prin¬ 
cipal parts of a thing. Also syn¬ 
optical. 

syn-op-tic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. in a 
synoptical manner, 
syntactic (-tak'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or arranged according 
to, the rules of syntax. Also syn¬ 
tactical. 

syn-tac-tic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. in 
a syntactical manner, 
syn tax ('taks), n. that part of 
grammar which teaches of the 
proper construction and arrange¬ 
ment of words in a sentence, 
syn-the-sis ('the-sis), n. [pi. syn¬ 
theses (-sez)], composition or 
putting of two or more things to¬ 
gether : opposed to analysis; the 
method or process of deducing 
and combining complex ideas from 
simple ones. 

syn-thet-ic (-thet'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to synthesis. Also syn¬ 
thetical. 

syn-thet-ic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. by 
synthesis. 

syn-to-nin ('to-nin), n. muscle 
fibrine. 

syphilis (sif'i-lis), n. venereal 
disease 

syph-i-lit-ic (-lit'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, of the nature of, or 
affected with, syphilis. 


syph-i-loid ('i-loid), adj. resem¬ 
bling syphilis. 

sy-phon, another form of siphon, 
i sy-ren, another form of siren. 
Syr-i-ac (sir'i-ak), adj. pertaining 
to Syria, its inhabitants, or lan¬ 
guage. Also Syrian. 

Sy-rin-ga (si-ring'ga), n. a genus 
of plants, including the lilac, 
syr-inge (sir'inj), n. a small tube 
with a handle and worked like a 
pump: v.t. to inject or cleanse 
with a syringe. 

syr-np (sir'up), n. a saturated or 
medicated solution of sugar in 
water; liquid refuse of sugar, 
sys-tem (sis'tem), n. combina¬ 
tion of parts in a whole; orderly 
arrangement according to some 
common law; collection of rules 
and principles; connected body of 
principles in science or art ; 
method of transacting business. 

Syn. method, plan, order, 
sys-tem-at-ic (-at'ik), adj. meth¬ 
odical ; according to system. Also 
systematical. 

Syn. orderly, regular, method¬ 
ical. 

Ant. (see chaotic), 
sys-tem-at-ic-al-ly (-ftl-i), adv. 

in a systematic manner, 
sys-tem-a-tize ('tem-a-tiz), v.t. 

to reduce to a system, 
sys-to-le ('to-le), n. the shorten¬ 
ing of a long syllable; contraction 
of auricles and ventricles of the 
heart for expelling the blood and 
circulating it through the body, 
sys-to-lic (sis-tol'ic), adj. per¬ 
taining to systole; contracting, 
sys-tyle ('til), adv. having columns 
so arranged that they are distant 
two diameters from each other: 
having a row of columns set 
closely together. 

syz-y-gy (siz'i-ji), n. [pi syzygies 
(-jiz)'J, the point at which the 
moon or a planet is in conjunc¬ 
tion with, or in opposition to, the 
sun ; times of new and full moon. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








tab 


826 


tab 


T 


tab (tab), n. a shoe latchet; tag; 

border of a woman’s cap. 
tab-ard ('ard), n. a loose garment 
or mantle worn over armor; 
herald’s coat. 

tab-a-ret ('a-ret), n. a strong 
satin-striped silk used in uphol¬ 
stering. 

tab-a-sheer (-sher), n. a siliceous 
substance found in the stems of 
bamboos and certain grasses, used 
in the East as a medicine, 
tab-by ('i), adj. brindled; having 
a variegated, wavy, or watered 
appearance: n. a kind of wavy or 
watered silk; mixture of stone or 
shell with mortar; tabby-cat: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. tabbied, p.pr. tabby¬ 
ing], to water or cause to look 
wavy. 

tab-by-cat ('i-kat), n. a brindled 
cat. 

tab-by-ing ('i-ing), n. the proc¬ 
ess of passing fabrics under a cal¬ 
ender to give them a watered, 
wavy appearance, 
tab-e-fae-tion (-e-fak'shun), n. 
the act or condition of wasting 
away. 

tab-er-nac-le ('er-nak-1), n. a 
temporary dwelling, movable res¬ 
idence, or tent; the human body as 
the temporary dwelling of the 
soul; the movable structure or 
place of worship carried by the 
Israelites in the wilderness: re¬ 
ceptacle for the consecrated Host 
in Roman Catholic Churches; 
place of worship: v.i. to sojourn ; 
take up a temporary residence, 
tab-er-nac-le-work ( werk), n. 

sculptured tracery or canopy work, 
tab-in-et (tab'in-et), n. a mixed 
woolen and silk fabric, used for 
window-curtains, &c. 
tab-la-ture ('la-tur), n. a paint¬ 
ing on w r alls or ceilings; single 
piece comprehended in one view; 
division of the skull into two 
tables. 

ta-ble (ta'bl). n. a flat smooth, 
board, furnished with legs; flat- 
surface ; persons sitting at a re¬ 
past or entertainment; fare ; sup¬ 


ply of food ; entertainment; tab¬ 
let ; index or syllabus: pi. collec¬ 
tion of many particulars brought 
into view; collection of num¬ 
bers or figures methodically ar¬ 
ranged ; the Ten Commandments, 
consisting of two tables; Holy 
Eucharist or Lord’s Supper; 
smooth, simple member or orna¬ 
ment, usually rectangular: pi. 
backgammon: adj. pertaining to a 
table: v.t. to catalogue or index; 
lay or place on a table (as a re¬ 
port) for future consideration: 
v.i. to board. 

ta-bleau (ta-blo'), n. [pi. ta¬ 
bleaux or tableaus (ta-bloz')], a 
striking and vivid representation, 
ta bleau vi-vant (ve-vang'), n. a 
living picture; a picturesque rep¬ 
resentation by one or more silent 
and motionless performers suit¬ 
ably costumed and posed. [Fr.] 
ta-ble d’hote (ta'bl-dot), n. a 
meal for several persons at the 
same hour and at a fixed price; 
ordinary. [Fr.] 

ta-ble-land (ta'bl-land), n. a pla¬ 
teau. 

tab-let (tab'let), n. small table; 
medicine in the form of a small 
flat disk; small flat piece of ivory, 
&c., for memoranda; ancestral 
monument; small flat cake, as of 
soap, sweetmeats, &c 
ta-ble-turn-ing (ta'bl-tern-ing). 
n. the movement of tables said to 
be caused by the agency of spirits, 
tab-li-er (tab-li-a'), n. a kind of 
large apron or small ovrra 1 --..* 
tab-loid (tab'loid), n. a tablet 
containing a specified portion of a 
drug. 

ta-boo (ta-b5o'), n. a religious 
rite formerly prevalent among the 
Polynesians by which persons and 
things were rendered sacred and 
inviolable; ban; prohibition: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. tabooed, p.pr. taboo¬ 
ing], to forbid approach to. or 
use of. Also tabu, 
ta-bor (ta'ber), n. a small drum, 
beaten with one stick. Also ta- 
bour. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










tab 


827 


tat 


tab-o-ret (tab'd-ret), n. a small 
tabor; an ornamental cushioned 
stool. 

tab-o-rine (-rin), n. a side- 
drum ; a drum-head in a hoop of 
wood with jingles to increase the 
noise; tambourine, 
tab-u-lar (tab'u-l&r), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or in the form of, a 
table ; formed in plates or laminae ; 
set down, computed, or arranged 
in, tables or schedules, 
tab-u-late ('u-lat), v.t. to reduce 
to, or arrange in, tables or synop¬ 
ses ; shape with a flat surface, 
tac-a-ma-hac (tak'a-ma-hak), n. 
a kind of resin from the balsam 
poplar. 

tacbe (tach), n. a button; loop; 

catch, clasp, or other fastening, 
ta-chom-e-ter (ta-kom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring ve¬ 
locity. 

ta-chym-e-ter (-kim'e-ter), n. a 
surveyor’s instrument for making 
rapid measurements, 
tac-it (tas'it), adj. implied, but 
not expressed verbally, 
tac-i-turn ('i-tern), adj . habitu¬ 
ally silent. 

Syn. close, mute, reticent, silent, 
reserved. 

Ant. (see unreserved), 
tac-i-turn-i-ty ('i-ti), n. habitual 
silence. 

tack' (tak), n. a small broad¬ 
headed nail; supplement or ap¬ 
pendage ; direction of a vessel in 
regard to the trim of her sails: 
v.t. to fasten with tacks; fasten 
slightly; attach: v.i. to change 
the course of a vessel by shifting 
the position of her sails, 
tack-le ('1), n. the ropes, rigging, 
&c., of a vessel; apparatus for 
raising or lowering heavy weights 
consisting of pulleys and ropes; 
implements or gear: v.t. to har¬ 
ness ; seize or lay hold of; deal 
with or attack vigorously, 
tack-ling ('ling), n. the furni¬ 
ture of the masts and yards of a 
vessel; instruments of action; 
gear. 

tact (takt), n. nice discernment 
and delicate skill in' saying and 
doing exactly w T hat is expedient 
or suitable in given circumstances, 
tac-tic (tak'tik), adj. pertaining 


to the art of tactics. Also tacti¬ 
cal. 

tac-ti-cian (-tisli'an), n. one 
skilled in tactics, 
tac-tics ('tiks), n. naval and mili¬ 
tary evolutions; science of dis¬ 
posing and maneuvering navat 
and military forces for battle, 
tac-tile ('til), adj. perceptible by 
the touch; capable of being 
touched. 

tac-til-i-ty (-til'i-ti), n. percepti¬ 
bility by the touch, 
tac-tu-al (tak'tu-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the organs of touch, 
tad-pole (tad'pol), n. the young 
aquatic larva of an amphibian, es¬ 
pecially that of the frog, 
tael (tal), n. a Chinese money of 
account, value about $1.05; a 
weight of 1 1-3 oz. 
taf-fer-el, same as taffrail. 
taf-fe-ta (taf'e-ta), n. a fine, 
thin, glossy silken fabric. Also 
tafifety. 

taff-rail ('ral), n. the upper flat 
part of the stern of a ship; rail 
round a ship’s stern, 
taf-fy ('i), n. molasses candy; 
toffy ; flattery. 

taf-i-a ('i-a), n. rum distilled 
from molasses. 

tag (tag), n. a point of metal at 
the end of a string or a lace; 
something small attached to an¬ 
other ; anything paltry or mean ; 
a children’s game: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
tagged, p.pr tagging], to fix a tag 
to; append or tack on; follow 
closely and persistently, 
tagl-ia (tal'ya), n. a peculiar 
combination of pulleys, 
tag-rag ('rag), n. the rabble, 
tahr (tar), n. the Himalayan wild 
goat. 

tail (tal), n. the end of the back¬ 
bone of an animal’s body, usually 
hanging loose; hinder, or inferior 
part of anything; anything pen¬ 
dant ; luminous appendage of the 
nucleus of a comet; catkin ; limi¬ 
tation : v.i. to depart one after 
another, as a crowd (with off). 
tail-age ('aj), n. tax or toll. 
Also tallage. 

tail-board ('bord), n. the mova¬ 
ble board at the rear of a cart, 
tailing ('ing), n. the part of a 
projecting stone or brick inserted 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







tal 


828 


Tal 


in a wall; refuse of stamped ore 
thrown behind the rail of the 
washing apparatus: pi. chaff. 

tail-or ('er), n. one whose busi¬ 
ness is to cut out and make men’s 
clothes and ladies’ costumes. 
Feminine tailoress. 

taint (tant), n. corruption; in¬ 
fection ; spot or stain ; disgrace: 
v.t. to imbue or impregnate with 
anything noxious; infect; cor¬ 
rupt : v.i. to be corrupted by in¬ 
cipient putrefaction. 

take (tak), v.t. [p.t. took, p.p. 
taken, p.pr. taking], to lay or 
seize hold of; obtain; receive 
mentally ; capture ; engage or in¬ 
terest; choose; use or require; 
catch ; assume ; conduct or lead ; 
transport; tolerate ; swallow ; 
note or take down ; make or per¬ 
form (a journey or walk) : v.i. to 
have recourse; have the intended 
effect; please: n. the amount or 
quantity received or caught, espe¬ 
cially fish. 

Syn. accept, receive. 

Ant. (see give). 

tak-er ('er), n. one who takes, 
seizes, or captures; one who ac¬ 
cepts a bet. 

tak-ing ('ing), adj. attractive; 
alluring; pleasing; infectious: n. 
the act of gaining possession; 
seizure ; agitation : pi. receipts. 

tal-a-poin (tal'a-poin), n. a Bud¬ 
dhist monk of Ceylon, Siam, &c.; 
kind of monkey. 

ta-la-ri-a (ta-la'ri-a), n.pl. the 
small wings attached to the ankles 
of Mercury or Hermes* the mes¬ 
senger of the gods. 

tal-bot (tawl'bot), n. a quick- 
scented hunting-dog, with long 
pendulous ears. 

talc (talk), n. a hydrous silicate 
of magnesia occurring in thin 
flakes. 

talc (tal), n. a narrative or story; 
fable ; anecdote ; reckoning ; num¬ 
ber reckoned. 

tal-ent (tal'ent), n. among the an¬ 
cients, a weight, coin, or sum of 
money of varying value; mental 
capacity ; eminent ability ; skill; 
cleverness; gift. 

tal-ent-ed ('ent-ed), adj. en¬ 
dowed with talents or eminent 
ability. 


tal-i-pes ('i-pez), n. club-foot, 
tal-i-pot ('i-pot), n. the gigantic 
fan-palm of Ceylon and India. 
Also taliput. 

tal-is-man ('is-rnan), n. [pi. talis¬ 
mans (-manz)], a magical figure 
cut in metal or stone supposed to 
possess magical virtues in avert¬ 
ing evil, &c.; something that pro¬ 
duces an extraordinary effect, 
tal-is-man-ic ('ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or having the properties of, 
a talisman ; magical, 
talk (tawk), v.i. to utter words; 
speak familiarly ; converse ; prat¬ 
tle : v.t. to utter; make a subject 
of conversation : n. familiar con¬ 
verse ; colloquy; subject of dis¬ 
course ; rumor; conference, 
talk-a-tive ('a-tiv), adj. addicted 
to much talking. 

Syn. garrulous, communicative, 
loquacious. 

Ant. (see silent), 
talk-a-tive-ly (-li), adv. in a 
talkative manner. 

talk-a-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being talkative, 
talk-ing ('ing), n. the act of con¬ 
versing : adj. loquacious, 
tall (tawl), adj. high in stature; 

lofty ; extravagant, 
tal-lage, same as tailage. 
tal-low (tal'o), n. the melted fat 
of oxen and sheep ; candle-grease: 
v.t. to grease or smear with tal¬ 
low ; fatten. 

tal-ly ('i), n. [pi. tallies ('iz)j, 
a stick notched to match another 
stick, used for keeping accounts ; 
one thing made to match or suit 
another: v.t. to make to corre¬ 
spond : v.i. to be fitted; match, 
tal-ly-ho (-ho), interj. & n. the 
huntsman’s cry to incite his 
hounds; a four-in-hand coach, 
tal-ly-man (-man), n. [pi. tally¬ 
men (-men)], one who sells goods 
to be paid for by instalments, 
tal-ly-skop (-shop), n. a shop 
where goods are sold on the tally- 
system. 

tal-ly-sys-tem (-sis-tem), n. the 
practice of selling goods on credit 
to be paid for by instalments, 
tal-mi-gold ('mi-gold), n. Abys¬ 
sinian gold; cheap imitation of 
gold. 

Talmud ('mud), n. the book 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





Tal 


829 


tan 


which contains the whole body of 
the Jewish civil and canonical 
laws and traditions, wdth the com¬ 
mentaries and speculations of the 
Rabbis, consisting of two parts, 
the Mishnah and Gemara. 
Tal-mud-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or in, the Talmud. Also Tal- 
mudical, Talmudistic. 
Tal-mud-ist ('mud-ist), n. one 
learned in the Talmud, 
tal-on ('on), n. the claw of a bird 
of prey ; an ogee molding, 
ta-lus (ta'lus), n. the ankle-bone; 
sloping part of a work; sloping 
heap of broken rocks accumulated 
at the foot of a cliff, 
tam-a-bil-i-ty (tam-a-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being tam¬ 
able. Tamableness, 
tam-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. capable of 
being tamed. 

ta-ma-le (ta-ma'le), n. a kind of 
dumpling, made of minced chicken 
and corn-meal, seasoned with red 
pepper, wrapped in corn-husks, 
and boiled or cooked by steam, 
ta-man-du-a (t&-man'du-a), n. 
the small ant-eater of South 
America. 

tam a rack (tam'S-rak), n. the 
American black larch, 
tam-a-rin ('a-rin), n. a South 
, American monkey with a squirrel¬ 
like tail. 

tam-a-rind ('a-rind), n. a legu¬ 
minous and lofty tropical tree, 
yielding long pods which contain 
a soft acid pulp. 

tam-a-risk ('a-risk), n. a tree or 
shrub of the genus Tamarix, with 
small pink or white flowers and 
feathery branches, 
tam-bac, same as tombac, 
tam bour ('ber), n.* a drum-like 
frame on which a kind of embroid¬ 
ery with threads of gold, silver, 
and silk are worked in the figures 
of flowers, &c.; drum ; the naked 
part of certain capitals of drum¬ 
like appearance; enclosure of 
stockade work: v.t. to embroider 
with, or upon, a tambour, 
tam bour ine (-en'), n. a small 
hand-drum with little cymbals in¬ 
serted in the hoop; a sprightly 
French stage dance, 
tame (tarn), adj. domesticated; 
spiritless; insipid: v.t. to bring 


from a wild to a domesticated 
state; subdue. 

tame-less ('les), adj. wild; not 
capable of being tamed, 
tam-i-ny ('i-ni), n. a kind of 
woolen or worsted cloth, 
tamp (tamp), v.t. to block up 
with clay or similar material the 
blast-hole in a rock to direct the 
course of the explosion ; drive in 
or down by repeated gentle 
strokes. 

tampan ('pan), n. a venomous 
South African tick, 
tam per ('per), v.i. to meddle so 
as to injure or alter anything: 
use bribery; try small experi¬ 
ments. 

tam pion ('pi-on), n. a stopper, 
especially for the mouthpiece of 
a cannon. Also tcmpion. 
tam-tam ('tarn), same as tom¬ 
tom. 

tan (tan), n. the bark of the oak 
or other trees bruised and broken 
by a mill for tanning hides : adj. 
tan-colored: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

tanned, p.pr. tanning], to con¬ 
vert (a hide) into leather by 
steeping it in an infusion of bark 
or tannin ; make brown by expos¬ 
ure to the sun; beat: v.i. to be¬ 
come sunburnt. 

tau-dem ('dem), adv. with two 
horses or persons one before the 
other: n. a vehicle with two 
horses harnessed one before the 
other; a bicycle or tricycle for 
two, one riding before the other, 
tang (tang), n. a strong taste or 
flavor; something that leaves be¬ 
hind a taste peculiar to itself; 
that part of a knife, fork. tool. 
&c., which is inserted into the 
handle; sound or tone: v.i. to 
make a ringing sound, 
tan-gen-cy ('jen-si), n. a contact 
or touching. 

tan-gent ('jent), adj. touching: 
n. a straight line that meets or 
touches a circle or curve, but 
when produced, does not cut it. 
tan-gen-tial (-jen'shal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or in the direction of, 
a tangent. 

tan-gen-tial-ly (-li), adv. in the 
direction of a tangent, 
tan-ger-ine (-jer-en'), n. a small 
orange. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








tan 


830 


tar 


tan-gkin (tan'gin). n. a Mada¬ 
gascar tree, from the seeds of 
which a powerful poison is ob¬ 
tained ; the ordeal-tree, 
tan-gi-kil-i-ty (tan-ji-bil'i-ti), n. 
the state or quality of being- 
tangible. Also tangibleness, 
-tangible ('ji-bl), adj. percept¬ 
ible to the touch; capable of 
being possessed or realized; evi¬ 
dent : real. 

tangle (tang'gl), v.t. to inter¬ 
weave so as to render difficult 
to unravel; implicate ; embarrass ; 
entangle; complicate: v.i. to be 
entangled: n. a knot of things 
interwoven confusedly in one 
another; complication ; perplex¬ 
ity; a kind of seaweed with long 
broad fronds. 

-tangly ('gli), adj. interweaved; 

covered with seaweed. 

-tan-gram (tan'gram), n. a Chi¬ 
nese toy for forming combinations 
of figures by small squares. 

-tank (tangk), n. a large cistern 
or reservoir for storing water or 
other liquid. 

tank-ard ('erd), n. a drinking 
vessel with a lid. 

tan-nate (tan'at), n. a salt of 
tannic acid. 

tan-ner ('er), n. one who tans 
hides. 

tanner y (-i), n. [pi. tanneries 
f-iz)], a place where hides are 
tanned ; process of tanning., 
tan-nic ('ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or obtained from, bark. 

-tan-nic ac-id (as'id), n. an 
astringent principle in oak-bark, 
and gall-nuts. Also tannin, 
-tan-ning ('ing), n. the process of 
converting hides into leather, 
tan-sy ('zi), n. a bitter aromatic 
plant with small yellow flowers, 
tan-tal-i-za-tion (-tal-i-za'shun), 
n. the act of tantalizing; state of 
being tantalized. 

tan-tal-ize ('t&l-Tz), v.t. to tease 
or torment by exciting hopes or 
fears which will not be realized; 
provoke: from the classic fable 
of Tantalus. 

tan-tal-iz-ing (-ing), adj. teas¬ 
ing or tormenting, 
tantamount ('tH-mount), adj. 
equivalent in value or significa¬ 
tion. 


tan-tiv-y (-tiv'i), n. a gallop: 
adv. swiftly. 

tan trum ('trum), n. a sudden 
outburst of temper or passion, 
tap (tap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tapped, 
p.pr. tapping], to strike or touch 
lightly; broach fa vessel) to let 
out a fluid; put a new sole or 
heel on; find a new outlet for; 

bore into: n. a gentle blow, or 

touch ; pat; place where liquor is 
drawn and retailed ; pipe through 
which liquor is drawn from a 
cask. 

tape (tap), n. a narrow band of 

linen or cotton cloth, 

ta-per (ta'per), n. small wax 
candle; small light: ad j. growing 
smaller or regularly narrowed 
towards the point, or from the 
bottom to the top: v.i. to become 
gradually more slender: v.t. to 
narrow to a point, 
ta-per-ing (-ing). adj. gradually 
diminishing towards a point, 
tap-es-try (tap'es-tri), n. a tex¬ 
tile fabric of wool or silk orna¬ 
mented with a raised design, 
figures, &c., used for hangings: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tapestried, p.pr. 
tapestrying], to hang, or adorn 
with, tapestry. 

tap-es-try car-pet (kar'pet). n. 
a kind of carpet somewhat re¬ 
sembling Brussels, 
tap-et-i ('et-i), n. a South Ameri¬ 
can hare. 

tape-worm (tap'werm), n. a flat 
ribbon-like intestinal worm 
(Taenia solium). 

tap-i-o-ca (tap-i-o'ka ) . n. a far¬ 
inaceous food obtained from the 
root of the cassava, 
ta-pir (ta'per), n. a South Ameri¬ 
can quadruped allied to the hog. 
ta-pis (*ta-pe'), n. a carpet 
[French]. 

tap-pet (tap'et), n. a small lever 
or projection for changing or 
regulating motion, 
tap ping ('ing), n. a tap; act of 
tapping; a surgical operation for 
the relief of dropsy, 
tap-root ('root), n. the main root 
of a plant. 

tap-ster f'ster), n. one whose 
business is to draw liquor from 
a cask. 

tar (tar), n. a thick, dark-brew^, 
oily, viscous substance obtained 


(late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 



















tar 


831 


tas 


by distillation from pine, or fir 
trees, coal, &c.; a sailor: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. tarred, p.pr. tarring], 
to smear with, or as with, tar. 
tar-an-tass (tar-an-tas'), n. a 
large four-wheeled Russian spring¬ 
less carriage. 

tar-an-tel la (-an-tel'a), n. a wild, 
rapid Neapolitan dance; music 
for such a dance, 
tar-an-tu-la ('-tu-la), n. a large 
spider whose bite was formerly 
supposed to produce an irresistible 
mania for dancing, 
tar-ax-a-cin (-aks'a-sin), n. the 
bitter crystalline principle of the 
root of the dandelion, 
tarboosh. (tar-boosh'), n. a kind 
of red fez with a blue tassel worn 
by Orientals. , 

tar-di-ly ('di-li), adv. slowly, 
tar-di-ness ('di-nes), n. slowness 
of pace or motion ; reluctance, 
fcar-dy ('di), adj. [comp, tardier, 
superl. tardiest], moving with a 
slow pace or motion ; dilatory ; re¬ 
luctant ; late. 

tare (tar), n. darnel; weight of 
the cask, package, &c., which con¬ 
tains the commodity which is 
weighed with it and for which an 
allowance is made, 
target (tar'get), n. a small 
shield; butt or mark set up for 
rifle and artillery practice, 
tar-iff (tar'if), n. a schedule or 
table of dutiable goods, specifying 
the customs rates, &c., to be paid 
or allowed on articles exported or 
imported; a duty levied accord¬ 
ing to such a schedule: v.t. to fix 
a duty on. 

tar-la-tan (tar'la-tan), n. a thin, 
transparent dress-muslin, 
tarn (tarn), n. a small mountain 
lake; marsh. 

tar-nish (tar'nish), v.t. to dimin¬ 
ish the luster of; sully: v.i. to 
lose luster; become dull, 
ta-ro (ta'ro), n. a plant of the 
Arum kind, the roots of which are 
used for food by the South Sea 
Islanders. 

tar-pau-lin (-paw'lin), n. stout 
water-proof canvas, 
tar-ry (tar'i), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
tarried, p.pr. tarrying], to stay be¬ 
hind ; delay ; linger, 
tar-sal (tar'sal), adj. pertaining 
to the tarsus. 


tar-si-a ('si-a), n. a kind of medi¬ 
aeval Italian wood inlaying, 
tar-sus ('sus), n. [pi. tarsi ('si)], 
the instep, consisting of several 
bones: pi. the connective carti¬ 
lages of the eyelids; foot of an in¬ 
sect or crustacean, 
tart (tart), adj. sharp to the 
taste; acid; severe; keen: n. 
small open pie. 

tar-tan (tar'tan), n. woolen 
cloth, checkered with various col¬ 
ors ; small Mediterranean coast¬ 
ing vessel: adj. made from, or 
like, tartan. 

tar-tar ('tar), n. the white earthy 
substance deposited on the teeth, 
&c. 

Tar-tar, n. an inhabitant of Tar¬ 
tary (also Tatar) ; a person of 
keen, irritable temper. 
Tar-ta-re-an (-ta're-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to Tartarus or Hell; in¬ 
fernal. 

tar-tar e-met-ic (e-met'ik), adj. 
antimony combined with potas¬ 
sium and tartaric acid, 
tar-tar-ic ac-id (-tar'ik as'id), n. 
an acid found in the juice of 
grapes, berries, &c. 

Tar-ta-rus ('ta-rus), n. the deep- 
and sunless abyss of the infernal 
regions; Hades. 

ta-sim-e-ter (ta-sim'e-ter), n. an 
electrical instrument for measur¬ 
ing minute variations in tempera¬ 
ture, moisture, motion, &c. 
task (task), n. business or study 
imposed by another: usually a 
definite amount; lesson to be 
learned; duty; burdensome em¬ 
ployment : v.t. to impose a task 
upon ; burden. 

tas-sel ('1), n. a pendent orna¬ 
ment of silk, wool, &c.; a male 
goshawk; pendent flower or head 
of certain plants, as maize, 
tas-seled ('Id), p.adj. adorned 
with tassels. 

tas-set (tas'et), n. armor protect¬ 
ing the front of the thigh, 
tast-a-ble (tast'a-bl), adj. savory, 
taste (tast), v.t. to perceive by 
the tongue and palate; obtain 
pleasure from ; test by eating or 
sipping a little; participate in; 
experience: v.i. to try by the 
palate; have a flavor; enjoy mod¬ 
erately : n. the sensation produced' 
on the tongue and palate by 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







tas . 


832 


tax 


something taken into the mouth ; 
quality or flavor; relish; trial; 
experiment; intellectual relish or 
discernment of the sublime or 
beautiful; choice of pleasures, 
pursuits, &c.; a sample. 

ISyn. flavor, relish, savor. 

Ant. (see tastelessness), 
taste-ful ('fool), adj. savory; 
characterized by, or showing, good 
taste. 

Syn. dainty, delicate, tasty, 
nice, artistic. 

Ant. (see distasteful), 
taste-ful-ly (-li), adv. in a taste¬ 
ful manner. 

tast-i-ly ('i-li), adv. with good 
taste. 

tasty ('i), adj. showing taste; 

savory. 

tat (tat), n. coarse cloth made 
from jute; pony [East Indian], 
tatt (tat), v.t. to make by tatting, 
tat-ter ('er), n. a loose hanging 
rag : pi. rags : v.t. to make ragged ; 
rend. 

tat-ter-de-mal-ion (-ter-de-mal'- 
yun), n. a ragged fellow, 
tat-tie ('i), n. a split bamboo 
door or window screen, over 
which water is made to trickle to 
cool the air [East Indian]. Also 
tatty. 

tatting ('ing), n. a kind of nar¬ 
row lace for edging, made with a 
small hand-shuttle ; art of making 
such kind of lace, 
tat-tle ('1), v.i. to talk idly or 
triflingly; prate; tell tales or se¬ 
crets : n. trifling or idle talk, 
tat-too (-too'), n. a beat of drum, 
especially for warning soldiers to 
retire to their quarters; marks or 
figures made by puncturing the 
skin with a needle and rubbing 
a stain or dye into the wounds : v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. tattooed, p.pr. tattoo¬ 
ing], to mark permanently (the 
skin) by puncturing it and stain¬ 
ing the wounds. 

tattooing ('ing), n. the opera¬ 
tion or practice of tattooing the 
body. 

tau (taw), n. a cross resembling 
the Greek letter T (tau). 
taught, p.t. & p.p. of teach, 
taunt (tant or tawnt), adj. lofty: 
n. bitter or sarcastic reproach; 
scoff; insulting invective: v.t. to 


reproach with bitter, sarcastic, or 
insulting language; revile, 
tau-ri-form (taw'ri-form), adj. 

having the form of a bull, 
taut (tawt), adj. tight; stretched; 
snug; secure. 

t a u-t o-l o g-ic-al (-to-loj'ik-al), 
adj. of the nature of tautology, 
tau-to-log-ic-al-ly (-li). adv. in 
a tautological manner, 
tau-tol-o-gy (-tol'o-ji), n. repe¬ 
tition of the same thing or idea 
in different words; sameness of 
words or of meaning, 
tav ern (tav'ern), n. an inn or 
public-house; a hotel, 
taw (taw), v.t. to dress (skins) 
to make them into leather: n. a 
game at marbles; a marble to be 
played with. 

taw-dri-ly ('dri-li), adv. gaudily, 
taw-dri-ness ('dri-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being tawdry, 
taw-dry ('dri), adj. showy or fine 
without elegance; gaudily dressed, 
taw-ny ('ni), adj. of a yellowish- 
brown color. 

taws (tawzE n.pl. a leathern 
strap with fringed end, used as 
an instrument of punishment, 
tax (taks), n. a rate or duty on 
income or property; excise; im¬ 
post : burdensome or oppressive 
duty: v.t. to impose a rate or duty 
upon for state or municipal pur¬ 
poses ; burden or oppress; accuse. 

. Syn. custom, duty, impost, ex¬ 
cise. toll, assessment, rate, 
tax-a-bil-i-ty (-a-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state of being taxable, 
taxable ('a-bl), adj. subject or 
liable to taxation, 
taxation (-a'shun), n. the act of 
taxing; rate or tax imposed ; sys¬ 
tem of raisins- revenues; examina¬ 
tion of a bill of costs, 
tax-i-cab (tax'i-cab), n. a motor 
cab of recent invention, having a 
mechanical device for registering 
time and distance traversed, the 
rate of fare being based on these, 
tax-i-der-mist ('i-der-mist), n. 

one who is skilled in taxidermy, 
tax-i-der-my ('i-der-mi), n. the 
art of stuffing and arranging 
snecimens of natural history, 
tax i-me-ter (tax'i-me-ter), n. an 
automatic device for measuring 
the distance travelled by a taxicab, 
tax-in ('in), n. the resinous sub- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 
















tax 


833 


tee 


stance obtained from the leaves 
of the yew-tree. 

tax on o my (-on'o-mi), n. that 
department of natural history 
which treats of the laws and prin¬ 
ciples of classification. 

taz-za (fat'sa). n. an ornamental 
cup or vase with a large shallow 
bowl, -a foot, and sometimes 
handles. 

tea (te), n. the prepared leaves of 
the tea plant ( Thea Sinensis) ; 
the beverase obtained by the in¬ 
fusion of the dried leaves; after¬ 
noon repast at which tea is 
served ; an infusion of other sub¬ 
stances. as beef: v.i. to take tea. 

teach (tech), v.t. \p.t. & p.p. 
taught, p.pr. teaching], to impart 
knowledge to ; instruct; inform ; 
cause to learn or acquire skill in : 
v.i. to give instruction. 

Syn. drill, educate, inform, 
train. 

teaching ('ing), n. instruction. 

teak (tek), n. a very hard dura¬ 
ble timber obtained from an In¬ 
dian tree. 

teal (tel), n. a species of small, 
wild, fresh-water duck. 

team (tern), n. two or more 
horses, &c., harnessed to the same 
vehicle for drawing; litter; 
brood : number of persons associ¬ 
ated together to form a side in a 
game, or to perform a certain 
piece of work. 

team-ster ('ster), n. the driver of 
a team. 

tear (ter), n. a small drop of the 
watery fluid secreted by the 
lachrymal gland of the eye; any¬ 
thing* tear-like, or shaped like a 
tear; a rent (tar) : v.t. (tar) 
\p.t. tore, p.p. torn, p.pr. tear¬ 
ing], to separate by violence; 
rend ; disrupt; lacerate : v.i. to be 
rent; rave or rant. 

tear-ful (ter'fool), adj. shedding 
tears. 

tease (tez), v.t. to comb or un¬ 
ravel, as wool or flax; separate 
the fibers of; irritate or annoy; 
vex by petty requests or raillery : 
n. one who teases. 

Syn. taunt, tantalize, torment, 
vex. 

teas-el ('!), n. a biennial plant, 
with hooked burrs, which are used 


for raising the nap of woolen 
cloth. Also teazel, 
teat (tet), n. the nipple of the fe¬ 
male breast; mammilla, 
tech-i-ly (tech'i-li), adv. in a 
techy manner. 

tech-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being techy, 
tech-nic (tek'nik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the mechanical arts: re¬ 
lating to art, science, or to a par¬ 
ticular profession. Also techni¬ 
cal : n.pl. those branches of learn¬ 
ing which relate to the arts; doc¬ 
trine of arts in general, 
tech-nique (-nek'), n. artistic 
execution. 

tech-no-log-ic-al (-n5-loj'ik-al), 
adj. pertaining to technology, 
tech-nol-o-gist (-nol'o-jist), n. 

one skilled in technology, 
technology ( 'o-ji) , n. the 
science of the industrial arts, 
tech-y (tech'i), adj. peevish; irri¬ 
table. 

tec-ton-ics (tek-ton'iks), n. the 
science or art of construction, 
ted (ted), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. tedded, 
p.pr tedding], to turn or spread 
for drying, as new-mown hay. 

Te De-um (te de'um), n. an 
ancient hymn of the Christian 
Church sung at matins and on oc¬ 
casions of thanksgiving: said to 
have been composed by Hilary, 
Bishop of Arles. 

te-di-ous (te'di-us), adj. weari¬ 
some by continuance or repeti¬ 
tion ; tiresome. 

te-di-um ('di-um), n. wearisome¬ 
ness. 

tee (te), n. the mark aimed at in 
quoits and curling; nodule of 
earth from which the ball is 
struck at golf; umbrella-shaped 
finial of a Buddhist tope; short 
piece of connective pipe, 
teem (tern), v.i. to be prolific; be 
full; be stocked to overflowing, 
teem-ing ('ing), p.adj. prolific, 
teen (ten), n. sorrow; pi. years 
of one’s age ending in teen, 
teeth, pi. of tooth, 
teeth-ing (te#7t'ing), n. dentition, 
tee-to-tal (te-to'tal), adj. per¬ 
taining to teetotalers or teetotal- 
ism. 

tee-to-taL-er (-er), n. a total ab¬ 
stainer. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







tee 


834 


tel 


tee-to-tal-ism (-izm). n. entire 
abstinence from intoxicating 
liquors. 

tee-to-tum (-to'tum). n. a child’s 
toy used in games of chance; a 
kind of refreshment house for the 
working classes. 

teg-men (teg'men), n. [pi. teg- 
mina ('rni-na)]. a covering; in¬ 
ner layer of the coating of a 
seed: pi. scaly coat of the leaf- 
buds of trees. 

teg-u-ment ('u-ment), n. natural 
covering or envelope; skin. 
te-h.ee (te-he'), n. a titter: v.i. to 
titter. 

teil (tel), n. the linden, 
tei-no-scope (ti'no-skop), n. a 
prism telescope for the correction 
of the chromatic aberration of 
light. 

tel-a-mon (tel'a-mon), n. [pi. 
telamones (-mo'nez)], a figure of 
a man, usually colossal, used as a 
column or pilaster, 
tel-au-to-graph (tel-aw'to-gr&f), 
n. a telegraphic instrument for re¬ 
producing writings or drawings at 
a distance. 

tel-e-du ('e-do5), n. the stinking 
badger of Java and Sumatra, 
tel-e-gram ('e-gram), n. a tele¬ 
graphic communication, 
tel-e-graph ('e-graf), n. an in¬ 
strument or apparatus for com¬ 
municating intelligence rapidly 
between certain points, especially 
by means of electricity: v.t. to 
convey by telegraph; signal: v.i. 
to send a telegraphic message, 
tel-e-graph-er (tel'e-graf-er or te- 
leg'ra-fer), n. one w T ho sends tele¬ 
graphic messages; telegraphist, 
tel-e-graph-ic (tel-e-graf'ik ) , adj. 
pertaining to, done by means of, 
or communicated by, telegraph, 
tel e-graph-ic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. 
by telegraph. 

tel-e-graph-ist (tel'e-graf-ist or 
te-leg'ra-fist), n. one skilled in 
telegraphy. 

tel-e-graph-plant (-plant), n. a 
, leguminous East Indian plant, 
the leaves of which have a jerky 
movement. 

tel-e-graph-y (tel'e-graf-i or te- 
leg'rS-fi), n. the science or art of 
constructing and working tele¬ 
graphs. 


tel-e-ol-o-gy (tel-e-ol'o-ji), n. the 
doctrine of the final causes of 
things. 

tel-ep-a-thy (tel-ep'a-thi), n. the 
transference of thought from one 
person to another by the exercise 
of the will. 

telephone (tel'e-fon), n. an in¬ 
strument for transmitting sound 
to a distance by means of elec¬ 
tricity ; v.t. & v.i. to communicate 
by telephone. 

tel-e-phon-ic (-fon'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or conveyed by means 
of, the telephone. 

telephonist (tel'e-fo-nist). n. 
one who is skilled in, or operates, 
a telephone. 

tel-e-pho-ny (tel'e-fo-ni or tel- 
ef'o-ni), n. the science or art of 
transmitting sounds at a distance, 
tel-e-pho-tog-ra-f y (tel-e-fo-tog'- 
ra-fi), n. the reproduction of pho¬ 
tographs at a distance by aid of 
the telegraph. 

tel-e-post (tel'e-post), n. a new 
system of telegraphing by aid of 
a punched tape, by which it is 
claimed that 1,000 or more words 
per minute can be sent, 
tel-e-scope (tel'e-skdp), n. an op¬ 
tical instrument for viewing ob¬ 
jects at a distance: v.t. to drive 
into one another, as railway car¬ 
riages in collision, 
tel-e-scop-ic (-skop'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, visible by, or like, a 
telescope. Also telescopical. 
tel-e-scop-ic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. 

by means of a telescope, 
tel-e-sco-pist ('e-sko-pist), n. one 
who is skilled in using the tele¬ 
scope. 

tel-e-sco-py ('e-sko-pi), n. the art 
or science of using or construct¬ 
ing a telescope. 

tel-ic (tel'ik), adj. noting the 
final end or purpose, 
tell (tel), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. told, 
p.pr. telling], to express or make 
known by words; narrate; enu¬ 
merate ; explain; communicate; 
confess: v.i. to give an account; 
report: play the informer; act ef¬ 
fectively. 

tell -er ('er), n. one who tells, 
narrates, or communicates; a 
bank clerk whose‘duty is to re¬ 
ceive and pay money over the 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 















tel 


835 


ten 


counter: one of two members of 
a legislative body who count votes 
on a division for each party, 
tell-ing ('mg), n. the act of re¬ 
lating: adj. effective, 
tell-tale ('tiil), adj. telling tales: 
n. a person who officiously or ma¬ 
liciously divulges the private con¬ 
cerns of others; an automatic de¬ 
vice for counting or indicating, 
telluric (tel-u'rik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or derived from, the 
earth or the metal tellurium, 
tel-lu-ri-um ('ri-um), n. a rare 
element usually found associated 
with other metals, 
tel-o-type (tel'o-tip), n. an elec¬ 
tric telegraph that prints the mes¬ 
sage. 

telpherage ('fer-aj), n. a sys¬ 
tem of automatic haulage by 
electricity. 

te-mer-i-ty (te-mer'i-ti), n. fool¬ 
hardiness; rashness; precipitancy. 

Syn. rashness, heedlessness, au¬ 
dacity, hastiness. 

Ant. (see caution.) 
tem per (tem'per), v.t. to modify 
or regulate; qualify; assuage; 
calm ; bring to a due proportion ; 
bring to a proper degree of elas¬ 
ticity or hardness: n. due propor¬ 
tion of different qualities or in¬ 
gredients ; state of a metal- as to 
its hardness or elasticity ; mental 
disposition ; equanimity ; mood ; 
natural inclinations; heat of 
mind or passion ; irritation, 
tem per a-ment ('per-a-ment), 
n. natural constitution or organi¬ 
zation ; due mixture of opposite 
or different qualities, 
tem per ance ('per-ans), n. mod¬ 
eration. especially in respect to 
the appetites or passions; pa¬ 
tience ; sobriety ; total abstinence, 
tem-per-atc ('per-at), adj. mod¬ 
erate ; not characterized by pas¬ 
sion or indulgence of the appe¬ 
tites ; abstemious; calm; not 
liable to excess of heat or cold, 
tem-per-ate-ly (-li). adv. mod¬ 
erately. 

tem-per-ate-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being tem¬ 
perate. 

tem-per-a-tnre ('per-a-tur), n. 
state of a body with respect to 


sensible heat; degree of any 
quality. 

tem-pered ('perd), adj. consti¬ 
tutionally disposed ; hardened, 
tem-pest ('pest), n. wind rush¬ 
ing with great violence, usually 
accompanied by rain, hail, &c.; 
hurricane; tumult, 
tem pes tu ous (-pes'tu-us), adj. 
very stormy; pertaining to, or 
like, a tempest; violent. 
Templar ('pier), n. one of a 
religious and military order, es¬ 
pecially in the 12th century, 
tem-plate ('plat), n. a mold or 
pattern used by masons, bricks 
layers, &c., in cutting or setting 
out their work. Also templet, 
tem-ple ('pi), n. an edifice for 
the worship of a deity or deities ; 
residence of a divinity; place of 
public worship; the flat part of 
either side of the head above the 
cheek-bones. 

tem-po-ral ('po-ral), adj. per¬ 
taining to time; secular; meas¬ 
ured or restricted by time; civil 
or political. 

tem-po-ra-ri-ly ('po-r^-ri-li), adv. 
for a time. 

tem-po-ra-ri-ness (-nes), n. the 
state of being temporary, 
tem po ra ry (-ri), adj. existing 
or continuing for a limited time 
or some special purpose. 

Syn. fleeting, transient, transi¬ 
tory. 

Ant. (see permanent), 
tem-po-rize ('po-riz), v.i. to com¬ 
ply with the times; yield to cur¬ 
rent opinion ; parley ; delay, 
tempt (tempt), v.t. to put to 
trial; test; persuade to evil; 
defy ; allure ; entice, 
temp-ta-tion (temp-ta'shun), *«. 
the state of being tempted; en¬ 
ticement, especially 7 to evil, 
tempt er (tempt'er), n. one who 
tempts; the Devil (with the). 
Fern, temptress. 

tempting ('ing), adj. alluring; 
seductive. 

ten (ten), adj. one more than 9; 
twice 5: n. the sum of 5 and 5; 
ten units. 

ten-a-bil-i-ty (-&-bil'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being tenable. 
Also tenableness. 

ten a ble ('a-bl), adj. capable of 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ten 


836 


ten 


being held, maintained, or de¬ 
fended. 

ten-ace ('as), n. in whist, the 
holding by the fourth hand of the 
best and third best of the suit 
led. 

te-na-cious (te-na'shus), a d j . 
holding fast or firmly; cohesive; 
tough ; obstinate. 

Syn. pertinacious, retentive, 
te-nac-i-ty (-nas'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being tena¬ 
cious ; cohesiveness; adhesiveness, 
ten-an-cy (ten'an-si), n. \pl. ten¬ 
ancies (-siz)], the holding of land 
or tenements on certain con¬ 
ditions and for a specified time; 
tenure. 

ten-ant ('ant), n. one who holds 
lands or tenements on certain con¬ 
ditions and for a specified time; 
occupant: v.t. to hold as a tenant, 
ten-ant-ry (-ri), n. tenants col¬ 
lectively. 

tench (tench), n. a fresh-water. 

fish of the carp kind, 
tend (tend), v.t. to care for; at¬ 
tend ; watch over or protect; 
accompany; swing at the turn of 
the tide: said of a vessel: v.i. to 
move in a particular direction; 
be directed to any end or pur¬ 
pose ; contribute. 

tend-en-cy (tesd'en-si), n. in¬ 
clination ; aim; direction or 
course. 

Syn. aim. drift, scope, 
tender ('der), adj. easily im¬ 
pressed or injured: sensitive; 
soft; not hard ; weak and feeble ; 
easily influenced by love, pity, &c,; 
compassionate ; pathetic ; gentle ; 
careful : n. a vehicle attached to 
a locomotive containing coal and 
water; smaller vessel attending a 
larger one; an offer or proposal 
for acceptance; offer of a sum due 
in money under specified legal 
conditions: v.t. to offer for ac¬ 
ceptance : v.i. to make an offer to 
do certain work or supply certain 
goods for a specified price.' 
ten-der-foot ('der-foot), n. one 
who is new T to life in a mining 
region or frontier district, 
ten-der-ling (-ling), n. one of the 
first horns of a deer; one made 
tender by excessive care or affec¬ 
tion. 

ten-der-ness (-nes), n. kindness; 


benevolence ; sensibility ; pathos ; 
caution ; soreness, 
tend-ing (tend'ing), n. the act of 
attending; the swinging round of 
a vessel upon her anchor, 
ten-di-nous (ten'di-nus), adj. 

pertaining to a tendon ; sinewy, 
ten-don ('dun), n. the hard bun¬ 
dle of fibers which connects the 
muscles to the bones, 
ten-dril ('dril), n. the slender, 
twining part of a plant which at¬ 
taches itself to a supporting body, 
ten-e-ment ('e-ment), n. a house, 
shop, land, &c., held by a tenant; 
dwelling house; suite of rooms; 
any kind of permanent property, 
as land, rents, &c. 
ten-et ('et), n. a doctrine, dogma, 
opinion, or belief held or main¬ 
tained as true. 

Syn. position, view, conviction, 
belief. 

ten-fold ('fold), adj. & adv. ten 
times as much or as many, 
ten-nis ('is), n. a game played 
with rackets. 

ten-on ('un), n. the end of a tim¬ 
ber cut wedge-shaped for fitting 
into a mortise in another timber: 
v.t. to form tenons in. 
ten or ('er), n. manner of conti¬ 
nuity ; general tendency or drift; 
purport or substance; exact copy 
of a writing; the highest of adult 
male voices between bass and 
alto: adj. pertaining to, or 

adapted for, tenor, 
ten-or-clef (-kief), n. the C 
clef, when placed on the third 
line of the staff. 

tense (tens), adj. drawn tightly; 
rigid; not lax; n. a modification in 
the inflection of a verb, express¬ 
ing time of action, 
tense-ly ('li), adv. with tension, 
tense-ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being tense. Also ten¬ 
sility. 

tensile (ten'sll), adj. ductile, 
ten-sion ('shun), n. the act of 
stretching or straining; the state 
of being stretched ; mental strain ; 
strong excitement of feeling; ex¬ 
pansive or elastic force, 
ten-sor ('ser), n. a muscle that 
stretches. 

tent (tent), n. a temporary shel¬ 
ter or habitation ; usually of can¬ 
vas, supported by poles and ropes; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






ten 


837 


tet 


Rechabite lodge; plug or roll of 
lint for dilating a wound, &c.; a 
variety of sacramental wine, 
ten-ta-cle (ten't&-kl). n. a proc¬ 
ess or organ in certain inverte¬ 
brate animals used for feeling, 
prehension, or locomotion, 
ten-tac-u-lar (-tak'u-lar), adj. 

pertaining to tentacles, 
ten-tac-u-lum (-tak'u-lum), n. 

[pi. tentacula (-la)], a tentacle, 
ten-ta-tive ('ta-tiv), adj. experi¬ 
mental. 

ten-ta-tive-ly (-H), adv. by ex¬ 
periment. 

tenter ('ter), n. a frame for 
stretching cloth on by hooks; a 
tenter-hook: v.t. to hang or 
stretch on tenters, 
ten-ter-hook (-hook), n. a sharp, 
hooked nail; anything that pain¬ 
fully strains. 

tenth, (tenth), adj. next in order 
after the ninth; the ordinal of 
ten. 

te-nu-i-ty (te-nu'i-ti), n. thin¬ 
ness ; rarity. . 

tenuous (ten'u-us), adj. slen¬ 
der ; not dense. 

ten-ure ('ur), n. conditions under 
which a tenement is held; right 
or manner of holding real estate; 
manner of holdipg; term of hold¬ 
ing. 

te-pee (te'pe), n. an Indian wig¬ 
wam or tent. 

tep-e-f ac-tion (tep-e-fak'shun), 
n. the act of warming or making 
tepid. 

tep-e-fy ('e-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
tepefied, p.pr. tepefying], to make 
tepid : v.i. to become tepid, 
tep-id ('id), adj. moderately 
warm ; lukewarm, 
tep-id-i-ty (tep-id'i-ti), n. moder¬ 
ate warmth. Also tepidness, 
ter, a prefix meaning three times. 
ter-aph (ter'af)*, n. [pi. teraphim 
('a-fim)], a tutelary household 
god or image, consulted by the 
ancient Hebrews as an oracle, 
ter-a-tol-o-gy (-a-tol'o-ji), n. that 
branch of biology which treats of 
malformations or deviations from 
the normal type of animal and 
plant structure, 
terce, same as tierce, 
ter-cen-ten-a-ry (-sen'ten-a-ri), 
adj. comprising 300 years; indi¬ 
cating an event three centuries 


old: as the tercentenary of the 
discovery of America, 
ter-cine ('sin), n. the outer coat 
of the ovule of a plant; chorion, 
ter-e-binth ('e-binth), n. the tur¬ 
pentine-tree. 

ter-e-bin-tliine (-bin'tliin), adj. 
pertaining to, of the nature of, or 
like, turpentine. 

tergiversation (-jiv-er-sa'- 
shun), n. evasion; subterfuge, 
term (term), n. a limit or boun¬ 
dary; limited time; subject or 
predicate of a proposition ; num¬ 
ber of a compound mathematical 
quantity; expression; condition 
or arrangement; word or expres¬ 
sion noting something peculiar to 
an art or science; time during 
which the law courts are open; 
time during which instruction is 
given in universities, schools; &c.; 
time when rent is paid [Scotch] : 
pi. conditions or stipulations: v.t. 
to name, designate, or express. 

Syn. boundary, limit, period, 
time. 

ter-ma-gant (ter'ma-gant), adj. 
noisy and violent: n. a noisy, vio¬ 
lent woman. 

ter-mi-nal ('mi-nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to the end or extremity ; 
arranged according to the termi¬ 
nations : n. a limit or boundary; 
end; one of the ends of a con¬ 
ducting circuit of a dynamo, &c. 
ter-mi-nate ('mi-nat), v.t. to 
limit or bound; end: v.i. to be 
limited or ended. 

ter-mi-na-tion (-na'shun), n. the 
act of terminating; a bound or 
limit; end ; conclusion or result; 
final syllable or letter, 
ter mi na tor ('mi-na-ter), n. one 
who, or that which, terminates; 
the dividing line between the il¬ 
luminated and non-illuminated 
part of the moon, 
ter-mi-nol-o-gy (-mi-nol'o-ji), n. 

the definition of technical terms, 
ter-mi-nns ('mi-nus), n. [pi. ter¬ 
mini (-ni)], a limit or boundary; 
station at the end of a railway, 
ter-mite ('mlt), n. the white ant. 
tern (tern), n. an aquatic bird al¬ 
lied to the gull: adj. arranged in 
threes. 

ter-na-ry (ter'na-ri), adj. pro¬ 
ceeding by. or consisting of, 
threes: n. the number 3. 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl : lie. her. let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin. then. 






Tier 


838 


Tes 


Terp-si-cho-re-an (terp-si-ko-re'- 
&n), adj. pertaining to Terpsi¬ 
chore or to dancing, 
ter-ra (ter'a), n. the earth; earth, 
ter-race ('as), n. a raised level 
space or platform of earth with 
sloping sides, usually laid with 
turf; flat roof on an oriental 
house ; large open balcony or gal¬ 
lery ; row of houses: v.t. to form 
into a terrace. 

ter-ra cot-ta (kot'a), n. a com¬ 
position of fine clay and sand 
used for statues, &c., and hard¬ 
ened by heat; a work of art exe¬ 
cuted in terra cotta, 
ter-ra Ja-pon-i-ca (ja-pon'i-ka), 
n. pale catechu or gambier. 
ter-ra-pin ('a-pin), n. a species 
of fresh-water tortoise, much es¬ 
teemed for food. 

ter ra que ous (-ra'kwe-us), adj. 

consisting of land and water, 
ter-res-tri-al (-res'tri-al), adj. 
pertaining to, existing on, or con¬ 
sisting of, earth ; belonging to the 
present world ; not celestial, 
ter-res-tri-al-ly (-i), adv. in a 
terrestrial manner, 
ter-ret ('et), n. one of the rings 
on a harness-pad through which 
the driving reins pass, 
ter-ri-ble (ter'i-bl), adj. exciting 
or causing fear or awe; dreadful; 
extreme; severe. 

ter-ri-ble-ness (-nes), n. dread¬ 
fulness. 

ter-ri-bly (-bl0, adv. violently; 
dreadfully. 

ter-ri-er ('i-er), n. a breed of 
small dogs. 

ter-ri-fy ('i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
terrified, p.pr. terrifying], to 
frighten or alarm exceedingly, 
ter-ri-to-ri-al (-i-t5'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to a territory; limited 
to a particular district, 
ter-ri-to-ri-al-ly (-li), adv. as 
regards territory. 

ter-ri-to-ry ('i-to-ri), n. [pi. ter¬ 
ritories (-riz)], the extent of land 
within the jurisdiction of a state, 
sovereign, city, &c.; large tract 
of land. 

*Sb/w. dominion. 

Ter-ri-to-ry, n. an undeveloped 
region, under a temporary govern¬ 
ment, that ultimately may become 


a State; e. g. the United States, 
and Canadian Territories, 
ter-ror ('er), n. extreme fear; 
fright; cne who excites extreme 
fear. 

terrorism (-izm), n. a system 
of government by terror; intimi¬ 
dation. 

ter-ror-ist (-ist), n. one who gov¬ 
erns by terror, especially an agent 
of the revolutionary tribunal dur¬ 
ing the Reign of Terror in 
France. 

ter-ror-ize (-Iz), v.t. to intimi¬ 
date or coerce by terror, 
terry ('i), n. a heavy corded pile 
fabric. 

terse (ters), adj. elegantly and 
forcibly concise. 

Syn. brief, concise, pithy, short. 

Ant. (see lengthy), 
terse-ly ('li), adv. in a terse man¬ 
ner. 

terse-ness ('nes), n. quality of 

being terse. 

ter-tian (ter'shftn), adj. occur¬ 
ring, or recyrring, every third 
day : n. an intermittent fever the 
paroxysms of which recur every 
other day. 

ter-ti-a-ry ('shi-a-ri), adj. of the 
third order, rank, or formation, 
tes-sel-late (tes'el-at), v.t. to lay 
with squares or checkered work, 
tes-se-ra ('e-ra), n. [pi. tesserae 
(-re)], a cube of marble, glass, 
&c., used in mosaic work, 
test (test), n. anything by which 
the nature of a substance is tried ; 
examination by a cupel; stand¬ 
ard ; discrimination; proof: v.t. 
to put to the proof; compare 
with a standard; try; refine in 
a cupel; examine or try by means 
of a reagent. 

tes-ta (tes'ta), n. [pi. testae 
('te)l, the outer integument or 
covering of a seed; shelly cover¬ 
ing of certain animals, 
tes-ta-ceous (-ta'shus), adj. con¬ 
sisting of, or having, a hard 
shell. 

tes-ta-cy ('ta-si), n. the state or 
fact of leaving a valid will, 
tes-ta-inent ('ta-ment), n. a sol¬ 
emn, authentic instrument in 
writing disposing of the estate of 
a person deceased :. will. 

Tes ta ment, n. one of the two 
great divisions of the Bible. 


late, mgr, musk, cat. awl : he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 




















tes 


839 


leu 


tes-ta-men-ta-ry (-men'ta-ri), 
adj. pertaining to, bequeathed by, 
or done by, a will. Also testa- 
mental. 

tes-tate ('tat), adj. having left 
a will. 

tes-ta-tor (-ta'ter), n. one who 
makes and leaves a will. Fern. 
testatrix. 

tes-ter ('ter), n. an old English 
coin, value 6d.; a flat canopy; 
one who tests. 

testes ('tez). n.pl. the testicles, 
tes-ti-cle ('ti-kl), n. one of the 
two glands which secrete the sem¬ 
inal fluid in males, 
tes-ti-fy ('ti-fi), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
testified, p.pr. testifying], to bear 
witness: make a solemn declara¬ 
tion ; give evidence: v.t. affirm or 
declare solemnly on oath; bear 
witness to. 

tes-ti-ly ('ti-li), adv. in a testy 
manner. 

tes-ti-mo-ni-al (-ti-mo'ni-41), n. 

a writing or certificate bearing 
testimony to character, profi¬ 
ciency, &c.; a present given as a 
token of respect; acknowledgment 
of services rendered, &c.: adj. per¬ 
taining to, or containing testi¬ 
mony. 

tes-ti-mo-ny (-ti-mo-ni), n. [pi. 

testimonies (-niz)], evidence; 
proof; solemn declaration; pro¬ 
fession ; the two tables of the 
Law ; divine revelation. 

Syn. affirmation, proof, evi¬ 
dence, witness. 

test-i-ness (test'i-nes), n , peev¬ 
ishness. 

testing ('ing), n. the operation 
of refining gold and silver; assay; 
proof; trial. 

tes-tis (tes'tis), n. [pi. testes 
('tez)], a testicle, 
tes-tu-di-nal (-tu'di-nal), adj. 
tortoise-like. 

tes-tu-di-nate ('di-nat), adj. 

arched like a tortoise’s shell, 
tes-tu-do (-tu'dS), n. [pi. tes- 
' tudines ('di-nez)], a protective 
covering used by the ancient Ro¬ 
man soldiers in besieging a city, 
by overlapping their shields; a 
screen to shelter miners in places 
likely to cave in; an encysted 
tumor. 

tes-ty (tes'ti), adj. [comp, tes¬ 


tier, superl. testiest], peevish; 
morose; irritable. 

tet-a-nus (tet'a-nus), n. lockjaw, 
tetch-y, same as techy, 
tete-a-tete (tat-a-tat'), n. pri¬ 
vate or confidential conversation; 
a kind of settee. 

tete-de-pont (-de-pong'), n. [pi. 
tetes-de-pont], a work thrown up 
to defend the entrance of a 
bridge [French]. 

teth-er (teth'er), n. a rope for 
confining an animal within cer¬ 
tain limits; scope or freedom al¬ 
lowed : v.t. to confine, as an 
animal, within certain limits, 
tetra, a prefix meaning four, as 
fetrabranchiate, adj. having four 
branchhe or gills. 

tet-ra-chord (tet'ra-kord), n. 
half of the octave scale [Music] ; 
an instrument with four strings, 
tet-rad ('rad), n. the number 4; 
collection of four things; tetra- 
valent radical or element, 
tet-ra-gon ('ra-gon), n. a plane 
figure with four sides and four 
angles. 

Tet-ra-gram-ma-ton (-gram'&* 
ton), n. the mystic number 4 
symbolical among the ancient 
Jews of the Deity, 
tet-ra-he-dral (-he'dral), adj. 
four-sided. 

tet-ra-he-dron (-he'dron), n. a 

solid figure bounded by four tri¬ 
angles. 

tet-ram-e-ter (tet-ram'e-ter), n. 
a verse or line consisting of four 
measures. 

tet-ra-pod (tet'ra-pod), n. a four- 
foot, d insect. 

tet-rarch (tet'rark), n. a Ro¬ 
man governor whose jurisdiction 
extended over the fourth part of 
a province; petty prince, 
tet-rarch-ate (-at), n. the office 
or jurisdiction of a tetrarch. Also 
tetrarchy. 

tet-ra-style (tet'r&-stil) . n. a 
building or portico with four col¬ 
umns in front. 

tet-ter ( f er), n. a cutaneous dis¬ 
ease characterized by itching and 
redness; herpes. 

Teu-ton (tu'ton), n. one of the 

German race. 

Teu-ton-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining 
to, or characteristic of, the Teu- 


late mar. mask, cat, awl;'he, her, let; line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








Teu 


840 


the 


tons or the Teutonic languages, 
Low German, Scandinavian, and 
High German. 

Teu-ton-ism ('on-izm), n. a Ger¬ 
manism. 

tex-as (teks'as), n. the pilot¬ 
house, &c., on the hurricane deck 
of a steamer. 

text (tekst), n. that on which a 
comment is written; original 
words of an author; verse, &c., of 
Scripture forming the subject of 
a sermon; topic; theme for com¬ 
position, argument, &c.; text- 
hand. 

text-book ('book), n. a standard 
book of instruction. 

text-hand ('hand), n. a large 
hand in writing. 

tex-tile (teks'til), adj. pertaining 
to, or formed by, weaving; ca¬ 
pable of being woven. 

tex-tu-al ('tu-al), adj. pertaining 
to, contained in, or serving for, a 
text. 

tex-ture ('tur), n. manner of 
weaving; web; disposition of the 
several parts of a body in connec¬ 
tion with each other; filaments 
or fibers interwoven ; tissue. 

thal-a-mus (thal'a-mus), n. the 
place where a nerve originates or 
is supposed to originate; recep¬ 
tacle of a flower. 

tha-las-sic (tha-las'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or formed in, the sea. 

thal-as-sog-ra-phy ( thal-as-og'r&- 
fi), n. the science of marine or¬ 
ganisms. 

thaler (ta'ler), n. a German sil¬ 
ver coin, value about 72 cents. 

thal-li-um (thal'i-um), n. a rare 
metallic element. 

than (than), conj. used after the 
comparative degree of adjectives 
and adverbs expressing diversity 
or comparison. 

than-age (than'aj), n. the dis¬ 
trict or jurisdiction of a thane. 

than-a-toid (than'a-toid), adj. 
death-like. 

than-a-tol-o-gy (-&-tol'o-ji), n. a 
treatise on, or the doctrine of, 
death. 

thane (than), n. a title of honor 
or dignity among the Anglo-Sax¬ 
ons, held by persons having large 
territorial possessions. 

thane-ship ('ship), n. the dig¬ 


nity, state, or property of a 
thane. 

thank (thangk), v.t. to express 
gratitude or obligation to. 
thank-ful ('fool), adj. grateful. 

8yn. grateful, obliged. 

thank-ful-ly (-li), adv. grate¬ 
fully. 

thank-less ('les), adj. ungrate¬ 
ful ; not obtaining or deserving 
thanks. 

Syn. ungracious, profitless, un¬ 
grateful, unthankful, 
thanks (thangks), n.pl. an ex¬ 
pression of gratitude or obliga¬ 
tion. 

thanks - giv - ing (thangks-giv'- 
ing), n. the act of expressing 
gratitude for favors and mercies; 
a public celebration of divine 
goodness; a day so set apart. 
Thanks giv ing Day (da), n. a 
day set apart annually, usually 
the last Thursday' in November, 
for thanksgiving to God for na¬ 
tional mercies. 

that (that), pron. & adj. [pi. those 
(thoz)], not this but the other: 
conj. because; since, 
thatch (thach), n. straw, reeds, 
&c., used for covering the roofs 
of cottages, stacks, &c.: v.t. to 
cover with, or as with, thatch, 
thau-ma- trope (thaw'ma-trop), 
n. an optical toy for showing the 
persistence of an impression on 
the eye after the luminous object 
is withdrawn. 

thau-ma-tur-gic (-ter'jik), adj. 
pertaining to, or done by. thau- 
maturgy: n. legerdemain; magical 
feats. 

thau-ma-tur-gy ('ma-ter-ji), n. 
the act of performing miracles; 
legerdemain; magic, 
thaw (thaw), v.i. to melt or be¬ 
come liquid, as ice or snow; be¬ 
come milder or more genial: v.t . 
to dissolve: n. the melting of ice 
or snow by rise of temperature. 

Syn. melt, dissolve, liquefy. 

Ant. (see freeze), 
the-a (the'a), n. the tea plant, 
the-a-ter, the-a-tre ('a-ter), n. 
a public building where dramatic 
representations are given; large 
room arranged for lectures, ana¬ 
tomical demonstrations, &c.; 
scene or sphere of action. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, trn; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






the 


841 


the 


tbe-at-rie-al (-at'rik-fil), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or adapted for, a thea¬ 
ter, or scenic representations; re¬ 
sembling the manner of actors; 
histrionic, pompous: n.pl. dra¬ 
matic performances. 

Syn. dramatic, showy, cere¬ 
monious, meretricious, 
tbe-atric-al-ly (-li), adv. in a 
manner adapted for the stage, 
the-at-ro-plione ('ro-fon), n. an 
automatic telephone connected 
with a theater by which a person 
may hear a dramatic performance 
while seated at home, 
the-ba-iaie ('ba-in), n. a poison¬ 
ous alkaloid found in opium. Also 
thebin. 

The ban ('ban), adj. pertaining to 
Thebes, or to its inhabitants. 

, The ban Year (yer), n. the an¬ 
cient Egyptian year consisting of 
365 days, 6 hours, 
theca ('ka), n. a sheath; seed- 
case of a fern. 

thee (the), pron. objective case 
of thou. 

theft (theft), n. the act of steal¬ 
ing ; robbery. 

Syn. robbery, depredation, 
spoliation. 

the-ine (the'in), n. the bitter and 
volatile principle of tea, identical 
with caffeine in coffee.. 
theirs (tharz), pron.pl. possessive 
case of they. 

the-isxa (the'izm), n. the belief in 
the existence of a God: opposed 
to atheism. 

the-ist ('ist), n. one who believes 
in the existence of a God: op- 
. posed to atheist, 
the-ist-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining to 
theism or theists. Also theistical. 
them (them), pron. the objective 
case of they. 

theme (them), n. the subject or 
topic of a discourse or disserta¬ 
tion ; short essay on a given sub¬ 
ject ; radical of a noun or verb; 
series of notes selected as the 
subject of a new composition 
[Music]. 

Syn. subject, topic, text, essay, 
then (then), conj. in consequence; 
therefore; in that case: adv. 
next; at that or another time; 
immediately. 


thence (77;ens), adv. from that 
place or time. 

the-o-bro-mine (the'o-bro'min), 
n. an alkaloid contained in cacao- 
beans. 

the-oc-ra-cy (-ok'ra-si), n. the 
government of a state by the im¬ 
mediate direction of God; the 
state thus governed, 
the-oc-ra-sy (Ta-si). n. a mixture 
of the worship of different deities, 
as of God and idols; the intimate 
union of the soul with God in 
contemplation. 

the-o-crat ('o-krat), n. one living 
under a theocracy, 
theocratic (-krat'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to a theocracy; adminis¬ 
tered by the immediate direction 
of God. 

the-od-i-cy (-od'i-si), n. a vindi¬ 
cation of the dealings of divine 
Providence, and the freedom of 
the human will. 

the-od-o-lite (-od'o-llt), n. an in¬ 
strument for measuring horizontal 
and vertical angles and ascertain¬ 
ing distances and heights, 
the-od-o-lit-ic (-lit'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or ascertained by 
means of, the theodolite, 
the-og-o-ny (-og'o-ni), n. that 
branch of mythology which treats 
of the origin or genealogy of an¬ 
cient deities; a poem treating of 
such genealogies. 

the-o lo-gi-an (-5-lo'ji-an), n. 
one versed in theology; professor 
of divinity; a divine, 
tlie-o-log-ic-al (-loj'ik-al), adj. 

pertaining to theology, 
the-ol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. [pi. the¬ 
ologies (-jiz) ], the science that 
treats of the existence, nature, 
and attributes of God, especially 
of man’s relations to God; di¬ 
vinity. 

the-oph-a-ny (-of'a-ni), n. a 
manifestation of God to man by 
actual experience, 
the-or-bo (-6r'bo), n. a kind of 
large lute wuth two necks, 
the-o-rem ('5-rem), n. a proposi¬ 
tion to be proved. 

the-o-ret-ic-al (-o-ret'ik-al), adj. 
pertaining to, or depending cn, 
theory ; not practical; speculative. 
Also theoretic. 


% 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon., 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









the 


842 


thi 




the-o-ret-ic-al-ly (-li), adv. in 

or by theory. 

the-o-ret-ics ('iks), n.pl. the 
speculative part of a science, 
the-o-rist ('o-rist), n. one who 
theorizes; speculatist. 
the-o-rize ('o-riz), v.i. to form a 
theory or theories; speculate, 
tlie-o-ry ('d-ri), n. [pi. theories 
(-riz)], an exposition of the ab¬ 
stract principles of a science or 
art considered apart from prac¬ 
tice ; hypothesis; philosophical ex¬ 
planation of moral or physical 
phenomena. 

Syn. speculation, scheme, plea, 
hypothesis, conjecture, 
the-o-soph-ic (-o-sof'ik), ad), per¬ 
taining to theosophy or tlieoso- 
phists. Also theosophical. 
the-os-o-phism (-os'o-fizm), n. 
pretension to divine wisdom or 
illumination. 

the-os-o-phist ('d-fist), n. a be¬ 
liever in theosophy. Also theosoph. 
the-os-o-phy ('d-fi), n. a system 
of philosophy which professes to 
investigate the unexplained laws 
of nature, the powers of man over 
nature, and the direct knowledge 
of God attained by extraordinary 
illumination. 

ther-a-pen-tic (ther-a-pu'tik), 
adj. curative: n.pl. the art or sci¬ 
ence of curing diseases, 
there (thi\ ir), adv. in that place; 

at that point or stage, 
there-fore (Mar' or Mer'for), 
adv. & conj. for that or this tea- 
son ; for that reason or purpose. 

Syn. accordingly, consequently, 
hence. 

therm, a prefix meaning heat. 
Also thermo. 

ther-mae (ther'me), n.pl. hot 
springs or baths. 

ther-mal ('mal), adj. pertaining 
to heat; warm. 

ther - met - ro - graph (-met'ro- 
graf), n. a self-registering ther¬ 
mometer. Also thermometrograph. 
ther-mom-e-ter (-mom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring the 
degree of heat or temperature of 
bodies. 

ther-mo-met-ric (-mo-met'rik), 
adj. pertaining to, made, or as¬ 
certained by, a thermometer. Also 
thermometncai. 


ther-mo-met-ric-al-ly (-al-i), 

adv. by means of a thermometer, 
ther-mo-pile ('mo-pil), n. an in¬ 
strument for indicating slight 
variations of temperature, 
ther-mo-scope ('mo-skop), n. an 
instrument indicating relative dif¬ 
ferences in temperature, 
ther-mo-stat ('md-stat), n. an 
automatic apparatus for regulat¬ 
ing temperature. 

ther-mot-ic (-mot'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or produced by, heat: 
n.pl. the science of heat, 
ther mot ro pism ('ro-pizm), n. 
the phenomena exhibited by some 
plants of turning towards the 
sun or source of heat, 
the-sau-rns (the-saw'rus), n. a 
storehouse or treasury; lexicon 
or dictionary, 
these, pi. of this, 
the-sis (the'sis), n. [pi. theses 
('sez)J, an essay or dissertation 
on some particular subject; sub¬ 
ject set a student on which to 
write prior to granting him a 
degree; the exercise itself; in 
logic, an affirmation. 

Thes-pi-an ('pi-an), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to Thespis, the founder of 
Greek drama: hence dramatic, 
the-ta (the'ta), n. the Greek th 
( 8 )- 

the-ur-gic (-er'jik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to theurgy or supernatural 
magic. 

thews (thuz), n.pl. muscles; 
strength. 

they, pi. of he, she, or it. 
thick (thik), adj. not thin; com¬ 
pact ; dense; not clear or trans¬ 
parent ; misty; muddy; indis¬ 
tinct ; dull; very intimate; closely 
set; crowded; following in quick 
succession: adv. closely; indis¬ 
tinctly ; to a great depth; fast: n. 
the thickest part. 

Syn. dense, close, compact, 
solid, coagulated, muddy, turbid, 
misty, foggy, vaporous. 

Ant. (see thin). 

thicken ('n), v.t. to make thick 
or thicker; render dense; in¬ 
spissate ; make dark or obscure: 
v.i. become thick or thicker, 
thick-en-ing ('en-ing), n. some¬ 
thing added to a liquid mass to 
make it thicker. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin, Men. 








thi 


843 


tho 


thick-et ('et), n. a close wood or 
cluster of trees. 

thick-set ('set), adj. closely 
planted; having a thick body: n. 
a close, thick hedge, 
thief (thef), n. [pi. thieves 
(thevz)], one who takes unlaw¬ 
fully what is not his own. 
thieve (thev), v.t. & v.i. to steal, 
thiev-ish ('ish), adj. addicted to 
theft; dishonest; obtained by 
stealing. 

thigh (thi), n. the thick muscular 
part of the leg between the knee 
and the trunk. 

thill (thil), n. the shaft of a cart 
or other vehicle; floor of a coal 
mine. 

thill-er ('er), n. the shaft horse, 
thimble (thim'bl), n. a cup¬ 
shaped metallic protective cover 
for the finger in sewing; anything 
like a thimble; an iron ring be¬ 
longing to a sail, fitted to re¬ 
ceive a rope. 

thim-ble-rig (-rig), n. a sleight- 
of-hand trick in which a pea is 
pretended to be hidden under one 
of three thimbles: v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
-rigged, p.pr. -rigging], to cheat 
by means of the thimble-rig trick, 
thin (thin), adj. [comp, thinner, 
superl. thinnest], having little 
thickness; slim; slender; not 
dense or thick; not close or 
crowded ; poor ; slight; meager; 
not full or well grown : adv. not 
thickly : v.t. to make thin; atten¬ 
uate : v.i. to grow thin. 

Syn. slim, slender, slight, flimsy, 
attenuated, lean, scraggy, 
thine (tfftln), pron. & adj. be¬ 
longing to, relating to, or being 
the property of, thee, 
thing (thing), n. whatever is dis¬ 
tinct, or conceived to be distinct, 
from one’s self or other intelli¬ 
gent beings; inanimate matter; 
part or portion; an object of 
pity and contempt: pi. clothes; 
furniture; luggage, &c. 
think (thingk), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 
thought, p.pr. thinking], to have 
the mind occupied on some sub¬ 
ject ; form an opinion by reason¬ 
ing ; believe; judge; intend or 
purpose; imagine; recollect; con¬ 
sider or reflect; presume : v.t. to 
imagine. 


Syn. cogitate, consider, reflect, 
ponder, contemplate, meditate, 
muse, conceive, fancy, imagine, 
apprehend, hold, esteem, reckon, 
consider, regard, deem, believe, 
opine. 

think-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. con¬ 
ceivable. 

think-ing ('ing), adj. having the 
faculty of thought; capable of 
a regular train of thought: n. 
meditation ; judgment, 
thin-ness (thin'nes), n. the state 
or quality of being thin, 
third (therd), adj. the next after 
the second: the ordinal of three; 
noting one of three equal parts: n. 
a third part of anything; an in¬ 
terval of three diatonic sounds 
and two intervals [Music], 
thirst (therst), n. the sensation 
of a desire to drink; great desire 
for drink ; drought; eager desire : 
v.i. to be thirsty. 

tliirst-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a thirsty 
manner. 

thirst-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being thirsty. 

thirst-y ('i), adj. [comp, thirstier, 
superl. thirstiest], feeling thirst, 
thir-teen (ther'ten), adj. 10 and 
3: n. the number of 10 and 3. 
thir-teenth ('tenth), adj. next 
in order after the twelfth: the 
ordinal of thirteen, 
thir-ti-eth ('ti-eth), adj. next in 
order after the twenty-ninth, 
thir-ty ('ti), adj. three times 
more than 10: n. the sum of three 
tens. 

this (this), pron. & adj. [pi. 
these, (the z)], that which is pres¬ 
ent ; that which is just now or 
last mentioned. 

this-tle (this'l), n. a plant with 
a prickly stem and leaves, of the 
genus Carduus. 

thith-er (thlth'er ), adv. to that 
place or end. 

thole (thol), n. a pin set in the 
gunwale of a boat to serve as a 
fulcrum for the oar. 
thong (thong), n. a thin leather 
strap or string for fastening some¬ 
thing ; striking part of a whip, 
tho-rac-ic (tlio-ras'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to the thorax, 
tho-rax ('raks), n. the chest, con- 


lfite, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







tho 


844 


thr 


taining the heart, lungs, &c.; 
breast-plate or cuirass, 
tho-rite (tho'rlt), n. an isometric 
mineral; a powerful high explo¬ 
sive. 

thorium ('ri-um), n. a rare 
metallic element. Also thorinum. 
thorn (thorn), n. a prickle or 
spine; prickly tree or shrub; any¬ 
thing that troubles or annoys; 
care. 

thorn-back ('bak), n. a species of 
spiny ray or skate, 
tliorn-y ('i), adj. full of thorns; 

harassing; annoying, 
thor-ongh (thur'o), adj. passing 
through or to the end; perfect; 
finished; complete. 

Syn. accurate, correct, trust¬ 
worthy, reliable, complete. 

Ant. (see superficial), 
thor-ough bass (bas), n. the sci¬ 
ence of harmony; an accompani¬ 
ment to a continued bass by 
means of figures [Music], 
thor-ough-bred (-bred), adj. of 
pure and unmixed breed; com¬ 
pletely instructed; accomplished ; 
high-spirited. 

thor-ongh-fare (-far), n. a pas¬ 
sage from one street opening to 
another; an unobstructed way for 
traffic. 

thor-ough-ly (-li), adv. com¬ 
pletely ; fully. 

thor-ough-paced (past), adj. go¬ 
ing all lengths; complete, 
those, pi. of that, 
thou (tho u), pron. [pi. you], 2d 
per. sing, of I. 

though (tho), conj. granting, or 
supposing that; notwithstanding 
that; if : adv. nevertheless ; how¬ 
ever. 

thought (thawt), n. the act of 
thinking; that which the mind 
thinks ; meditation ; study ; care 
or anxiety : p.t. & p.p. of think. 

Syn. idea, conception, imagina¬ 
tion, fancy, conceit, notion, sup¬ 
position, care, provision, con¬ 
sideration, opinion, view, senti¬ 
ment, reflection, deliberation, 
thought-ful ('fool), adj. full of 
thought; _ contemplative ; atten¬ 
tive ; considerate for others; anx¬ 
ious or careful. 

Sy7i. considerate, careful, re¬ 
flective, cautious, heedful, con¬ 


templative, provident, pensive, 
dreamy. 

Ant. (see thoughtless). 
thoughtfully ('i), adv. in a 
thoughtful manner; with thought, 
thought-less ('les), adj. unthink¬ 
ing ; heedless : inattentive ; incon¬ 
siderate. 

Syn. inconsiderate, rash, im¬ 
provident, precipitate, heedless, 
thought-read-ing ('red-ing), n. 
the act or art of discerning what 
another person is thinking of; 
mind-reading. 

thought-read-er ('red-er), n. 
one who practices thought-read¬ 
ing. 

thou-sand (thou'zand), adj. con¬ 
sisting of 1,000: n. 1,000; a large 
number. 

thou-sandth ('zandth), adj. next 
in order after 999th: the ordinal 
of 1,000. 

thral-dom (thrawl'dum), n. serf¬ 
dom ; slavery. 

thrall (thrawl), n. a slave; serf, 
thrash (thrash), v.t. to beat out 
(grain) from the husk; beat or 
flog soundly: v.i. to perform the 
operation of thrashing; drudge, 
thrash-er ('er), n. one who 
thrashes; a species of shark, the 
sea-fox; a thrashing machine, 
thrash-ing ('ing), n. the opera¬ 
tion of separating grain from the 
husk; a sound flogging, 
thread (thred), n. a very thin 
line or cord of flax, cotton, silk, 
or other fibrous substance twisted 
and drawn out; a filament; uni¬ 
form tenor; something continued 
in a long course; spiral part of a 
screw: v.t. to pass through the 
eye of; pierce through, 
thread-bare ('bar), adj. worn to 
the threads; poverty-stricken; 
hackneyed; dull. 

threat (thret), n. a menace: v.t. 
& v.i. to menace. 

threat-en ('n), v.i. to use 
threats: v.t. terrify by menaces, 
threatening (-ing), n. the act 
of one who threatens; menace: 
adj. indicating a menace or some 
impending evil. 

three (thre), adj. noting the sum 
of 2 and 1: n. a number the 
sum of 2 and 1. 

three-pence (thrip'ens), n. a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







thr 


845 


thr 


small British silver coin, value 
(i cents. 

thren-o-dy (thren'o-di), n. a 
dirge. 

thresh, same as thrash, 
threshold (threshold), n. the 
sill of a door; entrance; door; 
place or point of entrance, 
threw, p.t. of throw, 
thrice (thrls), adv. three times; 
repeatedly. 

thrift (thrift), n. frugality; eco¬ 
nomical management; good hus¬ 
bandry ; increase of wealth; 
profit; a plant. 

thrift-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a thrifty 
manner. 

thrift-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being thrifty, 
thrift-y ('i), ad], [comp, thriftier, 
superl. thriftiest], characterized 
by economy and good manage¬ 
ment ; frugal. 

thrill (thril), v.t. to pierce; cause 
to have a shivering, tingling, or 
exquisite sensation : v.i. to pene¬ 
trate, as something sharp; feel a 
sharp tingling or exquisite sensa¬ 
tion running through the whole 
body; quiver: n. a thrilling sen¬ 
sation ; quiver. 

thrive (thriv), v.i. [p.t. thrived, 
throve, p.p. thrived, thriven, p.pr. 
thriving], to prosper by industry, 
economy, and good management; 
increase or prosper in business, 
&c. ; grow rich; grow vigorously 
or luxuriantly; increase or flour¬ 
ish. 

thriving ('ing), p.adj. increas¬ 
ing in wealth ; prosperous or suc¬ 
cessful ; growing, 
thro’, contr. of through, 
throat (throt), n. the fore-part 
of the neck of an animal con¬ 
taining the windpipe and gullet; 
contracting part of a vessel, &c. 
throat-i-ness ('i-nes), n. guttur¬ 
al utterance. 

throat-y ('i), ad], guttural, 
throb (throb), v.i. to beat, as the 
pulse, with more than usual 
force; palpitate: n. a strong 
pulsation. 

throe (thro), n. agony; extreme 
pain, especially in parturition: 
v.i. to be in agony, 
throm-bo-sis (throm-b5'sis), n. 


the obstruction of a blood-vessel 
by a clot of blood, 
throne (thron), n. a chair of 
state; sovereign power and dig¬ 
nity: v.t. to place upon a throne; 
exalt. 

throng (throng), n. a multitude; 
crowd: v.t. to crowd or press to¬ 
gether ; annoy with numbers: v.i. 
to come in multitudes. 

Syn. crowd, host, jam, con¬ 
course. 

thros-tle (thros'l), n. the song- 
thrush ; a machine for spinning 
wool and cotton. 

thros-tling ('ling), n. a disease 
in cattle, characterized by a swell¬ 
ing in the throat, 
throt-tle (throt'l), v.t. to strangle 
or choke by pressure on the wind¬ 
pipe : n. the windpipe; a throttle- 
valve. 

throt-tle-valve (-valv), n. a 
valve in the steam-pipe of a boiler 
for controlling the flow of steam 
to any apparatus, 
through (throo), prep, from end 
to end of: between the sides of; 
in the midst of; among; by the 
agency of: adv. from end to end; 
from the beginning to the end. 
throve, p.t. of thrive, 
throw (thro), v.t. [p.t. threw, p.p. 
thrown, p.pr. throwing], to fling 
or hurl; cast to a distance; cast 
in any manner; propel; overturn ; 
put on hastily or carelessly; 
strip; shape or form roughly; 
give utterance to; produce; twist 
or wind : n. the act of flinging or 
hurling; a cast of dice; distance 
a missile can be thrown ; stroke, 
as of a slide-valve; potter’s wheel, 
thrum (thrum), n. the end of a 
weaver’s thread; coarse yarn: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. thrummed, p.pr. 
thrumming], to fringe or put tuf.ts 
on; play idly or unskilfully on 
(p stringed instrument) with the 
fingers: v.i. to strum; drum, 
thrush (thrush), n. a sweet- 
songed bird of the genus Merula; 
a disease of infants characterized 
by minute white ulcers in the 
mouth and fauces; an inflamma¬ 
tory and suppurating affection in 
the feet of horses, 
thrust (thrust), v.t. to push or 
drive with force; urge or impel: 
v.i. to push forward; enter by 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; infite, nut; thin, then. 






thr 


846 


tib 


pushing; intrude; attack with a 
pointed weapon: n. a violent or 
sudden push ; stab. 

thrusting ('ing), n. the act of 
pushing with force or violence: 
pi. white whey expressed from 
the curd. 

thud (thud), n. a dull sound pro¬ 
duced by a body falling on a com¬ 
paratively soft substance. 

thug (thug), n. one of a fraternity 
of robbers and assassins in India 
who practiced secret murder as 
an act of propitiation to the god¬ 
dess Kali; a ruffian. 

thug-gee (-e'), n. the practice of 
murder by the thugs. Also thug- 
gism, thuggery. 

Thu-le (thu'le), n. the name given 
by the ancient geographers to the 
most northern part of the world 
as then known. 

thumb (thum), n. the short, 
thick digit of the human hand : v.t. 
to handle awkwardly; soil with 
the thumb: v.i. to play awk¬ 
wardly. 

thumb-screw ('skroo), n. a 
screw to turn w T ith the finger and 
thumb; an instrument of torture 
for compressing the thumb. Also 
thumbkins. 

thum-mim ('m), n.pl. a myste¬ 
rious symbol worn on the breast¬ 
plate of the Jewish high priest 
signifying perfection. 

thump (thump), n. a hard, 
heavy blow : v.t to strike or beat 
with dull heavy blows: v.i. to 
fall or strike with a dull heavy 
blow. 

thump er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, thumps; something 
huge; barefaced lie. 

thun-der (thun'der), n. the noise 
accompanying a flash of light¬ 
ning; loud noise; an alarming 
denunciation or threat: v.i. to pro¬ 
duce thunder; make a loud noi£e: 
v.t. to utter with a loud and 
threatening voice. 

thun-der-bolt (-bolt>, n. a shaft 
of lightning; something resem¬ 
bling lightning in suddenness and 
terror; dreadful denunciation, es¬ 
pecially ecclesiastical censure; 
daring or irresistible hero; a 
belemnite. 

thun-der-ing (-ing). adj. emit¬ 


ting, or producing a great noise 
like thunder; very great: n. the 
report accompanying a discharge 
of lightning. 

thunder-struck (-struk), p.adj. 

astonished or struck dumb by 
sudden amazement, &c. 
thundery (-i), adj. produced by, 
or accompanied with, thunder. 
Also thunderous. 

thu-ri-ble (thu'ri-bl), n. a censer, 
thu-ri-fer ('ri-fer), n. one who 
attends the priest at mass, &c., 
and carries the thurible. 
Thurs-day (therz'da), n. the fifth 
day of the week. 

thus (thus), adv. in this or that 
manner; to this degree or ex¬ 
tent; so: n. (thus) the resin of 
the spruce fir. 

thwack (thwak), v.t. to strike 
with something flat and heavy; 
thump: n. a heavy blow with 
something blunt and hard ; thump, 
thwart (thwawrt), adj. cross¬ 
wise ; oblique : prep. & adv. across : 
n. a seat in a boat extending 
from side to side: v.t. oppose; 
run counter to; frustrate, 
thy (tin), pron. poss. case of thou, 
thy-ine (thi'in), adj. noting a 
kind of wood of the cedar family 
yielding a resin called sandarach. 
thyl-a-cine (thil'a-sin), n. the 
zebra wolf of New Zealand, 
thyme (tim). n. a common aro¬ 
matic herb of the genus Thymus, 
thy-roid (thi'roid), adj. shield¬ 
shaped ; noting one of the carti¬ 
lages of the larynx, 
thyr-soid (tlier'soid), adj. thyrsus¬ 
shaped. 

thyr-sus ('sus), n. [pi. thyrsi 
('si)], a staff or spear entwined 
with ivy and vine leaves. and 
grapes with a cone at the top, 
carried at the festivals of Bac¬ 
chus by his devotees, 
thy-self, emphatic for thy. 
ti-a-ra (tl-a'ra), n. the triple 
crown worn by the Pope; a lofty 
headdress worn by the ancient 
Persians; the miter of the Jew¬ 
ish high priest; diadem, 
tib-i-a (tib'i-a), n. the inner and 
larger of the two leg bones; shin¬ 
bone. 

tib-i-al ('i-al), adj. pertaining to 
the tibia. 


late, mUr, mask, cat. awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 










tic 


847 


til 


tic (tik), n. neuralgia. Also tic- 
douloureux. 

tick (tik), n. a name for various 
parasites which infest dogs, sheep, 
&c .; a case for holding feathers, 
&c., for bedding; small mark; 
small, quick, distinct sound or 
beat; credit: v.i. to make a small, 
quick, distinct sound; go on 
credit: v.t. to mark off by a tick, 
tick-et ('et), n. a label or card 
giving its possessor some specific 
right; label specifying price, &c., 
of goods; printed list of candi¬ 
dates at an election: v.t. to dis¬ 
tinguish by, or as by, a ticket, 
ticking ('ing), n. cloth used for 
bed-ticks. 

tick-le ('1), v.t. to touch lightly 
so as to produce a thrilling sen¬ 
sation, usually accompanied by 
laughter; gratify and amuse: v.i. 
to feel titillation. 
tick-ler ('ler), n. one who, or that 
which, tickles; something puzzling 
or difficult. 

tick-lish ('lish), adj. sensible to 
slight touches; easily tickled; 
critical; precarious ; difficult; 

delicate to handle or achieve, 

tick-seed ('sed), n. a common 

name for plants of the genera 

Corispermum and Coreopsis, 
tid-al (tid'al), adj. pertaining to 
the tides; ebbing and flowing like 
the tides. 

tide (tid), n. the regular rising 
and falling of the sea, rivers, &c.; 
stream ; time; season; turning- 
point ; tendency; in mining, period 
of twelve hours: v.t. to drive with 
the stream: v.i. to work in or out 
of a river or harbor by drifting 
with the tide. 

ti-di-ly ('di-li), adv. in a tidy 
manner. 

ti-di-ness ('di-nes), n. neatness, 
ti-dings ('dingz), n.pl. news, 
ti-dol-o-gy (-dol'o-ji), n. the sci¬ 
ence of tides. 

ti-dy ( ; di), adj. [comp, tidier, 
superl. tidiest], kept or dressed in 
proper and habitual neatness; 
trim ; neat; orderly : n. an orna.- 
mental cover for the back of a 
chair, &c.: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tidied, 
p.pr. tidying], to make neat or 
tidy ; put in proper order, 
tie (ti), n. a knot or fastening; 


bond; obligation ; beam or rod for 
holding two parts together; equal¬ 
ity in numbers; knot of hair; 
curved line placed over or under 
two or more notes, signifying 
they are to be slurred, or be 
sounded as one [Music] : v.t. to 
fasten with, or as with, a cord; 
bind; restrict; unite, as notes 
[Music] : v.i. to make an equal 
score. 

8yn. bind, restrain, restrict, 
oblige, secure, unite, join, band, 
ligament, ligature. 

Ant. (see loose). 

tier (ter), n. a row or rank, es¬ 
pecially one of two or more rows 
placed one above the other, 
tierce (ters), n. a cask of 42 
gallons; sequence of three cards; 
thrust in 'fencing; a third 
[Music]. 

tier-cel (ter'sel), n. a male hawk, 
tiff (tif), n. a fit of anger; slight 
quarrel; small draught of liquor: 
v.i. to be in a fit. 
tif-fa-ny ('ff-ni), n. a thin gauze 
or silk. 

tige (tezh), n. the shaft of a col¬ 
umn from the astragal to the 
capital. 

ti-ger (ti'ger), n. a large, fierce, 
rapacious quadruped of the genus 
Felis; a servant-boy in livery, 
ti-ger-flow-er (-flou-er), n. a 
flower of the Iris order, spotted 
yellow and orange, 
ti-ger-lil-y ( -lil-i), n. a handsome 
lily having flowers spotted with 
orange. 

ti-ger-wood (-wood), n. a valua¬ 
ble wood yielded by a tree of 
British Guiana. 

tight (tit), adj. not loose; close; 
tenacious; compactly built; fit¬ 
ting close to the body; not leaky; 
taut; snug; parsimonious ; ill-sup¬ 
plied or stringent; drunk : n.pl. 
closely fitting underclothing worn 
by actors. 

tight-en ('en), v.t. to make tight 
ti-gress (ti'gres), «. the female of 
the tiger. 

ti-grine ('grin), adj. tiger-like, 
ti-grish ('grish), adj. resembling 
a tiger; fierce. 

til-de (til'de), n. a mark (^) 
placed over n in Spanish words 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon,. 

cook ; mute, nut; thiu, the n. 







til 


848 


tin 


to indicate that the vowel fol¬ 
lowing it is to be sounded as a y. 
tile (til), n. a thin slab of baked 
clay, used for roofing, &c.; hat; 
door of a Masonic lodge: v.t. to 
cover with tiles; guard (the door 
of a lodge). 

til-er ('er), n. one who roofs 
houses with tiles; door-keeper of 
a Masonic lodge. Tyler, 
til-i-a-ceous (-i-a'shus), adj. 

allied to, or like, the limetree. 
till (til), n. a money drawer in 
a desk or counter; a glacial de¬ 
posit of unlaminated clay, sand, 
and gravel: prep, to the time of: 
adv. to the time when : conj. * to 
the degree that; until: v.t. to 
prepare (land) for seed. &c.; 
cultivate. 

till-age ('aj). n. land prepared 
for crops ; husbandry ; agriculture, 
till -er ('er), n. a husbandman; 
handle or lever for turning the 
rudder of a vessel; a sprout 
springing from a root or stump, 
tilt (tilt), n. a tent; the cloth 
covering of a cart or wagon; 
cover of a boat or stern awning; 
a thrust; a mediaeval military 
exercise or pageant in which the 
combatants on horseback at¬ 
tacked each other wfitli lances; a 
tilt-hammer; upheaval of strata 
to a higher angle: v.t. to cover 
with an awning; point or thrust 
with, or as with, a lance; forge 
with a tilt-hammer; raise on end; 
incline: v.i. to run or ride and 
thrust with a lance, 
tilth (tilth), n. cultivated land; 
tillage ground. 

tilt-ham-mer (tilt'ham-er), n. a 
heavy hammer used in iron 
foundries, worked by steam or 
hydraulic power. 

tilt-ing ('ing), n. the process by 
which blister-steel is rendered duc¬ 
tile ; inclination forward; act of 
one who, or that which, tilts, 
tim-ber (tim'ber), n. the body or 
stem of a tree; wood suitable for 
buildings, carpentry, shipbuilding, 
&c.; piece .of wood for building or 
already framed; wooded land: v.t. 
to furnish or construct with tim¬ 
ber. 

tim-bre ('ber), n. tone or char¬ 
acter of musical sound. 


tim-brel ('brel), n. a kind of 
drum or tabret. 

time (tim), n. measure of dura¬ 
tion, whether past, present, or 
future; particular period of du¬ 
ration ; age or period during which 
anything occurred or a person 
lived; present life or existence; 
season ; era ; epoch ; proper time ; 
repetition ; leisure ; musical meas¬ 
ure or duration of sounds ; tense ; 
hour of travail: v.t. to adapt to 
the time or occasion; do at the 
proper season; regulate or meas¬ 
ure : v.i. to keep or beat time. 

Syn. duration, season, period, 
era. age, date, span, spell, 
time-bargain (-bar'gen), n. an 
agreement to buy or sell at a cer¬ 
tain time. 

time-ist. Same as timist. 
timeliness ('li-nes), n. season¬ 
ableness. 

time-ly ('li), adj. [comp, timelier, 
superl. timeliest], being or oc¬ 
curring in time ; opportune, 
tim-id (tirn'id), adj. wanting in 
courage ; faint-hearted ; fearful, 
ti-mid-i-ty ('i-ti), n. want of cour¬ 
age. 

tim-ist (tlm'ist), n. one who keeps 
time [Music]. 

tim or ous (tim'er-us), adj. fear¬ 
ful of danger; full of scruples, 
tim-o-thy grass ('o-thi gras), n. 
p. valuable grass used for fodder, 
tin (tin), n. a silvery-white, soft, 
malleable, and fusible metal; thin 
plates of iron covered with tin ; 
a cylindrical vessel of tin ; money: 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tinned, p.pr. tin¬ 
ning], to cover with tin, or w T ith 
tinned iron; put into tins for 
preservation. 

tin-a-mou ('a-moo), n. a South 
American bird, resembling the 
partridge. 

tin-cal (ting'kal), n. crude borax, 
tinc-to-ri-al (tingk-to'ri-al), adj. 
pertaining to, relating to, or im¬ 
parting. a color. 

tinc-ture ('tur), n. a tinge or 
shade of color; slight taste or 
quality ; solution of any medicine 
in or by means of spirits of wine; 
fine or more volatile parts of a 
substance: v.t. to dye or color; 
tinge. 

tin-der ('der), n. any inflamma- 


. late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 












tin 


849 


tii 


ble material u^ed to kindle a fire 
from a spark, as rotten wood or 
scorched linen. 

tine (tin), n. a tooth or spike, 
tin-foil (tin'foil), n. tin beaten 
into thin leaf. 

ting (ting), n. a sharp, bell-like 
sound; that part of a Chinese 
temple which contains the idol, 
tinge (tinj), v.t. to stain or color; 
impregnate with something 
foreign ; dye: n. a slight degree of 
some color, taste, or quality im¬ 
parted to a substance; tint, 
tingle (ting'gl), v.i. to feel a 
thrilling sensation, or pain: v.t. 
to ring; cause to tingle: n. a 
thrilling sensation or pain, 
tink-er (tink'er), n. a member of 
metal pots, kettles. &c.: v.t. to 
patch up: v.i. ' meddle in an 
officious manner. 

tin-kle ('kl), n. a small, quick, 
sharp, ringing sound : v.i. to make 
such a sound: v.t. to cause to 
give out a tinkle. 

tinned (tind), adj. covered with 
tin ; packed or put up in tins, 
tin-plate ('plat), ft. iron-plate 
coated with tin. 

tin-sel ('sel), n. a kind of cloth 
overlaid or interwmven w r ith 
gold and silver; thin glittering 
metallic plate; anything showy 
but of little value ; something su¬ 
perficial and gaudy: adj. showy to 
excess; superficial ; outwardly 
fine but really worthless: v.t. to 
decorate with, or as wnth, tinsel; 
make outwardly gaudy, while 
valueless in reality, 
tint (tint), n. a slight coloring 
distinct from the principal color; 
hue or shade : v.t. to give a slight 
coloring to. 

tin-tin-nab-u-la-tion (tin-ti-nab- 
ii-la'shun), n. a tinkling sound, as 
of bells. 

tin-to ('to), n. a red Madeira 
w r ine. 

tin-tom-e-ter (-tom'e-ter), n. an 
apparatus for estimating shades 
of color by comparison with 
standard shades or tints, 
tin-type, same as ferrotype, 
ti-ny (ti'ni), adj. [comp, tinier, 
super!, tiniest), very small: puny, 
tip (tip), ft. a point or top of 
anything small ; end: ferrule or 


nozzle; anther; gentle stroke; 
small present; private hint, es¬ 
pecially in betting; tilt: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. tipped, p.pr. tipping], to 
form a point to ; cover the end of; 
strike lightly; give private hint 
to; give a small present to; tilt 
up. 

8] /ft. lean, dip, tilt, careen, in¬ 
cline. 

tip-cat ('kat), ft. a game played 
with a small piece of w r ood pointed 
at both ends. 

tipper ('er), n. a kind of ale. 
tip-pet ('et), ft. a narrow cape, or 
covering of cloth or fur for the 
neck or shoulders, 
tip-ping ('ing), n. the peculiar 
articulation given to the flute by 
the player’s tongue striking the 
roof of the mouth, 
tipple ('1), v.i. to drink spirits 
or strong liquors habitually; 
drink frequently in small quan¬ 
tities : ft. liquor. 

tip-si-ly ( 'si-li), adv. in a tipsy 
manner. 

tip-si-ness ('si-nes), n. the state 
of being tipsy. 

tip-staff f'staf), n. a constable, 
tip-ster ('ster), n. one who sup¬ 
plies private information about 
racehorses, &c. 

tip-sy ('si), adj. intoxicated, 
tip-sy-cake (-kak), n. sponge 
cake soaked in wine and stuck 
over with almonds, 
tip-toe ('to), ft. the end of a toe: 
adv. on tiptoe; stealthily : v.i. to 
w T alk or stand on tiptoe; be on 
the strain, or alert, 
tip-top ('top), ft. the highest 
point or degree; best of any¬ 
thing : adj. most excellent, 
ti-rade (ti-rad'), v. a long, violent, 
declamatory speech ; strain of cen¬ 
sure or reproof; filling of an in¬ 
terval by the intermediate dia¬ 
tonic notes. 

tire (tir), n. a band or hoop of 
iron or rubber binding the felloes 
of wdieels: v.t. to exhaust the 
strength of by labor: veeary or 
fatigue: exhaust the patience of: 
v.i. to become weary or fatigued. 

Styn. exhaust, harass, weary, 
fag. 

Ant. (see refresh), 
tire-some ('sum), adj. weari- 


late. mar. mask. cat. awd : he. her, let: line, tin: vote, porch, lot: moon. 

r*ook : mute, nut: thin. then. 








Ur 


85^ 


toa 


some ; tedious ; fatiguing ; annoy¬ 
ing. 

tire-some-ly (-li), adv. in a tire¬ 
some manner. 

tiresomeness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being tiresome, 
tir-wit (ter'wit), n. the lapwing. 
Tis-ri (tiz'ri), n. the seventh 
month of the ecclesiastical, and 
first month of the Jewish civil 
year, corresponding to part of Sep¬ 
tember and October. Also Tishri. 
tissue (tisli'oo), n. a woven fab¬ 
ric, especially thin, transparent 
silk used for veiling, formerly in- 
. tenvoven with gold or silver 
threads; any thin or delicate tex¬ 
ture or fabric; thin cellular or¬ 
ganization of parts, consisting of 
forms closely compacted and per¬ 
forming special functions; con¬ 
nected series: v.t. to form tis¬ 
sue of: interweave, 
tissued ('ood), adj. variegated, 
tis-sue-pa-per (-pa-per), n. very 
thin, gauze-like paper, 
tit (tit), n. morsel or bit; small 
horse; titmouse; name for vari¬ 
ous species of small singing 
birds. 

ti-tan-ic (ti-tan'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, characteristic of, or like 
the Titans, the fabled giants of 
classic mythology: hence, huge; 
of enormous strength, 
ti-ta-ni-um (-ta'ni-um), n. a rare, 
and extremely hard metal, allied 
to tin ; found in combination, 
tit-bit ('bit), n. a choice morsel, 
tit-for-tat (-tat), n. exact 
equivalent or fair retaliation, 
tithe (ti th), n. the tenth part of 
anything, especially the tenth part 
of the annual increase of the 
profit arising from land, stock, 
&c., allotted to the support of the 
clergy; small part: v.t. to tax 
or levy a tithe of. 
tith-ing ('ing), n. the taking or 
levying of tithes. 

tit-il-late (tit'i-lat), v.t to tickle, 
tit-il-la-tion (-la'shun), n. a 
tickling or itching sensation or 
state of feeling. 

tit-i-vate ('i-vat), v.t. to make 
smart or adorn. 

tit-lark ('lark), n. any small sing¬ 
ing bird of the genus Anthus. 
ti-tle (ti'tl), n. an inscription 


over or at the beginning of some¬ 
thing serving to designate it; 
name; appellation of dignity, 
rank, distinction, or preeminence; 
claim of right; presentation to a 
curacy as a condition of ordina¬ 
tion : v.t. to entitle, 
ti-tle-deed (-ded), n. the instru¬ 
ment or written evidence of right 
of ownership of property, 
tit-mouse (tit'mous), n. [pi. tit¬ 
mice ('mis)], a small, active, 
perching bird. Also tit. 
tit-rate (tit'rat). v.t. to estimate 
or determine the strength of by 
volumetric analysis, 
ti-tra-tion (ti-tra'shun), n. volu¬ 
metric analysis. 

tit-ter (tit'er), v.i. to laugh with 
restraint; giggle; see-saw : n. a 
restrained laugh. 

tit-tie (tit'l), n. a small particle; 
iota. 

tit-tle-tat-tle (-tat'l), n. idle, 
trifling talk. 

titular ('u-lar), adj. existing in 
name or title only; nominal : n. 
one who is invested with a title to 
an office, but does not possess the 
power and authority appertain¬ 
ing to it. 

to (too), prep, noting motion to¬ 
wards ; in accordance with, 
toad (tod), n. a batrachian rep¬ 
tile, resembling the frog, of the 
genus Bufo. 

toad-eat-er ('et-er), n. a syco¬ 
phant. 

toad-fish ('fish), n. a fish with a 
large head and wide mouth, of 
the genus Batrachus. 
toad-stone ('st5n), n. a local 
name for a kind of basaltic or 
igneous rock; bufonite. 
toad-stool ('stool), n. a name of 
numerous species of fungi of the 
genus Agaricus. 

toad-y ('i), n. a sycophant: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. toadied, p.pr. toady¬ 
ing], to fawn upon as a syco¬ 
phant : v.i. to play the sycophant, 
toad-y-ism (-izm), n. sycophancy, 
toast (tost), n. bread scorched 
or browned before the fire; one 
who is named when a health is 
drunk; v.t. to brown or heat at 
the fire ; show honor to in drink¬ 
ing ; name when a health is 
drunk. 




late, mar, mAsk, cat. awl; he. her, let; line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook: mute, nut; thin, then. 












tob 


851 


toS 


to-bac-co (to-bak'o), n. an Ameri¬ 
can plant of the genus Nico- 
tiana, the dried leaves of which 
are used for smoking, chewing, or 
as snulf. 

tobacconist (-nist), n. a dealer 
in tobacco, cigars, &c. 
to-bine ('bin), n. a stout, twilled, 
dress silk. 

toboggan (-bog'an), n. a kind 
of sledge in which one or more 
persons sit for sliding down snow- 
covered hills or inclines: v.i. to 
slide downhill by means of a to¬ 
boggan. 

toe-sin (tok'sin), n. an alarm-bell, 
tod-dle (tod'l), v.i. to walk with 
short, tottering steps like a child: 
n. a toddling walk, 
tod-dler ('ler), n. one who tod¬ 
dles ; a young child, 
tod-dy ('i), n. a sweet juice ob¬ 
tained from certain palms; mix¬ 
ture of spirit and water sweet¬ 
ened. 

to-dy (to'di), n. a small West 
Indian bird. 

toe (to), n. one of the terminal 
members of the foot of a man or 
animal; forepart of a horse’s 
hoof; a projection : v.t. to touch, 
reach, or strike with the toe or 
toes. 

tof-fy (tof'i), n. a sweetmeat; 
taffy. 

to-ga (to'ga), n. [pi. togas (gaz), 
togse ('je)J, the loose outer gar¬ 
ment worn by the ancient Ro¬ 
mans. 

to-ga vir-il-is (vir'il-is), n. the 
toga assumed by Roman youths at 
the age of fourteen, 
to-geth-er (too-ge^'er), adv. in 
company or association; mutual¬ 
ly ; in union or concert; uninter¬ 
ruptedly. 

tog-ger-y (tog'er-i), n. clothes; 
articles. 

toggle ('1), n. a small wooden 
pin tapering towards both ends 
and grooved round its center; 
button or frog. 

tog-gle-joint (-joint), n. an 
elbow or knee joint, 
toil (toil), n. labor oppressive to 
mind or body; fatiguing exertion ; 
snare; net: v.i. to labor or work 
with pain or fatigue, 
toilet ('let), 7i. a covering of 


linen, silk. &c., spread over a bed¬ 
room or dressing-room table; 
dressing-table ; style or manner of 
dressing; attire. 

toi-li-nette (-li-net'), n. a cloth 
the weft of which is of woolen 
yarn and the warp of cotton and 
silk. 

toil-some ('sum), adj. laborious; 
wearisome. 

toil-some-ly (-li), adv. in a toil¬ 
some manner. 

toil-some-ness (-nes), n. labor¬ 
iousness. 

To-kay (to-ka'), n. a rich Hun¬ 
garian wine. 

to-ken ('kn), n. a mark or sign; 
memorial of affection, &c.; symbol 
of good faith or authenticity; 
piece of metal not coined by au¬ 
thority, but current by suffer¬ 
ance. 

to-la ('la), n. in British India, 
a weight for gold and silver — 
180 grains troy, 
told, p.t. and p.p. of tell. 

To-le-do (-le'do), n. a sword or 
sword-blade of the finest temper, 
made originally at Toledo, Spain, 
tol-er-a-ble (tol'er-a-bl), adj. en¬ 
durable ; supportable; fairly good, 
tol-er-a-ble-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being tolera¬ 
ble. 

tol-er-a-bly (-bli), adv. passably, 
tol-er-ance ('er-ans), n. endur¬ 
ance ; toleration. 

tol-er-ant ('er-ant), adj. dis¬ 
posed to, or favoring, toleration, 
tol-er-ate ('er-at), v.t. to endure; 
permit; allow* so as not to hinder 
or prohibit. 

Syn. allow, admit, receive, let, 
suffer, permit, endure, abide. 

Ant. (see oppose), 
tol-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the act 
of tolerating; allowance of that 
w r hich is not wholly approved; 
recognition of the right of private 
judgment in religious opinions 
and modes of worship differing 
from those of the established , 
Church ; freedom from bigotry, 
toll (tol), n. the sound of a bell 
slowly repeated at short inter¬ 
vals ; a duty or tax on travelers 
or goods passing along a public 
road or bridge; tax or duty paid 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








toi 


852 


too 


for some privilege: v.i. to sound 
or ring slowly, as a bell; annul, 
to-lu (to'lu), n. a balsam produced 
by a South American tree (My- 
roxylon toluifera). 
tom-a-hawk (tom'a-hawk), n. a 
hatchet used by the North Ameri¬ 
can Indians in war and the chase: 
v.t. to strike, or kill with a toma¬ 
hawk. 

to-man (to'man), n. a gold coin 
current in Persia, value about 
$ 1 . 76 . 

to ma to (to-ma' or to-nm'to), n. 
\pl. tomatoes ('toz)l, a plant and 
its well-known fleshy fruit. Also 
love-apple. 

tomb (toom), n. a grave, or 
vault; monument erected to en¬ 
close and preserve the memory of 
the dead: v.t. to entomb, 
tom bac (tom'bak), n. an alloy 
of copper and zinc, 
tom-boy ('boi), n. a wild, romp¬ 
ing girl. 

tom-cat ('kat), n. a full-grown 
male cat. 

tom-cod ('kod), n. a small edible 
fish of the cod kind, 
tome (tom), n. a large book, 
to-men-tose fto-men'tos), adj. 
covered so closely with hairs as 
to be scarcely discernible; nappy. 
Also tomentous. 

to-men-tum ('turn), n. the 
closely matted down on the leaves 
or stems of certain plants, 
tom-fool ('fo51), n. a great fool; 
silly trifler. 

tom-fool-er-y ('er-i), n. non¬ 
sense ; absurd trifles or ornaments, 
to-min (tb'min), n. a jeweler’s 
weight of 12 grains, 
tom-pi-on (tom'pi-on), n. the 
stopper or plug of a cannon ; the 
iron button to which a charge of 
grape shot is affixed. Also tam¬ 
pion. 

tom-tit ('tit), n. the titmouse, 
tom-tom ('tom), n. a drum flat 
at one end and convex at the 
other: used in Africa and the 
East Indies. Also tam-tam. 
ton (tun), n. 20 hundredweight; 
40 cubic feet in ship measure¬ 
ment; prevailing fashion (tong), 
to-nal-i-ty (td-nal'i-ti), n. key 
relationship ; accuracy of pitch. 


tone (ton), ti. sound, or character 
of sound : note ; accent; quality of 
the voice; prevailing style or 
character; state of the body with 
reference to the healthy perform¬ 
ance of its animal functions; 
harmony of the colors of a paint¬ 
ing ; interval of sound; chant 
[Music] : v.t. to bring to a re' 
quired shade of color; mitigate, 
tongs (tonsrs), n.pl. a metal in¬ 
strument with two jointed limbs 
for grasping anything, 
tongne (tung), n. the chief in¬ 
strument of speech, and the organ 
of taste; power of speech ; man¬ 
ner of speaking ; dialect; idiom ; 
discourse ; mere words ; fluency ; 
clapper of a bell ; anything re¬ 
sembling a tongue ; promontory : 
v'.t. to modulate or modify with 
the tongue; scold: v.i. talk; 
prate. 

ton-ic (ton'ik), adj. pertaining to, 
or based on, the key-note: in¬ 
creasing tension ; strengthening: 
n. a strengthening medicine. 
Ton-ka bean (tong'ka ben), n. 
the aromatic kernels of the fruit 
of a shrubby plant of Guiana, 
used for scenting snuff, &c. Also 
Tonkuin bean. 

ton-nage (tun'aj), n. the weight 
of goods carried in a boat or shin : 
carrying capacity of a vessel ; 
duty or toll on vessels ; collective 
shipping of any port or country, 
ton neau (to-nf/) n. the rounded 
rear body of an automobile, 
ton-sils (ton'silz), n.pl. two al- 
mond-shaned glands situated at 
the two sides of the fauces of the 
i throat. 

ton-sil-i-tis (-sil-I'tis), n. inflam¬ 
mation of the tonsils, 
ton-so-ri-al (ton-s5'ri-nl), adj. 
pertaining to shaving or to a bar¬ 
ber. 

ton-sure ('shur), n. the act of 
clipping the hair or of shaving 
the crown of the head; the 
corona thus worn by Roman 
Catholic clerics: v.i. to give the 
tonsure to. 

ton-tine (-ten'), n. loan raised on 
life annuities with benefit ac¬ 
cruing to the last survivor, 
too (too), adv. more than 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin. then. 















too 


853 


tor 


enough; likewise; in addition ; 
over and above; also, 
took, p.t. of take, 
tool (tool), n. an instrument of 
manual operation; one who acts 
as the instrument of another: v.t. 
to shape with a tool; drive, as a 
coach. 

Syn. utensil, weapon, imple¬ 
ment, instrument. 

tooling ('ing), n. workmanship 
performed with a tool, 
toon (toon), n. the valuable dark 
wood of a large cedar tree of the 
East Indies and Australia, 
toot (toot), v.t. to sound, as a 
horn or flute: n. a blast on a horn, 
tooth (tooth), n. [pi. teeth 
(teth) ], one of the hard bony proc¬ 
esses growing in the jaws used 
for biting and chewing; any pro¬ 
jection resembling a tooth ; palate 
or taste: v.t. to indent or form 
into teeth. 

tooth-some ('sum), adj. palata¬ 
ble. 

tooth-some-ly (-li), adv. palata¬ 
bly. 

tooth some-ness (-nes), n. the 
quality of being toothsome, 
tooth-wort ('wert), n. a plant of 
various genera having indented 
leaves. 

top (top), n. the highest part; 
summit; upper side or surface; 
highest person, place, or rank; 
crown of the head; small plat¬ 
form at the head of the lower 
mast; a child’s toy: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. topped, p.pr. topping], to 
cover or place on the top; rise to 
the top of; excel; cut off the top 
of. 1 

Syn. summit, apex, head, 
crown, surface. 

Ant. (see bottom), 
to-pau (to'paw), n. the rhinoce¬ 
ros-bird. 

to-paz ('paz), n. a crystallized 
mineral of various colors used as 
a gem. 

to-paz-o-lite ('o-lit), n. a variety 
of garnet. 

top-boots (top'bootz). n.pl. high 
boots with light colored tops, used 
for riding, &c. 

tope (top), n. a mound-shaped 
Buddhist monument containing 
relics; grove of trees [Hindu], 


to-pee (to-pe'), n. a cork or pith 
helmet. Also topi, 
to-per ('per), n. a drunkard, 
topgallant (top'gal-ant), adj. 
situated above the topmast: n. a 
topgallant mast or sail, 
top-hamper ('ham-per), n. a 
ship’s rigging, spars, &c. 

To-pliet (tb'fet), n. a place 
situated southeast of Jerusalem, 
in the Valley of Hinnom, where 
fire was burnt in honor of Moloch : 
subsequently made a burial place: 
hence hell. 

top-ic (top'ik), n. a subject of 
discourse, conversation, or argu¬ 
ment ; theme. 

Syn. theme, subject, question, 
issue, matter. 

top-ic-al (-al), adj. pertaining to, 
or consisting of, a topic or top¬ 
ics ; relating to a place; local, 
top-ic-al-ly (-i), adv. in a topical 
manner; locally. 

top-mast ('mast), n. the second 
mast from the deck of a ship, 
to-pog-ra-pher (to-nog'ra-fer), n. 
one who describes particular 
places in writing, 
top-o-graph-ic (top-o-graf'ik), 
adj. descriptive of a particular 
place. Topographical, 
top-o-graph-ic-al-ly (-al-li), adv. 

in a topographic manner, 
to-pog-ra-phy (to-pog'ra-fi), n. 
the scientific description of a 
particular place, &c. ; the features 
of a region or locality, 
top-ping (top'ing), adj. rising 
above; surpassing: n. the act of 
cutting off the top. 
top-pie ('1), v.t. to overturn: v.i. 

to fall forward; tumble down, 
top-sail ('sal), n. the sail second 
from the deck. 

top-sy-tur-vy ('si-ter-vi), adv. in 
an inverted position; in con¬ 
fusion : adj. disordered ; chaotic, 
toque (tok), n. a kind of bonnet, 
tor (tor), n. high pointed hill; 
jutting rock. 

To-rah (tb'ra). n. the Mosaic 
law; Pentateuch. Also Thorah. 
torch (torch), n. a large liirht 
formed of resinous wood, flax, 
&c., soaked in some inflammable 
substance, and carried in the 
hand ; any light used in the man¬ 
ner of a torch ; flambeau, 
tore, p.t. of tear. 


hate. mUr, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






tor 


854 


tot 


tor-e-a-dor (tor-e-&-dor'), n. a bull 
fighter. 

to-reu-tic (to-roo'tik), adj. per¬ 
taining to carved or sculptured 
work, especially to metallic work 
in basso-relievo. 

tor-ment (tor'ment), n. extreme 
pain; torture; anguish: v.t. (tor¬ 
ment') to put to extreme pain, 
physical or mental; torture; 
harass. 

tor-men-til ('men-til), n. an as¬ 
tringent root, 
torn (torn), p.t , of tear, 
tor-na-do (t6r-na'dd), n. [pi. 
tornadoes ('doz)], a violent tem¬ 
pest or whirlwind, 
to-rose (td'ros), adj. swelling in 
knobs; uneven. 

tor-pe-do (tor-pe'do), n. [pi. tor¬ 
pedoes ('doz)], a submarine ap¬ 
paratus for destroying ships by 
explosion; kind of firework; the 
cramp-fish: v.t. to destroy by a 
torpedo. 

tor-pes-cent (-pes'ent), adj. be¬ 
coming torpid. 

tor-pid ('pid), adj. numb; in¬ 
active. 

tor-pid-i-ty ('i-ti), n. inactivity; 
insensibility. 

tor-pi-fy ('pi-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
torpified, p.pr. torpifying], to 
make torpid ; benumb, 
tor-por ('per), n. numbness; in¬ 
activity. 

torque (t6rk), n. a twisted collar 
or necklace worn by certain an¬ 
cient barbaric nations, 
tor-re-fy (tor're-fi), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. torrefied, p.pr. torrefying], 
to dry by fire; roast (ores), 
tor-rent ('ent), n. a violent and 
rapid stream; heavy fall, as of 
rain; strong current, rising sud¬ 
denly and rushing rapidly along, 
tor-rid ('id), adj. dried with heat; 
extremely hot; burning; parch¬ 
ing. 

Syn. burning, hot, parching, 
scorching, sultry. 

tor-sion (tor'sliun), n. the act of 
turning or twisting; the wrench¬ 
ing or twisting of a body by 
lateral force. 

torso ('s5), n. [pi. torsos, torsi 
('soz, 'se)], the trunk of a statue, 
especially one having the head 
or limbs mutilated. 


tort (tort), n. in law, any wrong, 
injury, or damage, 
tor-tile (tor'til), adj. bent; 

twisted; wreathed, 
tor-til-la (-tel'ya), n. a thin un¬ 
leavened cake of maize baked on 
a heated iron plate, 
tor-toise (tor'tis), n. a reptile of 
the family Testudinidae with a 
very hard shell or test; a testudo. 
tor-tu-ous ( tu-us). adj. crooked; 
twisted ; wreathed ; underhand ; 
indirect; deceitful. 

Syn. twisted, winding, crooked, 
indirect. 

tor-tnre ('tur), n. agony of mind 
or body; excruciating pain; 
pain inflicted as a punishment or 
as a means of extorting a confes¬ 
sion : v.t. to punish with, or as 
with, torture; put to the rack; 
excruciate; vex; wrest from the 
true meaning. 

Syn. torment, anguish, agony, 
to-rus (to'rus), n. a large semi¬ 
circular molding in the base of 
a column ; that part of a flower 
on which the carpels are seated. 
To-ry (to'ri). n. [pi. Tories 
('riz)], in English politics, a 
Conservative: adj. pertaining to 
Conservatives. 

Toryism (-izm), n. the princi¬ 
ples of the Tories or Conserva¬ 
tives. 

toss (tos), v.t. to throw with the 
hand ; throw upward ; jerk ; put 
into violent motion ; cause to rise 
and fall: v.i. to roll or tumble: 
be tossed : n. a throwing upward 
or with a jerk. 

toss-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
throwing upward; a rolling or 
tumbling. 

tot (tot), n. anything small or 
insignificant; a term of endear¬ 
ment ; pi. a series of figures in 
column form to be added up as 
an exercise in rapid calculation : 
v.t. [p.t. & p.p. totted, p.pr. tot¬ 
ting], to add; count up. 
to-tal (tfi'tal), adj. whole; com¬ 
plete ; full; not divided: n. the 
whole sum or amount; complete¬ 
ness. 

to-tal-i-ty (-tal'i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being total; entire 
quantity, amount, or sum. 


late, mar, mask, cat', awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 



















tot 


855 


tow 


to-tal-ly ('tfil-i), adv. entirely; 
fully. 

tote (tot), v.t. to carry, 
to-tem (to'tem), n. an animal 
used as the symbol or name of 
a tribe or clan. 

tot-ter (tot'er). v.t. to shake as 
if about to fall; be unsteady; 
stagger; reel. 

tot-ter-y ('er-i), adj. shaking as 
if about to fall; unsteady, 
tot-tlish (dish), adj. unsteady, 
toucan (too-kiin'), n. a fruit¬ 
eating tropical bird with a long 
curved beak. 

touch (tuch), v.t. to come in con¬ 
tact with; perceive by feeling; 
handle slightly : play ; reach ; at¬ 
tain to; meddle with; treat of 
in a superficial manner; add a 
light stroke to; affect the senses 
or sensibility of; injure or hurt: 
v.i. to be in contact; call in at 
a port: n. the act of touching; 
state of being touched; contact; 
sense of feeling; action of the 
hand on a musical instrument; 
tried qualities; emotion or affec¬ 
tion ; single stroke on a paint¬ 
ing, &c. 

touch-i-ly ('i-li). adv. peevishly, 
touch-i-ness ('i-nes), n. irri¬ 
tability. 

touching ('ing), adj. pathetic: n. 
the act of coming in contact with : 
prep, with respect to : concerning. 

Syn. tender, affecting, moving, 
pathetic. 

touch-stone ('ston), n. Lydian 
stone or basanite, used for testing 
the purity of gold and silver: 
hence a criterion, 
touch-wood ('wood), n. dried 
fungus or decayed wood which 
easily ignites and burns slowly, 
touch y ('i), adj. irritable; peevish, 
tough (tuf), adj. flexible without 
being brittle; not easily broken 
or fractured ; able to endure hard¬ 
ship ; strong; firm; tenacious; 
viscous; difficult: not easy to 
masticate: n. a rough, 
tough-en ('n), v.i. to grow’ or be¬ 
come tough: v.t. to make tough, 
tough-ish ('ish), adj. somewdiat 
tough. 

tou-pee (too-pe'), w. a small wig, 
or curl. 

tour (t5or), n. a circuitous jour¬ 


ney; excursion; trip: v.i. to make 
a tour: v.t. to make a tour or cir¬ 
cuit of: as, to tour the country, 
tour-bil-lion (-bil'yun), n. an or¬ 
namental rotating firewmrk. 
tour-ist ('ist), n. excursionist, 
tourmaline ('ma-lin), n. a 
transparent aluminous mineral of 
various colors, some varieties of 
which are used as gems, 
tour-na-ment ('na-ment), n. a 
mock fight by knights on horse¬ 
back ; contest of skill. Also tour¬ 
ney. 

tour-ni-quet ('ni-ket), n. a sur¬ 
gical instrument for compressing 
an artery and arresting hemor¬ 
rhage. 

tou-sle or tou-zle (tou'zl), v.t. 
to pull or tear; worry; put in 
disorder. 

tout (tout), v.i. to look out for 
customers: n. one who secretly 
W’atches racehorses in training, in 
order to give private information 
to his clients to guide them in bet¬ 
ting ; a touter. 

tout-en-sem-ble (too-tang-sam'- 
bl), n. the general effect of a 
work of art, costume, &c., re¬ 
garded as a whole, 
tout-er (tout'er), n. one w’ho 
hangs about to secure the cus¬ 
tom of tourists for a particular 
hotel, &c. 

tow (to), n. the coarse part of 
flax or hemp: v.t. to drag, as a 
vessel, through the w’ater by 
means of a rope. 

tow-age ('aj). n. the act of tow¬ 
ing ; price paid for towing, 
to-ward (to'erd), prep, in the di¬ 
rection of; wfith a tendency to; 
with respect to: ado. near; at 
hand. Also tow r ards. 
tow-el (tou'el). n. a cloth for 
wiping the hands, &c., after wash¬ 
ing. 

tow-el-ing (-ing), n. cloth for 
tow r els. 

tow-er (tou'er), n. a lofty build¬ 
ing, square or circular, usually 
flat on the top; fortress; high 
headdress w r orn by women in the 
17th century: v.i. to rise to a 
great height; soar, 
tow-er-ing ('er-ing), adj. very 
high; soaring; violent; outrage¬ 
ous. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









4.0W 


tra 


8bb 


town (toun), n. any collection of 
houses larger than a village, es¬ 
pecially one having a market, and 
not being a city ; the inhabitants 
of a town ; township, 
town-ship ('ship), n. the district 
or territory into which many of 
the States are divided and sub¬ 
ordinate to the county, 
tox-e-mi-a, tox-se-ini-a (toks-e'- 
mi-a), n. blood poisoning, 
tox-ic ('ik), adj. poisonous, 
tox-i-col-o-gist (-i-kol'o-jist), n. 

one skilled in toxicology, 
tox-i-col-o-gy ('o-ji), n. the sci¬ 
ence that treats of poisons, their 
effects, antidotes, &c. 
tox-i-co-ma-ni-a (-ko-ma'ni-A), n. 
a mania for intoxicating or poi¬ 
sonous drugs, as opium, 
tox-in (toks'in), n. a poison pro¬ 
duced by the action of bacteria 
upon organic matter, 
toy (toi), n. a child’s plaything; 
something of no real value; bau¬ 
ble ; plaything: v.i. \p.t . & p.p. 
toyed, p.pr. toying], to dally amo¬ 
rously ; trifle. 

trace (tras), n. a mark left by 
anything passing ; footprint; small 
quantity: pi. the straps, &c., by 
which a vehicle is drawn by a 
horse: v.t. to delineate by marks; 
follow by tracks or footsteps; fol¬ 
low exactly. 

Syn. track, token, sign, mark, 
footstep. 

trace-a-hle ('a-bl), adj. capable 
of being traced. 

trac-er-y ('er-i), n. architectural 
ornamentation in Gothic struc¬ 
tures. 

tra-che-a (tra-ke'a), n. the wind¬ 
pipe ; p.t. the air-tubes in the 
bodies of insects (tracheae), 
tra-che-al ('ke-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the trachea, 
tra-ehe-ot-o-my (-ot'o-mi), n. the 
surgical operation of making an 
opening into the windpipe, 
tra-chi-tis (-ki'tis), n. inflamma¬ 
tion of the trachea. Also tra¬ 
cheitis. 

trach-yte (trak'it), n. a term ap¬ 
plied to the feldspathic class of 
igneous rocks. 

tra-chyt-ic (tra-kit'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to, consisting of, or re¬ 
sembling, trachyte. 


tra-cing (tra'sing), n. the act of 
one who traces; regular path; 
mechanical copy by marking on 
thin paper over the original, 
track (trak), n. a mark or im¬ 
pression left by the foot; beaten 
path ; course or way; course for 
racing; permanent way of a rail¬ 
road : v.t. to pursue by following 
the footprints or marks left be¬ 
hind. 

track-age ('aj), n. towage, 
tract (trakt), n. a short treatise, 
usually on some religious subject; 
region of indefinite extent; ex¬ 
panse. 

tract-a-bil-i-ty (-a-bil'i-ti), n. 

docility. 

tract-able ('a-bl), adj. docile; 
easily instructed or managed. 

8yn. docile, manageable, amen¬ 
able. 

tract-ate (trakt'at), n. a small 
book or treatise, 
trac-tile ('til), adj. ductile, 
trac-tion ('shun), n. the act of 
drawing; state of being drawn; 
attraction. 

trac-tive ('tiv), adj. serving, or 
used, to draw along; pulling, 
trac-tor ('ter), n. that which 
draws, or is used in drawing, 
tract-rix ('riks), n. a curve, 
the tangent of which is always 
equal to a given line. Also 
tractatrix, tractory. 
trade (trad), n. commerce; busi¬ 
ness ; buying and selling for 
money; dealing by way of sale or 
exchange ; traffic ; persons engaged 
in a particular business: adj. per¬ 
taining to, carried on by, or 
characteristic of, a trade: pi. the 
trade winds: v.i. to carry on com¬ 
merce ; buy and sell; traffic; v.t. 
to sell or exchange in commerce. 

Syn. traffic, commerce, dealing, 
occupation, employment, office, 
trade-mark ('mark), n. a dis¬ 
tinguishing device affixed by a 
merchant to his goods to show his 
exclusive right, or as a guarantee 
of genuineness. 

trade-price ('pris), n. price of 
an article as charged to the re¬ 
tailer. 

trad-er ('er), n. one engaged in 
trade or commerce; merchant; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 




















tra 


tra 


5 7 


shopkeeper; vessel engaged in any 
particular trade. 

trades-un-ion (z'un-yun), n. an 
organized combination of work¬ 
men for _ the protection of their 
interest in any particular trade 
or industry. 

trades-un ion ism (-izm), n. the 
princinles and practices of trades- 
unions. 

trades-un-ion-ist (-ist), n. a 
member of a trades-union, 
trade-winds ('windz), n.pl. cer¬ 
tain ocean winds in or near the 
torrid zone which blow steadily 
from the same quarter period¬ 
ically. Also trades, 
trading ('ing), adj. pertaining 
to trade. 

tradition (tra-dish'un), n. the 
oral transmission of events, opin¬ 
ions, doctrines, practices, &c., 
through successive generations 
without written memoria's; that 
which is so handed down; an¬ 
cient custom. 

tra-di-tion-al ('un-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, derived from, or 
handed down bv tradition, 
tra-di-tion-al-ly ('un-al-i), adv. 

in a traditional manner, 
tra-duce (tra-dus'), v.t. to 
slander. 

traf-fic (traf'ik), n. business or 
trade: commerce ; transportation 
of nersons or goods on a railway, 
vehicle, ship. &c.; intercourse: 
v.i. to trade; bargain: v.t. to 
barter. 

8i/n. trade, exchange, com¬ 
merce, intercourse, 
trag-a-canth (trag'a-kanth), n. 
a gum obtained from various 
species of Astragalus, 
tra-ge-di-an (tra-je'di-nn), n. an 
actor or writer of tragedies, 
tragedienne (-zha-dyen' or 
-je'di-en), n. an actress of tragedy, 
trag-e-dv (traj'e-di), n. [pi. trag¬ 
edies (-diz)], a dramatic poem of 
elevated style, representing some 
event or series of events in the 
life of a person or persons and 
having usually a fatal ending; a 
melancholy and fatal event; an 
event in whmh human lives are 
lost by murderous violence or 
some catastrophe, 
trag-ic ('ik), adj. pertaining to 


tragedy: calamitous; fatal; ter¬ 
rible. Also tragical, 
trag-ic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. in a 
tragic manner. 

trail (tral), v.t. to draw or drag 
along the ground; hunt or fol¬ 
low by tracking: v.i. to be drawn 
out in length ; fall or hang down ; 
grow or climb at great length : n. 
the track followed by a hunter; 
scent left by a track; anythin 
drawn out in length; the entrail 
of birds and fishes served up for 
the table. 

train (tran), n. a series of rail¬ 
way carriages or trucks coupled 
together; something drawn or 
dragged behind as the skirt of a 
robe, &c. ; retinue; procession; 
connected series; suite; process: 
line of gunpowder laid to fire a 
charge; a heavy kind of Canadian 
sledge: v.t. to instruct by exer¬ 
cise; drill; educate; draw along; 
form to a proper shape; discipline 
or tame for use; prepare for ath¬ 
letic contests or horse-racing; 
trace (a lode) to its head, 
train-er ('er), n. an instructor, 
especially one who prepares men 
or horses for exercises of skill, 
races, &e. 

train-oil ('oil), n. oil obtained 
by boiling whale’s blubber, 
trait (trat), n. a peculiar feature 
or characteristic • touch, 
trai-tor (tra'ter), n. one who is 
guilty of treason or the betrayal 
of his country to an enemy by 
breach of trust; one who betrays 
any confidence ; a deceiver. Femi¬ 
nine traitress or traitoress. 
trai-tor-ous ('ter-us), adj. guilty 
of treason ; perfidious, 
trajectory (tra-jek'to-ri), n. 
r pi. trajectories (-riz)], the curve 
described by a body in space, un¬ 
der the action of certain forces, 
as a comet, or stone thrown up¬ 
wards. 

tram (tram). n. one of the rails 
of a tramway: a tramway; tram¬ 
way-car; shaft of a cart: v.i. [p.t. 
& p.p. trammed, p.pr . tramming], 
to travel by tram-car rhlnsrlish] : 
v.t. to transport on a tramway, 
tram-ble ('bl). v.t. to wash (ore) 
in a particular manner, 
tram mel ('el), n. a net used for 
fowling or fishing; shackle for 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; be. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, iot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


\ 


A f3 







tra 


653 


t 


tra 


horses; anything that impedes 
progress, action, or freedom : v.t. 
to impede or hinder; shackle. 

Syn. fetter, shatter, clog, bond, 
chain, impediment, hindrance, 
tra-jnon-ta-na (trii-mon-ta/na), 
«. a cold, blighting north wind pe¬ 
culiar to the Mediterranean, 
tramp (tramp), v.t. to tread upon 
forcibly and repeatedly; travel 
over on foot: v.i. to wander: n. 
a vagrant foot traveler; journey 
on foot; sound of tramping, 
tram-pie ('pi), v.t. to tread under 
the feet; prostrate by treading ; 
treat with insult or contempt: v.i. 
to stamp rapidly and reioeatedly 
with the feet; tread roughly, 
train-poos (tram-poos'), v.i. to 
tramp; walk heavily; wander 
about. 

tram-way ('wa), n. a street rail¬ 
way ; metal track for wagons or 
trucks. Tramroad. 
trance (trans), n. a state in 
which the soul appears to be ab¬ 
sent from the body or rapt in 
visions; temporary suspension of 
sensation and volition while the 
heart and lungs continue to act; 
swoon ; catalepsy : v.t. to place in, 
or as in, a state of trance, 
tra-neen (tra-nen'), n. crested 
dog’s-tail grass. 

tra n-q nil (trang'kwil), adj. 
calm; quiet; undisturbed; not 
agitated. 

Syn. still, unruffled, peaceful, 
quiet, hushed. 

Ant. (see noisy). 
tran-quil-ize ('kwil-Iz), v.t. to 
make tranquil or calm, 
tran-quil-li-ty ('i-ti), n. calm¬ 
ness ; quiet. 

tran-quil-ly ('kwil-i), adv. in a 
tranquil manner. 

trans, a prefix, meaning over, 
across, beyond, through, on the 
other side. 

trans-act (trans-akt'), v.t. to 
manage, as business; carry 
through; negotiate, 
trans-ac-tion (-ak'shun), n. the 
management of any business or 
affair; that which is done or per¬ 
formed ; a proceeding; affair: pi. 
report of a scientific or learned 
society. 


Syn. negotiation, occurrence, 
proceeding, affair, 
transac tor ('ter), n. one who 
transacts. 

tran scend (tran-send'), v.t. to 
rise above; surpass ; surmount; 
excel; exceed. 

tran scend en cy ('en-si), n. the 
state or quality of being tran¬ 
scendent ; supereminence. Also 
transcendence. 

tran scend ent ('ent), adj. sur¬ 
passing others in excellence; 
noting, in the Kantian philosophy, 
speculations concerning matters 
outside the range of the human 
intellect or experience, 
tran - seen - dent - al ('&!), adj. 
noting that which lies beyond the 
limits of experience or external 
to the senses; speculative; meta¬ 
physical ; vague; supereminent. 

Syn. original, intuitive, tran¬ 
scendent. 

tran-scen-dent-al-ism ('al-izm), 
n. the Kantian philosophy which 
affirms that the primary principles 
of knowledge are ascertained by 
the investigation of that which 
is a priori, or independent of ex¬ 
perience ; a religious movement in 
the United States, 1839, associ¬ 
ated with Emerson and Chan¬ 
ging. 

tran-scribe (-skrib'), v.t. to copy, 
tran-script ('skript), n. a writ¬ 
ten copy from an original, 
tran-scrip-tion (-skrip'shun), n. 
a copy. 

transept ('sept), n. that part of 
a church at right angles on either 
side to the chancel, 
trans-fer (trans-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. transferred, p.pr. transfer¬ 
ring], to convey from one person 
or place to another ; convey, as a 
right,_ title, &c.; produce by im¬ 
pression, as an engraving from a 
lithographic stone; n. (trans'fer) 
conveyance of a right, title, prop¬ 
erty, &c., from one person to an¬ 
other ; deed by which such a 
transfer is executed; removal; a 
soldier transferred from one troop 
or company to another; drawing 
or writing printed off from one 
surface to another, 
trans fer-a-bil-i-ty (-&-bil'i-ti), 


I5te, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 

\ 






tra 


859 


tra 


n. the quality of being transfer¬ 
able. 

trans-fer-a-ble ('a-bl), adj. capa¬ 
ble of being transferred. Also 
transferrible. 

trans fer ee (-fer-e'), n. the per¬ 
son to whom anything is trans¬ 
ferred. 

trans fer-rer (-fer'er), n. one 
who makes a transfer. 

transfiguration (-fig-u-ra'- 
shun), n. a change of form or ap¬ 
pearance, especially the super¬ 
natural change in the personal ap¬ 
pearance of Jesus Christ on the 
Mount. 

trans-fig-ure (-fig'ur), v.t. to 
change the outward form or ap¬ 
pearance of. 

trans-fix (-fiks'), v.t. to pierce 
through. 

trans-fix-ion (-fik'shun), n. the 
act of transfixing; state of being 
transfixed. 

trans - form (-form'), v.t. to 
change the shape or appearance 
of; convert or change the char¬ 
acter of ; transmute ; metamor¬ 
phose ; change the form of (an 
algebraic eouation) into another 
of different form without altering 
its value. 

t r a n s-f o r-m a-t ion (-for-ma' 
shun), n. the act of transforming; 
state of being transformed; trans¬ 
mutation ; metamorphosis; change 
of character; conversion. 

transformer (-form'er), n. an 
induction coil for raising or low¬ 
ering electric pressure. 

trans-fuse (-fuz'), v.t. to pour 
out of one vessel into another; in¬ 
stil ; transfer, as blood, from the 
veins of a person or animal to 
those of another. 

trans-fu-sion (-fu'zhun), n. the 
act of transfusing; state of being 
transfused. 

trans-gress (-gres'), v.i. to of¬ 
fend by the violation or infraction 
of any law, rule, &c.; sin: v.t. 
break or violate. 

trans-gres-sion (-gresh'un), n. 
the act of violating any law or 
rule of moral duty ; fault; offense ; 
sin. 

trans-gress-or (-gres'er), n. an 
offender. 


tran-sient (tran'shent), ad;, fleet¬ 
ing ; brief. 

Syn. brief, momentary, transi¬ 
tory, flying. 

tran-sit (tran'sit), n. a passage 
through or over; passage of a 
heavenly body across the meridian 
of a place; passage of an inferior 
planet across the sun’s disc, 
tran-si-tion (-sish'un), n. the 
passage from one place or state 
to another; change, as of key in 
music or of the subject of dis¬ 
course. 

tran-si-tion-al (-sish'un-al), adj. 
involving or denoting transition, 
tran-si-tive ('si-tiv), adj. noting 
an action passing from a subject 
to an object. 

tran-si-tive-ly (-Ii), adv. in a 
transitive manner, 
tran-si-tive-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being transi¬ 
tive. 

tran-si-to-ri-ly ('si-to-ri-li), adv. 

with a short continuance, 
tran-si-to-ri-ness (-nes), n. 

shortness of duration, 
transitory ('si-to-ri), adj. con¬ 
tinuing but a short time; eva¬ 
nescent ; fleeting; unstable, 
trans-late (trans-lat'), v.t. to 
render from one language into 
another; interpret; remove to 
another place or position ; remove 
to heaven without dying, 
trans-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the 
act of translating; that which is 
translated ; removal; version ; re¬ 
moval of a bishop from one see 
to another. 

trans-la-tor ('ter), n. one who 
translates. 

trans-lu-cent (-lu'sent), adj. 
semi-transparent. 

trans-mi-gra-tion (mi-gra'shun), 
n. the passing of the soul after 
death from one body into that of 
another; metempsychosis, 
trans-mis-si-bil-i-ty (-mis-i-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the quality of being trans¬ 
missible. 

trans-mis-si-ble ('i-bl), adj. 
that may be passed from one to 
another, or through a body or sub¬ 
stance. 

trans-mis-sion (-mish'un), n. 
the act of transmitting: the 
things transmitted; passage 
through. Also transmittal. 


late, mar, mask, crft, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 







tra 


860 


tra 


trans-mit (-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
transmitted, p.pr. transmitting], 
to cause or suffer to pass over or 
through ; send from one place or 
person to another, 
trans-mit-ter ( er), n. one who, 
or that which, transmits; a tele¬ 
graphic or telephonic sending in¬ 
strument. 

transmutation (-mu-ta'shun), 
n. change from one form, nature, 
substance, or species into another, 
trans-mute (-mut),v.£. to change 
from one form, nature, substance, 
or species into another, 
tran som (tran'som), n. a cross¬ 
beam over a door or over the 
sternpost of a vessel; horizontal 
mullion or crossbar in a window, 
trans - par - en cy (trans-par'- 
en-si), n. [pi. transparencies 
(-siz)], the state or quality of 
being transparent; a picture 
painted on a semi-transparent 
material through which a light 
shines. 

trans par ent ('ent), adj. having 
the property of transmitting rays 
of light; clear. 

tran-spi-ra-tion (-spi-ra'shun). 
n. exhalation through the pores of 
the skin. 

tran-spire ('spir), v.i. to be ex¬ 
creted through the pores of the 
skin ; be exhaled ; become known ; 
come to pass; occur: v.t. to per¬ 
spire- exhale. 

trans-plant (trans-plant'), v.t. to 
remove and plant in another 
place; remove and establish, 
trans-plan-ta-tion (plan-tfi'- 
sliun), n. the act of transplanting, 
trans-port (-port'), v.t. to carry 
across or from one place to 
another; banish as a criminal; 
carry away by violence of passion, 
or pleasure: n. (trans'port), con¬ 
veyance for baggage or stores; a 
vessel employed for carrying 
troops, stores, &c., from one place 
to another; violent manifestation 
of anger ; rapture ; ecstasy, 
trans-por-ta-tion (-por-ta'sliun), 
n. banishment for crime; con¬ 
veyance. 

trans-port-ing (-port'ing), adj. 

ravishing; ecstatic, 
trans-pose (-pc>z'), v.t. to change 
the place or order of, by putting 


each in the place of the other; 
change the key of; change (a 
term) from one side of an equa¬ 
tion to the other by changing the 
sign. 

trans-po-si-tion (-po-zish'un), n. 
the act of transposing; state of 
being transposed. Also trans- 
pqgal. 

tran-sub-stan-ti-a-tion (tran- 

sub-stan-shi-a'shun), n. the doc¬ 
trine that after consecration the 
elements in the Eucharist are con¬ 
verted into the veritable body and 
blood of Christ. 

tran sude (-sud'), v.i. to pass or 
ooze through the pores or inter¬ 
stices of a substance. 

trans-verse (trans-vers'), adj. 
lying or being across or cross¬ 
wise ; broader than long. 

transversely ('li), adv. in a 
transverse direction. 

trap (trap), n. an instrument 
shutting suddenly with a spring 
for snaring game, vermin, and 
other animals ; snare; ambush ; 
stratagem; a game ola.ved with a 
bat, ball, and shoe-shaped block 
of wood ; a carriage on springs; 
contrivance for preventing the 
escape of foul air from a drain ; 
heavy igneous rock composed of 
feldspar, hornblende, &c. : pi. bag¬ 
gage; portable articles: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. trapped, p.pr. trapping], 
to catch in, or as in, a trap ; en¬ 
snare ; take by stratagem; fur¬ 
nish with a trap: v.i. to set traps 
for game. 

tra-peze (tra-pez'), n. a swing¬ 
ing horizontal bar suspended at 
each end by a rope, used by 
gymnasts. 

tra-pe-zi-um (-pe'zi-um), n. a 
plane figure bounded by 4 right 
lines, of which no two are 
parallel ; the outermost bone of 
the second row of the carpus. 

trap-e-zoid (trap'e-zoid), n. a 
plane figure with 4 sides, having 
2 sides parallel to each other. 

trapper ('er), n. one who traps 
animals, especially to obtain the 
fur. 

trap-pings ('ingz), n.pl. orna¬ 
mented articles of dress; super¬ 
ficial decorations ; ornaments for 
horses. 


late, miir, mask, cat, awl ; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








tra 


861 


tre 


trash, (trash), n. refuse; worth¬ 
less or useless matter; rubbish; 
decayed leaves and stems of the 
sugar-cane. 

Syn. nonsense, twaddle, trifles, 
trash-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a trashy 
manner. 

trash-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being trashy, 
trash-y ('i), adj. [comp, trashier, 
superl, trashiest], worthless; use¬ 
less. 

trass (tras), n. a tufaceous al¬ 
luvium or volcanic earth, used as 
a hydraulic cement. Also terras, 
trau-mat-ic (traw-mat'ik), adj. 
pertaining to, applied to, suitable 
for, or produced by, wounds, 
tra-va-do (tra-va'do), n. a sud¬ 
den squall accompanied with 
lightning and rain [Spanish], 
trav-ail (trav'il or 'al), n. labor 
with pain; severe toil; parturi¬ 
tion : v.i. to suffer the pains of 
childbirth. 

trave (trav), n. a wooden frame 
for confining a horse while being 
shod. 

trav-el (trav'el), v.i. to journey, 
especially to foreign or distant 
places; proceed; move: v.t. to 
journey over: n. the act of 
journeying, especially to foreign 
or distant places: p' an account 
of occurrences and things seen 
during a journey. 

Syn. trip, ramble, peregrina¬ 
tion, excursion, journey, tour, 
voyage. 

trav-eled ('eld), p.adj. having 
made journeys: hence experi¬ 
enced. 

trav-el-er ('el-er), n. one who 
travels; one who journeys from 
place to place to solicit custom 
for a mercantile house; a ring 
that slides along a rope or spar, 
trav erse ('ers), adj. lying or be¬ 
ing across: adv. athwart; cross¬ 
wise : n. a cross piece, something 
lying or placed across something 
else; a gallery or loft of communi¬ 
cation in a church or large build¬ 
ing; formal denial of the plead¬ 
ings of the opposite party in a 
lawsuit; parapet a n d trench 
across a ditch ; the turning of a 
gun to command different points: 
v.t. to lay or place in a cross di¬ 


rection ; thwart; multiply ; travel 
or pass over; survey carefully; 
turn to one side or tlie other and 
point, as a piece of ordnance; 
plane across the grain ; deny form¬ 
ally : v.i. to turn as on a pivot; 
move round ; tread or move cross¬ 
wise. 

trav-es-ty ('es-ti), n. [pi. trav¬ 
esties (-tiz) ], a burlesque or par¬ 
ody: v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. travestied, 
p.pr. travestying], to burlesque or 
parody. 

trawl (trawl), n. a large net of 
peculiar construction used in 
deep-sea fishing: v.i. to fish with 
a trawl. 

trawler ('er), n. one who 
trawls; a fishing vessel used in 
trawling. 

trawl-ing ('ing), n. the act or 
process of fishing with a net which 
drags jtlong the bottom of the 
sea. 

tray (tr&), n. [pi. trays (traz)], 
a broad, flat vessel for holding or 
carrying dishes, glasses, &c.; 
salver. 

tray-ful ('fool), n. [pi. trayfuls 
('foolz)], as much as a tray will 
contain. 

treach er ous (irech'er-us), adj. 
betraying a trust; perfidious; 
faithless. 

Syn. traitorous, treasonable, 
disloyal, faithless, raise-hearted, 
perfidious, sly, false. 

Ant. (see trustworthy), 
treach-er-y ('er-i), n. [pi treach¬ 
eries (-iz)], treasonable or per¬ 
fidious conduct; perfidy ; viola¬ 
tion of allegiance or faith ; trea¬ 
son. 

trea-cle (tre'kl), n. a syrup 
drained from sugar in the process 
of refining; molasses, 
tread (tred), v.i. [p.t. trod, p.p. 
trodden, p.pr. treading], to step 
or walk, especially to walk with 
a more or less stately or meas¬ 
ured step; copulate, as birds: v.t. 
to walk on ; crush under the feet; 
subdue or vanquish, 
tread-le ('1), n. that part of a 
loom or other machine moved by 
the foot. 

tread-mill ('mil), n. a large 
wheel driven by persons treading 
on the steps of the periphery. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








tre 


• S62 


tre 


treason (tre'zn), n. the offense 
of betraying the state or subvert¬ 
ing the government of the state 
to which the offender belongs; re¬ 
bellion. 

treas-ure (trezh'ur), n. accumu¬ 
lated wealth ; abundance ; plenty ; 
something highly valued: v.t. to 
lay up or collect for future use; 
hoard ; accumulate ; value highly, 
treas-ur-er (-er), n. one who has 
the charge of a treasure; a public 
officer who receives the money col¬ 
lected from taxes, duties, &c.; one 
who has charge of collected funds, 
treasurer-ship (-ship), n. the 
office of a treasurer, 
treas-ur-y ('ur-i), n. [pi. treas¬ 
uries (-iz)], a place or building 
where the public revenues are de¬ 
posited and the public debts dis¬ 
charged ; that department of a 
government which has charge of 
the finances; the officials consti¬ 
tuting such a department; collec¬ 
tion of valuable information or 
facts. 

treas-ur-y note (not), n. a de¬ 
mand note issued by the United 
State treasury, and by law made 
a legal tender for all debts, public 
and private, except duties on im¬ 
ports and interest on the public 
debt. 

treat (tret), v.t. to handle or man¬ 
age in a particular manner; be¬ 
have towards; entertain with food 
or drink without cost to the 
guests; discourse on; manage in 
the application of remedies: v.i. to 
discuss ; negotiate ; agree ; give a 
gratuitous entertainment: n. an 
entertainment given as an expres¬ 
sion of regard; something which 
affords great pleasure, 
trea-tise (tre'tis), n. a written 
composition on some particular 
subject, in which its principles are 
discussed or explained, 
treat-ment (tret'ment), n. act or 
manner of treating; usage ; man¬ 
agement ; manipulation, 
trea-ty (tre'ti), n. [pi. treaties 
(-iz)], the act of treating for the 
adjustment of differences or for 
forming an agreement; league or 
agreement between two states, 
&c.; negotiation. 

treble (treb'l), adj. threefold; 


triple; pertaining to the highest 
vocal or instrumental part [Mu¬ 
sic] : n. the highest vocal or in¬ 
strumental part; soprano : v.t. to 
make threefold: v.i. to become 
threefold. 

tree (tre), n. any woody plant 
having a single trunk and 
branches; anything resembling a 
tree; a piece of timber; cross: 
v.t. to drive to a tree; place in 
difficulty: v.i. to take refuge in a 
tree. 

tree-nail ('nal), n. a cylindrical 
wooden pin used for securing the 
planks of a ship to the timbeis. 
Also trenail. 

tre-foil ('foil), n. any plant of 
the genus Trifolium, including the 
clovers; an ornamental foliation 
used in architecture resembling 
three-leaved clover, 
trek (trek), v.i. to travel by wag¬ 
on. especially in search of a new 
settlement: n. a journey by wagon 
[South Africa]. 

trel-lis (trel'is), n. a structure or 
frame of lattice-work for support¬ 
ing vines, &c. 

trellis-work (-werk), n. small 
bars nailed together crosswise, 
tremble (trem'bl), v.i. to shake 
involuntarily, as with fear, cold, 
weakness, &c. ; shudder; totter; 
quaver, as sound : n. an involun¬ 
tary shaking ; shiver, 
trembling ('bling), adj. shaking 
as with fear; quivering, 
tre-men-dous (tre-men'dus). adj. 
exciting fear or terror; dreadful; 
terrible ; terrific; marvelous, 
treni-o-lite (trem'o-lit), n. a 
white variety of hornblende, 
trem-o-lo (trem'o-lo). n. a trem¬ 
ulous or fluttering effect in vocal 
or instrumental music; mechan¬ 
ical device in an organ by which 
a tremolo is produced, 
trem or (trem'er), n. an involun¬ 
tary trembling; quivering or vi¬ 
bratory motion. 

tremulous ('u-lus). adj. trem¬ 
bling ; quivering; shaking; af¬ 
fected with fear or timidity; vi¬ 
bratory. 

trench (trench), n. a long, nar¬ 
row cut or ditch excavated in the 
earth ; open ditch for draining ; an 
excavation made to interrupt the 


late, mar, m&sk, cat. awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






















tre 


863 


tri 


advance of an enemy, or to cover 
the advance of troops to a be¬ 
sieged place: v.t. to form a ditch 
in ; dig or cultivate deeply : v.i. to 
encroach. 

trencli-ant ('ant), udj. sharp; 
keen ; severe. 

trencher ('er), n. one who 
trenches; a large wooden plate; 
trenclier-cap. 

trench-er-cap (-kap), n. a col¬ 
lege cap. 

trend (trend), n. inclination in a 
particular direction; general tend¬ 
ency : v.i. to have a particular di¬ 
rection ; tend; stretch. 

trep-an (trep-an'), n. a cylindri¬ 
cal saw of peculiar construction 
used in the operation of trepan¬ 
ning : v.i. [p.£. & p.p. trepanned, 
p.pr. trepanning], to perform the 
operation of trepanning: v.t. to 
perforate with a trepan. 

trep-an-ning ('ing), n. the sur¬ 
gical operation of making a per¬ 
foration in the skull and taking 
out a piece to remove pressure on 
the brain. 

tre-pang (tre-pang'), n. the beche- 
de-mer. 

treph-ine (tref-In'), n. a surgical 
instrument for removing a disk 
of bone from the skull: v.t. to 
operate on with a trephine; to 
trepan. 

trep-i-da-tion (trep-i-da'shun), n. 
an involuntary trembling; state 
of terror or alarm; confused 
haste. 

tres-pass (tres'pas), v.i. to com¬ 
mit any offense; sin ; enter un¬ 
lawfully upon the land of an¬ 
other ; intrude; violate any recog¬ 
nized rule of duty or social life: 
n. the act of trespassing; any of¬ 
fense or injury done to the person 
or property of another; trans¬ 
gression ; sin. 

tress (tres), n. a braid or lock of 
hair. 

tres-sel, same as trestle. 

tres-tle (tres'l), n. a movable 
form for supporting anything; 
frame of a table. 

tres - tie - board (-b6rd), n. a 
draughtman’s designing board. 

tres-tle-tree (-tre), n. one of 
two stout bars of timber secured 
horizontally to a mast to support 
the cross-trees. 


trestle-work (-werk), n. a via¬ 
duct, pier, or scaffold supported 
on trestles connected together 
with cross-beams and braces, 
trey (tra), n. a 3 at cards or dice; 

card with 3 spots, 
tri, a prefix meaning three, three¬ 
fold, as ^Wangled, adj. having 3 
angles. 

tri-a-ble (trl'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being tried or subjected to ifc^t. 
tri-ad (tri'ad), n. a union of 3; 
an element which can replace or 
directly unite with 3 atoms of 
hydrogen or similar monatonic 
element; the common chord of a 
tone with its third and fifth 
[Music]. 

tri-al (tri'al), n. an attempt or 
endeavor; examination by test or 
experience; test of virtue, &c., by 
suffering or temptation; proof; 
verification ; state of being tried; 
judicial examination, 
tri-an-dri-an (tri-an'dri-an), adj. 
having 3 equal and distinct sta¬ 
mens. Also triandrous. 
triangle ('ang-gl), n. a plane 
figure bounded by 3 lines, and 
having 3 angles; a frame of 3 
halberds to which offenders 
against military discipline were se¬ 
cured to be flogged; a musical in¬ 
strument of steel in the form of a 
triangle, sounded by being struck 
with a rod. 

tri-an-gu-lar (-ang'gu-lar), adj. 
having 3 angles; shaped like a 
triangle. 

triangulate ('gu-lat), v.t. to 
divide into triangles; survey by 
means of triangles, 
tri-an-gu-la-tion (-la'shun), n. 
the act of triangulating; the divi¬ 
sion of a district or a country into 
triangular portions, as in a trigo¬ 
nometrical survey, 
tri-bal ('bSl), adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, a tribe, 
tri-bal-ism (-izm), n. the state of 
existing in tribes; tribal charac¬ 
teristics or feeling, 
tri-ba-sic (-ba'sik), adj. noting 
an acid in which 3 equivalents of 
hydrogen have been replaced by a 
metal. 

tribe (trib). n. a family, race, or 
class, constituting a distinct por¬ 
tion of a people; a family or 
series of generations descended 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: lie, her, let: line, tin: vote, porch, lot; rnCCa, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









tri 


864 


tri 


from a common ancestor, but 
kept distinct; nation of uncivil¬ 
ized people under one chief; a 
group of animals or plants inter¬ 
mediate between an order and a 
genus. 

tribrach. (tri'brak), n. a poetic 
foot of 3 short syllables. 

trib-u-la-tion (trib-u-la'sliun). 
n. severe affliction ; deep sorrow; 
acute trial. 

tri-bu-nal (tri-bu'nal), n. the 
seat of a judge; court of justice. 

trib-une (trib'un), n. an ancient 
Roman official elected by the peo¬ 
ple to safeguard their liberties; a 
bench or elevated place; raised 
stand or rostrum from which 
speeches are delivered. 

trib-une-sbip (-ship), n. the 
office or authority of a tribune; 
period during which a tribune 
held office. 

trib-u-ta-ry (trib'u-ta-ri), adj. 
paying tribute ; yielding supplies ; 
contributing to make up a greater 
object of the same kind: n. a 
state or government which pays 
tribute to a superior; a stream or 
river flowing into a larger one. 

trib-ute ('ut), n. an annual or 
stipulated sum of money, &c., 
paid by one state to another; per¬ 
sonal contribution made in token 
of services rendered or acknowl¬ 
edgment due. 

trice (trls). n. an instant: v.t. 
to haul; hoist and secure with 
a small rope. 

tri-cen-ten-a-ry, same as tercen¬ 
tenary. 

tri-ceps (tri'seps), n. the great 
three-headed extensor muscle of 
the arm. 

tri-chi-na (tri-kl'na), n. [pi. tri¬ 
chinae ('ne)j, a nemotoid para¬ 
sitic worm, which infests the 
muscles of swine and human 
beings. 

trich-i-no-sis (trik-i-no'sis), n. 
the disease produced by the pres¬ 
ence of trichinae in the muscles 
and intestines. Also trichiniasis. 

trich-ol-ogy (tric-ol'o-ji), n. the 
scientific study of the hair, es¬ 
pecially for the cure of baldness. 

tri-chord (tri'kord), n. a three¬ 
stringed instrument; a piano hav¬ 
ing three strings to each key for 
the greater part of its compass. 


tri-chro-ism ('kro-izm), n. the 
property of certain crystals of 
transmitting various colors in. 
three different directions, 
trick (trik), n. a stratagem or 
artifice; wile; vicious habit or 
practice ; deception ; imposition ; 
legerdemain; clever contrivance 
to puzzle, amuse, or annoy ; whole 
number of cards falling to the 
winner in one round: pi. frolic: 
v.t. to cheat; impose upon; de¬ 
ceive; delineate without color; 
decorate or set off (with oat). 
trick-er-y ('er-i), n. deception ; 
cheating; fraud; imposture, 
trick-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a tricky 
manner. 

trick-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being tricky, 
trickle ('!), v.i. to flow gently 
down or in a small stream ; run 
down in drops: n. a small gentle 
stream. 

trick-ster ('ster), n. a cheat; de¬ 
ceiver. 

trick-sy ('si), adj. full of tricks; 
pretty. 

trick-track ('trak), n. an old 
game resembling backgammon, 
trick-y ('i), adj. given to tricks; 
knavish; shifty; artful; cun¬ 
ning. 

tri-clin-ic (trl-klin'ik), adj. hav¬ 
ing 3 unequal axes intersecting 
at oblique angles. 

tri-clin-i-um (-klin'i-um) , n. [pi. 
triclinia (-a)], a couch, usually 
accommodating 3 persons for re¬ 
clining at meals; a dining-room 
furnished with couches on 3 sides, 
tricolor ('kul'er), n. a national 
flag of 3 colors arranged in equal 
stripes. 

tri-con-ta-lie-dral (-kon-ta-he'- 
dral), adj. having 30 sides, 
tri-cy-cle (tri'si-kl), n. a three¬ 
wheeled modernized form of 
velocipede: v.i. to ride on a tri¬ 
cycle. 

tri-dent ('dent), n. a scepter or 
spear with 3 prongs, especially 
the scepter of Neptune: hence 
sovereignty of the sea. 
tri-den-tate (-den'tat). adj. hav¬ 
ing 3 teeth or prongs, 
tried (trid), p.adj. proved; 

tested ; trustworthy ; faithful, 
tri-en-ni-al (trl-en'i-al), adj. oc- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 





















tn 


865 


tri 


curring in, or continuing for, 
three years. 

tri-en-ni-al-ly (-i), adv. once in 
3 years. 

tri -er ('er), n. one who tries or 
makes experiments ; a judge ; test, 
tri-fid ('fid), adj. three-cleft, 
tri fle ('fl), n. anything of little 
value or importance; a light kind 
of dish made of sponge-cakes 
soaked in sherry and covered with 
jam, cream, &c.: vA. to act or 
talk with levity ; indulge in light 
or frivolous amusements: v.t. to 
waste or fritter away, 
tri-fling ('fling), adj. of small 
value or importance, 
tri - f o - li - ate (-fo'li-at), adj. 
three-leaved. 

tri-fo-ri-um ('ri-um), n. the open 
gallery or arcade above t h e 
arches of a church, separating 
the nave arches from the aisles, 
tri-fur-cate (-fer'kat), adj. three¬ 
forked. 

trig (trig), adj. trim; neat: v.t. 
[pi. & p.p. trigged, p.pr. trig¬ 
ging], to skid or stop (a wheel) : 
n. a skid. 

trig-ger ('er), n. a catch which, 
when pulled, releases the hammer 
of a gun. 

tri-glyph, (tri'glif), n. an orna¬ 
ment of the Doric frieze placed 
directly over each column and at 
equal distances. 

trig-o-nal (trig'6-nal), adj. three- 
cornered. 

trig-o-no-met-ric (-o-no-met'rik), 
adj. pertaining to, or done by, 
trigonometry. Trigonometrical, 
trig-o-no-met-ric-al-ly (-al-i), 
adv. by trigonometry, 
trig-o-nom-e-try (-nom'e-tri), n. 
the science of measuring the sides 
and angles of triangles, and 
ascertaining the relations between 
them by certain parts which are 
given. 

tri-he-dral (-he'dral), adj. hav¬ 
ing 3 sides. 

tri-he-dron ('dron), n. a figure 
having 3 sides. 

tri - lat - er - al (-lat'er-al), adj. 
three-sided. 

tri-lat-er-al-ly (-i), adv. with 3 
sides. 

tri-lin-e-ar (-lin'e-ar), adj. three- 
lined. 


tri-lith ('lith), n. a monument 
formed by three stones, two up¬ 
right and one across the others. 
Also trilithon. 

trill (tril), n. a shake or quaver 
of the voice: v.t. to sing with a 
quaver: v.i. to quaver, 
tril-lion (tril'yun), n. in the 
French system of numeration, fol¬ 
lowed in the United States, a 
unit with 12 ciphers annexed; in 
the English system, a unit with 
18 ciphers annexed, 
tri-lo-bite (-tri'lo-blt), n. a fos¬ 
sil crustacean of the Palaeozoic 
period. 

tril-o-gy (tril'o-ji), n. a series of 
three dramas each complete in 
itself, but forming one. poetical 
and historical picture, 
trim (trim), adj. [comp, trimmer, 
super!, trimmest], neat; compact; 
in good order or service: v.t. [p.t. 
& p.p. trimmed, p.pr. trimming], 
to decorate or adorn ; make trim; 
adjust: make smooth : v.i. to bal¬ 
ance or fluctuate between parties, 
trimmer ('er), n. one who 
trims; time-server; joist into 
which others are framed, 
tri-mor-pliism (trl-mor'fizm), n. 
the property of crystallizing in 
three forms; co-existence among 
individuals of the same snccies of 
3 distinct forms, unconnected by 
intermediate gradations.. 
Trin-i-ta-ri-an (trin-i-ta'ri-an), 
adj. pertaining to the Trinity, or 
the doctrine of the Trinity. 
Trin-i-ta-ri-an-ism (-izm), n. 
the doctrine that there are three 
Persons in the Trinity. 

Trin-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the union of 
the Father, the Son, and the Holy 
Ghost in one Godhead: one God 
as to substance, three Persons as 
to individuality. 

Trin-i-ty Sun-day (sun'da), n. 
the Sunday next after Whitsun¬ 
day. 

trin-ket (tring'ket), n. anything 
small and of little value; small 
ornament or jewel, 
tri-no-mi-al (trl-no'mi-al), ad i. 
consisting of 3 terms, connected 
by the siirn -f- or —. 
tri-o (tre'5), n. a set of 3 : 3 
united: composition for 3 voices 
or instruments. 


late, mar. mftsk, cat, awl: he, her, let: line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








tri 


866 


tra 


trip (trip), v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. 

tripped, p.pr. tripping], to run or 
step lightly or nimbly; take short, 
quick steps ; stumble; err; take 
an excursion : n. a nimble, short 
step ; stumble ; mistake ; journey, 
trip-ar-tite (trip'ar-tlt or trl- 
piir'tit), adj. divided into 3 parts, 
tripe (trip), n. the large stomach 
of a ruminating animal prepared 
for food. 

tripli-thong (trip'thong), n. a 
combination of 3 vowels in one 
sound. 

trip-le ('1), adj. threefold; con¬ 
sisting of 3 united; 3 times re¬ 
peated : v.t. & v.i. to increase 
threefold. 

trip-let ('let), n. 3 united: pi. 3 
children’ at one birth, 
trip-li-cate ('li-kat), adj. three¬ 
fold. 

tri-pod (tri'pod), n. a three-legged 
stool or table; the seat supported 
by 3 legs on which the pythoness 
sat when giving responses at the 
Delphic oracle. 

trip-o-li (trip'o-li), n. an earthy 
substance consisting of siliceous 
shells of diatoms. 

trip-tycli ('tik), n. a writing-tab¬ 
let in 3 parts; a panel, usually an 
altar piece, consisting of 3 com¬ 
partments, two of them folding 
over the middle one which is fixed, 
tri-reme (tri'rem), n. an ancient 
galley with three banks of oars, 
tri-sect (tri-sekt'), v.t. to divide 
into three equal parts, 
tri -sec-tion (-sek'shun), n. divi¬ 
sion into 3 parts, especially an 
angle into 3 equal parts, 
tri-syl-la-ble (tri-sil'a-bl), n. a 
wprd of three syllables, 
trite (trlt), adj. worn out; stale. 

Syn. stale, old, ordinary, com¬ 
monplace, hackneyed. 

Ant. (see novel). 

trite-ly ('li), adv. in a trite man¬ 
ner. 

trite-ness ('nes), n. the quality 
of being trite. 

tri-the-ism (tri'the-izm), n. the 
doctrine that the three Persons in 
the Trinity are three distinct 
Gods. 

trit-u-rate (trit'ii-rat), v.t. to 
rub, grind, or bruise to powder, 
trit-u-ra-tion (-ra'shun), n. the 


act of triturating or reducing to 
powder. 

tri-umph (tri'umf), n. a grand 
procession in honor of a general 
who has gained a decisive victory; 
state of joy at success; victory ; 
conquest: v.i. to rejoice over suc¬ 
cess ; obtain a victory. 

Syn. achievement, ovation, vic¬ 
tory, conquest, jubilation. 

Ant. (see failure), 
triumphal (-um'fal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, indicating, or in honor 
of, a triumph. 

tri-iim-phant ('fant), adj. re¬ 
joicing for victory ; victorious, 
triumvir (-um'ver), n. [pi. tri¬ 
umviri ('vi-ri)], one of three men 
united in office. 

tri-iim-vi-rate ('vi-rat), n. a co¬ 
alition of three men in office or 
authority. 

tri-une ('un). adj. 3 in one. 
triv-a-lent (triv'a-lent), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being combined with, or 
replaced by, 3 atoms of hydrogen, 
triv-et ('et), n. a stand for hold¬ 
ing a kettle, &c., near the fire, 
triv-i-al ('i-al), adj. trifling; com¬ 
monplace. 

Syn. trifling, petty, small, frivo¬ 
lous, unimportant, insignificant. 

Ant. (see important), 
triviality (-al'i-ti), n. [pi. 
trivialities (-tiz) ]. the state or 
quality of being trivial, 
tro-che (tro'ke), n. a medicinal 
lozenge. 

tro-chee ('ke), n. a metrical foot 
of 2 syllables: the first long, the 
second short. 

troch.-le-a (trok'le-a), n. a pullej 7 , 
or grooved pulley-like surface, 
trocli-le-ar (trok'le-ar), adj. pul¬ 
ley-like : said of certain muscles, 
trod, p.t. of tread, 
trog-lo-dyte (trog'16-dit), n. a 
cave dweller: said of certain 
tribes. 

Tro-jan (trb'jan), adj. pertaining 
to Troy. 

troll (trol), n. a giant or giantess 
of supernatural powers; sorcer¬ 
ess ; a kind of song; reel on a fish¬ 
ing-rod : v.t. to sing the parts of 
in succession: v.i. to fish, as for 
pike, with a rod and line running 
on a reel. 

trol-ley (trol'i), n. a kind of truck ; 


late, mar, miisk, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mo5n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 














icro 


867 


tru 


a grooved metal wheel traveling 
in contact with a live electric 
wire. 

trolley car (kiir), n. a car pro¬ 
pelled by means of a trolley and 
an electric motor. 

trol-lop ('up), n. a slattern. 

trom bone (trom'bon), n. a large 
brass instrument of the trumpet 
kind. 

tro-mom-e-ter (tro-mom'e-ter), n. 
an instrument for measuring 
earth tremors. 

troop (troop), n. a multitude; 
small body of cavalry, usually 60; 
soldiers collectively; company of 
performers: v.i. to march in a 
body; collect in crowds. 

troop-er ('er), n. a cavalryman; 
troopship. 

trope (trop), n. a word or expres¬ 
sion used in a sense different from 
its usual signification; figurative 
word. 

trophy ('fi), n. [pi. trophies 
('fiz)], a memorial of a victory; 
memento. 

trop-ic (trop'ik), n , one of the 
two small circles of the celestial 
sphere, situated at each side of 
the equator, at a distance of 23° 
28' and parallel to it, within the 
limits of which the sun moves in 
his yearly course; region between 
the tropics. 

trop-ic-al ('ik-al), adj. pertaining 
to, or situated within, the tropics ; 
figurative. 

trop-ic-al-ly (-i), adv. figura¬ 
tively. 

trot (trot), v.i. [ p.t . & p.p. trotted, 
p.pr. trotting], to move faster 
than a walk: v.t. to cause to trot: 
n. the pace of a horse a little 
faster than a walk; jogging pace; 
term of endearment. 

troth, (troth), n. betrothal; fidel¬ 
ity. 

trot-ter (trot'er), n. a trotting 
horse ; sheep’s or pig’s foot. 

troubadour (troo'ba-dodr), n. 
one of a class of lyric poets who 
flourished in the south of France 
and north of Italy llth-13th cen- 
turies. 

troub-le (trub'l), n. mental agita¬ 
tion, distress, or worry; fault or 
interruption in the stratum of a 


mine: v.t. to agitate, distress, or 
worry; give occasion of labor to. 

trouble some (-sum), adj. caus¬ 
ing trouble. 

trough (trof), n. a long, hollow 
vessel for holding a liquid, food, 
&c.; anything hollowed out. 

trounce (trouns), v.t. to beat 
soundly. 

trouncing ('ing), n. a severe 
beating. 

troupe (troop), n. a company of 
performers. 

trou-sers (trou'zerz), n.pl. a gar¬ 
ment worn by men and boys, from 
the waist to the ankles, and cover¬ 
ing each leg separately. 

trousseau (trdo-so') ; n. [pi. 
trousseaux (-soz)], a bride’s out¬ 
fit. 

trout (trout), n. a fresh-w r ater 
fish allied to the salmon, but 
smaller. 

tro-ver (trd'ver), n. the gaining 
possession of goods by finding or 
other means ; an action at law for 
goods found and not delivered on 
demand. 

trow (trou), v.i. to believe; trust. 

trow-el ('el), n. a flat, triangular 
tool used for spreading mortar; a 
gardener’s tool. 

troy-weight (troi'wat), n. a 
weight of 12 ounces to the pound, 
used by goldsmiths and jewelers. 

tru an cy (troo'an-si), n. playing 
truant. 

truant ('ant), n. one who ab¬ 
sents himself from school without 
leave; one who idles away from 
duty or business; loiterer: adj. 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, 
a truant; idle 

truce (troos), n. a temporary 
peace or cessation of hostilities; 
brief cessation. 

truck (truk), n. a wheeled vehicle 
for carrying goods; small wooden 
wheel; small wooden cap on the 
top of a flagstaff, &c.; barter; gar¬ 
den vegetables: v.t. to send by 
truck; peddle; hawk: v.i. to ex¬ 
change commodities ; barter ; ne¬ 
gotiate. 

truck-le ('1), n. a small wheel or 
caster: v.t. trundle; move on 
rollers: v.i. to yield obsequiously 
to another’s will. 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







tru 


868 


tru 


truck-le-bed (-bed), n. a trundle- 
bed. 

tru-cu-lenee ('cu-lens), n. feroc¬ 
ity. . „ 

truculent ('cu-lent), adj. fero¬ 
cious ; of fierce aspect, 
trudge (truj), v.i. to travel on 
foot, especially with labor or fa¬ 
tigue. 

true (trod), adj. [comp, truer, su- 
perl. truest], conformable to fact; 
faithful or loyal; genuine; right¬ 
ful ; correct. 

Syn. genuine, actual, sincere, 
true-hearted, unaffected, honest, 
upright, veritable, real, veracious, 
authentic, exact, accurate, correct, 
true-blue ('bloo), adj. of inflexi¬ 
ble honesty and fidelity, 
truf-fle (truf'l), n. a fleshy under¬ 
ground fungus much esteemed as 
a table delicacy. 

tru-ism (troo'izm), n. a self-evi¬ 
dent truth. 

tru-ly ('li), adv. in agreement 
with truth or fact; precisely; sin¬ 
cerely ; honestly. 

trump (trump), n. a trumpet; a 
winning card; one of the suit of 
cards that takes any of the other 
suits; a genuine good fellow: v.t. 
to take with a trump card: v.i. to 
play a trump card, 
trump-er-y ('er-i). n. worthless 
finery ; rubbish : adj. worthless; 
insignificant. 

trump-et ('et), n. a metal wind 
instrument formed of a single 
curved tube; an organ stop: v.t. 
to publish by, or as by, the sound 
of trumpet; noise abroad; praise 
extravagantly. 

trump et er ('er). n. one who 
sounds a trumpet; one who pro¬ 
claims ; self-flatterer; a variety 
of pigeon ; an American swan, 
trun-cal (trung'kal), adj. per¬ 
taining to the trunk, 
trun-cate ('kat), adj. appearing 
as if cut off at the tip: v.i. 
(trung-kat'), to lop. 
trun-ca-ted ('ka-ted), adj. cut off 
short. 

trun-cheon (trun'chun), n. a 
short staff or cudgel; baton or 
staff of authority: v.t. to beat 
with a truncheon, 
trun-dle ('dl), v.t. to roll along; 


roll, as on small wheels: n. a 
little wheel; truck, 
trundle-bed ('bed), n. a low 
bed that runs on casters, 
trunk (trungk), n. the stem of a 
tree; body of an animal, as dis¬ 
tinguished from the head and 
limbs; main body of anything; 
elephant’s proboscis; large travel¬ 
ing box or chest; shaft of a 
column. 

trunk-hose ('lioz), n. large 
breeches reaching to the knees, 
trun-nion (trun'yun), n. erne of 
the two bosses which project from 
the opposite sides of a cannon, 
truss (trus), n. a surgical ap¬ 
paratus for the relief of hernia ; 
a bundle or package; timbers 
fastened together for the support 
of a roof; rope or iron for keep¬ 
ing the center of the lower yard 
to the mast; tuft of flowers 
formed at the top of the main 
stalk or stem of certain plants: 
v.t. to bind or pack close; seize 
and carry off; skewer; make fast, 
trust (trust), n. confidence ; 
faith ; credit; special reliance on 
presumed integrity; combination 
of capitalists to secure a mo¬ 
nopoly ; an estate held for the 
benefit of another: v.t. to place 
confidence in; rely upon; credit; 
sell upon credit to: v.i. to have 
trust in: adj. held in trust, 
trus-tee (trus-te'), n. a person to 
whom property or the manage¬ 
ment of property is committed 
for the benefit of others, 
trus-tee-sliip ('ship), n. the office 
or functions of a trustee, 
trust-ful (trust'fool), adj. full of 
trust; faithful. 

trustfully (-i), adv. in a trust¬ 
ful manner. 

trust-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being trusty, 
trust-y ('i), adj. [comp, trustier, 
superl. trustiestl, justly deserving 
confidence; faithful, 
truth (trooth), n. [pi. truths], 
agreement with reality; eternal 
principle of right, or law of 
order ; veracity ; fidelity ; fact, 
truth-ful ('fool), adj. according 
to, adhering to, or speaking, the 
truth ; reliable. 

truth-f ul-ly (-i), adv. in a 
truthful manner. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 



















try 


869 


turn 


try (trT’l, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tried, 
p.pr. trying], to prove by experi¬ 
ment ; test or prove; examine; 
purify or refine; subject to se¬ 
vere trial; examine judicially; 
subject to strain; n. an attempt 
or experiment. 

trying ('ing), adj. afflictive; 
difficult. 

try-sail ('sal), n. a sail set on 
tlie fore and main masts, rigged 
with a boom and gaff, 
tryst (trist), n. a rendezvous; 
place of meeting; appointment to 
meet; meeting in accordance with 
appointment. 

tsar, another form of czar, 
tsar-i-na, same as czarina, 
tset-se (tset'se), n. an irritating 
African fly whose bite is fatal to 
oxen, horses, &c. 

T-square (te'skwar), n. a 
draughtsman’s ruler, 
tu-a-te-ra (too-a-ta'ra), n. a New 
Zealand carnivorous lizard, 
tub (tub), n. a small cask; sponge 
bath : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. tubbed, p.pr. 
tubbing], to place in a tub : v.i. to 
take a sponge bath, 
tub-by ('i), adj. tub-shaped, 
tube (tub), n. a hollow cylinder 
for conveying fluids; pipe; sub¬ 
way : v.t. to furnish with n tube, 
tuber (tu'ber), n. a thickened, 
roundish, underground stem, 
tubercle (-kl), n. a small hard 
local tumor; little tuber, 
tu-ber-cu-lar ('lui-ler), adj. full 
of small knobs or tubercles, 
tu ber-cu-lo-sis (-lo'sis), n. a dis¬ 
ease accompanied by the forma¬ 
tion of small tubercles in the tis¬ 
sues. 

tu ber ous ('ber-us), adj. consist¬ 
ing of roundish fleshy tubers, 
tu-ber-ose ('ber-ds), v. an odorif¬ 
erous plant with a tuberous root 
and liliaceous flowers, 
tu-bing ('bing), n. material for 
tubes. 

tu-bu-lar ('bti-lar). adj. tube¬ 
shaped ; consisting of a tube or 
tubes. 

tuck (tuk), n. a fold in a dress; 
roll of a drum : v.t. to thrust or 
press in ; gather, or turn up fold 
under. 

tuck-a-boe ('a-ho), n. a curious 
vegetable production somewhat 


resembling the truffle; Indian 
bread. 

tuck-er ('er), n. ornamental frill¬ 
ing or article of dress for shading 
the bosom of a woman, 
tu-cum (too'kum), n. a South 
American palm, yielding a valua¬ 
ble fiber. 

Tues day (tuz'da), n. the 3rd day 
of the week. 

tu-fa (too'fa), n. friable volcanic 
rock or scoriae; soft or porous 
stone formed by the deposition of 
carbonate of lime from water. 
Tuff. 

tuft (tuft), n. a collection of 
small things forming a knot or 
bunch: v.t. to separate into, or 
adorn with, tufts. 

tuft-hun-ter (-hun'ter). n. one 
who courts the acquaintance of 
persons of rank. 

tug (tug), n. a pull w r itli great ef¬ 
fort ; steam towing vessel: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. tugged, p.pr. tugging], 
to pull or draw with continued ef¬ 
fort ; tow: v.i. to strain in labor, 
tu-i-tion (tu-ish'un), n. act or 
business of teaching ; instruction ; 
fee for instruction, 
tu-lip ('lip), n. a liliaceous plant 
with bell-shaped flowers, 
tulle (tool), n. a delicate silk 
lace or netting. 

tum-ble (tum'bl), v.i. to fall sud¬ 
denly and violently; roll about: 
v.t. to throw down; turn over: n. 
a fall ; a rolling over, 
tuni-bler ('bier), n. one who tum¬ 
bles: posture maker; a kind of 
drinking-glass; variety of pigeon, 
tum-brel ('brel), n. a cart that 
may be tilted up; two-wheeled 
covered cart for. conveying. tools, 
ammunition, &c., in a military 
train. Also tumbril, 
tu-mid ('mid), adj. swollen; dis¬ 
tended ; bombastic; pompous, 
tu-mid-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being tumid, 
tu-mor ('mer), n. a morbid swell¬ 
ing or enlargement of any part of 
the body. 

turn-turn (tum'tum), n. a West 
Indian dish of boiled plantain, 
tu-mult (tu'mult), n. the commo¬ 
tion of a number of people; noisy 
confusion; riot. 

tu mul tu ous (-mul'tu-us), adj. 


% 


late, mar, mfisk, cat. awl : he. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








turn 


870 


tur 


characterized by. or full of, tu¬ 
mult ; disorderly ; agitated. 

Syn. turbulent, riotous, disor-. 
derly, disturbed, confused, unruly. 

Ant. (see orderly), 
tu-mu-lus ('mu-lus), n. [pi. tu¬ 
muli (-11)], an artificial hillock 
raised over a grave, 
tun (tun), n. a large cask; meas¬ 
ure of wine — 252 gallons; fer¬ 
menting vat of a brewery, 
tun-a-ble (tun'a-bl), adj. capable 
of being tuned ; harmonious ; me¬ 
lodious. 

tun-dra (tdfin'dra), n. a stretch 
of mossy, marshy, flat land in 
Northern Siberia, 
tune (tun), n. a series of musical 
notes with unity of key-note ; mel¬ 
ody ; short musical composition; 
just intonation ; fit disposition or 
right mood: v.t. to cause to pro¬ 
duce the proper sounds; harmo¬ 
nize. 

Syn. tone, air, melody, strain, 
tune-ful ('fool), adj. musical; 
harmonious. 

tune-f ul-ly (-li), adv. harmoni¬ 
ously. 

tun er ('er), n. one who tunes 
musical instruments, 
tungsten (tung'sten), n. a rare, 
heavy, greyish-white metal, 
tung-stic ac-id ('stik as'id), n. 
an acid of tungsten consisting of 
1 equivalent of tungsten and 3 of 
oxygen. 

tu -nie (tu'nik), n. an under¬ 
garment worn by both sexes of 
the ancient Romans; loose kind of 
frock worn by women and boys; 
military coat; membrane covering 
some organ; covering, as of a 
seed. 

tu-ni-ca-ted ('ni-ka-ted), adj. 
covered with a membrane, 
tu-ni-cle (tu'ni-kl), n. a small 
tunic; a close-fitting vestment 
worn by Roman Catholic bishops 
and sub-deacons. 

tun-nel (tun'el), n. a vaulted un¬ 
derground passage cut through a 
hill or under a river; funnel: 
shaft of a chimney; net wide at 
the mouth and ending in a point: 
v.t. to form a tunnel through or 
under. 

tun ny ('i), n. [pi. tunnies ('iz)j, 


a large marine fish allied to the 

mackerel. 

tu-pe-lo (tu'pe-lo), n. a North 
American tree with red berries 
and a very hard wood, 
tu-ra-cine (too'ra-sin), n. a red 
pigment. 

Turanian (tu-ra'ni-an), adj. 
noting generally those languages 
and peoples not included in the 
Aryan and Semitic families, 
turban (ter'ban), n. the head¬ 
dress worn by Orientals, consist¬ 
ing of a cap around which a sash 
is wrapped. 

tur-ba-ry ('bfi-ri), n. right of 
digging turf on the land of an¬ 
other ; place where turf is dug. 
tur-bid ('bid), adj. muddy; thick. 
Syn. foul, thick, muddy, impure, 
unsettled. 

tur-bine ('bin), n. a wheel turn¬ 
ing on a vertical axis and driven 
by steam or water, 
tur-bit ('bit), n. a variety of 
pigeon. 

tur-bot ('hot), n. a large flat fish, 
tur-bu-lence ('bu-lens), n. disor¬ 
der ; agitation. 

tur-bu-lent ('bu-lent), adj. tu¬ 
multuous ; agitated; insubordi¬ 
nate ; riotous. 

Tur-co ('ko), n. an Arab sharp¬ 
shooter in the French army. 
Tur-co-phile ('ko-fil), n. a sup¬ 
porter of the Turks in their 
domination over the Slavonic 
Christians. Also Turcophil. 
tu-reen (tii-ren'), n. a deep table- 
vessel for holding soup, 
turf (terf), n. the grassy surface 
of unfilled land ; race-course ; oc¬ 
cupation of racing (with the) : 
v.t. to cover with turf, 
turf-i-uess f'i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being turfy, 
turf-ing ('ing), n. the laying 
down of turf. 

turf-ite ('It), n. one who makes 
his living by, or is devoted to, 
horse-racing. 

turf-y ('i), adj. abounding in, or 

I like, turf. 

tur-ges-cenee (-jes'ens), n. infla¬ 
tion. 

tur j ges-cent Cent), adj. growing 

inflated. 

turgid ('jid), adj. distended be- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; rntite, nut; thin, then. 














tur 


871 


twe 


yond the natural size; inflated; 
bombastic. 

tur-gid-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state of 
being turgid. Also turgidness. 
Turk (terk), n. a native of Tur¬ 
key ; Mohammedan; troublesome, 
mischievous boy. 

turkey ('i), n. a large gallina¬ 
ceous bird. 

Turk-isk ('ish), n. the language 
of the Turks: adj. pertaining to 
Turkey or the Turks. 
Turk-ish-bath (-bath), n. a hot 
air bath. 

tur-mer-ic (ter'mer-ik), n. the 
root-stock of an East Indian 
plant, yielding a yellow color used 
in dyeing. 

tur-moil ('moil), n. harassing la¬ 
bor ; worrying confusion ; noise, 
turn (tern), v.t. to cause or make 
to go round ; change the direction 
of; change from one state to an¬ 
other ; reverse; convert; trans¬ 
form ; translate; bend back; 
blunt; make giddy ; nauseate ; ex¬ 
pel : v.i. to have a circular mo¬ 
tion ; be changed; move as on a 
pivot; recoil: n. the act of turn¬ 
ing ; movement in a circular di¬ 
rection ; bend or curve; change of 
direction; opportunity; good or 
evil act; short spell; form or 
cast; fright or shock; single twist 
or bend of a rope, 
turn-dun ('dun), n. a flat piece 
of wood shaped like a fish which 
when whirled in the air makes a 
roaring noise: used by certain 
savage races. 

turn-er ('er), n. one who turns; 
one who turns articles in a lathe; 
a kind of pigeon. 

turn-er-y ('6r-i), n. articles made 
in the lathe. 

turn-ing ('ing), n. the act of one 
who, or that which, turns ; 
deviation ; a winding, 
turn-ip ('ip), n. a well-known 
plant with a solid bulbous root, 
turn-key ('ke), n. a prison 
warder. 

turn-pike ('pik), n. a gate or 
bar to stop vehicles, and some¬ 
times foot passengers, &c., until 
toll is paid. 

tur-pen-tine ('pen-tin), n. the 
resinous or viscid juice of pine 
and fir trees. 


tur-pi-tude ('pi-tud), n. moral 
depravity. 

tur-quoise (ter'koiz), n. a pre¬ 
cious stone. 

tur-ret (tur'et), n. a small tower; 
cylindrical rotary iron tower on 
a man-of-w'ar. 

tur-ret-ed (-ed), adj. furnished 
with turrets. 

tur-tle (ter'tl), n. a large edible 
sea-tortoise; the turtle-dove, 
tur-tle-dove (-duv), n. a species 
of dove, noted for its gentleness 
and tenderness. 

Tus-can Or-der (tus'kfin or'der), 
n. the most simple of the 5 orders 
of classic architecture, 
tush (tush), interj. an expression 
of contempt, rebuke, or silence, 
tusk (tusk), n. the long, pointed 
tooth on each side cf the upper 
jaw of certain mammals, 
tus-sah (tus'a), n. an inferior 
kind of silk. Also tussore, tusseh. 
tus-sle (T), n. a scuffle: v.i. to 
scuffle or struggle, 
tus-sock ('ok), n. a tuft, clump, 
or small hillock of grass; a 
species of tuffy grass, valuable for 
fodder. Also tussac. 
tut (tut), interj. hush! be quiet! 
tu-tel-age (tu'tel-aj), n. guardian¬ 
ship. 

tu-te-la-ry ('te-lH-ri), adj. pro¬ 
tecting. 

tu-ten-ag • ('ten-ag), n. Chinese 
copper. 

tu-tor ('t§r), n. a teacher; guard¬ 
ian : v.t. to instruct; train or 
discipline. 

tu-to-ri-al (-to'ri-51), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or exercised by, a tu¬ 
tor or instructor. 

tu-tor-ship ('ter-ship), w. the 
office of a tutor; guardianship, 
twad-dle (twod'l), n. silly talk: 
v.t. to talk in a silly or weak 
manner. 

twain (twan), n. & adj. two. 
twang (twang), n. a sharp, 
quick, vibrating sound; affected 
nasal tone of voice: v.t. & v.i. to 
sound with a sharp, vibrating 
noise. 

tweak (twek), v.t. to pinch or 
pull with a sudden jerk and 
twist: n. a sudden sharp pull or' 
pinch. 


late mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; mooa, 

cook; mate, nut; thin, then. 









ewe 


872 


typ 


tweed (twed), n. a soft, woolly 
cloth material. 

twee zers (twe'zers), n.pl. small 
pinchers for pulling out hairs, 
twelfth (twelfth), adj. next in 
order after the eleventh: n. one 
of 12 equal parts. 

Twelfth Day (da), n. Epiphany. 
twelve-1110 (twelv'mo), n. duo¬ 
decimo. 

twen-ti-eth (tw.en'ti-eth), adj. 
the ordinal of 20: n. one of 20 
equal parts. 

twen ty ('ti), adj. twice 10: n. 
the number which is one more 
than 19; a score. 

twice (twis), adv. two times; 
doubly. 

twiddle (twid'l), v.t. to twirl in 
a light manner; touch lightly: 
v.t. to move with a quivering mo¬ 
tion : n. a twist of the fingers, 
twig (twig), n. a small shoot or 
branch: v.t. [v.t. & p.p. twigged, 
p.pr. twigging], to notice; under¬ 
stand : v.i. to comprehend, 
twi-light (twl'llt), n. the faint 
light before sunrise and after sun¬ 
set ; partial illumination : adj. ob¬ 
scure ; shaded. 

twill (twil), n. an appearance of 
diagonal lines in textile fabrics; 
fabric woven with a twill: v.t. to 
weave, as a fabric, with diagonal 
lines. 

twin (twin), adj. double; closely 
resembling: n. one of two born 
at a birth; any person or thing 
very like another, 
twine (twin), v.t. to twist; wind 
round; unite closely: v.i. to be 
closely united by twisting: n. a 
twist; strong thread, 
twinge (twinj), v.t. to affect with 
a sudden sharp pain ; twitch : v.i. 
to suffer a twinge : n. a sudden 
sharp pain. 

twin-kle (twdng'kl), n. a quick 
motion of the eye; short, tremu¬ 
lous light; an instant: v.i. to 
open and shut the eyes rapidly; 
blink; shine with a ti emulous, 
sparkling light; quiver, 
twirl (twerl), v.t. to move or 
turn round rapidly ; whirl: v.i. to 
rotate rapidly : n. a quick, cir¬ 
cular motion ; convolution, 
twist (twist), v.t. to unite or 
form by.winding together; wind 


spirally; interlace; writhe or con¬ 
tort ; cause to turn from a direct 
line: v.i. to be contorted; move 
in a curve: n. the act of twisting; 
convolution; manner of twisting; 
cord or thread; kind of roll to¬ 
bacco. 

twit (twit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

twitted, p.pr. twitting], to annoy 
by leminding of a fault, &c. ; up¬ 
braid. 

twitch (twich), v.t. to pull with 
a sudden jerk : v.i. to contract or 
move quickly or spasmodically : n. 
a sudden jerk or pull; short 
spasmodic convulsion, 
twitch-grass ('gras), n. couch- 
grass. 

twite (twit), n. the mountain 
linnet. 

twit-ter (twit'er), v.i. to make a 
succession of small, tremulous 
sounds, as a bird ; feel a tremu¬ 
lous, nervous motion : n. a small, 
tremulous noise; slight nervous 
agitation. 

two (tfo). adj. one and one: n. 

tb' number of one and one. 
twopenny (tup'en-i), adj. of 
the value of twopence ; trumpery ; 
vulgar; worthless, 
two-ply (too'pll), adj. of two 
thicknesses 

Tycoon (tI-ko5n'), n. the title 
formerly assumed by the com¬ 
mander-in-chief of the Japanese 
army. 

ty-ing (ti'ing), p.pr. of tie: n. 

the process of washing ores, 
ty-ler, same as tiler, 
tym-pan (tim'pan), n. the parch¬ 
ment-covered fram< on which 
sheets are laid to be printed, 
tym-pan-ic (-pan'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to a tympan or tympanum. 
Also tympanal. 

tym-pa-nnm ('p:\-num). n. the 
membranous wall which separates 
the internal from the external 
ear; the drum of the ear; flat 
triangular part of a pediment; 
hollow drum-shaped wheel, 
type (tip), v.t. to typify; repro¬ 
duce by a typewriter: n. an em¬ 
blem, sign, or symbol ; figure or 
design stamped on coin; distin¬ 
guishing mark; general form or 
structure; original design ; a letter 
in metal or wood for printing 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook : mute, nut: thin, t/ip n. 












typ 


873 


tyr 


from. Different sizes of printing 
types are indicated by distin¬ 
guishing names and by means of 
a unit of type measurement, which 
in the United States is one- 
twelfth of a pica. 

Syn. emblem, symbol, figure, 
sign, letter, sort, kind. 

SIZES OF TYPE. 

Brilliant = S 1 /^ point. 

Diamond nr 4 or 4% point. 

Pearl = 5 point. 

Agate = 5M> point. 

Nonpareil — 6 point. 

Minion = 7 point. 

Brevier — S point. 

Bourgeois m 9 point. 

Long primer — 10 point. 

Small pica m 11 point. 

Pica nr 12 point. 

English m 14 point. 

Columbian — 16 point. 

Great primer — 18 point. 

type-met-al ('met-al), n. an alloy 
of lead, antimony, and tin for 
casting type. 

type-writer ('ri-ter), n. a me¬ 
chanical contrivance for produc¬ 
ing letters by means of an inked 
ribbon and types; a typewriting 
machine; an operator of a type¬ 
writing machine. 

ty-phoid (ti'foid), adj pertain¬ 
ing to, or like, typhus: n. an en¬ 
teric fever occasioned by defective 
drains, &c. 

ty-T>lioon (-fo5n'). n. a violent 

r tornado in the Chinese and Jap¬ 
anese seas. 

ty-phus ('fus), n. a contagious 
fever often occurring as an epi¬ 
demic. 

typ-ic-al (tip'ik-al), adj. figura¬ 
tive. 

typ-ic-al-ly (-i), adv. figuratively. 

typ-i-fy ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 


typified, p.pr. typifying], to rep¬ 
resent by an image or emblem; 
foreshadow. 

ty-pist (ti'pist), n. one who op¬ 
erates a typewriting machine. 

ty-pog-ra-pher (ti-pog'ra-fer), n. 
a printer. 

ty-po-grapli-ic-al (-po-graf'ik-al), 
adj. pertaining to‘ the art of 
printing. Also typographic. 

ty-po-graph-ic-al-ly (-i), adv. 
by means of type; employed in 
printing. 

ty-pog-ra-phy (-pog'ra-fi), n. the 
art of printing. 

ty-pol-o-gy (-pol'o-ji), n. the doc¬ 
trine of Scripture types or fig¬ 
ures. 

ty-ran-nic-al (-ran'ik-al), adj. 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, 
a tyrant; despotic; cruel. Also 
tyrannic. 

ty-ran-nic-al-ly (-i), adv. in a 
tyrannical manner. 

tyr-an-nize (tir'an-iz), v.i. to act 
like a tyrant; rule with oppress¬ 
ive severity. 

tyr annous ('an-us), adj. arbi¬ 
trary ; tyrannical. 

tyr-an-ny ('an-i). n. the govern¬ 
ment or conduct of a tyrant; se¬ 
verity ; absolute monarchy impe¬ 
riously administered. 

ty-rant (ti'rant), n. an oppressor; 
despot. 

Tyr-i-an (tir'i-ftn), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to ancient Tyre; of a rich 
purple color. 

ty-ro (ti'r5), n. a beginner; 
novice. 

Syn. novice, beginner, learner. 

Tyr-o-lese (tir-5-lez'), ad}, per¬ 
taining to the Tyrol or its natives. 

tyr-o-li-enne f-o-le'en), n. a pop¬ 
ular song of the Tyrolese mount¬ 
aineers, accompanied with danc¬ 
ing. 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






UD1 


874 


umb 


—U— 


u-biq-ui-tous (u-bik'wi-tus), adj. 

existing everywhere; omnipresent, 
u-biq-ui-ty ('wi-ti), n. omnipres¬ 
ence. 

ud-der (ud'der), n. the glandular 
organ of a mammal which secretes 
the milk. 

ug-li-ly (ug'li-li), adv. in an 
ugly" manner. 

ugliness (-nes), n. total ab¬ 
sence of beauty; deformity, phys¬ 
ical or moral. 

ug-ly ('li). adj. [comp, uglier, 
superl. ugliest], that which is 
offensive to the eye; deformed; 
morally repellent; ill-natured. 

Syn. unsightly, plain, homely, 
ill-favored, hideous. 

Ant. (see beautiful), 
uh-lan (u'lan), n. one of a kind 
of light cavalry, or lancer, in the 
German army. 

u-ka.se (-kas'), n. a Russian im¬ 
perial decree having the force of 
a law. 

ulcer (ul'ser), n. a sore, attended 
with a secretion of pus. 
ul-cer-ate (-at), v.t. to affect 
with an ulcer: v.i. to be formed 
into an ulcer. 

ul-cer-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
process of forming into an ulcer, 
ul-cer-ous ('ser-us), adj. ulcer¬ 
like. 

ule (ill), n. a Mexican tree w 7 hich 
yields caoutchouc, 
ul-na ('nil), n. the larger of the 
two bones that form the fore-arm. 
ul -nar ('ner), adj. pertaining to 
the ulna. 

ul-ster (ul'ster), n. a long, loose 
overcoat of coarse cloth. 
_l-te-ri-or (-te'ri-er), adj. lying 
beyond or on the further side; 
more distant; beyond something 
else either expressed or implied, 
ul-ti-ma ('ti-m&), n. the last 
syllable of a word, 
ultimate (ti-mat), adj. being 
the last; utmost; furthest; ex¬ 
treme ; final. 

ul-ti-mate-ly (-li), adv. finally, 
ul-ti-ma-tum (-ti-ma'tum), n. 


[pi. ultimata, ultimatums ('t&, 
'tumz)], final conditions offered 
as the basis of an agreement 
prior to the declaration of hos¬ 
tilities. 

ul-ti-mo ('ti-mo), adv. in the 
month preceding the present, 
ul-tra ('tra), adj. extreme, 
ul-tra-ma-rine (-ma-ren), n. a 
beautiful, permanent, blue pig¬ 
ment, originally obtained from 
lapis-lazuli. 

ul-tra-mon-tahe (-mon'tan), adj. 
being beyond the mountains (the 
Alps) ; pertaining to, or charac¬ 
teristic of, ultramontanism. 
ul-tra-mon-tan-ism (-izm), n. 
extreme views of the Pope’s au¬ 
thority and infallibility, 
ul-tra-nion-tan-ist (-i'st), n. a 
supporter of ultramontanism. 
ul-u-la-tion (ul-u-la'shun), n. a 
howling like a dog. 
umbel (um'bel), n. a fan-like 
inflorescence radiating from a 
common center. 

um-bell-if-er-ous (-if'er-us), adj. 
producing or bearing umbels. 
Umbellate, umbellated. 
um-ber ('ber), n. a brown pig¬ 
ment; the grayling: adj. of an 
olive-brown color. 

um-bil -ic-al (-bil'ik-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or formed like, the^ 
navel. 

um-bles ('biz), n.pl. a deer's en¬ 
trails. 

um-bo ('bo), «. the boss of a 
shield; point of a bivalve-shell 
immediately above the hinge, 
nm-bra ('bra), n. the dark cone 
of shadow projected from a planet 
or satellite on the side opposite to 
the sun; the dark central part of 
a sunspot. 

■um-brage ('braj). n. screen of 
trees or foliage: offense. 

Syn. offense, dissatisfaction, dis¬ 
pleasure, resentment, 
umbrageous (-bra'jus), adj. 
shady. 

um-brel-la (-brel'a), n. a covered 
sliding frame carried in the hand 


late, mar, mSsk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; mooiL; 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







uml 


875 


und 


as a screen against the rain or 
sun. 

umlaut (oom'lout), n. the change 
of a vowel in one syllable 
through the influence of a vowel 
in the succeeding syllable, 
um-pire (um'pir), n. a third party 
to whom a dispute is referred for 
settlement; one chosen in a game 
to see that its rules are observed : 
v.i. to act as umpire. 

Syn. referee, arbitrator, judge, 
arbiter. 

u-na-nim-i-ty (u-na-nim'i-ti), n. 
agreement in opinion. 

Syn. accord, agreement, unity, 
concord. 

Ant. (see discord), 
unanimous (-nan'i-mus), adj. 
agreeing in opinion. 

Syn. agreeing, like-minded, 
un arm (un-arm'), v.t. to disarm, 
u-nau (u'naw), n. the two-toed 
sloth. 

un-be-lief (un'be-lef)„ n. skepti¬ 
cism. 

un-bend (-bend'), v.i. [p.t. & 

p.p. unbent, p.pr. unbending], to 
free from flexure; relax; un¬ 
fasten from the yards and spars: 
v.i. to become relaxed; act with 
freedom or condescension, 
uncanny (-kan'i), adj. weird; 
mysterious ; dangerous ; unpropi- 
tious [Scotch]. 

unchancy (-chan'si), adj. un¬ 
lucky ; perilous. 

nn-cle (ung'kl), n. the brother of 
one’s father or mother; husband 
of one’s aunt; pawnbroker, 
nn-con-seion-a-ble (un-kon'shun- 
a-bl), adj. out of all reason or 
expectation. 

unc-tion (ungk'shun), n. the act 
of anointing as a symbol of con¬ 
secration ; ointment; anything 
soothing: sham fervor or suavity, 
unc-tu-ous ('tu-us), adj. oily; 
soothing; lenitive; extremely 
bland. 

un-dec-a-gon (un-dek':\-gon), n. 
a plane figure with 11 sides or 11 
angles. 

un-de-cen-na-ry (-de-sen'a-ri), 

adj. eleventh; once in 11 years. 
Undecennial. 

un-der ('der), prep, beneath; 
subordinate to; in subjection to; 
less than ; during the time of. 


Syn. below, underneath, be¬ 
neath, subordinate, lower, inferior. 

Ant. (see above). 

undergo (-go'), v.t. to pass 
through or experience; suffer, 
un-der-grad-u-ate (-grad'u-at), 
n. a member of a university who 
has not taken his first degree, 
underhand (-hand), adj. done 
by meanness or fraud; clandestine, 
underlay (un'der-la), n. a layer 
of paper to raise the matter to be 
printed to a proper level, 
un-der-stand (-der-stand'), v.t. to 
perceive by the mind; be in¬ 
formed of ; assume or imply ; know 
by experience: v.i. to have un¬ 
derstanding ; be informed, 
un-der-stand-ing ('ing), n. the 
rational faculties; intellect; in¬ 
telligence ; wisdom; skill. 

Syn. knowledge, intellect, intel¬ 
ligence, faculty, comprehension, 
mind, reason, brains, 
un der take (-tak'), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. undertook, p.pr. undertaking], 
to take under one’s management; 
assume; attempt; answer for: 
v.i. to take upon one’s self: guar¬ 
antee. 

Syn. engage in, embark in, 
agree, promise. 

tm-der-tak-er ('der-tak-er), n. 
one who undertakes to perform 
any office or business; one who 
manages funerals, 
undertaking ('ing), n. any 
business or project a person en¬ 
gages to perform, 
un-der-write (-rlt), v.t. [p.t. un¬ 
derwrote, p.p. underwritten, p.pr. 
underwriting], to subscribe one’s 
name to (a policy of marine in¬ 
surance) : v.i. to follow the calling 
of an underwriter, 
un-der-writ-er ('der-rit-er), n. 
one who subscribes his name to 
a policy of marine insurance, 
un-der-writ-ing (-ing), n. the 
calling of an underwriter; marine 
insurance. 

undine (un-den'), n. a water- 
nymph. 

un-due (un-du'), adj. improper; 

excessive; not legal, 
un-du-late ('dfi-lat), v.t. & v.i. 
to wave, or move like waves ; vi¬ 
brate. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






und 


876 


Uni 


un-du-la-tion (-la'shun), n. a 
waving motion or vibration, 
un-du-la-to-ry ('du-la-to-ri), adj. 
undulating; vibratory, 
un-du-la-to-ry the-o-ry (the'o- 
ri), n. the theory that light is 
caused by vibrations transmitted 
through an ethereal medium in 
wave-like undulations, 
uu-du-ly ('li), adv. excessively; 
improperly. 

un-earned in-cre-ment (-ernd' 
in'kre-ment), «. the increase of 
the value of land or property 
without labor or expenditure on 
the part of the proprietor, 
unequal (-e'kwal), adj. not 
equal; not regular or uniform ; ill- 
matched ; disproportionate; in¬ 
sufficient. 

Syn. uneven, not alike, irregu¬ 
lar, insufficient. 

Ant. (see even). 

un gual (ung'gwal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or having, a nail, claw, or 
hoof. 

unguent ('gwent), n. an oint¬ 
ment ; lubricating substance, 
un-gu-late ('gu-lat), adj. hoof¬ 
shaped. 

uni, a prefix, meaning one, or pro¬ 
ducing one, as Mnicellular: adj. 
formed of one cell, 
u ni corn (u'ni-korn), n. a fabled 
animal resembling a horse, but 
with a straight horn projecting 
from the forehead, 
u niform ('ni-form), adj. having 
only one form ; consistent with it¬ 
self; same in form, manner, or 
character; equable: n. an official 
or regulation dress. 

Syn. regular, symmetrical, even, 
equal, alike, unvaried. 

Ant. (see irregular), 
u-ni-form-i-ty ('i-ti), n. resem¬ 
blance ; conformity to one pat¬ 
tern ; accord. 

u-ni-fy ('ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
unified, p.pr. unifying], to form 
into one; make a unit of. 
u-ni-lat-er-al (-lat'er-fil), adj. 
one-sided. 

u-ni-loc-u-lar (-lok'u-ler), adj. 
one-celled. 

union (fm'yun), n. the act of 
uniting or making one; com¬ 
bination ; coalition : concord ; con¬ 
junction ; agreement between 


parts; harmony in color; trades- 
union. 

Syn. junction, combination, alli¬ 
ance, confederacy, league, coal¬ 
ition, agreement, concert. 

Ant. (see disunion), 
un ion ism (-izm), n. trades-un¬ 
ionism. 

un-ion-ist (-ist), n. a trades- 
unionist. 

un-ion-jack (-jak), n. the nation¬ 
al flag of great Britain and Ire¬ 
land. 

u-ni-ped (u'ni-ped), adj. one¬ 
footed. 

u-nique (-nek'), adj. without an¬ 
other of the same kind; un¬ 
paralleled. 

Syn. unequal, uncommon, rare, 
choice, matchless. 

Ant. (see common), 
u-ni-son ('ni-sun), n. accordance 
of sound ; concord ; harmony, 
u-nit ('nit), n. one; a single per¬ 
son or thing; standard amount or 
quantity. 

U-ni-ta-ri-an (-ni-ta'ri-an), n. 
one who denies the doctrine of 
the Holy Trinity, regarding the 
Godhead as unipersonal: adj. per¬ 
taining to Unitarians. 
U-ni-ta-ri-an-ism (-izm), n. the 
doctrines of the Unitarians, 
u-nite (-nit'), v.t. to incorporate 
into one; make to agree or ad¬ 
here ; join by a legal or moral 
bond: v.i. to become one; com¬ 
bine ; commingle. 

Syn. join, conjoin, combine, 
concert, add, attach, incorporate, 
embody, clench, merge. 

Ant. (see separate). 

U-nit-ed Brethren ( 'ed br eth'- 
ren), n.pl. the Moravians, 
u-ni-ty ('ni-ti), n. the state of be¬ 
ing one ; concord ; uniformity ; 
agreement; harmony, 
u-ni-ver-sal (-ni-ver'sal), adj. all- 
pervading : embracing or compre¬ 
hending the whole; general: n. 
in logic, a proposition which 
affirms the predicate to belong to 
the whole of the subject. 

Syn. general, all, entire, total, 
catholic. > 

Ant. (see sectional). 
U-ni-ver-sal-ism (-izm). n. the 
doctrine that all mankind will 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









Uni 


877 


ura 


ultimately be saved, together with 
Satan and the fallen angels. 
U-ni-ver-sal-ist (-ist), n. a be¬ 
liever in Universalism. 
u-ni-ver-sal-i-ty (-sal'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being univer¬ 
sal. 

u-ni-ver-sal-ly ('sal-i), adv. with¬ 
out exception. 

universe ('ni-vers), n. the whole 
system of created things; world, 
u-ni-ver-si-ty (-ver'si-ti), n. [pi. 
universities (-tiz)], an assemblage 
of colleges or incorporated in¬ 
stitutions for instruction in the 
higher branches of art, science, 
&c., and empowered to confer de¬ 
grees in the several arts and 
faculties. 

un kempt (un-kempt'), adj. un¬ 
combed ; rough. 

un-less (-les'), conj. except; if 
not. 

un-man (-man'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
unmanned, p.pr. unmanning], to 
deprive of courage or fortitude; 
emasculate. 

un-nerve (-nerv'), v.t. to deprive 
of strength or power; weaken, 
un-plaqed (-plast'), adj. not 
placed; not holding a government¬ 
al office; not among the first three 
at the end of a race, 
un-ru-li-ness (-ru'li-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being unruly, 
un ru ly (-rii'li), adj. disregarding 
restraint or authority ; ungoverna¬ 
ble ; turbulent. 

Rijn, ungovernable, unmanagea¬ 
ble, refractory. 

Ant. (see docile), 
un-sex (-seks'). v.t. to deprive of 
the characteristic qualities of a 
woman. 

un to ('too), prep. to. # 
un-truth (-trootli'), n. a false¬ 
hood. 

up (up), adv. on high; above the 
horizon ; from a lower to a higher 
position. 

u-pas (u'pas), n. a tree, common 
in Java, with a poisonous juice, 
up-braid (up-brad ), v.t. to re¬ 
proach. 

up-cast ('kast), adj. directed up¬ 
wards : n. the ventilating shaft 
of a mine through which the air 
passes after circulating below.. 
up-heav-al (-hev'al), n. a lifting 


from below ; a lifting of strata by 
some internal force, 
up-heave (-liev'), v.t. to lift up 
from beneath. 

up-hol-ster (-hol'ster), v.t. to 
supply with house-furnishings, 
up-hol-ster-er (-er), n. one who 
supplies upholstery, 
up-hol-ster-y ('ster-i), n. the busi¬ 
ness of an upholsterer; articles of 
house-furnishing. 

up-land-cot-ton ('land-kot-un), 
n. cotton with a short fiber, 
up-on (-on'), prep, on; resting on 
the top or surface; relating to; 
noting assumption, security, or 
time. 

up-per ('er), adj. higher in place, 
rank, or dignity. 

up-pish ('ish), adj. arrogant; as¬ 
suming. 

up-right ('rit), adj. erect; just; 
honest; equitable; elevation of a 
building; timber supporting a 
rafter. 

Syn. vertical, perpendicular, 
just, erect, equitable, fair, pure, 
honorable. 

Ant. (see horizontal), 
up-roar ('ror), n. noisy disturb¬ 
ance ; bustle and clamor, 
up-roar-i-ous ('i-us), adj. making 
great noise and tumult, 
up-set (-set'), v.t. to overthrow; 
put out of normal condition: n. 
(up'set) the act of upsetting; 
state of being upset: adj. fixed, 
up-shot ('shot), n. final result, 
up-start ('start), n. one who 
suddenly rises from a humble posi¬ 
tion to wealth or influence: adj. 
suddenly raised to a position of 
wealth and influence, 
up-town ('toun), adj. situated in, 
or living in, the upper part of a 
town. 

upturn (-tern'), v.t. & v.i. to 
turn up. 

up-wards ('werdz). adv. towards 
a higher place or source. Also up¬ 
ward. 

u-rae-mi-a, same as uremia, 
u-rac-mic, same as uremic, 
u-ra-nin (u'ra-nin), n. a brown¬ 
ish-red dye. 

u-ra-ni-um (-ra'ni-um), n. a me¬ 
tallic element which possesses 
radio-active properties and is the 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 










ura 


878 


usu 


basis of pitch-blende, from which 
radium is extracted, 
u-ra-nog-ra-phy (-ra-nog'ra-fi), n. 
a description of the heavens, and 
the character and relation of the 
fixed stars; the construction of 
celestial maps, globes, &c. 
u-rate ('rat), n. a salt of uric 
acid. 

ur ban (er'ban), adj. pertaining 
to a city or town, 
urbane (-ban'), adj. polite; re¬ 
fined. 

ur-ban-i-ty (-ban'i-ti), n. polite¬ 
ness ; refinement, 
ur-ce-o-late (er'se-o-lat). adj. 
urn-shaped. 

ur-chin ('chin)-, n. a small boy ; 
a hedge-hog; a sea urchin; a 
pert or rough little fellow; a 
mischievous elf: adj. mischievous, 
u-re-a (u.'re-&), n. the chief solid 
constituent of the urine of mam¬ 
mals. 

u-re-mi-a (u-re'mi-a), n. poison¬ 
ing of the blood by the presence 
of urea and other hurtful sub¬ 
stances. 

u-re-mic (-re'mik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to uremia. 

urge (erj), v.t. to incite; impel; 
provoke : v.i. act with earnest¬ 
ness ; insist upon ; allege proofs. 

Syn. incite, impel, push, drive, 
instigate, stimulate, press, solicit, 
induce. 

urg en cy ('en-si), n. pressure of 
necessity; importunity, 
urg-ent ('ent), adj. pressing; call¬ 
ing for immediate attention. 

Syn. pressing, important, im¬ 
perative, immediate, wanted, seri¬ 
ous. 

Ant. (see unimportant), 
n-rie ac-id (as'id), n. a peculiar 
and characteristic substance found 
in urine. 

u-rim ('rim), n.pl. a mystic orna¬ 
ment worn by the Jewish high 
priest constituting, with the 
thummim, the oracle by which 
Jehovah declared his will, 
u-ri-nal ('ri-nal), n. a place of 
convenience. 

u-ri-na-ry ('ri-na-ri), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or like, urine, 
u-rine ('rin), n. the excretion 
from the kidneys, 
u-ri-no-sco-py (u'ri-no-sko-pi), n. 


the diagnosis of disease by ex¬ 
amination of the patient’s urine, 
urn (era), n. a roundish vessel of 
various materials bulging in the 
middle, usually with a foot or 
pedestal; a vessel in which the 
ashes of the dead are preserved, 
ur-si-form (er'si-fbrm), adj. bear¬ 
like. 

ur-sine ('sin), adj. pertaining to, 
or resembling, a bear, 
u-ru-bu (oo'roo-boo), n. the black 
vulture of Central America, 
us (us), pron. objective of we. 
us-a-ble (uz'a-bl), adj. that can 
be used. 

us-age ('aj). n. mode of using; 
treatment; habitual or long con¬ 
tinued use or custom. 

Syn. custom, fashion, practice, 
prescription. 

us-ance ('ans), n. the time fixed 
for the payment of a bill of ex¬ 
change. 

use (us), n. the act of using; ap¬ 
plication of anything to a par¬ 
ticular purpose; employment; cus¬ 
tom or practice ; treatment: v.t. 
(uz) to make use of; employ; 
avail one’s self of; possess or en¬ 
joy for a time; habituate : v.i. to 
be accustomed. 

Syn. usage, practice, habit, cus¬ 
tom, avail, advantage, utility, 
benefit, application, employ, exer¬ 
cise, occupy, accustom, practice, 
inure. 

Ant. (see disuse, desuetude, 
abuse). 

use-ful ('fool), adj. full of use, 
profit, or advantage; beneficial. 

Syn. advantageous, serviceable, 
available, helpful, beneficial, good. 

Ant. (see useless), 
use-ful-ly (-i), adv. in a useful 
manner. 

use-less ('les), adj. having, or be¬ 
ing of, no use. 

Syn. unserviceable, fruitless, 
idle, profitless. 

Ant, (see useful), 
usli-er (ush'er), n. a doorkeeper; 
an officer who introduces strang¬ 
ers or walks before persons of 
rank; assistant master: v.t. to in¬ 
troduce or escort (with in or 
forth ). 

u-su-al (u'zhu-al), adj. habitual; 
customary. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 










usu 


879 


uxc 


Syn. ordinary, common, accus¬ 
tomed, habitual, wonted, custom¬ 
ary, general. 

Ant. (see unusual), 
u-su-al-ly (-i), adv. ordinarily, 
usufruct ('zu-frukt), n. the 
temporary use and enjoyment of 
lands and tenements belonging to 
another. 

u sur er ('zhur-er), n. one who 
lends money at an exorbitant rate 
of interest. 

u su-ri-ous (-zhdo'ri-us), adj. 
practicing usury. 

u surp (-zerp'), v.t. to take pos¬ 
session of by force, or without 
right: applied to seizure and use 
of office, functions, powers, rights, 
&c. 

Syn. arrogate, seize, appro¬ 
priate, assume. 

■u-sur-pa-tion (-zer-pa'shun), n. 
the act of usurping, especially the 
unlawful seizure of regal power, 
u surp er (-zerp'er), n. one who 
usurps. 

u-sn-ry ('zhu-ri), n. interest on 
money beyond the current rate of 
interest; practice of lending 
money at exorbitant interest, 
u-ten-sil (-ten'sil), n. an imple¬ 
ment, especially one used for 
domestic or culinary purposes, 
u-ter-ine ('ter-in), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the womb; born of the 
same mother, but by a different ’ 
father. 

u-ter-us ('ter-us), n. the womb, 
u-til-i-ta-ri-an ( (-til-i-ta'ri-Sn), 
adj. pertaining to, or aiming at, 
utility: n. one who holds the doc¬ 
trine of utilitarianism, 
u-til-i-ta-ri-an-ism (-izm), n. the 
doctrine that virtue is defined and 
enforced by its tendency to pro¬ 
mote the highest happiness of 
mankind. 


u-til-i-ty (-til'i-ti), n. usefulness; 
intrinsic value. 

utilize ('til-Iz), v.t. to make use¬ 
ful or profitable. 

utmost (ut'most), adj. in the 
greatest degree; most distant; 
furthest; extreme : n. the extreme 
limit or extent. 

Syn. farthest, remotest, utter¬ 
most, greatest. 

U-to-pi-an (u-t6'pi-&n), n. per¬ 
taining to the imaginary island, 
described by Sir Thomas More in 
his “Utopia,” where the most per¬ 
fect system of laws and institu¬ 
tions existed : hence ideal; vision¬ 
ary. 

u-to-pi-an-isin (-izm), n. ideal 
schemes for social happiness or 
perfection. 

ut-ter (ut'er), adj. entire; abso¬ 
lute ; unqualified; total: v.t. to 
speak; pronounce; publish 
abroad; circulate, especially coun¬ 
terfeit coins or notes. 

Syn. extreme, excessive, sheer, 
mere, pure, speak, articulate, ex¬ 
press, pronounce, issue. 

ut-ter-ance (-ans), n. vocal ex¬ 
pression ; speech ; style of speak¬ 
ing. 

ut-ter-most ('er-m5st), adj. ex¬ 
treme ; in the furthest, greatest, 
or highest degree: n. the furthest 
extent or degree. 

u-ve-a (u've-a), n. the posterior, 
dark-colore'd layer of the iris. 

u-vu-la ('vu-la), n. the fleshy, 
conical body, attached to the soft 
palate, hanging at the back part 
of the tongue. 

u-vu-lar ('vti-lfir), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the uvula. 

ux - o - ri - ous (uks-o'ri-us), adj. 
foolishly or excessively fond of a 
wife. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; mww, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





vac 


880 


Val 


-V- 


vacancy (va'kan-si), n. [pi. 
vacancies (-siz)], state of being 
vacant or empty; listlessness; un¬ 
occupied office; open or un¬ 
occupied space. 

va-cant ('kant), adj. empty; free 
from thought or reflection; not 
occupied. 

Syn. empty, unfilled, unoc¬ 
cupied, thoughtless, unthinking. 

Ant. (see occupied), 
va-cate ('kat), v.t. to make va¬ 
cant ; annul; give up the . pos¬ 
session of. 

va-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. the act 
of vacating; intermission of a 
stated employment, or judicial 
proceedings; school holidays, 
vac-ci-nal (vak'si-nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to vaccine or vaccina¬ 
tion. 

vaccinate ('si-nat), v.t. to in¬ 
oculate with vaccine matter as a 
protection against smallpox, 
vac-ci-na-tion (-na'shun), n. act 
of vaccinating. 

vac-ci-na-tor ('si-na-ter), n. one 
who vaccinates. 

vac-cine ('sin), adj. pertaining to, 
or obtained from, cows; caused by 
the cow’pox: n. a liquid taken 
from the udder of a cow affected 
with cowpox. 

vac-il-late (vas'il-at), v.i. to 
fluctuate in mind or opinion ; be 
unsteady: waver. 

vac-il-la-tion (-a'shun), n. fluc¬ 
tuation of mind ; unsteadiness, 
va-cu-i-ty (va-ku'i-ti). n. empti¬ 
ness ; vacant state of mind or 
expression. 

vac-u-ole (vak'u-ol), n. a small 
cell or cavity in the interior of 
organic cells or protoplasm, 
vacuous (-us), adj. empty; va 
cant. 

vacuum hum), n. a space de¬ 
void of all matter; void, 
va-de me-cum (va'de me'kum), n. 

a manual for ready reference, 
vagabond (vag'a-bond), adj. 
without fixed habitation; roam¬ 
ing ; idle: n. a vagrant; scamp. 


vagary (va-ga'ri), n. [pi. va¬ 
garies ('riz)j, a wild freak; 
whim. 

vagina (-ji'na), n. the canal 
which leads from the external 
orifice to the uterus; sheath. 

vaginal (vaj'i-nal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or like, a vagina or 
sheath. 

vag-i-nate ('i-nat), adj. invested 
with a sheath. 

va gran cy (va'gran-si), n. a 
state of wandering without a set¬ 
tled home; habits and life of a 
vagrant. 

va-grant ('grant), adj. wander¬ 
ing from place to place without a 
settled home: n. a tramp. 

Syn. wanderer, beggar, tramp, 
vagabond, rogue. 

vague (vag), adj. indefinite; un¬ 
settled. 

Syn. unsettled, undetermined, 
uncertain, pointless, indefinite. 

Ant. (see definite). 

vaguely ('ll), adv. in a vague 
manner. 

vague-ness ('nes), n. the state 
or quality of being vague. 

.vails (vaJz), n.pl. gratuities given 
to servants. 

vain (van), adj. [comp, vainer, 
superl. vainest!, empty; unreal; 
deceitful; producing no good 
results ; conceited : ostentatious. 

Syn. useless, fruitless, empty, 
worthless, inflated, proud, conceit¬ 
ed. unreal, unavailing. 

Ant. (see effectual, humble). 

vainglorious (-glo'ri-us). adj. 
j elated by one’s achievements; 
boastful. 

val-ance (val'iins), n. hanging 
drapery for a bed, window, &c. 

vale (val), n. a tract of low land 
; between hills ; valley. 

valedictory (-dik'to-ri), adj. 
Bidding farewell. 

va-lence (va'lens), n. the de¬ 
gree of combining power of an 
atom. 

Va-len-ci-ennes (va-len-si-enz'), 
n. a rich kind of lace. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 














val 


881 


van 


va-len-ti-a (-len'shi-a), n. a 
waistcoat material. Also Valen¬ 
cia. 

val-en-tine (val'en-tin). n. a 
sweetheart chosen on St. Val¬ 
entine’s _ day; love missive sent 
on February 14th. 
va-le-ri-an (va-le'ri-an), n. a 
plant of the genus Valeriana, with 
a valuable medicinal root, 
val-et (val'a), n. a servant who 
attends on a gentleman’s person : 
v.t. to act as valet to. 
val-e-tu-di-na-ri-an (-e-tu-di-na'- 
ri-an), adj. sickly; seeking to re¬ 
cover health: n. an invalid. 
Val-hal-la (-hal'a), n. in Scandi¬ 
navian mythology, the palace of 
immortality, in which the souls 
of heroes slain in battle dwell, 
val-iant ('yant), adj. brave; 
heroic. 

Syn. brave, bold, valorous, cour¬ 
ageous, gallant. 

Ant. (see cowardly), 
val-id ('id), adj. having legal 
force; not weak or defective; 
sound; well-grounded. 

H<yn. weighty, strong, powerful, 
efficient, sound, binding. 

Ant. (see invalid), 
va-lid-i-ty (va-lid'i-ti). n. legal 
force ; soundness ; strength ; just¬ 
ness. 

va-lise (va-les'), n. small port¬ 
manteau. 

val-la-tion (-la'shun), n. a ram¬ 
part. 

valley (val'i), n. [pi. valleys 
('iz)J, a tract of land situated 
between ranges of hills or 
mountains, usually traversed by 
a river. 

val-lis-ne-ri-a (-is-ne'ri-a), n. a 
fresh-water plant, 
va-lo-ni-a (va-lo'ni-a), n. a trade 
name for the large acorn-cups of 
two kinds of oak. 
valor (val'er), n. bravery; in¬ 
trepidity. 

Syn. courage, gallantry, bold¬ 
ness, bravery, heroism. 

Ant. (see cowardice), 
val-or-ous ('er-us), adj. brave; 
intrepid. 

valuable (Ti-a-bl). adj. pos¬ 
sessing useful qualities; having 
value or worth : costly : n. a thing 
or possession of value. 


val-u-a-tion (-u-a'sliun), n. the 
act of valuing; estimated worth or 
price ; estimation, 
val-ue ('u), n. that which renders 
anything useful or estimable; 
price ; importance ; excellence : v.t. 
to estimate the worth of; ap¬ 
praise ; esteem. 

Syn. appraise, assess, reckon, 
appreciate, estimate, prize, treas¬ 
ure, esteem. 

Ant. (see despise), 
valued ('ud), adj. highly es¬ 
teemed or prized, 
valve (valv), n. a lid or cover 
opening in one direction and shut¬ 
ting in another; one of the divi¬ 
sions of a shell. 

va mose (v&-mos'), v.i. to decamp, 
vamp (vamp), n. the unper leath¬ 
er of a boot or shoe; a piece added 
to something old to give it a new 
appearance; an improvised ac¬ 
companiment : v.t. to furnish with 
an upper leather; patch (with 
up) ; improvise an accompani¬ 
ment to. 

vam pire (vam'pir), n. a fabled 
demon or ghost that sucks the 
blood of persons asleep; a kind 
of bat. 

van (van), n. the front of an 
army or fleet; a large covered 
wagon for moving household 
goods, &c. 

va-na-di-um (va-na'di-um), n. a 
rare metallic elemt-t. 

Vandal (van'dal), n. one of a 
Teutonic race inhabiting the 
south shores of the Baltic, noted 
for their fierceness and destruc¬ 
tion of works of art, when plun¬ 
dering Rome, 5th century, 
van-dal (van'dal), n. one who is 
hostile to art or literature; one 
who ruthlessly destroys what is 
artistic or venerable, 
van dal ism (-izm). n. hostility 
to works of art or literature; 
wanton destruction of what is ar¬ 
tistic, &c. 

vane (van), n. a weather-cock, 
vang (vang), n. a rope for steady¬ 
ing the extremity of the. peak of 
a gaff to the side of a ship, 
va-nes-sa (va-nes'sa), n. one of a 
species of handsome butterflies, 
van-guard (van'gard), n. the ad¬ 
vance guard of an army. 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 


142" 








van 


882 


vas 


vanilla (va-nil'a), n. the dried 
fruit of an orchid, used for fla¬ 
voring. 

vanish (van'ish), v.i. to disap¬ 
pear. 

Syn. disappear, fade, melt, dis¬ 
solve. 

van-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. vanities 
(-tiz) ], love of indiscriminate ad¬ 
miration ; empty pride or con¬ 
ceit ; fruitless desire or endeavor; 
idle show; emptiness. 

Syn. emptiness, conceit, self- 
conceit, affectedness, 
van ning ('ing), n. a method of 
cleansing ore. 

vanquish (vang'kwish), v.t. to 
conquer; subdue; refute in argu¬ 
ment. 

vantage ('taj), n. advantage; in 
lawn tennis, the first point after 
deuce. 

vap-id (vap'id), adj. dull; insipid. 

Syn. dull, flat, insipid, stale, 
tame. 

Ant. (see sparkling). 
va-pid-i-ty (va-pid'i-ti), n. the 
state or quality of being vapid, 
va por (va'per), n. the gas into 
which most liquids and solids are 
converted by heat; steam ; mist; 
whim : pi. hysteria ; melancholia : 
v.i. to pass off in vapor; bully. 

Syn. fume, smoke, mist, fog, 
steam. 

va-por-ize (va'per-Iz), v.t. to con¬ 
vert into vapor. 

va por ous ('per-us), adj. full of, 
or like, vapor; unreal, 
va-por-y (-i), adj. full of vapors, 
va-que-ro (va-ka'rd), n. a herds¬ 
man [Mexican]. 

va-ri-a-bil-i-ty (va-ri-a-bil'i-ti), 
n. the state or quality of being 
variable; changeableness. Also 
variableness. 

va-ri-a-ble ('ri-a-bl), adj. change¬ 
able ; inconstant; fickle. 

Syn. changeable, unsteady, 
shifting, inconstant, w r avering, 
fickle, fitful, restless. 

Ant. (see constant). 
va-ri-a-bly (-bli), adv. in a 
variable manner. 

vari ance ('ri-ans), n. difference; 
quarrel. 

va-ri-ant ('ri-ant), adj. variable; 
different: n. a different form of 
substantially the same thing. 


va-ri-ate ('ri-at), v.t. to diversify, 
va-ri-a-tion (-ri-a'shun), n. 
a partial change; difference; in¬ 
flection ; deviation of the magnetic 
needle from the true north ; tend¬ 
ency in organisms produced by- the 
same parents to vary slightly. • 
var-i-cel-la (-var-i-sel'a), n. 
chickenpox. 

var-i-co-cele ('i-ko-sel), n. a 
swelling of the veins of the scro¬ 
tum or of the spermatic cord, 
var i cose ('i-kos), adj. abnormal¬ 
ly swollen or enlarged: said of 
veins. 

va-ried (va'rid), adj. altered; 

partially changed; various, 
va-ri-e-gate (va'ri-e-gat), v.t. to 
mark with different colors or 
tints; diversify. 

va-ri-e-ga-tion (-ga'shun), n. 

diversity of colors, 
va-ri-e-ty (-ri'e-ti), n. [pi. vari¬ 
eties (-tiz)], intermixture or suc¬ 
cession of different things; vari¬ 
ation ; diversity; change; sub¬ 
division or peculiar form of a 
species. 

Syn. difference, diversity, 
change, diversification, mixture, 
medley, miscellany. 

Ant. (see sameness), 
va-ri-o-la (va-ri'd-la), n. small¬ 
pox. 

va-ri-o-rum (va-ri-d'rum), adj. 
noting an edition of a book with 
the notes of various commentators, 
va-ri-ous ('ri-us), adj. different; 
several. 

va-rix ('riks), n. dilatation of a 
vein. 

var-let (var'let), n. formerly a 
servant, footman, or page; a 
scoundrel. 

var-nish ('nish), n. a viscid, 
resinous liquid used for giving a 
gloss to wood or metal work: v.t. 
to cover, with varnish; give a 
gloss to or over; palliate, 
va-rus (va'rus), n. a variety of 
clubfoot. 

vary (va'ri), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
varied, p.pr. varying], to change; 
make of different kinds; alter: 
v.i. to undergo a change; alter¬ 
nate ; swerve; disagree, 
vas cu lar (vas'ku-ler), adj. con¬ 
sisting of, or containing, vessels 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









vas 


883 


vefc 


as part of a structure of animal 
and vegetable organisms, 
vase (vas or viiz), n. a vessel for 
various purposes, especially one 
of antique or ornamental pattern, 
vase-e-line (vas'e-lin), n. petro¬ 
leum jelly. 

vas-sal ('al), n. a feudal tenant; 

bondman : adj. servile, 
vas sal age (-aj), n. the state of 
being a vassal ; political servi¬ 
tude ; vassals collectively; terri¬ 
tory held in vassalage. Also vas¬ 
sal ry. 

vast (vast), adj. of great extent; 
great in number or degree; very 
spacious ; immense : n. boundless 
space ; empty waste ; sea. 

Syn. spacious, boundless, 
mighty, immense, enormous, colos¬ 
sal, gigantic, huge, prodigious. 

Ant. .(see confined), 
vat (vat), n. a large tub or vessel, 
especially one used for brewing or 
leather making. 

Vat-i-can ('i-kan), n. the palace 
of the Pope at Rome ; the papal 
authority. 

"V at-i-can-ism (-izm), n. ultra- 
montanism. 

vaude-ville (vod'vil), n. a light, 
gay, or topical song; a short 
drama with comic songs, 
vault (vawlt), n. an arched roof; 
cellar; prison ; cavern ; tomb of 
masonry ; sky ; leap : v.t. to shape 
as a vault; arch: v.i. to leap, 
spring, or bound ; exhibit feats of 
leaping. 

vaulted ('ed), adj. arched; con¬ 
cave. 

vaunt (vant or vawnt), v.i. to 
boast: v.t. to brag of; display 
boastfully: n. a boast; vain dis¬ 
play. 

Syn. boast, brag, puff, hawk, 
advertise, flourish, parade, 
vaunt ing ('ing), n. vainglorious 
boasting. 

vaunt-lay ('la), n. hounds sud¬ 
denly turned off to precede the 
rest of the kennel. 

Ve-a-dar (ve'a-diir), n. the 13th 
.or intercalary month of the Jewish 
calendar. 

veal (vel), n. calf’s flesh, 
vec-tor (vek'ter), n. a directive 
quantity, as a straight line, force, 
or velocity. 


Veda (va'da), n. [pi. vedas 
('daz)], one of the four oldest 
sacred books or collection of 
hymns of the Hindus, of great 
antiquity, the basis of Brahman¬ 
ism. 

Ve-dan-ta (-dan'ta), n. a Hindu 
system of philosophy based on the 
Vedas. 

vedette (ve-det'), n. a mounted 
sentinel. Also vidette. 
veer (ver), v.i. to change direc¬ 
tion, as the wind; wear: v.t. to 
turn ; direct to a different course, 
vegetable (vej'e-ta-bl), adj. per¬ 
taining to, having the nature bf, 
produced by, or consisting of 
plants: n. a plant deriving its 
nourishment from the earth by 
means of roots; a plant or root 
cultivated for the table, &c. 
veg-e-ta-ri-an (-ta'ri-an), n. one 
who abstains from a meat diet 
and lives on fruit, vegetables, or 
farinaceous food : adj. pertaining 
to vegetarians or vegetarianism, 
veg-e-ta-ri-an-ism (-izm), n. the 
theory and practice of living as a 
vegetarian. 

veg-e-tate ('e-tat). v.i. to grow 
as a plant; live a useless, indolent 
life. 

veg-e-ta-tion (-ta'shun), n. plants 
or vegetables collectively, 
veg-e-ta-tive ('e-ta-tiv), adj. 
growing or having the power of 
growing, as plants, 
ve he mence (ve'he-mens), n. 
impetuosity; violent ardor; ani¬ 
mated fervor. Also vehemency. 
ve he ment ('he-ment), adj. very- 
violent or forcible; passionate ; 
ardent; energetic, 
ve-hi-cle (ve'hi-kl), n. any kind 
of carriage or conveyance; a 
medium. 

ve-hic-u lar (-hik'u-lar), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or serving as, a ve¬ 
hicle. 

ve’’ (val), n. a covering more or 
less transparent for the face; 
curtain or covering for conceal- 
men: v.t. to cover with, or as 
with, a veil ; hide; conceal, 
vein (van), n. one of the vessels 
which convey blood from the ar¬ 
teries to the heart; branching rib 
of a leaf; seam of rock filled.with 
metallic or mineral matter; train 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








vei 


884 


ven 


of thought; particular disposition, 
genius, or style: v.t. to fill or 
cover with, or as with, veins. 

vein-ous ('us), adj. full of or 
provided with veins. 

ve-la-ri-um (ve-la'ri-um), n. the 
great awning stretched over open 
theatres in ancient Rome. Also 
velum. 

veldt (velt), n. open country 
[South Africa]. Also veld. 

vel-lum (vel'um), n. fine parch¬ 
ment. 

ve-loc-i-pede (ve-los'i-ped), n. a 
light carriage propelled by the 
feet; the original form of the 
bicycle. 

ve-loc-i-ty ('i-ti), n. [pi. velocities 
(-tiz)], speed; rate of movement 
of a body. 

ve-lou-te (ve-166'ta), n. a rich 
white sauce. 

ve-lu-ti-nous (-lu'ti-nus), adj. 
velvety; soft. 

vel-vet (vel'vet), n. a silk fabric 
with short, close, soft nap; fine 
dow on the horns of young deer. 

vel-vet-een (-en'), n. imitation 
velvet. 

venal (ve'nal), adj. that may 
be bought, or bribed ; mercenary ; 
of or pertaining to the veins. 

Syn. salable, mercenary, hire¬ 
ling. 

Ant. (see unpurchasable). 

ve-nal-i-ty (-nal'i-ti), n. prostitu¬ 
tion of talents or services for 
money or reward. 

ve-na-tion (ve-na'shun), n. the 
arrangement of veins in a leaf, 
or insect’s wing. 

vend (vend), v.t. to sell; offer 
for sale. 

ven-dace (ven'das), n. a small 
salmonoid fish. 

ven-dee (-de'), n. the buyer. 

ven-det-ta (ven-det'a), n. a kind 
of blood-feud. 

ven-di-ble (ven'di-bl), adj. sal¬ 
able. 

ven dor ('der), n. the seller. Also 
vender. 

ve neer (ve-ner'), v.t. to overlay 
with a thin slice of ornamental or 
more valuable wood: hence give a 
gloss to: n. a thin strip of supe¬ 
rior wood for overlaying ; outside 
show; pretense. 

ven-er-a-hle (ven'er-a-bl), adj. 


worthy of being venerated or 
reverenced; rendered sacred by 
religious or lofty associations; 
title of an archdeacon. 

Syn. grave, sage, wise, old, rev¬ 
erend. 

venerate ('er-at), v.t. to es¬ 
teem as sacred ; regard with the 
highest respect; revere, 
ven-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the 
highest degree of respect and rey- 
erence; respect associated with 
awe, 

ve-ne-re-al (ve-ne're-al), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or arising from, sexual 
intercourse; aphrodisiac, 
ven-er-y (ven'er-i), n. sexual in¬ 
tercourse ; hunting, 
venesection (ven-e-sek'shun), 
n. the operation of opening a 
vein ; phlebotomy. 

Ve-ne-tian (-ne'shan), adj. per¬ 
taining to Venice or its inhabit¬ 
ants. 

Ve-ne-tian-blind (-blind), n. a 
window-blind formed of long thin 
slats of wood. 

ve-ne-tian-door (-dor), n. a door 
with long narrow side-lights, 
venge ance (venj'ans), n. the in¬ 
fliction of pain on another for an 
injury received. 

vengeful ('fool), adj. vindictive; 
retributive. 

venge-ful-ly (-i), adv. in a 
vengeful spirit. 

ve-ni-al (ve'ni-al), adj. pardona¬ 
ble. 

Syn. pardonable, excusable, 
justifiable. 

Ant. (see grave), 
ve-ni-al-ly (-i), adv. pardonably, 
ven-i-son (ven'zn), n. deer’s flesh 
venom ('um), n. poison intro¬ 
duced into the system by a bite or 
sting; spite. 

Syn. poison, virus, spite, malice, 
malignity. 

venomous (-us), adj. full of 
venom ; poisonous ; malignant; 
spiteful. 

ve-nons (ve'nus), adj. pertaining 
to. contained in, or consisting of, 
veins. 

vent (vent), n. a small opening 
for the escape of air,&c.; chimney- 
flue ; outlet; rectum ; utterance : 
v.t. to give an opening to. 
ven-ti-late ■(ven'ti-lat), v.t. to 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







ven 


885 


ver 


open to the free passage of air; 
expose to free discussion, 
ventilation (-la'shun), n. the 
act of ventilating; state of being 
ventilated ; free discussion, 
ven-ti-la-tor ('ti-la-ter), n. a con¬ 
trivance for regulating the free 
admission of air. 

ven-tral' (ven'tral), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to the belly. 

ventricle ('tri-kl) . n. a small 
cavity in an animal body, 
ven-tril-o-quism (-tril'o-kwizm ), 
n. the act or art of speaking as 
from another source than the 
voice. 

ven-tril-o-quist (-kwist), n. one 
who practices ventriloquism, 
ven ture ('tur), n. an undertak¬ 
ing of chance or danger; risk; 
speculation : v.t. to risk; send on 
a venture: v.i. to dare. 

Syn. speculation, chance, peril, 
stake. 

venturesome (-tur'sum), adj. 

intrepid; rash. Also venturous, 
ven-ture-some-ness (-nes), n. 

intrepidity; rashness, 
ven-tu-rine (ven'tu-rin), n. a 
powder made of fine gold wire: 
used for japanning, 
ven ue (ven'u), n. the place where 
an action in law is laid, 
veracious (ve-ra'shus), adj. 
truthful; true. 

ve-rac-i-ty (-ras'i-ti), n. truth¬ 
fulness ; truth. 

Syn. truth, truthfulness, credi¬ 
bility, accuracy. 

Ant. (see falsehood), 
ve-ran-da (-ran'da), n. a kind of 
covered balcony or open portico 
supported by light pillars. Also 
verandah. 

verfi (verb), n. that part of speech 
which signifies to be, to do, or to 
suffer. 

ver-bal ('al), adj. expressed in 
words; oral; literal: n. a noun 
derived from a verb. 

Syn. oral, spoken, literal, parole, 
unwritten. 

verbalism (-izm), n. something 
expressed verbally, 
verbally (-i), adv. orally; ver¬ 
batim. 

ver-ba-tim (ver-ba'tim), adv. 
word for word. 


Ver-be-na (-be'na), n. a genus of 
ornamental fragrant plants, 
ver-bi-age ('bi-aj), n. verbosity, 
ver-bose (-bos'), adj, wordy; pro¬ 
lix. 

ver-bose-ly ('li), adv. with ver¬ 
bosity. 

ver-bos-i-ty (-bos'i-ti), n. the use 
of more words than are necessary. 
Also verboseness. 

ver-dan-cy ('dan-si), n. green¬ 
ness ; inexperience, 
verdant ('dant), adj. green; 

fresh; inexperienced; gullible, 
verd-an-tique (verd-an-tek'), n. 
a green incrustation on ancient 
copper and brass coins; a beauti¬ 
ful mottled marble, 
ver-der-er (ver'der-er), n‘. an 

English official who has charge of 
the royal forests, 
ver-dict ('dikt), n. the finding of 
a jury on a trial; judgment; de¬ 
cision. 

Syn. judgment, finding, decision, 
answer. 

ver-di-gris ('di-gres), n. the blue- 
green substance which forms on 
copper or brass: used as a pig¬ 
ment. 

ver-di-ter ('di-ter), n. a blue or 
green pigment. 

ver dure ('dur), n. freshness of 
vegetation. 

verge (verj), n. a rod, mace, &c., 
carried as an emblem of au¬ 
thority ; shaft of a column; 
spindle of a w^atch-balance; 
border or limit: v.i. to approach 
or come near. 

verg-er ('er), n. a sword or 
mace bearer; an official who has 
care of the interior of an Eng¬ 
lish cathedral. 

ver-i-fl-a-ble (ver'i-fl-a-bl), adj. 

capable of being verified, 
ver-i-fi-ca-tion (-i-fi-ku'shun), n. 
the act of proving to be true; 
confirmation ; state of being veri¬ 
fied. 

ver-i-fy ('i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
verified, p.pr. verifying], to prove 
to be true; fulfill. 

ver-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in truth; cer¬ 
tainly. 

ver-i-si-mil-i-twde (-i-si-mil'i- 
tud), n. the appearance of truth ; 
probability. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; muon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









ver 


886 


ves 


ver-i-ta-ble ('i-ta-bll. adj. true; 
genuine. 

verity ('i-ti), n. [pi. verities 
(-tiz) j, agreement with fact; 
truth ; reality. 

verjuice (ver'joos), n. an acid 
liquor expressed from unripe 
grapes, apples, &c.: hence sour¬ 
ness ; tartness. 

ver-mi-cel-li ( -mi-sel'i), n. the 
stiff paste or dough of fine flour 
made into tubes. 

vermicular (-mik'u-lar), adj. 

worm-like. Also vermiform, 
ver mi fuge ('mi-fuj), n. a medi¬ 
cine or substance to expel or 
destroy worms from or in the 
body. Also vermicide, 
vermilion (-miryun), n. a bril¬ 
liant red pigment: v.t. to color or 
dye with vermilion, 
ver min ('min), n. noxious small 
animals or insects, as rats, fleas, 
&c.; low, despicable persons, 
vermuth. ('modth), n. a liqueur 
of absinthe, aromatic herbs, &c., 
for creating an appetite, 
vernacular (-nak'u-ler), adj. 
pertaining to, or characteristic of, 
one’s native country or lan¬ 
guage : n. native idiom, 
ver-nal ('nal), adj. pertaining to, 
or appearing in, the spring, 
ver-ni-er ('ni-er), n. a graduated 
scale that sub-divides the smallest 
divisions on a straight or circular 
scale. 

ver-sa-tile ('sa-til), adj. turning 
with ease from one thing, subject, 
or opinion to another; many- 
sided ; variable. 

ver-sa-til-i-ty (-til'i-ti), n. qual¬ 
ity of being versatile, 
verse (vers), n. a measured line 
of poetry ; stanza ; poetry ; short 
division of any composition, es¬ 
pecially of the chapters of the 
Bible; part of an anthem for per¬ 
formance by a single voice to 
each part. 

versed (verst,) adj. skilled; con¬ 
versant. 

ver-si-cle (ver'si-kl), n. a little 
verse; short verse or text sung by 
priest and people alternately, 
ver-si-fi-ca-tion (ver-si-fi-ka'- 
shun). n. the art or practice of 
composing metrical verses. 


ver-si-fi-er ('si-fl-er), n. a com¬ 
poser of verses. 

ver-sion ('shun), n. a translation 
from one language into another; 
particular account or description, 
verst (verst), n. the Russian 
mile = 3,500 English feet, 
ver-sus (ver'sus), prep, against 
(Eatin). 

ver-te-bra ('te-bra), n. [pi. ver¬ 
tebrae (-bre)], a single bone of 
the spinal column, 
ver-te-bral ('te-bral), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or forming part of, 
the vertebrae. 

Ver-te-bra-ta (-bra'ta), n.pl. one 
of the great divisions of the ani¬ 
mal kingdom, including those ani¬ 
mals which have a bony or 
cartilaginous backbone, 
ver-te-brate ('te-brat), adj. be¬ 
longing to the Vertebrata: n. one 
of the Vertebrata. 
vertex ('teks), n. [pi. vertices 
('ti-sez)J, the top, summit, or 
crown; apex; zenith; point in 
any figure, opposite to, and most 
distant from, the base, 
ver-ti-cal ('ti-kal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or situated at, the vertex; 
directly overhead; perpendicular 
to the plane of the horizon, 
ver-ti-cal-ly (-i), adv. perpen¬ 
dicularly. 

ver-ti-cil ('ti-sil), n. a whorl. 
Also verticel. 

ver-ti-go ('ti-gd), n. giddiness, 
ver-tu ('tod), n. artistic skill: 
hence works of art, curios, &c. 
(Italian). 

ver vain ('van), n. a plant of the 
genus Verbena : formerly supposed 
to possess magical properties and 
used in medicine. 

verve (verv), n. the enthusiasm 
which animates a poet or artist; 
spirit; energy. 

ver-y (ver'i), adj. [comp, verier, 
superl. veriest], real; actual; 
true: adv. extremely, 
ves-i-ca-tion (ves-i-ka'shun), n. 
the process of raising blisters on 
the skin. 

ves-i-ea-to-ry ('i-ka-to-ri), adj. 

raising blisters. 

ves-i-cle ('i-kl) , n. a bladder-like 
vessel or cavity: cyst; sac. 
ves-ic-u-lar (-ik'u-ler), adj. con- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


















Ves 


887 


vie 


sisting of vesicles; full of inter¬ 
stices. 

Vesper ('per), n. the evening 
star; Venus when appearing after 
sunset; evening. 

ves-pers (ves'perz), n.pl. the 6th 
hour of the Roman Breviary; 
evening songs. 

ves-sel ('el), n. a utensil for hold¬ 
ing something, especially liquids ; 
hollow structure made to float on 
water; ship; tube or canal in 
which the fluids of a .body are 
contained ; instrument; recipient, 
vest (vest), n. waistcoat; body 
garment, usually with short 
sleeves : v.t. to clothe with, or as 
with, a garment; invest closely; 
give fixed right of possession, 
ves-ta (ves'ta), n. a wax match, 
ves-tal ('tal), adj. pertaining to, 
or sacred to, the Roman goddess 
Vesta; chaste; pure: n. a virgin; 
nun. 

Ves-tal Virgins (ver'jinz), n.pl. 
the six virgin priestesses who 
tended the sacred fire on the altar 
of the temple of Vesta, at Rome, 
ves-ted (ves'ted), adj. clothed; 
fixed. 

ves-ti-bule ('ti-bul), n. porch or 
entrance into a house ; small bony 
cavity of the ear. 

ves-tige ('tij), n. a mark deft in 
passing; track ; remains of some¬ 
thing pre-existent, 
vest-ment (vest'ment), n. a gar¬ 
ment, especially a priestly gar¬ 
ment ; dress. 

ves-try (ves'tri), n. [pi. vestries 
('triz)], a room in a church 
where ecclesiastical vestments. &c., 
• are kept and parochial meetings 
held ; meeting of parishioners for 
parish business. 

ves try man (-man), n. [pi. ves¬ 
trymen (-men)], a member of a 
vestry elected by the parishioners, 
ves ture ('tur), n. clothing; cov¬ 
ering. 

vetch (vech), n. a common name 
for leguminous plants used for 
green fodder, as tares, 
veteran (vet'er-an), adj. long 
exercised or experienced, especial¬ 
ly in military life: n. one thus ex¬ 
perienced. 

vet-er-an-ize (-Tz), v.i. to re-en- 
list. 


vet-er-i-na-ri-an (vet-er-i-na'ri- 
an), n. one who practices the art. 
of healing diseases and injuries ot 
domestic animals. 

veterinary ('er-i-na-ri), adj. 
pertaining to the art of healing 
the diseases of domestic animals, 
as horses, &c. 

ve-to (ve'to), n. [pi. vetoes 
('toz)l, the right of stopping or 
preventing the enactment of a 
law; authoritative prohibition: 
v.t. to reject by veto ; refuse as¬ 
sent to ; prohibit. 

vex (veks), v.t. to irritate by 
small annoyances or provoca¬ 
tions ; harass : tease ; agitate, 
vex-a-tion (-a'shun), n. the act 
of vexing; state of being vexed ; 
annoyance; worry. 

Syn. chagrin, mortification. 

Ant. (see pleasure), 
vex-a-tious ('slius), adj. causing 
vexation ; annoying ; troublesome ; 
harassing. 

vexed (vekst). adj. much debated 
or contested,' but not settled, 
vexing ('ing), p.adj. annoying; 
provoking. 

vi-a (vi'a), adv. by way of [Latin], 
vi-a-duct ('a-dukt), n. an arched 
structure for conveying a rail¬ 
way, road, &c., over low ground, 
vi-al ('al), n. a small glass bottle 
or vessel: v.t. to put in a vial. 
Also phial. 

vi-ands ('andz), n.pl. dressed 
meat; food. 

vi-at-i-cunx (-at'i-kum), n. the 
Eucharist administered in the Ro¬ 
man Catholic Church to a per¬ 
son in danger of death, 
vi-brant ('brant), adj. vibrating; 
resonant. 

vi-brate ('brat), v.i. to move 
backwards and forwards; oscil¬ 
late ; shake; quiver; swing; 
weaver: v.t. to cause to quiver. 

Syn. oscillate, swung, sway, 
wave, undulate, thrill, 
vi-bra-tion (-bra'shun), n. the 
act of vibrating; oscillation ; res¬ 
onance. 

vi-bra-to-ry ('bra-to-ri), adj. con¬ 
sisting in, or causing, vibrations, 
vic-ar (vik'er), n. a deputy; in¬ 
cumbent of an appropriated bene¬ 
fice, who receives the small tithes. 


fate, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut: thin, then. 







vie 


888 


vig 


vic-ar-age (-£ij), n. the benefice, 
or residence, of a vicar, 
vic-ar-ap-o-stol-ic (-ap-o-stol'ik), 
n. in the Roman Catholic Church 
a missionary bishop with powers 
direct from the Pope, 
vic-ar-gen-er-al (-jen'er-al), n. 
the assistant of a bishop, who as¬ 
sists him in ecclesiastical suits 
and visitations. 

vi-ca-ri-ous (vi-ka'ri-us), adj. 
substituted, or performed, in the 
place of another. 

vice (vis), n. a fault, defect, or 
blemish; immoral practice or 
habit; depravity; immorality; a 
vise. 

Syn. vileness, corruption, de¬ 
pravity, pollution, immorality, 
wickedness, guilt, iniquity, crime. 

Ant. (see virtue), 
vice, prefix meaning in place of. 
second in rank. 

vice-ge-rent (-je'rent), n. one 
deputed by superior authority to 
exercise the functions of another, 
vice-re-gal (-re'gal), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to a viceroy. 

vice-roy ('roi), n. a governor of 
a country ruling in the name and 
by the authority of the sovereign, 
vice-roy-al-ty ('al-ti), n. the 
office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a 
viceroy. 

Vi-chy wa ter (ve'shi waw'ter), 
n. a mineral effervescent w r ater. 
vic-i-nage (vis'i-naj), n. a neigh¬ 
borhood. 

vic-in.-i-ty (vis-in'i-ti) , n. near¬ 
ness in place; proximity, 
vi-cious (vish'us), adj. character¬ 
ized by vice or blemish; faulty; 
corrupt in moral principles or con¬ 
duct ; unruly ; spiteful. 

Syn. corrupt, depraved, debased, 
bad, contrary, unruly, demoral¬ 
ized, profligate, faulty. 

Ant. (see gentle), 
vi-cis-si-tude (vi-sis'i-tud), n. 
change. 

victim (vik'tim), n. a living be¬ 
ing, usually some animal, sacri¬ 
ficed to a deity; some person or 
thing destroyed or injured in the 
pursuit of some object, or by some 
accident; dupe. 

Syn. sacrifice, food, prey, suf¬ 
ferer, dupe, gull. 

vic-tim-ize (-iz), v.t. to make a 
victim of; swindle. 


vic-tor ('ter), n. conqueror; one 
who wins or gains an advantage : 
Feminine victoress. 
vic-to-ri-a (-to'ri-a), n. a kind of 
carriage for two persons, 
vic-to-rine (-to-ren'), n. a small 
fur tippet. 

vic-to-ri-ous (-to'ri-us), adj. hav¬ 
ing conquered in battle or contest; 
emblematic of victory; trium¬ 
phant. 

vic-to-ry ('to-ri), n. [pi. victories 
(-riz)], the defeat of an enemy in 
battle, or an antagonist in a con¬ 
test. 

vict-ual (vit'l), v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. victualed, p.pr. victualing], 
to supply or store with provisions 
fi ,• food : n.pl. food ; meat, 
vict-ual-er ('1-er), n. one who 
provides food; the keeper of a 
house of entertainment, 
vi-cu-iia (vi-koon'ya), n. an ani¬ 
mal of Mexico and Chili, allied to 
the llama, furnishing a fine long, 
reddish wool. 

vide (vl'de), v.t. see [Latin], 
vi-del-i-cet (vi-del'i-set), adj. to 
wit; namely [Latin], 
vi-dette, same as vedette, 
vie (vl), v.i. to strive for superior¬ 
ity ; rival; endeavor. 

Viennese (ve-en-ez'), adj. per¬ 
taining to Vienna or to its in¬ 
habitants. 

view (vu), v.t. to look upon; see; 
regard attentively; survey men¬ 
tally ; examine intellectually ; con¬ 
sider : n. the act of seeing ; pros¬ 
pect : survey ; purpose; mental or 
intellectual perception; sketch or 
picture : judgment; opinion. 

Syn. prospect, survey, 
vig-il (vij'il), n. a watching; de¬ 
votion in the usual hours of sleep¬ 
ing ; eve preceding a feast of the 
Church. 

vig-i-lance ('i-lans), n. watch¬ 
fulness ; caution. 

vig-i-lant ('i-lant), adj. attentive 
to discover and avoid danger; 
alert; cautious. 

Syn. wary, alert, watchful, 
careful. •, 

Ant. (see heedless), 
vign-ette (vin-yet'), n. a small 
engraving not enclosed by a def¬ 
inite border; a portrait of the 
head and bust only. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 























vig 


889 


vio 


vig or ('er), n. physical or men¬ 
tal strength and energy; force, 
vig or ous ('er-us), adj. full of 
physical or mental strength and 
energy ; robust; forcible, 
vi-ha-ra (vi-ha'ra), n. a Bud¬ 
dhist temple or monastery, 
vi-king (vi'king), n. one of the 
old Scandinavian pirates, who 
(8th to 10th centuries) ravaged 
the coasts of Europe, 
vile (vll), adj. wortiiless; despica¬ 
ble ; morally base or impure; 
wicked. 

vile-ly ('li), adv. in a vile man¬ 
ner. 

vile-ness ('nes), n. baseness, 
vil-i-fi-er ( vil'i-fi-er) , n. a de- 
famer. 

vil-i-£y ('i-fl), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
vilified, p.pr. vilifying], to de¬ 
fame ; debase by slander, 
vil-la ('a), n. a country seat; 

suburban residence, 
vil-lage ('aj), n. a small assem¬ 
blage of houses, less than a town 
but larger than a hamlet, 
vil-lag-er (-er), n. an inhabitant 
of a village. 

vil lain ('in or 'an), n. originally 
a serf or feudal tenant of the 
lowest class; scoundrel, 
vil-lain-ous (-us), adj. charac¬ 
terized by extreme depravity; 
vile; mean. 

vil-lain-y (-i), n. extreme de¬ 
pravity ; atrocious wickedness, 
vil-lan-age (-aj), n. the state or 
condition of a serf. Also vil¬ 
leinage. 

vil-lein, same as villain, 
vil-li ('!), n.pl. long, straight, 
soft hairs on plants; velvet-like 
hairs set closely together, 
villous ('us), adj. covered with 
long, thin, soft hairs; downy; 
shaggy. 

vi-na-ceous (vl-na'shus), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or like, grapes or wine ; 
wine-colored. 

vin-ai-grette (vin-a-giet'). n. a 
small perforated box of gold, &c., 
for holding aromatic vinegar or 
smelling-salts. 

vincible (vin'si-bl), adj. capable 
of being conquered or overcome, 
'vin-cu-lum (ving'ku-lum), n. a 
bond of union ; tie; horizontal bar 
placed over several algebraical 


quantities to indicate they are to 
be treated as one. 
vin-di-cate (vin'di-kat), v.t. to 
prove to be valid; defend success¬ 
fully ; assert a right to ; justify, 
vin-di-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. 
justification against denial, cen¬ 
sure, or oppression ; defense ; sup¬ 
port by proof. 

vindicator ('di-ka-ter), n. one 
who vindicates. 

vin-di-ca-to-ry (-to-ri), adj. 
serving to vindicate, justify, or 
punish. 

vin-dic-tive (-dik'tiv), adj. given 
to, or prompted by, revenge, 
vin-dic-tive-ly (-li.), adv. in a 
vindictive manner, 
vine (vln), n. any woody, climb¬ 
ing plant of the genus Vitis, es¬ 
pecially the common grape, 
vin-e-gar (vin'e-ger), n. an acid 
obtained by fermentation from 
wine, beer. &c.: hence anything 
sour, actually or metaphorically, 
vi-ner-y (vi'ner-i), n. a plaec 
where grapes are cultivated arti¬ 
ficially. 

vine-yard (vin'yard), n. a plan¬ 
tation of vines producing grapes, 
vin-ic (vin'ik), adj. pertaining to 
wine. 

vin-or-di-naire (vang-or-de-nar'). 
n. a kind of claret: the common 
wine of France. 

vi nous (vi'nus), adj. pertaining 
to, having the qualities of, or 
like, wine. 

vintage (vin'taj), n. the yearly 
crop or produce of the grape; 
wine produced in one season, 
vint-ner (vint'ner), n. wine mer¬ 
chant. 

viol (vi'ol), n. a four-stringed 
musical instrument played with 
a bow. 

vi-o-la (ve-o'la), n. the tenor vio¬ 
lin. 

vi-o-la-ble (vi'o-la-bl), adj. ca¬ 
pable of being violated or broken, 
vi-o-late ('o-lat), v.t. to trans¬ 
gress; break forcibly; injure: 
ravish ; outrage ; desecrate; treat 
with irreverence; disturb, 
vi-o-la-tion (-la'shun), n. the act 
of violating, infringing, or injur¬ 
ing ; rape ; outrage ; act of irrever¬ 
ence or profanation. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her. let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 











890 


Vis 


Vlo 


violator ('o-la-ter), n. one who 
violates. 

vi-o-lenee ('o-lens), n. physical or 
moral force; vehemence; unjust 
strength or power applied to any 
purpose ; assault; outrage ; crime ; 
rape: eagerness: infringement, 
vi-o-lent ('o-lent), adj. urged or 
driven by force; vehement; im¬ 
petuous ; forcible ; furious ; severe. 

Syn. boisterous, furious, im¬ 
petuous, vehement. 

Ant. (see gentle), 
vi-o-let ('o-let), n. a plant of the 
genus Viola; a color like that of 
the violet. 

vi-o-lin (-o-lin'), n. a four-stringed 
musical instrument, played with 
a bow. 

vi-o-lin-ist ('ist). n. performer 
on the violin. 

violoncellist (ve-6-lon-chel'- 
ist), n. a performer on the vio¬ 
loncello. 

vi-o-lon-cel-lo (-chel'o), n. a 
large four-stringed instrument of 
the viol class. _ 

vi-o-lo-ne (ve-o-lo'na), n. a 
double-bass viol [Music], 
viper (vi'per), n. venomous ser¬ 
pent of various species; a crafty, 
malignant person, 
viperous (-us), adj. viper-like; 
malignant. 

vi-ra-go (vi-ra'go), n. a bold, tur¬ 
bulent woman. 

virgin (ver'jin), n. a woman 
who has preserved her chastity; 
maiden; the Virgin Mary (with 
the) : adj. pertaining to, or be¬ 
coming, a virgin ; chaste ; modest; 
pure : new ; unmixed, 
virginal (-al), adj. maidenly; 
chaste: n. a 16th century musical 
instrument. 

vir-gin-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state of 
a virgin; maidenhood; virgin 
purity. 

virile (vir'il), adj. pertaining to, 
or characteristic of, mature man¬ 
hood ; masculine ; manly ; procrea¬ 
tive. 

vir-il-i-ty (-il'i-ti), n. manhood; 

power of procreation, 
vir-tu, same as vertu. 
vir-tu-al (ver'tii-al), adj. in es¬ 
sence or effect, though not in fact; 
having the efficdcy without the 
material or sensible part. 


vir-tu-al-ly (-li), adv. practically, 
vir-tue ('tu), n. rectitude; 
strength ; efficacy; valor; chas¬ 
tity ; legal force. 

vir-tu-o-so (-tu-o'soV n. [pi. vir¬ 
tuosi ('se)], one skilled in the 
fine arts, antiquities, &c.; a skilled 
performer on a musical instru¬ 
ment. 

vir-tu-ous ('tu-us), adj. pos¬ 
sessing, or exhibiting, virtue; 
moral; chaste. 

Syn. upright, honest, moral. 
Ant. (see profligate), 
vir-u-lence (vir'u-lens), n. the 
state or quality of being virulent; 
extreme bitterness, 
vir-u-lent ('u-lent), adj. very 
poisonous or venomous; actively 
injurious to life or health; bitter 
in enmity ; malignant, 
vi-rus (vi'rus), n. organic, con¬ 
tagious, or poisonous matter, by 
which disease or poison is intro¬ 
duced into the system ; something 
that acts as a moral poison, 
vis (vis), n. power; force, 
vis in-er-ti-ae (in-er'shi-e), n. the 
resistance in a body either to 
change its state of rest or state 
of motion. 

vis-age (viz'aj), n. the counte¬ 
nance. 

vis-a-vis ( ve-za-ve'), n. one who 
is face to face with another: adv. 
face to face. 

vis-ce-ra (vis'er-a), n.pl. the in¬ 
testines. 

vis-ce-ral ('er-al), adj. pertaining 
to the viscera. 

vis-cid ('id), adj. sticky; glu¬ 
tinous. 

vis-eid-i-ty ('i-ti), n. stickiness; 

glutinousness. Also viscosity, 
vis-count (vi'kount), n. a noble¬ 
man next in rank below an earl. 
Feminine viscountess, 
vis-cous (vis'kus), adj. adhesive 
or glutinous. 

vis-cus ('kus), n. an entrail. 
vise (vis), n. a two-jawed instru¬ 
ment for holding work, 
vis-i-bil-i-ty (viz-i-bil'i-ti), n. 
perceptibility. Also visibleness, 
vis-i-ble ('i-bl), adj. perceptible 
by the eye, in view; obvious; ap¬ 
parent. 

Vis-i-goth-ic (-i-goth'ik), adj. 
pertaining to the Visigoths, a 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; mdon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 




















vis 


891 


viv 


branch of the Goths that settled 
in Southern France and Spain, 
vi-sion (vizh'un), n. the act or 
sense of seeing; sight; object of 
sight; divine revelation ; appari¬ 
tion ; creation of the imagination. 

Syn. apparition, ghost, phan¬ 
tom, specter. 

visional (-al), adj. pertaining to 
vision. 

visionary (-a-ri), adj. existing 
only in the imagination; unreal: 
n. an unpractical schemer, 
vis-it (viz'it), n. the act of call¬ 
ing to see another: brief stay of 
friendship, courtesy, or business; 
official inspection: v.t. to call 
upon ; inspect officially ; overtake 
or chastise: v.i. to be in the habit 
of making calls; maintain social 
intercourse. 

visitant ('i-tant), n. a visitor, 
visitation (-i-ta'shun), n. the 
act of visiting; official visit; in¬ 
fliction of good or evil; retributive 
affliction. 

vi-site (ve-zet'), n. a light lace or 
silk cape for summer wear, 

visitor (vis'i-ter), n. one who 

visits; official inspector, 
vis-or, see vizor. 

vis-ta (vis'ta), n. [pi. vistas 
('taz)], n. a view, especially 

through an avenue; the trees 

forming such an avenue, 
vis-u-al (vizh'u-al), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or used in, sight, 
vis-u-al-ize (-Iz), v.t. to make 
visible; see in fancy, 
vi-tal (vi'tal), adj. pertaining to, 
supporting, or necessary to, life; 
mortal; essential. 

vi-tal-ism (-izm), n. the theory 
which refers vital phenomena to 
a vital, as distinct from a merely 
physical, force. 

vi-tal-i-ty ('i-ti), n. vital force, 
vi-tal-ize ('tal-iz), v.t. to endow 
with life; animate, 
vi-tal-ly (-i), adv. essentially, 
vi-tals ('talz), n.pl. the organs 
of the body essential to life, as the 
heart, lungs, &c. 

vi-ta-scope (vi'ta-skop), n. an 
apparatus for projecting kineto- 
graphic pictures in life size upon 
a canvas. 

vi-tel-lin (-tel'in), n. the albu- 


minoidal substance in the yolk of 
eggs. 

vi-tel-lus ('us), n. the yolk of an 

egg. 

vi-ti-ate (vish'i-at), v.t. to render 
faulty or defective; taint; de¬ 
prave ; annul. 

vit-i-cul-ture (vit'i-kul-tur), n. 
vine culture. 

vitreo, a prefix meaning pertain¬ 
ing to. or like glass , as vitreo- 
electric, exhibiting positive or 
vitreous electricity, 
vit-re-ous (vit're-us), adj. con¬ 
sisting of, like, or obtained from, 
glass. 

vi-tres-cence (vi-tres'ens), n. the 
quality of being vitrescent. 
vi-tres-cent ('ent), adj. capable 
of being turned into or becoming 
like glass. 

vit-ric (vit'rik), adj. glass-like, 
vit-ri-fac-tion (-ri-fak'shun), n. 

the art or process of vitrifying, 
vit-ri-fied ('ri-fid), adj. converted 
into glass. 

vit-ri-form (-form), n. having 
the form or appearance of glass, 
vit-ri-fy ('ri-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
vitrified, p.pr. vitrifying], to con¬ 
vert by heat and fusion into glass : 
v.i. to be converted into glass, 
vit-ri-ol ('ri-ol), n. the popular 
name for sulphuric acid, 
vi-tu-per-ate (vi-tu'per-at), v.t. 

to censure abusively, 
vi-tu-per-a-tion (-a/shun), n. 
abusive censure. 

vi-tu-per-a-tive ('per-a-tiv), adj. 
characterized by, or containing, 
abuse. 

vi-va (ve'va), inter j. hurrah! 
[Italian]. 

vi-va-cious (vi-va'shus), adj. 

lively; gay. 

vi-vac-i-ty (-vas'i-ti), n. liveli¬ 
ness ; animation. 

vi-va-ri-um (vi-va'ri-um), n. a 
place for the artificial keeping of 
animals in their natural state, 
vi-va vo-ce ('va vo'se), orally 
[Latin]. 

vive (vev). inter j. long life or 
success to [French]. , 

viv-id (viv'id), adj. life-like; real¬ 
istic ; forming brilliant images, 
viv-i-fy (viv'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
vivified, p.pr. vivifying], to endue 
with life; quicken. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 








viv 


892 


voi 


vi-vip-a-rous (vl-vip'a-rus), adj. 

producing young alive, 
vivisect (viv-i-sekt'), v.t. to dis¬ 
sect the living body of. 
viv-i-sec-tion (-sek'shun), n. the 
dissection of a living animal for 
scientific study. 

viv-i-sec-tion-ist (-sek'shun-ist), 
n. one who practices or upholds 
vivisection. Also vivisector. 
vix-en (viks'n), n. a female fox; 
quarrelsome, ill-tempered woman, 
viz. (viz), adv. namely 
vi-zier (vi-zer'), n. a high officer 
or councilor of state in Moham¬ 
medan countries. 

vi-zor (vi'zer), n. the upper mov¬ 
able part of a helmet; the fore¬ 
piece of a cap. 

vo-ca-ble (vo'ka-bl), n. a word; 
term. 

vo-cab-u-la-ry (-kab'u-la-ri), n. 
[pi. vocabularies (-riz)], a col¬ 
lection of words of a language, 
science, &c., arranged alphabeti¬ 
cally and explained; words used, 
vo-cal (vo'kal), adj. pertaining to, 
full of, or endowed with, voice or 
speech; oral; having a vowel 
character; produced in the lar¬ 
ynx. 

vo-cal-ist (-ist), n. a singer, 
vo-cal-ize (-iz), v.t. to form into 
voice; utter distinctly, 
vo-cal-ly ('kal-i), adv. with the 
voice. 

vo-ca-tion (-ka'shun), n. calling; 
occupation. 

voc-a-tive (vok'a-tiv), adj. noting 
the case of a noun, adjective, or 
pronoun in which a person or 
thing is addressed: n. the vocative 
case. 

vo-cif-er-ate (vo-sif'er-at), v.i. to 
clamor; bawl: v.t. to utter with 
a loud voice. 

vo-cif-er-a-tion (-a'shun), n. 
violent outcry. 

vo-cif-er-ous ('er-us), adj. clam¬ 
orous ; noisy. 

vod-ka (vod'ka), n. a Russian 
intoxicant distilled from rye. 
voe (vo), n. a fiord; creek. 

, vogue (vog), n. fashion, 
voice (vois), n. sound uttered by 
the mouth, especially by a human 
being ; utterance or mode of utter¬ 
ance ; faculty of speech; lan¬ 
guage ; expressed opinions; vote 


or suffrage; v.t. to give utterance 
or expression to. 

void (void), adj. empty; wanting: 
v.t. to nullify; declare vacant; 
quit; to emit or send out: n. a 
vacuum. 

vo-lant (vo'lant), adj. flying; 
nimble. 

Vo-la-puk (-la-puk'), n. a system 
of universal language for com¬ 
mercial intercourse, 
vol-a-tile ('a-til), adj. easily 
passing into the aeriform state; 
diffusing freely ; lively ; sprightly ; 
fickle. 

vol-a-til-ize ('a-til-Iz), v.t. to ren¬ 
der volatile; evaporate, 
vol-a-til-i-ty ('i-ti), n. the state 
or quality of being volatile, 
vol-can-ic (-kan'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, proceeding from, or pro¬ 
duced by, a volcano, 
vol-can-ize ('kan-Iz), v.t. to sub¬ 
ject to volcanic action, 
volca no (-ka'no), n. [pi. vol¬ 
canoes ('noz)j, a conical hill or 
mountain from which the prod¬ 
ucts of volcanic action are ejected 
with great heat in the form of 
lava, &c. 

vo-li-tion (vo-lish'un), n. the act 
or power of walling or exerting 
choice. 

vol-i-tive (vol'i-tiv), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to, or having the power of, 
will. 

vol-ley ('i), n. [pi. volleys ('iz)], 
the simultaneous discharge of a 
number of small-arms; explosive 
burst; return of a ball at tennis 
before it reaches the ground; 
bowling a ball full to the top of 
the wicket: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. vol¬ 
leyed, p.pr. volleying], to di; • 
charge with, or as with, a volley . 
v.i. to be thrown out at once; re¬ 
turn a ball before it touches the 
ground; bowl a ball full on the 
wicket. 

volt (volt), n. the circular tread 
of a horse; sudden leap to avoid a 
thrust in fencing; standard unit 
of electro-motive force, 
vol-ta-ic (vol-ta'ik), adj. pertain¬ 
ing to electricity generated by 
chemical action or galvanism, 
vol-tam-e-ter (-tam-e-ter), n. an 
instrument for measuring the 
w r ork of a voltaic current. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 














vol 


893 t 


vow 


vol-u-bil-i-ty (-u-bil'i-ti), n. ex¬ 
cessive fluency of speech. 
vol-»-ble ('u-bl), adj. fluent in 
speech. 

volume ('um), n. a single book; 
space occupied, measured in cubic 
units; mass or bulk; quantity or 
fullness of voice or tone: pi. a 
great deal. 

vol-u-met-ric (-u-met'rik), ad). 

measured by volume, 
voluminous ('mi-nus), ad), ex¬ 
tensive ; copious; consisting of, or 
having produced, many books, 
vol-un-ta-ri-ly ('un-ta-ri-li), adv. 
spontaneously. 

vol-un-ta-ri-ness (-ri-nes), n. 
spontaneousness. 

vol-un-ta-ry ('un-ta-ri), ad), act¬ 
ing from choice or free will; spon¬ 
taneous ; designed ; gratuitous : n. 
an organ solo played before, dur¬ 
ing, or after, a church service, 
vol-un-teer (-un-ter'), n. one who 
enters into any service of his own 
free will, especially military serv¬ 
ice ; a foreigner who gives his 
services in exchange for board and 
residence: v.i. to offer one’s serv¬ 
ices voluntarily, especially for 
military service: v.t. to offer or 
bestow without constraint or com¬ 
pulsion. 

vo-lup-tu-a-ry (vo'lup-lu-a-ri), n. 
one given to sensual enjoyments 
or luxury: adj . devoted to luxury 
or pleasure. 

Syn. epicure, sensualist, 
vo lup tu ous ('tu-us), adj. given 
to the enjoyment of sensual 
pleasures or luxury ; sensual; ex¬ 
citing sensual desires, 
vo-lute (vo-lut'), n. a spiral 
scroll forming the chief feature of 
the Ionic capital. 

vo-lut-ed ('ed), adj. having a 
spiral scroll. 

vo-mer (vo'mer), n. the thin, 
slender bone forming the partition 
between the nostrils, 
vom-i-ca (vom'i-kai. n. an ab¬ 
scess in the lungs, 
vomit ('it), v.i. to eject the con¬ 
tents of the stomach by the 
mouth: v.t. to throw up from the 
stomach ; discharge with violence : 
n. matter ejected by the stomach ; 
an emetic. 


vomiting (-ing), n. the act of 
ejecting matter from the stomach, 
vom-i-to (vo-me'to, vom'i-to), n. 
yellow fever in its most acute form 
[Spanish]. 

voo doo (voo-doo'), n. a system 
of magic and superstitious rites, 
said to be accompanied with can¬ 
nibalism and human sacrifices, 
prevalent among certain negro 
races. 

voracious (vo-ra'shus), adj. 
greedy in eating; ravenous; ra¬ 
pacious, 

vo-rac-i-ty (-ras'i-ti), n. the qual¬ 
ity of being voracious, 
vo-rant (vo'rant), adj. devouring 
or swallowing. 

vor-tex (vor'teks), n. [pi. vortices 
('ti-sez)], the hollow and circular 
form assumed by a liquid when 
set in rotation; whirlpool, 
vo-ta-ry (vo'ta-ri), n. [pi. vo¬ 
taries (-riz)], one addicted to 
some particular pursuit or con¬ 
dition of life; one consecrated by 
a vow. 

vote (vot), n. an expression of 
choice or preference for some par¬ 
ticular candidate for an office, &c., 
by ballot or other method of 
suffrage; decision by the major¬ 
ity : v.t. to choose by suffrage; 
characterize :• v.i. to give a vote. 

Syn. suffrage, voice, 
vot-er ('er), n. an elector, 
vot-ing ('ing), n. expression of 
opinion or preference by suffrage, 
vot-ive ('iv), adj. given, conse¬ 
crated, or promised by vow. 
vouch (vouch), v.t. to attest; 
guarantee. 

Syn. affirm, asseverate, aver, . 
assure. 

vouch er ('er), n. one who gives 
attestation or witness; a docu¬ 
ment guaranteeing the accuracy 
of accounts. 

vouch-safe (-saf'), v.t. to conde¬ 
scend to grant; concede, 
vous-soir (voo-swiir'), n. one of 
the wedge-like stones forming the 
arch of a bridge. 

vow (vou), n. a solemn promise 
or pledge to fulfil some engage¬ 
ment hereafter, especially, one 
made to God ; pledge of fidelity or 
affection : v.t. to promise solemn- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie. her, let: line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 








vow 


894 


vyi 


ly: consecrate to God: v.i. to 
make a solemn promise, 
vow-el ('el), n. a simple vocal 
sound ; a letter representing such 
a sound: adj. vocal, 
voy age (voi'aj), w. a journey by 
water from one country or place 
to another: v.i. to make a voyage : 
v.t. to travel or pass over, 
voy-ag-er (-er), n. a traveler by 
water. 

voy-a-geur (vwa-ya-zher'), n. a 
Canadian boatman, 
vrai - sem - blance (vra-sang- 
blangs'), n. an appearance of 
truth. 

vul-can-ite (vul'kan-It), n. vul¬ 
canized india-rubber, 
vulcanize (-Iz), v.t. to change 
the properties of (india-rubber) 
by combination with sulphur, 
white lead, and other substances, 
rendering it hard and non-elastic, 
vulgar ('ger), adj. pertaining to, 
characteristic of, or used by, the 
multitude or common people; 
common ; general; vernacular ; 
plebeian;, unrefined; coarse; 
mean: n. the uneducated or un¬ 
refined class. 

vulgar frac-tions (frak'shunz), 
n.pl. common fractions: ex¬ 
pressed by placing 4 the numerator 


above the denominator, with a 
horizontal or oblique line between, 
vtil-ga-ri-an (-ga'ri-an), n. a 
rich person with vulgar ideas, 
vulgarism ('ger-izm), n. a vul¬ 
gar phrase or expression, 
vul-gar-i-ty (-gar'i-ti), n. coarse¬ 
ness of manners or language. 
Vulgate ('gat), n. an ancient 
Latin version of the Scriptures in 
use in . the Roman Catholic 
Church, made originally by St. 
Jerome: adj .. pertaining to, or 
contained in, the vulgate. 
vul-ner-a-bil-i-ty (vul-ner-a-bil'- 
i-ti), n. the quality of being vul¬ 
nerable. Also vulnerableness, 
vul-ner-a-ble ('ner-a-bl), adj. 
capable of being wounded; sus¬ 
ceptible of wounds or injury, 
vul-pine ('pin), adj. pertaining 
to, like, or characteristic of, a 
fox; cunning. 

vul-pin-ite ('pin-It), n. a variety 
of gypsum susceptible of a fine 
polish. 

vul-ture ('tur), n. a large, carniv¬ 
orous, voracious bird of prey, 
vul-tur-ine (-in), adj. vulture¬ 
like. 

vul-vi-form ('vi-form), adj. like 
a cleft with projecting edges, 
vy-ing (vl'ing), p.adj . competing; 
emulating. 


late, mac, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; modn, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 













wab 


895 


wai 


-W- 


wabble, same as wobble, 
waek-e (wak'e), n. a German 
miner’s name for a soft earthy 
variety of trap-rock, 
wad (wod), n. a mass of soft or 
flexible material used for stuffing 
garments; small mass of tow, &c., 
used for keeping the powder, &c., 
in place in a gun ; a kind of plum¬ 
bago : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. w'added, 
p.pr. wadding], to form into, or 
stuff with, a wad. 
wad-die ('i), n. a thick club used 
by the Australian aborigines. 
Also waddy. 

wad-ding ('ing), n. a soft stuff of 
loose texture used for stuffing gar¬ 
ments. &c. 

wad-dle ('1), v.i. to move from 
side to side in walking: n. a 
clumsy, rocking gait, 
wad-dler (ler), n. one who wad¬ 
dles. 

wade (wad), v.i. to walk through 
any substance that yields to the 
feet, as water, snow, &c.: v.t. to 
ford. 

wad-y ('i), n. the channel of a 
w’ater-course which is dry except 
in the rainy season. Also wadi, 
wa-fer (wa'fer), n. a small col¬ 
ored paste disk for securing let¬ 
ters, &c.; small disk of unleav¬ 
ened bread used in the Eucharist 
in the Roman Catholic Church, 
waf-fle (wof'l), n. a soft indented 
cake, baked in an iron utensil over 
a flame or coals. 

waft (waft), v.t. to bear along on 
a buoyant medium : v.i. to float, 
wag (wag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. wagged, 
p.pr. wagging], to move back¬ 
wards and forwards: v.t. to cause 
to oscillate : n. the act of wagging ; 
a droll, humorous fellow, 
wage (waj), v.t. to engage in, or 
carry on, especially war ; venture : 
n. payment for service rendered ; 
hire (usually pi .). 
wa-gen-boom (va'gen-bdom), n. 
a South African tree yielding a 
tough wood, used for wagon 
wheels. Also wagon-tree. 


wa-ger (wa'jer), n. a subject on 
which bets are laid; something 
staked on an issue : v.t. to hazard ; 
to stake: v.i. to bet. 
wag ger y (wag'er-i), n. mischiev¬ 
ous merriment; tricks of "a wag; 
good-humored sarcasm, 
wag-gisb ( r ish), adj. humorous, 
sportive. 

wag-gle ('1), v.i. & v.t. to move 
from side to side : n. a movement 
from side to side, 
wag-on ('un), n. a four-wheeled 
heavy vehicle for carrying goods, 
agricultural produce, &c. 
wag-on-er (-er), n. the driver of 
a wagon. 

wag-on-ette (-et'), n. a light, 
open, four-wheeled pleasure car¬ 
riage. 

wag-tail Ctal), n. a small bird, 
waif (waf), n. anything found 
without an owner; a homeless 
wanderer. 

wail (wal), v.t. to lament: v.i. to 
express sorrow audibly: n. loud 
lamentation. Also wailing, 
wain (wan), n. a wagon, 
wain-scot ('skut), n. paneled 
wooden lining on walls: v.t. to 
line with paneled boarding, 
wain-scot-ing (-ing), n. material 
used to wainscot a house, 
wain-wrigbt ('rit), n. a maker 
of wagons. 

waist (wast), n. the narrowest 
part of the body just below the 
ribs; middle part, 
waist-coat (wast'kot or wes'kut 
[colloquial]), n. a short, sleeve¬ 
less men’s garment covering the 
chest and waist. 

wait (wat), v.i. to stay in expec¬ 
tation ; lie in ambush; watch; re¬ 
main quiet; follow someone ; at¬ 
tend : v.t. to await; postpone. 

Syn. await, expect, look for, 
wait for. 

wait-er ('er), n. a servant in at¬ 
tendance at table; salver or tray. 
Feminine waitress, 
wait-ing ('ing), adj. serving; at¬ 
tendant. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





wai 


S96 


war 


waits (watz), n.pl. nocturnal 
musicians who perform in the - 
streets of English towns at 
Christmastide. 

waive (wav), v.t. to give up a 
claim to; forego. 

wake (wak), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 

waked or woke, p.pr. waking], to 
be awake: be roused from sleep; 

* cease to sleep; be active: v.t. to 
rouse from sleep ; revive ; watch ; 
n. a vigil; watching of a dead 
body prior to burial; track, 
wake ful ('fool), adj. watchful. 

Syn. vigilant, watchful. 

Ant. (see sleepy), 
wa ken, same as wake, 
wale (wal), n. a mark left by the 
stroke of a whip, &c. : v.t. to mark 
with a wale. 

walk (wawk), v.i. to advance by 
alternate steps; go at a moderate 
pace; take exercise; go restlessly 
about; pursue a certain course of 
life or action: v.t. to traverse; 
cause to walk : n. act or manner 
of walking; step or pace; road ; 
place for pedestrian exercise: 
course of life or action ; deport¬ 
ment ; frequented track, 
walk-ist ('ist), n. a professional 
pedestrian. 

wall (wawl), n. a structure of 
stone, brick, &c.; side of a build¬ 
ing ; rampart; means of protec¬ 
tion : v.t. to enclose with, or as 
with, a wall; defend or protect, 
wal-la-ba ('a-ba), n. a tree of 
Guiana, yielding a valuable deep- 
red timber. 

wal-let (wol'et), n. a bag or knap¬ 
sack ; a pccketbook. 
wall-eye (wawl'i), n. an eye, the 
iris of which is white: said of 
horses. 

wall-fiow-er ('flou-er), n. a plant 
of the genus Cheiranthus with 
sweet-scented flowers; one who, at 
a ball or party, takes no part, 
wallop (wol'up), v.i. to boil with 
a continued bubbling: v.t. to beat 
soundly: n. a blow; gallop 

[Scotch]. 

wal-low ('5). v.i. to roll one’s 
body in the mire; tumble or roll 
in anything soft; live in vice or 
filth : n. a kind of rolling walk ; a 
place to which an animal resorts 
to wallow. 


wal nut (wawl'nutC n. a tree of 
the genus Juglans, yielding an edi¬ 
ble fruit and valuable wood. 
Wal-pur-gis Night (val-poor'- 
gis nit), n. the eve of May Day, 
when witches are supposed to hold 
high revelry. 

wal rus (wol'rus), n. a large, car¬ 
nivorous. marine mammal with 
powerful tusks. 

waltz (wawltz), n. a kind of 
dance; music for such a dance: 
v.i. to dance a waltz, 
wam-pee (wom-pe'), n. a fruit 
much esteemed by the Chinese, 
wampum (wom'pum), n. beads 
made of shells, used by the North 
American Indians as money and 
for ornamental belts, 
wan (won), ad), pale: sickly, 
wand (wond), n. a long, slender 
rod ; staff of authority, 
wan-der (won'der), v.i. to ram¬ 
ble about aimlessly; stroll; de¬ 
part from ; be delirious. 

Syn. range, ramble, roam, rove, 
stroll. 

wan-der-oo (-55), n. a large 
bearded monkey of Southern In¬ 
dia. 

wane (wan), v.i. to grow less; de¬ 
crease : said of the illuminated 
part of the moon ; fail: n. the de¬ 
crease of the illuminated part of 
the moon. 

wang-hee (wang-he'), n. a bam¬ 
boo imported from Japan and 
China, used for walking-sticks, &e. 
wan-ness (won'nes), n. wan con¬ 
dition. 

want (wawnt), n. absence or 
scarcity of what is needed or de¬ 
sired ; deficiency; necessity; pen¬ 
ury : v.t. to be destitute of; have 
need of; desire: v.i. to be defi¬ 
cient ; not to be present; come 
short. 

Syn. lack, need. 

Ant. (see abundance), 
want-ing ('ing), ad), deficient; 
absent. 

wanton (won'tun), adj. licen¬ 
tious ; lustful; unrestrained; rov' 
ing ; sportive ; luxurious ; trifling . 
n. a lascivious man or woman, 
wap-i-ti (wop'i-ti), n. the Ameri¬ 
can elk. 

war (wawr), n. a contest between 
states carried on by force; armed 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; v5te, porch, lot; m55n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin. then. 





















war 


897 


was 


conflict: state of hostility; en¬ 
mity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p . warred, p.pr. 
warring], to make war; fight; 
strive violently. 

warble (wawr'bl), v.t. & v.i. to 
sing in a thrilling or quavering 
manner; sing, as birds; utter mu¬ 
sically : n. a soft, sweet flow of 
melodious sounds; carol, 
war-bler ('bier), n. one who war¬ 
bles : a singing-bird, 
warbling ('bling), adj. singing; 
quavering. 

ward (wawrd), v.t. to guard; de¬ 
fend from danger; turn aside 
(with off ) : v.i. to be vigilant; act 
on the defensive: n. guard; de¬ 
fense ; particular division of a 
city or town ; custody; person en¬ 
trusted to the care of a guardian, 
warden ('en), n. a guardian; 
keeper; head official; church¬ 
warden. 

warder ('er). n. keeper; guard- 
ward-robe ('rob), n. portable 
closet for clothes; wearing ap¬ 
parel. 

ward-room ('room), n. a cabin 
for naval lieutenants, 
warehouse (war'hous), n. a 
building for storing goods: v.t. to 
deposit in a warehouse, 
wares (warz), n. merchandise; 
goods. 

war-fare (wawr'far), n. hostili¬ 
ties ; war; contest; military life 
or service. 

war-i-ly (war'i-li), adv. cau¬ 
tiously. 

war-i-ness ('i-nes), n. caution, 
war-lock (wawr'lok) , n. a wizard, 
warm (wawrm), adj. having heat 
in a moderate degree; subject to 
heat; zealous ; excited ; passion¬ 
ate ; well-off: v.t. to make warm; 
excite: v.i. to become warm, 
warm-blooded (-blud'ed), adj. 
denoting animals whose tempera¬ 
ture ranges 98° to 112° Fahr. 
warm col-ors (kul'erz), n.pl. col¬ 
ors having yellow or red for their 
basis. 

warmth ('th). n. moderate heat: 
earnestness or irritability; anima¬ 
tion ; glowing effect produced by 
the use of warm colors. . 
warn (wawrn), v.t. to give notice 
of possible danger; caution; ex¬ 
postulate ; summon by authority. 


warning ('ing), n. caution 
against danger ; previous notice ; 
notice to quit. 

warp (wawrp), n. the threads 
which extend lengthwise in the 
loom, and are crossed by the 
woof; towing-rope; a twist out 
of the true shape: v.t. to turn or 
twist out of shape; pervert; ar¬ 
range (yarns) on d warp beam; 
tow or move (a vessel) with a 
warp attached to some fixed ob¬ 
ject ; run, as yarn, off the winches 
into hulks to be tarred: v.i. to 
swerve or deviate, 
warp-ing ('itig). n. preparation 
of the warp: fertilization of es¬ 
tuary land by flooding it with 
water. 

war-rant (wor'ant). v.t. to guar¬ 
antee ; give assurance to; author¬ 
ize ; maintain ; mark as safe; as¬ 
sure : n. a commission giving au¬ 
thority ; writ for arresting a per¬ 
son ; voucher; security, 
warranty (-i), n. guarantee; 
security. 

war-ren Fen), n. an enclosure 
for protecting game or animals, 
especially rabbits; fish preserve, 
war-rior (wiir'yer, war'i-er), n. a 
soldier; fighter. 

wart (wawrt), n. a dry excres¬ 
cence on the human skin and cer¬ 
tain animals. 

wa-ry (wa'ri), adj. [comp, warier, 
super}, wariest], cautious; cir¬ 
cumspect. 

Syn. circumspect, cautious. 

Ant. (see foolhardy), 
was, p.t. of be. 

wase (wfiz), n. a circular straw 
head-covering used by porters 
when carrying loads, 
wash (wosh), v.t. to cleanse with 
water; cover with water; overlay 
with thin metal; cover with a 
thin coat of color: cleanse with a 
moral pollution : v.i. to cleanse by 
washing: n. the act of washing; 
waste liquor; alluvial matter; 
shallow part of an arm of a sea 
or of a river: bog or marsh ; cos¬ 
metic lotion. 

Syn. clean, rinse, wet, moisten, 
tint, stain. 

wash er ('er), n. one who, or that 
which, washes; ring of metal. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 









was 


898 


wax 


leather, &c., used to secure the 
tightness of a joint, screw, &c. 

wash-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
cleansing with water; clothes 
washed at one time. 

wasp (wosp), n. a winged insect 
with a sharp sting; peevish, irri¬ 
table person. 

wasp-ish ('ish), adj. petulant and 
irritable; slender-waisted. 

was-sail (wos'el), n. a merry¬ 
making accompanied with drink¬ 
ing, especially at Christmas-time; 
liquor of ale, apples, and sugar • 
v.i. to carouse. 

waste (wast), v.t. to destroy wan¬ 
tonly; diminish; squander; im¬ 
pair : v.i. to be diminished: adj. 
lying unused ; unproductive : dev¬ 
astated ; untilled: n. the act of 
wasting; dissipation of property; 
useless expenditure; uncultivated 
country ; refuse. 

Syn. squander, dissipate, lavish, 
destroy, decay, dwindle, wither. 

waste-ful ('fool), adj. causing 
waste; spending property extrava¬ 
gantly or uselessly. 

Syn. extravagant, profligate. 

Ant. (see economical). 

waste-ful-ly (-i), adv. in a waste¬ 
ful manner. 

watch (woch), n. close observa¬ 
tion ; guard; vigilance; sentry ; 
attendance without sleep; watch¬ 
man ; division of the night; period 
during which part of a crew are 
on duty on deck (4 hours) : 
ocket timepiece: v.i. to be or 
eep awake; keep guard; act as 
an attendant: v.t. to tend ; guard ; 
keep in view. 

watch-ful ('fool), adj. vigilant; 
wary. 

watch-ful-ly (-i), adv. in a 
watchful manner. 

watch-word ('werd), n. a pass¬ 
word. 

wa-ter (waw'ter), n. a colorless, 
inodorous, transparent fluid, con¬ 
sisting of 2 volumes of hydrogen 
to one of oxygen ; rain ; sea ; any 
collection of water; luster of a 
diamond; urine; stock issued 
without provision for the payment 
of interest: v.t. to supply with 
water; irrigate; wet with water; 
dilute: v.i. to get or take in 
water; have a longing desire. 


watered ('terd), adj. supplied 
with water; sprinkled; having a 
wavy appearance, 
wa-ter-i-ness ('ter-i-nes), n. 
watery condition. 

water-logged (-logd), adj. sat¬ 
urated or filled with water so as 
to be unmanageable: said of a 
ship. 

wa-ter-y ('ter-i), adj. pertaining 
to, or like, water; transparent or 
thin ; tasteless ; tearful, 
watt (wot), n. an electrical unit 
of power. 

wat-tle ('1), n. a twig or flexible 
rod; a hurdle of interwoven rods; 
fleshy lobe under the throat of a 
fowl, turkey, &c. ; kind of acacia : 
v.t. to twist or interweave (twigs 
or rods) one with another: n. bird 
with wattles. 

wat tie-bird (-berd), n. an Aus¬ 
tralian honey-bird, 
waul (wawl), n. the cry of a cat. 
wave (wav), n. the alternate ris¬ 
ing and falling of water above its 
natural level; undulation ; state 
of vibration propagated through 
a system of particles or elastic 
medium; signal made by waving: 
v.i. to move like a wave; play 
loosely; undulate: v.t. to brand¬ 
ish ; beckon; raise into inequali¬ 
ties of surface. 

wav-er ('er), v.i. to move to and 
fro ; vacillate ; hesitate or be unde¬ 
termined. 

wavering (-ing), adj. hesitat¬ 
ing ; undecided. 

wave-son ('sun), n. goods float¬ 
ing on the waves after shipwreck, 
wav-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being wavy, 
wav-y ('i), adj. rising and swell¬ 
ing in waves; full of waves; un¬ 
dulating. 

wax (waks), n. beeswax; any te¬ 
nacious substance like beeswax; 
cerumen of the ear; rage: v.t. to 
smear, rub, or join, with wax: v.i. 
to increase in size; become, 
wax-bill ('bil), n. a finch with a 
red conical bill resembling wax. 
wax-en ('en), adj. made of, like, 
or consisting of, wax. 
wax-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being waxy, 
wax-wing ('wing), n. a small 
bird the secondary quills of whose 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 












wax 


899 


web 


wings are tipped with small horny 
appendages resembling sealing- 
wax. 

wax-y ('i), adj. consisting of, or 
like, wax ; adhesive; angry, 
way (wa), n. a road; route; pro¬ 
gression ; motion ; course ; length 
of space; distance; relative posi¬ 
tion or motion; tendency; ad¬ 
vance in life; manner; will ; plan. 

Syn. method, plan, system, 
means, manner, mode, form, fash¬ 
ion, course, process, road, roufe, 
track, path, habit, practice, 
way-lay ('la), v.t. [ p.t . & p.p. 
waylaid, p.pr. waylaying], to be¬ 
set by the road or in ambush, 
way-ward ('werd), adj. per¬ 
verse; fro ward, 
we (we), pron. pi. of I. 
weak (wek), adj. wanting 
strength, vigor, spirit, discern¬ 
ment, or wisdom ; feeble ; soft; 
pliant; unfortified ; vacillating. 

Syn. feeble, infirm. 

Ant. (see strong), 
weaken ('n), v.t. to make weak; 
reduce in quality or strength: v.i. 
to become weak. 

Syn. debilitate, enfeeble, ener¬ 
vate, invalidate. 

Ant. (see strengthen), 
weak verb (verb), n. a verb the 
p.t. & p.p. of which are formed 
by adding ed or d. 
weal (wel), n. welfare; pros¬ 
perity ; mark of a stripe : v.t. to 
mark with stripes, 
weald (weld), n. a wood or for¬ 
est ; wold. 

wealth (welth), n. riches; afflu¬ 
ence. 

wealtk-i-ly ('i-li), adv. richly, 
wealth-i-ness ('i-nes), n. opu¬ 
lence. 

wealth-y ('i), adj. [comp, wealth¬ 
ier, superl. wealthiest], rich; 
affluent. 

wean (wen), v.t. to accustom and 
reconcile to a want or deprivation 
of the breast; alienate the affec¬ 
tions from any object or habit, 
weap-on (wep'n), n. any instru¬ 
ment of offense or defense, 
wear (war), v.t. [p.t. wore, p.p. 
worn, p.pr. wearing], to impair 
or waste by time, usage, friction, 
&c. : carry as covering on the 
body ; put (a vessel) on another 


tack; bear or carry: v.i. to be 
wrnsted or worn by friction or 
usage; last under use: n. the act 
of wearing; state of being worn, 
wear-i-ly (wer'i-li), adv. in a 
weary manner. 

wear iness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being wearied. 

wear i some ('i-sum), adj. fatig¬ 
uing ; tedious. 

Syn. tedious, tiresome. 

Ant. (see interesting), 
wear-y ('i), adj. [comp, wearier, 
superl. weariest], worn out physi¬ 
cally or mentally; having the 
patience exhausted; causing 
weariness; irksome: v.t. [p.t. & 
p.p. wearied, p.pr. wearying], to 
wear out or make weary ; harass 
by something irksome: v.i. to be¬ 
come weary, tired, or fatigued; 
become impatient. 

Syn. harass, jade, tire, fatigue. 

Ant. (see refresh), 
wea-sand (we'z&nd), n. the wind¬ 
pipe. 

wea-sel ('zel), n. a small carniv¬ 
orous animal with short legs and 
a long body. 

weath-er (weth'er) , n. the state 
of the atmosphere with respect to 
cold, heat, wet, dryness, &c.: v.t. 
to expose to, or season by expos¬ 
ure to, the air; sail to the wind¬ 
ward of ; endure or resist bravely : 
v.i. to undergo change by the ac¬ 
tion of the weather, 
weath-er-cock (-kok), n. a vane, 
weather-gage (-gaj), n. the 
situation of a vessel when to the 
windward of another, 
weather-helm (-helm), n. a 
term applied to a vessel when she 
is inclined to come near to the 
wind. 

weath-er-side (-sid), n. that side 
of a vessel under sail on which 
the wind blows. 

weave (wev), v.t. to twist or 
interlace, as threads, together; 
form, as cloth, in a loom; com¬ 
pose or fabricate: v.i. to practice 
weaving; work with a loom, 
wea-zen (we'zn), adj. sharp and 
thin; withered. 

web (web), n. texture of threads, 
or thread-like materials; any¬ 
thing carefully contrived; tissue 
or texture; large roll of paper for 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; mGon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






web 


900 


wel 


newspapers; membrane uniting 
the fingers and toes in many 
water-birds and amphibians: v.t. 
[p.t. & p.p. webbed, p.pr. web¬ 
bing], to unite or surround with, 
or as with, a web; entangle, 
web-bing ('ing), n. a narrow 
woven fabric of cotton or flax, 
wed (wed), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

wedded or wed, p.pr. wedding], to 
marry; unite together: v.i. to con¬ 
tract marriage. 

wed-ding ('ing), n. marriage; 

nuptial ceremonies or festivities, 
wedge (wej). n. a piece of wood 
or metal, thick at one end and 
thin at the other, used for rending 
or compressing, &c.; one of the 
mechanical powers; mass of 
metal: v.t. to cleave, force, drive, 
or fasten, with a wedge; press 
closely. 

Wedg-wood ware ('wood war), 
n. a superior kind of semi-vitrified 
pottery, invented by Josiah Wedg¬ 
wood (1730-95). 
wed-lock ('lok), n. matrimony. 
Wednes-day (wenz'da), n. the 
fourth day of the week, 
wee (we), adj. very small, 
weed (wed), n. any plant grow¬ 
ing uncultivated or noxious to 
cultivated crops; anything use¬ 
less or troublesome: pi. a widow’s 
mourning garments; a cigar or 
tobacco: v.t. to free from weeds, 
or anything offensive or hurtful, 
weed-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
of being weedy. 

weed-y ('i), adj. pertaining to, 
or consisting of, weeds; long- 
legged, thin, and lank, 
week (wek), n. a period of seven 
days. 

week-day (-da), n. any day of 
the week except Sunday, 
week-ly ('li), adj. continuing for, 
or produced within, or happening 
in, a week: adv. once a week: n. 
[pi. weeklies ('liz) ], a periodical 
issued once a week, 
ween (wen), v.i. to think, fancy, 
weep (wep), v.i. to express grief 
by shedding tears: v.t. to lament; 
pour forth. 

weep-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
shedding tears; discharging a 
liquid in small drops. 


wee-ver (we'ver), n. a kind of 
fish. 

wee-vil (we'vl), n. a small beetle, 
the larvae of which are very de¬ 
structive to grain, &c. 
weft (weft), n. the woof or pil¬ 
ing of cloth crossing the warp, 
wehr-wolf, same as werewolf, 
weigh (wa), v.t. to ascertain the 
weight of; examine by the bal¬ 
ance : reflect on carefully: v.i. to 
have weight; bear heavily: n. a 
certain quantity by weight, 
weight (wat), n. the quality of 
being heavy ; gravity; quantity of 
matter as ascertained by the bal¬ 
ance ; a definite mass of metal 
for ascertaining the weight of 
other bodies ; mass ; something op¬ 
pressive ; pressure; power; im¬ 
portance. 

Syn. gravity, heaviness, burden, 
load. 

Ant. (see lightness), 
weight-i-ly ('i-li), adv. in a 
weighty manner; heavily; im¬ 
pressively. 

weight-i-ness ('i-nes), n. heavi¬ 
ness ; importance; force, 
weight-y ('i), adj. [comp. 
weightier, superl. weightiest], hav¬ 
ing weight; heavy ; ponderous ; 
momentous ; important; serious, 
weir (wer), n. a dam across a 
stream to raise the level of the 
water; enclosure of twigs, &c., for 
catching fish. 

weird (werd), adj. pertaining to, 
or connected with, fate or destiny; 
supernatural; caused by magical 
influence: n. a spell or charm, 
welcome (wel'kum), adj. re¬ 
ceived with gladness or hospital¬ 
ity ; producing gladness; free to 
enjoy gratuitously: n. kind re¬ 
ception to a guest or newcomer: 
v.t. to salute with kindness; re¬ 
ceive with hospitality, 
weld (weld), v.t. to unite to¬ 
gether by hammering or fusion, 
as two pieces of heated iron, 
wel-fare (wel'far), n. prosperity; 
happiness. 

wel-kin ('kin), n. the sky. 
well (wel), n. a spring or fount¬ 
ain ; shaft'sunk to reach a supply 
of water or other liquid; some¬ 
thing resembling a well in shape: 
v.i. to flow or issue forth: adv. 


late, mar, m5sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 












wel 


901 


wtia 


right; justly ; suitably ; adequate¬ 
ly : favorably; far; not a little: 
adj. good in condition or circum¬ 
stances ; fortunate; sound in 
body ; healthy ; safe, 
well-bred ('bred), adj. refined in 
manners ; cultivated. 
Wel-ling-to-ni-a (-ing-to'ni'a), 
n. a name for the big trees of 
California. 

Wellingtons ('ing-tunz), n.pl. 
long-legged boots. 

Welsh (welsh), adj. pertaining to 
Wales, its inhabitants, or lan¬ 
guage: n. the people of Wales 
collectively; the language of 
Wales. 

Welsh-rab-bit (-rab'it), n. 

melted cheese spread upon toast, 
welt (welt), n. a narrow strip 
of leather around a shoe between 
the upper leather and sole: v.t. to 
furnish with a welt, 
welt-er ('er), v.t. to roll in mud 
or foul matter; wallow: v.t. to 
cause to rise and fall, as waves: 
n. that in which any person or 
animal welters : adj. pertaining to, 
or noting, the most heavily 
weighted race of a meeting, 
wel-witsch-i-a (wel-wich'i-a), n. 
an African plant producing only 
two large leaves. 

wen (wen), n. a fleshy and mov¬ 
able tumor. 

wench (wench), n. a young girl 
or maiden: usually in an in¬ 
vidious or bad sense; female col¬ 
ored servant. 

wend (wend), v.i. to go; pass: 
v.t. to direct (one’s way or 
course). 

went, p.t. of go. 
wept, p.t. & p.p. of weep, 
were, p.t. pi. of be. 
were-wolf ('woolf), n. a person 
transformed into a wolf in form 
or appetite, either permanently or 
at certain periods. Also wer¬ 
wolf. 

wert, 2 per. sing, of were. 
Wes-ley-an ( wes'li-an), adj. per¬ 
taining to John Wesley or to 
Wesleyanism: n. a Wesleyan 

Methodist. 

Wes-ley-an-ism (-izm), n. the 
doctrines and church polity ofthe 
sect of Arminian Methodists, 


founded by John Wesley, 1739; 
Methodism. 

west (west), n. one of the 4 car¬ 
dinal points, exactly opposite the 
east; point where the sun appears 
to set: adj. pertaining to, situated 
at. lying toward, proceeding to¬ 
ward, or coming from, the west: 
adv. towards the west. 

West, n. the Occident; country or 
region lying west of any partic¬ 
ular place. 

west-ern ('em), adj. tending to, 
or passing toward, the w r est. 
West-ern, adj. of or pertaining to 
the Occident or to a western re¬ 
gion or country. 

west-ward ('werd). adv. towards 
the west. Also westwards, 
wet (wet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wetted 
or wet, p.pr. wetting], to make 
wet; saturate or moisten with 
water or some other liquid: n. 
water: moisture; rainy or misty 
weather; a drink: adj. containing, 
consisting of, or soaked with, wa¬ 
ter or some other liquid; very 
damp ; rainy or misty, 
weth-er (wef/i'er), n. a castrated 
ram. 

wet-ness (wet'nes). n. the state 
or quality of being wet; humidity ; 
moisture. 

wet-nnrse ('ners), n. a nurse 
who suckles the child of another, 
wey (wa), n. a unit of weight or 
measure, varying with different 
articles. 

whack (hwak), n. a smart re¬ 
sounding blow; large piece: v.t. 
to strike with a smart resounding 
blow. 

whacker ('Sr), n. one who 
whacks; something very large, 
especially a lie. 

whale (hwal), n. a large mammal 
of the Cetacea, many species of 
which yield oil and whalebone; 
a fish of great size, 
wharf (hwawrf), n. [pi. wharfs 
or wharves (hwawrfs. hwawrvz) ], 
a quay or erection on the shore 
of a harbor, river, &e., fo A dis¬ 
charging or taking in cargoes, 
passengers. &c. 

wharf-in-ger ('in-jer), n. thfr 
owner of a wharf, 
what (hw r ot), pron. that which; 
the thing that; how great; some- 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl: he. her, let; line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









tv ha 


902 


whi 


thing: adj. of what sort, char¬ 
acter, &c. 

what-not ('not), n. an article of 
furniture with shelves for books, 
ornaments, &c. 
wheal (hwel)., n. a weal, 
wheat (hwet:), n. an annual 
cereal grain from which flour is 
manufactured. 

wheat-ear ('er), n. a small mi¬ 
gratory singing bird, with a con¬ 
spicuous white patch at the base 
of its tail. 

wheat-en ('n), adj. made of 
wheat. 

whee-dle (hwe'dl), v.t. to entice 
with flattering words; cajole; 
coax. 

wheel (hwel), n. a circular frame 
or solid piece of wood or metal 
turning on its own axis; any 
wheel-shaped mechanical contriv¬ 
ance ; an old instrument of tort¬ 
ure; a circular revolving fire¬ 
work : v.t. to cause to rotate; 
convey on wheels: v.i. to turn on, 
or as on, an axis. 

wheel-er ('er), n. one who 
wheels; the horse nearest to the 
wheels of a carriage, 
wheel-man ('man), n. [pi. wheel¬ 
men ('men)], a cyclist; a steers¬ 
man. 

wheel-wright ('rlt), n. a maker 
of w T heels and wheeled carriages, 
wheeze (hwez), v.i. to breathe 
hard and audibly: n. a puffing or 
blowing, as in labored breathing, 
wheez-ing ('ing), n. the act of 
breathing hard and audibly, 
wheez-y ('i), adj. affected with 
wheezing. 

whelk (hwelk), n. a large ma¬ 
rine gasteropod. 

whelm (hwelm), v.t. to over¬ 
whelm. 

whelp (hwelp), n. the young of 
a dog, lion, fox, &c.; cub: v.i. to 
bring forth young: said of the fe¬ 
male of certain animals, as the 
dog. 

when (hwen), adv. at. or after, 
the time that; at what time; al¬ 
though. 

whence (hwens), adv. from what 
place, source, or origin; how. 
where (hwar), adv. at which 
place or places; -whither. 


where-as (-az'), adv. when in 
fact or truth; since, 
wherefore ('for), adv. for 
which or what reason ; why. 
wherry (hwer'i), n. a light, 
shallow boat, sharp at both ends; 
small-decked fishing-vessel: liquor 
made from the juice of crab- 
apples after the verjuice is ex¬ 
pressed. 

whet (hwet), v.t. [ p.t. & p.p. 
whetted, p.pr. whetting], to sharp¬ 
en, especially by rubbing or 
friction; stimulate, 
wheth-er (hwet/i'er), pron. which 
of two: conj. which of two al¬ 
ternatives (followed by or). 
whet-stone (hwet'ston), n. a 
stone for sharpening edged tools, 
&c. 

whey (hwa), n. the thin, sweet, 
watery part of milk, after 
separation from the curd, 
which (hwich), pron. a word of 
interrogation in all genders; the 
relative serving as the neuter of 
who. 

whiff (hwif), n. a sudden breath 
of air, smoke, &c., as from the 
mouth; light puff; kind of out- 
rigged boat: v.t. to puff or emit 
in whiffs. 

whiffle ('1), v.i. to Yeer about 
like the wind; be fickle or un¬ 
steady ; prevaricate, 
whif-fle-iree, same as swingle- 
tree. 

whif-fling ('ling) , n. evasion; 
prevarication. 

Whig (hwig), n. one of a political 
party in the United States that 
favored a protective tariff, and 
was succeeded by the present Re¬ 
publican party; one of a political 
party which originated in the y 17th 
century, now called the Liberal 
party: adj. pertaining to Whigs, 
while (hwll), n. space of time; 
duration: conj. during the time 
that: v.t. to cause to pass ; spend : 
usually followed by away. 
whi-lom (hwl'ldm), adv. formerly ; 
long ago. 

whilst (hwllst), adv. while, 
whim (hwim), n. a capricious 
fancy; freak; notion, 
whim-per ('per), v.t. to utter in 
a low, whining, or crying tone; 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot: moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, thou. 









whi 


903 


whi 


v.i. to cry with a low, whining, 
broken voice. 

whim-si-cal ('zi-kal), adj. full 
of whims; fantastical; odd in ap¬ 
pearance. 

whim-si-cal-ly (-i), adv. in a 
whimsical manner. 

whin (hwin), n. a wild, prickly 
plant of the genus Ulex; furze. 

whin-chat ('chat), n. a small 
singing bird. 

whine (hwin), v.i. to express sor¬ 
row by a plaintive cry ; murmur 
in an unmanly manner: n. a 
plaintive tone; mean or affected 
complaint. 

whin-ing ('ing), adj. expressing 
murmurs by a mean, plaintive, or 
canting tone. 

whin ny (hwin'i), v.i. to utter a 
sound like the cry of a horse: n. 
the act of whinnying: adj. 
abounding in whins or furze. 

whin-stone (hwin'ston), n. a 
miner’s term for hard, resisting 
rock. 

whip (hwip), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
whipped, or whipt, p.pr. whip¬ 
ping], to strike or punish with a 
lash or some other instrument of 
punishment or correction; flog; 
lash with sarcasm; beat into a 
froth ; beat out; sew lightly ; fish 
in with a rod and artificial fly: 
v.i. to move nimbly; start sudden¬ 
ly and run : n. an instrument for 
driving horses or other animals or 
for correction; coachman or 
driver: whipper-in; endless line 
used for saving life in shipwreck; 
small tackle with a single rope for 
hoisting; a member of the British 
Parliament whose duty it is to 
summon the members of his party 
to important divisions; the sum¬ 
mons issued. 

whip-per ('er), n. one who whips, 
especially an officer who inflicts 
the penalty of legal flogging; coal- 
whipper. 

whip-per-in (-er-in'), n. a hunts¬ 
man who keeps the hounds in re¬ 
straint. 

whip-ping ('ing), n. the act of 
punishing with the lash or rod. 

whip-poor-will (hwip'per-wil), 

n. a small American bird, named 
from its cry. 

whir (hwer), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 


whirred, p.pr. whirring], to re¬ 
volve quickly with a whizzing 
noise: n. a whizzing noise. 

whirl (hwerl), v.t. to turn round 
rapidly: v.i. to turn or move 
round with velocity; move along 
swiftly : n. a turning with veloc¬ 
ity ; rapid rotation or whirling 
motion. 

whirl-i-gig ('i-gig), n. a child’s 
toy which is whirled or spun 
round. 

whirl-pool ('pool), n. a body of 
water moving with a circular mo¬ 
tion forming a vortex or gulf. 

whirl-wind ('wind), n. a violent 
wdnd moving spirally; sudden vio¬ 
lent rush. 

whisk (hwisk), v.t. to sweep or 
stir rapidly; move, or carry off, 
nimbly: v.i. to move rapidly and 
nimbly: n. the act of whisking; 
small bundle of grass, hair, &c., 
used as a brush ; small instrument 
used for beating or whisking, es¬ 
pecially eggs. 

whisk-ers ('erz), n.pl. the hair on 
a man’s cheeks; the bristly hairs 
on the upper lip of a cat, &c. 

whisky (hwis'ki), n. an intoxi¬ 
cant distilled from barley, rye, &c. 
Also whiskey. 

whis-per ('per), v.i. to speak in 
a low voice or as not to be over¬ 
heard : v.t. to say under the 
breath: n. a low, soft tone of 
voice audible only to the listener; 
suggestion or insinuation. 

whist (hwist), n. a card game: 
interj. hush! 

whis-tle (hwis'l), v.i. to make a 
shrill sound by forcing the breath 
through the contracted lips; utter 
a shrill sound : v.t. to call or sig¬ 
nal by a whistle: n. the shrill 
noise of one who whistles; small 
wind-instrument; throat. 

whis-tler ('ler), n. one who whis¬ 
tles ; broken-winded horse; one 
who keeps an unlicensed dram¬ 
shop. 

whit (hwit), n. the smallest par¬ 
ticle. 

white (hwit), adj. being without 
color or of the hue of pure snow: 
hence pure; innocent; having sil¬ 
very hair ; hoary : n. a white man ; 
albumen of an egg: v.t. to white¬ 
wash. 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






whi 


904 


who 


white-bait ('bat), n. a small, 
delicate fish. 

white-cap ('kap), n. a redstart; 
one of a self-constituted tribunal 
of persons who visit the houses of 
offenders against morality and 
punish them by whipping, 
white-feath-er ('fet/z-er), n. 
cowardice. 

white fri-ar (fri'er), n. a Car¬ 
melite monk. 

White House (hous), n. the of¬ 
ficial residence at Washington of 
the United States President, 
white-lie ('ll), n. pious fraud, 
white-livered ('liv-erd), adj. 
cowardly. 

whit-en ('en), v.t. to make white ; 
blanch. 

white-pre-cip-i-tate (-pre-sip'i- 
tat), n. ammonia compounded 
with corrosive sublimate, 
white-py-ri-tes (-pi-ri'tez), n. a 
sulphuret of iron, 
white-smith ('smith), n. a tin¬ 
smith. 

white-squall ('skwawl), n. a 
squall not preceded by clouds, 
white-swel-ling ('swel-ing), n. 
a scrofulous inflammation about 
the joints. 

white-throat ('throt), n. a small 
migratory singing-bird, 
white-vit-ri-ol ('vit-ri-ol), n. 
sulphate of zinc. 

white-wash ('wosh) , n. a com¬ 
position of lime, whiting, size, 
water, &e., for whitening ceilings, 
&c.: v.t. to whiten with white¬ 
wash ; clear from imputation or 
disgrace; clear (a bankrupt) 
from his obligations by judicial 
process. 

white-wine ('win), n. a name 
for wines of a clear, transparent 
color. 

white-wood ('wood), n. tulip-tree 
wood. 

whith-er (hwit/z'er). adv. to 
what place; to what; how far. 
whit-ing (hwit'ing), n. pulverized 
chalk cleansed from impurities; 
an edible fish. 

whit-low (hwit'lo), n. a sore 
about the quick of the nail ; felon ; 
a foot disease in sheep. 

Whit -sun ('sun), adj. pertaining 
to, or observed at, Whitsuntide, 
or the season of Pentecost. 


Whit-sun-day ('sun-da), n. the 
seventh Sunday after Easter, 
commemorating the day of Pente¬ 
cost. 

whit-tle (hwit'l), v.t. to cut, 
dress, or sharpen with a knife; 
reduce bit by bit. 

whiz (hwiz) , v.i. [ p.t. & p.p. 

whizzed, p.pr. whizzing], to make 
a humming or hissing noise: n. 
a humming or hissing noise, 
who (hoo), pron. referring to one 
or more persons: used relatively 
and interrogatively, 
whoever (-ev'er), pron. every 
one who ; whatever person, 
whole (hoi), adj. containing all; 
complete; not defective; hale and 
sound ; unbroken. 

Syn. entire, complete, total, in¬ 
tegral. 

Ant. (see part). 

whole-sale ('sal), n. sale of 
goods by the piece or in large 
quantity: adj. buying or selling 
in large quantities, 
whole-some ('sum), adj. sound; 
promoting or favoring morals, 
religion, or prosperity; salu¬ 
brious ; salutary. 

wholesomely (-li), adv. in a 
wholesome manner, 
whole-some-ness (-nes), n. the 
state or quality of being whole¬ 
some. 

whol-ly (ho'li), adv. entirely: ex¬ 
clusively. 

whom (hoom), pron. objective of 
who. 

whoop (hoop), v.i. to utter a loud, 
shrill, and prolonged cry ; shout: 
n. a loud shout of, or as of, pur¬ 
suit or attack. 

whooping-cough ('ing-kof), n. 
a violent, convulsive cough, 
characterized by its whooping 
sound. 

whop (hwop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
whopped, p.pr. whopping], to 
thrash or beat; v.i. to fall down 
suddenly: n. a blow or fall, 
whop per ('or), n. something un¬ 
usually large; a monstrous lie. 
whore (hor), n. a female who 
prostitutes her body for hire; 
prostitute; adulteress; v.i. to 
fornicate ; practice idolatry, 
whore-dom ('dum), n. fornica¬ 
tion ; idolatry. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let: line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 













who 


905 


wim 


whorl (hwerl or hworl), n. any 
set of organs or appendages ar¬ 
ranged in a circle round an axis, 
as flowers or leaves; turn of the 
spire of a univalve shell; fly of 
a spindle. 

whorled (hwerld), adj. furnished 
with whorls. 

whor-tle-ber-ry (h wer'tl-ber-i), 

n. a small shrub and its edible 
blue fruit. 

whose (hooz), pron. poss. of who 
or which. 

why (hwi), adv. for what cause, 
reason, or purpose: interj. used 
emphatically: n. the reason or 
cause. 

wick (wik), n. the cotton or sub¬ 
stance of a candie or lamp which 
supplies the flame, 
wick-ed ('ed), adj. evil in princi¬ 
ple or practice ; sinful; immoral ; 
roguish. 

iniquitous, nefarious. 

Ant. (see virtuous), 
wick-er ('er). n. a pliant osier: 

adj. made of plaited osiers, 
wick-et ('et). v. a small gate; 
the three upright stumps in crick¬ 
et at which the ball is bowled, 
wide (wld), adi. extended far 
each way; broad; vast; very 
capacious: failing to hit the 
mark: adv. to a great distance; 
far apart: n. a ball bowled out¬ 
side the bowling-crease, 
wide-ly ('li), adv. extensively, 
wid-en ('en), v.t. to make wide; 

throw onen : v.i. to enlarge, 
wide-ness ('nes), n. width; 
breadth. 

wid-ow (wid'o), n. a woman be¬ 
reaved of her husband and re¬ 
maining unmarried: v.t. to be¬ 
reave of a husband, 
wid -ow-er (-er). n. a man be¬ 
reaved of his wife and remain¬ 
ing unmarried. 

width (width), n. extent of a 
thing from side to side, 
wield (weld), v.t. to use or em¬ 
ploy with the hand; control or 
sway; handle. 

wife (wlf), n. \pl. wives (wlvz)’l, 
a woman united in lawful wed¬ 
lock to a man: woman in some 
humble employment, 
wife-ly ('li), adv. like, or be¬ 
coming, a wife. 


wig (wig), n. false hair worn on 
the head. 

wig-an ('an), n. a kind of canvas¬ 
like cotton fabric, 
wigged (wigd), adj. wearing a 
wig. 

wigging (wig'ing), n. a scolding, 
wig-gle, same as wriggle, 
wight (wit), n. a human being, 
wig-wag (wig'wag), n. a signal¬ 
ing flag: v.t. & v.i. to communi¬ 
cate by means of a wigwag; to 
wave to and fro. 

wig-warn (wig'wawm), n. an 
Indian hut. 

wild (wild), adj. living in a state 
of nature; untamed; unculti¬ 
vated; native; savage; violent: 
passionate; unreasbnahle; dis¬ 
orderly ; reckless: n. a desert, 
wil-der-ness (wil'der-nes). n. a 
region or tract of land unculti¬ 
vated and uninhabited : desert, 
wild-cat (wlld'kat), adj. unsafe; 
speculative ; running without con¬ 
trol. 

wile (wil), n. a sly artifice; 
trick: v.t. to cause to pass pleas¬ 
antly (with away) ; cajole 
[Scotch]. 

wil-ful ('fool), adj. governed by 
the will without regard to rea¬ 
son ; stubborn ; inflexible, 
wil-ful-ly (-i), adv. stubbornly ; 
on purpose. 

will (wil), n. the faculty of the 
mind by which one chooses or de¬ 
termines; command; pleasure; 
divine determination ; choice ; de¬ 
sire; feeling towards; legal dis¬ 
position of one’s property at 
death: v.i. to exercise the will ; 
decree: v.t. to determine in the 
mind ; command; direct; be¬ 
queath. 

Syn. wish, desire, 
wil-iet ('et), n. a bird allied to 
the snipe. 

wil-ling ('ing), adj. inclined to 
do or grant; complying; spon¬ 
taneous ; voluntary, 
wil-low ('o), n. a tree of the 
genus Salix. 

wilt, 2 per. sing, of will. 

Wil-ton car-pet (wil'tun kar'- 
pet), n. a kind of imitation 
Brussels. 

wi ly (wi'li), adj. cunning; crafty 
wim-ple (wim'pl), n. a kind of 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl: lie. her. let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 









win 


906 


wip 


silk or linen headcovering for¬ 
merly worn by women, and still 
retained by nuns. 

win (win), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. won, 
p.pr. winning], to gain by su¬ 
periority in a contest or competi¬ 
tion ; gain or obtain; bring over 
to one’s party ; render friendly or 
favorable: v.i. to be successful; 
triumph. 

Syn. get, obtain, gain, procure, 
effect, realize, accomplish, achieve. 

Ant. (see lose).. 

wince (wins), v.i. to twist or 
turn as in pain or uneasiness; 
shrink ; kick : n. the act of winc¬ 
ing. 

win-cey (win'si), n. linsey- 
woolsey. 

winch (winch), n. the crank of 
a wheel or axle. 

Win-ches-ter (win'ches-ter), n. 
a light repeating rifle. 

wind (wind), n. air in perceptible 
motion ; lungs ; power of respira¬ 
tion ; breath ; flatulence ; anything 
insignificant or light as wind; 
idle words: v.t. to ventilate; 
scent with the nose, as hounds; 
render scant of breath ; allow to 
rest, as a horse, in order to let 
him recover breath: v.i. (wind) 
to turn round something; twist; 
meander: v.t. to coil or encircle. 

wind-age (wind'aj), n. the differ¬ 
ence between the diameter of the 
bore of a gun and of a shot or 
shell; deflection of a missile 
caused by the wind. 

wind-fall ('fawl), n. fruit blown 
down by the wind; unexpected 
good fortune. 

wind-flower ('flou-er), n. the 
anemone. 

wind-hov-er ('hov-erl, n. the 
kestrel. 

wind-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being windy; 
flatulence; verbosity. 

wind-ing (wlnd'ing), n. turning; 
twisting. 

wind-ing sheet (shet), n. a cere¬ 
cloth. 

wind-lass (wind'las), n. a hori¬ 
zontal cylinder or roller by means 
of which heavy weights, &c., are 
raised. 

win-dow (win'do), n. an aper¬ 
ture, usually glazed, in a building 


to admit light; frame in such an 
opening; anything resembling a 
window. 

wind-pipe (wind'pip), n. the 
trachea. 

wind-ward (wind'werd), n. the 
direction from which the wind 
blows: adv. toward the wind : adj. 
on the side toward the point from 
which the wind blows, 
wind y ('i), adj. [comp, windier, 
superl. windiest], pertaining to, 
like, or consisting of, wind: 
boisterous ; windward ; exposed to 
the wind ; flatulent; empty, 
wine (win), n. the fermented 
juice of grapes ; liquor made from 
the juice of certain fruits; intoxi¬ 
cation ; wine party, 
wing (wing), n. one of the two 
anterior limbs of a bird, or in¬ 
sect, by which it flies; anything 
resembling a wing; passage by 
the wing; flight; side of a build¬ 
ing, army, fleet, &c. ; care or pro¬ 
tection : v.t. to furnish with, or 
as with, wings; transport by 
flight; supply with side-pieces; 
wound in the wing: v.i. to fly. 
wink (wingk), v.i. to close and 
open the eyelids with a quick mo¬ 
tion ; hint by the motion of the 
eyelids ; connive ; tolerate : n. act 
of winking ; hint given, 
wink-ing ('ing), n. the r.ct of 
shutting and opening the eyes 
rapidly; act of conniving, 
winner (win'er), n. one who 
wins. 

win-ning ('ing), adj. adapted to 
gain favor ; attractive ; charming : 
n.pl. money gained in any contest 
or game. 

win-now ('5), v.t. to separate and 
drive the chaff from (grain) by 
the wind; fan ; sift or examine: 
v.i. to separate chaff from grain, 
win-some ('sum), adj. attractive; 
pretty. 

win-ter ('ter), n. the cold season 
of the year; period or condition 
resembling winter: v.i. to pass 
the winter; hibernate: v.t. to feed 
or maintain during the winter, 
win-ter-sol-stice ('ter-sol-stis). 
n. the solstice when the sun en¬ 
ters Capricorn, about December 
21 . 

wipe (wip), v.t. to rub or dust 


late, mar, m£sk, cat, awl : he, her, let: line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 








wir 


907 


wit* 


the surface of with something 
soft; dry by rubbing; cleanse, as 
from abuses; obliterate (with 
out) : n. act of cleansing by rub¬ 
bing ; blow or crushing repartee ; 
the lapwing. 

wire (wir), n. a metallic thread 
of uniform diameter; telegraph 
wire; telegram: v.t. to bind, or 
snare, with wire; telegraph: v.i. 
to send a telegram, 
wire-glass, n. glass strengthened 
by a web of iron wire enclosed 
within it. 

wire less te-leg-ra-phy (wir'les 
te-leg'ra-fi), n. any form of tele¬ 
graphic communication effected by 
means of electricity without the 
use of wire circuits, 
wire-less tel-e-pho-ny (tel'e- 
fo-ni), n. telephonic communica¬ 
tion without the use of wire cir¬ 
cuits. 

wire-pulling ('pool-ing), n. se¬ 
cret influence or intrigue, es¬ 
pecially for political purposes, 
wir-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being wiry, 
wir-y ('i), adj. made of, or like, 
wire; strong and flexible; lean 
and sinewy. 

wis dom (wiz'dom), n. knowledge 
practically applied to the best 
ends : natural sagacity ; prudence ; 
skill in affairs; piety. 

Syn. prudence, foresight, sagac¬ 
ity, far-sightedness. 

Ant. (see foolishness), 
wis-doin-tooth (-tooth), n. the 
name popularly given to the third 
molar in each jaw, appearing be¬ 
tween the ages of 17 and 25. 
wise < wiz), adj. judging correctly 
from experience; possessing wis¬ 
dom ; skilful; learned; discreet; 
containing, or directed by, wis¬ 
dom ; suffix denoting manner or 
mode of acting. 

wise-a-cre ('a-ker), n. a would-be 
wise person; pretender to learn¬ 
ing- 

wise ly ('li), adv. in a wise man¬ 
ner. 

wish (wish), v.i. to have a strong 
desire : v.t. to desire or long for; 
express desire for: n. strong or 
eager desire; thing desired, 
wish-ing ('ing), n. a wish. 


wish-ing-bone (-bon), n. the 
merry-thought. Also wishbone, 
wish-wash ('wosh), n. thin, 
weak liquor. 

wisp (wisp), n. a handful or small 
bundle, as of straw or hay. 
wist-ful (wist'fool), adj. sadly 
longing ; pensive. 

wist-ful-ly (-i), adv. in a wistful 
manner. 

wis-ti-ti (wis'te-te), n. the mar¬ 
moset. 

wit (wit), v.i. to know: n. knowl¬ 
edge ; intellect or mental faculties ; 
sagacity ; talent; ingenuity ; pow¬ 
er of combining ideas with lu¬ 
dicrous effect; one who possesses 
wit; humorist. 

Syn. humor, satire, fun, raillery, 
witch (wich), n. a woman sup¬ 
posed to have formed a compact 
with evil spirits, by whose means 
she possessed supernatural pow¬ 
ers ; sorceress; fascinating young 
woman ; v.t. to bewitch; enchant, 
witch-craft ('kraft),n. the prac¬ 
tice of witches; supernatural or 
magical powers. 

witch-er-y ('er-i), n. witchcraft; 
fascination. 

witch-lia-zel ('ha-zel), n. a shrub 
or' small tree of the genus Ham- 
amelis. 

witch-ing, same as bewitching, 
with (with), prep, denoting near¬ 
ness or connection : prefix mean¬ 
ing opposition, departure, priva¬ 
tion, as withstand, withhold, &c. 
withe (with), n. a tough flexible 
twig, especially of willow; band 
of twigs twisted together, 
with-er (with'er), v.t. to cause 
to fade and become dry; decay: 
v.i. to become sapless, 
with-ers (witli’evz), n.pl. the 
highest part of a horse’s back, be¬ 
tween the shoulder-blades, 
with-in (-in'), prep, inside; in 
reach of: adv. inwardly, 
with-y (with'i), n. a large species 
of willow; twig: adj. flexible and 
tough. 

wit-ness (wit'nes), n. attestation 
of a fact or event; testimony ; evi¬ 
dence : n. one who sees or has per¬ 
sonal knowledge of anything; one 
who attests: v.t. to have direct 
knowledge of ; see ; give testimony 
to; see the execution of (a docu- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





wit 


908 


woo 


menO and subscribe it: v.i. to 
give evidence. 

wit-ted (wit'ed), p.adj. having 
wit or understanding, 
wit-ti-cism ('i-sizm), n. a witty 
remark. 

wit-ti-ness ('i-nes), n. the quality 
of being witty. 

wit-ting-ly ('ing-li), adv. with 
knowledge. 

wit-ty ('i), adj. [comp, wittier, 
superl. wittiest], smartly or clev¬ 
erly facetious; characterized by, 
or possessed of, wit; satirical, 
wive (wiv), v.t. to provide with 
a wife : v.i. to marry, 
wiz-ard (wiz'erd), n. one supposed 
to possess supernatural powers, 
usually from the Evil One; en¬ 
chanter; sorcerer; conjurer, 
wizen ('en), adj. dried up; 
shriveled: v.i. & v.t. to dry up 
or shrivel. 

woad (wod), n. a plant yielding 
a blue dye. 

woe (wo), n. sorrow; grief; 
misery. 

wo-ful ('fool), adj. full of, or 
expressing, woe ; sad ; mean. Also 
woeful. 

wo-ful-ly (-i), adv. in a woful 
manner. 

wold (w5ld). n. a forest or wood ; 
plain or open country : pi. a hilly 
district. 

wolf (woolf), n. [pi. wolves 
(woolvz)], a fierce carnivorous 
animal of the dog kind: hence a 
person noted for rapacity or 
cruelty. 

wolfish ('ish), adj. like a wolf; 

ravenously hungry, 
wolf’s - bane (woolfs'ban), n. 
aconite. 

wolf’s-foot ('foot), n. club-moss, 
wol-ver-ene (wool-ver-en'), n. a 
carnivorous quadruped ; the glut¬ 
ton. Wolverine. 

wom an (woom'an), n. [pi. wom¬ 
en (wim'en)], an adult person of 
the female sex; female attend¬ 
ant ; wife. 

womanhood (-hood), n. the 
state, character, or collective 
qualities, of a woman, 
worn an-ish (-isli), adj. suitable 
to. characteristic of, or having the 
qualities of, a woman ; effeminate, 
woman-kind (-kind), n. women 


collectively; women of one’s 
household. 

womb (woom), n. the uterus of a 
female; place where anything is 
[ produced; large or deep cavity: 
j v.t. to breed in secret, 
wom bat (wom'bat), n. a noctur¬ 
nal, burrowing, Australian mar¬ 
supial. 

won, p.t. & p.p. of win. 
won der (wun'der), n. the state 
of mind produced by anything 
new, strange, unexpected, or sur¬ 
prising; astonishment; cause of 
wonder; marvel; miracle; prod¬ 
igy : v.i. to feel wonder; be aston¬ 
ished at. 

Syn. admire, amaze, astonish, 
surprise, marvel, miracle, prodigy, 
won-der-ful (-fool), adj. exciting 
wonder; strange. Also wondrous, 
wonderfully (i), adv. in a 
wonderful manner, 
won-ga (wong'ga), n. a large 
Australian pigeon, 
wont (wunt), adj. used or accus¬ 
tomed : n. habit or custom, 
wont-ed ('ed), adj. habitual; 
usual. 

woo (woo), v.t. to solicit in love; 
invite with importunity: v.i. to 
court. 

wood (wood), n. a large and thick 
collection of growing trees; solid 
part of trees; trunk of trees 
sawn for use. 

wood cock ('kok), n. a wild fowl 
allied to the snipe, 
wood-en ('n), adj. made, or com 
sisting of. wood ; produced as from 
wood; stiff; awkward; expression¬ 
less. 

wood-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being woodj% 
wood-man ('man), n. a forest 
officer; forester; one who fells 
timber ; a hunter. 

wood-peck er ('pek-er), n. a bird 
that taps the trunks of trees to 
discover insects, 
wood-ruff ('ruf), n. an herb, 
wood-y ('i). adj. abounding in 
woods; consisting of, or composed 
of, or like, wood. 

woo-er (wbo'er), n. one who woos. 
woof (woof), n. the weft or cross¬ 
threads in weaving; texture, 
woo-ing (woo'ing), adj. courting: 
n. the act of soliciting in love. 


late, miir, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let: line, tin : vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 













woo 


909 


wor 


wool (wool), n. the soft fine hair 
which covers sheep, goats, &c.; 
fine fiber resembling wool; soft, 
thick hair. 

wool-gath-er-ing (-gat/i'er-ing), 
adj. indulgence of idle fancies, 
wool-en ('en), adj. made of wool: 
n. cloth made of wool; pi. woolen 
goods. 

wool-li-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being woolly, 
wool-ly ('i), adj. consisting of, 
like, or clothed with, wool, 
wool-pack ('pak), n. a bale of 
wool, 240 lbs. 

wool-sack ('sak), n. a sack of 
wool; the Lord Chancellor’s seat 
in the British House of Lords, 
wool-sta-ple ('stil-pl), n. the city 
or town where wool used to be 
brought to the king’s staple to be 
sold. 

wool-sta-pler ('sta-pler), n. a 
dealer in wool. 

wootz (w5otz), n. a very fine kind 
of steel imported from India, used 
for edged tools. 

word (werd), n. an articulate 
sound, or combination of sounds, 
expressing an idea: constituent 
part of a sentence ; tidings; mes¬ 
sage or communication; declara¬ 
tion ; promise: pi. language; 
speech ; conversation ; dispute : 
v.t. to express in words ; phrase. 
Syn. expression, term. 

Word, n. the Son of God; Holy 
Scripture. 

word-book ('book), n. a vocabu¬ 
lary. 

word-building ('bild-ing), n. 
the formation or composition of 
words. 

word-ed ('ed), adj. expressed in 
words. 

word i ness ('i-nes), n. verbosity, 
word-ing ('ing), n. the manner 
in which anything is expressed in 
words. 

word-paint-ing ('pant-ing), n. 
the description of an event, &c., 
in vivid, realistic language, 
word-y ('i), adj. pertaining to, 
consisting of, or containing many, 
words ; verbose, 
wore, p.t. of wear, 
work (werk), n. physical or in¬ 
tellectual effort directed to some 
end; result of work ; labor; em¬ 
ployment ; duty; a production of 


an art or science; causing of 
motion against a resisting body : 
pi. moving parts of a mechanism ; 
industrial manufacturing estab¬ 
lishment ; structures in civil or 
military engineering; moral du¬ 
ties as external to faith: v.i. to 
be occupied in business or labor; 
perform; act; be in a state of 
severe exertion j ferment: v.t. to 
make by labor; influence or effect; 
excite; manage or carry out; sew 
or embroider. 

Syn. labor, task, toil. 

Ant. (see play). 

work-house ('hous), n. a poor- 
house ; a house where convicts are 
confined to labor. 

world (werld), n. the earth and 
its inhabitants; whole system of 
created things ; universe; present 
state of existence; people gen¬ 
erally ; public life or society; sec¬ 
ular life ; sphere or domain ; very 
much. 

world-li-ness ('li-nesl, n. the 
state of being addicted to gain 
and temporal pleasures. 

world-ling ('ling), n. one who 
is devoted to the pleasures and 
advantages of the present. 

world-ly ('li), adj. pertaining to, 
or devoted to, this life and its 
enjoyments and advantages. 

worm (werm), n. any small creep¬ 
ing animal entirely destitute of 
feet, or having very short ones; 
anything that gnaws or torments 
the mind; thread cf a screw; 
spiral pipe in a still or condenser; 
a groveling, debased creature: v.i. 
to work slowly, secretly, and grad¬ 
ually : v.t. to undermine by slow 
and secret means. 

worm-wheel ('liwel), n. a wheel 
working into the spiral of a screw. 

worm-wood ('wood), n. the bit¬ 
ter plant Absinthium, used as a 
powerful tonic; source of bitter¬ 
ness. 

worn, p.p. of wear. 

wor-ried (wur'id), adj. harassed; 
tired. 

wor ri er ('i-er), n. one who wor¬ 
ries. 

wor-ri-ment ('i-ment), n. anx¬ 
iety ; trouble. 

wor-ri-some ('i-sum), adj. caus¬ 
ing worry. 

wor-ry ('i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. wor- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







wor 


910 


wre 


ried, p.pr. worrying], to tear or 
mangle with the teeth; harass 
with anxiety or care; vex or 
annoy; tease: v.i. to feel or ex¬ 
press undue anxiety ; be fretful; 
fight, as dogs: n. harassing trou¬ 
ble ; anxiety ; perplexity, 
worse (wers), adj. [comp, of 
bad] : n. loss; defeat; inferior 
state or condition : adv. bad in a 
greater degree. 

wor-ship (wer'ship), n. in Eng¬ 
land, a title of honor used in ad¬ 
dressing certain magistrates, es¬ 
pecially mayors; act of paying 
divine honor to God: v.t. to pay 
divine honors, or religious ser¬ 
vice, to; reverence with great re¬ 
spect : v.i. to perform acts of 
homage or adoration, especially 
religious service. 

wor-ship-er (-er), n. one who 
worships. 

wor-ship-ful (-fool), adj. claim¬ 
ing or worthy of respect or honor; 
a term of respect, 
worst (werst), adj. superl. of 
bad; bad or, evil in the highest 
degree ; most severe or dangerous : 
adv. worse than all others: n. the 
most evil or calamitous state: 
v.t. to get the advantage of in a 
contest; overthrow : defeat, 
wors-ted (woos'ted), n. twisted 
thread spun out of woolen yarn: 
adj. made of worsted, 
wort (wert), n. the saccharine in¬ 
fusion of malt which ferments 
and makes beer; an herb, 
worth (werth), n. value; price; 
moral excellence: adj. equal in 
value to ; having estate or wealth 
to the value of; deserving of. 
wor-thi-ly (wer'fM-li), adv. in a 
worthy manner; justly, 
wor-thi-ness (-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being worthy ; excel¬ 
lence. 

worth-less (werth'les), adj. hav¬ 
ing no value, virtue, or excellence; 
morally bad; contemptible. 

Syn. valueless. 

Ant. (see valuable), 
wor-thy ('th i), adj. [comp. 
worthier, superl. worthiest], hav¬ 
ing worth or excellence; esti¬ 
mable ; n. a man of eminent 
worth. 

would, p.t. of will. 


would-be (wood'be), adj. pre¬ 
tending, or desirous of being 
thought, to be: n. a vain pre¬ 
tender. 

wound (wdond or wound), n. a 
breach of the skin and flesh given 
to an animal body by violence; 
hurt; injury: v.t. to make a 
wound in ; lacerate ; injure ; hurt 
the feeling of: p.t. & p.p. of wind 
(wound). 

wove, p.t. of weave. 

wo-ven, p.p. of weave. 

wow-wow (wou'wou), n. a 

Javanese ape. 

wrack (rak), n. seaweed cast 
ashore ; ruin ; destruction ; a thin, 
flying cloud. 

wraith (rath), n. the supposed 
ahost of a person in his exact 
likeness seen immediately before, 
or at the. time of, his death 
[Scotch]. 

wran gle (rang'gl), v.i. to dispute 
angrily or noisily : n. an angry or 
noisy dispute. 

wran-gler ('gler), n. one who 
wrangles; an angry or noisy dis¬ 
putant. 

wrap (rap), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 

wrapped (wrapt), p.pr. wrap¬ 
ping], to roll or wind together; 
cover with something rolled 
around; involve; conceal by en¬ 
veloping : n. a wrapper, shawl, 
or rug. 

wrapper ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, wraps ; that in which 
anything is inclosed or wrapped ; 
loose over or upper garment, 
wrasse (ras), n. a bony, brightly 
colored fish of the genus Labrus. 
wrath (rath), n. violent anger; 
indignation. 

wrath-ful ('fool), adj. violently 
angry. 

wrath-ful-ly (-i), adv. in a 
wrathful manner. 

wreak (rek), v.t. to execute in 
vengeance or passion; inflict, 
wreath (reth), n. anything curled 
or twisted; garland or chaplet, 
wreathe (reth), v.t. to twist into 
a wreath; intertwine: v.i. to be 
interwoven. 

wreck (rek), n. the destruction of 
a ship by being driven ashore, or 
on a rock, &c.; ruins of a ship so 
destroyed: remains of anything 
ruined; destruction: v.t. to de¬ 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 












wre 


911 


wyc 


stroy or cast away, as a ship, 
by violence; ruin or destroy, 
wreck-age ('iij), n. remains of a 
wrecked vessel; act of wrecking; 
state of being wrecked, 
wrecker ('er), n. one who 
plunders, or causes, wrecks; one 
who removes the cargo from a 
wrecked vessel. 

wren (ren), n. a small insessorial 
bird. 

wrench (rencli), v.t. to wring or 
pull with a twist; strain: n. a 
violent twist; sprain ; instrument 
for exerting a twisting strain, 
wrest (rest), v.t. to twist, wrench, 
or force from by violence ; distort; 
turn from its natural meaning; 
pervert: n. violent pulling or 
twisting; perversion, 
wrest-er ('er), n. one who wrests, 
wres-tle (res'l), v.i. to contend, 
by grappling with, or striving to 
trip or throw down, another; 
strive earnestly: v.t. to contend 
against, in wrestling: n. the act 
of one who wrestles; struggle. 
Also wrestling. 

wres-tler ('ler), n. one who 
wrestles. 

wretch (rech), n. a despicable or 
worthless person ; one sunk in the 
deepest woe. 

wretched ('ed), ad}, miserable; 
unhappy; sunk in deep misery or 
woe ; worthless ; of miserable qual¬ 
ity or character. 

wrig-gle (rig'l), v.i. to twist to 
and fro: v.t. to move by, or as 
by, wriggling: n. a wriggling 
motion. 

wrig-gler ('16r), n. one who wrig¬ 
gles. 

wright (rlt), n. one occupied in 
some mechanical operation ; artifi¬ 
cer f carpenter [Scotch], 
wring (ring), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. 
wrung, p.pr. wringing], to twist; 
turn and strain; force or com¬ 
press ; extort; n. a forcible twist, 
wring-er (ring'er), n. one who, or 
that which, wrings, 
wrin-kle (ring'kl), n. a small 
ridge or furrow on a smooth sur¬ 
face ; crease; useful hint or idea: 
v.t. to form or cause wrinkles; 
crease ; v.i. to become wrinkled, 
wrist (rist), n. the joint uniting 
the hand to the arm. 
writ (rit), n. anything written; 


a written document to enforce 
obedience to an order of a court of 
justice. 

write (rlt), v.t. [p.t. wrote, p.p. 
written, p.pr. writing], to form 
with a pen or similar instrument 
on paper, &c.; express in writing ; 
engrave; produce, as an author; 
v.i. to form letters with the pen; 
send letters; compose books, 
writ-er ('er), n. one who, or 
that which, writes; clerk or aman¬ 
uensis ; author; journalist. 

Syn. author, penman, 
writlie (rl th), v.t. to twist with 
violence; pervert: v.i. to contort 
the body. 

writing (rlt'ing), n. the act of 
forming letters with a pen, &c.; 
composition, manuscript, or book ; 
legal instrument. 

writ-ten (rit'n), adj. reduced to 
writing. 

writ-ten law (law), n. statute 
law. 

wrong (rong), adj. not morally 
right; false ; unjust; mistaken ; 
not fit or suitable ; incorrect: adv. 
unjustly ; erroneously. Also wrong¬ 
ly- 

Syn. injustice, injury. 

Ant. (see right), 
wrongful ('fool), adj. contrary 
to moral law or justice; in¬ 
jurious. 

wrong-ful-ly (-i); adv. in a 
wrongful manner, 
wrote, p.t. of write, 
wroth (rawth), adj. much exas¬ 
perated. 

wrought (rawt), p.t. & p.p. of 
work. 

wrought-i-ron ( 'i-ern), n. mal¬ 
leable iron; iron capable of being 
welded. 

wrung, p.t. & p.p. of w T ring. 
wry (rl), adj. distorted; twisted; 
turned to one side; perverted; 
false; showing distaste, disgust, 
impatience, &c. 

wry-ly ('li), adv. in a wry man¬ 
ner. 

wryneck ('nek), n. a migratory 
bird, allied to the woodpecker; a 
distorted neck. 

wry-ness ('nes), n. the state or 
quality of being wry or distorted, 
wych (wich), n. a brine pit. 
wych-elm ('elm), n. a species of 
elm. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 







xan 


912 


xy* 


-X- 


xan-the-in. (zan'the-in), n. the 
yellow coloring matter of certain 
plants and flowers; a whitish 
powder, allied to uric acid, ob¬ 
tained from urine or guano. Also j 
xanthin. 

xan-thic ('thik), adj. tending to 
a yellow color. 

xan-thic ac-id (as'id), n. a 
heavy, colorless, oily liquid con¬ 
sisting of bisulphuret of carbon, 
water and an oxide of ethyl. 
Xan-thip-pe (zan-tip'e), n. a 
scolding woman: from the terma¬ 
gant wife of Socrates, 
xantho, a prefix , meaning yellow , 
as xanth ocarpous : adj. .having yel¬ 
low fruit. 

xan-tho-phyll ('tho-fil), n. the 
yellow coloring matter of wither- 1 
ing leaves. 

xanthous ('thus), adj. yellow; 
noting races having brown, flaxen, 
or red hair and blue eyes, 
xe-bec (ze'bek), n. a small three- 
masted vessel with lateen and 
square sails._ 

xe-ni-um (ze'ni-um), n. in ancient 
Greece, a present given to a guest 
or foreign ambassador, 
xcno, a prefix, meaning a stranger, 
as #enogenesis, heterogenesis, 
xe-non (ze'non), n. a newly dis¬ 
covered gas, associated with argon, 
xe-ra-si-a (ze-ra'si-a), n. a dis¬ 
ease of the scalp, characterized by 
dryness. 

xer-es (zer'es), n. sherry, 
xe-ro-der-ma (ze-ro-der'ma), n. a 
disease of the skin characterized 
by dryness. 

xe-roph-thal-mi-a (-rof-thal'mi- 
a), n. abnormal dryness of the 
eyeball, accompanied by redness 
and irritation. 

xi-phoid (zi'foid), adj. sword¬ 
shaped. 


X-rays (eks'raz), n. the Roentgen 
rays. 

xy-lene (zi'len), n. a colorless 
oily liquid found in coal and wood 
tar. Also xylol. 

xy-lite ('lit), n. a kind of asbes¬ 
tos. 

xylo, a prefix, meaning wood . 
xy-lo-bal-sa-mum (zi-lo-bal'sa- 
mum), n. a balsam obtained from 
the dried wood of the balsam- 
tree. 

xy-lo-gen ('lo-jen), n. lignin, 
xylograph ('lo-graf), n. an en¬ 
graving on wood; an impression 
from such an engraving, 
xy-lo-graph-ic (-graf'ik), adj. 
pertaining to xylography or wood 
engraving. 

xy-log-ra-phy (-log'ra-fi)-, n. the 
art or process of making prints 
from the natural grain of wood ; 
a kind of decorative painting on 
wood. 

xy-loid (zi'loid), adj. like wood, 
xy-loid-in ( -loid'in), n. an explo¬ 
sive compound produced by the 
action of nitric acid on starch, 
xyl-ol, same as xylene, 
xy-lo-nite ('lo-nlt), n. a kind of 
compressed gun-cotton, resembling 
ivory, used for making various 
articles, as combs, &c. 
xy lo phone ('lo-fon). n. a music¬ 
al instrument consisting of a 
graduated series of wooden bars, 
and sounded by means of small 
wooden hammers. 

Xy-ris ( zi'ris), n. a genu's of 
tropical sedge-like plants, 
xys-ter (zis'ter), n. a surgical in¬ 
strument for scraping bones, 
xys-tos ('tos), n. a long covered 
portico for athletic exercises. Also 
xystus. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her. let: line, tin: vote, p6rch, lot; mo5n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





















yac , 


913 


yea 


-Y- 


yac-a-re (yak'a-ra), n. a South 
American crocodile, 
yac-ca-wood ('a-wood), n. the 
wood of a tree of Jamaica, used 
for cabinet-work, 
yacht (yot), n. a light, and quick¬ 
sailing vessel used for pleasure 
or racing: v.i. to sail or cruise 
about in a yacht. 

yacht-ing ('ing), adj. pertaining 
to a yacht: n. the practice of sail¬ 
ing a vacht. 

yachtsman (yots'man), n. [pi. 
yachtsmen ('men)], the owner or 
sailer of a yacht, 
ya-ger, same as jager. 
ya-hoo (ya-hoo'), n. a savage: 
from the race of brutes in Gulli¬ 
ver’s Travels. 

yak (yak), n. a kind of ox. 
yak-lace ('las), n. a coarse lace, 
yak-sha ('sh&), n. a Hindu 
gnome. 

yam (yam), n. a large edible tuber 
of various climbing plants of the 
genus Dioscorea. 

yank (yangk), v.t. to jerk or 
twist: v.i. to work cleverly and 
pushingly : n. a jerk or twist. 
Yan-kee ('ke), n. the popular 
name of New England Ameri¬ 
cans : used generally for citizens 
of the United States: ad), pertain¬ 
ing to, or characteristic of, citi¬ 
zens of the United States. 
Yan-kee-Doo-dle (-doo'dl). n. a 
popular melody of the United 
States. 

Yan-kee-ism (-izm), n. a Yankee 
idiom, practice, or custom, 
yank-ing (yangk'ing), ad), act¬ 
ive ; pushing. 

yan-o-lite (yan'd-lit), n. a kind 
of garnet. 

yaourt (yourt). n. a fermented 
liquor prepared from milk, similar 
to koumiss. 

yap (yap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. 

yapped, p.pr. yapping], to yelp or 
bark, as a dog: n. a yelp or bark, 
yap-ock (yap'uk), n. a South 
American aquatic opossum, 
yap-on (yap'un, yaw'pun), n. a 


kind of holly, the leaves of which 
are used as tea. South Sea tea. 
yard (yard), n. a standard meas¬ 
ure of length — 3 ft.; a long piece 
of timber on a mast for spread¬ 
ing square sails; an enclosure ad¬ 
joining or attached to a house, 
or where some manufacture is 
carried on. 

yarn (yarn), n. spun thread: one 
of the threads of a rope ; a sailor’s 
story, especially one of doubtful 
veracity: v.i. to tell a story, 
yat-a-ghan (yat'a-gan), n. a dag¬ 
ger-like, double-curved saber, 
yaup (yawp), n. the Hue tit¬ 
mouse. 

yaw (yaw), v.i. to steer wildly; 
deviate from the right course: 
said of a ship; rise in blisters or 
white froth. 

yawl (yawl), n. a light, decked, 
two-masted boat; jolly-boat: v.i. 
to howl. 

yawn (yawn), n. an involuntary 
opening of the jaws through 
drowsiness, &c.: v.i. to gape in¬ 
voluntarily. 

Si/n. gape, open wide, 
yawn-ing ('ing), adj. gaping; 
drowsy. 

yawp (vawp). sa^e as yelp, 
y-clad (e-klad'). adj. clothed, 
y-cleped (-klept'), adj. called. 
Also yclept. 

ye (ye), pron.; nnm. vl. of thou, 
yea (ya), adv. yes; truly, 
yean (yen), v.t. & v.i. to lamb, 
yean-ling ('ling), n. a lamb, 
year (yer), n. the period during 
which the earth makes one com¬ 
plete revolution round the sun 
(3 Q5V4 days) : pi. age; old age. 
yearn (yern), v.i. to feel a tv 
earnest desire: be filled with eager 
longing or desire. 

Syn. hanker after, long for, de¬ 
sire. crave. 

yeast (.vest), n. the barm or fer¬ 
ment of beer or other liquor in 
fermentation : froth ; any prepara¬ 
tion for raising dough, 
yeast-i-ness ('i-nes), n. the state 
or quality of being yeasty. 


late, m^r, m&sk, cat, awl; he. her. let: line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon.. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 


H 30 







yea 


914 


you 


yeast-y ('i), adj. pertaining to, 
like, or containing, yeast, 
yelk, same as yolk, 
yell (yel), n. a sharp, discordant 
cry, as of agony : v.t. to scream : 
v.i. to utter a sharp, discordant 
cry. 

Syn. bellow, cry out, scream, 
yel-low ('5), adj. of a bright, pure 
color resembling gold; jaundiced. 

Syn. golden, saffron-like, 
yellowish ('ish), adj. some¬ 
what yellow. 

yelp (yelp), v.i. to utter a sharp 
bark: n. a sharp bark, 
yeoman (yo'man), n. \pi. yeo¬ 
men ('men)], in England, a man 
possessed of a small landed es¬ 
tate : farmer: freeholder: an offi¬ 
cer of the Royal household; in 
the United States navy, a petty 
officer in charge of stores, 
yeo man ry (-ri), n. yeomen col¬ 
lectively : volunteer cavalry, 
yer-ba (yer'ba), n. Paraguay tea. 
yerk (yerk), v.t. to jerk; thrust 
suddenly; lash [Scotch]: v.i. to 
kick : n. a sudden, smart thrust, 
yes (yes), adv. yea : opposed to no. 
yes-ter-day ('ter-da). n. the day 
last past: recent time: adv. on 
the day last past, 
yet (yet), adv. in addition : still : 
moreover: con}. nevertheless: 

however. 

Syn. besides, nevertheless, how¬ 
ever, ultimately, notwithstanding, 
still, at last, so far. thus far. 
yew (yoo), n. a large evergreen 
tree of the genus Taxus: adj. 
pertaining to yew trees. 

yew-en ('en). adj. made of yew. 
Yid-dish (yid'ish). n. a kind of 
comnosite languor spoken by 
foreign .Tews in England, 
yield (yeld). v.t. to submit: pro¬ 
duce : concede: v.i. to assent : 
comply: give way; cease opposi¬ 
tion : give a return or produce: 
n. product: return. 

*9 vn. bear, give, afford, impart, 
communicate, confer, bestow, ab¬ 
dicate, resign, cede, surrender, re¬ 
linquish, relax, quit, forego, give 
up, let go, waive, comply, accede, 
assent, acquiesce, succumb, sub¬ 
mit. 

yield-er ('er). n. one who yields, 
yield-ing ('ing), adj. inclined to 


give way or comply; accommodat¬ 
ing : n. the act of producing; sub¬ 
mission : compliance. 

Syn. supple, pliant, bending, 
unresisting, compliant, submissive. 

Ant. (see obstinate). 
yi» a suffix, meaning basis: used 
as a characteristic termination of 
chemical radicals. 

Y-level (wi'lev-el). n. an instru¬ 
ment for measuring heights and 
distances. 

yodel, same as jodel. 
yo-jan ('jftn). n. in the East In¬ 
dies, a measure of length — 5 
miles. 

yoke (ybk). n. a piece of hol¬ 
lowed timber for connecting two 
draught oxen together; a frame 
of wood fitted to a person’s 
shoulders for carrying a pail, &c.. 
suspended to each end ; bond, tie, 
or link: pair or couple; service; 
mark of slavery : bar attached to 
the rudder-head to which the steer¬ 
ing lines are fastened: v.t. to 
join together; couple; place a 
yoke upon; enslave; confine. 

Syn. couple, link, connect, 
yo-kel (yo'kl), n. a rustic, 
yolk (yok), n. yellow part of an 
egg; vitellus, the oily secretion 
from the skin of a sheep which 
renders the wool soft and pliable, 
yon-der (yon'der), adj . being at 
a distance within view: adv. at 
that place; there. Also yon. 
yore (ydr), adv. in old time; long 
ago.- 

Syn. long ago. long since, 
you (u), pron. nom. & obi. pi. 
of thou: now used for thou and 
thee. 

young (yung), adj. being in the 
early part of life or growth; inex¬ 
perienced ; not matured: raw: 
vigorous: fresh; pertaining to 
youth : of youthful appearance: 
n. off soring collectively. 

Syn. juvenile, inexperienced, ig¬ 
norant. youthful, 
you.ng-ish ('ish), adj. somewhat 
young. 

young-stp" ('sterU n. a young 
person : lad 

ynun-kpp f'ker). n. a young fel¬ 
low ; stripling. 

your (yoor), pron. poss. pi. of 
thou or you. Also yours. 


late. mar. mask. cat. awl: he. her, let: line, tin: vote, pdrch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut: thin, then. 










you 


915 


Yul 


your-self (-self'), pron. [pi. your¬ 
selves (-selvz')], you in your own 
person. 

yourts (yoorts), n. the under¬ 
ground dwellings of the Eskimo. 

youth (yooth), n. [pi. youths 
(yooths) ],* early life; a young 
person ; young persons collective¬ 
ly ; condition of being young. 

Syn. boy, lad, minority, adoles¬ 
cence, juvenility. 

youth-ful ('fool), adj. pertaining 
to youth or the early part of life; 
fresh; vigorous. 

Sgn. j^oung, juvenile, boyish, 
girlish, puerile. 

Ant. (see old). 

youth-ful-ly (-i), adv. in a 
youthful manner. 

yowl (youl), n. a howl: v.i. to 
howl or yell. 


yt-tri-a (it'ri-a), n. the oxide of 
yttrium. 

yt-tri-um ('ri-um), n. the metal¬ 
lic base of yttria. 

yt-tro-ce-rite (-ro-se'rit), n. a 
mineral of violet-blue color. 

yuc-ca (yuk'a), n. a sub-tropical 
American plant characterized by 
its stiff lanceolate leaves; Adam’s 
needle. 

yufts (yufts), n. a kind of Rus¬ 
sian leather. 

yu-lan (yoo'lan), n. a species of 
magnolia with snow-white flow¬ 
ers. 

Yule (yddl). n. Christmas. 

Yule-log ('log), n. a large block 
of wood formerly put upon the 
hearth on Christmas eve to form 
the basis of the Christmas fire. 

Yule-tide ('tid), n. Christmas 
tide. 


late. mar. mask, cat. awl : he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot ; moor 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 











zaf 


916 


Zio 



zaf-fre (zaf'er), n. impure oxide 
of cobalt, of an intensely blue 
color, used in enameling, pottery, 
&c. Also zaffer. 

za-im (za'im), n. a Turkish mili¬ 
tary chief. 

za-mang (za-mang'), n. a huge 
leguminous tree, the sweet pulpy 
pods of which are used for feed¬ 
ing cattle. 

za-mouse (za-moos'), n. a West 
African buffalo, with hair-fringed 
ears and without a dewlap, 
za ny (za'ni), n. a buffoon ; merry- 
andrew. 

zap-ti-ah (zap'ti-a), n. a Turkish 
policeman. 

zeal-ot (zel'ot), n. an enthusiast; 
fanatic. 

Zeal-ot, n. one of a fanatical sect 
of Jews which carried on a des¬ 
perate struggle with the Romans 
until the fall of Jerusalem (70 
A. D.). 

zeal-ous ('us), adj. ardent in the 
pursuit of an object; enthusiastic. 

Syn. warm, ardent, fervent, en¬ 
thusiastic, anxious. 

Ant. (see careless). 

*e-bec, same as xebec, 
ze bra (ze'bra), n. a wild animal 
of Africa of the genus Equus, 
with black and white stripes; a 
wood much used in cabinet-mak¬ 
ing. 

zebu ('bu), n. the Indian ox or 
cow, with long pendulous ears, 
and large prominent hump on the 
shoulders. 

zecb-stein (zek'stin), n. mag¬ 
nesium limestone, 
ze-na-na (ze-nii'na), n. in India, 
that part of a house reserved ex¬ 
clusively for women. Also za- 
nana. 

Zend (zend), n. the Iranian lan¬ 
guage of ancient Persia. 
Zend-A-ves-ta (-a-ves'ta), n. the 
sacred writings of the Zoroas- 
trians, ascribed to Zoroaster, 
zen-dik ('dik), n. in the East, a 
name for an unbeliever, 
ze-nitb (ze'nith), n. the point in 


the heavens directly over the head 
of the spectator; greatest height, 
ze-o-lite (ze'6-lit), n. an exten¬ 
sive group of minerals, consisting 
of hydrated silicates: so called 
from their frothing when under 
the blowpipe. 

zeph-yr (zef'er), n. the west 
wind; soft, gentle breeze, 
ze-ro (ze'ro), n. a cipher; noth¬ 
ing ; neutral point (°) between 
any ascending or descending scale 
or series. 

zest (zest), n. relish; keen enjoy¬ 
ment. 

Syn. relish, gusto, flavor. 

Ant. (see disgust). 
zeug ma (zug'ma), n. a figure in 
grammar by which a verb, ad¬ 
jective, or other part of speech, 
relating to one noun is referred to 
another. 

Zif (zif), n. the second month of 
the Jewish ecclesiastical year 
(part of May-June) and eighth 
of the civil year, 
zig-zag (zig'zag), adj. having 
short, sharp turns: n. something 
with short, sharp turns, 
zimb (zimb), n. a dipterous in¬ 
sect resembling the tsetse, 
zinc (zingk), n. a bluish-wliite 
metal. 

zin-cic (zin'sik), adj. pertaining 
to, or containing, zinc. Also 
zincky, zinky, zinckic. 
zinc-ode (zingk'od), n. the nega¬ 
tive pole of a voltaic battery, 
zinc-o-graph ('o-graf), n. an im¬ 
pression from a zinc plate, 
zinc-og-ra-pby (-og'ra-fi), n. the 
art of drawing upon, or printing 
from, zinc plates, 
zinc-oid ('oid), adj. zinc-like, 
zing-el (zing'el), n. a perch found 
in the Danube. 

zink-en-ite (zingk'en-it), n. a 
steel-grey mineral, a sulphide of 
antimony and lead. 

Zi-on (zi'un), n. a hill in Jeru¬ 
salem, the royal residence of King 
David and his successors: hence 
the Church of God. 




late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 













Zio 


917 


zoo 


Zionism (-izm), n. a project for 
the reestablishment of the Jews 
as a nation in Palestine, 
zir-con (zer'kon), n. a heavy, 
hard, sparkling mineral, 
zir-co-ni-a (-ko'ni-a), n. the oxide 
of zirconium. 

zir-co-ni-um ('ni-um), n. a rare 
metallic element. 

zith-er (zith'er), n. a stringed 
musical instrument, consisting of 
a sounding box and 28 to 31 
strings. 

zo-an-thro-py (zo-an'thro-pi), n. 
a kind of mania, in which the 
patient believes himself to be 
transformed into an animal, 
zo-bo ('bo), n. an ox-like animal 
of India. Also zobu. 
zo-di-ac ('di-ak), n. an imaginary 
broad belt in the heavens, con¬ 
taining the 12 constellations or 
signs of the zodiac which the sun 
traverses annually, 
zo-di-a-cal (-di'a-kal), adj. per¬ 
taining to, or situated within, the 
zodiac. 

zo-di-a-cal light (lit), n. a lu¬ 
minous tract of the sky of trian¬ 
gular shape, its base being on the 
horizon: seen in the evening at 
twilight, and before dawn, 
zo-e-trope ('e-trop), n. an optical 
instrument by means of which 
figures, &c., on a circular card 
appear to be in active motion 
when viewed through slots in the 
upper side. 

zo-fra ('fra), n. a Moorish carpet. 
Zo-la-ism ('la-izm), n. excessive 
realism in the literary treatment 
of the worse side of human life 
or nature: from Emile Zola, the 
French realistic novelist, 
zoll-ver-ein (tsol'fer-m), n. the 
German customs union, formed 
1827 and further extended in 
1807 to establish uniform rates; 
a customs union. 

zo-nal (zo'n&l), adj. pertaining to, 
or formed of, a zone or zones, 
zone (z5n), n. one of the 5 great 
belts into which the surface of 
the earth is divided with respect 
to latitude and temperature; that 
belt or district within which cer¬ 
tain animal or plant forms of life 
are confined; a girdle or belt: v.t. 


to encircle with, or as with, a 
zone. 

zoned (zond), n. wearing a belt or 
girdle ; having zones ; striped, 
zoo, a prefix meaning animal , as 
zoochemistry, animal chemistry, 
zoo (zoo), n. a park or other large 
inclosure in which live animals 
are kept for public exhibition; 
zoological garden. 

zo-b-ge-og-ra-phy (zo-o-je-og'ra- 
fi), n. the study of the geographi¬ 
cal distribution of animals, 
zo-b-ge-o-grapli-ic-al (-o-graf'ik- 
al), adj. pertaining to zoogeogra¬ 
phy. 

zo-b-glce-a (-o-gle'a), n. a mass Of 
bacteria inclosed in a viscous, 
gelatinous substance, 
zo-o-graph-ic (-graf'ik), adj. per¬ 
taining to zoography. 
zo-og-ra-phy (-og'ra-fi), n. the 
description of animals, their forms 
and habits. 

zo-oid ('oid), n. an animal in one 
of its inferior stages of develop¬ 
ment ; an individual of a com¬ 
pound or colonial animal organi¬ 
zation. 

zo-bl-a-t.ry (-ol'a-tri), n. animal- 
worship. 

zo-o-log-ic-al (-o-loj'ik-al), adj. 

pertaining to zoology, 
zo-b-log-ic-al-ly C-i), adv. accord¬ 
ing to the principles of zoology, 
zo-bl-o-gist (-ol'o-jist), n. one 
skilled in zoology, 
zo-ol-o-gy (-ol'o-ji), n. that part 
of biology that treats of animals, 
their structure, classification, 
habits, and distribution, 
zo-b-mor-phism (-mbr'fizm), n. 
the representation of a deity in the 
form, or with the attributes, of 
an animal. 

zo-on ('on), n. an animal which is 
the sole product of a single ovum, 
zo-opli-i-iist (-of'i-list), n. a 
lover of animals. 

zo-o-phys-i-ol-o-gy (-o-fiz-i-ol'o- 

ji), n. physiology of the lower 
animals. 

zo-o-phyte ('o-fit), n. an animal 
of low organization, bearing some 
external resemblance to a plant, 
zo-o-sperm ('o-sperm), n. the 
male seed-cell. 

zo-o-spore ('o-spbr), n. the active 
spores of certain algae endowed 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

«ook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






zoo 


918 


zyt 


with motion by means of ciliated 
processes. 

zo-ot-o-mist (-ot'o-mist), n. a 
comparative anatomist. 

zoot-o-my ('o-mi), n. the dissec¬ 
tion or anatomy of animals. 

zo-ril-la (zo-ril'a), n. a kind of 
skunk. 

Zo-ro-as-tri-an (-ro-as'tri-an), 

adj. pertaining to Zoroaster, the 
reputed founder of the Parsi re¬ 
ligion, or to his doctrines. 

Zo-ro-as-tri-an-ism (-izm), n. 
the religious system, contained in 
the Zend-Avesta, said to have 
been founded by Zoroaster, the 
legislator and prophet of an¬ 
cient Persia. 

zou ave (zoo-av'), n. a soldier of 
a light infantry corps of the 
French army, wearing an Arab 
dress. 

zu-chet-to (tsoo-kat'o), n. a skull¬ 
cap covering the tonsure and worn 
under the biretta. Also zuchetta. 

Zu lu (zoo'lSo), n. one of a war¬ 
like tribe of Kaffirs, north of 
Natal. 

zum-boo-ruk (zum'boo-ruk), n. 
a small swivel cannon fired from 
the back of a camel. 

Zu-iii (zob'nye), n. one of a tribe 
of Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. 

zygoma (zi-go'ma), n. the 
cheek-bone. 

zyme (zim), n. the germ supposed 
to be the poisonous cause of 
zymotic diseases. 


zym-ic (zim'ik). adj. produced by 
fermentation. 

zy-mo-gen (zi'mo-jen), n. any 
substance that by internal changes 
gives rise to a ferment. Also zy- 
rnogene. 

zy-mol-o-gist (-mol'o-jist), n. 

one skilled in zymology. 
zy-mol-o-gy ('o-ji), n. the doc¬ 
trine of fermentation. Also zu- 
mology. 

zy-mom-e-ter (-mom'e-ter), n. an 
instrument for ascertaining the 
degree of fermentation in differ¬ 
ent liquids. Zymosimeter. 
zy-mo-phyte (zl'md-fit), n. a 
bacteroid ferment, 
zy-mo-sis (zi-mo'sis), n. a fer¬ 
mentation. 

zy-mot-ic (-mot'ik), adj. produc¬ 
ing fermentation, or a disease in 
which a virus works through the 
body like a ferment, as cholera, 
zy-mot-ic dis eas es (dis'ez-ez), 
n. a class of contagious or epi¬ 
demic diseases, supposed to be 
produced by a virus or organism 
which a^ts like a ferment, 
zy-mot-ic-al-ly (-al-i), adv. in a 
zymotic manner. 

zy-mur-gy (zi'mer-ji), n. that 
branch of industrial chemistry 
which deals with the processes of 
fermentation in brewing, wine¬ 
making, &c. 

zy-tkum ('tlium), n. an ancient 
beverage made from malt and 
wheat. 


. t 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; mo5n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 















DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN WORDS, PHRASES, COL¬ 
LOQUIALISMS, PROVERBS AND 
QUOTATIONS 


Frequently Met With in Conversation and Literature, 
With Their Significance in English 


A 

a bas. [Fr.] Down; at the 
foot: upon the ground, 
a bon cbat, bon rat. [Fr.] 
Tit for tat; a Roland for an 
Oliver. 

a droite. [Fr.] To the right, 
a fortiori. [L.] With stronger 
reason. 

a la Francaise. [Fr.] After the 
French mode. 

a la mode. [Fr.] In fashion, 
a l’Anglaise. [Fr.] After the 
English fashion. 

a l'ontrance. [Fr.] To the ut¬ 
most. 

a plomb. [Fr.] Perpendicu¬ 
larly. 

a point. [Fr.] Just in time; 
exactly right. 

a posteriori. [L.] From the 
effect to the cause, 
a propos. [Fr.] To the point, 
a propos de bottes. [Fr.] Apro¬ 
pos to boots; without reason, 
a priori. [L.] From the cause 
to the effect. 

a vinculo matrimonii. [L.] 
From the tie of marriage, 
ab extra. [L.] From without, 
ab initio. [L.] From the be¬ 
ginning. 

ab intra. [L.] From within, 
ab uno disce omnes. [L.] 
From one learn all; from a single 
instance infer the whole, 
ad astra. [L.] To the stars, or 
to an exalted state, 
ad astra per aspera. [ L. ] To 
the stars through all difficulties. 
(The motto of Kansas.) 
ad captandum vulgus. [L.] 

To catch the rabble, 
ad finem. [L.j To the end. 
ad hominem. [L.] To the man ; 
that is, to his interests and pas¬ 
sions. 

ad infinitum. [L.] To infinity. 

919 


ad interim. [L.] In the mean 
while. 

ad libitum. [L.] At pleasure, 
ad nauseam. [L.] To disgust, 
ad valorem. [L.] According to 
the value. 

ad vivum. [L.] To the life, 
adscriptus glebse. [L.] Belong¬ 
ing or attached to the soil, 
aequo animo. [L.] With an 
equable mind ; with equanimity, 
affaire d’amour. [Fr.] A love 
affair. 

affaire d’honneur. [Fr.] An 
affair of honor; a duel, 
affaire du coeur. [Fr. ] An 
affair of the heart, 
al-kai. [Inch] Bye bye. (The 
motto of Washington.) 
allons. [Fr.] Let us go; come, 
alma mater. [L.] A fostering 
mother. 

alter ego. [L.] Another self, 
alter idem. [L.] Another pre¬ 
cisely similar. 

amende honorable. [Fr.] Sat¬ 
isfactory apology; reparation, 
amour propre. [Fr.] Self-love; 
vanity. 

ancien regime. [Fr.] Ancient 
order of things. 

anglice. [L.] According to the 
English manner. 

animis opibusque parati. [L] 

Prepared in mind and resources; 
ready to give life and property. 
(The motto of South Carolina.) 

anno aetatis suae. [L.] In the 

year of his (or her) age. 

anno Christi. [L.] In the 
year of Christ. 

anno Domini. [L.] In the year 
of our Lord. 

anno mundi. [L.] In the year 
of the world. 

ante bellum. [L.] Before the 
war. 

ante meridiem. [ L. ] Before 
noon. 




920 


cbe 


app 


appui. [Fr.] Point of support, 
aqua vitae. [L.] Brandy; spirit; 
alcohol. 

arbiter elegantiarum. [L.] An 

umpire in matters of taste, 
argument urn ad liominem. 

[L.] An argument deriving its 
force from the situation of the 
person to whom it is addressed, 
argumentum ad ignorantiam. 
[L.] An argument founded on 
an adversary’s ignorance of facts, 
arriere pensee. [Fr.] A mental 
reservation. 

an contraire. [Fr.] On the 
contrary. 

an fait. [Fr.] Well instructed, 
an reste. [Fr.] As for the rest, 
au revoir. [Fr.] Adieu until we 
meet again. 

auri sacra fames. [L.] The 

accursed thirst for gold. 

aut vincere aut mori. [L.] 
Either to conquer or to die. 
aux armes. [Fr.] To arms. 

B 

bas-bleu. [Fr.] A bluestocking, 
beau monde. [Fr.] The fash¬ 
ionable world. 

beaux esprits. [Fr.] Gay spir¬ 
its ; men of wit. 

beaux yeux. [Fr.] Handsome 
eyes; that is, attractive looks, 
bel esprit. [Fr.] A brilliant 
mind. 

bete noir. [Fr.] A black beast; 
a bugbear. 

billet d’amsur, \ [Fr.] A love- 
billet doux. J letter, 
bizarre. [Fr.] Odd; fantastic, 
blase. [Fr.] Pallid; surfeited; 
rendered incapable of continued 
enjoyment. 

boua fide. [L.] In good faith, 
bon gre mal gre. [Fr.] Will¬ 
ing or unwilling. 

bon jour. [Fr.] Good day; 
good morning. 

bon soir. [Fr.] Good evening, 
bonhomie. [Fr.] Good-natured 
simplicity. 

boulevard. [Fr.] A public walk 
or street occupying the site of de¬ 
molished fortifications, 
bouleversement. [Fr.] Over¬ 
turning; subversion, 
bourgeois. [Fr.] A man of 
middle rank in society, 
bourgeoisie. [Fr.] Middle 
classes of society; traders. 


brochure. [Fr.] A pamphlet, 
brusque. [Fr.] Rude; blunt. 

C 

cacoethes. [L.] An evil habit, 
cacoethes loquendi. [L.] A 
rage for speaking, 
cacoethes scribeudi. [L.] An 
itch for scribbling, 
caetera desuut. [L.] The re¬ 
mainder is wanting, 
caeteris paribus. [L.] Other 
things being equal, 
cafe. LFr.] A coffee-house, 
caleche. [Fr.] A half-coach or 
calash. 

canaille. [Fr.] The rabble, 
cautatrice. [It.] A female pro¬ 
fessional singer. 

capias ad respondendum. [L.] 

You may take to answer; a writ 
for taking and keeping the de¬ 
fendant to answer the plaintiff 
in the action. 

capias ad satisfaciendum. 

[L.] You may take to satisfy; a 
writ for taking and keeping the 
party named until he gives satis¬ 
faction to the party by whom it is 
issued. 

caput mortuum. [L.] The 

worthless remains. 

carpe diem. [L.] Enjoy the 

present day. 

casus belli. [L.] That which 
involves or justifies war. 
catalogue raisonne. [Fr.] A 
catalogue of books arranged ac¬ 
cording to their subjects, 
caveat emptor. [L.] Let the 
buyer beware. 

cedant arma togae. [L.] Let 

arms yield to the gown. (The 
motto of Wyoming.) 

c’est a dire. [Fr.] That is to 

say. 

cbamps Elysees. [Fr.] Ely- 

sian Fields. 

chanson. [Fr.] A scfing. 
chapeau has. [Fr.] Hats off. 
chapeau bras. [Fr.] A mili¬ 
tary cocked hat. 

charge d’affaires. [Fr.] An 

inferior diplomatic representative 
at a foreign court, 
charivari. [Fr.] A mock sere¬ 
nade of discordant music, 
chateaux en Espagne. [Fr.] 
Castles in Spain, the land of ro¬ 
mance ; castles in the air. 
chef-d’oeuvre. [Fr.] A master¬ 
piece. 














921 


deu 


che 


chore amie. [Fr.] A dear 
friend; a mistress, 
chevalier d’industrie. [Fr.] 
A knight of industry; one who 
lives by persevering fraud, 
chroniqne scandaleuse. [Fr.] 
A chronicle of vices and crimes, 
ci-devant. [Fr.] Formerly; 
former. 

circa, or circiter. [L.] About, 
citoyen. [Fr.] A citizen; a 
burgher. 

civilitas successit barbarum. 

[L.] Civilization succeeds bar¬ 
barism. (The motto of Minnesota 
when a territory.) 
coiffeur. [Fr.] A hair-dresser. 

comme il faut. [Fr.] As it 
should be. 

compos mentis. [L.] Of a 
sound mind. 

compte rendu. [Fr.] Account 
rendered ; report. 

con amore. [It.] With love; 
earnestly. 

confrere. [Fr.] A brother; an 
associate. 

contretemps. [Fr.] An awk¬ 
ward mishap or accident, 
conversazione. [It.] A meet¬ 
ing of company for conversation, 
coram nobis. [L.] Before us. 
coram non judice. [L.] Be¬ 
fore one who is not the proper 
judge. 

cordon sanitaire. [Fr.] A line 
of troops to prevent the spreading 
of pestilence. 

corps de garde. [Fr.] A body 
of men who watch in a guard- 
room ; the guard-room itself, 
corps de garde diplomatique. 

[Fr.] A diplomatic body, 
corpus delicti. [L.] The sub¬ 
stance or foundation of the of¬ 
fense. 

corrigenda. [L.] Typograph¬ 
ical errors to be corrected, 
couleur de rose. [Fr.] Rose 
color; an aspect of attractiveness, 
coup d’etat. [Fr.] A stroke of 
policy in public affairs, 
coup de grace. [Fr.] A finish¬ 
ing stroke. 

coup de main. [Fr.] A sudden 
enterprise or effort. 

coup de soleil. [Fr.] A stroke 
of the sun. 

coute qu’il coute. [Fr.] Let 
it cost what it may. 
crescit eundo. [L.] It in¬ 
creases by going. (The motto of 
New Mexico.) 


crescite, et multiplicamini. 

[L.] Grow, or increase, and 
multiply. (The motto of Mary¬ 
land.) 

crevasse. [Fr.] A deep crevice; 
a breach. 

crimen falsi. [L.] Falsehood; 
perjury. 

crimen lsesse majestatis. [L.] 
High treason. 

cui bono? [L.] For whose bene¬ 
fit? Colloquially, but erroneously, 
of what use? 

cuisine. [Fr.] A kitchen; cook¬ 
ery. 

cum grano salis. [L.] With 
a grain of salt; with some allow¬ 
ance. 

cum privilegio. [L.] With 
privilege. 

D 

dal segno. [It.] Repeat from 
the sign. 

de bonis non. [L.] Of the 
goods not yet administered on. 
de facto. [L.] From the fact; 
really. 

de gustibus non est dispu- 
tandum. [L.] There is no dis¬ 
puting about tastes, 
de jure. [L.] From the law; 
by right. 

de mortuis nil nisi bonum. 

[L.] Say nothing but good of 
the dead. 

de nibilo nibil fit. [L ] Of 

nothing nothing is made, 
de novo. [L.] Anew, 
de profundis. [L.] Out of the 

depths. 

de trop. [Fr.] Too much, or too 
many; not wanted, 
debors. [Fr.] Without; out of; 

foreign ; irrelevant. 

Dei gratia. [L.] By the grace 
of God. 

demi-monde. [Fr.] Disrepu¬ 
table female society; abandoned 
women. 

Deo gratias. [L.] Thanks to 
God. 

Deo juvante. [L.] With God’s 
help. 

Deo volente. TL.] God willing, 
dernier ressort. [Fr.] A last 
resource. 

desunt csetera. [L.] The re¬ 
mainder is wanting, 
deus ex macbina. [L.] A 

god from the machine; i. e.. from 
a theatrical contrivance for mak- 




die 


922 


est 


ing gods appear in the air; hence, 
an unexpected and fortunate oc¬ 
currence. 

dies faustus. [L.] A lucky day. 
dies infaustus. [L.] An un¬ 
lucky day. 

dies irae. [ L. ] Day of wrath, 
dies non. [L.] A day on which 
judges do not sit. 

Dieu defend le droit. [Fr.] 
God defends the right. 

Dieu et moil droit. [Fr.] God 

and my right. 

dirigo. [L.] T direct or guide. 

(The motto of Maine.) 
disjecta membra. [L.] Scat¬ 
tered limbs or remains, 
distingue. [Fr.] Distinguished; 
eminent. 

distrait. [Fr.] Absent in 
thought. 

divide et iinpera. [L.] Divide 
and rule. 

d o 1 c e. [It.] Soft—used in 

music. 

dolce far niente. [It.] Sweet 
doing-nothing; sweet idleness. 
Dominus vobiscum. [L.] The 
Lord be with you. 
double entente. [Fr.] Double 
meaning; a play on words, 
douceur. [Fr.] Sweetness; a 
bribe. 

dramatis personae. [L.] Char¬ 
acters represented in a drama, 
dulce et decorum est pro 
patria mori. [L.] It is sweet 

and honorable to die for one’s 
country. 

dum spiro, spero. Spes. [L.] 

While I breathe. I hone. Hope. 
(The second motto of South Car¬ 
olina.) 

dum vivimus, vivamus. [L.] 
While we live, let us live, 
durante vita. [L.] During life. 

£ 

eau de vie. [Fr.] Water of 
life; brandy. 

ecce homo. [L.] Behold the 
man ; applies specifically to any 
picture representing the Saviour 
given up to t ]i e people by Pilate, 
and wearing the crown of thorns, 
ecee signuin. [L.] Behold the 
si ° , o. 

e pluribus unum. [L.] One out 
of many; one composed of many. 
(The motto of the United States.) 

editio princeps. [L.] The first 
edition. 


egalite. [Fr.] Equality, 
eleve. [Fr.] A pupil; a foster 
child. 

elite. [Fr.] A choice or select 
body of persons. 

eloge. [Fr.] A funeral oration, 
embonpoint. [Fr.] Plumpness; 
fleshiness. 

emeute. [Fr.] A riot; a mob. 
employe [F.] One who is em¬ 
ployed by another; a person in 
service. 

en arriere. [Fr.] In the rear, 
en avant! [Fr.] Forward! 
en deshabille. | Fr. j In undress, 
en famille. [Fr.] In a domestic 
state. 

en fin. [Fr.] At last: finally, 
en passant. [Fr.] In passing; 
by the way. 

en plein jour. [Fr.] In broad 
day. 

en rapport. [Fr.] In a condi¬ 
tion or relation of sympathy, 
en regie. [Fr.] In order; ac¬ 
cording to rules. 

en route. [Fr.] On the way. 
en suite. [Fr.J In company, 
enciente. [Fr.] Pregnant, 
enfans perdus. [Fr.] Lost 
children ; a forlorn hope, 
enfant gate. [Fr.] A spoiled 
child. 

ennui. | Fr.] A feeling of weari¬ 
ness and disgust; tedium, 
ensemble. [Fr.] The whole, 
ense petit placidam sub liber- 
tate quietem. [L.] With the 
sword she seeks quiet peace under 
liberty. (The motto of Massa¬ 
chusetts. ) 

entente cordiale. [Fr ] Evi¬ 
dences of good will and justice 
toward each other, exchanged by 
the chief persons of two states, 
entourage. [Fr.] Surround¬ 
ings ; adjuncts. 

entree. [Fr.] Entry; first course 
at table. 

entre nous. [Fr.] Between our¬ 
selves. 

entrepot. [Fr.] A bonded ware¬ 
house ; a free port, 
ergo. [L.] Therefore, 
esprit de corps. [Fr.] The 
animating spirit of a collective 
body. 

esprit des lois. [Fr.] Spirit of 
the laws. 

esto perpetua. [L.] Let it be 
perpetual. 

















e»t 


923 


hie 


est modus in rebus. [L.] 
There is a medium in all things, 
et cum spiritu tuo. [L.] And 

with thy spirit. 

et id genus omne. [L.] And 

every thing of the sort, 
et tu Brute! [L.] And thou 
also. Brutus! 

eureka. [Gr.] I have found it. 

(The motto of California.) 
ex animo. [L.] Heartily, 
ex cathedra. [L.] From the 

bench ; with high authority, 
ex officio. [L.] By virtue of his 
office. 

ex parte. [L.] On one side only, 
ex pede Herculem. [L.] We 
recognize a Hercules from the size 
of the foot; that is, we judge of 
the whole from the specimen, 
ex post facto. [L.] After the 
deed is done. 

ex tempore. [L.] Without pre¬ 
meditation. 

ex uno disce omnes. [L.] 
From one learn all. 
excelsior. [L.] Higher; more 
elevated. (The motto of New 
York.) 

excerpta. [ L. ] Extracts, 
exempli gratia. [ L. ] By way 

of example. 

exeunt. [L.] They go out. 
exeunt omnes. [L.] All go out. 
experimentum crucis. [L.] 

The experiment of the cross; a 
decisive experiment, 
expose. [Fr.] An exposition. 

F 

facile princeps. [L.] Evidently 
preeminent: the admitted chief, 
fait accompli. [Fr.] A thing 
already done. 

faubourg. [Fr.] A suburb, 
fauteuil. [Fr.] An easy chair, 
faux pas. [Fr.] A false step, 
felo de se. [Fr.] A suicide. 

femme couverte. TFr.] A 
married woman. 

femme de ehambre. [Fr.] A 
chambermaid. 

ferae naturae. [L.] Of a wild 
nature. 

festina lente. [L.] Hasten 
slowly. 

fete champetre. [Fr.] A rural 
festival. 

feu de joie. [Fr.] A firing 
of guns in token of joy ; a bonfire, 
feuilleton. [Fr.] Bottom part 
of a French newspaper, separated 


by a line from the rest, and de¬ 
voted to light literature, criti¬ 
cism, etc. 

fiacre. [Fr.] A hack. 

fiat justitia, ruat coelum. [L.] 

Let justice be done though the 
heavens fall. 

fiat lux. [L.] Let there be 
light. 

fidei defensor. [L.] Defender 
of the faith. 

fides Punica. [L.] Punic faith ; 
treachery. 

fidus Achates. [L.] Faithful 
Achates; i. e„ a true friend. 

filius nullius. [L.] A son of 

nobody. 

filius populi. [ L. ] A son of 

the people. 

filius terrae. [L.] One of low 

birth. 

fille de ehambre. [Fr.] A 
chambermaid. 

fille de joie. [Fr.] A prostitute, 
flagrante bello. [L.] During 
hostilities. 

flagrante delicto. [L.] In the 
commission of the crime, 
fortiter in re. [L.] With 
firmness in acting, 
franco. [It.] Post free, 
friseur. [Fr.] A hair-dresser, 
fuit Ilium. [L.] Troy has been, 
fusillade. [Fr.] A simultaneous 
discharge of fire-arms. 

G 

gallice. [L.] In French, 
garcon. [Fr.] A boy, or a 
waiter. 

garde du corps. [Fr.] A body 
guard. 

genius loci. [L.] The genius of 
the place. 

gens d’armes. [Fr.] Armed po¬ 
lice. 

glebae ascriptus. [L.] A serv¬ 
ant belonging to the soil. 

Gloria in Excelsis. [L.] Glory 
to God in the highest. 

Gloria Patri. [ L. ] Glory be to 
the Father. 

H 

haute nouveaute. [Fr.] A 
great novelty. 

haut gout. [Fr.] High flavor; 

fine or elegant taste, 
hie et ubique. [L.] Here and 
everywhere. 

hie jacet. [L.] Here lies. 






life 




924 


jeu 


hie labor, boc opus est. [L.] 
This is labor, this is work, 
hoc age. [L.] Do this, 
hoc tempore. [L.] At this time, 
honi soit qui mal y pense. 
[Fr.] Shame on him who evil 
thinks. 

hora e sempre. [It.] It is al¬ 
ways time. 

hors de combat. [Fr.] Out of 
condition to fight, 
humanum est errare. [L.] To 

err is human. 

I 

ich dien. [Ger.] I serve, 
id est. [L.] That is. 

id genus omne. [L.] All of 

that sort. 

ignotum per ignotius. [L.] 
That which is unknown by some¬ 
thing still more unknown, 
imperium in imperio. [L.] 
A government within a govern¬ 
ment. 

imprimatur. [L.] Let it be 
printed; a license to print a book, 
etc. 

improvvisatore. [It.] An im¬ 
promptu poet. 

improvvisatrice. [It.] An im¬ 
promptu poetess, 
in seternum. [L.] Forever, 
in articulo mortis. [L.] At 
the point of death; in the last 
struggle. 

in commendam. [L.] In trust, 
in curia. [L.] In the court, 
in equilibrio. [L.] In equilib¬ 
rium. 

in esse. [L.] In being, 
in extremis. [L.] At the point 
of death. 

in flagrante delicto. [L.] 
Taken in the fact, 
in forma pauperis. [L.] As a 
poor man. 

in fnturo. [L.] In future; 
henceforth. 

in hoc signo vinces. [L.] In 
this sign, or under this standard, 
thou shalt conquer, 
in limine. [L.] At the thresh¬ 
old. 

in loco parentis. [L.] In the 
place of a parent. 

in medias res. [L.] Into the 
midst of things, or affairs, 
in memoriam. [L.] In mem¬ 
ory. 

in nubibus. [L.] In the clouds. 

in perpetuum. [L.] Forever. 


in posse. [L.] In possible ex¬ 
istence. 

in propria persona. [L.] In 

person. 

in purls naturalibus. [L.] 

Quite naked. 

in re. [L.] In the matter of. 
in rem. [L.] Against the thing, 
in suecxila sseculorum. [L.] For 

ages on ages. 

in situ. [L.] In its original 
situation. 

in statu quo. [L.] In the for¬ 
mer state. 

in terrorem. [L.] As a warn¬ 
ing. 

in toto. [L.] In the whole; en¬ 
tirely. 

in totidem verbis. [L.] In so 

many words. 

in transitu. [L.] On the pas¬ 
sage. 

in utrumque paratus. [L.] 

Prepared for either event, 
in vacuo. [L.] In empty space, 
in verba magistri jurare. [L.] 
To swear to, or by, the words of 
another; to adopt opinions on the 
authority of another, 
in vino veritas. [L.] There is 
truth in wine. 

infanta. [Sp.] A princess of 
the blood royal in Spain and 
Portugal. 

infante. [Sp.] Any son of the 
king, except the eldest, or heir 
apparent. 

insouciance. [Fr.] Indiffer¬ 
ence ; carelessness, 
inter alia. [L.] Among other 
things. 

inter nos. [L.] Between our¬ 
selves. 

ipse dixit. [L.] He himself 
said it. 

ipsissima verba. [L.] The 

very words. 

ipso facto. [L.] In the fact it¬ 
self. 

ipso jure. [L.] By the law it¬ 
self. 

J 

jacta est alea. [L.] The die is 

cast. 

je ne sais quoi. [Fr.] I know 
not w T hat. 

jeu de mots. [Fr.] A play on 

wrnrds; a pun. 

jeu d’esprit. [Fr.] A witti¬ 
cism. 









Jup 


925 


mes 


Jupiter tonans. [L.] Jupiter 
the thunderer. 

jure diviuo. [L.] By divine 
law. 

jus civile. [L.] Civil law. 
jus divinum. [L.] Divine law. 
jus et norma loquendi. [L.] 

The law and rule of speech, 
jus gentium. [L.] Law of na¬ 
tions. 

juste milieu. [Fr.] The golden 
mean. 

justitia omnibus. [L.] Justice 
to all. (The motto of the Dis¬ 
trict of Columbia.) 

L 

labor ipse voluptas. [L.] 

Labor itself is pleasure. 

labor omnia vincit. [L.] 

Labor conquers everything. 

laissez faire. [Fr.] Let' alone, 
lapsus linguae. [L.] A slip of 
the tongue. 

laus Deo. [L.] Praise to God. 
le beau monde. [Fr.] The fash¬ 
ionable world. 

le roi et l’etat. [Fr.] King and 
state. 

le roi le veut. [Fr.] The king 
wills it. 

le roi s’avisera. [Fr.] The king 
will consider or deliberate, 
lese majeste. [F.] High trea¬ 
son. 

l’etoile du nord. [Fr.] the star 
of the north. (The motto of 
Minnesota.) 

lettre de cachet. [Fr.] A 
sealed letter; a royal warrant, 
lettre de marque. [Fr.] A let¬ 
ter of marque or of reprisal, 
lex loci. [L.] The law of the 
place. 

lex non scripta. [L.] The 

common law. 

lex,scripta. [L.] Statute law. 
lex talionis. [L.] The law. of 
retaliation. 

l’homme propose, et Dieu dis¬ 
pose. [Fr.] Man proposes, 
and God disposes, 
liaison. [Fr.] An alliance; an 
illicit connection. 

lite pendente. [L.] During 
trial. 

litera scripta manet. [L.] 

The written letter remains, 
loco citato. [L.] In the place 
cited. 

locum tenens. [L.] A deputy 
or substitute; a proxy. 


locus in quo. [L.] The place in 
which. 

lucidus ordo. [L.] A clear ar¬ 
rangement. 

lucus a non lucendo. [L.] A 
jeu d’esprit in etymology, which, 
assuming that lucus, a dark wood 
or grove, is derived from the verb 
lucere, to shine, supposes it must 
be a non lucendo, from its not 
being light. 

lusus naturae. [L.] A sport or 
freak of nature. 

M 

macte virtute. [L.] Proceed 
in virtue. 

ma fois. [Fr.] Upon my faith. 

magna est veritas, et prevale- 
bit. [L.] Truth is mighty, and 
it will prevail. 

magnum opus. [L.] A great 

work. 

magnus Apollo. [L.] Great 

Apollo; one of high authority. 

maison de ville. [Fr.] The 

• town-house. 

maitre d’hotel. [Fr.] A house- 
steward. 

mal a propos. [Fr.] Ill-timed. 

malgre nous. [Fr.] In spite of 
us. 

malum in se. [L.] Bad in .it¬ 
self. 

mare clausum. [L.] A closed 
sea ; a bay. 

materiel. [Fr.] Materials or 

instruments employed (opposed 
to personnel). 

mauvais gout. [Fr.] Bad 

taste. 

mauvais honte. [Fr.] False 

modesty. 

mega biblion, mega kakon. 

[Gr.] A great book is a great 
evil. 

me judice. [L.] I being judge. 

melange. [Fr.] A medley. 

melee. [Fr.] A hand-to-hand 
fight; a riot. 

memento mori. [L.] Remem¬ 
ber death. 

memorabilia. [L.] Things to 
be remembered. 

mens sana in corpore sano. 

[L.] A sound mind in a sound 
body. 

mens sibi conscia recti. [L.] 
A mind conscious of rectitude. 

messalliance. [Fr.] Improper 
association ; marriage with one of 
lower station. 




men 


926 


ore 


raeum et tuum. [L.] Mine and 
thine. 

mirabile dictu. [L.] Wonder¬ 
ful to be told. 

mise en scene. [Fr.] The put¬ 
ting in preparation for the stage, 
mittimus. [L.] We send; a 
writ to commit an offender to 
prison. 

modus operandi. [L.] Manner 
of operation. 

montani semper liberi. [L.] 

Mountaineers are always free¬ 
men. (The motto of West Vir¬ 
ginia.) 

mul tii in in parvo. [L.] Much 
in little. 

mutatis mutandis. [L.] The 

necessary changes being made. 

mutato nomine. [L.] The 

name being changed. 

N 

naive. [Fr.] Having native or 
unaffected simplicity, 
naivete. [Fr.] Native sim¬ 
plicity. 

ne plus ultra. [L.] Nothing 
further. 

ne quid nimis. [L.] Not any 
thing too much or too far. 
nee. [Fr.] Born; as, Madame 
de Stael, nee (that is, whose 
maiden name was) Necker. 
negligee. [Fr.] An easy, un¬ 
ceremonious attire; undress, 
nemo me impune lacessit. [L.] 
No one wounds me with im¬ 
punity. (The motto of Scot¬ 
land.) 

nil admirari. [L.] To wonder 
at nothing. 

nil conscire sibi. [L.] To be 
conscious of no fault, 
nil desperandum. [L.] Never 
despair. 

nil sine numine. [L.] Nothing 
without God. (The motto of Col¬ 
orado.) 

n’importe. [Fr.] It matters 
not. 

noblesse oblige. [Fr.] Rank 
imposes obligation; much is 
rightly expected of one of high 
birth or station. 

nolens volens. [L.] Whether 
he will or not. 

noli me tangere. [L.] Don’t 
touch me. 

nolle prosequi. [L.] To be un¬ 
willing to proceed, 
nom de plume. T v r.] A pen 
name; an assumed title. 


nom de guerre. [Fr.] A war 
name; a traveling title; a pseu¬ 
donym. 

non compos mentis. [L.] Not 
in sound mind. 

non constat. [L.] It does not 
appear. 

non est inventus. [L.] He 

has not been found, 
non liquet. [L.] It is not clear, 
non obstante. [L.] Notwith¬ 
standing. 

non omnia possumus omnes. 

[L.] We can not, all of us, do 
all things. 

non omnis moriar. [L.] I 

shall not wholly die. 

non sequitur. [L.] It does not 
follow; an unwarranted conclu¬ 
sion. 

non mi ricordo. [It.] I don’t 

remember. 

nota bene. [L.] Mark well, 
n’oubliez pas. [Fr.] Don’t for¬ 
get. 

nous verrons. [Fr.] We shah 

see. 

novus bomo. [L.] A new man. 
nuance. [Fr.] Shade; grada¬ 
tion ; tint. 

nunc aut nunquam. [L.] Now 

or never. 

O 

obiit. [L.] He, or she, died, 
obiter dictum. [L.] A thing 
said by the way. or in passing, 
obsta principiis. [L.] Resist 
the first beginnings, 
odium theologicum. [L.] The 
hatred of theologians, 
ceil de boeuf. [Fr.] A bull’s 
eye. , 

ohe! jam satis. [L.] O, now 
there is enough. 

omnia vincit amor. [L.] Love 
conquers all things, 
omnia vincit labor. [L.] Labor 

overcomes all things, 
on dit. [Fr.] They say; flying 
rumor. 

onus probandi. [L.] The bur¬ 
den of proving. 

ora e sempre. [It.] Now and 

always. 

ora pro nobis. [L.] Pray for us. 
orator fit, poeta nascitur. 

[L.] The orator is made, but the 
poet is born. 

ore rotundo. [L.] With round, 
full voice. 

ore tenus. [L.] As far as the 
mouth. 




















ora 


927 


pro 


oro y platu. [Sp.] Gold and 
silver. (The motto of Montana.) 
O! si sic onrnia. [L.] O that 
he had always done or spoken 
thus. 

O temporal O mores! [L.] O 
the times ! O the manners ! 
otinrn cum dignitate. [L.] 
Ease with dignity; dignified lei¬ 
sure. 

oubliette. [Fr.] Dungeon of a 
castle. 

oui dire. [Fr.] Hearsay, 
outre. [Fr.] Out of the com¬ 
mon course; extravagant, 
ouvrier. [Fr.] A workman ; an 
artisan. 

P 

par esemple. [Fr.] For ex¬ 
ample. 

par excellence. [Fr.] By way 
of eminence. 

pari passu. [L.] With equal 
pace. 

par nobile fratrum. [L.] A 
noble pair of brothers ; two just 
alike. 

parole d’honneur. [Fr.] Word 
of honor. 

particeps criminis. [L.j An 
accomplice. 

parvenu. [Fr.] An upstart; 

one newly risen into notice, 
pas a pas. [Fr.] Step by step, 
passe. [Fr.] Past; out of use; 
faded; worn out. 

passe-partout. [Fr.] A mas¬ 
ter-key. 

pate de foie gras. [Fr.] Goose- 
liver pie. 

paterfamilias. [L.] The father 
of a family. 

paternoster. [L.] Our Father; 

the Lord's Prayer, 
pater patriae. [L.] Father of 
his country. 

patois. [Fr.] Dialect of the 
lower classes. 

patres conscripti. [L.] Con- 
script fathers; the Roman sen¬ 
ators. 

peccavi. [L.] I have sinned, 
peine forte et dure. [Fr.] 
Strong and severe punishment, 
penchant. [Fr.] Inclination; 
liking. 

pendente lite. [L.] Pending 
the suit. 

pensee. TFr.] Thought. 

per annum. [L.] By the year. 

per capita. [L.] By the head. 


per centum. [L.] By the hun¬ 
dred. 

per contra. [L.] Contrariwise, 
per diem. [L.] By the day. 
per se. [L.] By itself consid¬ 
ered. 

perdu. [Fr.] Lost, 
personnel. [Fr.] Body of per¬ 
sons employed in some public 
service. 

petit maitre. [Fr.] A dandy; 
a coxcomb. 

petitio principii. [L.] A beg¬ 
ging of the question, 
peu-a-peu. [Fr.] Little by lit¬ 
tle. 

peu de chose. [Fr.] A trifle, 
piece de resistance. [Fr.] A 
solid joint. 

pirouette. [Fr.] A whirl on 
the toes, as in dancing, 
pis aller. [Fr.] The last shift, 
piu. [It.] More, 
pleno jure. [L.] With full au¬ 
thority. 

plexus. [L.] A net-work; web. 
poco a poco. [It.] Little by lit¬ 
tle. 

poeta nascitur, non fit. [L.] 
The poet is born, not made, 
point d’appui. [Fr.] Point of 
support: prop. 

pons asinorum. [L.] Bridge of 

asses. 

postmortem. [L.l After death, 
post obitum. [ L.] After death, 
pot-pourri. [Fr.] A hotch¬ 
potch ; a medley. 

preux chevalier. [Fr.] A brave 
knight. 

prima facie. [L.] On the first 
view. 

primus inter pares. [L.] Chief 
among equals. 

principia, non homines. [L.] 

Principles, not men. 

principiis obsta. [L.] Resist 
the first beginnings, 
pro aris et focis. [L.] For our 
altars and firesides, 
pro bono publico. [L.] For 
the public good. 

pro et con. [ L. ] For and 
against. 

pro forma. [L.] For the sake 
of form. 

pro rata. [L.] In proportion, 
pro tanto. [L.] For so much, 
pro tempore. [L.] For the 
time. 

proces verbal. [Fr.] A writ¬ 
ten statement. 






928 


sea 


pro 


profanum vulgus. [L.] The 

profane vulgar. 

proh pudor. [L.j O, for 

shame. 

propria quae maribus. [L.] 
Those things which are appropri¬ 
ate or peculiar to males or men, 
or to husbands. 

punica fides. [L.] Punic faith ; 
treachery. 

Q 

qua. [L.] So far as; in so far 
as. 

quantum libet. [L.] As much 
as you please. 

quantum meruit. [L.] As 

much as he deserved. 

quantum suffieit. [ L. ] A suffi¬ 
cient quantity. 

quantum vis. [L.] As much 
as you will. 

quasi. [L.] As if; in a manner, 
quelque chose. [Fr.] A trifle; 

something ; anything, 
quid pro quo. [L.] One thing 
for another; an equivalent, 
quid rides? [L.] Why do you 
laugh? 

qui transtulit, sustinet. [L.] 
He who transplanted, still sus¬ 
tains. (The motto of Connecti¬ 
cut. ) 

qui vive? [Fr.] Who goes there? 
—hence, on the qui vive, on the 
alert. 

quoad hoc. [L.] To this ex¬ 
tent. 

quo animo? [L.] With what 
mind or intention? 
quo jure? [L.] By what right? 
quod erat demonstrandum. 

[L.] Which was to be demon¬ 
strated. 

quod vide. [L.] Which see. 
quos Deus vult perdere, prius 
dementat. [L.] Those whom 
God wishes to destroy, he first 
makes mad. 

R 

rara avis. [L.] A rare bird, 
recueil. [Fr.] Collection, 
reductio ad absurdum. [L.] 

A reducing a position to an ab¬ 
surdity. 

regnant populi. [L.] The 

people rule. (The motto of 
Arkansas.) [Properly, regnat 
populus.] 

re infecta. [L.] The business 
being unfinished. 


religio loci. [L.] The religious 
spirit of the place, 
renommee. [Fr.] Renown; 
fame. 

requiescat in pace. [L.] May 

he rest in peace. 

res angusta domi. [L.] Nar¬ 
row circumstances at home; pov¬ 
erty. 

respice finem. [L.] Look to 

the end. 

resume. [Fr.] A summing up; 
recapitulation. 

resurgam. [L.] I shall rise 
again. 

revenons a nos moutons. [Fr.] 

Let us return to our sheep: let 
us return to our subject. 

rifacimento. [It.] Renewal; 
re-establishment. 

robe de chambre. [Fr.] A 

dressing-gown or morning-gown, 
rouleau. [Fr.] A little roll, 
rudis indigestaque moles. [L.] 
A rude and undigested mass, 
ruse de guerre. [Fr.] A strat¬ 
agem of war. 

rus in urbe. [L.] The country 
in town. 

S 

salle. [Fr.] A hall, 
salon. [Fr.] An apartment for 
company ; a fashionable party ; or 
fashionable society, 
salus populi suprema est lex. 
[L.] The welfare of the people 
is the supreme law. (The motto 
of Missouri.) 

salve. [L.] Hail! (The motto 
of Idaho.) 

sanctum sanctorum. [L.] Holy 

of holies. 

sans ceremonie. [Fr.] With¬ 
out ceremony. 

sans pear et sans reprocbe. 

[Fr.] Without fear and without 
reproach. 

sartor resartus. [L.] The 

cobbler mended. 

sauve qui peut. [Fr.] Save 

himself who can. 

savoir faire. [Fr.] Ability, 
savoir vivre. [Fr.] Good breed¬ 
ing. 

scandalum magnatum. [L.] 

Defamatory speech or writing to 
the injury of persons of dignity. 

scire facias. [L.] Cause it to 
be known. 

seance. [Fr.] A sitting or ses¬ 
sion. 









sec 


929 


secundum artem. [L.] Accord¬ 
ing to rule. 

secundum naturam. [L.] Ac¬ 
cording to the course of nature, 
secundum ordinem. [L.] In 
order. 

semper felix. [L.] Always 
fortunate. 

semper iidelis. [L.] Always 
faithful. 

semper idem. [L.] Always the 
same. 

semper paratus. [L.] Always 
ready. 

senatus consultum. [L.] A 

decree of the senate. 

se non e vero, e ben trovato. 

rIt.] If not true, it is well 
feigned. 

sesquipedalia verba. 

[L.] Words a foot and a half 
long. 

sic itur ad astra. [L.] Such 
is the way to immortality, 
sic passim. [L.] So every¬ 
where. 

sic semper tyrannis. [L.] 
Ever so to tyrants. (The motto 
of Virginia.) 

sic transit gloria mundi. [L.] 

So passes away earthly glory. 

sic ves non vobis. [L.] Thus 
you do not labor for yourselves, 
sicut ante. [L.] As before, 
similia similibus curantur. 

[L.] Like things are cured by 
like. 

simplex munditiis. [L.] Of 

simple elegance. 

sine cura. [L.] Without charge 
or care. 

sine die. [L.] Without a day 
appointed. 

sine qua non. [L.] An indis¬ 
pensable condition, 
si quaeris peninsulam aniae- 
nam, circunispice. [L.] If 
thou seekest a beautiful penin¬ 
sula, behold it here. (The motto 
of Michigan.) 

sit tibi terra levis. [L.] May 
the earth lie lightly upon thee, 
sitat dens. [L.] Founded by 
God. (The motto of Arizona.) 
soubrette. [Fr.] An intrigu¬ 
ing woman. 

stat magni noniinis umbra. 

CL.] He stands the shadow of a 
mighty name. 

statu quo ante bellum. [L.] 
In the state which was before the 
war. 


tou 


status quo. [L.] The state in 
which. 

stet. . [L.] Let it stand, 
suaviter in modo, fortiter in 

re. [L.] Gentle in manners, 
but resolute in deed, 
sub judice. [L.] Under com 
sideration. 

sub rosa. [L.] Under the rose; 
privately. 

sui generis. [L.] Of its own 
kind. 

sui juris. [L.] In one’s own 
right. 

summum bonum. [ L. ] The 

chief good. 

suo Marte. [L.] By his own 
strengtu. 

suum cuique. [L.] Let each 
have his own. 

T 

tabula rasa. [L.] A smooth or 
blank tablet. 

taut pis. [Fr.] So much the 
worse. 

tapis. [Fr.] A carpet; also, the 
cover of a council-table; hence, 
to be on the tapis is to be under 
consideration. 

tempora mutantur, et nos 
mutamur in illis. [L.] The 
times are changed, and we are 
changed with them, 
tempus edax rerum. [L.] 
Time the devourer of all things, 
tempus fugit. [L.] Time flies, 
terrse fllius. [L.] A son of the 
earth; that is, a human being, 
terra firma. [L.] Solid earth; 
a safe footing. 

terra incognita. [L.] An un¬ 
known country. 

tertium quid. [L.] A third 

something; a nondescript, 
tiers-etat. [Fr.] The third es¬ 
tate ; commons or commonalty, 
to kalon. [Gr.] The beautiful; 
the chief good. 

to prepon. [Gr.] The proper 
or becoming. 

totidem verbis. [L.] In just 
so many words. 

toties quoties. [L.] As often 
as. 

toto coelo. [L.] By the whole 
heavens; diametrically opposite, 
tout-a-fait. [Fr.l Entirely. 

tout au contraire. [Fr.] On 
the contrary. 

tout ensemble. [Fr.] The 
whole taken together. 





ubi 


930 


zol 


U 

ubi supra. [L.] Where above 
mentioned. 

ultima ratio regum. [L.] The 

last argument of kings; war. 

ultima thule. [L.] Utmost 
limit. 

una voce. [L.] With one voice, 
uno animo. | L.] With one 
mind ; unanimously. 

usque ad aras. [L.] To the 

very altars. 

usque ad nauseam. [L.] To 
disgust. 

utile dulci. [L.J The useful 
with the pleasant, 
ut infra. (L.J As below, 
ut supra. [L.J As above stated, 
uti possidetis. [ L. ] As you 
possess; state of present pos¬ 
session. 

V 

vade mecum. [L.] Go with 
me; a constant companion, 
vae victis. [L.] Woe to the 
vanquished. 

vale. [L.] Farewell, 
valet de chambre. [Fr.] An 
attendant; a footman, 
variorum notae. [L.] The 
notes of various authors, 
veni, vidi, vici. [L.] I came, 
I saw, I conquered, 
verbatim et literatim. [L.] 
Word for word and letter for let¬ 
ter. 

verbum sat sapienti. [L.] A 
word is enough for a wise man 
vexata quaestio. [L.] A dis¬ 
puted question, 
via. [L.] By the way of. 
via media. [L.] A middle 
course. 

vice. [L.] In the nlace of. 
vice versa. [L.] The terms be¬ 
ing exchanged. 


vide ut supra. [L.] See what 
is stated above. 

vi et armis. [L.] By force and 
arms; by main force, 
vincit amor patriae. [L. ] Love 
of country prevails, 
vincit omnia veritas. [L.] 
Truth conquers all things, 
vinculum matrimonii. [ L. ] 
The bond of marriage, 
vis a vis. [F.] Opposite; fac¬ 

ing. 

vis a tergo. [L.] A propelling 
force from behind, 
vis inertiae. [L.] The power 
of inertia"; resistance, 
vis vitae. [L.] The vigor of 
life. 

vitam impendere vero. [L.] ' 

To stake one’s life for the truth, 
vivat regina. [L.j Long live 
the queen. 

vivat rex. [L.] Long live the 
king. 

viva voce. [L.] Bv the living 
voice; by oral testimony. 

vive la republique! [Fr.] Long 

live the republic. 

vive la bagatelle! [Fr.] Suc¬ 
cess to trifling. 

vive le roi! [Fr.] Long live the 
king. 

voila. [Fr.] Behold; there is. 
vox, et praeterea niliil. [I..] 

A voice, and nothing more, 
vox populi, vox Dei. [L.] The 

voice of the people is the voice of 
God. 

vraisemblance. [Fr.] Appear¬ 
ance of truth. 

Z 

zonam solvere. [L.] To loose 
the virgin zone. 

zollverein. [Ger.] A union 
among the German states for the 
collection of custom-house duties. 






















DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN COMMERCE AND 

LAW 


A. Capital A endorsed on the 
face of an account or document 
may mean Audited, Accepted, or 
Approved. Small a, written @, 
means at, as, 10 yds. @ 14 cts. 

A. 1. Of tirst quality. Used 
technically in shipping, but ap¬ 
plied to other matters. In the 
American system the registry de¬ 
scends from A by fractions, Al, 
AI 14 , A114, Al%, A2. In the 
English system whole numbers 
are used, Al, A2, and so on. 
Abandonment. In marine in¬ 
surance. the abandonment of 
property insured to the insurers. 
Abatement. Amount deducted 
from a bill for any cause ; a dis¬ 
count ; removal of a nuisance. 
Abeyance. Held in suspense, as 
an unsettled estate. 

Abstract. Abridgment or epit¬ 
ome of a deed or other document. 
Acceptance. Agreement by the 
drawee of negotiable paper to pay 
the same. Agreement to terms 
offered. 

Acceptance supra Protest. 

Agreement to pay a note or bill 
after it has been protested, for 
the honor of the maker or an in¬ 
dorser. 

Acceptor. Tie who by his signa¬ 
ture makes acceptance. 
Accessory. One who instigates, 
encourages, or aids in the offense 
of another. 

Accommodation. The loan of 
money or a name on no consider¬ 
ation but favor. 

Accommodation Paper. Notes 
or bills not representing an actual 
sale or trade transaction, but 
drawn to be discounted for the 
benefit of drawer, acceptor, or in¬ 
dorsers. 

Accord and Satisfaction. Of¬ 
fer and acceptance of one thing 
in place of another due. 

Account. A statement of sums 
and amounts due from one per¬ 
son to another. Summary of 
debits and credits. 

Accountant. An expert in ex¬ 
amining books. 

Account Current. A running 
account for a certain period, 1 


showing what is due at the pres¬ 
ent time. 

Account Sales. The account of 
a broker or commission agent, 
showing amount and rate of 
sales, expenses of freight, com¬ 
mission, etc., and net amount due 
the principal. 

Accroach. To attempt to use 
power without authority. 

Acknowledgment. A receipt. 
In law, admission of facts. 

Acquittance. A written receipt 
in full, or discharge from all 
claims. 

Actionaire. [Fr.] The holder 
of shares in a stock company. 

Actuary. Officer of a life insur¬ 
ance company; expert in vital 
statistics and annuities. 

Act of God. A cause of injury 
not to be prevented by human 
means. 

Adjustment. Settlement of 
claims in marine or fire insurance. 
Determining amount of loss and 
liability. In accounts, the set¬ 
tling of a disputed account. 

Admiralty Court. A court hav¬ 
ing jurisdiction in maritime mat¬ 
ters. 

Ad Valorem. [Lat.] Accord¬ 
ing to the value. 

Ad Valorem Duties. Duties 
levied on goods according to 
value; not by quantity, weight, or 
measure. Opposed to Specific 
Duties. 

Administer. To settle an estate 
as administrator-or executor. 

Administrator. One who has 
charge of the estate of a man 
dying without a will, or appointed 
in place of an executor. 

Advances. Money paid before 
goods are delivered to buyer, or 
sold by broker. 

Adventure. Shipment of goods 
on shipper’s own account, as. Ad¬ 
venture to Rio Janeiro. 

Adventure, Bill of. Writing 
signed by master of ship which 
carries goods at the owner’s risk. 

Adventure in Co. Shipment of 
goods at joint risk of shipper and 
consignee. 

Adverse Possession. Possession 
of real property avowedly con- 


931 





Adv 


932 


Art 


trary to the claim of another per¬ 
son. 

Advice. Mercantile information 
sent by letter, called Letter of 
Advice. 

Affiant. One who makes an 
affidavit. 

Affidavit. Declaration under 
oath. 

Affiliation. Establishment of pa¬ 
ternity. 

Affinity. Connection resulting 
from marriage. 

Affreightment. The act of 

hiring a ship for transportation 
of goods. 

Agent. One who acts for 
another. 

Aggravation. In law, something 
enhancing crime or increasing 
damages. 

Agrarian. Relating to land. 

Agreement. A contract. Liter¬ 
ally, the meeting of minds. 

Alias. [Lat.] A second or as¬ 
sumed name. 

Alimony. In divorce law, pro¬ 
vision for suport of a wife. 

Allegation. Rule for obtaining 
the proportion of ingredients in 
making mixtures, and the value 
of such mixtures. 

Alliquot Part. A number con¬ 
tained within a larger number an 
exact number of times. 

Allonge. [Fr.] A paper pasted 
on a note or bill of exchange to 
allow more indorsements than the 
bill has room for. 

Allotment Ticket. Order for 
payment of wages to seaman’s 
family at stated intervals during 
the voyage. 

Allowance. Deduction from 
gross weight or amount. Sailor’s 
rations. 

Alloy. [Fr., d la loi .] Baser 
metal introduced in coinage; the 
union of different metals. Neither 
of the precious metals is used in 
absolute purity in coinage. Gold 
is alloyed with silver or copper; 
silver, with nickel, brass, or cop¬ 
per. The proportion of alloy 
differs in different countries. 

Alluvion. Gradual increase of 
the shore of a stream. 

Amotion. A turning aw T ay or 
removal. 

Amount Gross. The total sum 
or aggregate. 

Amount Net. Total sum less 


proper deduction for expenses, 
discount, or charges. 

Ancestor. In law, embraces col¬ 
laterals as well as lineals. 

Anchorage. A spot near shore 
where ships are in safety. Hold¬ 
ing ground. 

Anker. A foreign measure of 
about ten gallons. 

Annex. To take permanently, as 
to annex territory; fixtures are 
annexed to the freehold. 

Annuity.- A sum paid yearly or 
at stated intervals. 

Answer. To be responsible for ; 
to reply. 

Antedate. To date beforehand. 

Application. In insurance, the 
first step in obtaining a policy. 

Appellate Jurisdiction. Courts 
having power to review decisions 
of lower courts. 

■Apply. To dispose of in a par¬ 
ticular manner, as, to apply 
funds in payment of a note. 

Appraisement. Ascertaining the 
value of goods or property. 

Appraiser. He who appraises. 
In particular, an officer of gov¬ 
ernment who ascertains the value 
of dutiable goods. 

Appreciate. To rise in value. 

Apprentice. A minor bound out 
to learn a trade. 

Apprize. Another form of ap¬ 
praise. 

Appropriation. Setting apart 

for a specific purpose. Govern¬ 
ment grant of money. 

Appurtenance. Something in¬ 

cidental to another. 

Arbitration. Settlement of dis¬ 
puted claims or accounts by arbi¬ 
trators. 

Arbitrators. Disinterested 
parties called in to settle disputes. 

Arbitration of Exchanges. 

Comparison of currency of in¬ 
termediate places, to discover 
whether it is more profitable to 
forward money directly or indi¬ 
rectly. 

Archives. State papers, records, 
charters, and other important 
documents. 

Article. A single piece of 
goods; a division of a document 
or contract. 

Arson. The malicious burning of 
another’s house. 

Articles of Partnership. The 

contract between the parties. 
















933 


Ban 


Art 


Articles of War. Rules for the 
government of army and navy. 

Assay. To test the purity of 
precious metals. 

Assess. To levy a tax or share of 
expenses. 

Assets. Funds of an individual, 
firm, or corporation; resources; 
opposed to liabilities. 

Assignats. Paper money of 
France after the revolution, never 
redeemed. 

Assignee. A person to whom an 
assignment is made; trustee for 
the creditors of a bankrupt es¬ 
tate. 

Assignment. Conditional trans¬ 
fer of property for safe keeping, 
or adjustment. 

Assignor. One • who transfers 
his property to assignees for the 
benefit of creditors or for other 
reasons. 

Assizes. [Eng.] A criminal 
court for jury trials held from 
place to place. 

Association. A body of men ; a 

stock company; a society. 

Assortment. A quantity of 
goods varying in form, color, 
style, size, or price. 

Assumpsit. An action to re¬ 
cover damages for breach of con¬ 
tract. 

Assurance. Nearly synonymous 
with insurance ; an agreement to 
pay on a contingency sure to oc¬ 
cur. 

Attachment. A seizure of prop¬ 
erty or person by order of the 
court, to be held until the cause 
is decided. 

Attest. To witness by signature 
a document or judicial act. 

Attorney. An agent; an officer 
of the court: a counselor. 

Attorney, Power of. Written 
authority for one person to act 
for another. 

Attorney General. The chief 
law officer of the government. 

Attorn. To agree to become 
tenant to one to whom reversion 
has been granted. 

Audit. To scrutinize accounts 
and vouchers. 

Auditor. One authorized to ex¬ 
amine accounts: an officer of the 
United States Treasury. 

Average. The mean value; me¬ 
dium quality; a fair sample. 

Average, General. In marine 
insurance, a proportionate con¬ 


tribution levied on ship and 
goods to cover necessary sacri¬ 
fice of a part. 

Average, Particular. Partial 

damage of ship alone, or of cargo 
alone, arising from ordinary wear 
and tear or mishaps. 

Average, Petty. Small charges, 
such as pilotage, port charges, 
and the like, borne in part by 
ship and part by cargo. 

Average of Payments. Method 
of finding the time when payment 
may be made of several sums due 
at different dates without loss to 
either party. 

Avoid. In law, to nullify. 

Avulsion. Lands torn by the 
current from one estate and added 
to another. 

B 

Bail. A surety for appearance; 
the amount pledged. 

Bailments. In law of contracts, 
delivery of goods for some pur¬ 
pose. 

Balance. Difference necessary 
to make debit and credit sides of 
an account equal; weighing 
scales. 

Balance Account. An account 
made up of balances of different 
accounts; a brief summary of the 
state of a business. 

Balance Sheet. A paper giving 
a summary and balance of ac¬ 
counts. 

Balance of Trade. Difference 
in value between total exports 
and imports of a country. 

Ballast. Weight used to steady 
a ship; in balance, loaded with 
ballast instead of cargo. 

Bale. A package of goods or 
produce. 

Banco. Difference between bank 
value and current value of money. 

Bank. An institution for deposit, 
discount, and circulation. 

Bankable. Capable of passing at 
par at a bank. 

Bankbook. Passbook of a 
bank, showing state of depositor’s 
account. 

Banker. A dealer,in money; one 
entrusted with funds by others. 

Bankrupt. One unable to meet 
his business liabilities; the word 
literally means broken up. 

Bank Stock. Shares in a bank¬ 
ing company; paid up capital of 
a bank divided into shares. 





Bar 


934 


Bon 


Bar. A final defense; profession 
of law. 

Bargain. An agreement of sale; 
an advantageous commercial trans¬ 
action. 

Barque or Bark. A three- 
masted vessel, rigged square as to 
fore and main masts, and ‘'fore 
and aft” as to rnizzen mast. 

Barratry. In shipping, any wil¬ 
ful breach of duty or trust by 
master of crew, as against own¬ 
ers or insurers; in common law, 
malicious stirring up of litigation. 

Barrel. A measure of capacity, 
containing gallons, wine 

measure; 86 gallons, beer meas¬ 
ure; 32 gallons, ale measure. 

Barrel Bulk. In freight meas¬ 
urement, 5 cubic feet. 

Barrister. English name for a 
lawyer who practices in the 
courts. 

Barter. To exchange one kind of 
goods for another. 

Base Court. An inferior court, 
not one of record. 

Bazaar. [Turk.] Place of trade; 
specially applied to shops for sale 
of fancy articles. 

Beacon. General word for light¬ 
house or light-ship. 

Bear. In Stock Exchange slang, 
one who strives to depress the 
price of stocks. 

Bearer. He who holds and pre¬ 
sents for payment a note, bill, 
check, or draft. 

Bearer, Payable to. Negotiable 
paper so drawn need not be in¬ 
dorsed. 

Bench Warrant. One issued by 
a superior court judge. 

Bill. A statement of accounts 
due; general term for all nego¬ 
tiable paper. 

Bill Book. In bookkeeping, the 
account kept of all notes, drafts, 
and bills of exchange. 

Billhead. A printed form of 
bills, with business address at the 
top. 

Bill of Discovery. Application 
to equity court to compel dis¬ 
closure of facts. 

Bill of Entry. A bill of goods 
entered at the custom-house. 

Bill of Exceptions. A written 
list of exceptions to a court’s de¬ 
cisions. 

Bill of Exchange. A written 
order from one-person to another, 
ordering or requesting him to pay 


a certain sum of money to a third 
person at a given date. 

Bill, Domestic or Inland. A 
bill of exchange payable in the 
country where drawn. 

Bill, Foreign. A bill of ex¬ 
change payable in a foreign coun¬ 
try ; usually drawn in duplicate 
or triplicate. 

Bill of Lading. A receipt given 
by a ship’s master for goods re¬ 
ceived for carriage, promising to 
deliver the same at a certain time 
and place, dangers of the sea ex¬ 
cepted. , 

Bill of Parcels. Sometimes 
used for invoice. 

Bill of Particulars. Specifi¬ 
cation of demands for which an 
action is brought. 

Bill of Sale. A contract under 
seal for the sale of goods. 

Bill of Sight. A form of Cus¬ 
tom-House entry, allowing con¬ 
signee to see goods before paying 
duty. 

Bills Payable. Notes and bills 
issued in favor of other parties by 
a merchant. 

Bills Receivable. Notes and 
bills made by others and payable 
to ourselves. 

Blank Credit. Permission to 
draw money on account, no sum 
being specified. 

Blackmail. Extortion of money 
by threats. 

Blockading. Obstructing an 

enemy’s ports. 

Board of Trade. An associa¬ 
tion of business men to regulate 
matters of trade and further their 
interests, and for the settlement 
of differences between its mem¬ 
bers. 

Bond. A legal document by which 
a person binds himself to pay 
money or do something under 
penalty of paying a sum fixed. 

Bond Creditor. A creditor 
whose debt is secured by a bond. 

Bond Debt. A debt contracted 
under obligation of a bond. 

Bonded Goods. Goods on which 
bonds instead of cash have been 
given for import duties. 

Bonded Warehouse. Buildings 
owned by persons approved of by 
the Secretary of the Treasury, and 
who have given bonds or guaran¬ 
tee for the strict observance of the 
revenue laws; used for storing 
imported merchandise until the 















Bon 


935 


Cas 


duties are paid or the goods re- 
shipped without entry. 

Bondsman. One who gives se 
curity for the payment of money, 
performance of an act, or integ¬ 
rity of another. 

Bonus. Additional money paid 
beyond interest; extra profits. 

Book Debts. Accounts charged 
on the books. 

Bookkeeper. One who keeps 
mercantile accounts. 

Bookkeeping, Single Entry. 

That system of bookkeeping which 
requires only one entry for a sin¬ 
gle transaction. 

Bookkeeping, Double Entry. 

The system of bookkeeping which 
requires for every transaction two 
entries, one on the debit ana one 
on the credit side. 

Bottomry Bond. The mortgage 
of a vessel for sums advanced for 
the use of the ship. 

Bought and Sold Notes. Notes 
given by a broker to the seller and 
buyer respectively. 

Bounty. A bonus or premium 
given to encourage trade. 

Brand. Literally a mark of desig¬ 
nation made by a hot; iron; any 
trade-mark, device, or name; the 
particular quality of a class of 
goods. 

Breach of Trust. Violation of 
his duty by a trustee. 

Breadstuflfs. Any kind of grain, 
corn, or meal. 

Breakage. Allowance made by a 
shipper for loss by the destruction 
of fragile wares. 

Breaking in. Such violence as 
is necessary to constitute burg¬ 
lary. 

Breaking Bulk. Opening pack¬ 
ages of goods in transit. 

Brief. A concise summary or 
statement of a case. 

Broker. An agent or factor; a 
middleman paid by commission: 
the most common are Bill. E.r- 
chanpc, Insurance, Produce, Ship, 
and Stock Brokers. 

Bull. Stock Exchange slang for a 
broker or dealer who believes that 
the value of stocks will rise and 
speculates for a rise, “goes long” 
on a stock. 

Bullion. T’ncoined gold or silver. 

Burden of Proof. Obligation of 
a party asserting a fact to prove 
it. 

Burglary. At common law, 


breaking into a house in the night 
time with felonious intent. 

Bushel. A cylindrical measure, 
lS 1 /^ inches in diameter and 8 
inches deep inside; its capacity is 
2,150 42-100 cubic inches. 

By-Law. Local or restricted mu¬ 
nicipal regulations. 

C 

Cabinet. Advisory council of a 
sovereign or president. 

Calculate. To determine by reck¬ 
oning; to adjust by comparison. 

Call. Demand for payment of in¬ 
stalments due on stock. 

Call. In Stock Exchange slang, 
a privilege given to another to 
“call” for delivery of stock at a 
time and price fixed. 

Cancel. To annul or erase , often 
done by stamp or punch. 

Canon. A precept of ecclesias¬ 
tical law. 

Capias. Writ commanding sheriff 
to take defendant or a witness 
into custody. 

Capital. Money invested in busi¬ 
ness; amount of assets. 

Capitalist. One having money 
to invest; a wealthy man. 

Capital Offense. One punish¬ 
able by death. 

Capital Stock. The aggregate 
amount invested in a stock com¬ 
pany ; total value of stock at par. 

Capitation. Tax levied by polls. 

Carat. A measure of weight for 
gold and precious stones. 

Cargo. Merchandise laden on a 
ship for transportation. 

Carrier. One who carries goods 
for another. 

Cartage. The amount due for 
carting goods. 

Carte Blanche. [Fr.] Liter¬ 
ally white paper; free or full 
powers. 

Case. A box for holding goods or 
merchandise ; at law, an action or 
suit. 

Case, Action on the. A com¬ 
mon law form of action. 

Cash. Ready money ; gold, silver. 
bank-noTs: checks and drafts are 
usually included. 

Cash-Book. A book of entry for 
money paid in and out. 

Cashier. One who has charge of 
money ; a bank officer. 

Cassation. [Fr.] Act of annul¬ 
ling; reversal. 





Cas 


936 


Cou 


Cash. Sales. Sales for cash. 
Caveat. Formal notice not to 
interfere with one’s rights. 
Certificate. A written voucher, 
as, a certificate of deposit, a stock- 
certificate. 

Certified Check. One accepted 
by the bank on which it is drawn 
as good. 

Chamber of Commerce. An 

association of merchants for the 
encouragement of trade. 

Charter. A grant by a State em¬ 
powering a corporated association 
to do business. 

Charter-Party. A written con¬ 
tract for the hire of a vessel for a 
given voyage. 

Check. An order on a bank for 
payment of money on demand to 
bearer or the order of some per¬ 
son. 

Check-Book. A printed book of 
blank checks. 

Choses in Action. Personal 
property for which the right of 
action exists but which has not 
been reduced to possession. 
Circular. A printed letter of ad¬ 
vertisement. 

Circular Note. A note or bill 
issued by bankers for the accom¬ 
modation of travelers, calling 
upon correspondents at different 
places to pay money on demand. 
Clearance. A Custom House 
certificate that a ship is free to 
leave. 

Clearing. 1. Entering a ship at 
the Custom House and obtaining 
clearance. 2. In banking, ex¬ 
change of checks and settling bal¬ 
ances at the Clearing House. 
Clearing House. A banking ex¬ 
change for daily settlements. 

C. O. D. Collect on delivery; 
method of payment for goods sent 
by express. 

Collateral. In law of descent, 
that which is not lineal; a grand¬ 
son is of lineal, a nephew of col¬ 
lateral descent. 

Collateral Security. A second¬ 
ary security to be available if 
the chief security fail. 

Collector. One authorized to re¬ 
ceive money for another; chief 
officer of a Custom House. 
Commerce. Extended trade or 
traffic. 

Commission. An agent’s per¬ 
centage for transacting business. 


Commission Broker. One who 

buys or sells on commission. 
Commissioner of Deeds. An 

attorney or notary authorized to 
take acknowledgment of deeds in 
a foreign State. 

Common Carrier. A public con¬ 
veyer of goods or passengers. 
Common Law. Unwritten law, 
as distinguished from written or 
statute law. _ , 

Company. An association in 
business; a joint stock concern. 
Compound Interest. Interest 
on both principal and interest. 
Composition. A payment bj r a 
debtor of a percentage of his debts 
as settlement in full. 
Consideration. Value received; 
a bonus. 

Consignee. One to whom goods 
are sent. 

Consignment. Goods sent to an 
agent to be sold. 

Consols. Government securities 
of England, paying three per cent. 
Consul. A representative of one 
country in a port of another to 
protect trade interests and the 
rights of seamen and other citi¬ 
zens. 

Consulage. Duty paid by mer¬ 
chants for protection of commerce 
abroad. 

Contraband. Prohibited goods 
or merchandise; smuggled goods. 
Contraband of War. Goods 
which neutral ships are forbidden 
to carry to belligerents ; as muni¬ 
tions or arms. 

Contract. An agreement; a bar¬ 
gain. 

Contractor. One who engages 
to do certain work or furnish 
goods at fixed rates; a public sup¬ 
ply agent. 

Conveyance. A written instru¬ 
ment by which property is trans¬ 
ferred ; a deed. 

Cooperage. Charge for putting 
hoops on casks or barrels. 
Copying-Press. An instrument} 
for taking impressions from damp 
paper. 

Corner. In stock and grain brok¬ 
er’s slang, the buying up of a large 
quantity of stock or grain to raise 
the price. 

Corporation. A body of business 
men authorized by law to trans¬ 
act certain business. 

Counter-Entry. An entry in a 
contrary sense. 

















Cou 


937 


Dra 


Counting Room. A merchant’s 
business office. 

Coupon. [Fi\] A certificate of 
interest attached to bonds or 
stock, to be cut off when due. 
Court of Equity. One having a 
chancery or equity jurisdiction; 
not limited by the common law. 
Cr. Abbreviation for Credit; the 
Cr. side of an account is on the 
right hand. 

Credit. In bookkeeping, value re¬ 
ceived or transferred from the 
party; opposite of debit; financial 
standing; power to obtain loans. 
Creditor. One to whom money 
or value is due. 

Credit Mobilier. An associa¬ 
tion intending to buy up and con¬ 
duct railroads or other companies 
on limited liability principles. 
Curbstone Broker. A broker 
not a member of the regular Stock 
Exchange. 

Currency. The circulating me¬ 
dium of a country. 

Current. Passing freely; now 
running, as, current accounts. 
Customs. Taxes on goods ex¬ 
ported or imported. 

Custom House. A place ap¬ 
pointed to receive customs. 
Custom House Entry. A state¬ 
ment made and fees paid in clear¬ 
ing a ship. 

Customary Law. Practices 
which have become law through 
the long usage of the mercantile 
world. 

D 

Damages. Compensation for in¬ 
jury received. 

Date. Day of the month and 
year. 

Day-Book. A book for record¬ 
ing daily transactions. 

Days of Grace. Three days al¬ 
lowed for payment of notes or bills 
after the time specified has 
elapsed. In some countries more 
than three are allowed. 
Debenture. A Custom House 
certificate entitling an exporter to 
a drawback on duties paid. 
Debit. To make debtor; oppo¬ 
site of credit; a charge entered. 
Debtor. One who owes; opposite 
of creditor. 

Decimal. A tenth part; by 
tenths. 

Declined. Decreased in value. 


Deed, xi sealed legal instrument, 
transferring property, usually 
land. 

Default. Failure to pay. 
Defendant. In iaw, the one 
against whom a claim or charge 
is made. 

Deficit. A lack of funds to bal¬ 
ance accounts. 

Del Credere. [Ital.] Extra 
commission given an agent in con¬ 
sideration of his warranting the 
solvency of the purchaser. 
Demand. Claim for payment. 
Demurrage. Forfeit money for 
detention of vessels beyond the 
time allowed by a charter-party. 
Deposit. Money left with a bank 
subject to order; payment on ac¬ 
count. 

Depot. A place of storage or 
warehouse; improperly used of a 
railway station. 

Derelict. Ship or cargo aban¬ 
doned at sea. 

Deviation. The departure of a 
ship from her regular course to 
stop at other ports. 

Directors. The managers of a 
stock company. 

Discharge. To pay a debt; to 
unload a ship. 

Discount. A sum thrown off the 
amount of a note or bill; a de¬ 
duction ; to discount is to lend 
money on bills after deducting the 
interest. 

Discount Broker. One who 

lends money on notes or bills. 
Dissolution. Breaking up of a 
partnership. 

Dividend. Payment of the profits 
of a joint stock concern, pro rata; 
proportional payment to creditors 
out of a bankrupt estate. 
Dockage or Dock Dues. 

Charges for the use of a dock. 
Docket. A ticket or mark on 
goods showing measurement or 
destination; a list of cases before 
a court. 

Donee. One to whom something 
is given. 

Draft. An order to pay money ; 
a rough copy of a writing; a de¬ 
duction from gross weight of 
goods; number of feet which a 
ship sinks in the water. 

Draw. To make a draft; to call 
for funds. 

Drawback. An allowance or re¬ 
turn of duties paid at the Custom 
House. 





Dra 


938 


Fac 


Drawer. The maker of a draft 
or bill of exchange. 

Drawee. The one on whom a 
draft or bill is drawn. 

Drayage. Charges on goods 
hauled by a dray; cartage. 

Drummer. One who solicits 
custom for a merchant by show¬ 
ing samples. 

Dry Goods. Commercial name 
for textile fabrics. 

Due. Owing; that which is owed. 

Due Bill. A written acknowl¬ 
edgment of debt, not negotiable. 

Dun. To demand payment. 

Dunnage. Loose articles of a 
cargo ; loose material laid on the 
bottom of the ship’s hold to raise 
goods and prevent injury by 
water. 

Duplicate. A copy; a second ar¬ 
ticle of the same kind. 

Duress. Confinement; restraint; 
compulsion. 

Duties. Taxes levied by a gov¬ 
ernment on exports or imports. 

E 

Eagle. A gold coin of the United 
States, value ten dollars. 

E. E. Abbreviation for errors ex¬ 
cepted. 

Effects. Property ; goods on hand : 
the possessions of a firm. 

Ejectment. Dispossession of 
houses or land ; forcing out. 

Ell. A measure of length, 1 yard, 
9 inches. 

Embargo. Order of a govern¬ 
ment forbidding ships to leave its 
ports. 

Embark. To enter a ship for a 
voyage; to engage in any enter¬ 
prise. 

Emporium. A commercial city; 
a place of trade. 

Endorse. To transfer notes, bills, 
or checks by writing one’s name 
on the back; to guarantee pay¬ 
ment. 

Endorsee. He in whose favor 
endorsement is made. 

Endorser. One who endorses. 

Engrosser. One who takes the 
whole of a line of goods ; a fore¬ 
stalled one who “corners the mar¬ 
ket” on commodities; an orna¬ 
mental penman. 

Engrossing Clerk. A copyist; 
a copying clerk. 

Entrepot. A place where goods 
are deposited without paving duty, 


to await transportation elsewhere; 
a free port. 

Entry. In bookkeeping, any rec¬ 
ord made; depositing a ship’s pa¬ 
pers with the Custom House. 

Equity. A branch of jurisprud¬ 
ence distinct from the common 
law. 

Equity of Redemption. Privi¬ 
lege allowed to a mortgagor to re¬ 
deem property within a given 
time. 

Estoppel. Preclusion of a per¬ 
son from asserting a fact or doing 
an act inconsistent with previous 
acts or declarations. 

Examine!'. A Custom House 
officer who compares goods with 
invoices. 

Exchange. Place where mer¬ 

chants meet to transact business ; 
percentage on sale of bills ; differ¬ 
ence of value between different 
currencies. 

Exchange Broker. One who 

negotiates foreign bills of ex¬ 
change. 

Exchequer. A treasury; sum¬ 
mary of finances. 

Excise. Internal revenue tax. 

Executed. Finished; accom¬ 

plished in legal form. 

Executor. One appointed to 
'carry out the provisions of a will. 

Executory. To be performed in 

the future. 

Executrix. Feminine form of 

executor. 

Exhibit. Voucher or document 
presented in court; transcript of 
ledger balances. 

Export. To send goods to a for¬ 
eign country. 

Export Duty. Tax imposed on 
exports. 

Exporter. One who exports. 

Exports. The goods or merchan¬ 
dise exported. 

Express. To transmit with ce¬ 
lerity. 

Express Company. A corpora¬ 
tion engaged in the rapid trans¬ 
portation of goods and money 
from one place to another. 

Extension. Allowance of time 
for payment to a debtor; carrying 
out items of a bill or account. 

E. & O. E. “Errors and Omis¬ 
sions Excepted.” 

F 

Face. The amount for which a 
note is drawn. 






















Fac 


939 


Gro 


Fac Simile. [Lat.] An exact 
copy; a counterpart. 

Factor. An agent appointed to 
sell goods on commission; a con¬ 
signee. 

Factorage. Commissions allowed 
to factors. 

Facture. An invoice or bill of 
goods. 

Failure. Becoming bankrupt; 
suspension of payment. 

Fair. Of average quality; above 
middling. 

Fall. Decrease in price or value. 

False Pretenses. Misstatements 
made with intent to defraud. 

Fancy Goods. Light fabrics, rib¬ 
bons, laces, etc. 

Farthing. An English copper 
coin worth half a cent; an insig¬ 
nificant value. 

Fee. Payment; charge of a pro¬ 
fessional man ; a gratuity. 

Fee-Simple. In real estate, an 
absolute title; one with no con¬ 
ditions attached. 

Finance. Funds ; public money ; 
revenue. 

Financier. One skilled in money 
matters. 

Fire Insurance. Indemnity 
against loss by fire. 

Fire Policy. The writing by 
which insurers agree to pay fire 
insurance. 

Firm. Name, style, or title of a 
business concern; the partners 
taken collectively. 

Fixtures. Anything of an acces¬ 
sory nature annexed to real es¬ 
tate ; that which forms a part of 
realty. 

Flat. Inactive ; depressed ; dull; 
flat value of stock and bonds is 
the value without interest. 

Flotsam. Goods thrown into the 
sea which swim. 

F. O. B. “Free on board trans¬ 
portation and shipping expenses 
included. 

Footing. Amount of a column 
of figures. 

Forced Sale. Sale of commod¬ 
ities under compulsion or forclos- 
ure. 

Foreclose. To seize property un¬ 
der the conditions of a mortgage. 

Foreign Bill. A bill of exchange 
drawn in one country upon a citi¬ 
zen of another. 

Forestall. To buy up goods be¬ 
fore the regular time of sale; to 


bring about an increase in the 
price of provisions. 

Forwarder. A merchant or 
agent who transmits or forwards 
goods. 

Fractional Currency. United 
States paper money for sums less 
than a dollar. 

Franc. • French unit of coinage ; 
100 centimes; value, 18 3-5 cents. 

Franking., Privilege of sending 
letters free, of charge. 

Fraud. In law, any wrongful 
artifice, device, or concealment by 
which pecuniary damage is done 
to another. 

Free Goods. Goods admitted 
without an import tax. 

Free Port. A port where ships 
may load and unload free from 
duties. 

Free Trade. Trade not restricted 
by tariff duties for “protection.” 

Freight. Sums paid for trans¬ 
portation of merchandise or hire 
of a ship ; less properly, the goods 
carried. 

Funded. Made into a permanent 
loan on which interest is paid. 

Funds. Ready money ; shares in 
a national debt; public securities. 

G 

Garbles. Dust, filth, or soil re¬ 
moved from spices, drugs, etc.; 
to garble is to separate this refuse. 

Garnishment. Legal notice at¬ 
taching goods or money of one 
person in the hands of another. 

Garnishee. The person on whom 
is served a writ of garnishment 
or “trustee process,” ordering him 
to appear in court and give in¬ 
formation in regard to the goods 
of another, the original debtor, in 
his hands. 

Gauge. To measure the contents 
of a cask ; measure or standard. 

General Order Store. A bond¬ 
ed warehouse to which merchan¬ 
dise not claimed within a certain 
time is sent under a “General Or¬ 
der.” 

Goods. Merchandise; movable 
property. 

Good Will. The interest of an 
established business in the way 
of trade and custom. 

Great Gross. Twelve gross ; i. e., 
1,728 articles. 

Gross. Twelve dozen; total 
amount; opposed to 






Gro 


940 


Job 


Gross Ton. Twenty-two hun¬ 
dred and forty pounds. 

Guarantee. The one to whom 
security is given or guaranty 
made. 

Guarantor. One making a guar¬ 
anty. 

Guaranty. Security; an under¬ 
taking that one person will pay 
money to another or fulfil a con¬ 
tract. 

Gunny-Bags. Sacks of coarse 
material used for coffee. 

H 

Hand. Measure of a n i m a 1 s’ 
height; about four inches. 

Hand-Money. Money paid to 
bind a bargain. 

Harbor. A place of security fox- 

vessels. 

Harbor-Dues. Charges made for 
use of a harbor. 

Harbor-Master. An officer hav¬ 
ing charge of a harbor. 

Hogshead. A measure of ca¬ 
pacity ; 2 bari-els, or 63 gallons; 
a large cask. 

Holder. He in whose possession 
a note or bill may be. 

Hollow-Ware. Trade name for 
cast or wrought iron vessels, ket¬ 
tles, etc. 

Honor. To accept and pay a 
note, draft, or bill. 

Husbandage. Compensation paid 
to a “ship’s husband” (ichicli 

see ). 

Hypothecate. To pledge as se¬ 
curity ; to mortgage chattels. 

I 

Immovables. Land, houses, and 
fixtures; real estate. 

Importer. A mei'chant who im¬ 
ports goods. 

Imports. Goods brought from a 
foreign country. 

Impost. Government tax on im- 
ported goods. 

Income. Total amount of re¬ 
ceipts from all sources; yearly 
gains. 

Income Tax. A government tax 
of a pei-centage on the income of 
individuals or coi-poi-ations. 

Indemnification. Making good 
a loss; securing one against dam¬ 
ages. 

Indemnity. Guarantee against 
loss; freedom; compensation for 
damages suffex-ed. 


Index. Names of titles or ac¬ 
counts arranged alphabetically. 

Indorse. See Endorse, etc. 

Indulgence. Extension of time 
for payment. 

Inland Bill. A bill of exchange 
or draft drawn upon a pei-son in 
the same State or Country. 

Insolvent. Unable to pay out¬ 
standing liabilities; bankrupt. 

Instalment. A part payment or 
part delivery of goods. 

Instant. Of the present month, 
as, the 12tli inst. 

Insurable Interest. Such an 
intei-est as will entitle a person 
to obtain insurance on the life or 
property of anothei-. 

Insurance. A contract in which 
one party, the insurer , agrees in 
considei-ation of the premium, to 
pay a certain sum on the death of 
the insured or to indemnify him 
for loss to property by fire or 
other risks. 

Insurance Broker. One who 

negotiates insurance contracts. 

Interest. Money paid for use of 
money; sliai-e in a business or 
venture. 

Interest Account. In book¬ 
keeping, a separate account of 
sums paid and received as in- 
tei-est. 

Internal Revenue. Govern 
ment revenue dei-ived from do¬ 
mestic sources. 

Intestate. Not disposed of by 
a valid will; one who dies with¬ 
out a will. 

In Transitu. [Lat.] On the 
road ; not brought to an end. 

Inventory. A list of goods and 
merchandise on hand; any enu¬ 
meration of articles; a schedule. 

Investment. Placing of money 
in business or securities. 

Invoice. Account of merchan¬ 
dise shipped, with prices and 
charges annexed. 

Invoice Book. A book for en¬ 
tering copies of invoices. 

Involved. Confused; embai-- 
rassed by liabilities. 

J 

Jettison. Thi-owing goods over¬ 
board or cutting away masts and 
sails to save a vessel. 

Jetsam. Goods thrown into the 
sea which have sunk. 

Jobber. One who buys from iru- 
















Job 


941 


Log 


porters or manufacturers and 
sells to retailers: a middleman. 

Job Lot. Goods left over; an 
odd assortment. 

Joint Stock. That held in com¬ 
pany ; stock formed by the union 
of several companies. 

Joint Stock Company. A 
business association, the capital 
of which is represented by shares 
of' stock. 

Joint Tenants. Those who have 
not only unity of possession, but 
also of title and interest, and the 
survivor takes the whole. 
Journal. An account book in¬ 
termediate between Day-Book and 
Ledger. 

Judgment. A judicial decree; 

decision of a court. 

Judgment Note. One containing 
a power of attorney from maker 
to payee to confess judgment for 
the maker to the extent of face 
and interest. 

Jurisdiction. Extent of a court’s 
authority as to place, sum, or 
subject matter. 

L 

Lame Duck. Stock-brokers’ 
slang for one unable to meet his 
liabilities. 

Land. To discharge cargo; to 
disembark. 

Law, Merchant. Body of law 
relating to mercantile customs. 
Law Days. Days allowed in a 
charter-party for unloading a 
ship. 

Lay Down. Cost of merchandise, 
including charges and freight to 
place of shipment. 

Lazzaretto. [Ital.] A place in 
quarantine where goods are fumi¬ 
gated. 

Leakage. An allowance made 
for waste by leaking of casks. 
Lease. An agreement for letting 
lands or tenements for life, a 
term of years or months, or at 
will. 

Legal Tender. Currency or coin 
which a government has declared 
shall be received in payment of 
debts: a formal proffer of money 
to nay a debt; if refused, the 
creditor cannot recover. 

Lessee. One to whom a lease is 
given. 

Lessor. One who iViakes. a lease. 

Letter Book. That in which 


copies of letters sent and re¬ 
ceived are made. 

Letter of Advice. One giving 
notice of a shipment made, bill 
drawn, or other business trans¬ 
action. 

Letter of Credit. One authoriz¬ 
ing credit to a certain amount to 
be given to the bearer. 

Letter of License. One by 
which creditors of an insolvent 
debtor postpone their claims and 
allow him to continue trade. 
Letter of Marque. Commission 
from a government to a private 
ship to seize and destroy ships 
and property of a hostile country. 
Letters of Administration. 
Authority given to administer an 
intestate estate, or one in re¬ 
gard to which the executor has 
refused to act. 

Letters Patent. A writing exe¬ 
cuted and sealed, granting power 
and authority to do some act, ©r 
enjoy some right. 

Letters Testamentary. Au¬ 
thority to an Executor to act as 
such, after probate of will has 
been made. 

Liability. That for which one is 
responsible ; debts ; obligations. 
Lien. A hold or claim on prop¬ 
erty to secure a debt. 

License. Permission to trade or 
act, as liquor license , peddler’s 
license. 

Lighterage. Payment for un¬ 
loading ships by lighters or boats. 
Liquidation. Settlement or ad¬ 
justment of liabilities. 

Lloyds’. An old association of 
English marine underwriters (in¬ 
surers) which formerly met at 
Lloyd’s coffee house, London. The 
company possesses complete rec¬ 
ords of everything pertaining to 
marine matters, and to rate on 
Lloyd’s books as A1 is accepted 
as conclusive evidence of excel¬ 
lence. 

Lloyds’ Register. A yearly 
register of tonnage, age, build, 
character, and condition of ships, 
issued by the Lloyds. 

Loan. Money or property fur¬ 
nished for temporary use; a pub¬ 
lic debt. 

Loan Office. An office where 
loans are negotiated. 

Log-Book. A book in which is 
recorded the daily progress of a 







Lon 


942 


Net 


vessel, weather notes, and all in¬ 
cidents. 

Long Price. Price after duties 
are paid. 

Longshoremen. Laborers who 
load and unload vessels. 

M 

Manifest. A list or invoice of a 
ship’s cargo and passengers to be 
exhibited at Custom Houses. 

Manifold Writer. A contriv¬ 
ance by which several copies may 
be obtained at once; it consists 
of several sheets covered with a 
preparation of plumbago. 

Manufactures. Articles which 
have undergone some process; 
not crude or raw. 

Marine Insurance. Insurance 
on vessels and cargo. 

Mark. A letter, figure, or device, 
by which goods and prices are 
distinguished; private marks are 
usually made by selecting a word 
of ten letters and letting each 
letter stand for a digit. 

Market. A public place of sale 
for provisions or other wares. 

Mart. A market; a place of 
traffic. 

Maturity. Time fixed for pay¬ 
ment ; becoming due. 

Maximum. The highest price or 
sum. 

Measurement Goods. Goods on 
which freight is charged by 
measurement. 

Mercantile Agency. A concern 
which procures and furnishes in¬ 
formation as to the financial 
standing and credit of business 
firms. 

Mercantile Paper. Notes or 
bills issued by merchants for 
goods bought or consigned. 

Merchantable. Fit for market; 
in sound condition. 

Merchant. One who buys and 
sells goods, generally applied to 
wholesalers or large dealers. 

Merchant Service. Trading 
ships taken collectively ; the man¬ 
agement of merchant vessels. 

Merger. Absorption of a lesser 
by a greater debt or obligation. 

Metallic Currency. Gold, sil¬ 
ver, and bronze or other metal 
coinage. 

Metric System. A decimal sys¬ 
tem of weights and measures, 
first established in France; now 
in general use in Europe and 


- ---* 

to a minor extent in English- 
speaking countries. 

Minimum. Lowest price; least 
quantity possible. 

Mint. A place for coining money. 

Misfeasance. The doing of a 
lawful dt*t in an unlawful man¬ 
ner. 

Mitigation. Reduction of a 
penalty or fine; that which in 
part excuses. 

Mixed Fabrics. Those composed 
of more than one kind of fibre, 
as wool and cotton. 

Money. The measure of value 
and medium of exchange ; strictly 
speaking, money must have in¬ 
trinsic value to the amount it 
represents, as gold or silver; but 
bank notes and sometimes checks 
are included. 

Money-Broker. One who deals 
in money. 

Money Market. The general 

system of cash loans; the ex¬ 
change of different kinds of cur¬ 
rency. 

Money Order. An order re¬ 
questing one person to pay money 
to another; not negotiable ; most 
commonly used of post-office or¬ 
ders. 

Monopoly. Sole power of deal¬ 
ing in certain class of goods. 

Mortgage. A conditional con¬ 
veyance of property, to become 
void upon fulfillment of the con¬ 
dition, as, the payment of a note. 

Mortgage Deed. A deed of the 
nature of a mortgage. 

Mortgagee. The person to whom 
property is mortgaged. 

Mortgagor. One who gives a 
mortgage. 

Movables. Personal property; 
property not fixed. # 

Muster. A collection of samples. 

N 

National Banks. Banks organ¬ 
ized in the United States under 
the conditions of an Act of Con¬ 
gress. 

Negotiable Paper. Notes, bills, 
and drafts which may be trans¬ 
ferred with all their rights by in¬ 
dorsement or assignment. 

Negotiation. Agreeing upon ?. 
mercantile transaction ; making a 
bargain ; fixing a price. 

Net. The clear amount; what re¬ 
mains after* deducting charges 
and expenses. 







Net 


943 


Pos 


Net Profits. Clear profit, after 
deducting losses. 

Net Weight. Weight of mer¬ 
chandise without bag. box, or 
covering. 

Nominal. In name only; very 
smaU, as, a nominal price. 

Non-feasance. The not doing of 
what ought to be done. 

Notary Public. A public officer 
who attests or certifies to ac¬ 
knowledgment of deeds and other 
papers, protests notes and bills, 
etc. 

Notarial Seal. Seal of a notary 
public. 

Note of Hand. A written under¬ 
taking to pay money at a certain 
time. 

Note Book. A book in which 
notes of hand are recorded. 

O 

Obligation. A duty; a binding 
engagement; bond with condition 
annexed. 

On Sale. Goods left with another 
person to sell an account. 

Open Account. A running or 
unsettled account. 

Opening. The display of a new 
stock of goods for sale. 

Open Policy. In marine insur¬ 
ance, a policy which covers un¬ 
defined risks. 

Option. Permission to choose ; in 
stock-broking, privilege of taking 
or delivering stock at a given day 
and price. 

Order. A commission to pur¬ 
chase ; directions to pay money 
or deliver goods. 

Order Book. That in which 
orders received are entered. 

Ordinary. A ship in harbor is 
said to be in ordinary; of medium 
quality. 

Outstanding Accounts. Book 
debts not yet collected. 

Overdraw. To call for more 
money than is on deposit. 

Overdue. Applied to a note or 
draft the specified time for pay¬ 
ment of which has passed.. 

Overt. Apparent; manifest : 
open. 

P 

Package. A bundle; a parcel; 
a bale. 

Panic. A monetary pressure; 
financial crisis. 


Paper. Negotiable evidence of 
indebtedness. 

Paper Money. Bills of banks or 
the government passing current 
as money. 

Parole. [Fr.] Not written, as, 
parole evidence. 

Par Value. The face or nominal 
value. 

Par of Exchange. The value of 
a unit of one country’s coinage 
expressed in that of another’s. 

Partner. An associate in busi¬ 
ness; member of a partnership. 

Partnership. Contract of two 
or more persons to join money, 
stock, or skill in trade for mutual 
benefit. 

Part Owner. One of several 
owners of a ship; the relation 
differs materially from partner¬ 
ship. 

Pass Book. A book kept bv a 
customer in which entries of pur¬ 
chases are made; a bank book. 

Passport. A permission from a 
government to travel, with iden¬ 
tification and certificate of na¬ 
tionality. 

Pawnbroker. One who lends 
money at interest on security of 
goods deposited. 

Payable. Justly due; capable of 
payment. 

Payee. The person to whose or¬ 
der a note, bill, or draft is to be 
paid. 

Per Cent, or Per Centum. 

[L.] By the hundred; rates of 
interest, discount, etc. 

Per Centage. [Cat.] An al¬ 
lowance reckoned by hundredth 
parts; commission. 

Per Contra. [Lat.] To the op¬ 
posite side of an account. 

Permit. Written authority to 
remove dutiable goods. 

Petty Cash Book. Account of 
small receipts and expenses. 

Policy. The instrument by whi< li 
the contract of insurance is made. 

Port. A harbor for vessels; a 
commercial city. 

Port of Entry. A port where a 
Custom House is established for 
the entry of imports. 

Post-Date. To date after the 
real time. 

Posting. To transfer from day¬ 
book or journal to the ledger. 

Post Obit. A promise to pay 
loans after the death of some 
person. 




Pow 


944 


Scr 


Power of Attorney. Written 
authority from one person to 
another to act for him. 

Preferred Creditor. One whose 
claims a bankrupt debtor elects to 
settle first. 

Premium. A sum beyond par 
value; the amount paid annually 
in insurance contracts. 

Price Current. A statement 
showing prevailing price of mer¬ 
chandise, stock, or securities. 

Price List. A list of articles 
w T ith prices attached. 

Prime. Of high quality; su¬ 
perior. 

Principal. The sum on which 
interest is paid. 

Proceeds. The sum realized by 
a sale. 

Procuration. A general letter 
or power of attorney. 

Produce. Farm products of all 
kinds. 

Profit and Loss. An account in 
which gains and losses are bal¬ 
anced. 

Promissory Note. (See Note of 
Hand.) 

Pro Rata. [Lat.] A propor¬ 
tional distribution. 

Protective Tariff. Duty im¬ 
posed on imports to encourage 
manufactures. 

Protest. Notice to the sureties of 
a note that it was not paid at 
maturity or to the drawer of a 
draft that acceptance was refused. 

Purveyor. One who supplies 
provisions. 

Q 

Quarantine. Restraint of inter¬ 
course to which a ship is sub¬ 
jected on suspicion of infection; 
the place of such restraint. 

Quitrent. Rent paid by tenant 
of a freehold, discharging him 
from other rent. 

Quotation. Current prices of 
stocks or commodities. 

R 

Real Estate. Land, houses, and 
fixtures; all immovable property. 

Rebate. Deduction ; abatement; 
discount; giving back part of 
sum already paid. 

Receipt. A written acknowl¬ 
edgment of payment. 

Receipt Book. A book in which 
receipts are filed. 


Receiver. An officer appointed 
by a court to hold in trust prop¬ 
erty in litigation, or to wind up 
the affairs of $ bankrupt concern. 

Re c o u p. To counterbalance 
losses by gains. 

Rectification. Second distilla¬ 
tion of alcoholic liquors. 

Register. A ship’s paper, issued 
by the Custom House, stating 
description, name, tonnage, na¬ 
tionality, and ownership. 

Re -insurance. Transfer of part 
of the contract of insurance from 
one insurer to another. 

Remittance. Transfer of funds 
from one party to another. 

Renewal. Giving a new note for 
an old one; extension of time. 

Rent. Compensation for the use 
of real estate. 

Rente. A French term equivalent 
to government annuity. 

Repository. A warehouse or 
storehouse. 

Reprisal. The seizure of ships 
or property to indemnify for un¬ 
lawful seizure or detention. 

Respondentia Bond. A bond 
for a loan secured by the cargo 
of a ship. 

Retail. To sell in small quanti¬ 
ties. 

Returns. Profit on an invest¬ 
ment. 

Revenue. Income of a State; 
taxes received. 

Revenue Cutter. A small gov¬ 
ernment vessel used in collecting 
taxes and preventing smuggling. 

Reversion. Right to possess 
property after the happening of 
some event, as the death of a per¬ 
son. 

S 

Sale. Transfer of property for a 
consideration. 

Salvage. Compensation given 
those who rescue ship or cargo 
from loss. 

Salvor. One who voluntarilv en¬ 
gages in saving a ship or cargo 
from peril. 

Sample. A small portion of mer¬ 
chandise taken as a specimen of 
quality. 

Sans Recours. [Fr.] Without 
recourse; sometimes added to an 
indorsement of a note or bill to 
protect indorser from liability. 

Scrip. Certificate of stock given 
before registration. 




Sea 


945 


Sur 


Seaworthy. Fit for a voyage and 
properly equipped. 

Securities. Documents securing 
a right to property. 

Sell. To make a sale; to trans¬ 
fer for consideration. 

Set-Off. A counter claim or cross 
debt arising from a different mat¬ 
ter from the one in question. 

Share. Interest owned by one of 
a number; unit of the division 
of stock. 

Ship. Technically, a three-mast¬ 
ed square-rigged vessel; commonly 
used for any large vessel. 

Shipment. Quantity of goods 
dispatched. 

Shipper. One who dispatches 
goods by vessel or other convey¬ 
ance. 

Shipping;. Collective term for a 
number of vessels. 

Shipping Articles. Articles of 
agreement between captain and 
seamen 1 . 

Shipping Clerk. One who over¬ 
sees the forwarding of merchan¬ 
dise. 

Ship’s Husband. One wffio at¬ 
tends to the requisite repairs of a 
ship while in port, and does all 
the other necessary acts prepara¬ 
tory to a voyage. 

Ship’s Papers. Papers which a 
vessel must carry; register, sea- 
letter, logbook, bill of health, ship¬ 
ping articles, etc. 

Ship’s Stores. Provisions, fuel, 
cables, extra spars, etc. 

Short. To “sell short” is to sell 
for future delivery wffiat one has 
not got in hopes that prices will 
fall. 

Short Exchange. Bills of ex¬ 
change payable at sight or in a 
few days. 

Shrinkage. Reduction in bulk 
or measurement. 

Sight. The time when a bill is 
presented to the drawee. 

Sight Draft. One payable at 
sight, i. e., w r hen presented. 

Signature. The name of a per¬ 
son written by himself. 

Silent Partner. One who fur¬ 
nishes capital but takes no active 
part in a business. 

Simple Interest. Interest on 
principal alone ; not compound. 

Sinking Fund. A fund set apart 
from revenue to pay a public or 
corporation debt. 

Smuggling. Introducing goods 
H31 


into a country without paying 
duties. 

Solvent. Able to meet all liabili¬ 
ties. 

Specialty. A written, sealed, and 
delivered contract; a particular 
article of merchandise dealt in. 

Specie. Any kind of coined 
money. 

Specification. A written de¬ 
scription and enumeration of par¬ 
ticulars. 

Speculation. A business invest¬ 
ment out of the ordinary run of 
trade. 

Stamp Duty. Law requiring 
stamps to be affixed to checks and 
proprietary articles. 

Staple. Principal commodity of 
a country or district. 

Statute Law. Body of laws es¬ 
tablished by legislative enactment; 
w r ritten as opposed to unwritten 
or common law. 

Sterling. Lawful or standard 
money of Great Britain. 

Stock. Shares in the capital of 
corporations; goods on hand. 

Stock Broker. One w T ho buys 
and sells stock on commission. 

Stock Exchange. Place w r here 
shares of stock are bought and 
sold. 

Stock-Holder. One who holds 
shares of stock. 

Stock Jobber. One who specu¬ 
lates in stocks. 

Stoppage in Transitu. [Lat.] 
Right of seller to stop goods “on 

. their passage” if purchaser has 
become insolvent. 

Storage. Sums paid for storing 
goods. 

Storekeeper. Officer in charge 
of a bonded warehouse. 

Stowage. Careful arrangement 
of cargo in a ship. 

Subpoena. A writ commanding 
a witness to appear in court. 

Subpoena duces tecum. [Lat.] 
A subpoena requiring witness to 
bring papers with him. 

Subrogation. Putting one thing 
in place of another; substituting 
one creditor for another. 

Sundries. Unclassified articles. 

Supercargo. An agent who ac¬ 
companies cargo to care for and 
sell it. 

Surety. One who binds himself 
to pay money in case another per¬ 
son fails to pay, to fill a contract, 
or to serve with integrity. 






Sur 


946 


usu 


Surveyor. Agent of an insurance 
company to examine and report 
on applications for marine or fire 
insurance. 

Suspend. To fail ; to stop pay¬ 
ment. 

Suspense Account. An account 
made of doubtful balances to as¬ 
certain probable profit or loss. 
Sutler. One authorized to sell 
goods to an army. 

Suttle "Weight. Weight after 
tare is deducted. 

T 

Tale Quale. [Lat.] “Such as 
used to denote that cargo is pre¬ 
sumed to correspond with sample, 
and that buyer takes the risk of 
deterioration. 

Tally. Keeping account by check¬ 
ing olf. 

Tally Man. One who receives 
payment for goods in weekly in¬ 
stalments. 

Tare. Allowance in weight or 
quantity on account of cask, bag, 
or covering. Actual tare: when 
each cask, etc., is weighed. Av¬ 
erage tare': when one is weighed 
as a sample. Estimated tare: 
when a fixed percentage is al¬ 
lowed. 

Tariff. Rate or list of duties; 
price list. 

Teller. Officer of a bank who 
receives or pays out money. 
Tenants. Those who lease or 
rent real estate. 

Tenants in Common. Persons 
holding the same property in com¬ 
mon, i. e., by distinct titles and 
not as joint tenants. 

Tender. Offer to supply money 
or articles. {See Legal Tender.) 
Tenor. Intent, nature, character; 

. sometimes an exact copy. 

Textile Fabrics. All woven or 
piece goods. 

Testator. One who has made a 
will; feminine form, testatrix. 
Time Bargain. A contract for 
the future sale of stock. 
Tonnage. The weight a ship will 
carry in tous; capacity of a ves¬ 
sel. 

Tort. A private or civil injury! 

for which damages will lie. 
Trade. Buying and selling; com¬ 
merce ; traffic. 

Trade Discount. An allowance 
made to dealers in the same line. 


Trade Mark. Letters, figures, or 
devices used on goods and labels 
which a manufacturer has the sole 
right to use.* 

Trade Price. That allowed by 
wholesalers to retailers. 

Trade Sale. An auction by and 
for the trade; especially of book¬ 
sellers. 

Trades Union. A combination of 
workingmen to protect their own 
interests. 

Traffic. Business done ; especially 
that of a railroad. 
Transhipment. Removi n g 
goods from one ship or convey¬ 
ance to another. 

Transportation. Conveying 
goods from one place to another. 
Transit Duty. Tax imposed on 
goods for passing through a coun¬ 
try. 

Traveler. A commercial agent; 
a drummer. 

Treasury Notes. Those issued 
by government and passing cur¬ 
rent as money. 

Treaty. An agreement or com¬ 
pact between two or more nations. 
Tret. Allowance for waste of 4 
lbs. in 104 lbs., after tare has 
been deducted. 

Triplicate. To make three cop¬ 
ies of a paper; the third copy. 
Trustee Process. Same as Gar¬ 
nishment, which see. 

U 

Ullage. What a cask lacks of 
being full. 

Unclaimed Goods. Goods in gov¬ 
ernment storehouses unclaimed 
after three years from importa¬ 
tion, or on which duties have not 
been paid, may be sold at auction. 
Undersell. To sell below the 
trade price. 

Underwriter. A marine insurer; 

an individual, not a company. 
Unseaworthy. Unfit in condition 
or equipment for a voyage. 
Unsound. In bad condition ; of 
doubtful solvency. 

Usance. The time allowed by 
usage for the payment of a bill 
of exchange; it differs greatly in 
different countries; any business 
custom. 

Usury. Interest beyond the law¬ 
ful rate. 



















Val 


947 


Wrc 


Valid. Of force; binding; good in 
law. 

Value. To estimate; worth. 

Value Received. Phrase used 
in notes and bills to express a 
consideration indefinitely. 

Vendee. One to whom something 
is sold. 

Vendor. A seller. 

Vendue. An auction sale. 

Venture. A mercantile specula¬ 
tion or investment. 

Void. That which is of no legal 
effect. 

Voidable. That which may be¬ 
come of no legal effect if proper 
steps are taken. 

Voucher. A book, receipt, entry, 


or other document which estab- 
lisnes the truth of accounts. 

W 

Warehouseman. One who stores 
goods for pay. 

Waiver. Relinquishment of a 
legal right or privilege. 

Warranty. An undertaking that 
goods or title are as represented. 

Wastage; Loss in handling; 
shrinkage. 

Waste. Refuse material. 

Way Bill. List of goods given 
to a carrier. 

Wharfage. Fees paid for use of 
a wharf. 

Wreckage. Merchandise saved 
from a wreck. 











DICTIONARY OF NAMES OF IMPORTANT PERSONS 
PLACES, BUILDINGS, MONUMENTS, PERIODS, 
ETC.; ALSO SIGNIFICANT WORpS AND 
PHRASES FREQUENTLY MET 
WITH IN LITERATURE 


A 

Abderite. A scoffer; from Ab- 
dera, where Democritus lived. 

Abraham’s Bosom. The rest of 
the blessed dead. Luke xiv. 22. 

Abyla. One of the “Pillars of 
Hercules Calpe being the other. 

Academics. The disciples of 
Plato, so called from the acad¬ 
emy. 

Academy (Academia). A gym¬ 
nasium in the suburbs of Athens, 
where Plato founded his school, 
368 b. c. 

Academy, Tbe French. Acadd- 
mie FranQaise.) One of the five 
academies constituting the French 
Institute; founded by Richelieu ; 
deals with the French language, 
and consists of 40 members. 

Acadia. The former name of 
Nova Scotia. 

Adam’s Apple. Fabled to be 
caused by a piece of forbidden 
fruit sticking in the throat. 

Admirable Crichton, The. 

James Crichton, a Scotch prodigy 
of the 16th century. Hence a 
person of great accomplishments. 

.32neid. Virgil’s epic poem, of 
which iEneas is the hero. 

Ages. According to Hesiod there 
were five ages of the world, the 
Golden, the Silver, the Brazen, 
the Heroic, and the Iron. 

Agnus Dei. The Lamb of God. 
A cake stamped with the figure of 
a lamb, given out by the Pope on 
the Sunday after Easter. 

Aladdin’s Window (To finish). 
To try to finish something left un¬ 
finished by a great man. One win¬ 
dow in Aladdin’s palace was left 
for the Sultan to finish, but his 
treasure gave out. 

Albany Regency. Nickname of 
a set of able Democratic politi¬ 
cians, 60 years ago, at Albany, 
N. Y. 

Albion. England. Said to mean 
the chalk cliffs. (Albus, white.) 

Aldine Press. Founded by Al¬ 
dus Manutine, at Venice, 1496. 


Hence came the famous Aldine 
editions. 

Alexandrian Library. Found¬ 
ed by Ptolemy Soter, at Alexan¬ 
dria, Egypt. Contained 100,000 
volumes. Burned 47 b. c. 

Alexandrine Age. 323-640, 
when Alexandria was the seat of 
the highest culture. 

Alhambra. Palace and fortress 
of the Moors at Granada, Spain. 

All Souls’ Day. Nov. 2. Day of 
prayer for souls in Purgatory. 

Allah. (“The A d o r a b 1 e.”) 
Arabic name of God. 

Almack’s. Once a famous Lon¬ 
don assembly-room where balls 
were given of the most exclusive, 
aristocratic character. 

Almighty Dollar. A phrase 
from Irving’s Creole Village. 

Alsatia. The Whitefriars (Lon¬ 
don) refuge for criminals. 

Alto-Relievo. (High relief.) 
Figures in marble, etc., cut so as 
to project one-half or more from 
the tablet. 

Ambrosia. The food of the gods. 

Amuck, To run amuck. Run 

foul of. Malays, drunk with 
opium, run about, armed with dag¬ 
gers, shouting “Amuck” (kill). 

Anacreontics. Verses in praise 
of love or wine, after Anacreon. 

Ancient Regime. The French 
Government before the Revolu¬ 
tion. 

Angelic Doctor, The. Thomas 

Aquinas. 

Angelas, The. A prayer to the 
Virgin, recited thrice a day. 

Angling, The Father of. Izaak 
Walton, so called from his famous 
book on angling. 

Annunciation, Day of. Festi¬ 
val, celebrated March 25th, the 
day the angel announced to the 
Virgin that she would bear Our 
Lord. 

Annus Mirabilis. (Wonderful 
Year.) 1666. Plague, fire of 
London, and English victory over 
the Dutch. 


















WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

This famous building, standing in the heart of London, dates from the 
reign of King Henry III. Here the kings and queens of 
England have been crowned since Edward the Con¬ 
fessor, and many of them are buried here 
as are most of England’s famous men. 































































Ant 


y49 


Bil 


Anthony, Saint. St. Anthony’s 
Fire. Erysipelas. 

Antoninus, The Wall of. Turf 
entrenchment across Scotland 
from the Clyde, to the Frith of 
Forth, built by the Romans 140. 

Apollo Belvedere. A marble 
statue of Apollo in the Belvedere 
Gallery of the Vatican at Rome. 

Appian Way. Oldest of the Ro¬ 
man roads, from Rome to Capua. 

Apples of Sodom. Lovely fruit, 
but within full of ashes. 

Arabesque. Moorish (Arabic) 
patterns in decoration. 

Arcadian. A shepherd ; belong¬ 
ing to shepherds. So called from 
the Greek country Arcadia, a pas¬ 
toral region. 

Arch of Triumph. At the west 
end of the Champs Elysees, Paris, 
116 ft. high, 145 wide. Begun by 
Napoleon. 

Ar go. The ship in which Jason 
went after the golden fleece. 

Argonauts. The heroes who 
sailed in the Argo. 

Argus-eyed. Extremely watch¬ 
ful. Juno, jealous of Io, had her 
watched by the hundred-eyed Ar¬ 
gus. 

Arians. Disciples of Arius ; main¬ 
tained that the Father and Son 
are distinct beings. 

Armada, The Spanish. Fleet 
collected by Philip of Spain, in 
1588, to conquer England. 

Artesian Well. From Artois in 
France, where wells of this kind 
were first dug. 

Aryans. The originators of the 
Indo-European peoples. 

Athens, The Modern. 1. Edin¬ 
burgh. 2. Boston. 

Augustan Age. The palmiest 
period of a literature; the best 
days of Roman literature being 
under Augustus. 

Auld Reekie. (Old Smoky.) 
Edinburgh, Scotland. 

Avalon. Burial place of King 
Arthur; said to be Glastonbury. 

Ayrshire Poet, The. ^ Burns, ! 
who was born near &yv, Scotland. ! 

B 

Barnburners. A name once 
given to radical Democrats. 

Babylonish Captivity. The 70 
years’ captivity of the Jews at 
Babylon, 608-538 b. c. 

Baconian Philosophy. The in¬ 
ductive philosophy of Lord Bacon. 


Balmoral Castle. A Scotch 
castle owned by Queen Victoria. 

Bank of England. In Thread- 
needle Street, London. Founded 
1694. Sometimes called “The 
Old Lady of Threadneedle Street.’’ 

Bard of Avon. Shakespeare, 
from Stratford-on-Avon. 

Barleycorn, John. Malt liquor. 

Barmecide’s Feast. An illusion. 
Barmecide asked a starving beggar 
to dinner, and set empty dishes be¬ 
fore him. (Arabian Alights.) 

Basilisk. A serpent supposed to 
“look people dead.” 

Basso-Relievo. Figures cut on 
marble, etc., projecting a little. 

Bastile. French prison and for¬ 
tress, destroyed by the mob, 1789. 

Battle of the Books. A satire 
by Swift on the comparative mer¬ 
its of ancient and modern litera¬ 
ture. 

Battery, The. A park in New 
York city adjoining the river. 

Beacon Street. The aristocratic 
residence street of Boston. 

Beauty and the Beast. A fairy 
tale. Beauty lives with the Beast 
to save her father’s life. Beast, 
disenchanted by love, is made a 
handsome prince. 

Bedlam (Bethlehem). A lunatic 
asylum. 

Bee, the Attic. Plato, from his 

sweet style. 

Beelzebub. God of flies; a Phil¬ 
istine deity. 

Begging the question. Assum¬ 
ing as true what you are to prove. 

Belle France, La (Fair France). 
A general name of France. 

Belgi’avia. Fashionable Quarter 
of London. 

Bell the Cat. An old mouse pro¬ 
posed. that a bell should be hung 
upon the cat’s neck to apprise the 
mice of her coming; a young 
mouse inquired, “Who will put the 
bell on?” 

Bell, The Passing. Rung for¬ 
merly when persons were dying. 

Beloved Disciple. St. John. 

Bess, Good Queen. Queen Eliz¬ 
abeth. 

Bibliotheque Nationale. (Na¬ 
tional Library.) At Paris, con¬ 
tains over 1,0.00,000 books, 150,- 
000 manuscripts, etc. 

Billingsgate. Coarse language, 
such as is used by the fishwomen 
of Billingsgate, the London fish 
market. 





Bla 


950 


Cat 


Black Death. A contagious, pu¬ 
trid typhus, which desolated Eu¬ 
rope, Asia, and Africa in the 14th 
century. 

Black Friday. Sept % 20, 1869 ; 
financial panic in Wall street, 
New York. 

Black Hole. Dark cell in Cal¬ 
cutta prison where Surajah Dow- 
lah shut up 146 British soldiers ; 
only 23 lived till morning. 

Black Prince. Edward, Prince 
of Wales, son of Edward III. 

Black Republicans. A satirical 
name given the Republican party 
in the United States, from its op¬ 
position to the extension of slav¬ 
ery. 

Blarney Stone. In Blarney 
Castle, near Cork, Ireland. Sup¬ 
posed to impart fluent powers of 
speech to whoever kisses it. 

Bluebeard. A legendary wife¬ 
killing tvrant; a sort of Henry 
VIII. 

Blue Laws. A nickname of early 
severe New England statutes. 

Blue Stocking. A lemaie ped¬ 
ant ; so called from a literary 
society at Venice in 1400, whose 
members wore blue stockings. 

Bohemian. An artist or literary 
man living loosely by his wits. 

Bois de Bologne. A Paris prom¬ 
enade. 

Border, The. The frontiers of 
England and Scotland. 

Border Minstrel, The. Sir 

Walter Scott. 

Border States. Maryland, Dela¬ 
ware, Virginia, Kentucky, Mis¬ 
souri. 

Bourgeoisie. French tradesmen 
and manufacturers as a class. 

Boulevard. A wide street or 
promenade. 

Bourse. The Parisian Stock Ex¬ 
change. 

Bloody Mary. Queen Mary of 
England : so called on account of 
her bloodthirsty persecution of 
English Protestants. 

Bow Bells. A set of bells in St. 
Mary-le-Bow Church, London. A 
person “born within sound of 
Bow Bells” is a cockney. 

Bowery, The. A New York thor¬ 
oughfare of the lower classes. 

Boycott. To refuse to have any¬ 
thing to do with. Boycott, an 
Irish landlord, was so treated in 
1881. 


Brandy Nose. A nickname of 
Queen Anne of England. 

Breeches Bible. An edition in 
which aprons, in Genesis iii. 7, is 
rendered “breeches.” 

Bride of the Sea. Venice. 
Bridge of Sighs. In Venice, 

Italy. Connects Doge’s palace 
and state prisons. The condemned 
passed over it to be executed. 
British Museum. A famous 

librai’y and museum of London. 
BroadLway. The principal busi¬ 
ness street of New York city. 
Brook Farm. A socialistic com¬ 
munity founded at West Rox- 
bury. Mass., 1841, to carry out the 
idea of Fourierism. 

Brother Jonathan. America, 
an American. Said to be derived 
from Jonathan Trumbull, Gov¬ 
ernor of Connecticut, of whom 
Washington would say, “We must 
consult Brother Jonathan.” 
Buncombe or Bunkum. Clap¬ 
trap eloquence. Said to come 
from Buncombe county, in North 
Carolina. A North Carolina 
member said a fiery speech of his 
was not intended for the House, 
but for Buncombe. 

Bunker Hill Monument. A 
granite obelisk on Bunker (once 
Breed’s) Hill, Charlestown. Mass., 
marking the site of the battle be¬ 
tween the British and Americans, 
June 17, 1775. 

C 

Cachet, Lettres de. (Sealed 
letters.) Blank warrants with 
the French King’s seal, to free 
from, or imprison in, the Bastile. 
Caledonia. A poetical name for 
Scotland. 

Campagna. (The country.) The 
plain around the city of Rome. 
Carbonari. Italian secret po¬ 
litical society, organized in 1820. 
Carmagnole. Song and dance in 
the French Revolution. 
Cartesian Philosophy. (Des¬ 
cartes.) “I think, therefore I 
am.” 

Castle Garden. The former 

landing-place of emigrants, New 
York city; now replaced by an 
aquarium. 

Catacombs. The subterranean 
burial-places in Alexandria, 
Egypt; also in Rome, used by the 
early Christians. 
















Cav 


951 


Def 


Cavalier Servente. The escort 
of a married woman. 

Cecilia, Saint. A Roman Chris¬ 
tian martyr; patroness of music. 

Celestial Empire. China, whose 
first emperors were all divinities. 

Champs de Mars. A field in 
Paris for military maneuvers. 

Champs Elysees. A promenade 
in Paris, 114 miles long. 

Charter Oak. A tree in Hart¬ 
ford, Conn., in which the Colonial 
Charter was secreted in 1688. 
Blown down in 1856. 

Chauvinism. Narrow-minded 
braggart patriotism; from Chau- 
vin, a character of Scribe’s. 

Cheapside. A great and crowded 
London thoroughfare. 

Chestnut Street. The fashion¬ 
able street of Philadelphia, Pa. 

Chiltern Hundreds, To accept 
the. To resign one’s seat in Par¬ 
liament. An English member of 
Parliament resigns his seat by 
taking office. Stewardship of the 
Chiltern Hundreds is a sinecure 
for this purpose. 

Christ Church. The largest col¬ 
lege in the University of Oxford: 
a famous old church in Philadel¬ 
phia. attended by Washington 
when President. 

Cid, The. Don Roderigo Laynez, 
Count of Bivar; Spanish hero. 

Cincinnati, The. A society 

founded by American Revolu¬ 
tionary officers. 

Citizen King. The. Louis Phil¬ 
ippe of France. 

Cockaine, Land of. An imagin¬ 
ary land of pleasure and laziness. 

Colossus of Rhodes. A brass 
statue at Rhodes, 126 feet high. 

Columbia. Poetical name of the 
United States, from Columbus. 

Column of Vendome. (Co- 
lonne Vendome.) Stone pillar 
in Paris, erected by Napoleon ; 
razed by the Commune in 1871, 
but reerected. 

Confederate States. The 11 

States which seceded in 1861, viz., 
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia. 

Congressional Library. At 
Washington, largest in United 
States. 

Consols. English public securi¬ 
ties at 3 per cent. 


Copperheads. Northern sym¬ 
pathizers with the South in the 
American Civil War. 

Corncrackers, The. Kentuck¬ 
ians. 

Corn Law Rhymer, The. Eben- 
ezer Elliott. 

Corso. (The Course.) The chief 
thoroughfare of Rome. 

Crapaud (a toad), Johnny. A 
Frenchman. The ancient device 
of French royalty was three toads 
(subsequently the fleur de lys). 

Credit Mobilier. A company au¬ 
thorized to do a stock-jobbing 
business. The American C. M. 
in connection with the Pacific rail¬ 
roads was famous in 1S73. 

Crocodile Tears. Hypocritical 
grief. The crocodile was fabled to 
weep as it ate its victim. 

Cumberland. A United States 
vessel sunk by the Confederate 
ram Merrimac in Hampton Roads, 
March 8, 1862. Went down with 
colors flying, firing a broadside as 
she sunk. 

Curfew Bell. A bell rung at 
sunset in the time of William I. 
and II. in England, to order fires 
and candles to be put out. 

D 

Damocles’ Sword. Presentiment 
of evil. Dionysius the Elder, ty¬ 
rant of Syracuse, invited his flat¬ 
terer Damocles to a splendid feast, 
but hung over his head a sword 
dangling by a single hair. 

Darby and Joan. An affection¬ 
ate married couple. From a bal¬ 
lad. 

Dartmoor Prison, in Devonshire, 
England. A prison of war. 

Darwinian Theory. A theory 
proposed by Charles Darwin in 
his Origin of Species; the differ¬ 
ent species came from one or a 
few original forms, present dif¬ 
ferences being the result of de¬ 
velopment and natural selection. 

De Profundis (Out of the 
depths). The first two words of 
the Latin version of the 130th 
Psalm. Sung at burials. 

Debatable Ground. Land on 
the western border of Scotland, 
disputed between Scotland and 
England. 

Defender of the Faith. Title 
given by Pope Leo X. to Henry 
VIII. of England. 






Die 


952 


Fat 


Dies Irae. (Day of wrath.) First 
two words of a celebrated medi¬ 
aeval hymn by Thomas of Celano. 

Directory, The French. By the 
constitution of 1795 the executive 
power was vested in five directors. 
It lasted four years only. 

Dixie. The Land of Dixie. 
The Southern States. 

Doctors’ Commons. Where the 
Ecclesiastical Court sat in Lon¬ 
don. 

Doctrinaire. An impracticable 
politician. First applied to the 
French Constitutional Monarch¬ 
ists, of whom Guizot was one. 

Doe, John. Fictitious plaintiff 
in ejectment; Doe versus Roe. 

Doomsday Book. A book con¬ 
taining the value of all English 
estates in the reign of William 
the Conqueror. 

Donnybrook Fair. A once cele¬ 
brated annual fair near Dublin. 

Douay Bible, The. The Eng¬ 
lish Bible authorized by the Ro¬ 
man Catholic Church. 'First pub¬ 
lished at Douay, France. 

Downing Street, in London. The 
official residence of the Prime 
Ministers has been situated there 
Since the time of Sir Robert Wal¬ 
pole. 

Drachenfels (Dragon Rock). 
A castle on a mountain of the 
same name, high above the Rhine, 
not far from Bonn. 

Drury Lane Theater. A Lon¬ 
don playhouse, opened in 1668. 

Dunciad. A satire on dunces by 
Pope. Colley Cibber is the hero. 

Dying Gladiator. An ancient 
statue in the Capitol at Rome. 

E 

Eastern States, The. Maine, 
Vermont, New Hampshire, Massa¬ 
chusetts, Rhode Island, and Con¬ 
necticut. 

Ecce Homo. (Behold the man.j 
Spoken of Christ on the cross; 
a famous painting by Correggio 
representing the Savior crowned 
with thorns. 

Ecole Polytechnique. (Poly¬ 
technic School.) A Parisian 
school whose graduates are given 
places in the public sendee. 

El Dorado. (The Golden.) Gen¬ 
eral name for wealthv country. 

Elephant, Seeing the. Seeing 
the world; “life.” 


Elgin Marbles. A collection of 
Greek sculptures (mainly from 
the Parthenon) made by Lord El¬ 
gin ; now in British Museum. 

Escorial, The. Granite palace 
and mausoleum near Madrid. 

Eternal City, The. Rome. 

Eulenspiegel, Tyl. Hero of a 
German story; a vagrant Bruns- 
wicker who cuts up all sorts of 
pranks. 

Eureka. (I have found it.) A 
saying attributed to the Archi¬ 
medes when he discovered the way 
to test the purity of Hiero’s crown. 

Evangelists, Symbols of the. 
Matthew has a scroll before him 
and holds a pen. Mark sits writ¬ 
ing, with a winged lion by his 
side. Luke has a pen and scroll; 
near him is an ox. John is a 
young man behind whom is an 
ea<de. 

Exclusion, Bill of. A bill which 
passed the English Commons in 
1679, proposing to exclude the 
Duke of York (afterwards James 
II.) from the throne,'because he 
was a Roman Catholic. 

Expounder of the Constitu¬ 
tion, The. Daniel Webster. 

F 

Fabian Policy. A policy of de¬ 
lay, such as was pursued by Q. 
Fabius Maximus, called Cuncta- 
tor, # “The Delayer.” 

Fabius, The American. George 
Washington. 

Faery Queen. A rhymed ro¬ 
mance of Edmund Spenser. 

Faineants, Les Hois. (Do- 

nothing Kings.) Nicknames of 
the last kings of. the Merovingian 
dynasty in France. 

Falernian. A celebrated ancient 
Italian wine grown at Falernum. 

Faneuil Hall, in Boston, Mass., 
first built in 1742. Revolutionary 
orators frequently addressed pub¬ 
lic meetings in it. 

Farmer George. George III. of 
England; so called from his bluff 
manners, thriftiness, and love of 
agriculture. 

Fata Morgana. A mirage ob¬ 
served in the Straits of Messina. 

Father of his Country. George 
Washington. 

Fathers of the Latin Church. 

Ambrose, of Milan; Augustine, 
St. Bernard, Hilary, Jerome, Lae- 
tantius. 




Fau 


953 


Got 


Faubourg, St. Antoine. The 

part of Paris in which the work¬ 
ingmen live. Once the scene of 
many insurrections and riots. 

Faubourg, St. Germain. The 

aristocratic residence quarter of 
Paris, where are the houses of the 
old nobility. 

Fenians. A society of Irishmen 
organized in the United States in 
1865 to make Ireland a republic. 

Field of the Cloth of Gold. 

Plain in France where Francis I. 
met Henry VIII. ; so called from 
the magnificent display made. 

Fighting Joe. The American 
general Joseph Hooker. 

First Gentleman in Europe. 
George IV. of England; so called 
from his appearance, not from 
his character. 

Five Points. A locality in New 
York once famous as the abode of 
poverty and crime; now greatly 
changed. 

Flagellants. Religious fanatics 
of the thirteenth century, who 
went about naked and scourging 
themselves. 

Fleet, The. A famous London 
prison, taken down in 1845. 

Flying Dutchman. A spectral 
ship fabled to be seen, in bad 
weather, about the Cape of Good 
Hope; supposed to presage bad 
luck. 

Fourierism. A system of com¬ 
munism proposed by Charles 
Fourier. The world was to be 
divided into “phalansteries” of 
400 families, who were to live 
and work in common. 

Funk, Peter. A mock auction; 
a person employed at auction 
sales in making bids in collusion 
with the owner of the property 
to be sold. 

G 

Gadshill, near Rochester, in 
Kent, England; famous for Fal- 
staff’s highway robbery. Charles 
Dickens lived there. 

Genre Painting. One represent¬ 
ing domestic rural scenes in com¬ 
mon life. 

George, St., and the Dragon. 

St. George, the patron saint of 
England, is said to have slain in 
Libya a huge dragon, to which 
every day a virgin was offered up. 

Gerrymander. To so apportion, 


geographically, legislative, con¬ 
gressional, or other electoral dis¬ 
tricts, as to give an unfair pre¬ 
ponderance to gome one political 
party. Started in Massachusetts, 
and named after Elbridge Gerry,, 
then governor of the State. 

Ghetto. The quarter in Rome to 
which the Jews were formerly re¬ 
stricted. Also in many other 
European cities. 

Ghibelline. In the Middle Ages 
an adherent of the Holy Roman 
Empire against the Papacy. 

Girondists; The Gironde. In 
the French Revolution the party 
of moderate “constitutional” Re¬ 
publicans. 

Gobelins. A tapestry and carpet 
manufactory at Paris, founded 1 
about 1515 by J. Gobelin, a dyer. 

Godiva, Lady* Wife of Leofric, 
Earl of Mercia, who offered to re¬ 
mit certain exactions to his ten¬ 
ants if she would ride naked 
through the streets of Coventry. 
She did so, everybody keeping in¬ 
doors except one “Peeping Tom,” 
who was struck blind for peeping 
at her. 

Golconda. A locality in India 
containing some rich diamond 
mines. 

Golden Age. An age of inno¬ 
cence and prosperity. The palmy 
time of a nation or a literature. 

Golden Gate. The entrance to 
the harbor of San Francisco, Cal. 

Golden Horn. The estuary of 
the Bosphorus, upon whose banks 
Constantinople is built. 

Golden House. Palace of gold 
built by Nero in Rome. 

Gordian Knot. A vexed ques¬ 
tion, an obstacle. Gordius, a 
Phrygian peasant, when chosen 
king, consecrated his wagon to 
Jupiter, tying the yoke and beam 
together so that it could not be 
untied, till Alexander, hearing 
that the untier of the knot should 
rule over all the East, cut the 
knot with his sword. 

Gordon Riots, The. In 17S0. at 
London, under Lord George Gor¬ 
don, a weak-minded nobleman, to 
force the repeal of the bill passed 
by the House of Commons to re¬ 
lieve the Roman Catholics. 

Gotham. A name sometimes ap¬ 
plied to New York city. 

Gotham, The 'Wise Men of. 





vjre 


954 


Heg 


were noted for their folly. 
Gotham was an English village. 

Great Commoner, The. William 
Pitt. 

Great Duke, The. The Duke of 
Wellington. 

Great Eastern. A great steam¬ 
ship, the largest vessel to her 
time. She was made to carry 
1,000 passengers and 5,000 tons 
of cargo. After 1864 was used in 
laying cables. 

Great Pyramid, The. At Ghee- 
zeh, Egypt. It is 4S4 feet high, 
and contains 577,600 cubic feet 
of material. 

Greenbacks. United States 
Treasury notes; so called from 
their color. 

Green Isle, The. Ireland, from 
the greenness of its vegetation; 
also called the Emerald Isle. 

Gregorian Year. The year as 
reformed by Gregory XIII., in 
1582. He took away 10 days. 

Gretna Green. A Scotch village, 
once a famous place for runaway 
matches. A declaration before 
witnesses of an intention to marry 
was formerly sufficient to make 
a valid marriage in Scotland. 

Grub Street. A London street, 
once noted for literary hacks. 

Guelphs. In medieval Europe 
the adherents of the Papacy as 
against the Holy Roman Empire. 

Guildhall. The London Town 
Hall; the hall of the guilds. 

Gunner’s Daughter, Kissing 
the. To be flogged. Boys in the 
English navy, before being flogged, 
are tied to a gun breech. 

Gunpowder Plot, The. A plot 
to blow up the English Parlia¬ 
ment in its House, Nov. 5. 1605, 
with gunpowder. Catesby con¬ 
ceived the scheme, which was to 
have been carried out by Guy 
Fawkes. 

Gyges’ Ring. A ring which 
made the wearer invisible. Gyges. 
a Lydian, found in a brazen 
horse, in a cavern, a man’s 
corpse, from the finger of which 
he took a brazen ring which made 
him invisible. With this ring he 
went into the chamber of the 
King of Lydia, whom he mur¬ 
dered and succeeded. 

V 

H 

Habeas Corpus Act, The. 

Passed in the time of Charles II., 


% 

provides that the body of an ac¬ 
cused person must be brought (if 
he insist) before a judge, and the 
reason of his confinement stated. 
The judge will then determine 
whether or not to admit the ac¬ 
cused to bail. The guilt of an 
accused person is to be finally de¬ 
cided by a jury. 

Halcyon Days. A period of hap¬ 
piness. The halcyon (kingfisher) 
was thought by the ancients to 
lay its eggs, and brood for 14 
days preceding the winter solstice, 
oil the surface of the ocean, which 
was always calm during this time. 

Handicap. In horse-racing, as¬ 
signing different weights to horses 
of different speed, age, etc., so 
they may run with an equal 
chance. So called from an ancient 
game of cards. 

Hanseatic League. A union of 
a number of maritime towns in 
Northern Germany for purpose of 
trade and mutual safety. Founded 
in the thirteenth century. Their 
triennial legislature was called 
iha ns a . 

Hause Towns. The North Ger¬ 
man seaboard cities which once 
constituted the Hanseatic League. 

Hara-Kiri. A method of sui¬ 
cide formerly practiced in Japan 
by cutting open the bowels, per¬ 
mitted to offending nobles and 
military officers to save them from 
the disgrace of a public execution. 

Hare, Mad as a March. The 
hare is excessively wild in March. 
Harries. Creatures with a 
woman’s head and breasts, and 
the rest of the body like vultures, 
hungry and emitting a terrible 
stench ; creations of ancient myth¬ 
ology. 

Harvest Moon. The full moon 
at or nearest to the fall equinox ; 
rises for several days near or soon 
after sunset. 

Heidelberg Castle. A ruined 
palace-fortress near Heidelberg, 
Germany. 

Heel-tap. “No heel-tapsi. e., 
drain the glass to the bottom. A 
heel-tap is a shoe-peg stuck in the 
heel, but taken out when the shoe 
is done. 

Hegira. The date of Mohammed’s 
flight from Mecca, July 16. 622. 
The Mohammedan epoch begins 
with it. 















Hig 


955 


Jac 


High Church. That section of 
the English clergy which main¬ 
tains the apostolic descent of the 
clergy, and absolution by priests. 

High Seas, The. The sea be¬ 
yond three miles from the coast. 

History, The Father of. The 
Greek historian, Herodotus. 

Hob-and-Nob. To touch glasses 
together in drinking; to talk con¬ 
fidentially to. A hob. at the 
corner of the hearth, was to heat 
the water or spirit. A nob is a 
small table. 

Hobson’s Choice. What is of¬ 
fered, or nothing. It is said that 
Tobias Hobson, an English stable- 
keeper, whenever a customer came 
to hire a horse, made him take the 
horse nearest the stable door. 

Holborn. A London street by 
which criminals used to be car¬ 
ried out to execution at Tyburn. 

Holy Alliance, formed in 1816 
by Austria, Prussia, and Russia. 

Holy Family, The. The name 
of many mediaeval pictures repre¬ 
senting the infant Jesus, Joseph, 
the Virgin, John the Baptist, 
Anna, and Elizabeth. 

Holy Land, The. Palestine, as 
the birthplace of Christ. 

Holy League, The. The alliance 
of Pope Julius II., Prance. Ger¬ 
many, Spain, and some of the 
Italian Republics in 1508, against 
Venice. 

Honi soit qui mal y pense. 

(Shame to him who evil thinks.) 
Motto of the Order of the Garter. 
At a ball given by Edward III. 
of England, the Countess of Sal¬ 
isbury’s Hue garter came off acci¬ 
dentally. The King picked it up, 
made the remark quoted above, 
and fixed it round his own knee. 
This led to his instituting the 
Order of the Garter. 

Honors of War. Allowing a sur¬ 
rendered enemy to keep his arms. 

Hotel de Rambouillet. A 
Paris palace, the resort of wits, 
literary ladies, etc., in the seven¬ 
teenth century. Ridiculed by 
Mol i ere. 

Hotel de Ville. The City Hall 
of French and Belgian cities. 

Houris, in the Koran, black- 
eyed, beautiful virgins of Para¬ 
dise ; 72 are allotted to each be¬ 
liever. 

Humble Pie, To eat. To make 
submission. From umbles, the 


entrails and other inferior por¬ 
tions of the deer. 

Hundred Days, The, from March 
20, 1S15, when Napoleon escaped 
from Elba, to June 22, 1815, 
when he abdicated. 

I 

Iconoclast (Image-breaker). A 
radical reformer; so called from 
the eighth century reformers who 
objected to and threw down 
statues, pictures, etc., in churches. 

Iliad. The story of the siege of 
Troy by the Greeks, a Greek epic 
poem, by Homer. 

Immaculate Conception. The 

dogma of the Catholic Church 
that the Virgin - Mary was con¬ 
ceived without original sin. 

Independence, Declaration of, 
issued July 4, 1776. asserting the 
independence of the American 
Colonies of Great Britain. 

Independence Hall, in Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa.; the meeting-place of 
the Continental Congress, where 
the Declaration of Independence 
was adopted. 

Index Expur gat orius. A list 
of printed works, the reading of 
which is prohibited by the 
Church of Rome; published an¬ 
nually. 

Inns of Court. The four Lon¬ 
don law societies which have the 
sole right of admitting candidates 
to the bar. They are Gray’s Inn, 
Lincoln’s Inn, the Inner Tem¬ 
ple, and the Middle Temple. 

Inquisition. (An inquiry into.) 
A tribunal to inquire into trans¬ 
gressions against the Roman Cath¬ 
olic Church. 

Iron City, The. Pittsburg, Pa., 
celebrated for its iron industries. 

Iron Duke, The. The Duke of 
Wellington. 

Iron Mask, The Man in the. 

A mysterious French state pris¬ 
oner. 

J 

Jack Ketch. The hangman ; the 
name of an English hangman. 

Jack Robinson. Before you can 
say Jack Robinson, meaning at 
once. Halliwell notes the deriva¬ 
tion “Jack, Robes on” from an 
old play. 

Jack the Giant-Killer. A nur¬ 
sery hero, who has an invincible 






Jtac 


956 


Kni 


sword, a cap of wisdom, shoes of 
swiftness, and an invisible coat. 
Jack, the American, or Union. 
The blue ground of the American 
flag with the stars, but without 
the stripes. 

Jacobins. A famous political 
club in the French Revolution. It 
met at a convent of the Jacobins 
(Dominicans). 

Jacobites. Adherents of James 
II. of England, and the Stuarts, 
his descendants; from Jacobus 
(James). 

Jar«lin des Plantes. Botanical 
and zoological garden in Paris. 
Jar din Mabille. A once famous 
garden in Paris; the home of the 
can-cap. Pleasure resort of the 
demi-monde. Shut up in 1882. 
Jericho, Gone to. Disappeared, 
ruined. Henry VIII. had a manor 
called Jericho. When he went 
there to visit some of his mis¬ 
tresses it used to be said of him, 
“He has gone to Jericho.” (Very 
doubtful.) 

Jerusalem Delivered. An 

Italian epic poem by Torquato 
Tasso. 

Jingo; Jingoism. Expressions 
which arose during the ministry 
of Lord Beaconsfield, 1S74-1 o 80. 
Applied to those who wished 
England to take an aggressive 
foreign policy. It originated in 
a music-hall song. 

Joan, Pope. A pretended female 
Pope who was said to have sue- 1 
ceeded Leo IV. The falsity of the 
legend has been shown. 

John Bull. Nickname for an 
Englishman; England. A chol¬ 
eric, plethoric, bull-headed, well- 
meaning fellow. 

John Chinaman. Nickname for 
the Chinese in America. 

Jubilee, Year of. Among the 
Jews came every 50th year; all 
debts were considered to be paid, 
and land reverted to its original 
owners. In the Catholic Church 
it comes once in every 25 years. 
Juggernaut. A Hindoo god who 
has a famous temple in India. 
Julian Era, The, begins 46 B. c., 
when Caesar reformed the calen¬ 
dar. 

Junius, Letters of. A celebrated 
series of political letters signed 
“Junius,” written in the reign of 
George III., of doubtful author¬ 
ship. 


K 

Kansas, Bleeding. So called on 

account of the fierce struggles be¬ 
tween its anti-slavery and pro¬ 
slavery settlers. 

Kensington Gardens. A great 
London pleasure ground adjoining 
Kensington Palace (where Queen 
Victoria was born). 

Kilkenny Cats, The, fought in 
a saw-pit till only their tails re¬ 
mained. 

King ean do no wrong, The. 

Meaning he is not responsible, but 
his ministers are, for mistakes in 
administration. 

King of Yvetot. A “good, little 
king.” A pretentious person. 
The holders of the little seig- 
neurie of Yvetot had the title of 
king. 

King Cole. A legendary British 
king, who “loved his pipe and 
bowl.” 

King Cotton. Cotton, the great 
product of the Southern States, 
was so called before the Civil 
War. 

King’s Evil. The scrofula. It 
was an ancient notion that the 
touch of a sovereign could heal 
scrofula. Doctor Johnson was 
the last Englishman “touched” 
for scrofula. 

King Log. An ineffectual, do- 
nothing ruler. Jupiter, in answer 
to the prayer of the frogs for a 
king, gave them a log. 

King-Maker, The. Richard 
Neville, the great Earl of War¬ 
wick, who set up and deposed 
English kings in the 15th century. 

King Stork. A tyrant. The 
frogs, dissatisfied with the let- 
alone policy of King Log, prayed 
for a new king, whereupon Jupi¬ 
ter sent them the Stork, wL- de¬ 
voured them miscellaneously. 

Kit Kat Club, The. A famous 
London Club, founded in 1688. at 
the shop of one Christopher Katt, 
pastry-cook. Among the members 
were Addison, Congreve, Halifax, 
the Duke of Marlborough, Steele, 
and Vanbrugh. 

Knickerbocker. A member of 
an “old” New York family: es¬ 
pecially persons descended from 
the original Dutch settlers. 

Knights of Malta. Also called 
Hospitallers of St. John of Jeru¬ 
salem. A once powerful associa- 













Kno 


957 


Lit 


tion. The original knights had 
charge of a church and hospital 
at Jerusalem consecrated to St. 
John. Thence they moved to 
Rhodes, and in 1523 to Malta. 
Know Nothings. Political party 
in the United States insisting that 
nobody but “native Americans 
should hold office.” Sprang up 
suddenly about 1853, and (after 
carrying a few State elections) 
disappeared. 

Koliinoor (Mountain of Light). 
A diamond from the mines of Gol- 
conda, India. When found 
(1550) it weighed 793 carats; 
the present weight is 106 1-16. 
It came into the possession of 
Queen Victoria in 1850. Esti¬ 
mated value, $625,000, or £125,- 
000 . 

Koran or Alkoran. (The Read¬ 
ing.) The Mohammedan Bible. 
Kremlin. A quarter in Moscow, 
Russia, in which are several pal¬ 
aces, cathedrals, towers, etc. 

L 

Labyrinth, The. A celebrated 
structure of ancient Egypt. A 
maze of difficulties, so called from 
an inextricable series of winding 
passages, constructed by Minos, 
King of Crete. 

Laconic. Brief, from Laconia, 
another name for Sparta; the 
Spartans cultivated curtness of 
speech. 

Lacrymse Christi. Italian wine 
grown about Mount Vesuvius. 
Lake School, The. The poetry 
of Coleridge, Wordsworth, and 
Southey, who lived in the Lake 
district of England. 

Land of Bondage. Egypt, so 
called by the Jews. 

Land of Cakes. Scotland, fa¬ 
mous for its oatmeal cakes. 

Land of Nod. Popular phrase 
for sleep. 

Land of Promise, or Promised 
Land. Among the Jews, Ca¬ 
naan, which God promised to 
Abraham. 

Lang Syne, is Scotch for long 
since. The famous song Auld 
Lang Syne is generally credited 
to Robert Burns, who said he 
took this song down from an old 
man’s singing. 

Langue tPOc. (Language of 


Yes.) Provencal, formerly the 
language of southern France. 
Langue d’Oxl. (Language of 
Yes.) French, in distinction from 
Provencal. 

Laocoon. A statue in the Belve¬ 
dere of the Vatican representing 
the death of Laocoon. strangled 
to death (with his sons) by ser¬ 
pents. 

Laodicean. “Luke-warm,” in re¬ 
ligious matters. See Rev. iii. 
14-18. 

Lares and Penates. The house¬ 
hold gods of the Romans. 

Last Judgment. The subject of 
many medieval paintings. The 
most famous is the fresco by 
Michael Angelo, in the Sistine 
Chapel in the Vatican. 

Last Supper, The, is the subject 
of many mediaeval paintings, of 
which the most famous is Leon¬ 
ardo da Vinci’s, at Milan. Next 
is Andrea del Sarto’s in the Salvi 
convent, near Florence. 

Lateran Palace, The, at Rome, 
was the residence of the Popes 
till late in the 14th century. 
Laughing Philosopher, The. 

Democritus of Abdera. 

Leaning Tower, The, at Pisa, 
Italy; leans about 13 feet from 
the perpendicular; 178 feet high ; 
50 feet in diameter. 

Learned Blacksmith, The. 
Elihu Burritt, an American writer 
and linguist, originally a black¬ 
smith. 

Leonine Verses. Verses in 
which end and middle words 
rhyme. 

Libby Prison, A famous Con¬ 
federate prison of war at Rich¬ 
mond, Va., during the Civil War 
of the United States. 

Lilliput. A region inhabited by 
pigmies, in Gulliver’s Travels. 
Lingua Franca. A corrupt Ital¬ 
ian-French spoken along the Med¬ 
iterranean. 

Lion and Unicorn, on the Brit¬ 
ish royal arms. The lion is Eng¬ 
lish ; the unicorn, Scotch. Added 
in 1603. 

Lion of the North. Gustavus 
Adolphus of Sweden. 

Lion’s Share. All or most. The 
lion, in iEsop, hunts with some 
other beasts. In dividing the 
spoils he claims four quarters. 

Little Corporal. Napoleon I., 
from his shortness of stature. 







LiO 


958 


Man 


Lloyds. Rooms in London re¬ 
sorted to by bankers and brokers. 

Lombard Street. The great 
financial street of London. 

Lone Star State, The. Texas, 
whose flag bore a single star dur¬ 
ing its period of nationality. 

Long Parliament, The. Sat 
from Nov. 3, 1040, till April 20, 
1053. 

Lorelei. A water spirit who en¬ 
ticed sailors till they were dashed 
to pieces by the rapids around 
the high rocks called Lorelei, on 
the Rhine. 

Lotus Eaters, The. A people in 
Homer's Odyssey who ate the 
fruit of the lotus tree, which 
made them forget home, and only 
wish “to live at ease.” 

Louvre. A palace in Paris filled 
with works of art. 

Low Church. That section of 
the English Church which lays 
little or no stress on ceremonies 
and is extremely “evangelical.” 

Lusiad. A Portuguese epic by 
Camoens, recounts the adventures 
of the Lusians (Portuguese) 
under Vasco de Gama, the first to 
sail to India. 

Lynch Law. Hanging by a mob ; 
its judgments are pronounced by 
“Judge Lynch.” Said to be de¬ 
rived from a Virginian named 
Lynch, who acted as a judge in 
the 17th century, by appointment 
of his neighbors. According to 
others, derived from an Irish 
James Lynch, Warden of Gal¬ 
way, who sentenced his own son 
to death for murder. 

M 

Mab, Queen. “The fairies’ mid¬ 
wife,” i. c., employed by the 
fairies as midwife of dreams (to 
deliver man's brain of dreams). 

Macadamize. To pave a street 
with broken stones; so called 
from Sir John Macadam, who in¬ 
vented that system of paving. 

Macaronic Verse. Ludicrous 
verses consisting of words from 
different languages mixed. 

Machiavellism. Political or 
diplomatic trickery; so called 
from Nicholas Macchiavelli, au¬ 
thor of a political treatise called 
The Prince. 

Madame Tussaud’s Exhibi¬ 
tion. An exhibition in London 


of waxwork figures, many being 
modelled from life. 

Mad Poet, The. Nathaniel Lee, 
the insane English dramatist. 

Madman of Macedonia, The. 

Alexander the Great. 

Madman of the North. Charles 

XII. of Sweden. 

Madonna. (My Lady.) The 
Virgin Mary. Of the immense 
number of pictures on this sub¬ 
ject, we mention the Sistine Ma¬ 
donna, by Raphael, and the Ma¬ 
donna di San Georgio, by Cor¬ 
reggio, at Dresden ; and the Ma¬ 
donna della Seggiola, by Raphael, 
in the Pitti Palace, Florence. 

Maecenas. A friend and patron 
of literary men. Caius Cilnius 
Maecenas, a Roman general and 
statesman, friend of Augustus, 
was a liberal patron of literary 
men, especially Horace and Virgil. 

Magna Charta. (Great char¬ 
ter.) The charter securing the 
liberty (or at least fair trial) of 
English subjects; granted by 
King John. 

Mahomet’s Coffin, was said to 
be hung in mid-air at Medina. 

Maid of Orleans, The. Joan 

of Arc (Jeanne Dare). 

Maid of Saragossa. Augustina 
Zaragoza, famous for her valor 
during the siege of Saragossa, in 
Spain, by the French (1S0S- 
1S09). 

Maiden Queen, The. Queen 
Elizabeth of England. 

Maine Law. A prohibitory 
liquor law first adopted in Maine. 

Malthusian Doctrine, The. So 
called from the English economist 
Malthus, who claimed that popu¬ 
lation increases faster than the 
means of living; so that, unless 
population is checked, either a 
part of it must starve to death, or 
the whole of it be insufficiently 
fed. 

Man in the Moon, The, is the 

man who picked up sticks on the 
Sabbath. Numbers xv. 32 33; 
another legend says he is Cain. 

Man of Destiny, The. Na¬ 
poleon P>onaparte. 

Man of Iron, The. Bismarck. 

Man of Straw. An irresponsi¬ 
ble person. Professional false 
witnesses or givers of “straw 
bail” in the English courts are 
said to have worn a straw in their 
shoes as a professional sign. 







Mar 


959 


Mus 


Mare’s Nest, To find a. To 

find something which seems of 
importance, but doesn’t amount 
to anything. The nightmare was 
thought to be a vampire which 
guarded treasures in its secret 
nest. 

Marriage a la Mode. (“Fash¬ 
ionable Marriage.”) A series of 
six satirical pictures by William 
Hogarth. 

Marseillaise. A famous French 
Revolutionary song, now the 
French national air. Composed 
by Rouget de Lisle. 

Martinet. A rigid disciplinarian, 
so called from M. de Martinet, a 
French infantry tactician in the 
17th century. 

Mason and Dixon’s Line. So 

called because run by two Eng¬ 
lish surveyors, Charles Mason 
and Jeremiah Dixon, 1703-1707. 
It was 39° 43' 20" north latitude, 
being the northern boundary of 
the then Slave States, dividing 
Pennsylvania from Maryland and 
Virginia. 

Mausoleum. The marble monu¬ 
ment built by Artemisia, queen 
of Caria, to her husband. Mau- 
solus; one of the seven wonders 
of the world. 

Mayfair. An aristocratic region 
in London. 

Mayflower, The. The vessel in 
which the founders of the Ply¬ 
mouth Colony, in Massachusetts, 
sailed from "Southampton, Eng¬ 
land, in 1020. 

Medicine, The Father of. Hip¬ 
pocrates of Cos. 

Merlin. A celebrated enchanter 
in the Arthurian legends. 

Mermaid. A sea nymph with a 
fish’s tail. 

Merry Andrew. A buffoon ; so 
called from Andrew Borde. the 
eccentric physician of Henry 
VIII. 

Merry England. A common 
designation of England; in the 
old sense of the word merry. 
meaning pleasant , ayreeable. 

Merry Monarch, The. Charles 
II. of England. 

Mezzo Relievo. (Middle Re¬ 
lief.) Figures cut in stone, etc., 
which project from the tablet 
more than figures in Basso-Re¬ 
lievo, and less than figures in 
Alto-Relievo. 


Middle Ages, The. The period 
between the destruction of the 
Roman Empire and the revival of 
learning in Italy, from 476-1500. 

Middle States, The. New 
York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
and Delaware. 

Minnesingers. (Love-singers.) 
The German lyric poets of the 
12th and 13th centuries. 

Miserere. (Pity.) The 51st 
Psalm; a penitential psalm. 

Mississippi Bubble, The. See 
South Sea Scheme. 

Missouri Compromise, The, 
prohibited slavery north of 36° 
30' north. 

Mistress of the Seas. England. 

Molly Maguires. A former se¬ 
cret society in the United States; 
many crimes were attributed to it, 
especially in Pennsylvania. 

Monarque, Le Grand. (The 
Great Monarch.) Louis XIV. 
of France. 

Monroe Doctrine. The United 
States is not to meddle in Euro¬ 
pean affairs, nor to allow Euro¬ 
pean governments to meddle in the 
affairs of the American continent. 
European forms of government 
not to be permitted in North 
America. 

Mont de Piete (“Mountain of 
Piety”). A pawnbroker’s shop: 
in particular the famous Paris 
pawnbroking establishment. 

Monumental City, The. Balti¬ 
more, Md., so called from the 
number of its public monuments. 

Morganatic Marriage. The 
marriage of a person of high rank 
to a woman of inferior rank, 
who does not take her husband’s 
title. 

Mother of Presidents. Vir¬ 
ginia ; six Virginians have been 
President of the United States. 

Mother Carey’s Chickens. 
Stormy petrels. Mother Carev is 
said to be Mater Cara (“Dear 
Mother”), i. c. The Virgin Mary. 

Mother Goose, nursery rhymer, 
lived in Boston ; sang her rhymes 
to her grandson, Thomas Fleet, 
who printed them in 1719. 

'lount Vernon. The home ot 
Washington in Virginia. 

Muscular Christianity. 
Healthy religion, “a sound mind 
in a sound body.” The phrase 
originated with (’harles Kingsley. 

Music of the Spheres. Accord- 




Nam 


960 


Pal 


ing to Plato each planet has a 
siren who sings a song harmo¬ 
nizing with the motion of her own 
planet, and also with the other 
planets. 

N 

Namby-Pamby. Wishy-washy, 
childish. A name given by Pope 
to certain verses written by Am¬ 
brose Philips for the children of 
Lord Carteret; a babyish way of 
pronouncing Ambry (Ambrose) 
and Philips. 

Nantes, Edict of. Issued at 
Nantes, France, in 1598, by 
Henry IV., granting toleration to 
the Protestant religion; repealed 
by Louis XIV. in 1685. 

Nation of Shopkeepers. The 
English ; so called by Napoleon I. 

Natural Bridge, The.* A natural 
arch 200 feet high spanning Cedar 
Creek, near James River, Vir¬ 
ginia. 

Newgate. The oldest of the Lon¬ 
don prisons. 

New World. The Americas. 

Nibelungen-Lied. A German 
epic poem of the 13th century. 

Nightmare of Europe, The. 

Napoleon Bonaparte. 

Nine Worthies, The. David, 
Joshua, Judas Maccabseus, Hec¬ 
tor, Alexander, Julius Ciesar, 
Arthur, Charlemagne, and God¬ 
frey of Bouillon. 

Noctes Ambrosiauae. (Am¬ 
brosian nights.) The title of a 
celebrated work by Prof. Wilson 
(“Christopher North”). Lock¬ 
hart and Wilson used to frequent 
Ambrose’s, an Edinburgh tavern. 

Noel. Christmas-day. From nou- 
veJles (news). 

Nonconformists. Dissenters 
from the Church of England. 
Originally applied to the 2,000 
clergymen who left that Church 
in 1662, because they would not 
conform with the Act of Uni¬ 
formity. 

Notre Dame. The cathedral of 
Paris. 


man flesh. Said to come from the 
Ogurs, a fierce Asiatic tribe. 

Oi Polloi. (Hoi Polloi, Gr.) 
The many. The mob. 

Old Bailey. A famous London 
criminal court. 

Old Dominion, The. Virginia. 

Old Guard, The. Favorite regi¬ 
ment of Napoleon I. The sup¬ 
porters of Gen. Grant for the 
Presidency at the Chicago Con¬ 
vention of 1880. 

Old Hickory. A nickname of 

Andrew Jackson. 

Old Probabilities. A former 
nickname for the United States 
signal service. 

Old South, The. A famous 
church in Boston, Mass., con¬ 
nected with many events in the 
Revolution. 

Orangeman. A Protestant Irish¬ 
man ; from the Protestants es¬ 
pousing the cause of William of 
Orange (William III. of Eng¬ 
land) . 

Orange Peel. Sir Robert Peel, 
from his anti-Catholic policy. 

Ordinance of 1787. A meas¬ 
ure passed in 1787 for the gov¬ 
ernment of the then Northwest 
Territory of the United States. 

Orlando Furioso. An Italian 
epic poem by Ariosto. 

Ossian. Son of Fingal, a Scotch 
bard. James McPherson pub¬ 
lished in 1760 Ossian’s Poems , 
which he pretended to have trans¬ 
lated from Erse manuscripts. 
The work, however, is McPher¬ 
son’s own, the pretended MSS. 
never having existed. 

Ostend Manifesto. Issued dur¬ 
ing Pierce’s administration bv 
Buchanan, Mason, and Souffi, 
United States Ministers to Eng¬ 
land, France, and Spain respect¬ 
ively, declaring that Cuba must 
belong .to the United States. 

Ostracism, comes from the Greek 
ostrakon , an oyster shell. The 
Athenians exiled every dangerous 
public men against whom a suffi¬ 
cient number of votes (inscribed 
on oyster shells) was cast. 


O 

Odyssey, Homer’s narrative 
poem dealing with the adventures 
of Odysseus (Ulysses) on his 
voyage from Troy to Ithaca. 

Ogres. Giants who devour liu- 


P 

Palimpsest. A parchment in 
which the original writing has 
been rubbed out, and a new writ¬ 
ing substituted. 

Pall Mall. (Pell Mell.) A 






Pal 


961 


Que 


street in London famous for its 
clubs.* 

Palladium. An object that in¬ 
sures protection. The Palladium 
of Troy was a statue of Pallas, 
believed to have fallen from 
Heaven. 

Pantheon. A circular building 
in Rome built in the time of Au¬ 
gustus ; now a church called the 
Rotonda. 

Paradise Lost. Milton’s great 
epic, treating of the fall of man. 

Paradise Regained. A sequel 
to Paradise Lost, its subject the 
temptation and triumph of Jesus. 

Parthenon. A celebrated temple 
of Athena (Minerva) on the 
Acropolis, Athens; the noblest 
specimen of Doric architecture. 

Partington, Mrs. Famed for 
her misuse of words; a creation 
of the American humorist, B. P. 
Shillaber. Also the subject of a 
famous witticism by Sydney 
Smith. 

Pasquinade. A sarcastic polit¬ 
ical squib; so called from Pas- 
quino, a sarcastic tailor. An an¬ 
tique statue opposite Pasquino’s 
house in Rome is called Pas- 
quino, and political squibs are 
affixed to it. 

Peeler. A policeman. So called 
from Sir Robert Peel, the founder 
of the Irish constabulary. 

Peninsular War. The war of the 
English against France in Spain 
and Portugal. 1808-1812. 

Pere-la-Chaise. A famous ceme- 
terv near Paris. 

Philippic. A severe invective; 
so called from the orations of 
Demosthenes against Philip of 
Macedon. 

Philistine. Narrow-minded per¬ 
son ; in common use in the Ger¬ 
man Universities to. designate 
tradesmen, etc. Also used satiric¬ 
ally in recent English literature. 

Philosopher’s Stone, The. A 
substance for which the. alche¬ 
mists were always searching; it 
was to turn the other metals into 
gold. 

Pleiad, The French. Seven 
16th-century poets, viz. : Ron- 
sard. Joachim du Bellay, Remi- 
Belleau, Jodelle, Baif, Pontus de 
Thiard. Dorat. 

Plon Plon. A nickname of 
Prince Napoleon J. C. Bonaparte. 


Plumed Knight, The. Nick¬ 
name of J. G. Blaine, American 
statesman. 

Plymouth Rock. A rock at 
Plymouth, Mass., where the Pil¬ 
grims are thought to have landed 
in 1620. 

Poet’s Corner. A corner in 
Westminster Abbey where Chau¬ 
cer, Spenser, and other poets are 
buried. Poetical column of news¬ 
papers. 

Pons Asinorum. (The bridge of 
asses.) The 5th proposition of 
the 1st Book of Euclid’s Geom¬ 
etry ; difficult to dunces. 

Poor Richard. Benjamin Frank¬ 
lin. 

Porkopolis. The nickname of 
Cincinnati. 

Prater, The. The fashionable 
promenade of Vienna, Austria. 
Phoenix. A fabulous bird, said 
to live 500 years, when it burns 
itself on a nest of spices, and 
renews its life 500 years more. 
Pied Piper of Hamelin, The. 
He was offered a reward to drive 
out the rats and mice from 
Hamelin in Westphalia; which he 
did by drawing them into the 
river by the sound of his pipe. 
The authorities refusing to pay 
him the reward, he piped the 
children of the town into Ivop- 
pelberg Hill, where 130 of them 
died. The subject of a popular 
poem by Browning. 

Pigeon English. English, Chi¬ 
nese, and Portuguese mixed; used 
in business affairs in China. 
Pre-Raphaelites. A name given 
to a recent English school of 
artists, comprising Hunt, Millias, 
etc. 

Pyramids. A number of remark¬ 
able ancient buildings in Egypt. 
The most famous are at Gheezeli. 

Q 

Quadrilateral, The. The four 

Italian fortresses of Verona, 
Legnano, Mantua and Paschiera. 

Quaker Poet, The. John G. 
Whittier. 

Quartier Latin. (The Latin 
Quarter.) A region in Paris 
south of the Seine, whose popula¬ 
tion consists largely of students. 

Queen of the Antilles. The 

island of Cuba. 






Rai 


962 




Sai 


R 

Railway King, The. George 
Hudson, an Englishman, who 
made an immense fortune out of 
railway speculations. 

Red Letter Day. A fortunate 
day. In old calendars the saints’ 
days were marked by a red letter. 

Ranz des Vaches. The tunes 
played by the Swiss mountaineers 
on their horns while driving their 
cattle to pasture. 

Rebellion, The Great. The 

war between Charles I. of Eng¬ 
land and Parliament. 

Rebellion, War of the. The 
Civil War of the United States 
between the Southern and North¬ 
ern States, 1861-1S65. 

Red Tape. Official routine. Law T 
papers are tied with red tape. 

Reign of Terror. The time in 
the French Revolution from the 
overthrow of the Girondists, May 
31, 1793, to the overthrow of 
Robespierre, July 27, 1794. 

Reynard, the Fox. A beast epic 
of the 14th century. 

Rialto, The. A bridge over the 
Grand Canal, Venice. 

Rights, Declaration of. An in¬ 
strument drawn up after the 
English Revolution of 1689, and 
accepted by William and Mary. 
It summarizes the leading points 
of the English Constitution, as 
then developed. 

Roast, To rule the. To be at 

the head. Roast means council. 
(German rath.) 

Robert the Devil (le Diable). 
First Duke of Normandy; called 
the Devil on account of his 
crimes. 

Robin Goodfellow. A mis¬ 
chievous domestic spirit. 

Roland, (A) for an Oliver. 

Tit for tat. Roland and Oliver, 
two of Charlemagne’s peers, 
fought five days without gaining 
the slightest advantage over each 
other. 

Romantic School, in Germany, 
a term applied to a number of 
poets and painters of the early 
19th century. They aimed at a 
truly national German literature, 
independent of French influence. 

Romantic School, in France, the 
school of poets and dramatists of 
whom Victor Hugo was the last 
survivor. They aimed at the nat¬ 


ural in distinction from the clas¬ 
sical, i. e., conventional. 

Roscius, The British. David 
Garrick. 

Rough and Ready. General 
Zachary Taylor. 

Round Robin. Petition with 
signatures in a circular form. 

Round Table. A famous table 
in the Arthurian legends; Ar¬ 
thur’s 150 knights of the Round 
Table had seats at it. 

Roundheads. The Puritans, 
who wore short hair. 

Royal Martyr, The. Charles I. 
of England. 

Royal Society, The. A society 
for the advancement of natural 
science, founded at London in 
1645. 

Rozinante. The horse of Don 
Quixote; hence a miserable nag. 

Rubicon, To pass the. To take 
an irretrievable step. The Ru¬ 
bicon separated Italy from Cisal¬ 
pine Gaul, Caesar’s province. 
Its crossing by Caesar was equiv¬ 
alent to a declaration of war 
against Pompey. 

Rule Britannia. An English 
song, the words of which are by 
Thompson, author of The Sea¬ 
sons. and the music is by Dr. 
Arne. 

Rump Parliament. What was 
left of Parliament in 1648, after 
Cromwell had imprisoned and 
driven out the others for refusing 
to condemn Charles I. 

Rye House Plot. A conspiracy 
in 1683 to assassinate Charles 
II. and the Duke of York. The 
conspirators met at Rye House 
Farm. 

S 

Sabbath Day’s J o u r n e y. 

About one mile. See Exodus xvi. 
29. 

Sadducees. Jewish sect disbe¬ 
lieving the resurrection of the 
dead. 

Sagas. Scandinavian books con¬ 
taining stories of the Northern 
mythology and tales and legends 
of the early kings. 

Sailor King, The. William IV. 
of England ; who entered the navy 
in 1779. 

Saint Bartholomew, Massacre 

of. Massacre of the French 
Huguenots, in the reign of Charles 





Sai 


963 


Sic 


IX., on St. Bartholomew’s Day, 
Aug. 24-25, 1572. 

Saint James, The Court of. 

The English Court; so called from 
the palace of St. James, formerly 
a royal residence in London. 

St. Mark’s. The famous cathe¬ 
dral of Venice, Italy. 

Saint Paul’s. The cathedral of 
London, designed by Wren. 

Saint Peter’s. The metropolitan 
church of Rome; the most splen¬ 
did in the world. Area, 240.000 
square feet. 

Saint Sophia. A mosque in 
Constantinople, Turkey ; the finest 
of Mohammedan temples. 

Saint Stephen’s. A famous 
Gothic cathedral at Vienna, 
Austria. 

Salt River. Oblivion, ruin. 
Gone up Salt River; forgotten. 

Sambo. A general nickname for 
a colored man; the colored race. 

Sanctum. (Holy.) One’s pri¬ 
vate room or office, as an editor’s 
sanctum. The Sanctum Sanc¬ 
torum (holy of holies) in the 
Jewish Temple w T as inaccessible 
to any one but the high priest. 

Sandwich. A piece of meat be¬ 
tween two pieces of bread. The 
English Earl of Sandwich used 
to take that form of refreshment 
when engaged in gambling. 

Sang Bleu. (Blue blood.) 
High, aristocratic descent. 

Sanhedrim (Heb. Sanhedrin.) 
The Jewish court of seventy eld¬ 
ers. 

Sans Culottes. (Without 
trousers.) A nickname given by 
the Royalists to the French 
Revolutionists. 

Sans Souci. Palace of Frederick 
the Great, at Potsdam, near Ber¬ 
lin. 

Santa Croce. (Holy Cross.) A 
church in Florence, Italy; the 
burial-place of Michael Angelo, 
Galileo, Machiavelli, etc. 

Satanic School. A name some¬ 
times applied to some modern 
writers, supposed to entertain 
irreligious ideas, such as Byron, 
Shelley, Victor Hugo, Swinburne, 
Rousseau, George Sand. 

Saturnalia. A period of disorder 
and debauch. The Romans kept 
the Saturnalia, or feast of Sat¬ 
urn, Dec. 17, 18, and 19. 

Schoolmen. The mediaeval theo¬ 


logians, whose lectures were de¬ 
livered in the cathedral schools. 

Scotland Yard. The head¬ 
quarters of the London police. 

Scourge of God, The. Attila, 
king of the Hnns. 

Scratch, Old. The Devil; from 
Scratt, a Northern familiar 
demon. 

Scylla. Avoiding Scylla, he fell 
into Charybdis. In trying to 
avoid one danger he fell into 
another. Scylla and Charybdis 
were two opposite rocks in the 
Straits of Messina, Italy, passage 
between which was dangerous. 

Sea-girt Isle, The. England, 
which is surrounded by the ocean. 

Secular Games. The games held 
by the Romans once in a century. 

Seltzer Water. Water from the 
Lower Selters, Germany. 

Semiramis. A fabulous Assyrian 
queen, long thought historical. 

September Massacres. The 
massacre of the French Royalist 
prisoners in Paris, Sept. 2, 3, and 
4, 1792. About 8,000 were killed. 

Septuagint. A Greek version of 
the Old Testament; so called be¬ 
cause there were 70 ( septuaginta ) 
revisers. (There were really 72.) 

Seven-hilled City, The. Rome, 
which was built on seven hills. 

Seven Wonders of the World. 
The Pyramids of Egypt; the Tem¬ 
ple of Diana at Ephesus; the 
Hanging Gardens of Babylon ; the 
Colossus at Rhodes; the Mauso¬ 
leum at Halicarnassus; the 
statue of Zeus, by Phidias, at 
Olympia; and the Pharos (light¬ 
house) of Alexandria in»Egypt. 

Seven Years’ War. . The war of 
Frederick the Great against Aus¬ 
tria, France, and Russia, 1756- 
1763. 

Shamrock. The national emblem 
of Ireland, because St. Patrick 
was said to have proved with it 
the doctrine of the Trinity. It 
is doubtful if it was the three¬ 
leaved wood-sorrel or the white 
clover. 

Shibboleth. The password of a 
secret society; a countersign. 
When the Ephraimites, who had 
been routed by Jephthah, tried to 
pass the Jordan, they were made 
to pronounce the word Shibboleth ; 
they pronounced it Sibboleth and 
were thus detected. 

Sick Man of Europe, The. The 




Sin 


964 


Thi 


Ottoman Empire: so called by 
the Czar Nicholas of Russia. 

Sinews of War, TJie. Money, 
which hires men to fight. 

Six Hundred, Charge of the. 
A charge on the Russians by the 
British light cavalry, 670 strong, 
at the battle of Balaclava, Oct. 
25, 1854. Result of a mistake as 
to orders. See Tennyson’s poem. 

Sleeping Beauty, The, was shut 
by enchantment in a castle; after 
a sleep of 100 years, she is rescued 
by and marries a young prince. 

Smell of the Lamp. A too 
labored literary work. Pytheas 
first applied the phrase to the 
orations of Demosthenes, who 
studied constantly in a cave 
lighted by a lamp. 

Song of Roland. An old French 
epic recounting, the deaths of 
Oliver and Roland at Ronces- 
valles. 

Sorbonne, The. A Parisian 
university founded in the 13th 
century by Robert de Sorbonne. 
Once famous for theological dis¬ 
cussions. 

Sortes Biblieae. Telling one’s 
fortune by consulting the Bible. 
The first passage touched at ran¬ 
dom by the finger is the decisive 
passage. 

South Kensington Museum. 

A collection of works of art, 
manufactures, etc., in London. 

South Sea Bubble, The. About 
1710 a company was formed in 
England to pay the national debt, 
taking in return the sole privilege 
of trading in the South Seas. The 
scheme collapsed (about 1720), 
ruining thousands of persons. 

Spanish Main. The northern 
coast of South America. 

Sphinx. A monument near Cairo. 
Egypt; half woman, half lion; an 
emblem of silence and mystery. 

Stabat Mater. A famous Latin 
hymn on the crucifixion. 

Star Chamber. A former Eng¬ 
lish civil and criminal court with 
jurisdiction over offenses whose 
punishment was not provided for 
by law. 

“Stonewall” Jackson. Gen. 
Thomas J. Jackson, a famous 
Confederate general in the late 
Civil War of the United States. 

Strassburg Cathedral. At 
Strassburg; one of the noblest 
works of Gothic architecture; 


468 ft. high; containing a won¬ 
derful clock. 

Swedish Nightingale. Jenny 
Lind (Mme. Goldschmidt). 

T 

Tabooed. Prohibited; from a 
Polynesian word meaning conse¬ 
crated, devoted. Applied to any¬ 
thing out of date or iu bad taste. 

Tammany Hall. A section of 
the Democratic party in New 
York city ; Tammany Hall is the 
building where they meet. 

Tammany Ring (also called the 
Tweed Ring, and, generally, the 
Ring). A corrupt set of New 
York city officials who stole large 
sums from the city. They were 
exposed in 1871. 

Tammany, St. The patron saint 
of the Democratic party in New 
York. He was an Indian chief; 
how made a saint does not ap¬ 
pear. The principal officer of the 
Tammany Society is called Grand 
Sachem. 

Tapis, On the. On the carpet; 
proposed, in discussion. So called 
from the tapis or cloth on the 
council table, or speaker’s table, 
on which motions, bills, etc., are 
laid. 

Temple Bar, in London, was a 
stone house above which the 
heads of traitors were formerly 
exposed. It was removed in 1878. 

Termagant. A shrew ; originally 
tile name of a Saracen god. The 
word was formerly applied to 
both sexes. 

Terra Firma. Dry land as dis¬ 
tinguished from water. 

Tertium Quid. A third person 
or party that shall be nameless.. 

Theatre Francais. A theatre in 
Paris devoted to the production of 
the classic and the best modern 
French drama. Celebrated for the 
excellence of its company of 
actors. 

Theleme, Abbey of. The abbev 
founded by Gargantua in Rabe¬ 
lais’ Garpantua. Its motto was 
“Do as you please.” 

Thirty Years’ War, The, was 
between the Catholics and Prot¬ 
estants, in Germany, 1618-1648. 

Thistle. The national emblem of 
Scotland. According to tradition, 
the Danes were attempting to sur¬ 
prise an encampment of the 






Tho 


965 


Und 


Scotch one night, and had come 
very near it without being ob¬ 
served. A Dane trod on a thistle, 
cried out with pain, and the 
Scotch were aroused, and de¬ 
feated their assailants, whereupon 
the thistle was made the insignia 
of Scotland. 

Thor, in Scandinavian mythology, 
is the god of war, son of Odin. 

Threadneedle Street, The Old 
Lady of. The Bank of England 
in Threadneedle Street. London. 

Three Estates of the Realm. 
The nobility, the clergy, and the 
commonalty, represented in the 
two Houses of Parliament. 

Thunderer, The. A nickname 

given to the London Times. 

Tick, On. On credit; for on 
ticket. Ticket was formerly used 
for a promissory note. 

Tit for Tat. An equivalent. 
Said to be the Dutch dit vor dat, 
this for that. 

Tom Thumb. The famous 

American dwarf, Stratton. 

Tory. The name of the great 
English party whose place is to 
a certain extent taken by the 
Conservatives. Said to come 
from toruigh, a robber. Whig 
and Tory were originally terms of 
reproach. 

Tour, The Grand. From Eng¬ 
land through France, Switzerland, 
Italy, to Germany and home. All 
aristocratic families used to send 
their sons on the grand tour. 

Tower of London, The. The 
citadel of London, on the Thames. 

Transfiguration, The. The most 
famous of Raphael’s pictures, now 
in the Vatican. Represents the 
miraculous change of Christ on 
the mount. 

Trimmer. A person who takes a 
moderate course in politics. First 
applied as a term of reproach to 
the great Halifax, who was not 
violently attached to any political 
party. 

Trinity Church. A famous 
Episcopal church on Broadway, 
at the head of Wall Street, New 
York city. The richest church in 
America. 

Triple Alliance, The. The alli¬ 
ance of Great Britain. Holland, 
and Sweden, in 1668, against 
Louis XIV. of France. 

Troubadours. Provencal poets, 
from the 11th to the 14th century. 


Trouveres. Northern French 
poets, 1100-1400. 

Trumpet. To sound one’s own 
Trumpet, i. e., to boast. The 
coming of the knights into the 
list used to be announced by the 
heralds with a flourish of trum¬ 
pets. 

Tuft-hunter. A toady. At Ox¬ 
ford .University a nobleman is 
called a tuft , because of the gold 
tuft on his college cap. 

Tuileries. A French royal pal¬ 
ace, burned bv the Commune in 
1871. 

Tulip Mania. A 17th-century 
European craze for buying tulip 
bulbs. Holland was the great 
seat of it. 

Tune that the old cow died of. 

Words instead of alms. In the 
old song, a man who has nothing 
on which to feed his cow plays 
her this tune, “Consider, good 
cow, consider, This isn’t the time 
for grass to grow.” Also applied 
to inharmonious tunes. 

Tyburn. Once a London place of 
execution. The site is now occu¬ 
pied by Grosvenor Square ai 1 
Portman Square, and called Ti 
burnia, a wealthy and fashionable 
quarter. 

U 

Uffizi. A building in Florence 
containing a celebrated art col¬ 
lection. 

Ultramontanes. The extreme 
“high” Roman Catholics. The 
word, which means “beyond the 
mountains,” was first used in 
France of those.Catholics who as¬ 
cribe everything to the Pope “be¬ 
yond the Alps,” in contradistinc¬ 
tion to the Gallicans who insist 
upon a self-governing national 
church. 

Uncle Sam. A popular designa¬ 
tion of the meaning of U. S.— 
United States. It arose during 
the War of 1812, when Samuel 
Wilson, an inspector of provisions 
at Troy, N. Y. (widely known as 
“Uncle Sam”), stamped his casks 
“U. S.,” which a wit of the place 
said stood for “Uncle Sam.” 
Underground Railroad. A 
phrase which expressed all the 
means used to further the escape 
of runawav slaves in America. 
Under the Rose. (Sub rosa.) 





Unk 


966 


Wan 


Confidentially. The rose was 
considered by the ancients an em¬ 
blem of secrecy. 

Unknown, The Great. First ap¬ 
plied to Sir Walter Scott; so 
called on account of the anony¬ 
mous publication of the Waverley 
novels. 

Unlicked Cub. An awkward, ill- 
bred boy. The bear cub was said 
to be out of shape till its dam 
licked it into shape. 

Unter den Linden. (Under the 
Linden.) A famous street in 
Berlin, Prussia; it has four rows 
of lime trees. 

Unwashed, The Great. The 

mob; first used by Edmund 
Burke. 

Upas Tree. An object that ex¬ 
erts a hurtful influence. There 
was a tradition that a noisome 
river rose in a upas tree in Java, 
the vapor of which was a deadly 
poison. 

Upper Ten Thousand. The 

aristocracy; fashionable society. 
A phrase first used by N. P. 
Willis. 

Utilitarians. Those who believe 
that utility, i. e., the fitness of a 
thing to promote human happi¬ 
ness, is the proper standard of 
morality. 

Ut6pia. (No Place.) The imagi¬ 
nary island which Sir Thomas 
More makes the scene of his 
romance of Utopia; an ideal com¬ 
monwealth. Hence the adjective 
Utopian . i. e., visionary, im¬ 
practicable. 

V 

Valhalla. In Scandinavian 
mythology, the heavenly abode in 
which dwell the heroes slain in 
battle. 

Vampire. An extortioner. The 
vampire is a dead man who re¬ 
turns to life in the night, and 
sucks the blood of persons asleep. 

Vatican. The palace of the 
Popes, on the bank of the Tiber, 
Rome. 

Vatican, Counsel of the. The 

Oecumenical Council which met in 
I860, and promulgated the doc¬ 
trine of Papal Infallibility. 

Vedas. The four sacred books of 
the Hindu religion. 

Veni, Vidi, Vici. ( “I came, I 
saw, I conquered.”) The phrase 


with which Julius Caesar an¬ 
nounced his victory at Zela. 

Venus de Medici. A celebrated 
Greek statue at Florence; attrib¬ 
uted to Cleomenes, a sculptor of 
the 2nd century B. c. 

Venus of Milo. Considered the 
most beautiful of Greek statues; 
found in the Island of Melos in 
1820. It is now in the Louvre. 

Verbum Sap. A word to the 
wise; for verbum sapienti. 

Veronica. A relic at St. Peter’s, 
Rome, said to be the handker¬ 
chief on which Jesus wiped his 
brow on his way to Calvary. It 
is said to contain the true like¬ 
ness (Vera icon) of our Saviour. 

Versailles. A splendid palace at 
Versailles, 10 miles from Paris. 

Vespers, The Sicilian. The 
massacre of the French in Sicily 
by the Sicilians, March 30, 1282. 
The sounding of the vesper bell 
was the signal for the massacre. 

Via Dolorosa. (The way of 
pain.) The way by which the 
Lord went from the Mount of 
Olives to Golgotha. 

Vinegar Bible, The, printed at 
Oxford, 1767, has vinegar for 
vineyard in the headline of Luke 
xxii. 

Virgin Queen, The. Queen 
Elizabeth of England. 

Vitus, St. St. Vitus’ dance is 
so called because St. Vitus was 
thought to have control of hysteri¬ 
cal complaints. 

W 

Wall of China, The. A wall 
1,200 miles long and 20 feet high, 
built by the Chinese in the 3d 
century b. c. as a protection 
against the Tartar invasions. 

Wall Street. The great financial 
street of New York. Most of the 
bankers and brokers are on this 
street or in its vicinity. 

Walton. An Izaak Walton. 
An angler. Izaak Walton pub¬ 
lished his Complete Angler in 
1655. 

Wandering Jew, The. A 

famous personage in mediaeval 
legend. Our Saviour, wearied 
with carrying his cross, is said 
to have stopped before the house 
of one Ahasuerus, a cobbler, who 
pushed him off, saying, “Away 
with you.” Jesus answered, “I 





War 


967 


\v ic 


go away, but thou shalt tarry 
till I come.” Ahasuerus wan¬ 
dered over the world, seeking death, 
but condemned to live till the 
coming of our Lord. According 
to another legend, the Wander¬ 
ing Jew’s name was Kartophilus, 
the doorkeeper of the Hall of 
Judgment. He struck our 
Saviour, telling him to go faster. 

War of the Roses. The English 
civil wars, between the houses of 
York and Lancaster, in the 14th 
and 15th centuries. The red rose 
was the symbol of Lancaster, the 
white rose of York. 

Wassail. An old Saxon saluta¬ 
tion, “What, hail!” The wassail 
bowl is the bowl of spiced ale 
used on New Y'ear’s Day. 

Waters, The Father of. The 
Mississippi River (said to be a 
translation of the Indian name). 

Watling Street. A road across 
Southern Britain from Dover to 
Cardigan ; a corruption of Vitel- 
lina Strata, “the street of Vitel- 
lin.” The Milky Way was called 
Watling Street by the English 
peasantry. 

Ways and Means, Committee 
of the. A most important Com¬ 
mittee of the American House 
of Representatives, charged with 
devising the methods by which 
money for the current expenses 
of the Government is to be sup¬ 
plied. 

Wedding. The first anniversary 
of a wedding is called a paper 
wedding, the gifts being paper ar¬ 
ticles ; the fifth, wooden ; the 
tenth, tin ; the fifteenth, crys¬ 
tal ; twenty-fifth, silver ; fiftieth, 
golden ; seventy-fifth, diamond. 

Well of St. Keyne. A well in 
Cornwall whose virtue is such 
that whoever of a married couple 
first tastes its waters will “wear 
the breeches” in the household. 

Westminster Abbey. The cele¬ 
brated abbey-church of London, 
where many of the illustrious 
dead of England are buried. 

Whig. Once the name of great 
political parties in England and 
the United States. The term is 
said to come from Whiggamore, 
a Scotch (Celtic) word for a 
thief, a free-booter. The Marquis 
of Argyle collected a troop of 
these thieves to oppose some 
measures of James I., and finally 


the epithet Whig was applied t® 
all opponents of the Government. 

Whistle. To pay too dearly 
for the whistle. Dr. Franklin 
tells a story of buying a whistle, 
when a boy. for four times its 
value. Hence, something which 
does not equal our expectations, 
though costly. 

W^hite Elephant. Something 
you don’t know what to do with. 
The king of Siam sends a white 
elephant to a courtier whose 
fortune he wishes to destroy. 

White Feather, To show the. 
To display cowardice. A white 
feather in a bird marks a cross 
breed, and is not found on a game¬ 
cock. 

White House. The residence of 
the President of the United States 
at Washington ; so called from its 
color. 

White Stone. A day to be 

MARKED WITH A WHITE STONE 
is a day to be pleasantly remem¬ 
bered. The ancient Romans 
marked a lucky day on the 
calendar with a white stone; an 
unlucky day with charcoal. 

Whiteboys. A secret organization 
who engaged in “agrarian out¬ 
rages” in Ireland in 1789; so 
called from wearing white shirts. 

Whitehall. A region in West¬ 
minster, London, where the royal 
palace formerly stood. 

Wild Huntsman, The. In 
German legend a spectral hunts¬ 
man in the Black Forest. The 
English name is “Herne the 
Hunter.” 

Windmills, To fight with. To 

oppose imaginary objects; to fight 
with crotchets. The phrase comes 
from Don Quixote’s adventure in 
assailing windmills, which he mis¬ 
took for giants. 

Windsor Castle. Famous royal 
castle and residence near London. 

Wise Men of the East, The. 
The three Magi who were guided 
by,the star of Bethlehem to our 
Saviour’s birthplace. 

Witch of Endor, The. A sooth¬ 
sayer who, at the request of Saul, 
invoked the ghost of Samuel, who 
foretold the death of Saul. 

Witch-Hazel. A forked hazel 
twig used for finding witches; 
still in use to find a suitable place 
for digging a well. 

Witches’ Sabbath. The for- 




Woo 


968 


Zol 


merly fabled nightly meeting of 
witches and demons. 

Wooden Horse, The. After the 
death of Hector, the Greeks be¬ 
sieging Troy built a gigantic 
wooden horse, pretending that it 
was an offering to the gods to 
insure a safe return to Greece. 
The horse was filled with Greek 
warriors; the Trojans dragged it 
into the city; and at night the 
Greeks came out of the horse, 
opened the city gates to their com¬ 
panions, and sacked the town. 

\Voolsack, To sit on the. To 
be Lord Chancellor of England. 
His seat in the House of Lords 
is called the woolsack , an arm¬ 
less, backless bag of wool. 

Wyoming Massacre. A band 
of British and Indians ravaged 
the valley of Wyoming in 1778. 

X 

Xanthos. The horse of Achilles 
in the Trojan war; like Balaam’s 
ass, prophetic. 

Xantippe. A shrew. She was 
the wife of Socrates, and an in¬ 
tolerable scold. 

Y 

Yahoo. A rowdy; a brutal, ill- 
bred man. The Yahoos in Swift’s 
Gulliver's Travels are brutes 
with the shapes of men. 

Yankee. An American. The 
word is used in America itself as 
a nickname of persons born in 
the New England States. The 
word is probably a corrupted 
Indian form of English. 

Yankee Doodle. -4n American 
national air. 

Yarmouth Bloater. A red 

herring. Yarmouth, England, is 
noted for them. 

Yellow Jack. A cant term for 
the yellow fever. The Yellow 
Jack is the flag over vessels in 
quarantine, marine hospitals, etc. 


Yggdrasil. In Scandinavian 
mythology, an ash-tree, whose 
roots run to heaven, to the under¬ 
world, and to the Frost Giants. 
The serpent Nithoggr gnaws its 
roots. 

Young America. American 
boys and girls; the younger gen¬ 
eration, supposed to be very 
irreverent. 

Young Chevalier. Charles 
Edw’ard Stuart, the second or 
young Pretender to the throne of 
Great Britain (1720-88). 

Young Germany. The literary 
school of Heinrich Heine, and his 
followers. 

Yule. Christmas. The “turn” of 
the sun at the winter solstice. 

Yule-log. An immense log of 
wood put across the fire on the 
hearth at Christmas. 

Z 

Zend Avesta. The old Persian 
scriptures. It is written in the 
Zend language. Avesta means 
“the living word.” 

Zodiac. An imaginary belt in 
the heavens, divided into 12 equal 
parts of 30 degrees each, with a 
sign for each part. The six signs 
north of the equator are: Aries, 
“the ram Taurus , “the bull 

Gemini, “the twins Cancer, 
“the crab Leo, “the lion 
Virgo, “the virgin.” The six 
signs south of the equator are: 
Libra “the balance;” Scorpio, 
“the scorpion ;” Sagittarius, “the 
archer ;” Capricornus, “the goat;’’ 
Aquarius, “the water-carrier;” 
and Pisces, “the fishes.” The first 
six are summer signs, the next 
three autumn signs, the last three 
winter signs. 

Zollverein. A commercial as¬ 
sociation between the German 
States to maintain the same tariff 
rates. 













DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF 
MEN AND WOMEN WITH THEIR DERIVATION 

AND MEANING 


I. NAMES OF MEN. 


v A 

Aaron. [Heb.] Lofty; inspired. 

Abel. [Heb.] Breath ; transitori¬ 
ness; vanity. 

Abijah. [Heb.] To whom 
Jehovah is a father. 

Abner. [Heb.] Father of light. 

Abraham. [Heb.] Father of a 
multitude. 

Abram. [Heb.] Father of ele¬ 

vation. 

Adam. [Heb.] Man; earth- 

man ; red earth. 

Adolphus. [O. H. Ger.] Noble 
wolf, i. e., noble hero. 

Alan. Variously explained as a 
hound [Slav.], harmony [Celt.], 
and a corruption of Hilary, or 
of JElianus. 

Alaric. [O. H. Ger.] All-rich; 
or, noble ruler. 

Albert. [O. H. Ger.] Nobly 

bright; illustrious. 

Alexander. [Gr.] A defender 
of men. 

Alfred. [O. H. Ger.] Elf in 

council; i. e., good counselor. 

Algernon. [Fr.] With whiskers. 

Alonzo. [O. Ger.] The same as 
Alphonso, q. v. 

Alphonso. [O. H. Ger.] All- 
ready ; willing. 

Amasa. [Heb.] A burden. 

Ambrose. [Gr.] Immortal; 
divine. 

Amos. [Heb.] Strong; coura¬ 
geous ; otherwise, burden. 

Andrew. [Gr.] Strong; manly. 

Anselm. [O. H. Ger.] Protection 
of God. 

Anthony, l [Lat.] Priceless; 

Antony. > praiseworthy. 

Archibald. [Ger.] Extremely 
bold; otherwise, holy prince. 

Arthur. [Celt.] High; noble. 

Asa. [Heb.] Healer; physician. 

Asaph. [Heb.] A collector. 

Asher. [Heb.] Happy; fortu¬ 
nate. 

Augustin, 

Augustine, 

Austin. 


[Lat.] Belonging 
to Augustus. 


Augustus. [Lat.] Exalted; im¬ 
perial. 

Azariah. [Heb.] Helped of the 
Lord. 


Ger.] Bold, 
Son of con- 


war- 


Baldwin. [O. H. 

courageous friend. 

Barnaby. [Heb.] 
solation. 

Bartholomew. [Heb.] 
like son. 

Basil. [Gr.] Kingly; royal. 
Benedict. [Lat.] Blessed. 
Benjamin. [Heb.] Son of the 
right hand. 

Beriah. [Heb.] In calamity. 
Bernard, [O. H. Ger.] Bold 
V arnard. as a bear. 
Bertram. [O. H. Ger.] Bright 
raven. 


Boniface. [Lat.] A benefactor. 
Brian. [Celt.] Strong. 

Bruno. [O. H. Ger.] Brown. 

C 

Cadwallader. [Brit.] Battle- 
arranger. 

Caesar. [Lat.] Hairy; or blue¬ 
eyed. 


Caleb. [Heb.] A dog. 

Calvin. [Lat.] Bald. 

Cecil. [Lat.] Dim-sighted. 
Cephas. [Aramaic.] A stone. 
Charles. [O. H. Ger.] Strong} 
manly ; noble-spirited. 

Christian. [Lat.] Belonging to 
Christ; a believer in Christ. 
Christopher. [Gr.] Bearing 
Christ. 

[Lat.] Illustrious. 


Clarence. 

Claudius, 

Claude. 

Clement. 

merciful. 

Conrad. 


| [Lat.] Lame. 

[Lat.] Mild-tempered; 


[O. H. Ger.] Bold in 
council; resolute. 

Constant. [Lat.] Firm; faith¬ 
ful. 

Constantine. [Lat.] Resolute; 
firm. 


969 






Cor 


970 


Hit 


Cornelius. [Lat.] (Meaning un¬ 
certain.) 

Cuthbert. [A.-S.] Noted splendor. 

Cyril. [Or.] Lordly. 

Cyrus. [Per.] The sun. 

D 

Daniel. [Heb.] A divine judge. 

Darius. [Per.] Preserver. 

David. [Heb.] Beloved. 

-pv ] [Gr.] Same as Diony- 

Denls > >■ SIUS. 

Dennis, j [Fr. form.] 

Dionysius. [Gr.] Belonging to 
Dionysos or Bacchus, the god of 
wine. 

Donald. [Celt.] Proud chief. 

Duncan. [Celt.] Brown chief. 

E 

Eben. [Heb.] A stone. 

Ebenezer. [Heb.] The stone of 
help. 

Edgar. [A.-S.] A javelin (or 
protector) of property. 

Edmund. [A.-S.] Defender of 
property. 

Edward. [A.-S.] Guardian of 
property. 

Edwin. [A.-S.] Gainer of prop¬ 
erty. 

Egbert. [O. H. Ger.] The 
sword’s brightness; famous with 
the sword. 

Elbert. [O. H. Ger.] The same 
as Albert. 

Eldred. [A.-S.] Terrible. 

Eleazer. [Heb.] To whom God 
is a help. 

Eli. [Heb.] A foster son. 

Elias. [Heb.] The same as 
Elijah. 

Elibu. [Heb.] God the Lord. 

Elijah. [Heb.] Jehovah is my 
God. 

Elisha. [Heb.] God my salva¬ 
tion. 

Ellis. [Heb.] A variation of 
Elisha. 

Elmer. [A.-S.] Noble; excel¬ 
lent. [A contraction of Etiiel- 
MER.] 

Emmanuel. [Heb.] - God with 
us. 

Emery. [A.-S.] Powerful; rich. 

Enoch. [Heb.] Consecrated; 
dedicated. 

Enos. [Heb.] Man. 

Ephraim. [Heb.] Very fruitful. 

Erasmus. [Gr.] Lovely ; worthy 
to be loved. 

Erastus. [Ger.] Lovely; amiable. 


Ernest. [Ger.] Earnest. 

Ethan. [Heb.] Firmness; 
strength. 

Ehgene. [Ger.] Wellborn ; 
noble. 

Eustace. [Gr.] Healthy ; strong : 
standing firm. 

Evan. [Brit.] The same as John. 

Ezekiel. [Heb.] Strength of 
God. 

Ezra. [Heb.] Help. 

F 

Ferdinand. [O. H. Ger.] 

Brave; valiant. 

Fernando. [O. H. Ger.] Same 
as Ferdinand. 

Francis. [Fr.] Free. 

Frank [Fr.] A contraction of 
Francis. 

Frederic, 1 [O. H. Ger.] 

Frederick. J Abounding in 

peace ; or peaceful ruler. 

G 

Garret. [O. H. Ger.] Another 
form of Gerald, or Gerard. 

Geoffrey. [O. H. Ger.] The 
same as Godfrey. 

George. [Ger.] A landholder; 
husbandman. 

Gerald, ) [O. H. Ger.] Strong 

Gerard, j with the spear. 

Gideon. [Heb.] A destroyer. 

Gilbert. [O. H. Ger.] Yellow- 
bright ; famous. 

Giles. [Gr.] A kid. 

Godfrey. [O. H. Ger.] At peace 
w r ith God. 

Gregory. [Ger.] Watchful; 
vigilant. 

Griffith. [Brit.] Having great 
faith. 

Gustavus. [Sw.] A warrior; 
hero. 

Guy. [Fr.] A leader. 

H 

Hannibal. [Punic.] Grace of 
Baal. 

Harold. [A .-S.] A champion; 
general of an army. 

Henry. [O. H. Ger.] The head 
or chief of a house. 

Hex*bert. [A.-S.] Glory of the 
army. 

Herman. [O. H. Ger.] A war¬ 
rior. 

Hezekiah. [Heb.] Strength of 
the Lord. 

Hilary. [Lat.] Cheerful; merry. 






Hir 


971 


Mar 


Hiram. [Heb.] Most noble. 

Horace. [Gr.] Same as Horatio. 
[Fr. form.] 

Horatio. [Gr.] (Meaning uncer¬ 
tain.) 

Hosea. [Heb.] Salvation. 

Howell. [Brit.] Sound; whole. 

Hubert. [O. H. Ger.] Bright in 
spirit; soul-bright. 

Hugo.’ I [D-] Mind; spirit; soul. 

Humphrey. [A.-S.] Protector 
of the home. 

I 

Ichabod. [Heb.] The glory has 
departed. 

Ignatius. [Gr.] Ardent; fiery. 

Immanuel. [Heb.] The -same 
as Emmanuel. 

Ingram. [Teut.] Raven. 

Inigo. [Gr.] The same as Igna¬ 
tius. 1 Sp. form.] 

Ira. [Heb.] Watchful. 

Isaac. [Heb.] Laughter. 

Isaiah. [Heb.] Salvation of the 
Lord. 

Israel. [Heb.] A soldier of God. 

Ivan. [Brit.] The same as 
John. 


Joshua. [Heb.] God of salva¬ 
tion. 

Josiah, ) [Heb.] Given of the 

Josias. j Lord. 

Judah. [Heb.] Praised. 

Julian. [Lat.] Sprung from, or 
belonging to, Julius. 

Julius. [Gr.] Soft-haired. 

Justin. [Lat.] Just. 

Justus. [Lat.] Just. 

K 

Kenelm. [A.-S.] A defender of 
his kindred. 

Kenneth. [Gael.] A leader; 
commander. 

L 

Lambert. [O. H. Ger.] Illus¬ 
trious with landed possessions. 

Lancelot. [It.] A little angel; 
otherwise, a little lance or war¬ 
rior ; or a servant. 

Laurence, I [Lat.] Crowned 

Lawrence, J with laurel. 

Lazarus. [Heb.] God will help. 

Leander. [Gr.] Lion-man. 

Lemuel. [Heb.] Created by God. 

Leonard. [Ger.] Strong; or 
brave as a lion. 


J 


Jabez. [Heb.] He will cause 
pain. 

Jacob. [Heb.] A supplanter. 
James. [Heb.] The same as 
Jacob. 


Japheth. [Heb.] Enlargement. 

Jason. [Gr.] A healer. 

Jasper. [Per.] (Meaning un¬ 
certain. ) 

Jedediah. [Heb.] Beloved of 
the Lord. 

Jeffrey. [O. H. Ger.] The same 
as Godfrey. 

^JeSias,’ 1 [Heb.] Exalted of 

Jeremy. i the Lord ' 

Jerome. [Gr.] Holy name. 

Jesse. [Heb.] Wealth. 

Jehovah is his fa- 


[Heb.] 

[Heb.] 

[Heb.] 
[Heb.] 


Joab. 

ther. 

Job. 

cuted 
Joel. 

John. 

of God. 

Jonah, i 
Jonas, f 
Jonathan, 
hovah. * 

Joseph. [Ileb.] 


Afflicted; perse- 

The Lord is God. 
The gracious gift 


[Ileb.] A dove. 

[Heb.] Gift of Je- 

Ile shall add. 


Leopold. [O. IJ. Ger.] Bold for 
the people. 

Levi. [Heb.] Adhesion. 

Lewis. [O. II. Ger.] Hold war¬ 
rior. 

Lionel. [Lat.] Young lion. 

Llewellyn. [Celt.] Lightning. 

Lorenzo. [Lat.] Same as Lau¬ 
rence. [It. & Sp. forms.] 

Louis. [O. H. Ger.] The same as 
Lewis. [Fr. form.] 

Lucian. [Lat.] Belonging to, or 
sprung from Lucius. 

Lucius. [Lat.] Born at break of 
day. 

Luke. [Lat.] Light. 

Luther. [Ger.] Illustrious war¬ 
rior. 

M 

Malachi. [Heb.] Messenger of 
the Lord. 

Manasseh. [Heb.l Forgetfulness. 

Marcus,) [Lat.] A hammer; 

Mark. / otherwise; a male, or 
sprung from Mars. 

Marmaduke. [A.-S.] A mighty 
noble. 

Martin. [Lat.] Of Ma rs; war¬ 
like. 




Mat 


972 


Syl 


Matthew. [Heb.] Gift of Je¬ 
hovah. 

Maurice. [Lat.] Moorish; dark- 
colored. 

Maximilian. [Lat.] The great¬ 
est iEmilianus. 

Micah. [Heb.] Who is like the 
Lord? 

Michael. [Heb.] Who is like 
God? 

Miles. [Lat.] A soldier. 

Moses. [Egypt.] Drawn out of 
the water. 

N 

Napoleon. [Gr.] Lion of the 

forest-dell. 

Nathan. [Heb.] Given; a gift. 

Nathanael,) [Heb.] The gift of 

Nathaniel, J God. 

Neal,) [Lat.] Dark; swarthy; 

Neil. / otherwise [Celt.], chief. 

Nicholas,) [Gr.] Victory of the 

Nicolas, f people. 

Noah. [Heb.] Rest; comfort. 

Norman. [Ger.] A Northman; 
a native of Normandy. 

O 

Obadiah. [Heb.] Servant of the 
Lord. 

Octavius, ) [Lat.] The eighth- 

Octavus. J born. 

Oliver. [Lat.] An olive-tree. 

Orlando. [Teut.] Same as Row¬ 
land. [It. form.] 

Oscar. [Celt.] Bounding war¬ 
rior. 

Oswald. [O. H. Ger.] Power of 
God. 

Owen. [Celt.] Lamb; other¬ 
wise, young warrior. 

P 

Patrick. [Lat.] Noble; a pa¬ 
trician. 

Paul. [Lat.] Little. 

Peleg. [Heb.] Division. 

Peregrine. [Lat.] A stranger. 

Peter. [Gr.] A rock. 

Philander. [Gr.] A lover of 
men. 

Philemon. [Gr.] Loving, 
friendly. “ 

Philip. [Gr.] A lover of horses. 

Phineas. [Heb.] Mouth of brass. 

Pius. [Lat.] Pious; dutiful. 

Pliny. [Lat.] (Meaning uncer¬ 
tain.) 


Q 

Quintin. [Lat.] The fifth. 

R 

Ralph. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Rodolphus. 

Raphael. [Heb.] The healing of 
God. 

Raymond. [O. H. Ger.] Wise 
protection. 

Reginald. [O. H. Ger.] Strong 
ruler. 

Reuben. [Heb.] Behold, a son. 

Reynold. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Reginald. 

Richard. [O. H. Ger.] Rich- 
hearted ; powerful. 

Robert. [O. H. v^er.] Bright in 
fame. 

Roderic, 1 [O. H. Ger.] Rich 

Roderick. J in fame. 

Rodolpli, ) [O. H. Ger.] Fa- 

Rodolphus. / mous wolf, or hero. 

Roger. [O. H. Ger.] Famous 
with the spear. 

Roland. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Rowland. [Fr. form.] 

Rowland. [O. H. Ger.] Fame 
of the land. 

Rudolph, ") [O. H. Ger.] 

Rudolphus. / Variations of Ro¬ 
dolphus. 

Rufus. [Lat.] Red: red-haired. 

Rupert. [O. H. Ger.] The same 
as Robert. 

S 

Samson, \ [Heb.] Splendid sun ; 

Sampson./ i. e., Great joy and 
felicity. 

Samuel. [Heb.] Heard of God; 
asked for of God. 

Saul. [Heb.] Asked for. 

Seba. [Heb.] Eminent. 

Sebastian. [Gr.] Venerable; 
reverend. 

Seth. [Heb.] Appointed. 

Sigismund. [O. H. Ger.] Con¬ 
quering protection. 

Silas. [Lat.] A contraction of 
SlLVANUS. 

Silvanus. [Lat.] Living in a 

wood. 

Silvester. [Lat.] Bred in the 
country ; rustic. 

Simeon, ) [Heb.] Hearing with 

Simon, i acceptance. 

Solomon. [Heb.] Peaceable. 

Stephen. [Gr.] A crown. 

Sylvan, ) The same as SlL- 

Sylvanus. i vanus. 

Sylvester. The same *as Sil¬ 
vester. 






Tha 


973 


Bar 


T 

Thaddeus. * [Syr.] The wise. 

Theobald. [O. H. Ger.] Bold 
for the people. 

Theodore. [Gr.] The gift of 
God. 

Theodoric. [A.-S.] Powerful 
among the people. 

Theophilus. [Gr.] A lover of 
God. 

Thomas. [Heb.] A twin. 

Timothy.- [Gr.] Fearing God. 

Titus. [Gr.] (Meaning uncer¬ 

tain.) 

Tobiah, l [Heb.] Distinguished 

Tobias, i of the Lord. 

Tristam, \ [Lat.] Grave; pen- 

Tristram. j sive ; melancholy ; 
sorrowful ; sad. 

U 

Ulysses. [Gr.] A hater. 

Uriah. [Heb.] Light of the 
Lord. 

Uriel. [Heb.] Light of God. 

V 

Valentine. [Lat.] Strong; 
healthy; powerful. 


Victor. [Lat.] A conqueror. 

Vincent. [Lat.] Conquering; 
victorious. 

Vivian. [Lat.] Lively. 

W 

Walter. [O. H. Ger.] Ruling 
the host. 

William. [O. H. Ger.] Reso¬ 
lute helmet, or helmet of resolu¬ 
tion ; defense; protector. 

Winfred. [A.-S.] Win -peace. 

w ' 

Z 

Zabdiel. [Heb.] Gift of God. 

Zaccheus. [Heb.] Innocent; 
pure. 

Zachariah, 1 [Heb.] Remembered. 

Zachary. J of the Lord. 

Zadok. [Heb.] Just. 

Zebadiah, i [Heb.] Gift of the 

Zebedee. J Lord. 

Zechariah. [Heb.] The same 
as Zaciiariaii. 

Zedekiali. [Heb.] Justice of 
the Lord. 

Zephaniah. [Heb.] Hid of the 
Lord. 


11. NAMES OF WOMEN 


A 

Abigail. [Heb.] My father’s 
joy. 

Ada. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Edith. 

Adaline. [O. H. Ger.] Same 
as Adeline. 

Adela. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Adeline. 

Adelaide. [O. H. Ger.] Same 
as Adeline. 

Adelina, l [O. H. Ger.] Of noble 

Adeline. J birth ; a princess. 

Agatha. [Gr.] Good; kind. 

Agnes. [Gr.] Chaste; pure. 

Alberta. [O. H. Ger.] Fem¬ 
inine of Albert. 

Alexandra, ) [Gr.] Feminine of 

Alexandrina. j Alexander. 

Alice, l [O. H. Ger.] Same as 

Alicia .) Adeline. 

Almira. [Ar.] Lofty; a pnn- 

CGSS. 

Amabel. [Lat.] Lovable. 

Amanda. [Lat.] Worthy to be 
loved. 


Amelia. [O. H. Ger.] Busy, 
energetic.—See Emeline. 

Amy. [Lat.] Beloved. 
Angelica, \ [Gr.] Lovely ; 
Angelina, j angelic. 


A^« a ’ IfHeb.] Grace; same as 
Anne, J Hannah. 

Annette. [Heb.] A variation of 
Anne. [Fr. form.] 

Antoinette. [Gr.] Diminutive 
of Antonia. [Fr. form.] 


Antonia. [Lat.] Inestimable. 

Arabella. [Lat.] A fair altar; 

otherwise, an Arabian woman. 
Augusta. [Lat.] Feminine of 

Augustus. 

Aurelia. [Lat.] Feminine of 

Aurelius. 

Aurora. [Lat.] Morning red¬ 
ness ; fresh; brilliant. 


B 

Barbara. [Gr.] Foreign; 
strange. 








Bea 


974 


Ger 


Beatrix?’ } t Lat -] Making happy. 
Belinda. (Meaning uncertain.) 
Bertha. [O. H. Ger.] Bright; 
beautiful. 

Betsey. [Heb.] A corruption of 
Elizabeth. 

Blanche.1 [ Teut l White - 
Bridget. [Celt.] Strength. 


Caroline. [O. H. Ger.] Fem¬ 
inine of Carolus, the L'atin of 
Charles. [Fr. form.] 

Catharina, ) 

Catnarine, i [Gr.] Pure. 

Catherine. ) 

Cecilia, 1 [Lat.] Feminine of Ce- 

Cecily. ) CiL. 

Celia. [Lat.] Feminine of Cce- 
lius. [It. form.] 

Charlotte. [O. H. Ger.] Fem¬ 
inine of Charles. 

Chloe. [Gr.] A green herb; 
blooming. 

Christiana, \ [Gr.] Feminine 

Christina. / of Christianus, 
Lat. for Christian. 

Cicely. [Lat.] A corruption of 
Cecilia. 

Clara. [Lat.] Bright; illustri¬ 
ous. 

Clarice, l [Lat.] A variation of 

Clarissa. ) Clara. 

Claudia. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Claudius. 

Clementina,! [L a ^] Mild ; gentle. 

Clementine.) 

Constance. [Lat.] Firm; con¬ 
stant. 

Cora. [Gr.] Maiden; another 
form of Corinna. 

Cordelia. [Lat.] Warm-hearted. 

Corinna. [Gr.] Maiden. 

Cornelia. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Cornelius. 


D 

Deborah. [Heb.] A bee. 

Delia. [Gr.] of Delos. 

Diana. [Lat.] Goddess. 

Dinah. [Heb.] Judged. 

Dora. [Gr.] A contraction of 
Dorothea. 

Dorcas. [Gr.] A gazelle. 
Dorinda. [Gr.] Same as 
Dorothea. 

Dorothy 8 * } [Gr ’ ] The gift of God - 
Drusilla. (Meaning uncertain.) 


£ 

Edith. [O. II. Ger.] Happi- 
• ness; otherwise, rich gift. 

Edna. LHeb.] Pleasure. 
Eleanor, ) [Gr.] Light; the same 
Elinor. ) as Helen. 
Elisabeth, [Heb.] Worshiper 

Elizabeth, of God; conse- 

Eliza. ) crated to God. 

Ella. [Gr.] A contraction of 
Eleanor. 

Ellen. [Gr.] Diminutive of 
Eleanor. 

Elvira. [Lat.] White. 

Emeline, ) [O. II. Ger.] Enor- 
Emmeline. I getic ; industrious. 
Emily. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Emeline. 

Emma. [O. H. Ger.] Same as 
Emeline. 

Ernestine. [Ger.] Feminine 
and dim. of Ernest. 

Esther. [Per.] Star; good for¬ 
tune. 

Ethel. [O. H. Ger.] Noble; of 
noble birth ; same as Adela. 

Ethelinda..} [Teut.] Noble snake. 
Eugenia. [Gr.] Feminine of 

Eugene. 

Eugenie. [Gr.] Same as Eu¬ 
genia. [Fr. form.] 

Eunice. [Gr.] Happy victory. 
Euphemia. [Gr.] Of good re¬ 
port. 

Eva. [Heb.] Life. 

Evangeline. [Gr.] Bringing 

glad news. 

Eve. [Ileb.] The same as Eva. 
Evelina, 1 [Heb.] Diminutive of 
Eveline. J Eva. [It. form.] 

F 

Fanny. [Ger.] A diminutive of 
Frances. 

Faustina. [Lat.] Lucky. 
Felicia. [Lat.] Happiness. 
Fidelia. [Lat.] Faithful. 

Flora. [Lat.] Flowers. 
Florence. [Lat.] Blooming; 
flourishing. 

Frances. [Ger.] Feminine of 
Francis. 

Frederica. [O. H. Ger.] Fei - 
inine of Frederick. 

G 

Georgiana, ) [Gr.] Feminine of 
Georgina. ) George. 
Geraldine. Feminine of Gerald. 
Gertrude. [O. H. Ger.] Spear- 

maiden. 







Gra 


975 


My r 


Grace. [Lat.] Grace, favor. 
Griselda. [Teut.] Stone-hero¬ 
ine. 


H 

Hannali. [Heb.] The same as 
Anna. 


Harriet. [0. H. Ger.] 
inine diminutive of Henry. 
form.] 

Hell” k. } [Gr.] Light. 

Henrietta. [O. H. Ger.] 
inine and diminutive of Henry. 
I Fr. form.] 

Hephzibah. [Heb.] My delight 
is in her. 


Fem- 

[Eng. 


Fem- 


Hester, ) 
Hesther. / 
Honora, [ 
Honoria. J 
Hortensia. 

dener. 

Huldah. [Heb.] 


a s 


[Per.] Same 
Esther. 

[Lat.] Honorable. 
[Lat.] A lady gar- 

A weasel. 


I 

Ida. [O. H. Ger.] Godlike. 
Inez. [Gr.] The same as Agnes. 
Irene. [Gr.] Peaceful. 

Isabel, ) [Heb.] The same as 
Isabella. J Elizabeth. 


J 

Jane. [Heb.] Feminine of 
John ; same as Joanna. 

Janet. [Heb.] Diminutive of 
Jane. 

Jaqueline. [Heb.] Feminine of 
James. [Fr. form.] 

JeaH, ) [Heb.] The same 

Jeanne, f as Jane or Joan. 

Jeannette. ' [Fr. forms.] 

Jemima. [Heb.] A dove. 

Jerusha. [Heb.] Possessed; 
married. 

Joan, l [Heb.] Feminine of 

Joanna, i John. 

Josepha, ! [Ileb.] Feminine of 

Josephine. 1 .ToSErn. 

Judith. [Heb.] Praised. 

Julia. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Julius. 

Juliana. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Julian. 

Juliet. [ Lat.] Diminutive of 
Julia. [Fr. form.] 

K 

Katharine, 1 [Gr.] Same as 

Katherine. ( Catharine. 

Keturah. [Heb.] Incense. 

Keziah. [Ileb.] Cassia. 


Laura. [Lat.] A laurel. 

Lavinia. [Lat.] Of Latium. • 

Leonora. [Gr.] Same as Ele¬ 
anor. 

Letitia. [Lat.] Happiness. 

Lettice. A corruption of Letitia 

Lilly”’ } [Lat] Lily. 

Lois. [Gr.] Good; desirable. 

[O. H. Ger.] Feminine 
of Louis. 

[Lat.] Same as Lucy. 
[It. form.] 

Lucinda. [Lat.] The same as 
Lucy. 

Lucretia. [Lat.] Gain; other¬ 
wise, light. 

Lucy. [Lat.] Feminine of Lu¬ 
cius. 

Lydia. [Gr.] A native of Lydia, 
in Asia Minor. 


Louisa, \ 
Louise, j 
Lucia. 


M 

Mabel. [Lat.] A contraction of 
Amabel. 

Madeline. [Heb.] Same as 
Magdalene. [Fr. form.] 

Magdalene. [Heb.] Belonging 
to Magdala. 

Marcella. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Marcellus. 

Marcia. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Marcius. 

Margaret. [Gr.] A pearl. 

Maria. [Heb.] The same as 
Mary. [Lat. form.] 

Marianne. [Ileb.] A compound 
of Mary and Anne. 

Marion. [Heb.] A French form 
of Mary. 

Martha. [Ileb.] The ruler of 
the house: otherwise, sorrowful. 

Mary. [Heb.] Bitter; other¬ 
wise, their rebellion, or star of the 
sea. 

Mathilda, ^ [O. H. Ger.] Mighty 
l b a t t 1 e-maid ; 

Matilda. j heroine. 

Maud. A contraction of Ma¬ 
thilda, or Magdalene. 

May. A diminutive of Mary. 

Mehetabel, ) [Heb.] Benefited of 

Mehitable. J God. 

Melicent. [Lat.] Sweet singer. 

Melissa. [Gr.] A bee. 

Mildred. [Ger.] Mild threat- 
ener. 

Miranda. [Lat.] Admirable. 

Miriam. [Heb.] The same as 
Mary. 

Myra. [Gr.] She who weeps or 
laments. 






Nan 


976 


Zen 


N 

Nancy. A familiar form of Anne. 
Nora. A contraction of Honora. 


O 


Octavia. 

Octavius. 

Olive, X 
Olivia. ■> 
Ophelia. 


[Lat.] Feminine 

[Lat.] An olive. 
[Gr.] Serpent. 


of 


Sarah 1 [^eb.] ^ princess. 
Selina. [Gr.] Parsley. 

libylia. 1 [ Gr 'J A Prophetess. 
Sophia. [Gr.] Wisdom. 
Sophronia. [Gr.] Of a sound 
mind. 

Stella. [Lat.] A star. 

Susan, 

Susanna, V [Heb.] A lily. 
Susannah. J 


P 

Paula. [Lat.] Feminine of 

Paul. _ 

Pauline. [Lat.] Feminine of 

Paulinus. 

Penelope. [Gr.] A weaver. 
Philippa. [Gr.] Feminine of 

Philip 

Phoebe. [Gr.] Pure; radiant. 
Phebe. [Gr.] The same as 
Phcebe. 

Phyllis. [Gr.] A green bough. 
Priscilla. [Lat.] Somewhat old. 


R 


[Heb.] A ewe. 

[Heb.] Of enchanting 
beauty. 

A rose. 

A rose. 

} [Lat.] A fair rose. 

Rosalia,) [Lat.] Little and bloom¬ 
ing rose. [Fr. and 
It. forms.] 

[Lat.] Beautiful as 


Rachel. 
Rebecca, ) 
Rebekah. J 
Rlioda. [Ger.] 
Rosa. [Lat.] 
Rosabel, 
Rosabella. 

■I 

Rosalie.) 
Rosalind. 


a rose. 

Rosamond. [Teut.] Horse-pro¬ 
tection, i. e., famous protection. 
Roxana. [Per.] Dawn of day. 
Ruth. [Heb.] Beauty. 


S 


Sabina. [Lat.] A Sabine 
woman. 

Salome. [Heb.] Peaceful. 


T 

Tabitha. [Syr.] A gazelle. 
Theodora. [Gr.] Feminine of 
Theodore. 

Theodosia. [Gr.] The gift of 
God. 

Theresa. [Gr.] Carrying ears 
of corn. 


U 

Ulrica. [O. H. Ger.] Rich. 
Urania. [Gr.] Heavenly ;—the 

name of one of the Muses. 
Ursula. [Lat.] She-bear. 

V 

Valeria. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Valerius. 

Victoria. [Lat.] Victory. Fem¬ 
inine of Victor. 

Viola. [Lat.] A violet. 
Virginia. [Lat.] Virgin; pure. 
Vivian. [Lat.] Lively. 

W 

Wilhelmina. [O. H. Ger.] 
Feminine of Wilhelm, German 
of William. 

Winifred. [Teut.] Lover of 

peace. 

Z 

Zenobia. [Gr.] Having life 
from Jupiter. 














DICTIONARY OF MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL 

NAMES 


Achates (a-ka'tez).—The faith¬ 
ful friend of iEneas, the hero of 
Virgil’s iEneid. 

Acheron (ak'e-ron).—The son of 
Sol and Terra, changed by Jupiter 
into a river of hell, or the infernal 
re°*i ons 

Achilles (a-kil'lez).—A Greek, 
who signalized himself in the war 
against Troy; and having been 
dipped by his mother in the River 
Styx, was invulnerable in every 
part except his right heel, but 
was at length killed by Paris with 
an arrow. 

Adonis (a-do'nis).—A beautiful 
youth beloved by Venus. He was 
killed by a wild boar. When 
wounded, Venus sprinkled nectar 
into his blood, from which flowers 
sprang up. 

tineas (e-ne'as).—A Trojan 
prince, son of Anchises and the 
goddess Venus, the hero- of Virgil’s 
poem, the JEneid. 

-?£olus (e'o-lus).—The god of the 
wind. 

^Esculapius (es-ku-la'pe-us).— 

The god of medicine, and the son 
of Apollo, killed by Jupiter with 
a thunderbolt on account of his 
skill, and particularly for having 
restored Hippolytus to 'life. 

Agamemnon (ag-a-mem'non).— 
King of Mycenea and Argos, 
brother to Menelaus, and com¬ 
mander-in-chief of the Grecian 
army at tbe siege of Troy. 

Ajax (a'jaks).—The son of Tela¬ 
mon, and, next to Achilles, the 
bravest of all the Greeks in the 
Trojan war, 

Albion (al'be-on).—The son of 
Neptune, who established a king¬ 
dom in Britain. 

Alceste, Alcestis (al-ses'te, 
-tis).—The daughter of Pelias 
and wife of Admetus. brought 
back from hell by Hercules. 

Ammon (am'mon).—A title of 
Jupiter. 

Amphion (am-fl'on).—The son 
of Jupiter and Antiope, who 
built the city of Thebes by the 
music of his harp. He and his 
brother Zethus are said to have 
invented music. 

Amphitrite (am-fe-tri'te).—The 
daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, 


goddess of the sea, and wife to 
Neptune. 

Andromache (an-drom'a-ke).— 
The daughter of Eetion, king of 
Thebes, and wife of Hector. 

Andromeda (an-drom'e-da).— 
The daughter of Cepheus and 
Cassiope, who, contesting with 
Juno and the Nereids for beauty, 
was exposed to a sea-monster, but 
was rescued and married by 
Perseus. 

Antigone (an-tig'o-ne).—The 
daughter of CEdipus, famous for 
her filial piety. 

Aphrodite (a-fro-di'te). — The 
Greek goddess of love; identical 
with Venus. 

Apollo (a-pol'lo).—The son of 
Jupiter and Latona, and the god 
of music, poetry, eloquence, medi¬ 
cine and the fine arts. 

Arachne (a-rak'ne).—A Lydian 
virgin, turned into a spider for 
contending with Minerva at spin¬ 
ning. 

Argns (ar'gus).—The son of 
Arestor, said to have a hundred 
eyes; but being killed by Mercury 
when appointed by Juno to guard 
Io. she put his eyes on the tail of 
a peacock. 

Ariadne ( a-re-ad'ne). — The 
daughter of Minos, who, from love 
to Theseus, gave him a clew of 
thread, which guided him out of 
the Cretan labyrinth, and she be¬ 
came his wife; but being after¬ 
wards deserted by him, she was 
married to Bacchus, and made his 
priestess. 

Arion (a-ri'on).—A lyric poet of 
Methymna, who. in his voyage to 
Italy, saved his life from the 
cruelty of the mariners by means 
of doiphins, which the sweetness 
of his music brought together. 

Artemis (ar-te'mis).-—A Greek 
goddess identical with Diana, 
q. v. 

Atalanta (at-a-lan'ta).—A prin¬ 
cess of Scyros, who consented to 
marry that one of her suitors 
who should outrun her. Hippom- 
enes was the successful compet¬ 
itor. 

Athena (a-the'na). — The Greek 
goddess of wisdom, identical with 
Minerva, q. v. 






Atl 


978 


Dap 


Atlas (at'las).—One of the Ti¬ 
tans, and king of Mauritania, 
who is said to have supported the 
world on his shoulders, and was 
turned into a mountain by Per¬ 
seus. 

Aurora (au-ro'ra).—The goddess 
of the morning. 

Bacclius (bak'us).—The son of 
Jupiter and Semele, and the god 
of wine and of drunkards. 

Bellona (bel-lo'na).—The god¬ 
dess of war, and sister of Mars. 

Belus (be'lus).—The son of Nep¬ 
tune and Libya, and one of the 
first kings of Babylon or Assyria, 
to whose statue divine honors 
were paid, and to whom a magnif¬ 
icent temple was built. 

Boreas (bo're-as).—The son of 
Astrams and Aurora ; the name of 
the north wind. 

Busiris (bu-sl'ris).—The son of 
Neptune and Libya, a tyrant of 
Egypt, and a monstrous giant, 
who fed his horses with human 
flesh, and was killed by Hercules. 

Cadmus (kad'mus).—The son of 
Agenor, king of Phoenicia, the 
founder of the city of Thebes, and 
the reputed inventor of sixteen 
letters of the Greek alphabet. 

Calypso (ka-lip'so).—One of the 
Oceanides, and one of the daugh¬ 
ters of Atlas, who reigned in the 
island of Ogygia, and entertained 
Ulysses. 

Camilla (ka-mil'la).—A famous 
queen of the Volsci, who opposed 
JUneas on his landing in Italy. 

Capaneus (kap'a-neus).—A fa¬ 
mous Grecian killed by a stone at 
the siege of Thebes. 

Cassandra (kas-san'dra).—The 
daughter of Priam and Hecuba, 
endowed with the gift of prophecy 
by Apollo. 

Castor (kas'tor).—A son of 
Jupiter and Leda. He and his 
twin brother Pollux shared im¬ 
mortality alternately, and were 
formed into the constellation Gem¬ 
ini. 

Cecrops (se'krops).—A very rich 
Egyptian, the founder anol first 
king of Athens, who instituted 
marriage, altars and sacrifices. 

Centaurs (sen'taurs).—A people 
of Thessaly, half men and half 
horses, vanquished by Theseus. 

Cerberus (ser'be-rus).—The 
three-headed dog of Pluto, which 
guarded the gates of hell. Hercu¬ 


les overcame and brought him 

away. 

Ceres (se'rez).—The daughter of 
Saturn and Cybele, and goddess 
of corn, harvest and flowers. 

Clxaron (ka'ron).—The son of 
Erebus and Nox, and ferryman of 
hell, who conducted the souls of 
the dead, in a boat, over the 
Rivers Styx and Acheron. 

Charybdis (ka-rib'dis).—A rav¬ 
enous woman, turned by Jupiter 
into a very dangerous gulf or 
whirlpool on the coast of Sicily. 

Cbiron (kfron).—The son of 
Saturn and Phillyra, a Centaur, 
who was preceptor to Achilles, 
taught iEsculapius physic, and 
Hercules astronomy. 

Circe ( sir'se).—A noted enchant¬ 
ress, who turned the companions 
of Ulysses into swine. 

Clio (kll'o).—One of the Muses. 
She presided over history. 

Clytemnestra (klit-em-nes'tra). 
—The faithless wife of Agamem¬ 
non, killed by her son Orestes for 
her crimes. 

Comus (ko'rnus).—The god of 
revelry, feasting and jollity. 

Crocus (kro'kus).—A young man 
who was enamored of the nymph 
Smilax, and changed into the 
flower of the name of crocus. 

Croesus (kre'sus).—The king of 
Lydia, and the richest man of his 
time. 

Cupid (ku'pid).—The son of 
Mars and Venus, a celebrated 
deity ; the god of love. 

Cyclops (sl'klops).—Vulcan’s 
workmen, giants who had only 
one eye. in the middle of their 
foreheads, and were slain by 
Apollo in a pique against Jupiter. 

Daedalus (de'da-lus).—A most in¬ 
genious artist and artificer of 
Athens, who formed the Cretan 
labyrinth, and invented the auger, 
ax, glue, plumb-line, saw and 
masts and sails for ships. 

Danaidcs (da-na'i-dez).—The 
fifty daughters of Danaus, king of 
Argos, all of whom, except Ily- 
permnestra, killed their husbands 
on the first night after marriage, 
and were therefore doomed to 
draw water out of a deep well, 
and eternally to pour it into a 
cask full of holes. 

Daphne (daf'ne).—The daughter 
of the River Peneus, changed into 
a laurel-tree. 





Dej 


979 


Dejanira (dej-a-ni'ra).—The wife 
of Hercules, who killed herself in 
despair, because her husband 
burnt himself to avoid the tor¬ 
ment occasioned by the poisoned 
shirt that she had given him to 
regain his love, according to the 
direction of Nessus, the Centaur, 
from whom she received it. 

Demeter (de-me'ter). — A Greek 
goddess, identical with the Ro¬ 
man Ceres, q. v. 

Deucalion ( deu-ka'li-on).—The 
son of Prometheus, and king of 
Thessaly, who, with his wife 
Pyrrha, was preserved from the 
general deluge, and repeopled 
the world by throwing stones be¬ 
hind them, as directed by the 
oracle. 

Diana (di-an'a). — The daughter 
of Jupiter and Latona, and the 
goddess of hunting, chastity and 
marriage. 

Dido (di'do). — The queen of 
Carthage, daughter of Belus and 
wife of Sichaeus. She built 
Carthage, and, according to Vir¬ 
gil, entertained iEneas on his voy¬ 
age to Italy, and stabbed herself 
through despair, because JEneas 
left her. 

Dioxnedes (di-o-me'dez).—The 
son of Tydeus, and king of 
JEtolia, who gained great reputa¬ 
tion at Troy, and who, with 
Ulysses and others, carried off the 
Palladium. 

Dionysus (di-o-nish'e-us). — A 
Greek deity, identical with Bac¬ 
chus, q. v. 

D r y a d e s (dri'a-dez). — Nymp Sr , 
who presided over the woods. 

Echo (ek'o). — The daugh*^- of 
Aer, or Air, and Tellua, ,/ho 
pined away through love for 
Narcissus. 

Electra (e-lek'tra). — The daugh¬ 
ter of Agamemnon and Clytem- 
nestra, who instigated her brother 
Orestes to revenge their father’s 
death upon their mother. 

Elysium (e-lizh'e-um).—The 
happy residence of the virtuous 
after death. 

Endymion (en-dim'i-on).—A 
beautiful shepherd and perpetual 
sleeper, who was loved by Selene, 
the Moon. 

Epeus (e-pe'us).—An artist, who 
made the Trojan horse, and in¬ 
vented the sword and buckler. 

Erato (er'a-to).—One of the 


flar 


Muses—she presided over lyric 
and amorous poetry. 

Erebus (er'e-bus).—The son of 
Chaos and Nox, an infernal deity 
—a river of hell, and often used 
by the poets for hell itself. 

Eros (e'ros).—The Greek name 
for Cupid, q. v. 

Eurydice (u-rid'i-se).—The wife 
of Orpheus, killed by a serpent 
on her marriage day. 

Euterpe (u-ter'pe).—One of the 
Muses—the one who presided 
over music. 

Fates (fats).—Powerful god¬ 
desses, who presided over the birth 
and the life of mankind, were the 
three daughters of Nox and Ere- 
beus, named Clotho, Lachesis and 
Atropos. Clotho was supposed to 
hold the distaff, Lachesis to draw 
the thread of human life, and 
Atropos to cut it off. 

Fauni (faw'ni).—Rural deities, 
described as having the legs, feet 
and ears of goats, and the rest of 
the body human. 

Flora (flo'ra).—The goddess of 
flowers and gardens. 

Furies (fu'rez).—The three 
daughters of Nox and Acheron, 
Alecto, Tisiphone and Megaera. 

Ganymede (gan'e-med ) . — The 
son of Tros. king of Troy, whom 
Jupiter, in the form of an eagle, 
snatched up and made his cup¬ 
bearer, instead of Hebe. 

Gordius (gor'de-us).—A hus¬ 
bandman, but afterward king of 
Phrygia, remarkable for tying a 
knot of cords, on which the em¬ 
pire of Asia depended, in so very 
intricate a manner that Alex¬ 
ander, unable to unravel it, cut 
it asunder. 

Gorgons (gor'gons). — The three 
daughters of Phorcus and Ceto, 
named Stheno, Euryale and Me¬ 
dusa. Their bodies were covered 
with impenetrable scales, their 
hair entwined with serpents; they 
had only one eye betwixt them, 
and they could change into stones 
those whom they looked on. 

Graces (gra'sez). — Three god¬ 
desses, represented as beautiful, 
modest virgins, and constant at¬ 
tendants on Venus. 

Hades (ha'dez). — The same as 
the Roman gtod Pluto; also the 
dominion of the dead. 

Harpies (har'pez). — The three 
daughters of Neptune and Terra, 





Hec 


980 


Med 


winged monsters with the faces 
of virgins, the bodies of vultures, 
and hands armed with claws. 
They polluted all that they 
touched. 

Hector (hek'tor).—The son of 
Priam and Hecuba, the most val¬ 
iant of the Trojans. 

Hecuba (hek'u-ba).—The daugh¬ 
ter of Dimas, king of Thrace, and 
wife of Priam, who tore her eyes 
out for the loss of her children. 

Helen (hel'en).—The daughter of 
Tyndarus and Leda, and wife of 
Menelaus, the most beautiful 
woman of her age, who, running 
away with Paris, occasioned the 
Trojan war. 

Helenus (hel'e-nus).—The son of 
Priam and Hecuba, spared by the 
Greeks for his skill in divination. 

Helle (hel'le).—The daughter of 
Athamas, who, flying from her 
stepmother Ino. was drowned in 
the Pontic Sea, and gave it the 
name of Hellespont. 

Hera (he'ra).—The Greek name 
for the goddess Juno. 

Hercules (her'ku-lez).—The son 
of Jupiter and Alcmena, the most 
famous hero of antiquity, remark¬ 
able for his great strength. 

Hermione (her-ml'o-ne). — The 

daughter of Mars and Venus, and 
wife of Cadmus, who was changed 
into a serpent. 

Hermes (her'mez).—A Greek god, 
identical with Mercury, q. v. 

Hero (he'ro).—A beautiful woman 
of Sestos, in Thrace, and priestess 
of Venus, whom Leander of Aby- 
dos loved so tenderlv that lie 
swam over the Hellespont every 
night to see her; but at length, he 
being unfortunatelv drowned, she 
threw herself in despair into the 
sea. 

H_esperid.es (hes-per'i- 
dez).—Three nymphs, daughters 
of Hesperus, who guarded the 
golden apples which Juno gave to 
Jupiter. 

Hesperus (hes'per-us).—The son 
of Japetus, and brother to Atlas; 
changed into the evening star. 

Hyacintlius (hi-a-sin'thus).—A 

beautiful boy, beloved by Apollo 
and Zephyrus. The latter killed 
him; but Apollo’ changed the 
blood that was spilt into a flower 
called the Hyacinth. 

Hymen (hi'men).—The son of 


Bacchus- and Venus, and god of 
marriage. 

Io (i'o).—The daughter of Inachus 
and Ismene, turned by Jupiter 
into a cow, and tormented by 
a gadfly sent by the jealous Juno. 

Iris (i'ris).—The daughter of 
Thaumas and Electra, one of the 
Oceanides. and messenger of Juno, 
who turned her into a rainbow. 

Ixion (iks-i'on).—A king of Thes¬ 
saly, the father of the Centaurs, 
who killed his own sister, and was 
punished by being fastened in 
hell to a wheel perpetually turn¬ 
ing round. 

Janus (ja'nus).—The son of 
Apollo and Freusa, and first king 
of Italy, who, receiving the ban¬ 
ished Saturn, was rewarded by 
him with the knowledge of hus¬ 
bandry, and of things past and 
future. The temple of Janus at 
Rome was rarely closed, being 
kept open during the almost con¬ 
tinual wars. 

Jason (ja'son).—The leader of 
the Argonauts, who obtained the 
golden fleece at Colchis. 

Juno (ju'no).—The daughter of 
Saturn and Ops, sister and wife 
of Jupiter, the great queen of 
heaven, and of all the gods, and 
goddess of marriages and births. 

Jupiter (ju'pe-ter).—The son of 
Saturn and Ops, the supreme 
deity of the heathen world, the 
most powerful of all the gods, and 
governor of all things. 

Laocoon (la-ok'o-on).—The son 
of Priam and Plecuba, and high 
priest of Apollo, who opposed the 
reception of the wooden horse into 
Troy. For this the Gods favor¬ 
ing the Greeks punished him, he 
and his sons being crushed to 
death by great serpents. 

Laomedon (la-om'e-don).—A king 
of Troy, killed by Hercules for 
denying him his daughter Hesione, 
after he had delivered her from 
the sea-monster. 

Lares (liVrez).—Inferior gods at 
Rome, who presided over houses 
and families. 

Lucifer (lu'se-fer).—The name of 
the planet Venus, or morning 
star; said to be the son of Jupiter 
and Aurora. 

Medusa (me-du'sa).—One of the 
three Gorgons, whose hair Mi¬ 
nerva changed into snakes. She, 
was killed by Perseus. 





Mel 


981 


Sat 


Melpomene (mel-pom'e-ne).— 

One of the Muses—the one who 
presided over tragedy. 

Mentor (men'tor).—The faithful 
friend of Ulysses, the governor of 
Telemachus and the wisest man - 
of his time. 

Mercury (mer'ku-re).—The son 
of Jupiter and Maia, messenger 
of the gods, inventor of letters, 
and god of eloquence, commerce, 
and travelers. 

Minerva (mi-ner'va).—The god¬ 
dess of wisdom, the arts and war; 
born from Jupiter’s head. 

Minotaur (min'o-taur).—A cele¬ 
brated monster, half man and 
half bull, killed by Theseus. 

Morpheus (mor'fe-ous or mor'- 
fus).—The minister of Nox and 
Somnus, and god of dreams. 

Naiads (na'idz).—Nymphs of 
streams. 

Nemesis (nem'e-sis).—One of the 
infernal deities, and goddess of 
vengeance. 

Neptune (nep'tune). — The son of 
Saturn and Ops. god of the sea, 
and, next to Jupiter, the most 
powerful deity; represented with 
a trident in his right hand. 

Nestor (nes'tor). — The son of 
Neleus and Cliloris, and king of 
Pylos and Messenia. He fought 
against the Centaurs, was dis¬ 
tinguished in the Trojan war, and 
lived to a great age. 

Niobe (nl'o-be). — The daughter 
of Tantalus and wife of Amphion, 
who, preferring herself to Latona, 
had her fourteen children killed, 
and wept herself into a stone. 

Orpheus (or'fe-us or or'fus).— 
A celebrated Argonaut, whose 
skill in music is said to have been 
so great that he could make rocks, 
trees, etc., follow him. 

Pan (pan). — The son of Mercury, 
and the god of shepherds, hunts¬ 
men and farmers. 

Pandora (pan-do'ra). — According 
to Hesiod, the first woman that 
ever lived. Jupiter gave her a 
box which curiosity induced her 
to open. From it escaped the 
evils that afflict mankind, only 
Hope remaining in the box. 

Paris (par'is). — The son of Priam 
and Hecuba, a most beautiful 
youth, who ran away with Helen, 
and thus occasioned the Trojan 
war. , , 

Pegasus (peg'a-sus). — A winged 


horse belonging to Apollo and the 
Muses. 

Penelope (pe-nel'o-pe).—A cele¬ 
brated princess of Greece, wife of 
Ulysses, remarkable for her 
chastity and constancy in the long 
absence of her husband. 

Philomela (fil-o-me'la).—T h e 

daughter of Pandion, king of 
Athens, who was changed into a 
nightingale. 

Pluto (plu'to).—The son of Sat¬ 
urn and Ops, brother of Jupiter 
and Neptune, and the god of the 
infernal regions. 

Plutus (plu'tus).—The god of 
riches. 

Pomona (po-mo'na).—The god¬ 
dess of gardens and fruit-trees. 

Priam (pri'am).—The king of 
Troy at the time of its famous 
siege by the Greeks; father of 
Hector, q. v. 

Poseidon (po-si'don).—A Greek 
deity, identical with Neptune, 
q. v. 

Prometheus (pro-me'the-us).— 
The son of Japetus. He is said 
to have stolen fire from heaven to 
animate two bodies which he had 
formed of clay; and he was there¬ 
fore chained by Jupiter to Mount 
Caucsaus, with a vulture always 
gnawing his liver. 

Psyche (si'ke).—The name given 
by the Greek poets to a personi¬ 
fication of the human soul She 
won the affection of the God of 
Love (Cupid), and lived happily 
with him until curiosity to know 
who he was condemned her to 
wandering misery. She was finally 
restored to him and made immor¬ 
tal. 

Remus (re'mus).—The elder 
brother of Romulus, killed by 
him for ridiculing the city walls, 
which he had just erected. 

Rhadamanthus (rad-a- 
man'thus).—Son of Jupiter and 
Europa, and king of Lycia, made 
one of the three infernal judges 
on account of his justice and 
goodness. 

Romulus (rom'u-lus).—The son 
of Mars and Ilia ; he was thrown 
into the Tiber by his uncle, but 
was saved, with his twin brother 
Remus, by a shepherd, and he be¬ 
came the founder and first king of 
Rome. 

Saturn (sat'urn).—An ancient 
deity, the son of Uranus, whom 





4 


Sis 


982 


Zeu 


he dethroned, and father of 
Jupiter and various other gods. 
He was succeeded by his son 
Jupiter. His Greek title was 
Cronus. 

Sisyphus (sis'e-fus).—The son of 
iEolus, a most crafty prince, 
killed by Theseus, and condemned 
by Pluto to roll up hill a large 
stone, which constantly fell back 
again. 

Somnus (som'nus).—The son of 
Erebus and Nox, and the god of 
sleep. 

Stentor (sten'tor).—A Grecian, 
whose voice is reported to have 
been as strong and as loud as 
the voices of fifty men together. 

Tartarus (tar'ta-rus).—The part 
of the infernal regions in which 
criminals were punished. 

Terpsichore (terp-sik'o-re).— 
One of the Muses—she presided 
over dancing. 

Titan (ti'tan).—The son of 
Coelus and Terra, brother of 
Saturn, and one of the giants 
who warred against heaven. 

Triton (tri'ton).—The son of 


Neptune and Amphitrite. a 
powerful sea-god, and Neptune’s 
trumpeter. 

Ulysses (u-lys'ses).—A famous 

King of Ithaca, and the wisest, 
shrewdest and subtlest of the 
chiefs who took part in the siege 
of Troy. His wanderings and ad¬ 
ventures during his return home 
form the subject of Homer’s poem 
the “Odyssey.” 

Uranus (u'ra-nus).—The an¬ 
cestor of the gods of Greek and 
Roman mythology, and the father 
of Saturn, who dethroned him. 

Venus (ve'nus).—One of the 

most celebrated deities of the 
ancients, the wife of Vulcan, the 
goddess of beauty, the mother of 
love, and the mistress of pleasur¬ 
able graces. 

Vesta (ves'ta).—The goddess of 
virginity, fire, and the domestic 
hearth, in the Roman mythology. 

Vulcan (vul'kan).—The god who 
presided over fire. 

Zeus (zus).—The king of the 
gods in Greek mythology, identical 
with the Roman Jupiter, q. v. 













DICTIONARY OF FORMS OF ADDRESS 


Used in Ceremonious Communications with Persons of 

Title or Official Position 


Ambassador. —The title “Excel¬ 
lency” belongs specially to am¬ 
bassadors and to United States 
ministers to a foreign court. 
Address letters “His Excellency” 
(with name or distinctive title 
following). Begin, “Sir,” “My 
Lord,” according as the ambas¬ 
sador possesses title or not. When 
personal reference is made, say 
“Your Excellency.” An envoy 
extraordinary or charge d’affaires, 
though inferior to an ambassador 
strictly so called, also, usually re¬ 
ceives the title “Excellency ;” and 
the wives of ambassadors are 
generally addressed similarly dur¬ 
ing their husbands’ tenure of of¬ 
fice and while residing abroad. 

Archbishop. —Address : “T h e 

most Reverend A— B—, D.D.” 
The wife of an archbishop has 
no special title. 

Bishop. —Address : “The Right 
Rev. Bishop,” or “The Rt. Rev. 
A— B—, D.D.” A bishop’s wife 
and family have no special title. 

Cardinal. —The special title of a 
cardinal as such is “His Emi¬ 
nence.” Begin : “l T our Eminence.” 

Clergyman. —The general form of 
address is “The Reverend A— B.” 
Begin: “Rev. Sir,” or simply 

“Sir.” 

Congress, Members of (U. S.). 

—Addressed generally “The Hon¬ 
orable A— B—.” 

Consul. —There is no special form 
of address to a person as such, 
though in this country a consul 
is called “Honorable.” 

Doctor. —The initials denoting the 
particular degree are placed after 
the usual form of address, 
whether D.D., LL.D., M.D., D.Sc., 
etc., “The Rev. A.—, B.—, D.D.,” 
“A—B, Esq., M.D.” Less for¬ 
mally : “The Rev. Doctor B—,” 
“Doctor A— B.” 

Duke. —Address : “His Grace the 
Duke of—.” Begin : “My Lord 
Dukerefer to as “Your Grace.” 
All the children of a duke are en¬ 
titled to be called “Right Honor¬ 
able.” 


Governor of State (U. S.).— 
Usually addressed as “His Ex¬ 
cellency.” “His Excellency A— 
B—, Governor of —,” or, “His 
Excellency the Governor of—.” 
A lieutenant-governor is called 
“Honorable.” 

Judge.—“His Honor, Judge—” 
(surname) ; on the bench referred 
to as “Your Honor.” 

King .—Should be addressed as 
“The King’s Most Excellent Maj¬ 
esty.” Begin: “Sire,” or “May 
it please Your Majestyrefer 
to as “Your Majesty.” 

Lawyers.—Address : “Esquire,” 
or “Mr. A— B—, Esq.” This 
is a complimentary title given to 
all holding temporary civil offices, 
as magistrates, councilmen, etc. 

Married Lady.—Has the title 
Mrs. prefixed to her name in 
speaking and writing. On being 
approached in writing or speech 
by strangers or inferiors, should 
be addressed as “Madam,” or 
“Dear Madam.” An unmarried 
lady is addressed as “Miss,” in 
speaking or writing. Two or more 
unmarried ladies are addressed as 
“The Misses A—• B—,” while 
“Mesdames” is plural for 
“Madam.” 

Mayor.—Address : “The Honor¬ 
able Mayor of —.” Address: 
“Sir,” or “Dear Sir.” Mayors 
are usually styled “Honorable 
“The Honorable A— B, Mayor 
of —. 

Member of House of Repre¬ 
sentatives.—Address: “Honor¬ 
able A— B—, M.C.” Begin : “Sir,” 
or “Dear Sir.” A Congressman’s 
wife and family have no title of 
recognition. 

Member of Parliament.—Not 

specially recognized except by add¬ 
ing “M.P.” to ordinary ad¬ 
dress : “A— B—. Esq., M.P.;” 
“Sir A—B—, Bart., M.P.” 

Officers, Military and Naval. 
—Their professional rank is put 
before any title they may inde¬ 
pendently possess: “General” or 




Pre 


984 


Que 


“Admiral, the Right Hon. the 
Earl of—;” “Colonel A— B— .” 

President (U. S.). — Address : 

“His Excellency the President of 
the United States,” “His Excel¬ 
lency A— B—, President of the 
United States.” The Vice-Presi¬ 
dent and ex-presidents are 
“Honorable “The Honorable the 
Vice-President;” “The Honorable 
A— B.” 

Prince. —Address : “His Royal 
Highness the Prince of Wales;” 
“His Royal Highness Prince 
A—” (Christian name). Begin 
in any case: “Sir;” refer to as 
“Your Royal Highness.” 

Princess. —Address : “Her Royal 


Highness the Princess of Wales;” 
“Her Royal Highness the Princess 
A—” (Christian name) ; Begin: 
“Madam;” refer to as “Your 
Royal Highness.” 

Professor.— A form of address 
for a scholar who has achieved 
distinction in some special de¬ 
partment of science or learning; 
but should not be employed in¬ 
discriminately to any teacher or 
schoolmaster. 

Queen. —Address : “The Queen’s 
Most Excellent Majesty.” Begin 
“Madam,” or “May it please Your 
Majesty;” refer to as “Your 
Majesty.” 














DICTIONARY OF ABBREVIATIONS 


Used in Writing and Printing 


A. B. or B. A. (Artium Bac- 
calaureus). — Bachelor of Arts. 
Abbr. —Abbreviated. 

Abp. —Archbishop. 

A.C. (Ante Christum). —Be¬ 
fore Christ. 

A.D. (Anno Domini). —In the 

Year of our Lord. 

A.D.C. —Aide-de-camp. 

Adselib, or Adaelibit. —At pleas¬ 
ure. 

Adj. —Adjective. 

Admr. —Administrator. 

Admx. —Administratrix. 

A d v.—Adverb. 

JEt. (aetatis).—Aged. 

A.G. —Adjutant-General. 

A.H. —In the Year of the Hegira. 
Ala. —Alabama. 

A.M. or M.A. (Artium Mag- 
ister). —Master of Arts. 

A.M. —Before Mid-day. 

A.M. (Anno Mundi). —In the 

Year of the World. 

Ana. —In like quantity. 

Anon. —Anonymous. 

App. —Appendix. 

Ark. —Arkansas. 

Ariz. —Arizona. 

Arr. —Arrived. 

A.R.A. —Associate of the Royal 
Academy. 

A.R.S.A. —Associate of the Royal 
Scottish Academy. 

A.R.S.S. (Antiquariorum 
regiae societatis socius). —Fel¬ 
low of the Royal Society of 
Antiquaries. 

A.S. —Anglo Saxon. 

Asst. —Assistant. 

Atty.Gen. —A ttorney-General. 
A.Q.G. —Assistant Quartermaster- 
General. 

A. XJ.C.—(Anno urbis conditae, 
or Anno ab urbe condita). — 

In the year of or from the build¬ 
ing of tbe city (of Rome). 

Avoir. —Avoirdupois. 

B. A.— Bachelor of Arts; British 
America. 

Bart, or Bt. —Baronet. 

Bbl. —Barrel, barrels. 

B.C. —Before Christ. 

B.C.L. —Bachelor of Civil Law. 

B.D. —Bachelor of Divinity. 

B.LL. or LL.B. — Bachelor of 
Laws. 


B.M.— British Museum ; Bach¬ 

elor of Music. 

Bp.— Bishop. 

Brig.Gen. —Brigadier-General. 

B.S. —Bachelor of Surgery. 

B. Sc. —Bachelor of Science. 

C. —Centigrade. 

C., Ct., Cent. —A hundred. 

C. or Cap. —Chapter. 

C.A.— Chartered Accountant. 

Cal. —California. 

Capt. —Captain. 

C.C. —Cubic centimeter. 

C.C.P. —Court of Common Pleas. 

C.E. —Civil Engineer. 

Celt.— Celtic. 

Cf., conf. —Compare. 

Ch. —Church. 

C.J. —Chief Justice. 

C.M. —Common Meter ; centimeter. 
Col —Company ; county. 

C.O.D. —Cash (or collect) on de¬ 
livery. 

Col. —Colonel; Colorado. 

Coll.— College. 

Com. —Commander ; commodore ; 

committee. 

Conn. —Connecticut. 

Cor. —Corinthians. 

Cor.Sec. —Corresponding Secre¬ 

tary. 

Cos. —Cosine. 

C.P. —Common Pleas; Clerk of the 
Peace. 

Crim. Con. —Criminal conversa¬ 
tion, or adultery. 

C.P.S. —Keeper of the Privy Seal. 
Cr. —Credit; creditor. 

C.S. —Keeper of the Seal ; Court of 
Session. 

C. S.I. —Companion of the Star of 
India. 

Cur., curt. —Current—this month. 
Can. —Canada. 

Cwt. —A hundred weight. 

D. (denarius). —A penny or 
pence; 500. 

D.C. —From the beginning; Dis¬ 
trict of Columbia. 

D.C.D. —Doctor of Civil Law. 

D.D. —Doctor of Divinity. 

Deg. —Degree. 

Del (deliniavit). —“He drew it’ 
—meaning the drawer or painter; 
Delaware. 

Dep. —Deputy. 






D 


98 G 


I 


Diet. —Dictionary. 

D.F. —Defender of the Faith; 
Dean of Faculty. 

D.G. (Dei gratia). —By the grace 

of God. 

Dent. —Deuteronomy. 

Do. (ditto). —The same. 

Dol. or dols. —Dollars. 

Doz.— Dozen. 

Dpt. —Department. 

Dr. —Debtor ; doctor ; dram. 

D.Sc. —Doctor of Science. 

D.T. (Doctor theologiae). —Doc¬ 
tor of Divinity. 

D. V. (Deo volente). —God will¬ 
ing. 

Dwt. —A pennyweight. 

E. —East. 

Ed. —Editor ; edition. 

E.E. —Errors excepted. 

E.G. (exempli gratia). —For ex¬ 
ample. 

E. long. —East longitude. 

Emp. —Emperor ; Empress. 

E.N.E. —East-north-east. 

Eng. —E ngineer; England. 

Ep. —Epistle. 

Eph. —Ephesians ; Ephraim. 
Epiph. —Epiphany. 

E. S.E. —East-south-east. 

Esq., Esqr. —Esquire. 

Etc., See .—And so forth. 

Et. seq. —And the following. 

Ex. —Example ; exception. 

Exch. —Exchequer ; exchange. 
Exee. —Executor. 

Fahr. —Fahrenheit. 

F. A.S. —Fellow of the Society of 
Arts. 

F.A.S.E. —Fellow of the Antiqua¬ 
rian Society of Edinburgh. 
F.B.S.E. —Fellow of tlie Botanical 
Society of Edinburgh. 

F.C. —Free Church of Scotland. 
Fcp. —F oolscap. 

F.D. —Defender of the faith. 

Fee. —He (or she) did it. 

F.G.S. —Fellow of the Geological 
Society. 

F.H.S. —Fellow of the Horticul¬ 
tural Society. 

F.M.— Field Marshal. 

Fla.— Florida. 

Fo. or £oi. —Folio. 

F.P.S. —Fellow of the Philological 
Society. 

F.R.A.S. —Fellow of the Royal 
Astronomical Society. 

F.R.C.P.— Fellow of the Royal 
College of Physicians. 

F.R.C.P. —Fellow of the Royal 
College of Preceptors. 


F.R.C.S. —Fellow r of the Royal 
College of Surgeons. 

F.R.G.S. —Fellow’ of the Royal 
Geographical Society. 

F.R.H.S. —Fellow of the Royal 
Horticultural Society. 

F.R.S. —Fellow of the Royal So¬ 
ciety. 

F.R.S.E. —Fellow 7 of the Royal 
Society of Literature. 

F.S.A. —Fellow’ of the Society of 
Antiquaries. 

F.S.A. —Fellow’ of the Society of 
Arts. 

F. S.S. —Fellow 7 of the Statistical 
Society. 

Ft. —Foot; feet: fort. 

G. A. —General Assembly. 

Ga.— Georgia. 

Gall.— Gallon. 

G.B. —Great Britain. 

G.C.B.— Grand Cross of the Bath. 
Gen.— General; Genesis. 

Gent. —Gentleman. 

Geol.— Geology. 

G.Ij.—G rand Lodge. 

G.O.P. —Grand Old Party (The 
U. S. Republican party). 

Gov. —Governor. 

G. P.O. —General post-office. 

Gr. —Grains or gross. 

Gtt. (Guttse). —Drops. 

H. B.M.— His (or her) Britannic 
Majesty. 

Hbr. —Hebrew*. 

Hhd. or hhd. —Hogshead. 

H.I.H.—His (or her) Imperial 
Highness. 

H.J.S. (hie jacet sepultus).— 

Here lies buried. 

H.M.— His (or her) Majesty. 

H.M.P. (hoc monumentum 

posuit). —Raised this monument. 

H.M.S. —His (or her) Majesty’s 
Ship or Service. 

Hon. —Honorable. 

Hond. —Honored. 

H.R.— House of Representatives. 
H.R.E.— Holy Roman Empire. 
H.R.I.P.— Here rests in peace. 

H. R.H. —His (or her) Royal High¬ 
ness. 

His (or her) Serene 

Highness. 

Ib. (ibid) .—In the same place. 

Id. —The same. 

Ida. —Idaho. 

I. e.—That is. 

I.H.S. (Jesus Hominum Salva¬ 
tor; properly the initial letters 
of the name Jesus, in Greek).— 
Jesus the Savior of Men. 

Ill.— Illinois. 






i 


987 


N 


Imp. —Imperial. 

Incog, (incognito). —Unknown. 
Ind. —Indiana. 

In lim. (in limine). —At the 

outset (lit. on the threshold). 

In loc. (in loco). —In its place. 

I.N.R.I. —Jesus of Nazareth, King 
of the Jews. 

Inst. —Instant; the present month. 
Int. —Interest. 

Io. —Iowa. 

I.O.G.T. —Independent Order of 
Good Templars. 

I.O.O.F. —Independent Order of 
Odd Fellows. 

I.O.U. —I owe you. 

I. Q. (idem quod). —The same as. 

J. C.D. —Doctor of Civil Law. 

Jer. —Jeremiah. 

Jn. Jun. Jr. —Junior. 

J. P. —Justice of the Peace. 

Kan. —Kansas. 

K. G.B. —Knight Commander of the 
Bath. 

K.G. —Knight of the Garter. 

' K.G.C. —Knight of the Grand 
Cross 

K.G.C.B. —Knight of the Grand 
Cross of the Bath. 

K.G.F. —Knight of the Golden 
Fleece. 

K.H. —Knight of Honor. 

K.L.H. —Knight of the Legion of 
Honor. 

Knt. —Knight. 

K.P.— Knight of Pythias; Knight 
of St. Patrick. 

K. T. —Knight Templar; Knight of 
the Thistle (Scotland). 

Ky. —Kentucky. 

L. , lb. or lb. —A pound in weight. 

L. or 1.—A pound sterling. 

La. —Louisiana. 

Lat. —Latitude ; Latin. 

Lb. (libra). —A pound weight. 
L.c (loco citato). —In the place 
quoted ; lower case. 

L.C.J. —Lord Chief Justice. 

Lib. (liber). —A book. 

Lieut. —Lieutenant. 

Lit. —Literally. 

LL.B. —Bachelor of Laws. 

LL.D. —Doctor of Laws. 

LL.M. —Master of Laws. 

Lon., long. —Longitude. 

Loq. (loquitur). —Speaks. 

L.S. (locus sigilli).— Place of the 

L. SJD. (librae, solidi, denarii). 

—Pounds, shillings and pence. 

M. —Roman Numeral for L000. 

M.A. —Master of Arts; Military 

Academy. 


Mad. —Madam. 

Maj. —Major. 

Maj. Gen. —Major-General. 

Mass.— Massachusetts. 

Math. —Mathematics. 

M.B. —Bachelor of Medicine or of 
Music. 

M.C. —Member of Congress. 

M.D. —Doctor of Medicine. 

Md. —Maryland. 

Mdlle., Mile. —Mademoiselle. 

Me. —Maine. 

M.E. —Mining Engineer. 

Mem. —Memorandum. 

Messrs. —Gentlemen. 

Meth. —Methodist. 

Mich. —Michigan. 

Min. or min. —Minute ; minutes. 
Minn. —Minnesota. 

Miss. —Mississippi. 

MM. —Messrs.; Messieurs. 

M.M. —M illimeter. 

Mo. —Missouri. 

Mont. —Montana. 

Mens, or M. —Monsieur. 

M.P. —Member of Parliament. 

Mr. —Mister. 

Mrs. —Mistress. 

M. S. —Sacred to the Memory. 

MS'. —Manuscrint. 

MSS. —Manuscripts. 

Mt., Mts. —Mount; mountains. 
Mus. B. —Bachelor of Music. 

Mus. D. —Doctor of Music. 

N. —North ; noun. 

N.A. —North America. 

Naut. —Nautical. 

N.B. (nota bene). —Note wefll; 

take notice; New Brunswick. 

N.C. —North Carolina. 

N.D. —North Dakota. 

N.E. —North-east. 

Neb. —Nebraska. 

Nem. con. (nemine contradi- 
cente). —No one contradicting. 
Nev. —Nevada. 

N.H. —New Hampshire. 

N.J. —New Jersey. 

N.M. —New Mexico. 

N.N.E. —North-north-east. 

N.N.W. —North-north-west. 

No. (numero). —Number. 

Non pros, (non prosequitur). 
—He does not pursue or prose¬ 
cute. 

Non seq. (non sequitur).—It 

does not follow. 

Nos. —Numbers. 

N.P. —Notary Public. 

N.S. —New style ; Nova Scotia. 
N.T. —New Testament. 

N.W. —North-w T est. 

N.Y— New York. 






o 


988 


T 


O. —Ohio. 

Ob. (obiit).— Died. 

Obs. —Obsolete. 

O.H.M.S. —On Her Majesty’s 

Service. 

O.K. —All correct; humorous spell¬ 
ing, Orl Ivorrect. 

Okla.—Oklahoma. 

Ores-—Oregon. 

O.S.— Old Style. 

O. T. —Old Testament. 

Oxon. (Oxonia).— Oxford. 

Oz. —Ounce. 

P. page; pp. pages. 

P.adj. —Participial adjective. 

Par. —Paragraph. 

Pd. —Paid. 

Penn. —Pennsylvania. 

Per an. —By the year. 

Per cent. —By the hundred. 

Ph.D. —Doctor of Philosophy. 
Pbil. Tran s. —Philosophical 

Transactions. 

Pinx., pxt. (pinxit). —He (or 

she) painted it. 

Pk.— Peck. 

Pkge. Package; Pkgs. packages. 
Plff— Plaintiff. 

P.M. (post-meridian).— After¬ 
noon. 

P.M.G. —Postmaster-General. 

P.O. —Post-office. 

P.O.O. —Post-office Order. 

P.p. —Past participle. 

P.P.C. (pour prendre conge). 
—To take leave of [Fr.]. 

P.pr. —Present participle. 

Prep. —Preposition. 

Pres. —President. 

Prof. —Professor. 

Pron. —Pronoun. 

Pro tem. (pro tempore).— 

For the time. 

Prox. (proximo). —Next. 

P.S. (post scriptum). —Post¬ 
script. 

p. t.— Preterite. 

Pt. —Pint, point, port. 

P. T.O.— Please turn over. 

Pub. —Publisher. 

Pwt.— Pennyweight. 

Q. , Qu— Question ; query. 

Q.B. —Queen’s Bench. 

Q.C. —Queen’s Council. 

q. d. (quasi dicat). —As he should 
say. 

q.e. (quod est). —Which is. 
Q.E.I). (Quod erat demon¬ 
strandum). —Which was to be 
demonstrated. 

Q.E.F. (Quad erat faciendum). 

—Which was to he done. 

Q.E.I. (Quod erat invenien¬ 


dum).— Which was to be found 
out. 

q.l. (quantum libet).— As much 

as you please. 

Q. M.G.—Quartermaster-General, 
qr.— Quarter ; quire. 

qrs.— Quarters ; quires. 

q.s. (quantum sufficit).— 

Enough, 
qt.— Quart. 

q.v. (quod vide).— Which see. 

R. (Rex, Regina). — King; 

Queen. 

R. (recipe).— Take. 

R.E.— Royal Engineers. 

Rev.— Reverend. 

R.I.— Rhode Island. 

R.I.P. (requiescat in pace).— 
May he or she rest in peace. 

R. N.—Royal Navy. 

Rt.— Right. 

Rt. Hon.— Right Honorable. 

Rt. Rev.— Right Reverend. 

S. —South. 

S.C.— South Carolina. 

S.C.— Supreme Court. 

Sc., Scil. (scilicet).— To-wit ; 

namely. 

Sc. (sculpsit).— He or she en¬ 
graved it. 

Sculp, (sculpsit).— He engraved 
it. 

S.D.— South Dakota. 

S.E.— South-east. 

Sec.— Secretary ; section ; second. 

Sen., Senr., Sr.— Senior. 

Sep. or Sept.— Septuagint. 

3eq. .(seQuentes 0 r sequentia). 

—The following. 

Serg., Sergt.— Sergeant. 

S.P.Q.R. (Senatus Populusque 
Romanus).— The senate and 

people of Rome. 

Sq.ft.— Square feet. 

Sq.in.— Square inches. 

Sq.m.— Square miles. 

SS.— Steamship. 

5.5. E. —South-south-east. 

5.5. W. —South-south-west. 

St.— Saint. 

S.T.D.— Doctor of Divinity. 

S.T.P. (Sacrse Tlieologiae Pro¬ 
fessor).— Professor of Theology. 
Supp.—Supplement. 

Surg.—Surgeon. 

S. W. —South-west. 

Syn.— Synonymous ; syndicate. 
Tenn.— Tennessee. 

Tex.— Texas. 

Text. Rec.— Received text. 
Thess.— Thessalonians. 

T. O.—Turn over. 







T 


989 


Tr. —Transpose. 

U.— Utah. 

Ult. (ultimo). —Last. 

U.J.C. —Doctor of both laws. 
Univ.— University. 

TJ.S.—United States. 

U.S.M. —United States Mail; 
United States Marines. 

U. S.N. —United States Navy. 

V. —Numeral for five. 

V. (versus). —Against. 

V. (vide). —See. 

Va.—Virginia. 

V.C.— Vice-Chancellor. 

V.C.— Victoria Cross. 

V.D.M. (Verbi Dei Minister). 
—Minister of God’s Word. 

Ven.— Venerable. 

V.i.— Intransitive verb. 
Vice-Pres.— Vice-President. 

V.G. (verbi gratia).— For ex¬ 
ample. 

Vise.— Viscount. 

Viz. —Namely ; to-wit. 

Vol. or vol.— Volume. 

V.S.— Veterinary Surgeon. 

Vs. or vs. (versus).— Against, or 
in opposition. 


&c 


V. t. —Transitive verb. 

V t. —V ermont. 

Vul. —Vulgate. 

W. —West. 

Wash. —Washington. 

W^.C.T.U. —W o m a n’s Christian 

Temperance Union. 

W.I. —West Indies. 

Wis. —-Wisconsin. 

W.N. W. —W est-north-west. 

W.S. W. —West-south-west. 

W. Va. —West Virginia. 

X. —Numeral for ten. 

X. or Xt.— Christ. 

Xm., Xmas., Xms. —Christmas. 
Xn., Xtian. —Christian. 

Yd.— Yard. 

Y. M.C.A. —Young Men’s Christian 
'Association. 

Y.M.C.C. —Young Men’s Catholic 
Club. 

Y.M.I.— Young Men’s Institute. 
Y.M.L. —Young Men’s Lyceum. 
Y.P.S.C.E. —Young People’s So¬ 
ciety of Christian Endeavor. 

&.—And. 

&c.— And so forth, et cetera. 












DICTIONARY OF POPULAR TITLES OF AMERICAN 

STATES, CITIES, ETC. 


Acadia, the original, and now the 
poetic name of Nova Scotia. 

Athens of America, a name 
sometimes given to Boston, Mass. 

Badger State, Wisconsin, where 
badgers were formerly so numer¬ 
ous that a badger was represented 
in the State Coat of Arms. 

Bay State, given to Massachu¬ 
setts, known before the Revolu¬ 
tion as the “Bay” colony. 

Bayou State, a name given to 
Mississippi, from the frequent 
use of the word “bayou,” to desig¬ 
nate streams on the State map. • 

Bear State, applied to Arkansas, 
from the number of bears for¬ 
merly in its forests. 

Beaver State, a title given Ore¬ 
gon, from its multitude of 
beavers; also called the Web-foot 
Country, from its excessive rains 
in winter. 

Black-water State, a name 
applied to Nebraska, from the 
dark color given its streams from 
the drainage of its rich soil. 

Buckeye State. Ohio is so 
called from its numerous buck¬ 
eye trees, the nuts of which re¬ 
semble a buck's eye. 

Centennial State, a title ap¬ 
plied to Colorado, from its being- 
admitted in 187G, the Centennial 
year. 

City of Brotherly Love, Phila¬ 
delphia is sometimes so called, 
this being the literal signification 
of the name. 

City of Elms, a familiar denomi¬ 
nation of New Haven. Conn., 
many of the streets of which are 
thickly shaded with lofty elms. 

City of Magnificent Distances, 
a popular designation given to 
the city of Washington, the 
capital of the United States, 
which is laid out on a very large 
scale. 

City of Bocks, a descriptive 
name popularly given to the city 
of Nashville, Tenn. 

City of Spindles, a name popu¬ 
larly given to the city of Lowell, 
Mass., the largest cotton manu¬ 
facturing town in the United 
States. 

City of the Straits, a name 


popularly given to Detroit, Mich., 
which is situated on the west 
bank of the river or strait con¬ 
necting Lake St. Clair with Lake 
Erie. Detroit is a French word, 
meaning “strait.” 

Columbia, a name often given to 
America, from a feeling of poetic 
justice to its discoverer. The 
application of the term is usually 
restricted to the United States. 
Colombia, in South America, is 
the Spanish spelling of this title. 

Cotton State. Alabama, the 
central State of the cotton belt. 

Cradle of Liberty, a popular 
name given to Faneuil Hall, a 
large public edifice in Boston, 
Mass., in which the meetings of 
the patriots were held before the 
Revolution. 

Creole State, a name given to 
the State of Louisiana, in which 
the descendants of the original 
French and Spanish settlers con¬ 
stitute a large proportion of the 
population. 

Crescent City, a popular name 
for the city of New Orleans, from 
the crescent-like bend of the 
Mississippi around it. It.now ex¬ 
tends along two bends of the 
river, so that its front is of the 
shape of the letter S. 

Dark and Bloody Ground, 
The, an expression often used in 
allusion to Kentucky, of which 
name it is said to be the transla¬ 
tion. It is also known as the 
Blue Grass and the Corn-cracker 
State. 

Diamond State, applied to Dela¬ 
ware, from its small size and 
great importance; also called the 
Blue lien State, from an anec¬ 
dote in which a blue hen of Dela¬ 
ware was held to always hatch 
out a good game-cock. 

Empire City, the city of New 
York, the chief city of America. 

Empire State of tlie South, a 
title given Georgia as a leader in 
manufacturers and in public and 
literary men. 

Excelsior State, the State of 
New York, sometimes so called 
from the motto “Excelsior” upon 


990 



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991 


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its coat of arms. Also known as 
the Empire State. 

Fall City, Louisville, Ky., popu¬ 
larly so called from the falls 
which, at this place, impede the 
navigation of the Ohio river. 

Father of Waters, a popular 
name given to the river Missis¬ 
sippi on account of its great 
length, and the large number of 
its tributaries. The literal sig¬ 
nification of the name, which is of 
Indian origin, is said to be “great 
river.” 

Flower City, Springfield, Ill., 
the capital of the State, which is 
distinguished for the beauty of 
its surroundings. 

Forest City, Cleveland, Ohio, so 
called from the many ornamental 
trees with which the streets are 
bordered. Also Portland, Me., a 
city distinguished for its many 
elms and other beautiful shade- 
trees. 

Freestone State, the State of 
Connecticut, sometimes so called 
from the quarries of freestone 
which it contains. 

Garden City, a populai name for 
Chicago, a city which is remarka¬ 
ble for the number and beauty of 
its private gardens. 

Garden State, applied to New 
Jersey, from its great production 
of fruit and vegetables for the 
New r York and Philadelphia 
markets. 

Garden of the World, a name 
frequently applied to Kansas, but 
sometimes to Illinois and others 
of the Western States, which are 
all noted for their productiveness. 

Gibraltar of America, a name 
often given to the city of Quebec, 
which, from its position and natu¬ 
ral and artificial means of de¬ 
fense, is the most strongly forti¬ 
fied city in America. 

Gopher State, applied to Minne¬ 
sota, from its great number of 
lakes, as if honeycombed by the 
gopher, or ground mole. It is also 
known as the North Star State, 
from the title on its seal. 

Gotham, a popular name for the 
city of New York, first given to 
it in “Salmagundi” (a humorous 
work by Washington Irving and 
William Irving and James Iv. 
Paulding), because the inhabi¬ 
tants were such wiseacres. 

Granite State, New Hampshire, 


whose mountains are largely of 
granite. 

Green Mountain State, the 

name given Vermont * by the 
French, signifies green mountain. 

Hoosier State, Indiana, whose 
people became known as hoosiers 
or hushers, formerly a common 
term in the West for a bully; 
also traceable to a gruff local ex¬ 
pression of “who’s yer?” 

Hub of the Universe, a bur¬ 
lesque and popular designation 
of Boston, Mass., originating with 
the American humorist, Oliver 
Wendell Holmes. 

Insurance City, Hartford, Conn., 
is so called from the many and 
important insurance enterprises 
centering there. 

Iron City, a name popularly 
given to Pittsburg, Pa., a city 
distinguished for its numerous 
and immense iron manufactories. 

Iron State, the name given Mis¬ 
souri, from its noted iron moun¬ 
tain. 

Key of the Gulf, a name often 
given to the island of Cuba, from 
its position at the entrance of the 
Gulf of Mexico.: 

Keystone State, the popular 
designation of Pennsylvania as 
the center of the thirteen original 
States, the Keystone of the arch 
of the Union. 

Land of Steady Habits, a 

name by which the State of Con¬ 
necticut is sometimes designated, 
in allusion to the moral character 
of its inhabitants. 

Little Rhody, the designation of 
Rhode Island as the littlest of the 
States. 

Lone Star State, the name given 
Texas, which bore one star in its 
flag before its admission to the 
Union. Its State seal still bears 
a lone star. 

Lumber City, Bangor, Maine, is 
so called because of its importance 
as a shipping-point for the vast 
output of lumber from the Maine 
woods. 

Mason and Dixon’s Line, a 

name given to the southern 
boundary line of the State of 
Pennsylvania, which separated it 
from the States of Maryland and 
Virginia, thus serving as the 
dividing line between the original 
free and slave States. 

Modern Athens, a name often 





M 


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* 


given to Boston, Mass., a city 
distinguished for its many excel¬ 
lent literary and educational in¬ 
stitutions and publications. 

Monumental City, the city of 
Baltimore, so called from the 
monuments which it contains. 

Mother of Presidents, a name 
frequently given to the State of 
Virginia, which has furnished six 
Presidents to the Union. 

Mound City, a name popularly 
given to St. Louis on account of 
the numerous artificial mounds 
that occupied the site on which 
the city is built. 

Old Colony, the designation of 
the section of Massachusetts 
within the former limits of Ply¬ 
mouth Colony, the original set¬ 
tlement. 

Old Dominion, a title applied to 
Virginia, from its proclamation of 
Charles II. as King of England, 
Scotland, Ireland and Virginia— 
he thus being announced as King 
in Virginia before he was in 
England. In gratitude he quar¬ 
tered the arms of Virginia with 
those of the home countries, and 
it became known as the “Old Do¬ 
minion.” 

Old North State, used to desig¬ 
nate North Carolina from South 
Carolina. It is also often called 
the Turpentine State. 

Palmetto State, from the State 
arms of South Carolina, which 
bear the palmetto tree. 

Panhandle, The, a fanciful and 
cant name given to the most 
northerly portion of the State of 
West Virginia—a long, narrow 
projection between the Ohio 
river and the- western boundary 
of Pennsylvania. Also the Pub¬ 
lic Land Strip now forming the 
western extension of Oklahoma. 

Peninsular State, designating 
Florida, from its natural forma¬ 
tion. 

Porkopolis, a derisive nickname 
for Cincinnati, referring to the 
extensive pork-packing enterprises 
located there. 

Puritan City, a name sometimes 
given to the citv of Boston. Mass., 
in allusion to the character of its 
founders and early inhabitants. 

Quaker City, a popular name of 
Philadelphia, which was planned 
and settled by William Penn, ac¬ 


companied by a colony of English 
Friends. 

Queen City, a popular name of 
Cincinnati, so called when it was 
the undisputed commercial me¬ 
tropolis of the West. 

Queen City of the Lakes, a 
name sometimes given to the city 
of Buffalo, N. Y., from its posi¬ 
tion and importance. 

Queen of the Antilles, an ap¬ 
pellation sometimes given to 
Cuba, which ranks first among 
the islands of the West Indian 
group. 

Railroad City, Indianapolis, the 
capital of the State of Indiana, 
is sometimes called by this name, 
as being the terminus of various 
railroads. 

Salt River, a cant name for an 
imaginary river up which de¬ 
feated political parties are sup¬ 
posed to be sent to oblivion. 

Silver State. Nevada is so 
styled from its rich silver yield; 
this industry being outlined upon 
its seal. 

Smoky City, a name sometimes 
given to Pittsburg, an important 
manufacturing city of Pennsylva¬ 
nia. 

Sucker State, applied to Illinois, 
whose people are popularly called 
“suckers.” There are several ex¬ 
planations of this title, the real 
origin of which is doubtful. 

Switzerland of America, the 
White Mountain district of New 
Hampshire is so called for its 
magnificent scenery. Also West 
Virginia, from its wild mountain 
scenery. 

Volunteer State, applied to 
Tennessee, from its large number 
of volunteers during the Seminole 
War and the War of 1812. 

Western Reserve, that tract of 
land of 4,000,000 acres lying 
along Lake Erie, reserved to the 
State of Connecticut by the 
United States government for set¬ 
tlement by colonists after the 
close of the Revolutionary war. 

Wolverine State, a name given 
to Michigan, from its former 
abundance of the animals thus 
called. 

Windy City, a title often given 
to Chicago to indicate alike the 
character of its weather and the 
oracular disposition of its inhabi¬ 
tants. 





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DICTIONARY OF SIMPLIFIED SPELLING 

The following list of words contains those recommended for 
phonetic revision of spelling by the Simplified Spelling Board, an 
organization which seeks to modify the spelling of English words in 
the direction of ease and simplicity. The first public outcome of the 
labors of the Board was the issue of a list of three hundred words with 
the accepted and the suggested spellings. This has been followed by 
a second and smaller list. The total list, as so far recommended, com¬ 
prises five hundred and seventeen words. President Roosevelt in August, 
1906, ordered the use of the list of the three hundred revised spellings by 
the Public Printer in all executive documents, but objection to the 
innovation led to its subsequent withdrawal. Some publications, how¬ 
ever, have adopted these forms and others use them in part. The list, 
with both forms of the words, is given below, the simplified forms first: 


abridgment 

accomplish^ 

accouter 

accurst 

acknowledgment 

activ 

addrest 

adjectiv 

adz 

affirmativ 

affixt 

agast 

aggressiv 

aile 

ake 

alfabet 

altho 

anemia 

anesthesia 

anesthetic 

anapest 

anis 

annext 

antipyrin 

antitoxin 

apothem 

apposit 

apprize 

arbor 

archeology 

ardor 

armor 

artizan 

askt 

assize 

attacht 

attentiv 

autograf 

autum 

ax 


banisht 

bans 

bark 

bedsted 

behavior 

bibliografy 

bild 

bilding 

biografy 


A 

♦abridgement 

accomplished 

*accoutre 

accursed 

*acknowledgement 

active 

addressed 

adjective 

adze 

affirmative 
affixed 
aghast 
aggressive 
aisle 
ache 
alphabet 
although 
anaemia 
anaesthesia 
anaesthetic 
anapaest 
anise 
annexed 
♦antipyrine 
**antitoxine 
*apothegm 
apposite 
apprise 
*arbour 
archaeology 
♦ardour 
*armour 
artisan 
asked 
♦assise 
attached 
attentive 
autograph 
autumn 
axe 

B 

banished 

banns 

♦barque 

bedstead 

♦behaviour 

bibliography 

build 

building 

biography 


blest 

blusht 

boro 

brazen 

brazier 

bun 

bur 


caliber 

caliper 

camfor 

campain 

candor 

capt 

captiv 

carest 

catalog 

catechise 

ceast 

center 

chapt 

check 

checkt 

checker 

chimera 

chipt 

chopt 

cifer 

civilize 

clamor 

eland estin 

clangor 

clapt 

claspt 

dipt 

clue 

coco 

coeval 

colleag 

color 

colter 

colum 

commixt 

comparativ 

composit 

comprest 

comprize 

conclusiv 

condenst 

condit 

contest 

controller 


blessed 

blushed 

borough 

♦brasen 

♦brasier 

*bunn 

♦burr 

c 

♦calibre 

♦calliper 

camphor 

campaign 

♦candour 

capped 

captive 

caressed 

catalogue 

catechize 

ceased 

♦centre 

chapped 

♦cheque 

checked 

♦checquer 

♦chimsera 

chipped 

chopped 

cipher 

♦civilise 

♦clamour 

clandestine 

♦clangour 

clapped 

clasped 

clipped 

♦clew 

cocoa 

♦coseval 

colleague 

♦colour 

♦coulter 

column 

commixed 

comparative 

composite 

compressed 

comprise 

conclusive 

condensed 

conduit 

confessed 

♦comptroller 




c 


994 


/ 

C 


coquet 

coquette 

envelop 

*envelope 

counterfit 

counterfeit 

eolian 

*a3olian 

criticize 

*criticise 

eon 

*aeon 

cropt 

cropped 

epaulet 

*epaulette 

crost 

crossed 

eponym 

*eponyme 

crura 

crumb 

equipt 

equipped 

crush 

crushed 

era 

*sera 

cue 

*queue 

ermin 

ermine 

curst 

cursed 

esophagus 

*oesophagus 

curteous 

courteous 

establish 

established 

curtesy 

courtesy 

esthetic 

*aesthetic 

cutlas 

cutlass 

esthetics 

*a3sthetics 

cyclopedia 

cyclopaedia 

estivate 

*sestivate 



ether 

*a3ther 


T) 

etiology 

*93tiology 

dactyl 

*dactyle 

examin 

excede 

examine 

exceed 

dasht 

dashed 

exclusiv 

exclusive 

det 

debt 

executiv 

executive 

dettor 

debtor 

exorcize 

exorcise 

decalog 

decalogue 

exp rest 

expressed 

decreast 

decreased 

expressiv 

expressive 

deductiv 

deductive 

exquisit 

exquisite 

defectiv 

defense 

defensiv 

definit 

defective 

^defence 

defensive 

definite 

facil 

F 

facile 

definitiv 

definitive 

fagot 

*faggot 

demagog 

demagogue 

famin 

famine 

demeanor 

* demeanour 

fantasm 

phantasm 

demolisht 

demolished 

fantasy 

phantasy 

demonstrativ 

demonstrative 

fantom 

phantom 

deprest 

depressed 

favor 

^favour 

destin 

destine 

favorit 

favorite 

detectiv 

detective 

favorite 

*favourite 

determin 

determine 

febril 

febrile 

develop 

*develope 

fertil 

fertile 

diafram 

diaphragm 

feminin 

feminine 

dieresis 

diaeresis 

fervor 

*fervour 

dike 

*dyke 

fiber 

* fibre 

dipt 

dipped 

fictil 

fictile 

disciplin 

discipline 

finish 

finished 

discust 

discussed 

fissil 

fissile 

dispatch 

*despatch 

fixt 

fixed 

distil 

* distill 

flavor 

^flavour 

distinctiv 

distinctive 

fonetic 

phonetic 

distinguish 

distinguished 

fonograf 

phonograph 

distrest 

distressed 

foren 

foreign 

docil 

docile 

forfit 

forfeit 

doctrin 

doctrine 

fotograf 

photograph 

dolor 

*dolour 

fragil 

fragile 

domicil 

domicile 

fulfil 

*fulfill 

dout 

doubt 

fulness 

*fullness 

draft 

*draught 

furlo 

furlough 

dram 

*drachm 

futil 

futile 

drest 

dript 

droopt 

dropt 

dressed 

dripped 

drooped 

dropped 

gage 

G 

*gauge 

ductil 

ductile 

gard 

guard 

dulness 

*dullness 

gardian 

guardian 

dum 

dumb 

gastly 

ghastly 


E 

gazel 

gelatin 

gazelle 

^gelatine 


*cecumenical 

genuin 

genuine 

ecumenical 

gild 

*guild 

edile 

asdile 

gipsy 

*gvpsy 

eg 

egg 

gloze 

*glose 

egis 

aegis 

glycerin 

*glycerine 

elapst 

elapsed 

good-by 

*good-bye 

enamor 

*enamour 

go St 

ghost 

encyclopedia 

*encyclopa9dia 

gram 

*gramme 

granite 

endeavor 

*endeavour 

granit 

engin 

engine 

gript 

gripped 





H 


995 


P 


H 


harang 

harangue 

harbor 

*harbour 

harken 

hearken 

heapt 

heaped 

helpt 

helped 

hematin 

*h£ematin 

heroin 

heroine 

hiccup 

*hiccough 

hight 

height 

hock 

*hough 

homeopathy 

homoeopathy 

homonym 

*homonyme 

honor 

*honour 

hostil 

hostile 

humor 

* hum our 

husht 

hushed 

hypocrit 

hypocrite 

hypotenuse 

*hypothenuse 


I 

idolize 

idolise 

iland 

island 

ile 

isle 

illumin 

illumine 

imagin 

imagine 

imbecil 

imbecile 

imitativ 

imitative 

impressiv 

impressive 

imprest 

impressed 

inclusiv 

inclusive 

indefinit 

indefinite 

indetted 

indebted 

indicativ 

indicative 

inductiv 

inductive 

infinit 

infinite 

infinitiv 

infinitive 

instil 

*instill 

intestin 

intestine 


J 

Jail 

*gaol 

judgment 

judgement 

juvenil 

juvenile 


K 

kist 

kissed 


Li 

labor 

*labour 

lackt 

lacked 

lacrimal 

lachrymal 

lam 

lamb 

lapt 

lapned 

lasht 

lashed 

leag 

league 

leapt 

leaped 

legalize 

legalise 

license 

*licence 

licorice 

*Iiauorice 

lim 

limb 

liter 

*litre 

lodgment 

*lodeement 

lookt 

looked 

lopt 

lopped 

lucrativ 

lucrative 

luster 

*lustre 


M 

mama 

*mamma 

maneuver 

*manoeuvre 


markt 

marked 

masculin 

masculine . 

materialize 

*materialise 

meager 

*meagre 

medicin 

medicine 

medieval 

*medimval 

mercantil 

mercantile 

meter 

*metre 

missil 

missile 

mist 

missed 

miter 

mitre 

mixt 

mixed 

mold 

*mould 

molder 

*moulder 

molding 

*moulding 

moldy 

*mouldy 

molt 

*moult 

mortis 

mortise 

motiv 

motive 

mullin 

mullein 


N 

napt 

napped 

nativ 

native 

naturalize 

*naturalise 

negativ 

negative 

neighbor 

*neighbour 

nipt 

nipped 

niter 

nitre 

num 

numb 


O 

objectiv 

objective 

ocher 

ochre 

odor 

*odour 

offense 

*offence 

omelet 

*omelette 

opposit 

opposite 

oppressiv 

oppressive 

opprest 

oppressed 

orthopedic 

*orthopmdic 


P 

packt 

packed 

paleography 

*palaeography 

paleolithic 

*palseolithic 

paleontology 

*palaeontology 

paleozoic 

*palaBOzoic 

pamflet 

pamphlet 

paraffin 

*paraffine 

paragraf 

paragraph 

parlor 

*parlour 

partizan 

partisan 

passiv 

passive 

past 

*passed 

patronize 

patronise 

pedagog 

pedagogue 

pedobaptist 

*pasdobaptist 

perplext 

perplexed 

perquisit 

perquisite 

phenix 

phoenix 

phenomenon 

*phcenomenon 

pigmy 

*pvgmy 

plow 

^plough 

polyp 

*polvpe 

positiv 

positive 

possest 

possessed 

practis 

*practice 

practist 

practised 

prefixt 

prefixed 

prehensil 

prehensile 

premis 

premise 





p 


996 


V 


prenomen 

prsenomen 

prest 

pressed 

pretense 

*pretence 

preterit 

*preterite 

pretermit 

*pr£etermit 

primeval 

*prima3val 

procede 

proceed 

productiv 

productive 

profest 

professed 

program 

*programme 

progressiv 

progressive 

projectil 

projectile 

Prolog 

prologue 

promis 

promise 

promist 

promised 

propt 

propped 

publisht 

published 

pueril 

puerile 

pur 

pure 

pusht 

pushed 


Q 

quartet 

quartette 

quencht 

quenched 

questor 

qumstor 

quintet 

quintette 

quire 

choir 



R 

rancor 

*rancour 

rapin 

rapine 

rapt 

rapped 

raze 

*rase 

reacht 

reached 

recognize 

*recognise 

reconnoiter 

*reconnoitre 

redout 

redoubt 

redoutable 

redoubtable 

redouted 

redoubted 

relativ 

relative 

rcmarkt 

remarked 

represt 

repressed 

reptil 

reptile 

requisit 

requisite 

respit 

respite 

rigor 

*rigour 

rime 

rhyme 

ript 

rinped 

riskt 

risked 

rockt 

rocked 

rumor 

* rum our 


s 

saber 

sabre 

saltpeter 

*saltpetre 

sanguin 

sanguine 

savior 

*saviour 

savor 

*savour 

scepter 

*sceptre 

sensitiv 

sensitive 

sent 

scent 

septet 

septette 

sepulcher 

*sepulchre 

servil 

servile 

sextet 

sextette 

silvan 

* sylvan 

simitar 

scimitar 

sion 

scion 

sipt 

sipped 


sissors 

scissors 

sithe 

scythe 

siv 

sieve 

skilful 

*skillful 

skipt 

skipped 

slight 

sleight 

slipt 

slipped 

smolder 

*smoulder 

snacht 

snatched 

snapt 

snapped 

solem 

solemn 

somber 

sombre 

soveren 

sovereign 

specter 

*spectre 

splendor 

*splendour 

stampt 

stamped 

starcht 

starched 

stedfast 

steadfast 

stept 

stepped 

steril 

sterile 

stopt 

stopped 

strest 

stressed 

stript 

stripped 

subjectiv 

subjec tive 

subpena 

* subpoena 

subtil 

subtile 

succede 

succeed 

succor 

* succour 

suffixt 

suffixed 

sulfate 

sulphate 

sulfur 

sulphur 

sumac 

*sumach 

superlativ 

superlative 

supprest 

suppressed 

surfit 

surfeit 

surprize 

surprise 

synonym 

* synonym© 


T 

tabor 

*tabour 

tactil 

tactile 

tapt 

tapped 

teazel 

teasel 

telefone 

telephone 

telegraf 

telegraph 

tenor 

*tenour 

textil 

textile 

thankt 

thanked 

theater 

*theatre 

tho 

though 

thoro 

thorough 

thoroly 

thoroughly 

thru 

through 

thruout 

throughout 

thum 

thumb 

tipt 

tipped 

tisic 

phthisic 

tisis 

phthisis 

topt 

topped 

tost 

tossed 

transgrest 

transgressed 

transitiv 

transitive 

trapt 

trapped 

treatis 

treatise 

tript 

tripped 

tumor 

* tumour 

tung 

tongue 

turbin 

turbine 


V 

vanisht 

vanished 

valor 

*valour 





997 


Y 


V 


vapor 

*vapour 

versatil 

versatile 

vext 

vexed 

vigor 

*vigour 

vindictiv 

vindictive 

vizor 

*visor 

volatil 

, volatile 


W 

.wagon 

waggon 

walkt 

walked 

washt 

washed 

whipt 

whipped 

whisky 

whiskey 


wier 

weir 

wierd 

weird 

wilful 

*willful 

winkt 

winked 

wioht 

wished 

witnest 

witnessed 

wo 

woe 

woful 

woeful 

woolen 

*woollen 

worshipt 

worshipped 

wrapt 

wrapped 

Y 

yoman 

yeoman 


In regard to the above list it is well to state that about thirty of 
them, those in which ou is replaced by o, have long been used in their 
simplified form in America, also the form wagon in place of waggon. 
In the case of those indicated by a *, comprising more than one-third 
of the whole, the revised form is already in more or less common use, 
in a number of cases in preferable use, especially in the case of words 
containing the diphthong se. The strongest objection made to the list 
has to do with the replacement of the terminal ed with t, and the 
dropping of ugh in such words as though and through, and of silent 
letters in other words, these giving the word an unpleasantly un¬ 
familiar appearance. The proposed change is objected to especially 
from its disguising, in many instances, the etymological derivation of 
the word, the chief argument in its favor being its effect in bringing 
about a uniformity and phonetic simplicity of English spelling and 
dispensing with the use of silent or unsounded letters. 


TWENTY NEW RULES 

Thus far the Simplified Spelling Board has formulated twenty 
rules for those who wish to carry out its idea. The rules run: 

1. When offered a choice between se and e, choose e. Example: 
Anesthetic, esthetic, medieval. 

2. If the choice lies between e and no e in words like abridgment, 
lodgment, acknowledgment, always omit the e. 

3. Use t in place of ed for the past or past participle of verbs 
ending in s, sh or p. Example: Dipt, dript, prest. distrest, husht, 
washt. An astonishing array of high literary authorities from Spenser 
to Lowell is cited in support of this latter simplification. 

4. Stick to ense in preference to ence when you have a choice. 
Example : Defense, offense, pretense. 

5. Don’t double the t in coquet, epaulet, etiquet, omelet. 

6. When vou can replace gh with f, do it. Example: Draft. 

7. Better 'still, get rid of gh altogether. For plough, write plow. 
For through, write thru. 

8. Write the Greek suffix ise, or ize, with the z by preference. 

Examnle: Catechize, criticize. „ ... 

9. Where any authority allows it omit the e on words spelled with 
ite. Examnle: Preterit. 

10. Use a single 1 in words like distil, instil, fulfil. 

11. And omit one 1 from words now written like fullness. Ex¬ 
ample : Dulness. . . 

12. In words sometimes spelled with one and sometimes with a 
double m, choose the short form. Example: Gram, program. 

13. In words spelled with ce, or e, choose e. Example: Esophagus. 

14. Always omit the u from words sometimes spelled with ouc 
Example: Labor, rumor. 








998 


15. Where you can get any authority use f in place of ph. Ex¬ 
ample : Sulfur, fantasm. 

16. In words spelled with a double, use a single r: as bur, pur, 

17. Spell theatre, centre, etc., in the English way—center, theater, 
niter, miter. 

18. If a word is spelled w 7 ith s or z in root use the z: as, apprize, 
surprize. 

19. From words spelled with sc or s omit the c. Example: 
Simitar, sithe. 

20. Omit the silent terminal ue when allowed. Example : Catalog, 
decalog, demagog, pedagog. 

That readers may see the appearance of the more radical changes 
proposed in actual use the following illustrative paragraph is given :— 

The captiv with num lims sat by a demolish! granit bilding on a 
hight on a foren ile, a leag from the shore, and laking sissors, took an 
old sithe to cut a piece of cloth to bind his thum. He did not succede, 
and being vext, bit his tung so it aked. 










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A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD 

Giving the Spelling, Pronunciation, Location, Size, and other 
items of interest of the important Towns, Cities, States, Countries, 
etc., of the various nations, with Populations of same, in accordance 
with the latest Census reports. 

Populations given in units of the nearest thousands. 

Examples: 10 = 0,500 to 10,499; 27 = 20,500 to 27,499. 


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 


ab. about, 
alt. altitude, 
bor. borough, 
cap. capital, 
c. s. county seat, 
cen. central, 
cml. commercial, 
comm, commune, 
dept, department, 
dist. district. 

Other 


fr. from, 
ft. fortified, 
liar, lihrbor. 

It. left. 

min. mining. 

mnf. manufacturing. 

mun. municipal. 

oc. ocean. 

par. parish. 

pop. or p. population. 


pres, presidency, 
prov. province, 
rt. right. 

sp. seaport. 

sq. m. square miles, 
ter. territory. 

tp. township, 
vil. village. 


abbreviations, those in general use. 


A 


Aachen (a/ken) [Fr. Aix la 
Chapelle ], a mfg. city of the 
Rhine prov., Prussia; mineral 

baths .pop. 135 

Aalborg (awl'borg), a cml. sp. 
city of Jutland, Denmark. 

pop. 31 

Aarhus (or'hoos), a city of Jut¬ 
land, Denmark .pop. 52 

Abbeville (ab-vel'), cml. & mfg. 
town, dept. Somme, France, on 

Somme river ..‘pop. 20 

Abbiategrasso (ab-be-a-ta-gras'- 
so), town, Milan prov., Italy. 

pop. 12 

Abeokuta (ii-be-o-koo'ta). town, 
cap. of Egba prov., Yoruba, W. 

Africa .pop. 100 

Abercarn (ab'er-karn). min. 
town, Monmouthshire, England. 

pop. 13 

Aberdare (ab'er-dar), mfg. & 
min. town, Glamorganshire. S. 

Wales .pop. 43 

Aberdeen ( ab-er-dgn'), city. cap. 
of Aberdeen co., Scotland. 

pop. 153 

Abersychan (ab'er-suk-an), 


min. & mfg. town, Monmouth¬ 
shire, England .pop. 18 

Aber tillery (ab'er-til-ler-i), 
min. town, Monmouthshire, Eng¬ 
land .. pop. 22 

Abo (o'boo or a'boo), sp. city, 
cap. of Abo-Bjbrneborg govt., 

Finland, Russia .pop. 37 

Abomey (ab-o-rmV), town, cap. 

of Dahomey, Africa ....pop. 15 
Abyssinia (ab-is-sin'i-a), coun¬ 
try, E. Africa, 150,000 sq. m. 

pop. 3,500 

Acanceh (a-kiin'sa), town, Yu¬ 
catan, Mexico, 15 m. E S E of 

Merida .pop. 23 

Acapulco (h-ka-pbol'ko), sp. 
tow T n, Guerrero, Mexico, on Pac. 

oc.; fine harbor .pop. 6 

Acerra (a-cher'ra), town, Ca- 
certa prov., Italy, 10 m. N E of 

Naples .pop. 16 

Achin or Acheen (a-chen'), 
kingdom, 22,000 sq. m., & town. 

N. Sumatra.towui pop. 35 

Acireale f&-chS-ra-a'ia), tow'n & 
sp. Catania prov., Sicily, Italy. 

pop. 6 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 

999 




















Aco 


1000 


Akk 


Aconcagua (a-kon-ka'gwa), 
highest peak, Andes Mts., Ar¬ 
gentina, 23,080 ft. 

Acquaviva delle Fonti (a-kwa* 
ve'va dal'la fon'te), town, Bari 

prov., Italy .pop. 11 

Adabazar (a-da-ba-zar'), town, 
Constantinople vilayet, Asia 

Minor, Turkey .pop. 24 

Adafudia (a-da-foo'de-ii), trad¬ 
ing town in 1 uiah country, W. 

Africa .pop. 24 

Adalia (a-da'le-ii) or Satalia 
(sa-ta'le-a), sp. town, Konia vila¬ 
yet, Turkey in Asia.pop. 25 

Adams (ad'amz), town, Berk¬ 
shire Co., Mass.pop. 11 

Adelaide (ad'e-lad), city, cap. 
of S. Australia, on Torrens riv. 

pop. with suburbs 1G2 
Aden (a'den or a'den), fortified 
sp. & ter., S. W. Arabia; a 
British possession since 1831). 

pop. 41 

Aderno (a-der'no), town, Cata¬ 
nia prov., Sicily, at foot of Mt. 

Etna .pop. 26 

Adige (a'de-ja), river, N. Italy, 
about 220 m. long. 

Adirondack Mountains (ad- 
i-ron'dak), group in N. N. Y.; 
Mt. Marcy the highest, 5,344 ft. 
Adis Abeba (a'dis a-ba'ba), 
town, cap. of Shoa, Abyssinia. 

pop. 10 

Adria (a/dre-a), town, Rovigo 

prov., Italy.pop. 16 

Adrianople (ad-ri-an-d'pl), city, 
cap. of vilayet of same name, 

European Turkey .pop. 81 

Adriatic Sea (ad-re-at'ik or 
a-dri) or Gulf of Venice, arm of 
Mediterranean sea, 500 m. long. 
Aegean Sea (e-je'an), between 
Asia Minor & Greece, 400 m. 
long, 200 broad. 

Afghanistan (af - gan - is - tan'), 
country, S. Asia, 21,544 sq. 


m.pop. 5,000 

Afium (a-fe-oom'), city, Brusa 
vilayet, Asia Minor; opium 
trade .pop. 25 


Afragola (ii-fra-go'la), town & 
comm., Naples prov., Italy. 

pop. 22 

Africa (af'ri-ka), continent, 
4,970 m. long, 4,700 broad, 11,- 
500,000 sq. m., coast line 16,100 
m.pop. 163,953 


Agar (aw-gur'), town. Central 
India, 40 m. N E of Uffain. 

pop. 30 

Agen (a-zhan'), town, cap. of 
dept. Lot-et-Garonne, Fr., on 

Garonne river .pop. 23 

Agira (a-je'ra), town, Catania 

prov., Sicily, Italy.pop. 18 

Aguadas (agwa'thas), town, 
Antioquia dept., Colombia, .p. 13 
Aguilar (a-ge-lar'), town, Cor¬ 
doba prov., Spain.pop. 13 

Aguilas (a'ge-las). sp. town, 

Murcia prov., Spain.pop. 10 

Ahuachapan (a-wa-cha-pan'), 
town, Salvador, Central Amer¬ 
ica .pop. 14 

Aidin (l-den'), cml. town, Smyrna 
vilayet, Asiatic Turkey ...pop. 36 
Aiutab (in-tab'), town, Aleppo 
vilayet, Asiatic Turkey., .pop. 43 
Aivalik (i'va-lek), coast town, 
Smyrna vilayet, Asia Minor, 

Turkey .pop. 21 

Aix (aks), city, Bouches-du- 
Rhone, Fr.; battle 102 B. C. 

pop. 29 • 

Aix-la-Chapelle (aks-la-slia-pel' 
or as). See Aachen. 

Aix - les - Bains (aks-la-bang'), 
town, Savoie, France; noted hot 


springs .pop. 8 

Aj accio (a-yat'cho), fortified sp., 
cap. of Corsica; Napoleon’s 
birthplace .pop. 22 


Ajmere (uj-mer'), city, cap. of 
Ajmere-Merwara prov., India. 

pop. 76 

Akamagaseki (a'-ka-ma-ga-sa'- 
ke) or Shimonoseki (she'mo- 
no), sp. city, S. W. Hondo isl., 

Japan .pop. 43 

Akashi (a-ka-she'), city, W. 
Hondo isl., Japan, on the coast 

near Kobe .pop. 21 

Akerman (a'ker-man), or Ak- 
kerman, town, Bessarabia, Rus¬ 
sia .pop. 28 

Akhaltsikh (a-kal-tsek'), cml. 
city, Tiflis prov., Transcaucasia, 

Russia in Asia .pop. 15 

Akhmim (ak-mem'), town on 
Nile riv., Upper Egypt.. .pop. 19 
Akhtyrka (ak-tir'ka), town, 
Kharkov govt., European Rus¬ 
sia .pop. 26 

Akkra (ak'ra), town, cap. of 
British Gold Coast Colony, 
Africa .pop. 16 


late, mar, mfisk. cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 

































Ako 


1001 


All 


Akot (a-kot'), cml. town, Akola 

dist., India ..pop. 16 

Aksu (ak-soo'), cml. town. E. 

Turkestan, China .pop. 20 

Alabama (al-a-bama), riv. in 
Ala. 312 m. long, i1on\ s into Tom* 
bigbee riv. 

Alabama, a S. State of the U. S., 
52,250 sq. m.; cap. Montgom¬ 
ery .. . pop. 1,829 

Alagoinhas (ii-la-go-en'yash ), 

town, Bahia, Brazil.pop. 13 

Alais (a-ia' j, town, dept. Gard, 

t rance .pop. 24 

Alaska (a-las'ka), ter. U. S. A., 
590,844 sq. m., cap. Sitka; ac¬ 
quired in 1867.pop. 64 

Alatri (a-la'tre), anc. Alatrium, 
town, Rome prov., Italy, .pop. 15 
Alatyr (a-la-tir'), town at junc¬ 
tion Alatyr and Sura rivs., Sim¬ 
birsk govt., Russia.pop. 14 

Alba (al'ba), town, Cuneo prov., 
Italy, on Tanaro river...pop. 14 
Albany (awl'ba-ni), city, cap. of 
N. Y. State & c. s. of Albany 

co.pop. 91 

Alberta (al-ber'ta), dist. N. W. 

Canada, 100,000 sq. m...pop. 66 
Albert Edward Nyanza 
(nyan'za). lake, cen. Africa; 
named 1S89. 

Albert Nyanza (nyan'za), lake, 
E. cen. Africa, 110 m. long, 25 
m. broad. 

Albi (al-be'), city, cap. of dept. 

Tarn, on Tarn riv., France.p. 23 
Alcala la Real (al-ka-la' la 
ra-al'), town, Jain prov., Spain. 

pop. 16 

Alcamo (al'ka-mo), town, E. 
Trapani prov., Sicily, Italy. 

pop. 52 

Alcantara (al-kan'ta-ra), sp. 
town, Maranhao State, Brazil. 

pop. 15 

Alcira (al-the'ra), town, Valen¬ 
cia prov., Spain, about 23 m. S of 

Valencia .pop. 19 

Alcoy (al-koi'). mfg. town, Ali¬ 
cante prov., Spain, 24 m. N of 

Alicante .pop. 31 

Aldershot (al'der-shot), town, 
Hampshire, England; military 

camp .pop. 31 

Alegrete (a-la-gra'te), town, Rio 
Grande do Sul, Brazil... .pop. 12 
Aleksandropol (a-lyek'san-dro'- 


pol), town & fortress, Erivan 
govt., Transcaucasia, Russia. 

pop. 32 

Alencon (a-liing-song', E. a-len'- 
son), mfg. city, cap. of dept. 

Orne, France .pop. 18 

Aleppo (a-lep'po), city, cap. of 
Aleppo vilayet, N. Syria, .p. 127 
Aleutian Islands (a-lu'shan), 
part of Alaska, S of Bering Sea. 
Alexandria (al - egz- an'dri - a), 
city, Madison co., JLnd....pop. 7 
Alexandria, town, c. s. of Rap¬ 
ides par., La.. .pop. 6 

Alexandria, city, on Potomac 

riv., Va.pop. 15 

Alexandria, city & sp., Egypt, 

on Mediterranean .pop. 320 

Alfonsine (al-fon'se-na), town, 

Ravenna prov., Italy.pop. 10 

Alfreton (al'fer-tun). min. par. 
& town, Derbyshire, England. 

town pop. 18 
Algeciras (al-je-se'ras), sp. 

town, Cadiz prov., Spain.pop. 12 
Algeria (al-je'ri-a). French col- 
only in N. Africa, 30S,019 sq. jn., 

cap. Algiers ..pop. 4,739 

Algiers (al-jerz'), a sp. city of 

Algeria, N. Africa.pop. 97 

Alghero (al-ga'ro), sp. town, 
Sassari prov., Sardinia, Italy. 

pop. 11 

Aliganj Sewan (a-le-gunj' sa- 
wiin'), town, Saran dist., Bengal, 

Brit. India .pop. 18 

Alkmaar (alk-mar'), town & 
comm., N. Holland, Netherlands. 

comm. pop. 18 
Allahabad (al-la-ha-bad'), divi¬ 
sion, N. W. Provs., India. 

pop. 5.757 

Allahabad, city, cap. N. W. 

Provs., India .pop. 176 

Allegheny (al'e-ga-ni), river of 
Pa., about 350 m. long; branch 
of Ohio river. 

Allegheny Mountains, ranges 
of Appalachian system in Pa., 
Md., Va. and W. Va. 
Allenstein (al'len-stin), mfg. 

town, E. Prussia, Germany.p 24 
Allentown (al'len), city, c. s of 

Lehigh co., Pa.pop. 35 

Alliance (al-li'ans), city, Stark 

co.. O.pop. 9 

Allier (a-lya'), nav. riv., France, 
about 250 m. long, flows into the 
Loire. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 
































Aim 


1002 


And 


Almansa (al-man'sa), city, Ala- 

bacete prov., Spain.pop. 10 

Alora (a'lo-ra), city, Malaga 

prov., Spain .pop. 11 

Alost (a'lost) or Aalst (alst), 
town, East Flanders, Belgium, 

on Dender river .pop. 30 

Alpena (al-pe'na), city, c. s. of 

Alpena co., Mich.pop. 12 

Alps (alps), mt. system S. cen. 
Europe, Mont Blanc the highest, 
15,781 ft. 

Alsace-Lorraine (al-sas'lo- 
ran'), imperial ter. IV. Germany,* 

5,601 sq. m.pop. 1,717 

Altai (al-ti'), mts., N. cen. 

Asia, highest 11,000-12,000 ft. 
Altamura (al-ta-moo'ra), town, 

Bari prov., Italy.pop. 23 

Altena (al'te-na), mfg. town, 
Westphalia prov., Prussia, on the 

Lenne river .pop. 13 

Altenessen (al-ten-es'sen), mfg. 
vil., near Essen, Rhenish Prus¬ 
sia .pop. 29 

Altona (al'to-na), city & port 
on the Elbe riv., Prussia, adjoin¬ 
ing Hamburg .pop. 62 

Altoona (al-too'na), mfg. city, 

Blair co., Pa.pop. 39 

Amasia (a-ma'se-a), cml. city, 
Sivas vilayet, Asia Minor, on 

Yeshil Irmak river.pop. 30 

Amazon (a'ma-zon), largest riv. 
in the world, about 3,400 m. long, 
rises in Peruvian Andes, South 
America. flows into Atlantic 
ocean. 

Ambala (um-ba'la), city, Punjab. 
British India, 120 m. N of 

Delhi .pop. 79 

Ambato (am-ba'to), mfg. & cml. 
town. cap. of Tunguragua prov.. 

Ecuador .pop. 12 

Amberg (am'berg), mfg. town 
on Vils riv.. 35 m. E of Nurem¬ 
berg, Bavaria .pop. 22 

America (a-mer'i-ka), Central, 
S. part of N. Am. from Panama 
isthmus to Tehuantepec isthmus 
—North, continent 7,500,000 sq. 
m., pop. 100.000—South, conti¬ 
nent 7,000,000 sq. in., pop. 
38.000. 

Amersfoort (H/mers-fort). town 
& comm., Utrecht, Netherlands. 

comm. pop. 19 
Amherst (am'erst), town, 


Hampshire co.. Mass.; seat of 

Amherst College .pop. 5 

Amiens (a-me-ang', E. am'i- 
enz), mfg. town, cap. Somme 
dept, on Somme riv., Fr..pop. 90 
Amoy (a-moi'), sp. town, Hukien 
prov., China, on Hianun island. 

pop. 96 

Amritsar (um-rit'sur), mfg. 
city, cap. of Lahore division, 

British India .pop. 163 

Amroha (um-roo'a), town, Mor- 
adabad dist., Rohilkhand div^ 

British India .pop. 35 

Amsterdam (am'ster-dam), mfg. 

city, Montgomery co., N. Y..p. 21 
Amsterdam, cml. & mfg. comm. 
& city, N. Holland, Netherlands. 

pop. 511 

Amu (a-moo'), anc. Oxus, riv., 
about 1,400 to 1,500 m. long, 
Turkestan, cen. Asia, rises in 
Pamir plateau, flows into Aral 
sea. 

Amur (a-moor'), riv., E. Asia, 
formed by union of Argun & 
Shilka rivs., flows into Sakhalin 
gulf; total length, including 
Argun, about 2,700 m. 

Ananev (a-na'nyef), town, 
Kherson govt., Russia, on Tiligul 

river .pop. 13 

Andaman Islands (an-da- 
man'), Bengal bay, India, 2,000 

sq. m.pop 18 

Anderleclit (an-der-lekt'). town, 
suburb of Brussels, Brabant 

prov., Belgium .pop. 48 

Anderson (an'der-sun), mfg. 
city, c. s. of Madison co., Ind. 

pop. 20 

Andes (an'dez), mt. system, 
4,500 m. long, extending from 
Cape Horn to Isthmus of Pana¬ 
ma, South America; highest sum¬ 
mit. Aconcagua, 23,080 ft. 
Andijan, Russ. Andizhan (an- 
di-zhiin'), town, prov. Fergana. 

Russia in Asia .pop. 47 

Andkhui (and-koo'e). town, cap. 
of Andkhui prov., Afghan Tur¬ 
kestan .pop. 30 

Andover (an'do-ver). town. Es¬ 
sex co., about 23 m. N. of Boston. 

Mass.pop. 7 

Androscoggin (an - dros - kog'- 
gin), riv.. about 175 m. long, 
flows into Kennebec riv. near 
Bath. 


late, mar. mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





































Ang 


1003 


Are 


Anglesey (an'gl-se), isl. & co., 
Wales, about 275 sq. m...pop. 51 
Angouleme (ang-goo-lam'), cml. 
& mfg. city, cap. of dept. Cha-: 
rente, W. France, on Charente 

river .pop. 37 

Angra (lin'gra), cml. sp. city, 
Terceira isl., cap. of Azores. 

pop. 11 

Angri (lin'gre), town, Salerno 

prov., Italy .pop. 11 

Anjar (un'jiir), town in Cutcli, 

W. India .pop. 13 

Anklam (an'klam), town, Pome¬ 
rania, on Peene riv., Prussia. 

pop. 15 

Ann, Cape, E extrem ty of Es¬ 
sex co.. Mass., N of Massachu¬ 
setts bay. 

Annaberg (iin'na-berg), min. & 

mfg. town, in tne Erzgebirge, 

Saxony .pop. 16 

Annapolis (an-nap'o-lis), sp. 
city, c. s. of Anne Arundel co., 
Md.; cap. of Md., seat of U. S. 

Naval Academy .pop. 8 

Ann Arbor, mfg. city, c. s. of 
Washtenaw co., Mich.; seat of 

University of Mich.pop. 15 

Anniston (an'nis-t’n), city, c. s. 

of Calhoun co., Ala.pop. 10 

Ansbach (iins'bak), city on 

Rezat riv., Bavar : a.pop. IS 

Ansonia (an-so'ni-a), mfg. city 
on E. bank Naugatuck riv.. New 

Haven co., Conn.pop. 13 

Antarctic Ocean (ant-ark'tik), 
around S. pole, within Antarctic 
Circle. 

Antequera (an-ta-ka'ra), city, 

Malaga prov., Spain.pop. 26 

Antietam Creek (an-te'tam), 
Pa. & Md. to Potomac; battle in 
Md. 1862. 

Antigua (an-te'gwa), isl. & 
presidency Leeward isls., colony, 
British W. Indies. 

Antigua, city, Guatemala, 24 m. 
W S W of city of Guatemala; 
twice wrecked by earthquakes. 

pop. 20 

Antilles (an-til'lez or an-tel'), 
two group isls. called Greater & 
Lesser Antilles, W. Indies. 
Antioch (an'ti-ok), city, Aleppo 
vilayet, Syria, on Orontes river. 

pop. 24 

Antwerp (ant'werp), a fortified 


cml. & mfg. city, on Scheldt riv., 

Belgium .pop. 278 

Anzin (ang-zang'), min. town, 

dept. Nord, France.pop. 13 

Apalachee Bay (ap-a-lach'e), 
bay, arm of Gulf of Mexico, S. 
Fla. 

Apalachicola (ap-a-lach-i-ko'- 
la), nav. riv., Fla. to Gulf of 
Mexico. 

Apatin (o'po-tin), cml. town, on 
left bank of Danube, Hungary. 

pop. 13 

Apolda (a-pol'da),. mfg. town, 
Saxe-Weimar duchy, Germany. 

pop. 20 

Appalachian Mountains (ap- 
pa-la'chi-an or lach'i-an), a 
mountain system E. N. A. ex¬ 
tending from Quebec prov. to N. 
Ala. 

Appomattox (ap-po-mat'tuks), 
riv., about 150 m. long, Va.; 
flows into James riv. at City 
Point. 

Arabia (a-ra'bi-a), country, a 
great peninsula S. W. Asia, about 

1,200,000 sq. m.pop. -5,000 

Arabkir (ii-rab-ker'), town, 
Mamuret ul Aziz vilayet, Turkey 

in Asia .pop. 20 

Aracati (a-rii-ka-te'), port on 
Rio J a g u a r i b e, Ceara state, 

Brazil, near coast .pop. 14 

A r a g o n a (a-ra-go'na), town, 
Girgenti prov., Sicily, Italy..p. 14 
Aral Sea (ar'al), inland sea, 
Asiatic Russia, 26,166 sq. m. 
Aranjuez (a-ran-hwath'), town, 
Madrid prov., on Tagus riv., 

Spain .pop. 10 

Ararat (ar'a-rat), mt. on con¬ 
fines of Russian, Turkish & Per¬ 
sian Armenia; two peaks, highest 
about 17,000 ft. 

Arassuahy (a-ras-swa-he'), 
town, Minas Geraes, Brazil. 

pop. 44 

Archangel (ark-an'jel), sp. & 
cml. town, near Arctic ocean, N. 

Russia .pop. 18 

Arctic Ocean (ark'tik), body of 
water surrounding N. pole. 
Ardebil (ar-de-bel'), town, Sim¬ 
birsk govt., on Alatyr riv., Rus¬ 
sia ..pop. 20 

Arequipa (ii-ra-ke'pa), city, cap. 
of dept, of same name, S. Peru, 
S. Am.pop. 35 


late, mar, mask, 


cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin: vote, porch, lot 
cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 


moon, 



























Are 


1004 


Ath 


Arezzo (a-ret'so), city, cap. of 
Arezzo prov., Tuscany dept., cen. 

Italy .pop. 44 

Argenta (ar-jen'ta), town, Fer¬ 
rara prov., Italy ..pop. 21 

Argentina (ar-jen-te'na), fed¬ 
eral republic, S. America, S of 
Bolivia, F of Andes mts., 1,113,- 
849 sq. m.; cap. Buenos Aires. 

pop. 4,794 

Argos (ar'gos), town, about 7 m. 

N N W of Nauplia, Greece.p. 10 
Ariano di Puglia (a-re-a'no de 
pool'ya), town, Avellino prov., S. 

Italy ..pop. 18 

Arizona (ar-i-zo'na), ter. S. W. 
U. S. A. 113,020 sq. m.; cap. 

Phoenix .pop. 123 

Arkansas (ar'kan-saw), riv., 
about 2,000 m. long, rises Rocky 
mts., Colo.; flows into Mississippi 
riv. 

Arkansas (ar'kan-saw), state, 
S. cen. U. S. A., 53,850 sq. m. ; 

cap. Little Rock .pop. 1.312 

Arles (arlz, F. arl), mfg. city, 
on Rhone riv., France...pop. 29 
Armenia (iir-me'ni-a), anc. 
country, W. Asia, now divided 
between Russia, Turkey & Persia. 
Arnhem (arn'hem), mfg. town & 
comm., cap. of Gelderland prov.. 

Noth.comm. pop. 57 

Arnstadt (iirn'stat), mfg. town, 
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 14 

Aroostook (a-roos'took), riv., 
over 100 m. long, Me.; flows into 
St. John riv. 

Arrah (ar'ra), town, Shahabad 

dist., Bengal, India.pop. 47 

Arras (ar-ras'), mfg. & fortified 

city, cap. of dept. Pas-de-Calais, 

France .pop. 26 

Asbury Park (az'ber-i), city & 
summer resort, Monmouth co., 

N. J.pop. 4 

Aschaffenburg (a - shiif - fen - 

boorg'), town, Bavaria, Germany, 

on Main river .pop. 18 

Ascliersleben (ash-ers-la'ben), 
mfg. town, Saxony prov., Prus¬ 
sia .pop. 27 

Ashanti (a-shan'te or a-shan'te), 
min. & cml. kingdom, Upper 
Guinea, W. Africa; cap. Ku- 

massi .pop. 3.000 

Asheville (ash'vil), city, c. s. of 

Buncombe co., N. C.pop. 15 


Ashford (ash'ford), town, Kent 

co., England ..pop. 13 

Ashikaga (a-she-ka'ga), cml. 

city, cen. Hondo isl., Japan.p. 21 
Ashland (asli'land), city, c. s. of 

Ashland co., Wis.pop. 13 

Ashland, city, Boyd co., Ky. 

pop. 7 

Ashland, bor., Schuylkill co., 

Pa..pop. 6 

Asia (a'shi-a), largest continent 
of the globe, E. Hemisphere, 17,- 

040,000 sq. m. 825,950 

Asia Minor or Anatolia, pen., 
forming W. extremity of Asia, a 
part of Turkey in Asia, 194,389 

sq. m.pop. 9,355 

Asniers (a-nyar'), town, on 
Seine riv., France, about 5 m. 

from Paris.pop. 31 

Assen (as'sen), town & comm., 
cap. of Drenthe prov., Neth. 

comm. pop. 11 
Assiniboia (as-sin-i-boi'a), dist., 
N. W. Canada, 90,340 sq. m., cap. 

Regina.pop. 67 

Assiniboine (as-sin'i-boin), riv., 
about 600 m. long, rises in S. E. 
Saskatchewan dist., Canada; 
flows into Red riv. at Winnipeg, 
Manitoba. 

Assyria (as-sir'i-a), one of the 
great anc. empires of the world, 
W. Asia; its cap. was Nineveh. 
Asti ( as'te). town, Alessandria 
prov., near Tanaro riv., Italy. 

pop. 38 

Aston Manor (as'tun man'er), 
bor., Warwickshire, Eng., near 

Birmingham .pop. 77 

Astoria (as-to'ri-a), city, c. s. of 

Clatsop co., Ore..pop. 8 

Astrabad (as-tra-bad'), fertile 

prov., N. Persia .pop. 15 

Astrakhan (as-tra-kiin'), cml. 
city on isl. in Volga riv., Rus¬ 
sia .pop. 113 

Asuncion (a-soon-se-on'), cml. 
city, cap. of Paraguay, South 

America .pop. 45 

Atchison (ach'i-s’n), city. N. E. 

Kansas .pop. 29 

Athabasca (ath-a-’ ’s'ka), dist., 
N. W. Canada, 251,300 sq. m.— 
lake, about 230 m. long, N. Atha¬ 
basca dist., Canada—riv., about 
1,000 m. long; flows into Atha¬ 
basca lake. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 



































Ath 


1005 


Azo 


Athens (ath'enz), cml. city, 

Clarke co., Ga.pop. 11 

Athens, citv. cap. of Greece, near 

iEgina gulf .pop. Ill 

Atherton (ath'er-tun), mfg. 

town, Lancashire, England..p. 16 
Athlone (ath-lbn'), mfg. town, 
Westmeath & Roscommon cos., 

Ireland .pop. 7 

Atlanta (at-lan'ta), cml. city, 

cap. of Ga.pop. 90 

Atlantic City, city, Atlantic co., 

N. J., on Absecon beach ; seaside 

resort .pop. 28 

Atlantic Ocean, body of water 
separating America from Europe 
& Africa, average breadth 3,600 
m., greatest depth 27,366 ft. 
Atlas Mountains, system, about 
1,500 m. long, extending from 
Cape Nun, on Atlantic ocean, to 
Cape Bon, on Mediterranean sea, 
Africa. 

Atrauli (a-trou'Ie), city, Aligarh 
dist., Meerut division, India.p. 15 
Atri (a'tre), town, Teramo prov., 

Italy .pop. 13 

Atsuta (at'soo-ta), city. cen. 
Hondo isl., Japan, near Nagoya. 

pop. 25 

Attleboro fat't’l-bur-ro), town, 

Bristol co.. Mass.pop. 11 

Auburn (aw'burnL mfg. city, 
c. s. of Androscoggin co.. Me. 

pop. 13 

Auburn, rafe. city, c. s. of Cay¬ 
uga co.. N. Y.pop. 30 

Auch (osh), mfg. town, cap. of 

dept. Gers, on Gers riv., France. 

pop. 15 

Auckland (awk'land), city, can. 
of Auckland prov., New Zealand. 

pop. 34 

Aue (ou'eL mfg. town. Saxonv 

kingdom, Ger.pop. 15 

Auerbach < ou'er-bakt. mf" 
town. Saxony. Germany. .pop. 10 
Augsburg ( ougs'boorg). cml. 
city. cap. of Schwaben dist.. Ba¬ 


varia .pop. 80 

Augusta faw-gus'taL city. c. s 
of Richmond co.. on Savannah 
riv.. Ga.pop. 30 


Augusta, citv. c. s. of I\enneb°c 
co. & cap. of Maine . . . .pop. 12 


Aurangabad (aw-rung-a-bad'), 

city, cap. of Haidarabad state, 

India .pop. 60 

Aurillac (o-re-yak'), mfg. town, 
cap. of «dept. Cantal, France. 

pop. 17 

Aussig (ous'sig). mfg. town, Bo¬ 
hemia, Austria-Hungary, on the 

Elbe river .pop. 37 

Australasia (aws-tral-a'shi-a), 

an arbitrary division of the globe 
in Oceanica, between equator & 
lat. 47° S.; 3,300.000 sq. m. 
Australia (aws-tra'li-a), island 
continent, bounded on E by Pa¬ 
cific ocean, W & S by Indian 
ocean; 2,946,358 sq. m.pop. 3,595 
Austria (aws'tri-a), empire, W. 
part of Austria-Hungary, 115,- 
834 sq. m., cap. Vienna..p. 26,107 
Austria-Hungary (aws'tri-a 
hup'ga-ri), monarchy, cen. Eu¬ 
rope, 241,513 sq. m., cap. Vienna. 

pop. 45,311 

Autun (o-tung'), mfg. city, dept. 
Saone-et-Loire, France, on Ar- 


roun river .pop. 16 

Auxerre (o-sar't, cml. city, cap. 
of dept. Yonne, France, on Yonne 

river .pop. 19 

Ava (a'va), city, on Ira wadi 

riv., Burma .pop. 25 

A versa (a-ver'sa), cml. town, 
Caserta prov., Italy, 9 m. N of 

Naples .pop. 23 


Avigliano (a-vil-ya'no), town, 
Potenza prov., Italy . .. .pop. 18 
Avignon (a-ven-yong'), cml. & 
mfg. city, cap. of dept. Vaucluse. 

France .pop. 46 

Avola (a'vo-la), sp. town. 13 m. 

S W of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy. 

pop. 16 

Aylesbury (alz'ber-i), town. 
Buckinghamshire, Eng.; noted 

for lace .pop. 9 

Ayuthia (a-yoot'he-a), town, 
formerly cap. of Siam, on Mennm 

river .pop. 50 

Azores (a-zorz'), isls . N. Atl oc., 

l. 005 so. m., cap. Ponta Delgadn. 

Portugal .pop. 256 

Azov or Azof (a'zof or a-zof'), 
t^wn. near mouth of Don rim. 

Russia . s ..r>nn. 25 

Azov or Azof, sea of. 14.520 sq. 

m. . S. Russia in Europe, con¬ 
nected with Black sea. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her. let; line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; mo5n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





























Bab 


1006 


Ban 


B 


Bab el Mandeb (bab-el man'deb 
or bab), strait uniting lied sea & 
Indian oc. 

Babylon (bab'i-lun), celebrated 
city, now in ruins, on Euphrates 
riv., about 55 m. S of Bagdad. 
Badalona (ba-tha-lo'na), town, 
Barcelona prov., Spain..pop. 16 
Baden (ba'den), Grand Duchy of 
(ba-den), agr., min. & mfg. 
state, Germany, 5,823 sq. in., 

cap. Karlsruhe .pop. 1,867 

Baden Baden (ba'den). town & 
watering place, Baden, Ger.p. 16 
Baena (ba-a'na), town, Cordoba 

prov., Spain .pop. 12 

Baeza (ba-a'tha), town, Jaen 

prov., Spain .pop. 14 

Baffin Bay (baf'fin), W of 
Greenland, N. America. 

Bagdad (bag-dad' or bag'dad), a 
cml. city, cap. of Bagdad vilayet, 
in S. E. Turkey in Asia.pop. 145 
Bagberia (ba-ga-re'a), town, 
Palermo prov., Sicily ....pop. 18 
Bahama Islands (ba-ha'ma), 
group N E of Cuba & E of Flor¬ 
ida, 5,450 sq. in., cap. Nassau, on 
isl. of New Providence, .pop. 54 
Bahia (ba-e'a), cml. sp. city, cap. 

of Bahia state, Brazil. . .pop. 200 
Bahraich (ba-rich'), cap. of B. 

dist., Oudh prov., India..pop. 24 
Bahrein Islands (ba-ran'), Per¬ 
sian gulf, cap. Moharek; under 
Brit, protection. 

Baikal (bi-kal'). lake, S. Siberia. 
Asia, over 13.000 sq. m., 4,500 
ft. deep in middle. 

Baireuth (bT-roit'), mfc. city, 
cap. of Upper Franconia. Ba¬ 
varia, Germany .non. 20 

Baja (bo'yo), towrn, Hungary, o”> 

Danube river .pon. 20 

Baker (ba'ker). city, c. s of 

Baker eo.. Oregon .pop. 7 

Bakhchisaray (bnk-che-sa-r!'''. 

town, Crimea, Russia.... pop. 16 
Bakhmui (bak-moot'), min. 
town, Ekaterinoslav govt.. Rus¬ 
sia .pon. 15 

Baku fba-koo'), cap. of Baku 
govt.. Transcaucasia, Asiatic Rus¬ 
sia, W coast of Caspian sea. 

pop. 112 


Bali (ba'le); town, Hugli dist., 
Bengal, British India... .pop. 17 
Balikesri (ba-le-kes-re'), town, 
Brusa vilayet, Asia Minor, Tur¬ 
key in Asia .pop. 13 

Balkan Mountains (bal-kiin' or 
bawl'kan), range, Europe, Servia 
to Black sea. 

Balkash (bal-kiish'), salt lake, 
Central Asia, about 300 m. long, 
55 m. wide. 

Ballarat (bal-la-rat'), city, Vic¬ 
toria, Australia, on Yarrowee 


creek, inc. sub.pop. 44 

Ballard (bal'lerd), city, King 
co., Wash.pop. 5 


Ballston Spa (bal'stun spa), 
mfg. vil., c. s. of Saratoga co., 
N .Y.; mineral springs. . . .pop. 4 
Balmain (bal-man'), town, sub¬ 
urb of Sydney, N. S. W., Aus¬ 


tralia .pop. 30 

Balta (bal'ta), cml. town, Podo- 
lio govt., Russia .pop. 31 


Baltic Sea (bawl'tik), Europe, 
inclosed by Denmark. Sweden, 
Russia & Prussia, 160,000 sq. m. 
Baltimore (bawl'ti-mor), cml. & 
mfg. city & port of entry on estu¬ 
ary of Patapsco riv., Md.. 30 sq. 

m.pop. 500 

Baluchistan (ba-165-chis-tan'), 

country, Asia, N of Arabian sea, 
W of Persia, 141,600 sq. m., cap. 

Khelat .pop. 847 

Bamberg (bam'berg), mfg. city. 
Upper Franconia, 33 m. N N E 
of Nuremberg, Bavaria.. .pop. 42 
Banda Islands (biin'da), in Mo¬ 
lucca archipelago, 50 m. S of 

Ceram .pop. 8 

Bangalore (ban-ga-lor'), mfg. 
city, cap. of Mysore, S. India. 

pop. 159 

Bangkok (ban-kok'), cml. city, 
cap. of Siam, on Menam river 

pop. 600 

Bangor (ban'gor). cml. city & 
port of entry, c. s. of Penobscot 

co., Me.pop. 22 

Bangor, city & bor.. Carnarvon¬ 
shire, on Beaumaris bay, N. 

Wales .pop. 11 

Bangued (ban-gath'), town, 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her. let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 
























Ban 


1007 


Bat 


cap. of Abra prov., Luzon, Phil. 

islands .pop. 13 

Bangweolo (bang-we-o'ld), or 
Bemba (bern'ba), lake, 150 ra. 
long, S. Africa. 

Banka (ban'ka), town, Formosa 
isl., Japan, China sea... .pop. 40 
Bantry Bay (ban'tri), large bay, 
Cork co., S of Ireland. 

Barasat (ba'ra-sut), town, Ben¬ 
gal, 12 m. N N E of Calcutta, 

India .pop. 10 

Barbacina (bar-ba-s&'na), town, 
Minas Geraes state, Brazil, S. 

America .dist. pop. 58 

Barbados (bar-bfi'doz), Brit, isl., 
Lesser Antilles, 166 sq. m., cap. 

Bridgetown .pop. 195 

Barbary (biir'ba-ri), region in 
N. Africa, extending from Egypt 
to Atl. ocean. 

Barcellona Fozzo di Gotto 

(bar-chel-16'na pot'so de got'td), 
town, Messina prov., Sicily, 

Italy.pop. 23 

Barcelona (bar-se-lo'na), cml. & 
mfg. sp. city. 

Bareilly (ba-rft'le) or Bareli, 
cap. of Bareilly dist., Br. Ind. 

pop. 117 

Barf rusk (biir-froosh'), cml. 
town. Mazanderan prov., Persia, 

near Caspian sea.pop. 50 

Bar Harbor, vil., Mt. Desert isl., 
Hancock co.. Me.; summer resort. 
Barking (b&rk'ing), mfg. town, 

Essex co., England.pop. 22 

Bar le due (bar-le-dook') • cml. 
town, dept. Meuse, on Ornain 

riv., France .pop. 18 

Barletta (b&r-let'ta), cml. sp. 
city, Bari prov., on isl. in Adri¬ 
atic sea, Italy .pop. 42 

Barnaul (bar-na-ool'), mfg. 
town, Tomsk govt., on Barnaul 

riv., Siberia .pop. 29 

Barnegat Bay (bar-ne-gat'). E. 

coast of Ocean co., N. J., about 
30 m. long. 

Barnsley (barnz'li). mfg. & min. 
bor., West Riding. Yorkshire, 

England .pop. 41 

Barnstable (blirn'sta-b’l), town. 

Barnstable co.pop. 4 

Baroda (ba-rb'da). city, cap. of: 
state of Baroda, Gujarat, Tndia. 

pop. 104 


city, cap of Lara state, Venez¬ 
uela, S, America.pop. 31 

Barranquilla (biir-ran-kH'ya), 
town & riv., port, Bolivar dept., 

Colombia .pop. 35 

Bar re (bar're), mfg. town & 
city, Washington co., Yt..pop. 11 
Barrow, Cape, British America, 
Coronation gulf, lat. 68° 5' N., 
Ion. 112° W. 

Barrow, Point, headland, N ex¬ 
tremity of Alaska. 

Barsi (bur-se), town, Sholapur 

dist., Bombay, India.pop. 21 

Basel (bii'zel), [Fr. Bale (bal)], 
mfg. city in Basel canton, N. W. 

Switzerland .pop. Ill 

Bass a no (bas-sa'no), town. 

Vicenza prov., N. Italy...pop. 15 
Bassein (bas-siin'). agr. dist.. 
Lower Burma; its cap...pop. 30 
Bassora (bas'so-ra), cap. of B. 
vilayet, S. E. Turkey in Asia. 

pop. 18 

Bass Strait (bas), 80-150 m. 
wide, separating Australia from 
Tasmania. 

Batag (ba-tag'L isl. N of Samar, 
Phil, islands. 

Batangas (ba-tHn'gas). cap. of 
B. prov., Luzon, Phil, isls.pop. 39 
Batavia (ba-ta'vi-a), mfg. vil¬ 
lage, Genesee co., N. Y...pop. 11 
Batavia (ba-ta'vi-a), sp. & cml. 
city of Java, cap. of Batavia resi¬ 
dency, & of Dutch East Indies. 

pop. 116 

Batb (bath), port of entry, cml. 
& mfg. city, c. s. of Sagadahoc 

co.. Me.pop. 10 

Batb (bath), tp. & vil., c. s. of 

Steuben co., N. Y.pop. 13 

Batb (bath), city & bor., c. s. of 
Somersetshire, England; famous 

baths .pop. 50 

Batley (bat'li), mfg. bor.. West 
Riding, Yorkshire, England..p. 30 
Baton Rouge (bat'un rodzh). 
city, cap. of La. & c. s. of E. 

Baton Rouge parish.pop. 11 

Battersea (bat'ter-se), bor., part 
of London, Surrey co.. England. 

on Thames riv.pop. 169 

Battle Creek (bat‘1 krek), city, 
Calhoun co., Mich., on Kalama¬ 
zoo river.pop. 19 

Battonya (bot'to-nyo). town. 

Csanad co., Hungary.... nop. 12 
Batuiu (ba-toom'). sp. E shore 


Barquisimeto (biir-ke-se-ma to), 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl: he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





































Bau 


1008 


Ber 


of Black sea, Ivutais govt., Rus¬ 
sia in Asia.pop. 29 

Ban a n (bii/wan), town, Batangas 
prov., Luzon, Phil, islands..p. 40 
Bautzen (bou'tsen), town, cap. 
of Bautzen dist., Saxony king¬ 
dom, Ger.pop. 20 

Bay City, cml. city, c. s. of Bay 
co., Midi., on rt. bank Saginaw 

river .pop. 2S 

Bayonne (bfi-yon'), mfg. city, 

Hudson co., N. J.pop. 83 

Bayonne ( Fr . pron. ba-yun'), 
cml., mfg. & ft. city, dept. Basses, 

Pyrdn£es, France.pop. 27 

Beauvis (bo-va'), mfg. city, cap. 

of dept. Oise, France. .. .pop. 20 
Beaverdam (be'ver-dam), mfg. 

city, Dodge co.pop. 5 

Beaver Falls, mfg. bor., Beaver 
co., on W bank Beaver riv., Pa. 

pop. 10 

Beawar (ba-a'wur), town, Raj- 

putana, India .pop. 21 

Beckenham (bek'en-am), par. & 
town, Kent co., England.pop. 26 
Bedford (bed'ferd), city, c. s. of 

Lawrence co., Ind.pop. 6 

Bedford, mun. bor.. c. s. of Bedj 

fordshire, England.pop. 35 

B e h a r (be-har'). town. Patna 
dist., Bengal, British India. 

pop. 48 

Beirut (bsVroot or bfi-rdot'). cml. 
town, Syria, on Mediterranean 

sea .pop. 119 

Bejar (ba'har), town, Salamanca 

prov., Snain....pop. 12 

Belem (bfi-len'), sp. city, Brazil, 

cap. of Para state.pop. 110 

Belfast (bel'fast), sp. city, W. 
side Penobscot bay, c. s. of Waldo 

co., Me.pop. 5 

Belfast, city, c. s. of Antrim co., 
on Lagan riv., Ireland, .pop. 349 
Belgium (bel'ji-um), kingdom, 
N. W. Europe, 11.373 sq. m., cap. 

Brussels .pop. G.S15 

Belgrade (bel-grad'), mfg. city, 
cap. of Servia, on rt. bank of 

Danube riv.pop. 69 

Belize (ba-lez'), sp. town, cap. of 

British Honduras, on Bay of 

Honduras .pop. 9 

Bellaire (bel-ar'), mfg. city, Bel¬ 
mont co., on Ohio riv., O.pop. 10 
Bellary (bel-lii're), city, can. 

dist. of Madras, India. . . .pop. 58 
Beliefontaine (bel - fon' tan), 


mfg. vil., c. s. of Logan co., 

Ohio.pop. 7 

Beliefonte (bel-font'), bor., c. s. 

of Center co., Pennsylvania, .p. 4 
Belle Isle, Strait of, between 
Labrador & Newfoundland, 1015 
m. wide. 

Belleville (bel'vil), mfg. city. 

c. s. of St. Clair co.. Ill..pop. 17 
Belleville, mfg. city, c. s. of 
blastings co., on Bay of Quinte, 

Ontario, Canada .pop. 9 

Bello Horizonte (bal'lo o-re- 
son'ta), town, cap. of Minas 

Geraes, Brazil .pop. 30 

Bellows Falls, mfg. vil. on 
Conn, riv., Windham co., Ver¬ 
mont .pop. 4 

Beloit (be-loit'), mfg. city. Rock 

co., Wis.pop. 10 

Belpasso (bel-pas'sd), town, 
Catania prov., Sicily, Italy.p. 10 
Belper (bel'per), par. & mfg. 

town, Derbyshire, England.p. 11 
Belvidere (bel-vi-der'), city, 

Boone co., Ill.pop. 7 

Benares (ben-a'rez), cml. & mfg. 
city, cap. of dist. & division of 
same name, on Ganges riv., 

India .pop. 203 

Benderabbas (ben-der-ab'bas), 
sp., Persia, on Strait of Ormuz. 

pop. 10 

Bendery (ben-dya'ri) or Ben¬ 
der (ben'der), fortified town. 

Bessarabia, Russia .pop. 32 

Bendigo (ben'di-go), city, Vic¬ 
toria, Australia ; gold mines near. 

pop. 31 

BeneveHto (ba-na-ven'to), city, 
Campania, Italy, cap. of prov. of 

same name .pop. 25 

Bengal (ben-gawl'). largest of the 
12 main divisions of British In¬ 
dia, 155,343 sq. m. ; cap. Cal¬ 
cutta .pop. 74 713 

Bengal, Bay of, part of Indian 
ocean, between India & East 
India. 

Benkovac (ben'ko-vats), com¬ 
mune, Dalmatia, Austria.pop. 14 
Bennington (ben'ning-t’n), 
town, Bennington co., Vt. .pop. 8 
Bensberg (bens'berg), min. vil., 
Rhine prov., Prussia. . comm. p. 6 


Benton Harbor, city, Berrien 

co., Michigan .pop. 7 

Berber (ber'ber). town on Nile 
riv., Nubia, Africa .pop. 30 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; v5te, porch, lot; m55n, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





































ber 


1009 


Bie 


Berbera (ber-ba'ra), sp. & cap. 
British Somaliland, on Gulf of 

Aden .pop. 30 

Berchem (ber'kem), comm., Ant¬ 
werp prov., Belgium.pop. 22 

Berdyansk (ber-dyansk'), sp. 
city, Taurida govt., N shore Sea 

of Azov, Russia.pop. 27 

Berdichev (ber-dye'chef), cml. 

town, Kiev govt., Russia.pop. 54 
Bergamo (ber'ga-mo), city, cap. 
of prov. Lombardy, Italy, .pop. 4S 
Bergen (bar'gen), cml. fortified 
city & sp. on Atlantic oc., Nor¬ 
way .pop. 72 

Bergen op Zoom (ber'gen op 
zom), comm., N. Brabant prov., 

Netherlands .pop. 14 

Bergerac (ber-zhe-rak'), town, 
dept. Dordogne, on Dordogne riv., 

France .pop. 1(3 

Bering or Behring Sea (be'- 
ring), bet. Aleutian isls. & Bering 
strait, the latter a channel sepa¬ 
rating Asia & America; 30 m. 
wide. 

Berislav (bye-re-slaf'), town, 
Kherson govt., on Dnieper riv., S. 


Russia .pop. 12 

Berkeley (berk'li), city, Ala¬ 
meda co., Cal.pop. 13 

Berlad (ber'lat), cml. town, 
Moldavia, Iioumania, on Berlad 
river .pop. 24 


Berlin (ber'lin), town, c. s. of 
Waterloo co., Ontario, Can. 

pop. 10 

Berlin (ber-len'), mfg. city on 
Spree riv. ; cap. of Prussia & of 

Ger. empire .pop. 1,888 

Bermuda (ber-mu'da), is’s.. N. 
Atl. oc., 20 sq. m.; cap. Hamilton. 

Brit..pop. 18 

Bern or Berne (bern), canton 
Switzerland, 2,(350 sq. m.pop. 588 
Bern or Berne, cap. of Bern can¬ 
ton, also cap. of Switzerland. 

pop. 65 

Bernburg ( bern-boorg'), mfg. 
town on Saale riv., Anhalt duchy. 

Germany .nop. 34 

Besancon (be-zang-song'), cml. 
mfg. & fortified city. cap. of dept 
Douhs. France, on Doubs riv., 47 

m. E of Dijon .pop. 55 

Bessarabia (bes-sa-ra'bi-aL agr., 
past., cml. mfg. ter.. Rns« ? a. 
17,619 sq. m.pop. 1,933 


Bessemer (bes'se-mer)-, town, 
Jefferson co., Ala.pop. 6 

Bethany (beth'a-ni), vil., Pales¬ 
tine, on Mt. of Olives, 2 m. E of 
Jerusalem. 

Bethlehem (beth'le-hem), mfg. 
bor. & tp., Northampton co., Pa. 

pop. 7 

Bethlehem, ancient city, Pales¬ 
tine, 5m. S W of Jerusalem. 

pop. 3 

Bethune (ba-tun'), fortified 


town, dept. Pas de Calais, 

France .pop. 11 

Bettia (bet-te'ii), town, Cham- 
param dist., Bengal, British In¬ 
dia . pop. 23 

Beuthen (boi'ten), mfg. town, 
Silesia, Prussia, near Polish 
frontier .pop. 51 


Beverley (bev'er-li) ; mfg. bor., 
East Riding, Yorkshire, England. 

pop. 13 

Beverly, mfg. city, Essex co.. 

Mass.pop. 14 

Beziers (ba-zya'), cml. & mfg. 
city, dept. Ilerault, on Orb riv., 

France .pop. 52 

Bhagalpur (ba'gul-poor), city, 
cap. of B. division, Bengal pres., 

British India .pop. 76 

Bhartpur (bart-poor'), cap. of 
Bhartpur state, Upper India. 

pop. 43 

Bhaunagar (bou'na-gur), sp. 
city in state of same name, In¬ 
dia .pop. 58 

Bhiwaui (be-wa'ne). town, His- 
sar dist., British India...pop. 36 
Bhopal (bo-pal'), city, cap. of 
native state of same name. cen. 


India .pop. 70 

Bhuj (bobj), town, cap. of 
Cutch, India.pop. 25 


Bialystok (bya'li-stok), town, 
Grodno govt., Poland, Russia. 

pop. 64 

Bida (be'da), city, Nupe country, 

Nigeria, Africa .pop. 90 

Biddeford (bid'de-ferd), cml. & 
mfg. city. York co., on rt. bank 

Saco riv.. Me.pon. 16 

Biebrich (•he'brik), town, Hesse- 

Nassau. Prussia .pop. 15 

Bielefeld (be'le-felt), mfg. town. 

Westnhalia. Prussia ....pop. 63 
Bielitz (be'lits). mfg. town on 
Biala riv.. Silesia. Austria..p. 17 
Biella (be-el'la), mfg. town. No- 


late, m&r, m&sk, cat, 
H33 


awl : he. her. let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 
cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 



































Bie 


1010 


Boh 


vara p'rov., Italy, about 40 m. N 

E of Turin .pop. 20 

Bienne (byen), mfg. town, Bern 
canton, Switzerland, on Bienne 

lake .pop. 22 

Big Horn Mountains, range of 
mts., in N. Wyo., E of Big Horn 
river. 

Bikaner (bik-a-ner'), city, cap. 
of native state of same name, In¬ 
dia .pop. 53 

Bilbao (bil-ba'o), cml. & mfg. 
city, cap. of Vizcaya prov., Spain. 

pop. 53 j 

Bilston (bil'stun), min. & mfg. 
town, Staffordshire, England. 

pop. 24 

Binab (be-nab'), town in Azer¬ 
baijan, 55 m. S S W of Tabriz, 

Persia .pop. 20 

Binang (be-nyang'). pueblo. La¬ 
guna prov., Luzon, Phil, islands. 

pop. 20 

Bingen (bing'en), town, grand 
duchy of Hesse, Germany, on 

Rhine river .pop. 10 

Binghamton (bing'am-tun), 
mfg. city, c. s. of Broome co., 
N. Y., on Susquehanna riv. 

pop. 40 

Bingley (bing'li), mfg. town, 
West Riding. Yorkshire, on Aire 

riv., England .pop. 18 

Birmingham (ber'ming-am or 
ham), city, c. s. of Jefferson co.. 

Ala. ..pop. 88 

Bisalnagar (be'sul-nug-ur), cml. 
& mfg. town, Gujarat, India. 

pop. 20 

Biscay, Bay of (bis'ka), Atlan¬ 
tic oc., fr. Ushant isl, Fr., to 
Cape Ortegal, Sp. 

Bisceglie (be-shal'ya), sp. city, 
on Adriatic sea, Bari prov., Italy. 

pop. 31 

Bishnupur (bish'noo-p55r), 
town, ancient cap. Bankura dist., 

Bengal, India .pop. 18 

Biskra (bis'kra), town, Algeria. 

Africa .pop. 8 I 

Bitlis (bit-les'). cml. & mfg.! 
town. can. of Bitlis vilayet, Kur¬ 
distan, Turkey in Asia...pop. 25 j 
Bitonto fbe-ton'to), town, Bari 

prov., Italy .pop. 31 

Bitterfeld (’bit'ter-felt), mfg. 
town, near Mulde riv., Saxony 
prov., Prussia .pop. 12 


Biysk (besk), town, Tomsk govt., 
W. Siberia, on Biya river, .p. 18 
Black Forest, Baden & Wiirt- 
temberg, Ger. 

Black Hills, mt. range, S. W. S. 
Dak. & N. E. Wyo.; highest, Har¬ 
ney peak. 

Blackpool (blak'pool), bor. & 

sp. , Lancashire, Eng.; watering 

place .bor. pop. 47 

Black or Buxine (uks'In), sea, 
between Europe & Asia, 108,500 

sq. m. 


Blackstone, town, Worcester co., 

Mass.pop. 6 

Blagovyeshchensk ( bla-ga- 
vyesh'chensk), cml. town, cap. of 
Amur govt., Russia in Asia, on 

Amur river .pop. 33 

Blanc, Mont (mong blang), 
highest mt. of Alps, dept. Haute- 
Savoie, France; alt., 15,780 ft. 
Blankenburg (blhn'ken-boorg), 
town, Brunswick duchy, Ger. 

pop. 10 

Blaydon (bla'dun), town, Dur¬ 
ham co., England, on Tyne river. 

pop. 20 


Blois (blwh), mfg. city, cap. of 
dept. Loir-et-Cher, France, on 

Loire river. pop. 24 

Bloomfield, town, Essex co., 

N. J.pop. 10 

Bloomington, city, c. s. of Mon¬ 
roe co., Ind .pop. 6 

Bloomington, city, c. s. of Mc¬ 
Lean co.. Ill.pop. 23 

Bluefield, city, Mercer co., W. 

Virginia .pop. 5 


Bluefields (blu'feldz), sp. town, 
E. coast of Nicaragua. .. .pop. 8 
Blue Ridge, the S. E. range of 
the Alleghanies in Va. & N. C. 
Boac (bo-ak'). pueblo, Marin- 

duque, Phil, islands.pop. 15 

Bobruysk (ba-broo'y’sk). town, 
Minsk govt., Russia, on Berezina 

river .pop. 35 

Bocholt (bok'olt). mfg. tow ? n. 
Westphalia prov., Prussia, on Aa 

river .pop. 21 

Bochum (bok'oom), mfg. & min. 
town, Westphalia prov., Prussia. 

pop. 66 

Bogota (bo-go-tii'). city, cap of 
Colombia, S. America. . .pop. 120 
Bohemia (bo-he'mi-a), prov. 
Austria-Hungary. 20.057 sq. m.; 
cap. Prague .pop. 6,318 


Hite, m&r. m&sk, cat, awl: he, her. let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot: moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, th? n. 




































Boi 


1011 


Bra 


Bois le Due (bwaleduk'), town 
& comm., cap. of N. Brabant, 

Netherlands .pop. 31 

Bokhara (bo-ka'ra), a khan¬ 
ate, cen. Asia, a dependency of 

Russia .pop. 1,250 

Bokhara, city, cap. of the khan¬ 
ate of Bokhara, Asia. ...pop. 100 
Bolbec fbol-bek'), town, dept. 

Seine-Inferieure, France..pop. 12 
Bolivia (bo-liv'i-a), S. Am. re¬ 
pub., 734,390 sq. m. ; cap. La 

Paz.pop. 1,789 

Bolkhov (bal-kof 7 .), town, Orel 
govt., Russia, 30 m. N of Orel. 

pop. 27 

Bologna (bo-lon'ya), city, cap. 
of prov. Emilia, Italy... .pop. 152 
Bombay (born-ba'), sp. city on 
Bombay island, cap. of Bombay. 

pop. 771 

Bom Fim (bong feng'), town, 
Minas Geraes, Brazil. .. .pop. 15 
Bona (bo'na), French Bone 
(bon), sp. town, Constantine, 

dept. Algeria, Africa.pop. 34 

Bondeno (bon-da'no), town, Fer¬ 
rara prov., Italy .pop. 16 

Bonham (bon'am), town, c. s. 

of Fannin co., Texas.pop. 5 

Bonn (bon), town, Prussia, on 
Rhine riv., 16 m. S S TO of 

Cologne University .pop. 51 

Bonny (bon'ni), sp. on Bonny 
riv., Niger delta, W. Africa. 

pop. 20 

Boone (boon), city, c. s. of 

Boone co., Ia.pop. 9 

Bootle (boo'tl), bor., Lancashire, 

England .pop. 59 

Bordeaux (bor-do'), city & sp. 
on Garonne riv., cap. of dept 

Gironde, France .pop. 257 

Borgerhout (bor'ger-hout), 
town, Belgium, E. suburb of Ant¬ 
werp .pop. 37 

Borisoglyebsk (ba-re-sa- 
glyepsk'), town, Tambov govt., 

Russia in Europe.pop. 18 

Borisov (ba-re'sof), town, Minsk 
govt., Russia in Europe, oji Bere¬ 
zina river..pop. 18 

Borneo (bor'ne-o). isl., in Malay 
archipelago, 2S9,879 sq. m. 

pop. 1,731 

Bosnia (boz'ni-a), part of prov¬ 
ince of Bosnia & Herzegovina. 
Austria, formerly Turkey; 16.181 
sq. m.*.pop. 1,349 


Bosporus (bos'po-rus) or Strait 
of Constantinople, about 20 
m. long; connects Black and 
Marmora seas. 

Boston (bos'tun; 115), mfg. & 
cml. sp. city, cap. of Mass., & 

c. s. or Suffolk co.pop. 561 

Boston, bor., Lincolnshire, Eng¬ 
land, sp. on SVitham river..p. 16 
Botosani or Botuschani (bo- 
to-shan'y), cml. town, cap. of 
Botosani dist., Moldavia, Rou- 

mania .pop* 32 

Bougie (boo-zhe' or boo'je), sp. 
town, Constantine dept., Algeria. 

pop. 15 

Boulogne (boo-lon'), sp. city, Pas 

de Calais dept., Fr.pop. 49 

Boulogne, town, dept. Seine, Fr., 

suburb of Paris .pop. 44 

Bourg - en - Bresse (boor-kang- 
bres'), town, cap. of dept. Ain, 

France .pop. 19 

Bourges (boorzh), city, cap. of 

dept. Cher, France.pop. 46 

Bowling Green (boding), city, 

Warren co., Ky.pop. 8 

Bowling Green, town, c. s. of 

Wood co., O.pop. 5 

Bozen (bo'tsen), town, Tirol, 
Austria, 33 m. N N E of Trent. 

pop. 14 

Bra (bra), cml. town, Cuneo 
prov., Piedmont, Italy... .pop. 16 
Braddock (brad'duk), bor., Alle¬ 
gheny co., Pa.; Braddock’s de¬ 
feat, 1775 .pop. 16 

Bradford (brad'ferd), city. Mc¬ 
Kean co.. Pa.pop. 15 

Bradford, mfg. bor., Yorkshire, 
England, 8 m. W of Leeds.p. 280 
Braganca (bra-giin'sa), town, 
Sao Paulo state, Brazil..pop. 10 
Braganca, sp. town, Para state, 
Brazil, about 100 m. N E of 

Para .pop. 17 

Brahmaputra (bra-ma-poo'tra), 
sacred riv.. Tibet & India, about 
1,800 m. long. 

Braila (bra-e'la), cml. port in 

dist of same name. Great Walla- 
chia, Roumania, on Danube riv. 

pop. 58 

Brainerd (bra'nerd), city, c. s. 

of Crow Wing co., Minn..pop. 8 
Braintree (bran'tre), town, 

Norfolk co., Mass.pop. 6 

Brantford (brant'ferd), town, 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 



































Bra 


1012 


Bro 


c. s., of Brant co., Ontario, Can., 

on Grand river .pop. 17 

Bratslav (brats-laf'), town, Po- 
dolia, Russia in Europe, on Bug 

river .pop. 1U 

Brattleboro ( brat'tl - bur - ro), 
town & vil., Windham co., Vt. 

pop. 12 

Braunsberg (brouns'berg), 
town, E. Prussia prov., Prussia. 

pop. 12 

Brazil (bra-zil'), city, Clay co., 

I ml.pop. 8 

Brazil (bra-zil'), The United 
States of, federal republic, South 
America, 3,219,003 sq. m.; cap. 

Rio Janeiro .pop. 21,585 

Brazos (bra'zos), riv. of Tex., 
over 900 m. long, nav. 250 m., 
flows into Gulf of Mexico. 

Breda (bra-da'), town & comm., 
N. Brabant prov., Neth., on Mark 

river.comm. pop. 26 

Bremen (bra'men), port & free 
city, on Weser riv., Ger.pop. 163 
Bremerhaven (brem'er-ha-vn), 
sp. city at mouth of Weser riv., 
Germany; belongs to State of 

Bremen .pop. 20 

Brenham (bren'am), city, c. s. 

of Washington co., Texas.pop. 6 
Brentford (brent'ferd), town, 
Middlesex co., England, on 

Thames river .pop. 15 

Brescia (bra'she-a), city, cap. 
of Brescia prov., Lombardy, Italy 

pop. 71 

Breslau (bres'lou), cml. city, 
cap. of Silesia prov., Prussia. 

pop. 423 

Brest (brest), sp. & fortified city, 
dept. Finistere, France ..pop. 82 
Brest Litovsk (brest' lye-tofsk'), 
town, Grodno govt., Poland, Rus¬ 
sia .pop. 47 

Breves (bra'vash), town, Para 
state, Brazil, on Marajo island. 

pop. 17 

Brewer, city, Penobscot co., 

Maine .pop. 5 

Bridgeport (brij'port), coexten¬ 
sive town & city, one of the 
c. s. of Fairfield co., Conn..p. 71 
Bridgeton (brij'tun), city, Cum¬ 
berland co., N. J.pop. 14 

Bridgetown, cml. city, cap. of 
isl. of Barbados, W. Indies.p. 21 
Brieg (breg), town, Silesia, Prus¬ 
sia, on Oder river.pop. 24 


Brierley Hill (bri'er-li), mfg. 
town, Staffordshire, England. 

pop. 12 

Brighton (bri'tun), bor., Sussex 
co., England, on English chan¬ 
nel .pop. 123 

Brighton, town, Victoria, Aus¬ 
tralia, suburb of Melbourne & 

watering place.pop. 10 

Brindaban (brin'da-bun), 
town, Muttra dist., on Jumna 

riv., Brit. India .pop. 32 

Brindisi (bren'de-ze), anc. 
Brundu'sium. city & sp., Leece 

prov., Italy .pop. 25 

Brisbane (briz'ban), sp., cap. of 
Queensland, Australia ...pop. 29 
Brisghella (bre-ze-gel'la), town, 
Ravenna prov., Italy ....pop. 14 
Bristol (bris'tul), cml. city on 

Avon riv., England.pop. 329 

Bristol, city in Washington co., 
Va., practically one place with 

Bristol, Tenn. .pop. 5 

Bristol, town, Sullivan co., Tenn. 

pop. 5 

Bristol, sp. city, c. s. of Bristol 

co., R. I.pop. 7 

Bristol, bor., Hartford co., Conn. 

pop. 6 

Bristol, bor., Bucks co., Pa.pop. 7 
British America, the British 

possessions in America, N of 
U. S. A. 

British Columbia, prov.. Can., 

on Pac., 383,000 sq. m.; cap. 

Victoria .pop. 177 

British Bast Africa, ter. E. 
Africa, N of German E. Africa 
& W of Jub riv., including East 
Africa Protectorate, Uganda Pro¬ 
tectorate, and the isls. of Zanzi¬ 
bar & Pemba, over 1,000,000 
sq. m. 

British Guiana (ge-a'na), ter. 

N S. Am., 95,160 sq. m.; cap. 

Georgetown.pop. 295 

British Honduras (hon-du'- 
ras), colony, Cen. Am., 7,562 sq. 

m.; cap. Belize.pop. 37 

British India (in'di-a), Brit, 
crown colony; all of India but 
native states, & Fr. & Port, ters., 
9S5,002 sq. m.; cap. Calcutta. 

pop. 231,085 

Broach (broch), cml. town, cap. ' 
of Broach dist.,* Bombay presi¬ 
dency, India .pop. 40 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin; vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






























Bro 


1013 


Bur 


Brockton (brok'tun), mfg. city, 

Plymouth co., Mass.pop. 40 

Brockville (brok'vil), port & 
town, Ontario. Canada, on St. 

Lawrence river.pop. 9 

Brody (bro'di), frontier town, E. 

Galicia, Austria .pop. 17 

Broken Hill, min. city, W. New 
South Wales, Australia ..pop. 28 
Bromberg (brom'berg), town, 
cap. of Promberg dist., Posen 

prov., Prussia.pop. 52 

Bronte (bron'ta), town, Catania 
prov., Sicily. Italy, W foot of 

Mt. Etna .pop. 20 

Brookfield, city, Linn co., Mo. 

. Pop. 1:l i 

Brookline (Hn), town, Norfolk 
co., Mass., adjoining Boston.p. 20 
Brooklyn (lin), bor. & sp. W 
end of Long Island part of New 

York City .pop. 1.167 

Brownhills (broun'hilz), town, 
Staffordshire, England.. .pop. 15 
Brownsville, city & sp., c. s. of 

Cameron co., Tex.pop. 6 

Brozzi (brot'se), comm. & town, 
Italy, 6 m. W of Florence, on 

Arno river .pop. 11 

Brucksal (brook'zal), town, 
grand duchy of Baden, Germany. 

pop. 14 

Bruges (bru'jez, Fr. pron. bruzh), 
city, cap. of West Flanders prov., 

Belgium .pop. 53 

Brunn (brun), mfg: city, cap. of 
Moravia, Austria, 70 m. N N E 

.of Vienna.pop. 109 

Brunswick (brunz'wik), city, 
cap. of Brunswick duchy, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 128 

Brunswick (brunz'wik), city. 

sp. & c. s. of Glynn co., Ga. .p. 9 
Brunswick, town & vil., Cumber¬ 
land co.. Me.pop. 9 

Brunswick, town. Victoria, Aus¬ 
tralia, suburb of Melbourne.p. 24 
Brusa (brbo'sa), city, cap. of 
Brusa vilayet, N. W. Asia Minor. 

pop. 76 

Brussels (brus'selz), city, cap. of 
Belgium & of Brabant prov., on 
Senne riv..pop. with suburbs 562 
Brux (briiks), town, Bohemia. 

Austria-Hungary .pop. 22 

Bryansk (bryansk), town. Orel 
govt., Russia, on Desna river. 

pop. 20 


B ^ z ,® zany (bzhe-zha'ni), town, 
Galicia prov., Austria. . .pop. 11 
Bucaramanga (boo-ka-ra-man'- 
ga), town, cap. of Santander, 

Colombia, S. Amer.pop. 22 

Budapest (boo'da-pest), city, 
cap. of Hungary, formed in 1873 
& 1Jest > ou opposite banks 
ot the Danube.pop. 732 

Budaun (boo-da-oon'), city, cap. 
of Budaun dist., N. W. Provs., 

British India.poo. 35 

Budweis (bobt'vis), chief town 
of S. Bohemia, on Moldau river. 

pop. 39 

Buenos Aires (bo'nus a'riz), 
chief prov. of Argentina, S. 
America, 117,807 sq. m.; cap. La 

Plata .pop. 1,140 

Buenos Aires, dist. & city, cap. 
of Argentina, on Plata riv. ; dist. 

<2 sq m. ...city pop. 836 

Buffalo, city, c. s. of Erie co., 
N. Y., port on Lake Erie.p. 352 
Buga (boo'ga), town, Cauca 
dept., Colombian s. America..p. 13 
Bugason (boo-ga-son'), pueblo, 
coast of Antique prov., Panay, 

Phil, islands.pop. 14 

Bugulma (boo-gool'ma), town, 
Samara govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 12 

Buguruslan (boo-goo-roos-lan'), 
town, Samara govt., Russia. 

pop. 21 

Bujalance (boo - ha - lan' tha), 
town, Cordoba prov., Spain.p. IQ 
Bukarest (boo-ka-rest'), cmh 
city, cap. of Roumania, on Dam- 

bocita river .pop. 282 

Bulgaria (bool-ga'ri-a), princi¬ 
pality, S. E. Europe, 24,512 sq. 
m., pop. 2,641; incorporated with 
Eastern Roumelia, joint area, 
36,952 sq. m.; cap. Sofia. 

pop. 3.733 

Bulsar (bool'sar or siir). town, 
Surat dist., Bombay, British In¬ 
dia .pop. 13 

Bundi (boon'de), city, cap. of 
Bundi state, Bengal, India..p. 21 
Bunzlau tboonts'lou), town, 
Silesia prov.. Prussia ....pop. 15 
Burauen (boo-rou'an). pueblo, 
N. cen. Leyte. Phil, islands.p. 21 
Burg tboorg), town, Saxony 
prov.. Prussia, 14 m. N E of 
Magdeburg .pop. 22 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let : line, tin : vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 



































Bur 


1014 


Cal 


Burlington (bur'ling-tun), city, 
c. s. of Des Moines co., Iowa. 

pop. 23 

Burlington, city, Burlington co., 

N. J., on Del. riv.pop. 7 

Burlington, city, c. s. of Chitten¬ 
den co., Vt...pop. 19 

Burma (bur'ma), country, S. E. 

Asia, under govt, of Brit. India ; 
(with native states) 231,211 sq. 

..pop. 10,450 

Burnley (burn'le), mfg. bor., 
Lancashire, England, 22 m. N of 

Manchester .pop. 97 

Burrillville (bur'ril-vil), mfg. 

town, Providence co., R. I..pop. 6 
Burslem (burs'lem), bor., Staf¬ 
fordshire, England; earthenware. 

pop. 39 

Burton upon Trent (bur'tun), 
bor., Staffordshire and Derby¬ 
shire, England.pop. 50 


Bury (ber'i), mfg. bor., Lanca¬ 
shire, England....pop. 58 

Bury St. Edmunds, bor., Suf¬ 
folk co., England.pop. 16 

Bushire (boo-sher'), sp., Persian 

gulf, Persia .pop. 20 

Busto Arsizio (bbos'to iir-sed- 
ze'b), town, Milan prov., Lom¬ 
bardy, Italy.pop. 20 

Butler, town, c. s. of Butler co., 

W. Pa.pop. 11 

Butte (but), city, c. s. of Silver- 

bow co., Mont.pop. 30 

Buzau (boo'ze-oo), city, cap. of 

Buzau dist.. Great Wallachia, 

Roumania.pop. 22 

Buzuluk (boo-zoo-look'), town. 
Samara govt., Russia ....pop. 19 
Byelgorod (byel'go-rot), town, 
Kursk govt., Russia, on Donets 
river .pop. 23 


Cabatuan (ka-va-to5'an), pueblo, 
cen. Iloilo prov., Panay, Phil. 

islands .pop. 18 

Cabra (ka'bra), town, Cordoba 

prov., Spain.pop. 13 

Cacheo (ka-sha'6), sp., Port. 
Guinea, Africa, on Cacheo river. 

pop. 15 

Cadiz (ka'diz), city & sp., cap. of 
Cadiz prov., S. W. Spain..pop. 70 
Caen (kang), city & port, dept. 
Calvados, France, on Orne river. 

pop. 45 

Caerphilly (kar-fil'li), town. 

Glamorganshire, Wales . .pop. 16 
Caetete (ka-a-ta-ta'), town 

Bahia state, Brazil.pop. 40 

Cagliari (kal'ya-re), city, cap. 
of Cagliari prov., Sardinia isl., 

Italy .pop. 54 

Cagsaua (kag-sou'a), pueblo, 
Albay prov., Luzon, Phil, islands. 

pop. 20 

Cahors (ka-or'), mfg. town, cap. 
of dept. Lot, France, 60 m. N of 


Toulouse .pop. 14 

Cairo (ka'ro), city, Alexander 
co., Ill.pop. 13 


C- 

Cairo, city, cap. of Egypt, near 

rt. bank of Nile riv.pop. 570 

Calais (kal'is), city, Washington 
co., Me., on St. Croix riv...pop. 8 
Calais (ka-la'), town, Pas de Ca¬ 
lais, France,'on Straits of Dover. 

pop. 60 

Calasiao (ka-la-se-a'o), pueblo, 
Pangasinan prov., Luzon, Phil. 

islands.pop. 14 

Calatafimi (ka-la-ta-fe'- 
me), town, Trapani prov., Sicily, 

Italy .pop. ll 

Calatayud (ka-la-ta-yooth'), 
town, Saragossa prov., Spain, on 

Jalou river.pop. 11 

Calatrava (ka-la-tr&'va), pueblo, 
Negros Occidental prov., Negros, 

Phil, islands .. . .. .pop. 13 

Calbayog (kal-ba'yog). pueblo, 
on W. coast Samar isl., Phil. isls. 

pop. 30 

Calcutta (kal-kut'ta), city, cap. 
of Bengal & of British India, on 

Hugli river .pop. 1,122 

Calgary (kal'ga-ri), town, cap. of 
Alberta dist., Can., on Bow river. 

pop. 4 


late, mar, m5sk, cat, awl; he. her, let: line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 




































Cal 


1015 


Can 


Cali (ka'le), town, Cauca dept., 
Colombia, 8. America . . . .pop. 10 
Calicut (kal'i-kut), sp., Malabar 
dist., Madras presidency, British 

India .pop. 70 

California (kal-i-for'ni-a), state, 
W U. S., 158,300 sq. m., cap. 

Sacramento .pop. 1,485 

California, Lower, ter., Mexico, 
a peninsula between Pacific ocean 
<& Gulf of Cal., 58,343 sq. m.; cap. 

La Paz .pop. 47 

Callao (kal-la'o), town, chief sea¬ 
port of Peru .pop. 30 

Callean, Le (le ka-la-ang'), 
town, dept. Nord, France ..p. 10 
Caltanissetta (kal-ta-nes-set'ta), 
city, cap. of Caltanissetta prov., 
S. cen. Sicily, Italy; mineral 
springs & sulphur works, .pop. 43 
Calumpit (ka-loom-pit'), pueblo, 
Bulacan prov., Luzon, Phil, isl¬ 
ands .pop. 15 


Camajore (ka-ma-yo'ra), town, 

Lucca prov., Italy .pop. 19 

Camalig (ka-ma'Iig), pueblo, 
Albay prov., Luzon, Phil, islands. 

pop. 15 

Cambay (kam-ba'). city, cap. of 
state of same name, Gujarat, 

India .pop. 31 

Cambodia (kam-bo'di-a), king¬ 
dom, Indo China, 40,530 sq. m. ; 
cap. Pnum Penh; a French de¬ 
pendency .pop. 1,500 

Camborne (kam'born), min. 

town, Cornwall co., Eng..pop. 15 
Cambrai (kong-bra'), ft. city 

dept. Nord, France.pop. 27 

Cambridge (kam'brij), town. 

c. s. of Dorchester co., Md.pop. 6 
Cambridge, city, c. s. Middlesex 
co., Mass.; seat of Harvard Uni¬ 
versity .pop. 92 

Cambridge, city, c. s. of Guern¬ 
sey co., O.pop. 8 

Cambridge, bor., c. s. of Cam¬ 
bridgeshire, Eng.; seat of Cam¬ 
bridge University .pop. 38 

Camden, city, c. s. of Camden co., 
N. J.; a port on Delaware riv. 

pop. 76 

Camerino (ka-ma-re'no), town, 
Macerata prov., Italy... .pop. 13 
Cameta (ka-ma-ta'), town, Para 
state, Brazil, on Tocantins river. 

pop. 22 


Camiling (ka-me-ling'), pueblo, 
Tarlac prov., Luzon, Phil, islands. 

pop. 23 

Campeche (kam-pa'chA), city, 
cap. of state, Mexico... .pop. 17 

Cam pin a Grande (kan-pe'na 
gran'de), town, Paraliiba, Brazil. 

pop. 16 

Campinas (kan-pe'nasli), town, 
Sao Paulo state, Brazil.. .pop. 16 

Campobello di Licata (kam-po- 
bel'lo de le-ka'ta), town, Gir- 
genti prov., Sicily.pop. 12 

Campo Largo (kang'poo lar'- 
goo), town, Bahia state, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 31 

Campos (kiing'poosh), city. Rio 
de Janeiro state, Brazil . .pop. 20 

Canaan (ka'nan), the Scripture 
name of the Promised Land of 
the Israelites. 

Canada, The Dominion of 

(kan'a-da), confederacy of the 
greater part of the British pos¬ 
sessions in N. America, 3,653.946 
sq. m.; cap. Ottawa. . .pop. 5,370 

Canadian River, 900 m. long, 
Rocky mts., N. M., to Arkansas 
riv., Ind Ter. 

Canal Dover (do'ver), vil., Tus¬ 
carawas co., Ohio.pop. 5 

Canandaigua (kan-an-da'gwa), 
vil., c. s. of Ontario co., N. Y. 

pop. 5 

Canandaigua Lake, Yates & 
Ontario cos., N. Y.. 15 m. long. 

Canary Islands, group of mt. 
isls. in Atl. ocean, off N. W. coast 
of Africa, a prov. of Spain, 2.808 


i sq. m.; cap. Santa Cruz de Tene_; 

i rife .pop. 335 

Candela (kan-dA'la), comm., 
Foggia prov., Italy, 22 m. S of 

Foggia city .pop. 7 

Candon (kan-don'), pueblo, 


Uocos Sur prov., Luzon, Phil. 

islands .pop. 16 

Canicatti (ka-ne-kat'te), town, 
Girgenti prov., Sicily, Italy.p. 25 
Cannanore (kan-na-nor'), or 
Kan an nr (noor), sp. town, 
Malabar coast, India ....pop. 27 
Cannes (kan), towm, dept. 
Alpes - Maritimes, France, on 

Medit. sea .pop.' 30 

Cannock (kan'nuk), coal min. 
j town, Staffordshire, England.. 

pop. 24 

Cannstatt (kan'stat), town, 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; v5te, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





























Can 


1010 


Cas 


Wurttemberg, Germany, on 

Neckar riv...pop. 20 

Canosa di Puglia (ka-no'sa de 
pool'ya), town, Bari prov., Italy. 

pop. 24 

Canterbury (kan'ter-ber-i), _city 
& bor., Kent co., England, 55 in. 
E S E of London pop. 25 

Canton (kan'tun), city, Eulton 

co., Ill.pop. 7 

Canton, town, Norfolk co., Mass. 

pop. 5 

Canton, vib, c. s. of St. Law¬ 
rence co., N. Y.pop. 3 

Canton, city, c. s. of Stark co., O. 

pop. 31 

Canton (can-ton'), cml. city, 
prov. Kwangtung, China, on Can¬ 
ton riv.pop. 1,800 

Capannori (ka-pan'no-re), 

comm., Lucca prov., Italy . .p. 4S 
Cape Breton (brit'un or bret'- 
un), isl., N E of Nova Scotia, 

3,120 sq. m.pop. 98 

Cape Coast Castle, town, Gold 
Coast Colony. British W. Africa. 

pop. 12 

Cape Colony, most S. part of 
Africa, 292,211 sq. m., cap. Cape 

Town; British .pop. 2,266* 

Cape Haitien (hfi'te-en), cml. 

sp. town, N coast Haiti . .pop. 29 
Cape May, city. Cape May co., 
N. J., near Cape May; a water¬ 
ing place .pop. 2 

Cape Town, sp. city. cap. of 
Cape Colony. S. Af., 30 m. N of 

Cape of Good Hope.pop. 51 

Cape Verde Islands fverd), in 
Atlantic ocean, about 320 m. W 
of Cape Verde; 1,487 sq. m.; be¬ 
long to Portugal.pop. 114 

Capodistria (ka-po-des'tre-a), 

sp. town, on Gulf of Trieste. 

Austria .pop. 11 

Capua (kap'u-a), fortified town. 

Caserta prov., Italy.pop. 14 

Caravaca (ka-ra-va'ka), town, 

Murcia prov., Spain.pop. 15 

Carbondale (kar'bon-dal), city. 

Jackson co.. Ill..pop. 3 

Carbondale, min. city, Lacka¬ 
wanna co.. Pa.pop. 14 

Carcagente (kar-ka-han'ta), 
town, Valencia prov., Spain. 

pop. 13 

Carcassonne (kiir-ka-sun'), mfg. 
city, cap. of dept. Aude, on 
Vude riv., France.pop. 31 


Carcar (kar'kar), pueblo, Cebu 

isl., Phil, islands.pop. 30 

Cardenas (kar'dil-nas), dist. & 
city, Matanzas, Cuba ....pop. 47 
Cardiff (kar'dif), bor. & sp., cap. 
of Glamorganshire, Wales. 

pop. 164 

Caribbean Sea (kar-ib-be'an), 
Atl. oc., between \V. Indies & 
Cen. America. 

Carigara (ka-re-ga'ra), pueblo, 
N. coast of Leyte, Phil, islands. 

pop. 14 

Carini (kii-re'ne), town, Palermo 

prov., Sicily.pop. 14 

Carlisle (kar-lil'), bor., c. s. of 

Cumberland co.. Pa.pop. 10 

Carlisle, mfg. city & bor., c. s. of 
Cumberland co., England...p. 45 
Carinagnola (kar - ma - nyo' la), 
cml. town, Turin prov., Italy, on 

Po river .pop. 12 

Carmarthen (kar - mar' then), 
bor., c. s. of Carmarthenshire, 
Wales; a sp. on Towy river.p. 10 
Carmaux (kar-mo'), coal min. 

town, dept. Tarn, France..p. 10 
Carmona (kar-mo'na), mfg. city, 

Seville prov., Spain.pop. 20 

Carnegie (kiir-neg'i), bor., Alle¬ 
gheny co., Pa.pop. 7 

Caroline Islands, archipelago 
in N. Pacific belonging to Ger¬ 
many, 560 sq. m.pop. 39 

Carpathian Mountains (kar- 
pa'thi-an), mt. range, Hungary, 
S00 m. long. 

Carpentras (kar-nan-tras'), city, 
dept. Vaucluse, France .. .pop. 11 
Carpi (kiir'pe), comm., Modena 

prov., Italy .pop. 23 

Carrara (kar-ra'ra). city, Massa 
e Carrara prov., Italy; statuary 

marble .pop. 42 

Cartagena (kar-ta-je'na), city & 
naval arsenal, Murcia prov., 

Spain .pop. 86 

Cartagena, sp., cap. of Bolivar. 

Colombia, S. A.pop. 23 

Carthage (kar'thaj), city, c. s. 

of Jasper co.. Mo.pop. 9 

Carthage, anc. cap. of country 
of Carthage. N. Africa. 

C a s a 1 e Monferrato (ka-sal' 
mon-fer-ra'to). town, Alessan¬ 
dria prov., Italy, on Po river. 

pop. 32 

Casalmaggiore (mad - jo'ra), 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; m5on, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


































Cas 


1017 


Ccn 


mfg. comm., on Po riv., Cremona 

prov., Italy .pop. 6 

Cascade Range (kas-kad'), mts., 
Ore. & Wash.; highest peak, Mt. 
Rainier, Wash., 14,526 ft. 
Cascina (ka'she-na), comm., Tisa 

prov., Italy .pop. 26 

Caserta (ka-ser'ta). city. cap. of 
Caserta prov., Italy, on Mediterra¬ 
nean sea .pop. 33 

Casoria (ka-so're-a), town. 

Naples prov., Italy.pop. 13 

Caspian Sea (kas'pi-an), inland 
salt lake between Europe & Asia, 
760 m. long, 270 m. wide, 169,381 
sq. m.; about 85 ft. below sea 
level. 

Castellammare del Golfo 

(kas-tel-lam-ma'ra del gol'fo), 
cml. sp., Trapani prov., Sicily. 

pop. 20 

Castellammare di S t a b i a 

(de sta'be-a), mfg. city & sp., 
Bay of Naples, Italy ... .pop. 33 
Castellaneta (kas-tel-la-mVta), 
town, Lecce prov., Italy, .pop. 11 

Castello, Citta di (chet-ta/ de 
kas-tel'lo), town, Perugia prov., 

Italy, on Tiber.pop. 26 

Castellon de la Plana (kas-tel- 
yon' da la pla'na), a mfg. city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, Spain. 

pop. 31 

Castelvetrano (va-tra'no), 
town, Trapani prov., Sicily. Italy. 

pop. 24 

Castile (kas-tel'), former king¬ 
dom. cen. Spain. 

Castleford (kas’l'ferd), par. & 
town. West Riding, Yorkshire, 

England .pop. 17 

Castres (kas'tr), cml. & mfg. 
town, dept. Tarn, on Agout riv^ 

France .pop. 27 

Castro del Rio (kas'tro del 
re'o), cml. & mfg. town, Cordoba 

prov., Spain .pop. 11 

Castrogiovanni (kas-tro-jo-v&n'- 
ne). town. Caltanissetta prov., 

Sicily, Italy .pop. 26 

Catania (ka-ta'n£-a). mfg. & 
cml. city. cap. Catania prov., E. 

Sicily, Italy .pop. 149 

Catawba (ka-taw'ba), riv., 
about 300 m. long, rises in Blue 
Ridge mts., N. C., and is called 
Wateree in S. C. 

Cateau Cambresis (ka-td' kang- 


bra-ze'), mfg. town, dept. Nord, 

France .pop. 10 

Catskill (kats'kil), tp. & vil.. 
c. s. of Greene co., N. Y.. .pop. 14 
Catskill Mountains, group of 
Appalachian system, Greene & 
Ulster cos., N. Y.: highest peak, 
Slide Mountain, 4,205 ft. 
Cancasns (kaw'ka-sus), mts., 
between Black & Caspian seas, 
Russia. 700 m. long f highest 
point, Mt. Elbruz, about IS,470 ft. 
Cava dei Tirreni (ka'va da/e 
ter-ra'pe), mfg. town, Salerno 

prov., Italy .pop. 24 

Cavite (ka-ve'ta), city & ft. sp., 
cap. of Cavite prov., Luzon, Phil¬ 
ippine isls.pop. 6 

Cawnpnr (kawn-poor'), cml. & 
mfg. city, N. W. provinces, In¬ 
dia, on Ganges river . . . .pop. 197 
Caxias (ka-she-iis'), town, Ma- 

ranhao state, Brazil.pop. 25 

Cayenne (ka-en' or kl-en'), town, 
on Cayenne isl., cap. of Fr. 

Guiana, S. America.pop. 12 

Cayuga Lake (ka-yoo'ga), nav. 
lake, about 40 m. long, bet. Ca¬ 
yuga & Seneca cos., N. Y. 

Cebu or Tebu (tha-boo'), city, 
cap. of isl. & prov., on E. coast 

Philippines .pop. 35 

Cedar Falls, city, Blackhawk co.. 

Iowa .pop. 5 

Cedar Rapids, mfg. city, Linn 

co., Iowa .pop. 26 

Cefalu (cha-fa-lob'), sp. town, 
Palermo prov., Sicily, Italy. 

pop. 13 

Ceglie Messapica (chal'yS. mes- 
sa-pe'ka), town, Lecce prov.. 

Italy .pop. 17 

Celaya (sa-lii'va). mfg. town, 
Guanajuato state. Mexico..n. 21 
Celle ttsel'le), mfg. town. Han¬ 
over, Prussia, on Aller river. 

pop. 20 

Cenis, Mont (mong se-ne'), 
famous pass. 6.835 ft. high, 
French & Italian Alps; railway 
tunnel, 7 1 /o m. long, under Col de 
F re jus. 

Cento ('chan'to), comm., Ferrara 
nrov., Italy, 16 m. N N W of 

Bologna .pon. 19 

Central Falls, mfg. citv. Provi¬ 
dence co., R. I. on Blackstone 
river .pop. 18 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. h§r. let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook: mute, nut: thin, the n. 






























Cen 


1018 


Cha 


Centralia (sen-tra'li-a), city, 
Marion & Clinton cos., Ul...p. 7 
Ceram (se-ram'), isl., Malay 
arch., W of New Guinea, 7,000 

sq. m.pop. 100 

Cerignola (cha-re-nyo'la), town, 

Foggia prov., Italy .pop. 34 

Cervantes (thar-van'tiis), pueb¬ 
lo, Lepanto prov., Luzon, Phil. 

islands .pop. 16 j 

Cesena • (cha-zS/na), town, Forli 
prov., Italy, on Savio river.p. 42 
Cette (set), cml. town, dept. 
Herault, France, on Mediterra¬ 
nean sea .pop. 33 

Ceuta (su'ta), Sp. spt. town, 
Morocco, Africa, op. Gibraltar. 

pop. 11 

Cevennes (sa-ven'), mts. S. 

France ; highest point, Mt. 
Mezenc, 5,753 ft. high. 

Ceylon (se-lon'), isl., Indian 
ocean, a British colony, 25,333 
sq. m.; cap. Colombo.. pop. 3,577 
Chalons-sur-Marne (shii-long'- 
sur-marn), mfg. city, cap. of 
dept. Marne, France ....pop. 27 
Chalons-sur-Saone (sur-son),| 

mfg. & cml. town, dept. Saone-et- 

Loire, France .pop. 29 

Chambersburg (cham'bers- 
burg), bor., c. s. of Franklin co., 

Pa.pop. 9 

Chambery (shang-ba-rS'), mfg. j 
& cml. city, cap. dept. Savoie, 

France .pop. 22 

Chamonix (sha-mo'ne). or 
Cbamonni (sha-mdo-ne'), noted 
valley, about 14 m. long, 1 to 2 y 2 ■ 
broad, France, N of Mt. Blanc. 
Champaign (sham-pan'), city. 

Champaign co.. Ill.pon. 9 

Champlain, Lake (plan). 125m. 
long, bet. N. Y. & Vt. 
Chandarnagar (chun'der-nng'- 
er). French colonial town, India. 

on Hugli river.pop. 23 ! 

Chandausi (chun-dou'se), town,! 
Moradabad dist., N. W. provs.. ' 

India . .pop. 28 

Changchan (chang'chou), mfg. 
city, Fukien prov.. China..p. 500 
Changhua (hwa'). town, W. 

coast Formosa isl., Japan..p. 60 
Chantenay (shang-te-na'), mfg. 
town,' dept. Loire-Inferieure, Fr.. 

on Loire river.nop. 15 

Chantabon (shan-ta-bun'), cml. 
town. Siam .pop. 30 


Chantilly (sliang-te-ye'), mfg. 
town, dept. Oise, France; cele¬ 
brated for lace & magnificent 

chateau .pop. 4 

Chapra (cha-pra'), cml. town, 
Patna div., Bengal prov., India. 

pop. 45 

Charleroi (shar - le - roi'), b o r. 

Washington co.. Pa.pop. 6 

Charleroi (shar-le-rwSL'), min. & 
mfg. town, Hainaut prov., Bel¬ 
gium .pop. 25 

Charleston (chstrlz'tun), cml. 
city, & sp., c. s. of Charleston co.. 

S'. C.pop. 56 

Charleston, city, c. s. of Coles 

co., Ill.pop. 5 

Charleston, city, c. s. of Kana¬ 
wha co. & cap. of West Va. .p. 11 
Charlestown (charlz'toun), a 
part of Boston, Mass.; navy yard. 
Charleville (shar-le-vel'), cml. 
town, dept. Ardennes, France, on 

Meuse river .pop. 19 

Charlotte (shar'lot), mfg. city, 
c. s. of Mecklenburg co., N. C. 

pop. 18 

Charlottenburg (shar-lot'ten- 
boorg), mfg. town, Brandenburg 

prov., Prussia .pop. 189 

Charlottetown, town, c. s. of 
Queens co. & cap. of Prince Ed¬ 
ward isl., Canada .pop. 12 

Chartres (shiir'tr), mfg. & cml. 
city, cap. of dept. Eure-et-Loir, 
France; famous cathedral, .p. 23 
Chateauroux (sha-to-roo'), mfg. 
A cml. town, cap. of dept. Indre, 

France .pop. 25 

Chatelineau (sha-te-le-no'), 
town. Hainaut prov., Belgium. 

pop. 11 

Chatellerault (sha-tel-ro'). mfg. 
& cml. town, dept. Vienne, 
France, on Vienne river . .pop. 21 
Chatham (chat'am), bor., Eng¬ 
land, on Medway riv., 30 m. E S 

E of London .pop. 41 

Chatham, town & port of entry, 
Northumberland co.. New Bruns¬ 
wick, Can., on Miramichi riv. 

pop. 5 

Chatham, town. c. s. of Kent co., 
Ontario. Canada, on Thames riv. 

pop. -9 

Chattahoochee (chat - ta - hoo'- 
che). riv., 500 m. long, rises in 
N. Georgia, flows into Apalachi¬ 
cola riv.: nav. to Columbus. 


late, mar, raAsk, cat, awl: 

cook 


he. her. let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot 
: mute, nut: thin, /7?.en. 


moon. 





































Cha 


1010 


Chi 


Chattanooga (chat-tu-noo'ga), 
mfg. city, c. s. of Hamilton co., 

Tennessee .pop. 20 

Chaumont (sho-mong'), mfg. & 
cml. town, cap. of dept. Haute- 

Marne, France .pop. 15 

Chauny (sho-ne'), town, dept. 
Aisne, France, on Oise river. 

pop. 10 

Chaus de Fonds (sho de fong'), 
mfg. town, Neuchatel canton, 

Switzerland . .. .•.pop. 36 

Cheboygan (she-boi'gan), city, 
c. s. of Cheboygan co., N. Mich. 

pop. 6 

Chelm (kelm), town, Lyublin 
govt., Poland, Russia ....pop. 12 
Chelmsford (chemz'ferd), bor., 
c. s. of Essex co., England..p. 13 
Chelsea (chel'se), bor., Middle¬ 
sex co., England, S W part of 

London .pop. 74 

Cheltenham (chelt'nam), bor., 
Gloucestershire, England, on 

Chelt river.pop. 49 

Chelyabinsk (chel - ya - bensk'), 
town, Orenburg govt., Russia. 

pop. 11 

Chemnitz (kem'nits), mfg. town, 
cap. of Chemnitz dist., Saxony 

kingdom .pop. 207 

Chenango (she-nan'go), riv., 
100 m. long, N. Y.; flows into 
Susquehanna river. 

Chengte (cheng-ta'), town, Pe- 
chili prov., China, 105 m. N E of 
Pekin; imperial palace... .pop. 40 
Cherbourg (sher'burg or shar- 
boor'), mfg. fortified sp. & naval 
arsenal, dept. Manche, France. 

pop. 43 

Cherkassy (cher-kas'si), town, 
Kiev govt., Russia, on Dnieper 

riv.pop. 30 

Chernigov (cher-nye-gof'), city, 
cap. of Chernigov govt., Russia. 

pop. 27 

Cherokee (cher-o -ke'), city, c. s. 

of Cherokee co., Ia.pop. 4 

Chertsey (ches'si or chert'si), 
town, Surrey co., England..p. 13 

Chesapeake Bay (ches'a-pek), 
200 m. long, 4 to 40 m. broad, 
Md. & Ya. 

Cheshunt (ches'hunt), town & 
par., Hertfordshire, Eng., 14 m. 


N of London .pop. 12 

Chester (ches'ter), mfg. city, 
Delaware co., Pa.pop. 34 


Chester, city & bor., c. s . of Chesh¬ 
ire, England, on Dee river. 

pop. 36 

Chesterfield, mfg. bor., Derby¬ 
shire, England .pop. 27 

Chetung (elm-tang'), cml. town, 
S. Tibet, near Brahmaputra 

(Tsanpu) river.pop. 13 

Cheyenne (slil-en'), city cap. of 
Wyoming & c. s. of Laramie co. 

pop. 4 

Chhatarpur (chut'ur-poor), 
city, cap. of state of same name, 

Bundelkhand, India.pop. 13 

C h i a r i (ke-a're), mfg. town 
Brescia prov., Italy; battlefield 

in 1701 .pop. 11 

Chicacole (chik-a-kol'), town, 
Ganjam dist., Madras presidency, 

British India .pop. 18 

Chicago (shi-kaw'go), city, Ill., 
c. s. of Cook co.; second city in 
size in U. S. A.; port on Lake 

Michigan . ...pop. 1,699 

Chicago Heights, vil.. Cook co.. 
Ilk, 27 m. S of Chicago. . . .pop. 5 
Chichester (chich'es-ter), city & 
bor., Sussex co., England.pop. 12 
Chiclana (che-kla'na), town. 

Cadiz prov., Spain .pop. 12 

Chicopee (chik'o-pe), city, 

Hampden co., Mass.pop. 19 

Chieri (ke-a're), mfg. town, Turin 

prov., Italy ..pop. 14 

Chigirin (che-ge'ren), town, 
Kiev govt., Russia, on Tyasmin 

riv.pop. 17 

Chilambaram (che-Ium'ba-rum), 
town, Madras, India; famous 

temples .pop. 19 

Chilapa (che-la'pa), town, Guer¬ 
rero, Mexico .pop. 8 

Chile (clie'la) or Chili (chil'li), 
republic, S W S. Am., 290,829 
sq. m.; cap. Santiago. .. .p. 3,410 
Chilian (chel-yan'), cml. town, 
cap. of Nuble prov., Chile, S. 

America .pop. 35 

Chim borazo (chim-bo-rfi'zo), 
mt., 20,498 ft. high, Ecuador, S. 
America. 

China (chi'na), the principal 
division of the Chinese empire, 
1,532,818 sq. m......pop. 407,734 

Chinandega (che - nan - da'ga), 
state & town, Nicaragua, Cen. 

America .town pop. 20 

Chinese Empire (chl-nez' or 
nes), country, E. Asia, consisting 


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cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 
































Chi 

'—s— 

of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, 
Sinkiang, China proper & Hainan 
isl., 4,277,992 sq. m.; cap. Pekin. 

pop. 420,444 
Chingtu (ching-too'), city, cap. 

of Szechuan prov., China..p. 800 
Chinkiang (chin-ke-ang'), cml. 

city, Kiangsu prov., China..p. 140 
Chioggia (ke-od'ja), sp. town, 
Italy, 15 m. S of Venice..pop. 31 
Chippewa Falls (chip'pe-wii), 
city, c. s. of Chippewa co., Wis., 

on Chippewa riv.pop. 8 

Chipping Wycombe (chip'ping 
wik'um), bor., Buckinghamshire, 

England ......pop. 10 

Chiquinquira (clie-ken-ke-ra'), 
town Boyaca dept., Colombia. 

pop. 21 

Chira (che'ra), city, East Turke¬ 
stan .pop. 40 

Chiswick (chiz'ik), town, Mid¬ 
dlesex co., England, on Thames 

river .pop. 30 

Chittur (chit-toor'), town, 
Cochin state, Madras, India. 

pop. 11 

Chivilcoy (che-vel-koi'), town, 
Buenos Aires prov., Argentina, S. 

America .pop. 15 

Choisy-le-Roi (shwa-ze'le-rwa'), 
mfg. town, France, on Seine riv. 

pop. 12 

Cholet (sho-la/), mfg. town, dept. 
Maine-et-Loire, France, on Maine 

riv.pop. 19 

Cholon (sho-long'), town, French 
Cochin China, 4 m. S W of Saigon. 

pop. 122 

Chorley (chor'le), min. & mfg. 
bor., Lancashire, England, on 


Chor river . .._..pop. 27 

Choshi (cho'she), sp. town, Chiba 
dist., Hondo, Japan .pop. 25 


Chungking (clioong'king'), 
treaty port, Szechuan prov., 
China, on Yangtze river..pop. 250 
Chnr (koor), town, cap. Grisons 
canton, Swit., near Upper Rhine. 

pop. 12 

Cienfuegos (se-en-fwa'gos), sp. 
city, Santa Clara prov., Cuba, on 

S. coast .pop. 30 

Cieza (the-a'tha), mfg. town, 

Murcia prov., Spain.pop. 11 

Cincinnati (sin-sin-na/ti), cml. 
& mfg. city, c. s. of Hamilton co., 

O., on Ohio river.pop. 326 

Cingoli (chen'go-le), town, 


Coa 


Macerata prov., Italy, on Musone 

river .P°P* 13 

Cintra (sen'tra), town & summer 
resort, 13 m. N W by W of Lis¬ 
bon, Portugal .pop. 5 

Circassia (ser-kash'i-a), region, 
N of Caucasus mts., in Russian 
govt, of Kuban. 

Cittanova (cheUta-no'va), town, 
Reggio di Calabria prov., Italy. 

pop. 12 

Citta Vecchia (chet-ta'vek'- 
ke-a), ft. city, cen. Malta isl., 

6 m. W of Valetta.pop. 22 

Ciudad Real (the-oo-thath' 
ra-al')» city, cap. of Ciudad Real 

prov., Spain.pop. 15 

Ciudad Victoria (se-oo-thath' 
vek-to're-S.), town, cap. Tamau- 

lipas, Mexico .pop. 15 

Civitavecchia (che've - ta - vek'- 
ke-a), sp. city, Rome prov., Italy, 
on Mediterranean sea....pop. 18 
Clarksville, cml. city, c. s. of 
Montgomery co., Tenn....pop. 9 
Clearfield, mfg. bor., c. s. of 

Clearfield co., Pa.pop. 5 

Cleburne (kle'burn), town, c. s. 

of Johnson co., Texas ....pop. 7 
Clekheaton (klek'e-tun), mfg. 
town, W. Riding, Yorkshire, Eng¬ 
land .pop. 13 

Clermont Ferrand (clar-mong' 
fa-rang'), cml. & mfg. city, cap. 
of dept. Puy-de-Dome, Fr... p. 53 
Cleveland (klev'land), port of 
entry & cml. & mfg. city, c. s. of 
Cuyahoga co., O., on Lake Erie. 

pop. 382 

Clinton (klin'tun), town, Wor¬ 
cester co., Mass.pop. 14 

Clinton, city, c. s. of Henry co.. 

Mo.poo. 5 

Clinton, city, c. s. of Clinton co., 

Ia.pop. 23 

Clonmel (klon-mel'), cml. & mfg. 
bor. & town, Tipperary co., Ire¬ 
land .pop. 8 

Clydebank (klid'bank), burg h, 

Dumbarton co., Scot., on Clyde 

river .pop. 19 

Coalville, town, Leicestershire, 

England .pop. 15 

Coatbridge, mfg. burgh, Lanark 

co., Scotland .pop. 37 

Coatesville (kots'vil), bor., 
Chester co., Pa.pop. 6 


1020 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; m5on, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 




































Cob 


1021 


Con 


Coban (ko-van'), cml. town, cap. 
Alta Vera Paz dept., Guatemala 

pop. 28 

Cocanada (kd-ka-nii/da), town, 
E. coast of Madras, British India. 

pop. 41 

Cochabamba (ko-cha-bam'ba), 

city, cap. of Cochabamba dept., 

Bolivia, S. America.pop. 25 

Cochin (ko-chen' or ko'chin), 
cml. town, Malabar coast, British 

India .pop. 18 

Cochin China (ko'chin chl'na), 
French colony, S of Anam & 
Cambodia, lying along the coast, 
Indo China, 23,160 sq. m. ; chief 

town, Saigon .pop. 2.400 

Cod, Cape, sandy pen. between 
Atl. ocean & Cape Cod Bay, 
Mass. 

Codogno (ko-don'yo), mfg. town. 

Milan prov., Italy .pop. 12 

Coffeyville, city, Montgomery 

co., Kansas .pop. 5 

Cognac (k5n-yak'), cml. town, 
dept. Charente, France, on Cha- 

rente riv.pop. 19 

Cohoes (ko-hoz'), city, Albany 
co., N. Y., on Hudson riv., 3 m. 

N of Troy.pop. 24 

Coimbatore (ko-im-ba-tor'). city, 
cap. of Coimbatore dist., Madras, 

Br. India .pop. 53 

Coimbra Cko-eng'bra), city, cap. 

of Beira prov., Portugal. .pop. 18 
Colchester (kol'ches-ter). so.. 

Essex co., England.pop. 38 

Coldwater, mfg. city, c. s. of 

Branch co., Mich.pop. 6 

Colima (ko-le'ma), city, cap. of 

Colima state, Mexico.pop. 25 

Colne (kbln). mfg. bor., Lanca¬ 
shire, England .pop. 23 

Cologne (ko-lon'), mfg. & cml. 
city, cap. of Cologne dist.. Rhen¬ 
ish Prussia .pop. 372 

Colombes (ko-lonb'L comm., 
dept. Seine, France, near Paris. 

pop. 23 

Colombia (ko-lom'be-a), repub¬ 
lic, S. America, 504,773 sq. m.: 

cap. Bogota.pop. 3.879 

Colorado (kol-o-ra'db). state, 
W. cen. U. S. A„ 103,925 sq. m.: 

cap. Denver .pop. 540 

Colorado River, nav. riv.. 900 
m. long. Tex., flows into Mata¬ 
gorda Bay—nav. river, T T t. & 
Ariz., formed by Green & Grand 


rivs., flows into Gulf of Cali¬ 
fornia. 

Colorado Springs, city, c. s. of 

El Paso co., Col.pop. 21 

Columbia (ko-lum'bi-a), mfg. 
city, Lancaster co., Pa...pop. 12' 
Columbia, city, cap. of S. C. & 

c. s. of Richland co.pop. 21 

Columbia, town, c. s. of Maury 

co., Tenn.pop. 6 

Columbia, nav. riv. of Ore., 
Wash. & Br. Columbia, flows into' 
Pacific ocean. 

Columbus (ko-lum'bus), city, 
c. s. of Bartholomew co., Ind. 

pop. 8 

Columbus, mfg. city, c. s. of 

Muscogee co., Ga.pop. 18 

Columbus, city, c. s. of Lowndes 

co., Miss.pop. 6 

Columbus, cml. & mfg. city, cap. 
of O. & c. s. of Franklin co. 

pop. 126' 

Comacchio (ko-mak'ke-o), ft. 

town, Ferrara prov., Italy, .p. 11 
Combaconum (kom-ba-ko'num), 
town, Madras pres., India ..p. 60 
Comiso (ko'me-zo), town, Syra¬ 
cuse prov., Sicily, Italy, .pop. 22 
Como, Lago di (la'go de ko'mo), 
lake, Lombardy, Italy, 35 m. 

long, 3 m. wide. 

Compiegne (kong-pyan'y), town, 
dept. Oise, France, on Oise river. 

pop. 17 

Concepcion (kon-sep'shun), 
town, Entre Rios prov., Argen¬ 
tina .pop. 11 

Concepcion, city, cap. of the 

same name, Chile .pop. 50 

Concepcion, town, Paraguay. 

pop. 10 

Concepcion, pueblo, Tarlac prov., 

Luzon, Phil, isls.pop. 13 

Concord (kon'kerd). town, Mid¬ 
dlesex co., Mass.; battlefield in 

1775 .pon. 6 

Concord, mfg. city. cap. of N. H. 

& c. s. of Merrimack co. . .pop. 20 
Concord, city, c. s. of Cabarrus 

co., N. C.pop. 8 

Congleton (kon'g’l-tun), mfg. 

bor., Cheshire. England, .pop. 11 
Congo. See Kongo. 

Conil (ko-nel'). town. Cadiz prov., 
Spain, on Mediterranean sea. 

pop. 5 

Conjeveram (kon -je - ver - um'), 


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cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 



































Con 


1022 


Cra 


town, Chengalpat dist., British 

India .pop. 43 

Connaught (kon'nawt), prov., 
N. W. Ireland, 6,807 sq. m. 

pop. 650 

Connecticut (kon - net' i - kut), 
state, E U. S. A., 4,090 sq. m., 

cap. Hartford.pop. 908 

Connecticut River, 450 m. long, 
New England, rises in N N. II., 
Hows into Long Isl. sound. 
Connellsville (kon' nelz - vil), 
bor., Fayette co., Pa., on Youg- 

hiogheny river.pop. 7 

Connersville (kon' nerz - vil), 
city, cap. of Fayette co., Ind. 

pop. 8 

Consett (kon'set), town, Durham 
co., England; coal mines & iron 

works .pop. 10 

Conshohocken (kon-sho-hok'en), 
bor., Montgomery co., Pa. . pop. 6 
Constance, Lake of (kon'- 
stans), in cen. Europe, 46 m 
long, 207 sq. m. 

Constantina (kon-stan-te'na), 
town, Seville prov., Spain, 40 m. 

N E of Seville..pop. 12 

Constantine (kong-stang-ten'), 
city, cap. of French dept, of Con¬ 
stantine, N. E. Algeria.. .pop. 48 
Constantinople (kon - stan - ti- 
nb'p’l), city on the Bosporus, 
Turkey in Europe; cap. of Otto¬ 
man empire.pop. 1,125 

Conversano (kon-ver-sa'no), cml. 

town, Bari prov., Italy...pop. 14 
Copenhagen (ko - pen - lia' gen), 
mfg. city, cap. of Denmark, on 

Baltic sea .pop. 378 

Copparo (kop-pa'ro), commune. 

Ferrara prov., Italy.pop. 39 

Coppermine, riv.. 300 m. long, 
Mackenzie dist., Canada, to Coro¬ 
nation gulf. 

Corato (ko-ra'to), city, Bari 

prov., Italy .pop. 42 

Cordobo or Cordova (kor'do- 
va). city, cap. of Cordoba prov.. 

Spain .pop. 57 

Cordobo, city. cap. of Cordobo 
prov., Argentina, on Primero 

river .'.pop. 66 

Corfu (kor'foo). a ft. sp. city, 
cap. of Corfu isl., Medit. sea. 

pop. IS 

Cork, cml. city, cap. of Cork 
co., S. Ireland, on Lee river. 

pop. 76 


Corleone (kor-la-o'na), town, 

Palermo prov., Sicily.pop. 15 

Corpus Christi (kor'pus kris'- 
te), city, c. s. of Nueces co., 

Texas .pop. 5 

Correggio (kor-rej'o), town, 
Reggio nell’ Emilia prov., Italy; 
birthplace of Antonio Allegri, 

called Correggio .pop. 14 

Corrientes (kor-re-an'tas), town, 
cml., cap. of prov. of Argentina, 

S. America .pop. 19 

Corry (kor'ri), city, Erie co., 

Pennsylvania .pop. 5 

Corsica (kor'si-ka), French isl. 
& dept., Medit. sea, 3,368 sq. 

m.; cap. Ajaccio .pop. 296 

Cortland (kort'land), city, c. s. 

of Cortland co., N. Y.pop 9 

Cortona (kor-to'na), town, Arez¬ 
zo prov., Italy .pop. 29 

Coruna (ko-roon'ya), city, cap. 
of Coruna prov., Spain...pop. 41 
Costa Rica (kos'ta re'ka), repub¬ 
lic, S. Cen. Am., 20,876 sq. m.; 

cap. San Jose .pop. 310 

Cothen (ke'ten), mfg. town, An¬ 
halt duchy, Germany... .pop. 22 
Cotopaxi (ko-to-paks'e), volcano, 
19,613 ft. high, Andes mts., Ecua¬ 
dor, S. America. 

Cotta (kot'ta), vil., Saxony king¬ 
dom, Ger., near Dresden, .pop. 13 
Council Bluffs, city, c. s. of 
Pottawattamie co., Ia., on Mis¬ 
souri riv.pop. 26 

Courbevoie (koor-be-vwa'), 
town, dept. Seine, France, 5 m. 

N W of Paris.pop. 25 

Coventry (kuv'en-tri), town, 

Kent co., R. I.pop. 5 

Coventry, bor., Warwickshire, 

England .pop. 70 

Covilha (ko-vel'ya), town, Cas- 
tello Branco dist., Portugal; 

thermal springs .pop. 16 

Covington (kuv'ing-tun), city. 

Kenton co., Ky.pop. 43 

Cowes (kouz), sp. town & water¬ 
ing place, Isle of Wight, England. 

pop. 9 

Cowpen, par. & town, Northum¬ 
berland co., England.pop. 18 

Cracow (kra'ko), city, W. Gali¬ 
cia, Austria, on Vistula river. 

pop. 91 

Craiova (kra-yo'va), town. Rou- 
mania, cap. of Little Wallachia. 

, pop. 45 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





































Cra 


1023 


Dah 


Cranston (kran'stun), town, 
Providence co., it. I.. near Provi¬ 
dence .pop. 13 

Crawfordsville, city, c. s. of 
Montgomery co., Ind., on Sugar 

creek ...pop. 7 

Crema (kra'ma), town, Cremona 
prov., Italy, on Serio river..p. 10 
Cremona (kre-mo'na), city, cap. 
of Cremona prov., Lombardy, 

Italy .pop. 38 

Creston (kres'tun), mfg. city of 

Union co., Iowa.pop. 8 

Crete (kret), or Candia (kan- 
di-a), isl., about 160 m. long, 6 to 
35 m. broad, Mediterranean sea. 
Creusot, Le (le kre-zo'), min. & 
mfg. town, dept. Saone-et-Loire. 

France .pop. 31 

Cricklade (krik'lad), town, Wilt¬ 
shire, England .pop. 52 

Crimea (kri-me'a), peninsula, S. 
Russia, between Sea of Azov & 
Black sea. 

Crimmitschau (krem'mit-shou), 
mfg. town, Saxony, Germany, on 

Pleisse riv.pop. 23 

Cripple Creek, min. town, c. s. 
of Teller co., Col., 10 m. S W of 

Pike’s Peak .pop. 10 

Croatia & Slavonia (kro-a'shi-a, 
sla'vo'ni-a), prov., Hungary, 
16,409 sq. m.; cap. Agram. 

pop. 2,411 

Crompton (kromp'tun), town, 
Lancashire, England. .. .pop. 13 
Crook, town, Durham co., Eng¬ 
land .pop. 11 

Croydon (kroi'dun). bor., Surrey 
co., England, near London. 

pop. 134 

Cuba (ku-ba), isl. in Caribbean 
sea, a republic, 44,000 sq. m.; cap. 
Havana .pop. 1,573 


Cuddalore (kud-da-lor'), town, 
S. Arcot dist., British India, on 

Bay of Bengal .pop. 52 

Cuenca (kwan'ka), town, cap. of 

Azuay prov., Ecuador .p. 25 

Cuevas de Vera (kwS/vas da 
va'ra), town, Almeria, Spain, on 

Almanzora river .pop. 20 

Cullera (koo-lya'ra), town, Va¬ 
lencia prov., Spain, on Jucar 

river .pop. 12 

Cumberland (kum'ber - land), 
city, c. s. of Alleghany co., Md. 

pop. 17 

Cumberland, town. Providence 

co., R. I.pop. 9 

Cura (koo'ra), town, Miranda 
state, Venezuela, S. America. 

pop. 12 

Curacao (koo-ra-so' or sii'o), isl., 
Dutch W. India isls., 210 sq. m.; 

cap. Willemstad .pop. 30 

Curico (koo-re-ko'). city, cap. of 

Curico prov.. cen. Chile ..pop. 15 
Curitiba (koo-re-te'ba), town, 
cap. of Parana state, Brazil, S. 

America . . .'.pop. 21 

Cuttack (kut-tak'), city. cap. of 
Cuttack dist. & Orissa prov.. Brit. 

India .. .pop. 47 

Cuzco (koos'ko), city, cap. of 

Cuzco dept., S. Peru.pop. 22 

Cyprus (si'prus), isl., Medit. sea, 
cap. Nikosia ; British rule: 3,584 

sq. m.pop. 237 

Czegled (tseg'lad), town, Pest 

co., Hungary .pop. 30 

Czernowitz (cher'nb-vits), town, 
cap. of Bukowina duchy, Austria. 

pop. 70 

Czestochowa (chen - st5 - ko'va), 
town, Petrokov govt., Poland, 
Russia .pop. 45 



Dacca (dak'ka), cml. city, cap. of 
Dacca div. & dist., Bengal, India. 

pop. 91 

Dagami (da-ga'me), pueblo, 

Leyte, Phil. islands_.pop. 25 

Dagupan (da-goo'pan), coast 


pueblo, Pangasin&n prov., Luzon. 

Phil, isls.pop. 16 

Dakomey (da-ho'msi), French 
colony, W. Africa, 60,000 sq. m.; 
cap. Porto Novo—kingdom, in 
this colony, cap. Abomey. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 











































Dai 


1024 


Del 


Daimiel (di-me-el'), mfg. town, 
Ciudad Real prov., Spain.pop. 12 
Dakar (da-kar'), sp. city, Sene¬ 
gal, Africa, near Cape Verde. 

pop. 12 

Dallas (dal'las), city, c. s. Dallas 

co., N. E. Texas .pop. 43 

Damanhur (da-man-hoor'), 
town, cap. of Bekera prov., 

Lower Egypt .pop. 27 

Damar (da-mar'), town, wit!) 

citadel, Yemen, Arabia... pop. 20 
Damascus (da-mas'kus), chief 
city of Syria, one of the most an¬ 
cient cities in the world, .pop. 140 
Danao (da-na'o), pueblo, E. coast 

of Cebu, Phil, isls.pop. 15 

Danbury (’dan'ber-i), city, c. s. 

of Fairfield co., Conn....pop. 17 
Dan River, nav. riv., Va. & N. 
C., 200 m. long. 

Dantzic (dant'sik). See Danzig. 
Danube (dan'ub), riv., Europe, 

l, 770 m. long, flows into Black 
sea. 

Danvers (dan'verz), town, Essex 

co., Mass.pop. 9 

Danville, city, c. s.' of Vermilion 

co., Ill.pop. 16 

Danville, bor., c. s. of Montour 

co., Pa.pop. 8 

Danville, city, Pittsylvania co., 

Va.pop. 17 

Danzig (diin'tsig), mfg. & cml. 
sp. city, cap. of dist. of same 
name, W. Prussia prov., Prussia. 

pop. 141 

Darbhangah (dur-bun'ga), town, 
Patna div., Bengal prov., India. 

pop. 66 

Dardanelles (dar-da-nelz'), anc. 
Hellespontus, narrow strait, 40 

m. long, between Europe & Asi¬ 
atic Turkey. 

Dar es Salaam (dar es sa-lam'), 
sp. city, cap. of Ger. E. Afr., on 

Indian ocean .pop. 13 

Darien, Isthmus of. See Pana¬ 
ma, Isthmus of. 

Darjiling (dar-jel'ing), city, cap. 
of dist. of same name, Bengal, 

India .pop. 14 

Darlaston (dar-las'tun), mfg. 
town, Staffordshire, England; 

coal & iron .pop. 15 

Darlington (darTing-tun), mfg. 
bor., Durham co., England, on 

Skerne riv.pop. 45 

Darmstadt (darm'stat), town, 


cap. of Hesse & of Starkenburg 
prov., W. Germany .... ^.pop. 72 
Dartford, mfg. town, Kent, co., 
England, on Darent riv. .. pop. 19 
Darwen (dar'wen), bor., Lanca-. 

shire, England .pop. 38 

Data (da-ta'), int., Lepanto, Lu¬ 
zon, Phil, islands. 

Davenport (dav'en-port), city, 

c. s. of Scott co., Ia.pop. 35 

Davis Strait, N. America, joins 
Baffin ba^ to Atlantic ocean. 
Dawson (daw'sun). city, Yukon, 
dist., Canada, in the Klondike, on 

Yukon river .pop. 9 

Dax (daks), or Ax (aks), town, 
dept. Landes, France; hot saline 
springs, a watering place ..p. 10 
Dead Sea, salt lake, S. Palestine, 
46 m. long, greatest breadth about 
10 m., about 1,300 ft. below level 
of Mediterranean sea. 

Deadwood, city, c. s. of Law¬ 
rence, S. Dakota .pop. 3 

Deal (del), sp. bor., Kent co., 
England, on North sea.. ..pop. 11 
Debreezen (de'bre-tsen), town, 
cap. of Hadju co., Hungary. 

pop. 75 

Decatur (de-ka/ter), city, c. s. 

of Macon co., Ill.pop. 21 

Decazeville (de-kaz-vel'), min. 
& mfg. town, dept. Aveyron, 

France .pop. 12 

Delira (da'ra), town, cap. of 
Dehra Dun dist., N. W. Prov¬ 
inces, British India.pop. 26 

Deir (de-er'), or Ed-deir, town, 
cap. of Zor vilayet, Syria, on 

Euphrates .pop. 20 

Delaware (del'a-war), riv., 350 
m. long, rises in N. Y., flows into 
Delaware bay. 

Delaware, Middle Atl. state, 
U. S. A., 2,050 sq. m.; cap. 

Dover .pop. 185 

Delaware, city, c. s. of Delaware 

co., O.pop. 8 

Delaware Bay, estuary, Atlantic 
ocean ; in E. Delaware. 

Delft (delft), comm. & mfg. town, 
S. Holland, Netherlands. 

comm. pop. 32 
Delitzsch (da'lich). mfg. town, 
Prussian Saxony, on Lober river. 

pop. 10 

Dellys (del-lez'), sp. town, Al* 
geria, 49 m. E of Algiers..p. 14 
Delmenhorst (del' men - horst), 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, Men. 































Del 


1025 


Dni 


mfg. & cml. town, Oldenburg, 

Germany ..pop. 17 

Delphos (del'fos), city, Allen & 

Van Wert cos., Ohio.pop. 5 

Delray (del-ra'), vil., Wayne 
co., Mich., 3 m. IS W of Detroit. 


pop. 5 

Deinmin (dem-men'), mfg. town, 
Pomerania prov., Prussia.pop. 12 
Denain (de-nang'), min. town, 

dept. Nord, France.pop. 23 

Dendermonde (den-der-mon'de), 
ft. town, E. Flanders, Belgium. 

pop. 10 

Denizli, Denizlu (den-iz-lu'), 
town, Smyrna vilayet, Asia 

Minor .pop. 17 

Denmark (den'mark), kingdom, 
N. W. Europe, consisting of Jut¬ 
land peninsula^ & a group of isls., 
Baltic sea, 15,359 sq. m.; cap. 

Copenhagen .pop. 2,465 

Denver (den'ver), cml. city, cap. 
of Col. & c. s. of Arapahoe co., 

on S. Platte riv.pop. 134 

Deoband (de'o-bund or da), 
town, Saharanpur dist., N. W. 
Provs., British India. .. .pop. 19 
Deptford (det'ferd), bor., S. part 
of London, England. .. .pop. 110 
Derbent (der-bent'), ft. town, 
Daghestan govt., Russia, on Cas¬ 
pian sea .pop. 16 

l)erby (der'bi), coextensive town 
& city, New Haven co., Conn. 

pop. 8 

Derby (der'bi or diir'bi), mfg. 
bor., c. s. of Derbyshire, Eng., on 

Derwent river .pop. 106 

Dernis (der'nes), comm., Dal¬ 
matia, Austria .pop. 23 

De s'Moines (de moin'), riv., 
total length about 500 m., rises 
in S. W. Minn., flows into Miss, 
riv. 


Des Moines, mfg. city, c. s. of 
Polk co. & cap. of la., on Des 

Moines river .pop. 62 

De Soto (de so'to), city, Jeffer¬ 
son co., Mo.pop. 6 

Dessau (des'sou), mfg. town, 
cap. of Anhalt duchy, N. Ger¬ 
many .pop. 51 

Detmold (det'mold), town, cap. 
of Lippe, Ger., on Wene river. 

pop. 12 

Detroit (de-troit'), c. s. of 
Wayne co. & chief city of Mich., 
on Detroit riv.pop. 286 


Deventer (da'ven-ter), comm. & 
cml. & ft. town, Overijssel prov., 

Neth.comm. pop. 26 

Devonport, sp. bor., Devonshire, 

England .pop. 70 

Dewas (da-wiis'), city, cap. of 

state of same name, cen. India. 

pop. 15 

Dewsbury (duz'ber-i), mfg. bor., 
West Riding, Yorkshire, Eng., on 

Calder river .pop. 28 

Dhar (diir), city, cap. of native 
state of same name, Rajputana, 

India . pop. 18 

Dharwar (dar-war'), city, cap. 
of district of same name, Bom¬ 
bay, India . .pop. 33 

Dbolka (dol'ka), town, Ahmada- 
bad dist., Bombay pres., British 

India ..pop. 17 

Dbulia (doo'le-a), town, cap. of 
Ivhandesh dist., Bombay, India. 

pop. 22 

Diamantina (de-a-man-te'na), 
city, Minas Geraes state, Brazil, 

South America .pop. 13 

Diarbekr (de-ar'bek-r), city, cap. 
of Diarbekr vilayet, Kurdistan, 

Turkey in Asia.pop. 34 

Dickson (dik's’n), bor., Lacka¬ 
wanna co., Pa. .pop. 5 

Dieppe (de-ep'), cml. town, 
dept. Seine-Inferieure, France, 

on English channel.pop. 23 

Dig (deg), town & old fortress, 
India, 25 m. N W of Bhartpur. 

pop. 15 

Dijon (de-zh0ng'), mfg. & cml. 
city, cap. dept. Cote-d’-Or, Fr., on 

Ouche river .pop. 71 

Dikoa (de-ko'a), walled town, 
Bornu, cen. Africa, S of Lake 

Tchad .pop. 25 

Dismal Swamp, between Va. & 
N. C., 30 m. long; contains 

Drummond Lake. 

Dison (de-zong'), mfg. comm., 
Liege prov., Belgium. .. .pop. 13 
District of Columbia, on Po¬ 
tomac riv., 70 sq. m.; contains 
Washington, cap. of U. S..p. 279 
Dizful (dez-fool'), town N W 
part of Khuzistan prov., Persia. 

pop. 30 

D j a k o v a (dya-ko'va), town, 
Kosovo vilayet, Turkey, .pop. 25 
Dnieper (ne'per), riv., about 
1,330 m. long, S. W. Russia. 


late, miir, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 


































Dili 


1026 


Dur 


Dniester (nes'ter). riv., about 
850 m. long, Austria & Russia. 
Dobeln (de-beln), town, Saxony, 
Germany, 35 m, S E of Leipzig. 

pop. 18 

Dole (dol), town, dept. Jura, 
France, on Doubs riv....pop. 15 
Dolon Nor (dol'lun nor), town, 
Mongolia .pop. 30 

Dominican Republic. See 

Santo Domingo. 

Donawitz (do'na-vits), comm., 

Styria, Austria .pop. 13 

Don Benito (don ba-ne'to), 
town, Badajoz prov., Spain..p. 15 
Doncaster (don'kas-ter), bor., 
West Riding, Yorkshire, Eng¬ 
land .pop. 29 

Dordogne ^aor-Uon ). Aw, S. W. 

France, flows into Garonne iiv. 
Dordrecbt (dor'drekt), or Dort 
(dort), comm., S. Holland, Neth¬ 
erlands .pop. 38 

Dornbirn (dorn'bern), mfg. 

town, Vorarlberg. Austria..p. 13 
Doroboiu (do-ro-hoi'), town, N. 

Moldavia, Roumania. .. . pop, 15 
Dortmund (dort'moont), mfg. & 
min. town, Westphalia, on Ems- 

cher riv., Prussia .pop. 142 

Douarnenez (doo - ar - ne - nes'), 
town, dept. Finistere. France. 

pop. 13 

Douglas (dug'las), town, on Isle 

of Man, England.pop. 20 

Dover (do'ver), town, c. s. of 

Kent co, & cap. of Delaware. 

pop. 3 

Dover, city, c. s. of Strafford co., 

N. H.pop. 13 

Dover, town, Morris co., N. J. 

pop. 6 

Dover, sp. city. Kent co., ling- 
land, one of the Cinque ports. 

pop. 42 

Doylestown (doilz'toun), tp. & 

bor. of Bucks co.. Pa.pop. 5 

Draguignan (dra - gen - yang'), 
town, cap. of dent. Var., France, 
40 m. N E of Toulon. .. .pop. 10 
Drammen (dram'men), sp. town, 
Buskerud prov., on Drammen 

riv., Norway .pop. 23 

Drave (dra've), riv., Austria- 
Hungary, 450 m. long, to Danube 
riv. 

Dresden (drez'den). city, cap. of 
Dresden dist. & of kingdom of 
Saxony, Germany.pop. 395 


Drogbeda (drog'e-da), sp. & bor., 
Meath & Louth cos., on Boyne 

riv., Ireland . .pop. 13 

Drobobycz (dro-ho'bich), tow 7 n, 

E. Galicia, Austria.pop. 19 

Droylesden (droilz'den), town, 
Lancashire, near Manchester, 

England .pop. 11 

Dublin (dub' lin), city. c. s. of 
Dublin co. and cap. of Ireland. 

on Liffey riv.pop. 291 

Dubovka (doo-bof'ka), town, 
Saratov govt., Russia, on Volga 

river .pop. 15 

Dubuque (du-buk'), cml. & mfg. 
city, c. s. Dubuque co., Iowa. 

pop. 36 

Dudweller (dodt'vl-ler), mfg. & 
min. town, Rhine prov., Prussia. 

comm. pop. 16 
Duemiglia (doo-a-mel'ya), 
comm., Cremona prov., Italy. 

pop. 13 

Duisburg (doo'is-boorg), town, 
near Diisseldorf, Rhenish Prus¬ 
sia, Germany .pop. 93 

Dukinfeld (dti'kin-feld), mfg. 

bor., Cheshire, England, .pop. 19 
Duluth (du-looth'), city, c. s. of 

St. Louis co., Minn.pop. 53 

Dumaguete (doo-ma-ga'ta), 
town, cap. of Negros Oriental 

prov., Phil, islands.iiop. 14 

Dumangas (doo-man'gas), pueb¬ 
lo, Iloilo prov., Panay, Phil. 

islands .pop. 14 

Dumbarton (dum-bar'tun), city, 
cap. of Dumbarton co., Scotland. 

pop. 20 

Dumfries (dum'fres), city, cap. 

of Dumfries co.. Scotland!.p. 19 
Dundalk (dun-dawk'), sp.-bor., 
Louth co., on inlet of Dundalk 

bay, Ireland .pop. 13 

Dunedin (dun-e'din), sp. city. 

cap. of Otas-o prov.. N. Z...p. 25 
Dunmore (dun-mor'), bor., Lack¬ 
awanna co.. Pa.pop. ]3 

Duran (doo-ran'). town, Guayas 
prov., Ecuador, near Guayaquil. 

pop. 50 

Duranero (doo-ran'go). city, cap. 
state of same name, Mexico. 

pop. 26 

Durban (dur-ban' or dur'ban), 
sp. town. Natal, S. E. Africa. 

pop. 48 

Duren (du'ren), town, Rhenish 
Prussia, Germany .pop 27 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: lie, her, let; line, tin : vote, pbrch, lot: moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin, tffcen. 


































Dur 


1027 


Elb 


Durham (dur'am), city, c. s. of 

Durham co., N. C.pop. 7 

Durham, city,- c. s. of Durham 

co., England . ...pop. 15 

Dusseldorf (dus'sel-dorf), mfg. 
& cml. city, cap. of dist. of same 
name, Prussia .pop. 214 


Dux (dooks), town, Bohemia, 

Austria .pop. 12 

Dvinsk (dvensk), or Dunaburg 

du'na-boorg), town on Duna 
riv., Vilebsk govt., Russia..p. 70 
Dyershurg (dl'erz-burg), city, 
c. s. of Dyer co., Tenn... .pop. 4 


-E- 


Haling (e'ling), parish & town, 
Middlesex co., England, .pop. 33 
Darlington (er'ling-tun), city, 

Hopkins co., Ivy.pop. 5 

Eastbourne (est'burn), coast 
bor., Sussex co., England; a 

watering place .pop. 43 

Easter Island, S. Pacific ocean, 
belongs to Chile. 

Easthampton (hamp'tun), town, 
Hampshire co., Mass. ...pop. 6 
East Hartford (hart'ferd), 
town, Hartford co., Connecticut. 

pop. 6 

East Indies (in'diz), a collective 
name applied, somewhat vaguely, 
to India, Indo China & Malay 
archipelago. 

East Liverpool (liv'er-pool), 
city, Columbiana co., O., on Ohio 

riv.pop. 16 

East Orange, city, Essex co., 
3 m. W N W of Newark, N. 

Jersey .pop. 22 

Eastport, city, Washington co.. 

on Moose isle, Maine ....pop. 5 
East Providence, town. Provi¬ 
dence co., Rhode Island..pop. 12 
East Retford (ret'ferd), bor., 
Nottinghamshire, England, .p. 12 
East River, strait connecting 
Long Isl. sound & New York bay. 
East Saint Louis (lbo'is or 
loo'i), city, St. Clair co., Ill., on 

Mississippi riv.pop. 30 

East Stonehouse (ston'lious), 
par. & town, Devonshire. Eng¬ 
land. pop. 15 

Eau Claire (o'klar), cml. & mfg. 

city, W. Wis..pop. 18 

Ebbw Vale (eb-boo' val), min. 
town, Monmouthshire, England. 

pop. 21 


Eberswalde (a-bers-val'de), mfg. 
town, Brandenburg, Prussia. 

pop. 22 

Eccles (ek'k’lz), bor., Lancashire, 

England .pop. 34 

Ecija (a'the-ha), mfg. town, Se¬ 
ville prov., Spain .pop. 24 

Ecuador (ek-wa-dor' or ek'), re¬ 
public, S. Am., 118,627 sq. m.; 

cap. Quito .pop. 1,400 

Edinburgh (ed'n-bur-o), city & 

cap. of Scotland.pop. 316 

Eecloo (fi-klo'), comm. & town, 
E. Flanders prov., Belgium.p. 12 
Efremov (ye-fre'mof), town, 
Tula govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 16 

Egypt (e'jipt), country, N. E. 
Africa, 11,366 sq. m.; cap. Cairo. 

pop. 9,821 

Ehrenbreitstein (a - ren - brit'- 
stln), town & fortress. Rhenish 
Prussia, Germany, on Rhine riv., 

opposite Koblenz .pop. 5 

Eickel (Ik'kel), min. town, West¬ 
phalia, Prussia .. .comm. pop. 17 
Eilenburg ( i'len-boorg), mfg. 

town, Saxonv. Germany, .pon. 15 
Eisenach (Tzen-ak), town. Saxe- 

Weimar, Germany .pop. 31 

Eisleben Cs'la-ben), town, Sax¬ 
ony. Prussia. Germany . .pop. 24 
Ekaterinburg fve - ka - tye - ren- 
boork'), town, Perm govt., Rus¬ 
sia in Asia .pop. 55 

Ekaterinodar (ye-ka-tye-re-na- 
diir'), town, cap. of Kuban ter., 

Caucasus, Russ.pop. 66 

Ekaterinoslav (ye-ka-tye-re-na- 

slaf'), mfg. town, cap. of govt, of 
same name, S. Russia in Eu¬ 
rope .pop. 121 

Elba (el'ba), isl., Leghorn prov., 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin : vote, pSrch, lot; moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





























Elb 


1028 


Esc 


Italy, in Mediterranean sea, 86 

sq. m.pop. 26 

Elberfield (el-ber-felt'), mfg. 
town, Rhenish Prussia, Germany. 

pop. 157 

Elbeuf (el-bef'), mfg. town, dept. 
Seine-Inferieure, France, on 

Seine river .pop. 19 

Elbruz (el-bro5z')> highest of 
Caucasus mts. & of Europe, 18,- 
526 ft. high. 

Elburz (el-boorz'), chain of mts., 
Persia, S. of Caspian sea; highest 
peak, Demavend, about 18,000 ft. 
Elche (el'ch&), town, Alicante 
prov., Spain, 13 m. S W of Ali¬ 
cante .pop. 24 

Elets (ye-Iyets'), cml. town, Orel 
govt., Russia in Europe, .pop. 37 
Elgin (el'jin), mfg. city, Kane 

co., Ill.pop. 22 

Elizabeth, city, c. s. of Union co., 

N. J...pop. 52 

Elizabeth City, town, c. s. of 

Pasquotank co., N. C.pop. 6 

Elizavetgrad (ye - lye - za - vet- 
grat'), ft. town, Kherson govt., 

Russia in Europe .pop. 62 

Elizavetpol (ye-lye-za-vet-pol'y), 
ft. town, cap. of govt, of same 
name, Transcaucasia, Russia. 

pop. 33 

Elland (el'land), town. West 
Riding, Yorkshire, England.p. 10 
Ellore (el-lor'), town, Godavari 
dist., Madras presidency, British 

India .pop. 29 

Elmira (el-mi'ra), city, c. s. of 
Chemung co., N. Y., on Chemung 

river .pop. 36 

Elmshorn (elms'horn), mfg. 
town, Schleswig-Holstein, Prus¬ 
sia .pop. 14 

El Faso fel na'so), city, c. s. of 

El Paso co.. W. Tex.pop. 16 

Elvas (al'vash), frontier city, 
Portalegre dist., Alemtejo prov.. 

Portugal .pop. 14 

Elwood (el'wood), city, Madison 

co., Ind.pop. 13 

Em den (em'den), ft. sp. city. 

Hanover, Prussia .pop. 16 

Emmen (em'menU vil. & comm.. 
Drenthe prov., Netherlands. 

comm. pop. 19 
Emmerich (ern'mer-ik), town, 
Rhine prov., Prussia, on Rhinp 

river .pop. 11 

Ems (4ms or emz), town, Hesse- 


Nassau, Prussia, on Lahn riv.; 

watering place .pop. 6 

Endrod (en'dred)i vil., Bekes co., 

Hungary .pop. 11 

Enfield (en'feld), town, Hart¬ 
ford co., Conn.pop. 7 

Enfield, town, Middlesex co., Eng¬ 
land .pop. 43 

Enschede (enska'de), comm. & 
town, Overijssel, Netherlands. 

comm. pop. 24 
Eperjes (e'per-yesh), town, cap. 

of Saros co., Hungary ...pop. 10 
Epernay (a-par-na/), town, dept. 
Marne, on Marne riv., France. 

pop. 20 

Ephesus (ef'e-sus), ruins of anc. 
city, Asia Minor, 35 m. S S E 
of Smyrna. 

Epinal (a-pe-nal'), town, cap. of 
dept. Vosges, on Moselle riv., 

France .pop. 28 

Epsom, town, Surrey co., Eng¬ 
land, 14 m. S W of London.p. 11 
Erebus, Mount (er'e-bus), vol¬ 
cano, Antarctic continent, 12,362 
ft. high. 

Erfurt (er'foort), cml. town, cap. 
of dist. of same name, Saxony 

prov., Prussia .pop. 85 

Erie (e'ri), city, a lake port, c. s. 

Erie co., N. W. Pa.pop. 53 

Erie, Lake, 246 m. long, greatest 
width 58 m.; one of the five great 
lakes of North America. 

Erith (e'rith or er'ith), town & 
par., Kent co., England, near 

Woolwich .pop. 25 

Erivan (er-e-van'), ft. town, cap. 
of govt, of Transcaucasia, Russia. 

pop. 29 

Erlangen (er'lang-en), town, 

Middle Franconia, Bavaria, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 23 

Erlau (er'lou), or Eger (e'ger), 

town, cap. of Heves co., Hungary. 

pop. 22 

Erzerum (erz'rbom), city, cap. of 
vilayet of same name, Turkey in 

Asia .pop. 39 

Erzingan (er-zin-gan'), town, 

Erzerum vilayet, Turkey in Asia. 

pop. 23 

Esbjerg (es-berg'), sp. city, Ribe 

amt., Denmark .pop. 13 

Escanaba (es-ka-naw'ba), city, 

c. s. of Delta co., Mich..pop. 10 


late, mar, mSsk, cat, awl ; he. her, let; line, tin : v5te, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 































Esc 


1029 


Far 


Eschweller (esh'vi-ler), min. & 
mfg. town, Rhine prov., Prussia. 

pop. 22 

Eskilstuna (a'shil-stu-na), mfg. 
town, Soderinanland prov., Swe¬ 
den . pop. 14 

Espita (as-pe'ta), town, Yucatan, 
Mexico, 90 m. E of Merida.p. 10 
Essen (es'sen), mfg. town, Rhine 

prov., Prussia.pop. 119 

Esslingen (es'ling-en), town 
Wiirttemberg, Germany, on 

Neckar river .pop. 27 

Estepona (as-td-po'na), town, 
Malaga prov., Spain, on Medit. 

sea .pop. 10 

Eston (es'tun), par. & tow T n, N. 

Riding, Yorkshire, England.p. 11 
Estrada, La (la as-tra'tha), city. 

Pontevedra prov., Spain.pop. 25 
Etawah (a-ta'wa), city, can. of 
dist. of same name, N. W. Provs., 

Br. India .pop. 39 

Ethiopia (e-thi-6'pi-a), anc. 
country, Africa, including mod¬ 
ern Abyssinia. 

Etna (et'na), volcano, N. E. 

Sicily, Italy, near Catania, 10,- 
867 ft. high. 

Etna, bor., Allegheny co., Pa...p. 5 
Eton (e'tun), town, Buckingham¬ 
shire, Eng., on Thames riv.; 

Eton College .pop. 3 

Eupen (oi'pen), town, Rhine 
prov., Prussia.pop. 14 


Euphrat es (u-fra'tez), riv., 
1,600 m., Erzerum to Persian gulf. 
Eurasia (u-ra'shi-a), a name 
given to Europe & Asia com¬ 
bined. 

Eureka (u-re'ka), city, c. s. of 

Humboldt co.. Cal.pop. 7 

Europe (u'rup), continent, 

3,o00,000 sq. m.pop. 345,000 

Evansville (ev'anz-vil), city, 
c. s. of Vanderburg co., Ind. 

pop. 25 

Everest, Mount (ev'er-est), 
highest known mt. in the world, 
in Himalayas, frontier of Nepal 
& Tibet, 29,002 ft. high. 

Everett (ev'er-et), city, Middle¬ 
sex co., Mass. .pop. 24 

Everett, city, c. s. of Snohomish 

co., Wash.pop. 8 

Everglades (ev'er-gladz), swamp 
region, S. Fla.; contains Lake 
Okechobee. 

Evreux (a-vre')» city, cap. of 
dept, of Eure, France, on Iton 

river .pop. 18 

Exeter (eks'e-ter), town, c. s. of 
Rockingham co., N. H....pop. 5 
Exeter, city & bor., c. s. of Devon¬ 
shire, England .pop. 47 

Exmouth (eks'muth), sp. town, 
on Exe riv., Devonshire, England. 

pop. 10 

Eysk (yask), cml. sp., Kuban ter., 
N. Caucasia, Russia .pop. 35 



Fabriano (fii-bre-a'no), town, 
Ancona prov., Italy... ..pop. 21 
Fachan (fu-shiin'), mfg. town, 
Kwangtung prov., China..p. 400 
Faenza (fa-ent'sa), city, Raven¬ 
na prov., cen. Italy .pop. 40 

Failsworth (falz'wurth), par. & 
town, Lancashire, England.p. 14 
Fairfield, city, c. s. of Jefferson 

co., Ia. !..... .pop. 5 

Fairmont (far'mont), city, c. s.. 

of Marion co., W. Ya.pop. 6 

Faizabad (fl-za-bad'), mfg. town, 
cap. of div. & dist. of same name, 
Oudli., British India.pop. 74 


Falkenstein (fal'ken-stln), town, 
Saxony kingdom, Germany.p. 10 
Falkland Islands (fawk'land), 
group of 200 isls., S. Atlantic 
ocean. 4,839 sq. m.; cap. Stan¬ 
ley; belong to Great Britain.p. 2 
Fall River, mfg. city & port, 
c. s. of Bristol co., Mass.pop. 105 
Falmouth (fal'muth), cml. bor., 
Cornwall co., England.. .pop. 12 
Fargo (far'go), city, c. s. of 

Cass co., N. Dakota.pop. 10 

Farnworth (farn'wurth), town, 
Lancashire, England ....pop. 26 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


































Far 


1030 


For 


Faro (fa'rd), sp. city, cap. of dist. 

of same name, Portugal. .pop. 1- 
Fasano (fa-za'no), comm., Bari 


prov., Italy .pop. 1” 

Fatehpur (fut'e-poor), town, 

Rajputana, India .pop. 15 

Favara (fa-va'ra), town, Gir- 
genti prov., Sicily, Italy ; sulphur 

mines .P°P* 20 

Fayetteville (fa'et-vil), city, c. s. 

of Washington co., Ark. . . .pop. 4 
Fayetteville, town, c. s. of Cum¬ 
berland co., N. C.pop- 5 


Fecamp (fa-kang'), sp. town, 
dept. Seine-Inferiere, Fr....p. 15 
Feira de Santa Anna (fa'e-ra 
da san'ta an'na), town, Bahia, 

Brazil .dist. pop. 62 

Felanitx (fa-la-neck'), town, 

Majorca isl., Spain .pop. 12 

Felegyhaza (fa' led - y’ - ha - zo), 

town, Hungary, 66 m. S E of 

Budapest .pop. 33 

Feltre (fel'tra), town, Belluno 
prov., Italy, near Piave river. 

pop. 14 

Feodosiya (fe-a-do'se-ya), town, 
S. E. coast of Crimea, Russia. 

pop. 27 

Ferentino (fa-ran-te'no), town. 


Rome prov., Italy ....... .pop. 6 

Fermo (fer'mo), city. Ascoli 
Picento prov., Italy.pop. 21 


Ferrol (fer'rol), sp. town & naval 
arsenal, Coruna prov., Spain. 

pop. 36 

Fezzan (fez-zan'), kingdom, N. 
Africa, S of Tripoli, cap. Murzuk. 

pop. 26 

Fiesole (fya'zo-ln). town, Ttalv. 

3 m. N E of Florence. .. .non. 17 
Figueras (fe-ga'ras), fortified 
frontier town, Gerona prov.. 

Snain .pop. 13 

Finchley (finch'li). par. & town. 

Middlesex eo.. England..pop. 24 
Findlay (find'la), city, c. s. of 

Hanconk co.. Ohio.nop. 19 

Finland (fin'land). e-rand duchy. 
N. W. Russia, 144.255 sq. m.: 

cap. Helsingfors .nop. 2 673 

Finsterwalde (fin-ster-val'de), 
town. Brandenburg prov.. Prus¬ 
sia ..pop. 11 

Finninv (fer-me-ne'), min. & 
mfg. comm., dept. Loire, France. 

pop. 17 

Firozabad (fe-roz-a-bad'), town, 


Agra div., N. W. Provinces, In¬ 
dia ..pop. 15 

Firozpur (fe-roz'poor), city, cap. 
of dist. of same name, Jalandhar 
div., Punjab, N. W. India.p. 50 
Fitchburg (ficli'burg), city, one 
of the c. s. of Worcester co.. 

Mass..pop. 32 

Flume (fe-oo'ma), dist. & sp. 
town, Hungary dist., 8 sq. m. 

pop. 39 

Fleetwood (flet'wood), sp. town, 
Lancashire, England; watering 

place.pop. 12 

Flensburg (flens'boorg), sp. 
Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, on 

Flensburg fiord .pop. 49 

Flers (fiar), mfg. town, dept. 

Orne, France.pop. 14 

Flint River, Ga., 300 m. long, 
unites with Chattahoochee river 
to form the Apalachicola. 
Florence (flor'ens), city, c. s. of 

Florence co., S. C.pop. 5 

Florence, city, cap. of Florence 
prov., Tuscany, Italy. .. .pop. 206 
Florianopolis (flo - re - a - no' po- 
lis), town, cap. of Santa Catha- 
rina, Brazil, on Santa Catharina 

island .pop. 28 

Florida (flor'i-da), S. E. state, 
IT. S. A., mainly a pen. between 
Atlantic ocean & Gulf of Mexi¬ 
co., 5S,6S0 sq. m.; cap. Talla¬ 
hassee .pop. 529 

Floridsdorf (flo-rits-dorf'), 
town. Lower Austria, near Vi¬ 
enna .pop. 37 

Focsani (fok-sliiin'y), town, S. 

Moldavia, Roumania ....pop. 24 
Foggia (fod'ja), city. cap. of 
prov. Apulia, It., on Adriatic. 

pop. 53 

Foligno (fo-len'vo), town, Peru¬ 
gia nrov., cen. Italv.nop. 26 

Folkestone ( fok'stunT. bor., 

Kent co., England .nop. 31 

Fond du Lac (fon du lak'), citv, 
n. s. of Fond du Lac co.. E. 
Wis.pop. 15 

Fontainebleau (fon - tan - bio'), 
town, dept. Seine - et - Marne. 

France .nop. 14 

Footscray (foots'krn). city, Vic¬ 
toria, Australia, suburb of Mel¬ 
bourne .pop. 18 

Forli (for-le'). ft. city, cap. of 

nrov. Emilia, Italy .pop. 44 

Formosa (for-mo'sa), isl in 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her. let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; mo3n, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, tfften. 








































For 


1031 


Fuc 


China sea, 13,41S sq. m.; cap. 
Taipei; belongs to Japan. 

pop. 2,G40 

For t a 1 e z a for-ta-la'za), or 
Ceara (sa-a-rii'), sp. town, cap. 
of Ceara state, Brazil, on Atlan¬ 
tic ocean. 

Fort de France (for' de friins), 
town, Martinique isl., French 

West Indies .pop. 17 

Fort Dodge, city, c. s. of Web¬ 
ster co., Iowa .pop. 12 

Fort Madison (mad 'i-s’n), city, 
c. s. of Lee co., Iowa ....pop. 9 
Fort Scott, city, c. s. of Bourbon 

co., Kansas .pop. 10 

Fort Smith, city, c. s. of Sebas¬ 
tian co., Ark.pop. 12 

Fort Wayne (wan), city. c. s. 
of Allen co., Ind., on Maumee 

riv.pop. 45 

Fort Worth (wurth), city, c. s. 

of Tarrant co., Texas .. . pop. 27 
Fossano (fos-sa/no), town, Cu- 

neo prov., Italy .pop. 18 

Fostoria (fos-to'ri-a), city, Sen¬ 
eca co., O.pop. 8 

Fougeres (foo-zhar'), town, dept. 

Ille-et-Vilaine, France... .pop. 21 
Fourmies (foor-me'), town, dept. 

Nord, France .pop. 13 

Framingham (frani' ing - ham), 
town, Middlesex co.. Mass. .p. 11 
France (frans), republic, W. cen. 
Europe, 86 departments & ter. of 
Belfort, 207,107 sq. m.; cap. 

Paris.pop. 38,962 

Franconia Mountains, W. 
group of White mts., Grafton co., 
N. IF 

Fr ankenberg (f riin'ken-berg), 
mfg. town, Saxony kingdom, 

Germany .pop. .13 

Frankenthal (fran' ken - till), 
town, Rhenish Bavaria, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 17 

Frankfort (frank'furt), city, 
c. s. of Clinton co., Ind. . . .pop. 7 
Frankfort, city, cap. of Ken¬ 
tucky & c. s. of Franklin co.. p. 9 
Frankfort on the Main, cml. 
city, on Main riv., Hesse Nas¬ 
sau, Prussia .pop. 288 

Frankfort an der Oder, mfg. 
town, cap. of Frankfurt dist., 
Brandenberg prov., Prussia..p. 62 
Franklin (frank'lin), town, Nor¬ 
folk co.. Mass.pop. 5 


Franklin, mfg. city, Merrimack 

co., N. H.pop. 6 

Franklin, city, c. s. of Venango 

co., Pa.pop. 7 

Frascati (fras-ka'te), town, 
Rome prov., Italy, 12 m. S E of 

Rome .pop. 10 

Fredericia (fred-er-risli'i-a), sp. 
& mfg. town, Vegle amt., Jutland, 

Denmark .pop. 13 

Frederick (fred'er-ik), mfg. city, 
c. s. of Frederick co., Md.. .pop. 9 
Fredericksborg (iks-burg), mfg. 
city, geographically in Spottsyl- 
vania co., Va.; battlefield in 

1862 .pop. 5 

Fredericton (ik-tun), city & 
port of entry, cap. of New 

Brunswick prov., Canada_p. 7 

Frederiksberg (fred' er - iks - 
berg), suburb of Copenhagen, 

Denmark .pop. 76 

Fredrikshald (f rfi-dreks-hal'), 
cml. & mfg. town, Smalenene 

prov., Norway .pop. 12 

Freeland (fre'land). bor., Lu¬ 
zerne co., Pa.pop. 5 

Freeport, city, c. s. of Stephen¬ 
son co., Ill.pop. 13 

Freetown, town, cap. of British 
colony of Sierra Leone, W. Africa. 

pop. 30 

Freiberg (fri'berg), min. & mfg. 
town, Saxony, 20 m. S W of 

Dresden, Ger.pop. 30 

Freiburg (fii'boorg), city, cap. 
of dist. of same name, grand 
duchy of Baden, Germany..p. 62 
Freiburg, mfg. town, cap. of can¬ 
ton of same name, Switzerland. 

pop. 16 

Fremantle (fre'man-t’l), sp. 

town, Western Australia. . .p. 15 
Fremont (fre'mont), city, c. s. 

of Dodge co.. Neb.pop. 7 

Fremont Peak, 13,790 ft. high, 
Wind River mts., Wyo.; perpet¬ 
ual snow. 

Friedenau (fre'de-nou), vil., 
Brandenburg, Prussia, near Ber¬ 
lin .comm. pop. 11 

Frome (froom or from), mfg. 
town, Somersetshire, England. 

pop. 11 

Frosinone (fro-ze-no'na), town, 
Rome prov., Italy, on Cosa river. 

pop. 13 

Fuchau (foo'ehou'). city, cap. of 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 

































Fuj 


1032 


Qafc 


Fukien prov., China; a treaty 

port ..pop. 650 

Fujiyama (foo-je-ya'ma), sacred 
mt., the highest in Japan, 12,440 
ft. high. 

Fukui (foo'koo-e), city, dist. cen. 

Hondo isl., Japan .pop. 44 

Fukushima (foo - koo - she' ma), 
city, in district of same name, 

Japan .pop. 21 

Fukuyama (foo-koo-ya'ma), city. 

Yezo isl., Japan .pop. 15 

Fukuoka (foo'koo-o-ka), city, 
in dist. of same name, N. part 

Kiushu isl., Japan.pop. 66 

Fulton (ful'tun), mfg. vil., Os¬ 
wego co., N. Y.pop. 5 


Funchal (foon-shaT), sp. city, 
cap. of Madeira isl., Atlantic oc.; 

a winter resort .pop. 20 

Fundy, Bay of (fun'di), inlet of 

Atl. oc., separating Nova Scotia 
from New Brunswick. 

Funfkirchen (funf' kerk - en), 

city, c. s. of Baranya co., Hun¬ 
gary .pop. 44 

Furstenwaide (fur-sten-val'de), 
town, Brandenburg, Prus., on 

Spree river .pop. 17 

Furth (furt), mfg. town, Bava¬ 
ria, German, 5 m. N W of Nu- 

remburg . ....pop. 54 



Gabes (ga'bes), sp. town, Tunis, 

on Gulf of Gabes..pop. 12 

Gablonz (ga'blonts), mfg. & cml. 
town, on Neisse riv., Bohemia, 

Austria .pop. 21 

Gainesville (ganz'vil), city, c. s. 

of Cooke co., Tex.pop. 8 

Gainsborough (ganz' bur - o), 
cml. town, Lincolnshire, England. 

pop. 18 

Galatina (ga-la-te'na), comm., 

Lecce prov., Italy .pop. 14 

Galatz (ga'lats), cml. city, Mol¬ 
davia. Roumania, on left bank 

Danube river .pop. 63 

Galena tga-le'na). cml, & mfg. 
city, c. s. of Jo Daviess co., Ill. 

pop. 5 

Galena, min. city, Cherokee co.. 

Kan.pop. 10 

Galesburg tgalz'burg), mfg. citv 

c. s. of Knox co.. Ill.pon. 10 

Galilee. Sea of ('gal-i-leA. Pales¬ 
tine. 14 m. long. 8 m. wide; Jor¬ 
dan riv. flows through it. 
Gallarate ^al-la-ra'tal. mfg. 
town, Italy. 23 m. N W of Milan 

pop. 12 

Galliuoli (gal-lep'o-le). on. s- 

mfg. town, at entrance of Sea of 
Marmora. Turkey in Europe. 

pon. 20 

Gallipoli, ft. sn. & mfg. town. 
Lecce prov., Italy .pop. 14 


Gallipolis (gal-li-po-les'), mfg. 
city, c. s. of Gallia co., O., on 

Ohio river .pop. 5 

Galiuzzo (gal-loot'so), commune, 

Florence prov., Italy.pop. 19 

Galveston (gal'ves-tun), city, 
c. s. of Galveston co., S. E. 

Texas .pop. 38 

Galveston Bay, Tex., inlet of 
Gulf of Mexico. 

Galway (gawl'wa), city, c. s. of 
Connaught co., W. Ireland..p. 13 
Gandara (gan'da-ra), pueblo, W. 

cen. Samar, Phil, isls.pop. 16 

Gapan (ga-piin'), pueblo, Nueva 
Ecija prov., Luzon, Phil. isls. 

pop. 20 

Garanbuns (gii - ra - nyoonsh'), 
town, Pernambuco state, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 33 
Gardiner (gard'ner). mfg. city, 

Kennebec co.. Me.pop. 6 

Gardner, town. Worcester co.. 

Mass.pop. 11 

Garonne fga-ron'). riv., 355 m. 

long. Pyrenees ruts., Sp.. to 

Gironde river. Fr. 

Garston (gar'stun). mfg. town, 
Lancashire. England, on Mersey 

river .pop. 17 

Gatchina (gat'chi-na). town, St. 

Petersburg govt., Russia..nop. 12 
Gateshead (gnts'hed), mfg. bor., 


late, miir, mflsk, cat, awl: he. her. let: line, tin : vote, pftroh, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin. then. 



































Gay 


1033 


Gla 


Durham co., England, on right 

bank Tyne river.pop. 110 

Gaya (gl'a), city, cap. of dist. of 
same name, Patna div., Bengal, 
British India; a famous place of 

pilgrimage .pop. 71 

Gaza (ga'za), or Ghuzzeh (guz'- 
ze), cml. coast town, Syria, Tur¬ 
key .pop. 21 

Gebweiler (geb'vl-ler), mfg. 
town, Alsace-Lorraine, Germany. 

pop. 13 

Geelong (je'long), cml. sp. town, 
Grant co., Victoria, Australia. 

pop. 12 

Geestemunde (gas-te-mun'de), 

sp. , Hanover prov., Prussia, on 

Weser river .pop. 20 

Gefle (yev'le), sp. town, cap. of 
Gefleborg prov., Sweden, .pop. 30 
Gelsenkirchen (gel'zen-kerk-en), 
town, Westphalia prov., Prussia. 

pop. 37 

Genesee (jen-e-se'), riv., 120 m. 

long, Pa. to Lake Ontario. 
Geneva (je-ne'va), city, cap. of 
canton of same name, Switzer¬ 
land, on Geneva, lake & Rhone 

river .pop. 105 

Geneva, Lake of (je-ne'va), or 
Lake Leman (le'man), between 
Switzerland & France, 45 m. 
long; Rhone riv. flows through it. 
Genoa (jen'd-a), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Liguria, 

Italy .pop. 235 

George, Lake, between Warren 
& Washington cos., N. Y., 3(3 m. 
long. 

Georgetown, city, c. s. of Deme- 
rara co. & cap. of British Gui¬ 
ana .pop. 53 

Georgia (jor'ji-a), agr. & mfg. 
state, S uthern U. S. A., 59,475 

sq. m.; cap. Atlanta. .pop. 2,216 
Gera (ga'ra), mfg. town, chief 

town of Reuss-Gera, Ger., on 

White Elster riv ...pop. 46 

Gerace (ja-ra'cha), town, on E. 
coast Calabria prov., Italy, .p. 11 
Gerki (ger'ke), town, Sokoto, 

Nigeria, W. Africa.pop. 15 

Germany (jer'ma-ni), empire, 
cen. Europe, E of France & W 
of Russia, comprising 25 states & 
one imperial ter., 208,748 sq.^ m.: 

cap. Berlin .pop. 56,345 

Gerona (ha-ro'na), city, cap. of 


prov. of same name, N. E. Spain. 

pop. 16 

Gerresheim (ger'res-lnm), town, 
Rhine prov., Prussia, near Dlis- 

seldorf .pop. 12 

Gevelsberg (ga'fels-berg), town, 

Westphalia, Prussia.pop. 14 

G h a t al (ga-tiiT), town, Mid- 
napur dist., Bengal, India.pop. 14 
Ghazipur (ga-ze-poor'), city, cap. 
of district of same name, Benares 
div., N. W. Provinces, British 

India .pop. 45 

Ghent (gent), cml. & mfg. city, 
cap. of E. Flanders, Belgium. 

pop. 161 

Giarre (jar'ra), town, Catania 
prov., Sicily, Italy, near Mt. 

Etna ..pop. 26 

Gibralter (ji-braw.l'ter), town * 
strongly ft. rock, S. Spain, be¬ 
longing to Great Britain. 
Giessen (ges'sen), town, cap. of 
Oberhessen prov., Hesse, Ger., on 

Lahn river .pop 26 

Gifu (ge'foo), city in dist., cen. 

Hondo, Japan .pop. 32 

Gijon (he-lion'), cml. & mfg. sp., 
Oviedo prov., Spain, on Bay of 

Biscay .pop. 43 

Gila (lie'la), riv., ab. 500 m. 
long, N. M. to Colorado riv., 
Ariz. 

Gillingham ( gil'ling-am), town. 

Kent co., England.pop. 43 

Gilly (zhe-ye'), min. town, Hai- 

nut prov., Belgium .pop. 24 

Ciuatilan (he-na-te'lan), pueblo, 
S. W. coast of Cebu, Phil. isls. 

pop. 12 

Ginigaran (he-ne-ga'ran), pueb¬ 
lo, Negius, Phil. isls. .....pop. 14 
Gioja del Colle (jo'ja del kol'- 
la), city, Bare prov., Italy..p. 22 
Girgenti (jer-jen'te), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, S. W. 

Sicily .pop. 25 

Giuliano (joo-lya'no), town, 

Italy, near Naples .pop. 14 

Givors (zhe-vor'), mfg. town, 
dept. Rhone, Fr., on Rhone riv. 

pop. 12 

Gizeh (ge'ze), city, cap. of prov. 
of same name. Upper Egypt.p. 11 
Gladbeck (gljit'bek), vil., West¬ 
phalia, Prussia. . .comm, pop. 12 
Glasgow (glas'ko or go), burgh, 
Lanark & Renfrew cos., Scot- 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 































Gla 


1034 


Gra 


land; second in size in Great 

Britain .pop. 760 

Glatz (glilts), mfg. town, on 
Neisse riv., Silesia prov., Prus¬ 
sia .pop. 15 

Glauchau (glou'kou), mfg. town, 
on Mulde riv., Saxony kingdom, 

Ger.pop. 26 

Gleiwitz (gle'vits), mfg. town, 
on Klodnitz riv., Silesia prov., 

Prussia .pop. 52 

Glens Falls, vil., Warren co., 
N! Y., on Hudson river; paper 

mills .pop. 13 

Glenville Oglen'vil), vil., Cuya¬ 
hoga co., Ohio .pop. 6 

Glossop (glos'sup), mfg. bor., 
Derbyshire, England, 12 m. E of 

Manchester .pop. 22 

Gloucester (glos'ter), cml. city 
& port of entry, Essex co., Mass. 

pop. 26 

Gloucester, city, Camden co., 
N. J., on Delaware river..pop. 7 
Gloucester, cml. & mfg. city & 
bor., c. s. of Gloucestershire, Eng¬ 
land .pop. 48 

Gloversville (gluv'erz-vil), mfg. 

city, Fulton co.. New York..p. 18 
Glukliov (gloo-khof'). cml. town, 
Chernigov govt., Russia ..pop. 17 
Gmiind (g’munt), mfg. town. 
Wurttemberg, Germany, 29 m. E 

of Stuttgart.pop. 19 

Gnesen (g’na'zen), mfg. town, 
Posen prov., Prussia, 29 m. E 

N E of Posen.pop. 22 

Godna (god'na), cml. town, Sa- 
ran dist., Bengal, British India, 

on Gogra river.pop. 15 

Gokak (go-kak'), town, Belgaum 
dist., Bombay pres., British In¬ 
dia .pop. 12 

Goldsboro, mfg. city, c. s. of 

Wayne co., N. C.pop. 6 

Gomel (go'mel-y), cml. town, 
Mogilev govt., Russia ...pop. 37 
Gouda (gon'da). city, cap. of 
dist. of same name, Faizabad. 

Oudh, India .pop. 17 

Goole (gool), cml. town. West 
Riding, Yorkshire, England, on 

Ouse river .pop. 17 

Goppingen (gep'ping-en), town, 
Wurttemberg, Germany, on Fils 

river .pop. 19 

Gorlitz (gernts), cml. & mfg. 
town, Silesia prov., Prussia, on 
Neisse riv.pop. 81 


Gorz (gerts), town, Ivlistenland, 
Austria, cap. of Gorz & Gradisca. 

pop. 25 

Goslar (gos'lar), mfg. town, 
Hanover prov., Prussia . .pop. 16 
Goteborg (ye-te-bor'y), or 
Gothenburg (got'en-burg), sp. 
city, cap. of Goteborg & Bolms 

prov., Sweden .pop. 131 

Gotha (go'ta), city, cap. of Gotha 

duchy, Germany .pop. 35 

Gothenburg. See Goteborg. 
Gottingen (gek'ting-en), mfg. 

town, Hanover* Prussia, .pop. 30 
Gouda (gou'da), cml. & mfg. 
town, S. Holland prov., Neth. 

comm. pop. 32 


Grafton (graf'tun), city, c. s. of 

Taylor co., W. Ya.pop. 6 

Gragnano (gra-nya'no), town. 
Naples prov., Italy.pop. 14 


Grammichele (griim'me-ka-la). 

town, Catania prov., Sicily, .p. 15 
Grampian Hills (gram'pi-an), 
mt. chain, divides Highlands & 
Lowlands, Scotland. 

Granada (gra-na/da), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, S. Spain. 

pop. 7c 

Granada, cml. city, cap. of Gran¬ 
ada prov., Nicaragua.pop. 25 

Grande, Rio (gran'da), riv.. 
North America, 1,770 m. long, 
S. W. Col. to Gulf of Mexico. 
Grand Forks, city, c. s. of co. 
of same name, N. E. N. Dak. .p. 8 
Grand Haven, mfg. city, c. s. of 
Ottawa co., Mich., on Lake Mich¬ 
igan .pop. 5 

Grand Island, city, c. s. of Hall 

co., Nebraska .pop. 8 

Grand Rapids, mfg. & cml. city, 
c. s. of Kent co., Mich., on Grand 

riv.pop. 8S 

Grand River, 350 m. long, rises 
in Grand lake, Col., flows into 
Green riv., Ut. 

Grand River, 270 m. long, Mich., 
flows into Lake Michigan at 
Grand Haven. 

Grane (gran), or Koweit (ko- 
wat'), sp. city, El Haza dist., 
^rabia, on Persian gulf. .pop. 20 
Grantham (grant'am), bor. & 
cml. town, Lincolnshire, England. 

pop. 18 

Grao Mogol (groun mo-gol'). 
town, Minas Geraes, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 62 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; modn, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, Men. 


































Gra 


1035 


Gui 


Graslitz (gras'lits), mfg. town, 

Bohemia, Austria .pop. 12 

Grasse (gras), mfg. town, dept. 
Alpes Maritimes, France....p. 15 
Graudenz (grou'dents), town, 
W. Prussia, Germany, on Vistula 

riv.pop. 33 

Gravesend (gravz'end), bor., 
Kent co., England, on Thames 

river .pop. 27 

Graz (grats). cml. & mfg. city, 
cap. of Styria, Austria.. pop. 138 
Great Barrington (bar'ring- 
tun), mfg. town, Berkshire co., 

Mass...pop. 6 

Great Britain (brit’n), largest 
isl. in Europe, comprising Eng¬ 
land, Wales & Scotland, 88,712 

sq. m.pop. 36,998 

Great Salt Lake, Ut., about 
80 m. long, 20 to 35 m. wide, 
greatest depth 60 ft. 

Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie 
dist., Can., 300 m. long, about 60 
m. wide. 

Great Slave River, 300 m. long, 
flows into Great Slave Lake, Can¬ 
ada. 

Greece (gres), kingdom, S. Eu¬ 
rope, 25,014; sq. m.; cap. Athens. 

pop. 2,434 

Green Bay, cml. & mfg. city, c. s. 

of Brown co., Wis.pop. 19 

Green Island, vil., Albany co.. 

New York .pop. 5 

Greenland (gren'land), isl., N E 
of North America, belongs to 
Denmark. 

Green Mountains, mt. range, 
Vt.; Alt. Mansfield, 4,364 ft., the 
highest peak. 

Greenock (gren'uk), sp. burg, 
Renfrew co., Scotland, .pop. 68 
Greensboro (grenz'bur-o), city, 
c. s. of Guilford co., N. C.pop. 10 
Greensburp\ city, c. s. of Deca¬ 
tur co., Ind .pop. 5 

Greensbtirg, bor., c. s. of West¬ 
moreland co.. Pa. .pop. 7 

Greenville (gren'vil), bor., Mer¬ 
cer co.. Pa.pop. 5 

Greenville, town, c. s. of Hunt 

co., Tex.. pop. 7 

Greenwich, town, Fairfield co.. 

Conn.pop. 12 

Greenwich, bor., part of London, 

England; seat of famous observa¬ 
tory .pop. 96 


Greenwood, town, c. s. of Green¬ 
wood co., S. C.pop. 5 

Griefswald (grlfs'valt), , town 
Pomerania prov., Prus., 19 m. 

5 E of Stralsund.pop. 23 

Greiz (gritz), town, cen. Ger¬ 
many, cap. of Reuss-Greiz princi¬ 
pality . pop. 22 

Grenoble (gre-no'b’l), cml. & 
mfg. city, cap. of dept. Isere, 

France .pop. 69 

Greve (gra'va), comm., Florence 

prov., Italy.pop. 14 

Grimsby (grimz'bi), sp. bor., 
Lincolnshire, England, 15 m. S E 

of Hull .pop. 63 

Grodek (groo'dek), town, E. Ga¬ 
licia prov., Austria.pop. 12 

Groningen (gro'nin-gen), town 

6 comm., cap. of prov. of same 

name, Netherlands.pop. 67 

Grossenhain (gros' sen - hin), 
town, Saxony, Prussia, 19 m. 

N N W of Dresden.pop. 12 

Gross Lichterfelde (lik'ter-fel- 
de), vil., Brandenburg, Prus., 

near Berlin .comm. pop. 23 

Groton, town, New London co.. 

Conn.pop. 6 

Griinberg (grun'berg), town, 

Silesia prov., Prussia.pop. 21 

Guadalquivir (gaw - dal - kwiv'- 
er), riv., S. Spain, 374 m. long, 
to Atlantic ocean. 

Guadix (gwa-theh') city, Gran¬ 
ada prov., Spain .pop. 12 

Guaira, La (la-gwi'ra), sp. town. 

Venezuela, S. America. . .pop. 12 
Guatemala (gaw-te-mii'la), re¬ 
public, Cen. America, 48,290 sq. 

m.pop. 1,574 

Guatemala, city, cap. of repub 

lie of Guatemala.pop. 72 

Gu ayaquil (gwi-a-kel'), city, 
cap. of Guayas prov., Ecuador, S. 

America .pop. 50 

Guayaquil, Gulf of, on coast of 
Ecuador, South America. 

Gubbio (goob'be-o), city, Peru¬ 
gia prov., Italy .pop. 26 

Guben (goo'ben), mfg. town. 

Brandenburg prov., Prussia, p. 33 
Guelph (gwelf), city, Wellington 
co., Ontario prov., Canada, .p. 11 
Guernsey (gern'zi). one of Chan¬ 
nel isls., England, 17 m. N W of 

Jersey .pop. 40 

Guildford (gil'ford or gild), bor., 
c. s. of Surrey co., England, .p. 16 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 









































Gui 


1036 


Ham 


Guimbal (gem-bab), pueblo, S. 
coast Panay, Phil, islands..p. 12 
Guinea (gin'e), coast region, W. 
Africa, bet. Senegal riv. & Ger. 
S. W. Africa. 

Guinea, Gulf of, on W. coast 
of Africa, bet. 6° 20' N. & 

1° S. 

Guinobatan (ge-no-va'tan), pueb¬ 
lo, cen. Albay prov. Luzon. Phil. 

islands.-pop. 21 

Gujarat (goo-ja-rat'), city. cap. 
of div. of same name, Bombay, 

India .pop. 18 

Gujranwala (gooj'ran-wh'la), 
city, cap. of dist. of same name, 
Punjab, India .pop. 27 


Guma (goo'ma), town, East 
Turkestan, 90 m. N W of Khotan. 

pop. 30 

Gummersbach (goom'mers-bak), 
town, Rhine prov. Prussia..p. 13 

Gunnison (gun'ni-sun), riv., 
Col., 200 m. long, flows through 
deep canons into Grand river. 

Guntur (gun-toor'), town, 
Kistna dist., Madras presidency, 
B. India .pop. 23 

Gustrow (gus'tro), mfg. town, 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany. 

pop. 17 

Gyula (dyoo'lo), town, cap. of 
Bekes co., Hungary.pop. 20 


H 


Haarlem (liar'lem), city & comm., 
Netherlands, 12 m. W of Amster¬ 
dam ...pop. 64 

Haarlem Lake, former inlet of 
Zuider Zee; land reclaimed bv 
draining. 

Habana or Havana (ha-va'na 
or van'a), sp. city, capital of 
Cuba, on N. cen. coast of the 

island .pop. 236 

Hacbioji (hit -che-o'je), city, 

Hondo isl., Japan .pop. 23 

Hagen (ha/gen), town, West¬ 
phalia prov., Prussia.pop. 63 

H a g e n a u (lia'ge-nou), town, 
Upper Alsace, Germany ..pop. 18 
Hagers t own (ha'gerz-toun), 
city, c. s. of Washington co., 

Maryland .pop. 14 

Hag o n o y (a-go-nob). pueblo, 
Bulacan prov., Luzon, Phil, isl¬ 
ands .pop. 20 

Hague, The (hag), city & comm., 
the court cap. of Netherlands & 
cap. of S. Holland nrov., 4 m. 
from North sea..comm. nop. 206 
Haidarabad (hl'dar-a-bad'). ft. 
city, cap. of Haidarabad state 

pop. with suburbs 446 
Haidarabad, city, cap. of Sind 

dist., India .pop. 55 

Hainau (hl'nou), town, Silesia 
prov., Prussia .pop. 10 


Haiti (ha'ti), isl. of West In¬ 
dies ; W. part is republic of 
Haiti, 11,072 sq. m., cap. Port au 
Prince; E. part is republic of 
Santo Domingo .......pop. 1,211 

H a j i p u r (ha'je-poor), town, 
Muzaffarpur dist., Bengal, India. 

pop. 22 

Hakodate (ha-ko-da'ta), sp. city, 
S. W. end Yezo isl., Japan, .p. 78 
Halas (ho'losh), town, Hungary. 

pop. 17 

Halberstadt (hal - ber - stat/)» 
cml. & mfg. town, Saxony prov., 

Prussia .pop. 43 

Halifax (hal'i-faks), mfg. bor.. 

Yorkshire, England.pop. 105 

Halifax, sp. city, cap. of Nova 
Scotia, chief naval station of 
British North America.. .pop. 41 
Halle (liable), city. Saxony prov., 
Prussia, 20 m. N W of Leipzig. 

pop. 157 

Halliun (a-lu-ang'), town, dept. 

Nord, France .pop. 17 

Halmstad (halm-stad'), sp., cap. 

of Halland prov., S. Sweden..p. 15 
Hama (ha'ma), city. Syria, 110 

m. N of Damascus.pop. 45 

Hamadan (ha-ma-dan'), city, 
Hamadan prov., N. W. Persia. 

nop. 35 

H a m b o r n (ham'born), vil., 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

, cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 




























Ham 


1037 


Hei 


Rhine prov., Prussia, near Mei- 

derich .pop. 33 

Hamburg (ham'boorg), city, sp. 

on Elbe riv., Germany, .pop. 706 
Hamilton, city, c. s. of Butler 

co., O.pop. 24 

Hamilton, burgh, Lanark co., 

Scotland ...pop. 33 

Hamilton, town, cap. of Bermu¬ 
da islands.pop. 8 

Hamm (ham), mfg. & cml. town, 
Westphalia prov., Prussia..p. 31 
Hammerf est (ham' mer - fest), 

town, Norway ; the most N. town 

in Europe.pop. 2 

Hammond (ham'mund), city. 

Lake co., Ind.pop. 12 

Hampton Roads, Chesapeake 
bay, near Fortress Monroe, Va. 
Hanan (ha'nou), town, Hesse- 
Nassau prov., Prussia.... pop. 30 
Hangchau (hang-chou'), She- 

kiang prov., China .pop. 700 

Hankau (hhn-kou'), treaty port, 
Hupe prov., China, on Yangtze 

river .pop. 850 

Hanley (han'li), bor., Stafford¬ 
shire, England .pop. 62 

Hannibal (han'ni-bal), city, 

Marion co.. Mo.pop. 13 

Hanoi (ha'noi), city, cap. of 
Tonkin, Indo China ....pop. 103 
Hanover (han'o-ver), bor., York 

co., Penn.pop. 5 

Hanover (han-no'ver), city, can. 

of Hanover prov., Prussia.n. 236 
Hansi (han'si), town, Hissar 
dist., Punjab, British India.p. 15 
Hapur (haw-poor'), town, Mee¬ 
rut dist., N. W. Provinces, B. 

India .pop. 15 

H a r b u r g (har'boorg), town. 

Hanover prov., Prussia.. pop. 40 
H a r d w a r (hur-dwar'). cml. 
town. Saharanpur dist., N. W. 

Provinces. India .pop. 20 

Harlem River, narrow channel, 
N E of Manhattan isl., N. Y., 
Snuyten Duyvil creek to East 
river. 

Harney Peak (har'ni), highest 
of Black hills. S. Dak., 7.216 ft. 
Harrisburg (har'ris-bnrg), city, 
c. s. of Dauphin co.. Pa., & can 

of state.pop. 50 

Harrison (har'ri-sun), town, 

Hudson co., N. .J....pop. 11 

Harrogate (har'ro-gat), bor., 


Yorkshire, England; a watering 

’"‘lace .pop. 28 

Harrow, town, Middlesex co., 
England; famous school..pop. 10 
Hartford (hart'ferd), mfg. & 
cml. city, cap. of Conn...pop. 80 
Hartlepool (har't’l-pool), sp.. 

Durham co., England.... pop. 23 
Harwich (har'rij or har'ich), sp., 

Essex co., England.pop. 10 

Harz (harts), mt. group, N.. W. 
Ger., between Elbe & Weser rivs.; 
highest, m-ocken, 3,745 ft. 
Haslinerden (haz'ling-den), bor.. 

Lancashire, England.pop. 19 

Haspe (hiis'pe), mfg. town. 

Westphalia, Prussia.pop. 16 

Hastings (has'tingz), city, c. s. 

of Adams co., Neb.pop. 7 

Hastings, bor., Sussex co., Eng¬ 
land; battle 1066.pop. 66 

Hathras (ha'trus), town, N. W. 

Provinces, British India..pop. 39 
Hatteras, Gape (hat'ter-as), on 
isl., E. coast N. C. 

Havana. See Habana. 
Haverhill (ha'ver-il), city, Essex 

co., Mass. .pop. 37 

Haverstraw (hav'er-straw), vil., 

Rockland co., N. Y.pop. 6 

Havre or Le Havre (le av'r), 
sp. city, dept. Seine-Inferieure, 

France .pop. 130 

Havre de Grace (hav'er de 
gras), city, Harford co., Md..p 3 
Hawaii (ha-wl'e), largest of Ha¬ 
waiian isls., 4,015 sq. m. ; chief 

town Hilo.pop. 47 

Hawaiian Islands (ha-wi'yan), 
formerly Sandwich islands, part 
of U. S. A., 8 inhabited islands, 
N. Pacific ocean ; cap. Honolulu. 
Hawick (haw'ik)", burgh, Rox¬ 
burgh co., Scotland.pop. 17 

Hawiza (ha-we'za), town, Khuz- 

istan prov., Persia .pop. 12 

Hawthorn (haw'thorn), town, 
Victoria, Australia, suburb of 

Melbourne . : • .pop. ,20 

Hazebrouck (az-brook'), town. 

dept. Nord, France..pop. 13 

Hazleton (ha'z’l-tun), city, Lu¬ 
zerne co., Pa. .pop. 14 

Hebrides (heb'ri-dez), or West¬ 
ern Islands, W of Scotland, 

3,000 sq. m.pop. 100 

Heidelberg (lu'del-berg), city. 
Baden, Germany .pop. 40 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






































Hed 


1038 


Hod 


Hedenheim (lii'den-hlm), town, 
Wurttemberg, Germany. . .pop. 3S 
Heilbronn (lnl-bron'), town, 
Wurttemberg, Germany.. pop. 10 
Helder (hel'der), ft. town & 
comm., N. Holland prov., Nether^ 

lands.. comm. pop. 25 

Helena (hel'e-na), city, c. s. of 

Phillips co., Ark.pop. 0 

Helena, city, c. s. of Lewis & 
Clarke co., & cap. of i\lont..p. 11 
Hellin (al-yen') mfg. town, Al- 

bacete prov., Spain.pop. 14 

Helmstedt (belm'stet), town, 
Brunswick ducliy, Germany.p. 14 
Helsinborg (hel-sing-borg'), sp., 
Sweden, on Ore Sund, op. Hel- 

singor . pop. 25 

Helsingfors (hel-sing-fors'), ft. 
sp. town, cap. of Finland, Rus¬ 
sia in Europe .pop. 89 

Helsingor (hel-sing-er'), or El¬ 
sinore (el-si-nor'), city, Fred- 
eriksborg amt., Denmark.pop. 14 
Henderson (hen'der-suil), city 
c. s. of Henderson co., Ivy..p. 10 
Hendon (hen'dun), town, Middle¬ 
sex co., England.pop. 22 

Henlopen, Cape (hen-lo'pen), on 
E. coast of Del., at entrance to 
Delaware bay. 

Henry, Cape, on S. E. coast of 
Va., S. side entrance to Chesa¬ 
peake bay. 

Herat (her-at'), city, Afghan¬ 
istan, 410 m. W of Kabul.pop. 12 
Herculaneum (her-ku-la'ne-um), 
anc. city, near Naples, It.; buried 
by eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, 79 
A. D. 

Hereford (her'e-ford), city & 
bor., c. s. of Herefordshire, Eng. 

pop. 21 

Herford (lier'fort), town, West¬ 
phalia, Prussia .pop. 25 

Herisau (ha-re-zou'), town, Ap- 
penzell canton, Switzerland.p. 14 
Herkimer (her'ki-mer), city, c. s. 

of. Herkimer co., N. Y.pop. 6 

Hermoupolis (er-moo'po-ly es), 

or Syra (se'ra), cml. city, Syra 

isl., Grecian arch.pop. 22 

Herne (her'ne), mfg. town, West¬ 
phalia, Prussia, near Bochum. 

pop. 2S 

Herstal (liers'tal), comm., Liege 

prov., Belgium .pop. 19 

Hertford (har'ford or hert-ferd), 


bor., c. s. of Hertfordshire, Eng¬ 
land .pop. 9 

Herzegovina (her-tsa-go-ve'na), 
part of the province of Bosnia & 
Herzegovina, Austria, 3,521 sq. 

m.; cap. Mostar.pop. 220 

Hey wood (ha'wood), mfg. bor., 
Lancashire, England ....pop. 25 

Hikone (he'ko-na), town, Shiga 
dist., Hondo isl., .Japan, on Lake 

Biwa .pop. 18 

Hilden (hil'den), town, Rhine 

prov., Prussia .pop. 11 

Hildeslieim (hil-des-him'), city, 
cap. of district of same name, 
Hanover prov., Prussia ..pop. 43 
Hilla (liil'la), town, TurkeyS of 
Bagdad ; near site of anc. Baby¬ 
lon .pop. 30 

Hilo (he'lo), dist. & sp., chief 
town of Hawaii island. 

dist. pop. 20 
Himalaya (hi-ma-la'ya), mt. 
system, 1,000 m. long, bet. India 
& Tibet; highest mts. on the 
earth; highest, Mt. Everest, 29,- 
000 ft. 

Himeji (he'ma-je), pity, W. part 

Hondo isl., Japan .pop. 35 

Hinckley (liink'li), town, Leices¬ 
tershire, England .pop. 11 

Hindley (hind'li), town, Lanca¬ 
shire, England .•.pop. 24 

Hindu Kush (liin'doo koosh), 
mountain range of Afghanistan, 
extending W. from Himalayas; 
peaks above 20,000 ft. 

Hindustan (hin-du-stan'), Per¬ 
sian name of India. 

Hirosaki (he-ro-sa'ke), city, N. 

part of Hondo isl., Japan.pop. 35 
Hiroshima (he-ro-slie'ma), city 
in dist. of same name, on the 

coast of Japan.pop. 122 

Hirschberg (hersh'berg), mfg. 

town, Silesia prov., Prussia..p. 18 
Hissar (liis-sar'), city, cap. of 
dist. of same name, Delhi div., 
Punjab, British India ...pop. 17 
Hitchin (hich'in), town, Hert¬ 
fordshire. England .pop. 10 

Hoango-ho. See Hwang-Ho. 
Hobart (ho'bert), city, cap. of 
Tasmania, on S : E. coast.pop. 25 
Hoboken (ho'bo-ken), city, Hud¬ 
son co.. N. J.pop. 59 

Hodeida (ho-de-e-da'), ft. mfg. & 
cml. sp., Yemen, Arabia, on Red 
sea .pop. 45 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 
































Hod 


1039 


Hun 


Hodmezo-Vasarhely (hod'rne- 
se-va'shar-hel-y), city, Csongrad 

co., Hungary.pop. 61 

Hof (liof), mfg. town, Upper 
Franconia, Bavaria. Germany. 

pop. 33 

Hofuf (ho-foof'), town, El Haza, 

Arabia .pop. 43 

Hohscheid (he'slnt), town, 

Rhine prov., Prussia.pop. 14 

Holland (hol'land), city, Ottawa 

co., Mich.pop. 8 

Holland (Du. pron. liol'lant), a 
kingdom. See Netherlands. 
Holyoke (hol'yok), mfg. city, 

Hampden co.. Mass.pop. 46 

Holyoke, Mount, Hampshire co., 
Mass., 954 ft. high. 

Holzminden (holts' min - den), 
town, Brunswick duchy, Ger¬ 
many.pop. 10 

Homburg (hom'boorg), town, 
Hesse-Nassau prov., Prussia.p. 10 
Homestead (hom'sted), bor., 

Alleghany co., Pa.pop. 13 

Homs (horns), cml. & mfg. town, 
Syria, about 90 m. N N E of Da¬ 
mascus .pop. 60 

Hondo (hon'do), or Nippon 
(nip-pon'), largest isl. of Japan, 

87,485 sq. m.pop. 33,328 

Honduras (hon-dob'ras), repub¬ 
lic. Cen. Am., 46,250 sq. m.; cap. 

Tegucigalpa .pop. 745 

Honfleur (ong-fler'), cml. town, 
dept. Calvados, France. . . .pop 10 
Hongkong (hong'kong'), British 
isl. & colony, at entrance to Can¬ 
ton river, China, 30 sq. m. ; cap. 

Victoria .pop. 297 

Honolulu (ho-no-166'loo), cml. 
city. cap. of Hawaiian isls., on S. 

coast Oahu island.pop. 39 

Hood, Mount, peak. Cascade 
range, Ore., 11.225 ft. high. 
Hoosac Mountain (hoo'sak). 

range. Berkshire co.. Mass. 
Hoosick Falls (hoo'sik), vil., 

Rensselaer co., N. Y.pop. 6 

Hopkinsville (hop' kins - vil), 
city, c. s. of Christian co., Ivy. 

pop. 7 

Horde (her'de), town, West¬ 
phalia prov., Prussia .pop. 25 

Horn, Cape, S. extrem. S. Amer., 
on Tierra del Fuego isls. 
Hornellsville (horn' elz - vil), 
city, Steuben co., N. Y...pop. 12 


Hornsey (horn'si), town, Mid¬ 
dlesex co., England.pop. 72 

Hornu (hor-nu'), min. comm., 
Hainaut prov., Belgium ..pop. 11 
Horodenka (ho-ro-den'ka), town, 
E. part of Galicia prov., Austria. 

pop. 12 

Horsens (hor'sens), town, Aar¬ 
hus amt., Denmark, on the Hor¬ 
sens fiord...pop. 22 

Horwick (hor'ich), par. & town, 
Lancashire, England ....pop. 15 
Hot Springs, city, c. s. of Gar¬ 
land co., Ark.pop. 10 

Houston (hus'tun), cml. & mfg. 
city, c. s. of Harris co., Texas. 

pop. 45 

Howrah (hou'ra), mfg. town, 
Bengal, India, on Hugli riv., op. 

Calcutta .pop. 15S 

Huaraz (wa-riis'), town, cap. of 

Ancachs dept., Peru.pop. 17 

Huhli (hoo'ble), town, Dharwar 
dist., Bombay pres., British In¬ 
dia .pop. 58 

Huchou (hoo'choo'), cml. town, 
N. part of Chekiang prov., China. 

pop. 60 

Hucknall Torkard (huk'nal 
tOr'kerd), town, Nottingham¬ 
shire, England.pop. 15 

Huddersfield (hud' derz - feld), 
mfg. bor.. West Riding. York¬ 
shire, Eng.pop. 95 

Hudson (hud's’n), riv., N. Y., 
300 m. long, to N. Y. bay. 
Hudson, town, Middlesex co.. 

Mass..pop. 5 

Hudson, mfg. city, c. s. of Colum¬ 
bia co., N. Y.pop. 10 

Hudson Bay, S50 m. long. 600 
m. broad. North America; opens 
into Arctic ocean. 

Hue (hoo-a'), city, cap. of Anajn 
kingdom, Indo China . . . .pop. 50 
Huelva (wal'va). sp. town, cap. 

of min. prov., S. Spain . . .pop. 18 
Hukou (hoo-koo'j. or Hokou 
(ho-kfxV), town, Kiangsi prov.. 
China, on Lake Poyang. .pop. 300 
Hull (hill), mfg. town, c. s. of 
Ottawa co., Quebec prov., Canada, 

on Ottawa river.pop. 14 

Hungary (hun'ga-ri), kingdom, 
cen. Europe, E. part of Austro- 
Hungarian monarchy, 125,608 sq. 
m.; cap. Budapest. .. .pop. 19,204 
Huntingdon (hunt' ing - dun), 


late, miti\ mask, cat, awl : lie, her, let: Hue, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 

































Hur 


1040 


Ing 


boi\, c. s. of Huntingdon co., S. 

cen. Pa.pop. 6 

Huron, Lake (hu'run), second 
in size of the 5 great lakes of 
North America, 23,800 sq. m. 
Husi (hoosh), town, Roumania, 
Europe, about 42 m. S E of 

Jasey.pop. 13 

Hutchinson (huch'in-sun), city. 

c. s. of Reno co., Kan.pop. 9 

Huy (hoi), mfg. & ft. town 

Liege prov., Belgium .pop. 15 

Hwang-ho (hwang'ho'), 


“Yellow River,” riv., China, 2,300 
m. long, to Pechili gulf. 
Hwangyan (hwang'yan'), town, 
Chekiang prov., China...pop. 120 
Hyde (hid), min. & mfg. bor., 
Cheshire co., England ... .pop. 33 
Hyde Park, town, Norfolk co.. 

Mass.pop. 13 

Hyderabad (hi-der-a-bad'), vari¬ 
ant of Ilaidarabad. 

Hyeres (e'ar), sp. town, dept. 
Var., S. France... .pop. 18 



Ibadan (e-ba'dan), large city, 
Yoruba state, Lagos colony, Guin¬ 
ea, W. Africa.pop. 120 

Ibague (e-va-ga'L town. cup. of 
Tolima dept., Colombia, South' 

America .pop. 13 

Iceland (is'land), isl., N. Atl. oc, 
40,458 sq. m.; cap. Reykjavik; 

Danish .pop. <1 

Ichang (e'chang'), treaty port, 
Hupe prov., China ......pop. 35 

Idaho (i'da-ho), min. & past, 
state, N. W. U. S. A., 84,800 sq. 

m.; cap. Boise.. .pop. 162 

Igbaras (eg-ba-riis), pueblo. 

Iloilo prov., Panay, Phil. lsls..p. 12 
Iglau (eg'lou), mfg. town, Mora¬ 
via prov., Austria, on Iglawa. 

pop. 24 

Iglesias (e-gla'ze-as), town, Cag¬ 
liari prov., Sardinia isl., Italy. 

pop. 21 

Ilagan (e-la'gan), pueblo, cap. of 
Isabela prov., Luzon, Phil. isls. 

pop. 14 

Ilkeston (il'kes-tun), min. & 
mfg. bor., Derbyshire, England. 

pop. 25 

Illinois (il-li-noi' or noiz'), 
state, N. cen. U. S. A., 56,650 sq. 
m.; cap. Springfield... .pop. 4.822 

Illinois River, about 350 m. 
long. Ill., flows into Mississippi 
river. 

Ilmenau (el'me-nou), min. & 
mfg. town, Saxe-Weimar.pop. 10 
Ilorin (e-lo-ren'), cml. city & 
state, Nigeria, W. Africa.pop. 50 


Imola (e'mo-la), mfg. town. 

Bologna prov., N. Italy...pop. 33 
Imoski (e'mos-ke), comm., Dal¬ 
matia, Austria .pop. 37 

Imus (e'moos), pueblo, Cavite 
prov., Luzon, Phil, islands.p. 15 
Inabanga (e-na-bang'a), pueblo, 
N. W. Bohol, Phil, islands...p. 10 
Independence (in-de-pend'ens), 
city, c. s. of Montgomery co.. 
Ivans.pop. 5 


Independence, city, c. s. of 

Jackson co.. Mo.pop. 7 

India (in'di-a), or Hindustan 

(liin-doo-stan'), country, mostly 
under British rule, S. Asia, S of 
Himalaya mts., 1,944,700 sq. m. 
Indiana y»-di-an'a), state, U. S. 
A., bet. Lake Michigan & Ohio 
riv.. 36,350 sq. m.; cap. Indian¬ 
apolis .pop. 2.516 

Indianapolis (in-di-an-ap'o-ks). 
cml. city, cap. of Ind. & c. s. of 

Marion co.pop. 169 

Indian Ocean, one of the 5 great 
oceans. S of Asia & E of Africa. 
Indo China (in'do chl'na), or 
Farther India, the S. E. pen. 
of Asia. 

Indore (in-dor'), city, cap. of 
state of Indore, cen. India..p. 83 
Indus (in'dus). riv., 2.000 m. 
long, S. Asia, rises in Tibet, flows 
into Arabian Sea. 

Ingolstadt (ing'ol-stat), ft. 
town. Upper Bavaria, Germany, 
on Danube riv.pop. 22 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let: line, tin : vote, pOrch, lot; moCn, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 































Inh 


1041 


Izy 


Inhauma (e-nya'oo-ma), town, 
Minas Geraes state, Brazil.p. 18 
Innsbruck (ins'prook), mfg. 
city, cap. of Tyrol, Austria, on 

Inn river .pop. 27 

Inowrazlaw (e-no - vrats' laf), 
town, Posen prow, Prussia, .p. 26 
Insterburg (en'ster-boorg), mfg. 

town, E. Prussia.pop. 28 

Inverness (in-ver-nes'), burgli, 
c. s. of Inverness co., Scotland. 

pop. 21 

loin (i-6'la), city, c. s. of Allen 

co,, Kan.pop. 6 

Ionia (i-o'ni-a), city, c. s. of 

Ionia co., Mich.pop. 5 

Ionian Islands (i-o'ni-an), 
group, Medit. sea, off W. coast of 

Greece, 8S7 sq. m.pop. 239 

Ionian Sea, part of the Mediter¬ 
ranean sea, bet. Greece & S. Italy. 
Iowa, (/o-wa), agr. & mfg. state. 
N. cen. U. S. A., 56,025 sq. m.; 

cap. Des Moines.pop. 2.232 

Iowa City. mfg. city, c. s. of 
Johnson co., Ia., on Iowa river. 

pop. 8 

Ipek (e-pak'), town, Kosovo vila¬ 
yet. Turkey in Europe. .. .pop. 18 
Ipswich (ips'wich), town, Essex 

co.. Mass.pop. 5 

Ipswich, mfg. bor., c. s. of Suf¬ 
folk co., England .pop. 67 

Iquique (e-ke'ka), sp. town, cap. 

of Tarapacft prov., Chile.pop. 42 
Iraja (e-ra'zha), town, Rio Ja¬ 
neiro state, Brazil.pop. 13 

Irbit ( er-bet'), cml. town, Perm 
govt., Russia in Europe..pop. 20 
Iriga (e-re'ga), pueblo, S. Ambos 
Oamarines prov., Luzon, Phil. 

islands.pop. 17 

Irkutsk (ir-kootsk'). city, cap. of 
Irkutsk gov. & of E. Siberia.p. 51 
Ironton (Turn-tun), mfg. city. 

c. s. of Lawrence co., 0..pop. 12 
Ironwood, tp. & city, Gogebic co., 
Mich.pop. 10 


Isbarta (es-bar'ta), town, Konia 

vilayet, Asia Minor.pop. 20 

Ischl (ish'l), town, Upper Aus¬ 
tria, on Traun riv.pop. 10 

Iseghem (e'se-gem), mfg. town, 
W. Flanders prov., Belgium.p. IS 
Iserlohn (e-zer-lon'), mfg. town, 
Westphalia prov., Prussia..p. 27 
Xshpeming (ish'pe-ming), min. 
city, Marquette co., Michigan. 

pop. 13 

Ismid (is-med'), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Turkey in 

Asia .pop. 25 

Ispahan (is-pa-han' or is-fa), 
mfg. city, Irak Ajemi prov., for¬ 
mer cap. of Persia.pop. 80 

Issoudun (e-soo-dun'), cml. & 
mfg. town, dept. Indre, France, 

on Theols rivier.pop. 14 

Issy (e-se'), dept. Seine, France, 

near Seine river.pop. 17 

Itaborahy (e-ta-b5-ra'e), town, 
Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.p. 18 
Italy (it'a-li), kingdom, S. Eu¬ 
rope, 110,688 sq. m.; cap. Rome. 

pop. 32,475 

Itasca Lake (i-tas'ka), Beltrami 
co., Minn.; collects sources of 
Mississippi river. 

Ithaca (ith'a-ka), mfg. city, c. s. 

of Tompkins co.. N. Y. .. .pop. IS 
Itzehoe (e'tse-ho), mfg. town, 
Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, on 

Stor riv.pop. 16 

Ivry-sur-Seine (ev-re'sur-sang), 
mfg. town, dept. Seine, Fr., near 

Seine river.pop. 29 

Ixelles (eks-eT). mfg. town, Bra¬ 
bant prov., Belgium.pop. 61 

Izmail (ez-ma-el'). town, Bessa¬ 
rabia govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 31 

Izucar (e-soo'kar), town, Puebla 

state, Mexico .pop. 12 

Izyum (e-zyoom'), town, on 
Donets riv., Kharkov govt., Rus¬ 
sia in Europe .pop. 23 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon,, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n, 



H34 




























Jab 


1042 


Jir 


i 


■J 


Jabalpur (jub'ul-poor), city, cap. 
of Jabalpur div., Central Provs., 

British India .pop. 90 

Jacarepagua (zha-ka-ra-pa'gwa), 
town. Federal dist., Brazil, near 

Rio de Janeiro .pop. 16 

Jackson (jak'sun), mfg. city. 

c. s. of Jackson co., Mich..pop. 25 
Jackson, city, cap. of Miss. & c. s. 

of Hinds co.pop. 8 

Jackson, city, c. s. of Jackson co., 

Ohio .pop. 5 

Jackson, cml. city, c. s. of Madi¬ 
son co., Tenn.pop. 15 

Jacksonville, city, c. s. of Duval 

co., Fla.•.pop. 28 

Jacksonville, mfg. city, c. s. of 

Morgan co., Ill.pop. 15 

Jacobina (zha-ko-be'na), town, 

Bahia state, Brazil.pop. 10 

Jaffna (jiif'na), sp. town & isl., 

N. Ceylon .pop. 84 

J agerndorf (ya'gern-dorf), 
town, Silesia prov., Austria.p. 15 
Jaipur (ji'poor), city, cap. of 
Jaipur state, Rajputana, India. 

pop. 160 

Jalandhar (ja'lun-dar), city, 
cap. of Jalandhar div,, Punjab. 

British India .pop. 66 

Jalapa (ha-la'pa), city, cap. of 
Veracruz state, Mexico . .pop. 18 
Jamaica (ja-ma'ka), agr. isl., 
British West Indies, 4,193 ^sq. 

m.: cap. Kingston.pop. 743 

James River, 325 m. long, Va. ; 

popular name of Dakota river. 
Jamestown, mfg. city, Chautau¬ 
qua co., N. Y.pop. 23 

Jammu (jum-moo'), ft. town, 
Kashmir, India. 80 m. N of Am¬ 
ritsar.pop. 35 

Janesville (janz'vil), mfg. city, 
c. s. of Rock co., Wis., on Rock 

river .pop. 13 

Janina or Yanina (ya'ne-na), 
city. cap. of vilayet of same name, 
W. Turkey in Europe . . . .pop. 20 
Janiuay (ha-ne-oo-i'), pueblo, 
cen. Iloilo prov., Panay, Phil. 

isls.pop. 29 

Japan (ja-pan'), Japanese Nip¬ 
pon (nip'pon), island empire, E 
of Japan sea, Asia, 147,655 sq. 
m.; cap. Tokyo.pop. 43,761 


Japan Sea, part of Pacific ocean, 
bet. Japan & Korea, Asia. 
Jaroslaw (ya-ros'laf), town, Ga¬ 
licia prov., Austria.pop. 28 

Jarrow (*jar'ro), bor., Durham 
co., England, on Tyne river.p. 34 
Jassy (yiis'se), cml. city, cap. of 
district of same name, Moldavia, 
Roumania, formerly cap. of Mol¬ 
davia ..pop. 78 

Jativa (ha'te-va), town, Valen¬ 
cia prov., Spain .pop. 14 

Jauer (you'er), town, Silesia 
prov., Prussia, on Neisse river. 

pop. 13 

Jaunpur (joun'poor). city, cap. 
of dist. of same name, Benares 
div., N. W. Provinces, British In¬ 
dia • • • ..pop. 43 

Java (ja'va), isl., Malay arch., 
E. Indies, including Madura, 50,- 
544 sq. m.; cap. Batavia; Dutch. 

pop. 26,125 

Jeannette (jen-net'), bor., West¬ 
moreland co., Pa.pop. 6 

Jedda (jed'da), or Jiddah (jid'- 
da), town, Arabia, on Red sea; 

sp. for Mecca.pop. 25 

Jefferson City, mfg. city, cap. 

of Mo. & c. s. of/Cole co. .pop. 10 
Jemappes (zhe-map'), town, 
Hainaut prov., Belgium . .pop. 12 
Jena (y&'na), town, Saxe-Wei¬ 
mar duchy, Germany ....pop. 21 
Jerez de la Frontera (Im-r&th' 
da la fron-ta'ra), town, Cadiz 

prov., Spain .pop. 60 

Jersey (jer'zi), one of English 
Channel isls., 45 sq. m.; cap. St. 

Helier .pop. 53 

Jersey City, mfg. city, c. s. of 

Hudson co., N. J., on Hudson 

river .pop. 296 

Jerusalem (je-ru'sa-lem), city, 
cap. of Palestine, Syria..pop. 51 
Jesi (ya'ze), mfg. town. Ancona 
prov., Italy, on Esino river.p. 23 
Jhansi (jan'se), town, Gwalior 

state, Cen. India.pop. 55 

Jibuti (je-boo-te'). Fr. port, E. 
Africa, near head of Gulf of 

Aden .pop. 15 

Jir on (he'ron), town, Santander 
dept., Colombia; gold mines.p. 13 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 

































Jod 


1043 


Kan 


Jodhpur (jod'poor), city, cap. of 
native state of same name, India. 

pop. 60 

Johnson City, town, Washing¬ 
ton co., Tenn.pop. 5 

Johnstown, city, c. s. of Fulton 

co., N. Y.pop. 10 

Johnstown, mfg. city, Cambria 

co.. Pa.pop. 36 

Jokyokarta (jok-yo-kar'ta), city, 
cap. of residency of same name, 

S. Java .popi 59 

Joliet (jS'li-et), city, c. s. of 

Will co., Ill.pop. 29 

Jonesboro (jonz'bur-o), city, 
c. s. of Craighead co., Ark.pop. 5 
Jonkoping (yen'che-ping), city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, S. 

Sweden .pop. 23 

Joplin (jop'lin), city, Jasper co.. 
Mo.pop. 26 


Jordan (jor'dan), riv., about 
135 m. long, Palestine, Anti- 
Libanus mts. to Dead sea. 

Juiz de Fora (zhoo-esh' da fo'- 
ra), town, Minas Geraes state, 

Brazil .dist. pop. 74 

Jumet (zhii-ma'), town, Hainaut 

prov., Belgium.pop. 25 

J u m i 11 a (hoo-mel'ya), town, 
Murcia prov., Spain . . . .pop. 14 
Junagarh (joo-na-gur'), city, 
cap. of state of same name, Gufa- 

rat, India .pop. 32 

Junction, city, c. s. of Geary co., 

Kan.pop. 5 

Jungbunzlau (yoong - boonts'- 
lou), town, Bohemia, Austria. 

pop. 13 

Juniata (ju-ni-at'a), riv., Pa., 
about 150 m. long, to Susque¬ 
hanna riv. 


K 


Kabul (ka'bul, or ka-bool')* city, 
on Kabul riv.; cap. of Afghani¬ 
stan . .pop. 60 

Kadhimein (ka-the-men'), town, 
Turkey in Asia, 5 m. N W of 

Bagdad .pop. 15 

Kaifung (ki'fung'), town, cap. of 

Plonan prov., China. .. .pop. 100 
Kairwan (kir-wan'), city, Af¬ 
rica, about 80 m. S S E of Tunis. 

pop. 25 

Kaisariye (ki-sa-re'ye), city, An¬ 
gora vilayet, Asia Minor.pop. 72 
Kaiserslautern (kl - zers - lou' 
tern), town, Rhenish Bavaria. 

pop. 48 

Kalamazoo (kal-a-ma-zoo'), mfg. 
city. c. s. of co. of same name. 

Mich. .’..pop. 24 

Kalgan (kal-giin'), cml. town, 
Pechili prov., China, near Great 

Wall .pop. 75 

Kalk (kalk), town, Rhine prov.. 

Prussia .pop. 21 

Kalocsa (ko'lo-cho), town. Pest 

co., Hungary .pop. 18 

Kalpi (kal'pe), town, near Cawn- 

pur, India .pop. 13 

Kamchatka (kam-chat'ka), 


penin., Primorskaya ter., Rus¬ 
sia in Asia ; cap. Petropavlovsk. 
Kamenets Podolsk (ka'me- 
nyets pa-dolsk'), town, cap. of 
Podolia govt.,* Russia . .. .pop. 34 
Kampen (kam'pen), cml. town & 
comm., Overijssel prov., Nether¬ 
lands .comm. pop. 20 

Kamthi (kam'te), cml. town, 
Nagpur dist., Cen. Provinces, 

British India.pop. 43 

K a n a w h a (ka-naw'wa), riv., 
450 m. long, Blue Ridge, N. C., to 
Ohio riv. 

Kanazawa (ka-na-za'wa), sp., 
W. coast, cen. part Hondo isl., 

Japan .pop. 84 

Kandahar (kan-da-har'), city, S. 
Afghanistan, 280 m. S W of 

Kabul .pop. 50 

Kandy (kiin'de), town, Ceylon 

isl., India .. .pop. 27 

Kane (kan), bor., McKean co.. 

Pa.pop. 15 

Kanea (ka-ne'a), sp. & cml. town, 
cap. of Crete, Mediterranean sea. 

pop. 21 

Kankakee (kan-ka-ke'), city 
c. s. of co. of same name, Ill. 

pop. 14 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, the n. 



































Kan 


1044 


Ken 


Kano (ka-no'), town, Sokoto, 


Nigeria, W. Africa.pop. 100 

Kansas (kan'zas), state, cen. 
U. S. A., 82,080 sq. m.; cap. To¬ 
peka .pop. 1,470 


Kansas City, largest city in Kan¬ 
sas, c. s. of Wyandotte co.. .p. 51 
Kansas City, mfg. & cml. city, 
Jackson co.. Mo., on Missouri 

riv.pop. 104 

Kansas River, about 200 m. 
long, N. E. Kansas, flows into 
Missouri riv. 

Kaposvar (kop'osh-var), town, 
Sornogy co., Hungary . . . .pop. 13 
Karachev (ka-ra-chof'), town, 
Orel govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 25 

Karachi (ku-ra'che), sp. city, 
cap. of dist. of same name, Sind 
div., Bombay, B. India..pop. 115 
Karakoram Mountains (ka-ra- 
ko'rum), range, Kashmir, Asia; 
highest is Godwin-Austen, 28,278 
feet. 

Karasubazar ( ka-ra'soo-ba-zar'), 
town, Taurida govt., Crimea, S. 

Russia .pop. 16 

Karauli (ka-rou'le), city, cap. of 
state of same name, Rajputana, 

India .pop. 23 

Karczag (kor'tsog), town, Hun¬ 
gary, 37 m. S W of Debreczen. 

pop. 18 

Karlsbad (karls'biit), town, on 
Tepl riv., Bohemia, Austria.p. 15 
Karlsruhe (k&rls'roo-e), city, 
cap. of dist. of same name & of 

Baden .pop. 97 

K a r 1 s t a d ( karl'stad ) , town, 
Varmland prov., Sweden.pop. 12 
Karnal (kur-nal'), city, cap. of 
dist. of same name, Delhi div., 
Punjab, British India ...pop. 22 
Karnul (kur-nool'), city, cap. of 
dist. of same name, Madras, In¬ 
dia .pop. 24 

Kars (kill’s), ft. city, cap. of 
govt, of same name, Russia in 

Asia .pop. 21 

Ktrwar (kar-war'), sp. town, 
Bombay presidency, British In¬ 
dia .pop. 15 

Karwin (kar-ven'), comm., E. 

Silesia, Austria .pop. 14 

Kashan (ka-shan'), town, Irak- 

Ajemi prov., Persia .pop. 30 

Kashgar (kash-gar'), city, E. 
Turkestan, Asia .pop. 50 


Kashmir or Cashmere (kasli- 

mer'), native state, N. W. India, 
80,900 sq. m.; cap. Srinagar. 

pop. 2,898 

Kasimov (ka-se'mof), mfg. & 
cml. town, Ryazan govt., Russia 

in Europe.pop. 10 

Kassa (kosh'sho), city, c. s. of 
Abanj-Torna co., Hungary. . p. 40 
K as sab a (kas'sa-ba), town, 
Smyrna vilayet, Asia Minor. 

pop. 23 

Kassel or Cassel (kiis'sel), mfg. 
city, Prussia ; cap. of Hesse-Nas- 

sau ....pop. 10 

Kastamuni (kas-ta-moo'ne), city, 
cap. of vilayet of same name, 
N. W. Turkey in Asia. .. .pop. 33 
Kasur (ku-soor'), town, Punjab 

prov., British India .pop. 20 

Katif, El (el ka-tef'), coast town, 
El Haza, Arabia, on Persian 

Gulf .pop. 18 

Kattowitz (kat'to-vitz), town, 
Silesia prov., Prussia . . . .pop. 32 
Kaukauna (kaw'kaw-na), city. 

Outagamie co., Wis.pop. 5 

Kazan (ka-zan'), city, cap. of 
govt, of same name, E. Russia. 

pop. 132 

Kazanlik (ka-zan-lik'), town, E. 

Roumelia, Bulgaria .pop. 10 

Kazvin (kaz-ven'), town, N. Per¬ 
sia, 90 m. N W of Teheran..p. 40 
Kearney (kar'ni), city, c. s. of 

Buffalo co., Neb.pop. 6 

Kearney, town, Hudson co., N. J. 

pop. 11 

Kecskemet (kech'ke-mat), mfg. 
& agr. town, Pest co., Hungary. 

pop. 5S 

Keeling (ke'ling), or Cocos 
(ko'kos), islands, group of coral 
isls., Indian ocean. 

Keene (ken), city, c. s. of Che¬ 
shire co., N. H.pop. 9 

Keighley (keth'li), mfg. bor.. 
West Riding, Yorkshire, Eng¬ 
land .pop. 42 

K e in p t e n (kemp'ten), town, 

Schwaben, Bavaria.pop. 19 

Kendal (ken'dal), mfg. bor., 
Westmoreland co., England.p. 14 
Keneh (ken'e), city, cap. of prov. 

of same name, Upper Egypt.p. 24 
K enil worth (ken'il-wurth). 

town, Warwickshire. Eng. .pop. 5 
Kennebec (ken'ne-bec), riv., 
Me., 13S m. long. 


late, miir, mSsk, cat, awl; lie. her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






























Ken 


1045 


Kin 


Kenosha (ke-nd'sha), cml. city, 
c. s. of co. of same name, S. E. 

Wis.pop. 12 

Kent (kent), vil., Postage co., O. 

pop. 5 

Kentucky (ken-tuk'i), state, E. 
cen. U. S. A., 40,400 sq. m.; cap. 

Frankfort.pop. 2,147 

Kentucky River, 380 m. long, 
Ky.; Cumberland plateau to Ohio 
river. 

Kentwood (kent'wood), town, 
Tangipahoa par., Louisiana, .p. 8 
Keokuk (ke'o-kuk), city, Lee co., 

Ia.pop. 15 

Kerbela (ker'be-la), town, Bag¬ 
dad vilayet, Turkey in Asia.p. 05 
Kerch (kerch), town & port, 
Taurida govt., Crimea, Russia. 

pop. 29 

Kerkuk (ker-kook'), town, Mosul 
vilayet, Turkey in Asia. . .pop. 30 
Kerman (ker-man'), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, S. E. Per¬ 
sia .pop. 70 

Kermanshah (ker - man - sl}a'), 
prov. & town, cap. of Kerman¬ 
shah prov., N. W. Persia. 

town pop. 40 
Kettering (ket'ter-ing), town. 

Northamptonshire, England.p. 29 
Kewanee (ke-wa'ne), city, Henry 

co., Ill..pop. 8 

Key West, city, sp. & c. s. of 
Monroe co., Fla., on isl. in Gulf 

of Mexico.pop. 17 

Khairabad (klr-a-bad'), town, 
cap. of Sitapur dist., Oudli, Brit¬ 
ish India.pop. 14 

Khaiugaon (kam-ga-on'), town. 

Akola dist., Berar, India..pop. 16 
Khandwa (kund'wa), town, cap. 
of Nimar dist., Cen. Provinces. 

British India .pop. 16 

Kharkov (kar'kof), cml. city, 
cap. of govt, of same name, Rus¬ 
sia in Eurone...pop. 175 

Kharput (kar-poot'), town, cap. 
of Mamuret ul Aziz vilayet. Tur¬ 
key in Asia .pop. 20 

Khartum (kar-toom'). town, 
Africa, Egyptian Sudan, near 
junction of Blue Nile & White 

Nile rivs.pop. 50 

Khaskoi (kas-ke'eL town. Tur¬ 
key. 25 m. E of Adrianoole. p. 15 
Khatmandu fkat - man - d5o'V 
town, cap. of Nepal. India, .p. 50 
Kherson (ker-sbn'), city, cap. of 


govt, of same name, Russia in 

Europe .pop. 69 

Khiva (ke'va). city, cap. of 
khanate of same name, vassal 
state of Russia, Turkestan, .p. 30 
Klioi (koi), town, Azerbaijan 

prov., N. W. Persia .pop. 30 

Khojent (k5-jent'), town, Syr- 
Darya prov., Russian Turkestan. 

pop. 30 

Khotan (ko-tiin'), riv. & cml. 
town, E. Turkestan, Chinese em¬ 
pire .town pop. 40 

Khotin (ko'tyen), town, Bessa¬ 
rabia ter.. S. W. Russia..pop. 20 
Khurja (koor'ju), town, Buland- 
shahr dist., N. W. Provinces, 

British India .pop. 26 

Khvalynsk (kva-linsk'), town, 
Saratov govt., Russia ...pop. 19 
Kiangmai (ke-ang'ml),. town, 
Siam, on Meping river, .pop. 100 
Kiankari (ke-an-ka-re'), town, 
Kastamuni vilayet, Asia Minor. 

pop. 19 

Kiauchau (ke-ou'chou'), town & 
bay, E. Shantung, China; dist. 

200 sq. m.pop. 60 

Kidderminster (kid'der - min'- 
ster), mfg. bor., Worcestershire, 

England .pop. 25 

Kiel (kel). ft. sp. city & navy 
yard, Schleswig-Holstein, Prus¬ 
sia.pop. 122 

Kiev (ke'yef), ft. city, cap. of 
govt, of same name, Russia in 

Europe .pop. 247 

Kilimanjaro (kil-e-man-ja'ro), 
mt., E. Africa ; highest peak over 
19,200 ft. 

Kilkenny (kil-ken'ni), city. cap. 
of co. of same name, S. Ireland. 

pop. 11 

Killarney (kil-lar'ni), town. 

Kerry co., Ireland .pop. 6 

Killarney, Lakes of. 3 beauti¬ 
ful lakes, Kerry co., S. W. Ire¬ 
land. 

Killis (kel-les'), town. Aleppo 

vilayet, Syria.pop. 20 

K il m a r n o c k (.kil-mar'nok'l. 

burgh, Ayr co.. Scotland, .pop. 34 
Kimberly (kim'bef-li). town, 
cap. of Griqualand West. S. Af¬ 
rica .pop. 29 

Kingchau (king'chou')• citv. 

Hupe prov.. China.pop. 600 

King’s Lynn or Lynn Regis 


late, mhr, mask, cat, awl ; he. her, let: line, tin : vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







































Kin 


104G 


Kon 


(re'jis), mfg. bor., Norfolk co., 

England.pop. 20 

Kingston (kingz'tun), city, c. s. 

of Ulster co., N. Y.pop. 25 

Kingston, cml. city, cap. of 
Jamaica isl., West Indies.pop. 49 


Kingston, cml. city, Ontario 
prov., Canada .pop. 18 

Kingston upon Hull, cml. & 
mfg. city & bor.. East Riding, 
Yorkshire, Eng.pop. 240 

Kingston on Thames (temz), 


bor., Surrey co., England..p. 34 
Kingstown (kingz'toun), sp. on 

Dublin bay, Ireland.pop. 17 

Kingtechin (king'te-chen'). 

town, Kiangsi prov., China..p. 500 
Kinning Park (kin'ning). 
burgh, Lanark co., Scotland..p. 14 
Kirin (kir'in), city, cap. of 
Manchuria, Asia, & of Kirin prov. 

pop. 120 

Kiriu (ke'ri-oo), city, cen. Hondo 

isl., Japan .pop. 24 

Kirkagach (ker-ka-gach'), town. 

Smyrna vilayet, Asia Minor.p. 20 
Kirk Kilise (kerk ke-le-sa'), 
town, Adrianople vilayet, Turkey 

in Europe.pop. .16 

Kirksville (kerks'vil), city, c. s. 

of Adair co.. Mo.pop. 6 

Kishinev (ke-she-nyof'), town, 
cap. of Bessarabia, Russia in 

Europe .pop. 8 

Kittatinny Mountains I kit'ta- 
tin-ni), ridge. Pa. & N. J., ab. 
2,000 ft. high. 

Kiukiang (ke-oo'ke-ang'), city & 
treaty port, Kiangsi prov., China. 

pop. 62 

Kiungchau (ke-oong'chou'), city 
& treaty port, cap. of Hainan isl., 

China .pop. 25 

Kladno (klad'no), town, Bohe¬ 
mia, Austria .pop. 19 

Klagenfurt (kla'gen-foort), city. 

cap. of Carinthia, Austria . .p. 24 
Klattau (klat'tou), town, Bohe¬ 
mia. Austria .pop 13 

Klintsy (klyen'tsi). town. Cher¬ 
nigov govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 12 

Klondike (klon'dik), region, N. 
W Canada, in Yukon riv. basin; 
sold fields. 

Knin (knen), comm., Dalmatia. 

Austria .pop. 23 

Knoxville, city, c. s. of Knox 
co., Tenn.pop. 33 


Kobelyaki (ka-be-lya'ke), town, 
Poltava govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 16 

Koblenz or Coblenz (ko'blents), 
cml. & mfg. city, cap. Rhenish 
Prussia, on Rhine riv....pop. 45 
Kochi (ko'che), sp. city, cap. of 
dist. of same name, Shikoku isl., 

Japan .pop. 37 

Kofu (ko'foo), town, cen. part 

Hondo isl., Japan.pop. 38 

Koil (ko-el'), town, Meerut, In¬ 
dia.with Aligarh, pop. 70 

Kokan (ka-kiin'), town, Fergana 

govt., Russia in Asia.pop. 82 

Kokomo (ko'ko-mo), city, c. s. of 

Howard co., Indiana ....pop. 11 
Kokura (ko'koo-ra), sp., N. 

Kiushu isl., Japan .pop. 28 

Kolberg (kol'berg), cml. & mfg. 

town, Pomerania, Prussia, .p. 20 
Kolding (kcl'ding), town, Vejile 

amt., Denmark .pop. 13 

Kolapur (ko'la-poor), city, cap. 
of state of same name, W. India. 

pop. 46 

Kolin (ko-len'), town, Bohemia, 
Austria, on Elbe river. . . .pop. 15 
Kolmar or Colmar (kol'mar), 
cml. & mfg. city, Alsace-Lorraine, 

Germany...pop. 37 

K o 1 o m e a (ko-lo-ma'a), town, 
Galicia, Austria, on Pruth river. 

pop. 34 

Kolomna (ka-lom'na), town, 
Moscow govt., Russia in Europe, 

on Moskva riv.pop. 28 

Kolozsvar (ko'lozh-var), royal 
free city, Ivolozs co., Hungary. 

pop. 49 

K o m a r o m (ko'ma-rom), cml. 
town, Hungary, on Danube river. 

pop. 13 

Komotan (ko'mo-ton), town, Bo¬ 
hemia, Austria .pop. 16 

Kongo or Congo (kon'go), riv., 
2,500-3,000 m. long, Cen. & W. 
Africa; one of the largest in the 
world. 

Kongo Free State, country, W. 
Africa, 870,000 sq. m.: cap. 

Boma .pop. 14.000-30,000 

Konia (ko'ne-a), city, cap. of 
vilayet of same name, Turkey in 

Asia .pop. 44 

Koniggratz (ke-nig-grats'), 
town. Bohemia, Austria; battle¬ 
field 1866.pop 10 

Konigsberg (ke'nigs-berg), ft. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie. her, let; line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






































Kon 


1047 


city, on Pregal riv.; cap. of B. 

Prussia .pop. 188 

Konigshiitte (ke' nigs - hut - te), 
min. & mfg. town, Silesia prov., 

Prussia .pop. 58 

Konitz (ko'nits), town, W. Prus¬ 
sia, Germany .pop. 11 

Konotop (ka-na-top'), town, 
Chernigov govt., Russia in Eu¬ 
rope .pop. 21 

Hop enick (ke'pe-nik), town, 
Brandenburg prov., Prussia.p. 21 
Koprili (ke-pre'le), town, N. W. 
Saloniki vilayet, Turkey in Eu¬ 
rope .pop. 15 

Korea (ko-re'a), kingdom, E. 
Asia, S4,421 sq. m.; cap. Seoul. 

pop. 8,000-16,000 
Korea Strait, narrow sea joining 
Sea of Japan to Yellow sea. 
Koslin (kes-len'), city. cap. of 
dist. of same name, Pomerania, 

Prussia .pop. 20 

Kostroma (kas-tra-ma'), city, 
cap. of govt, of same name, Rus¬ 
sia in Europe .pop. 41 

Kottbus (kot'boos), mfg. town, 
Brandenburg prov., Prussia.p. 39 
Kovel (ko'vel), town, Volliynia 
govt., Russia in Europe...pop. 15 
Kovno (kov'no), city, cap. of 
govt, of same name, Russia in 

Europe .pop. 74 

Krakatao (kra-ka-t&'o), island & 
vol. in Strait of Sunda; great 
eruption 1S83. 

Krasnoyarsk (kras-na-yarsk'), 
town, Siberia, Asia ; cap. of Yeni¬ 
seisk govt.pop. 27 

Krefeld or Crefeld (kra'felt), 
mfg. town, Rhenish Prussia, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 107 

Kremenchug (krem-en-chook'), 
mfg. town, Poltava govt., Russia 

in Europe .pop. 59 

Krenxs (krems), town. Lower 
Austria, on Danube river. . .p. 13 
Kremsier (krem'ser), town, Mo¬ 
ravia, Austria .pop. 14 

Kreuznach (kroits'nak), town & 
watering place, Prussia, on Nahe 

river .pop. 21 

Krishnagar (krish-nug'ur), 
town, Nadiya dist.. Bengal, Brit. 
India .pop. 26 


Kyo 


Kristiania (kris-te-a'ne-a), cml. 
& mfg. city ; cap. of Norway, on 

Kristiania fiord.pop. 226 

Kristiansand (kris-tyan-san'), 

sp., Lister & Mandal prov., S. 

Norway . pop . 15 

Kronstadt (kron'stat), city, cap. 
of Kronstadt co., Transylvania, 

Hungary .pop. 37 

Kronstadt, ft. sp., Kotlin isl., 
Gulf of Finland, Russia ...p. 60 
Krotosckin (kro-to-shen'), town, 
Posen prov., Prussia, 54 m. S S E 

of Posen .pop. 12 

Kuching (koo'ching), town, cap. 

of Sarawak, Borneo.pop. 25 

Kuka (koo'ka), city, cap. of 
Bornu, Sudan, Cen. Africa, near 

Lake Tchad .pop. 60 

Kulja (kool'ja), mfg. town, cap. 
of Sungaria, Chinese Empire, on 

Ili river .pop. 15 

Kulm or Culm (koolm), town, 
W. Prussia prov., Germany. p. 11 
Kumamoto (koo-ma-mo-to'), 
city, dist. W. Kiushu isl., Japan. 

pop. 61 

Kumassi or Coomassie (koo- 
mas'si), town, cap. of Ashanti, 
Upper Guinea, W. Africa..p. 13 
Kurdistan (koor-dis-tan'), re¬ 
gion, W. Asia, mostly in Turkey 

but partlv in Persia .p. 3.009 

Kurume (k5o'roo-ma), city. Kiu¬ 


shu isl., Japan .pop. 29 

Kustrin (kus-tren'), ft. town, 
Brandenburg prov., Prussia, on 
Oder river .pop. 10 


Kutai (koo-tl'ya), town, Brusa 
vilayet. Turkey in Asia..pop. 22 
Kuttenberg (koot - ten - berg'), 
min. & mfg. town, Bohemia, Aus¬ 
tria ..pop. 15 

Kuwana (koo'wa-na), city, cen. 

Hondo isl., Japan.pop. 20 

Kuznetsk (kooz-nyetsk'). town, 
Saratov govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 24 

Kwanchingtsu (kwan - ching- 
tsoo'), cml. town, Kirin prov., 

Manchuria .pop. 100 

Kyoto or Kioto fkyo'to), mfg. 
city, cap. of dist. of satne name, 
W. Hondo isl., Japan ..pop. 353 


bite, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her, let: line, tin : vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





































Lab 


104S 


Lea 


Labrador (lab'ra-dor), pen 
coast British North America^ 

about 530,000 sq. m.pop. 7 

Laconia (la-ko'ni-a), city, c. s. 

of Belknap co., N. II.pop. 8 

La Crosse (la kros'). mfg. city, 
c. s. of co. of same name, W. 

Wis.pop. 29 

Ladoga (la'do-ga), lake, N. W. 

Russia; largest in Europe, 3,094 
sq. m.; outlet, Neva river. 
Laeken (la'ken), town, Brabant 
prov., Belgium; a suburb of 

Brussels .pop. 30 

Lafayette (la-fa-et'), city, c. s. 

of Tippecanoe co., Ind. .. .pop. 18 
Lagos (la'gos), town, Jalisco 

state, Mexico.pop. 15 

Lagos (lli'gos or la'gos), city, 
cap. of British colony, on Slave 
coast, Africa.pop. with suburbs 42 
Lahore (la-hor'), city, cap. of 
dist. & div. Punjab. India, .p. 120 
Laibach (lo'biik), mfg. town. 

cap. of Carniola, Austria.pop. 37 
Laigle (la'gl), mfg. comm., dept. 

Orne, France .pop. 5 

Laiyang (ll-yang'), town, Shan¬ 
tung prov., China.pop. 50 

Lambertville (lam'bert - vil), 
city, Hunterdon co., N. J....p. 5 
Lancaster (lan'kas-ter), sp. bor., 
♦ c. s. of Lancashire, Eng, .pop. 40 
Lancaster, city, c. s. of Lancas¬ 
ter co., Pa.pop. 41 

Lanchau (liin'chou'), mfg. & cml. 
town; cap. of Kansu prov., 
China, on Hwang-ho . . . .pop. 500 
Lanciano (lan-clia'no), town. 

Chieti prov.. Italy .pop. 19 

Landau (lan'dou), ft. town. 

Rhenish Bavaria, Germany.p. 16 
Landsberg (lants'berg), town, 
Brandenburg prov.. Prussia.p. 34 
Landshut (lants'hoot), mfg. & 
cml. town, Bavaria. Ger. .pop. 22 
Landskrona (lans-kroo'na), sp., 
Malmohus nrov., S. Sweden.n. 14 
Langenbielau (lling-en-be'lou), 
mfg. town, Silesia, Prussia. 

comm. pop. 19 
Langendreer (liing' en - drar), 
town, Westphalia, Prussia. 

comm. pop. 20 


Lansford (lanz'ferd), bor.. Car¬ 
bon co., Pennsylvania.pop. 5 

Lansing (lan'sing), city, Ingham 
co.; cap. of Michigan ....pop. 16 
Laoag (lou-iig'), sp., pueblo, 
Ilicos, Norte prov., Luzon, Phil. 

islands .pop. 37 

Laon (liing). city, cap. of dept. 

Aisne. France .pop. 15 

Lapland (lap'land), region, 
Sweden & iNorway & N. W. Rus¬ 
sia .pop. 28 

Laporte (la-port'), city, c. s. of 

Laporte co., N. W. Ind....pop. 7 
Laramie (lar'a-me), city. c. s. of 

Albany co., Wyo.pop. 8 

Lari (lii're), town, Pisa prov., 

Italy .pop. 12 

Lasalle (la-sal'), city, Lasalle 

co., Ill.pop. 10 

Lassa (liis'sa), Buddhist sacred 
city ; cap. of Tibet, Asia. . pop. 25 
Latakia (lii-ta-ke'a), sp. town. 

Syria, on Mediterranean. .pop. 22 
Latrobe (la-trob'), bor., West¬ 
moreland co., Pennsylvania. .p. 5 
Lauban (lou'ban), mfg. town, 
Silesia prov., Prussia ....pop. 14 

Launceston (lan'ses-tun or 

lawn), city, Cornwall co., Tas¬ 
mania .pop. 18 

Laurhutte (lou-ra-hut'te). town, 
Silesia, Prussia,- near Konigs- 

luitte .comm. pop. 14 

Laurentian Mountains (law- 
ren'shi-an), Canada. bet. St. 
Lawrence river & Hudson bay; 
average ht., 1.600 ft. 

Lauria (lou're-ii), town, Potenza 

prov., Italy.pop. 10 

Lausanne (ld-zan'), mfg. city, 
cap. of Vaud canton, Switzer¬ 
land .pop. 47 

Laval (la-val'), mfg. town, can. 

of dept. Mayenne. France, .n. 30 
Lavras (la'vrash), town, Minas 

Geraes, Brazil.dist. pop. 37 

Lawrence (law'rens), city, c. s. 

of Douglas co.. Kan.pon. 11 

Lawrence, mfg. city, c. s. of Es¬ 
sex co.. Mass.pop. 63 

Leadville (led'vil), min. city. 

c. s. of Lake co.. Col.pop 12 

Leamington (lem'ing-tun), bor. 



late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 



































Lea 


1049 


Lie 


& watering place, Warwickshire. 

England .pop. 27 

Leavenworth (lev' en - wurth), 

city, c v s. of Leavenworth co., 

N. E. Kans.pop. 21 

Lebanon (leb'a-nun), mfg. city, 
c. s. of Lebanon co., Pa..pop. 18 
Lebanon, mt. range, W. Syria; 

highest peak over 10,000 ft. high. 
Lecco (lek'ko), mfg. town, Como 

prov., Italy .pop. 10 

Lechhanien (lek-hou'zen), town, 
bavaria. S. Germany ....pop. 14 
Leeds, mfg. city & bor.. West Hid¬ 
ing, Yorkshire, Eng.pop. 429 

Leek, mfg. town, Staffordshire, 

England ..pop. 15 

Leer (lar), mfg.' town, Hanover 

prov., Prussia .pop. 12 

Leeu warden (la'war-den), cml. 
& mfg. town & comm., Friesland, 

Neth.comm. pop. 32 

Leghorn (leg'horn or leg-horn'), 
city, cap. of prov. of same name, 

Tuscany dept., Italy .p. 98 

Legnago (l&'nya'go), town, Ve¬ 
rona prov., Italy, on Adige river. 

pop. 15 

Legnano (l&-ny&'no). town, 
Milan prov., Italy, on Olona river. 

pop. 17 

Lehe (la'e), town, Hanover prov., 

Prussia .pop. 24 

Lehigh (le'hi), riv., 100 m. long, 
Pa., flows into Delaware river. 
Lehighton (le'lff-tun), bor.. Car¬ 
bon co., Pa., on Lehigh river, .p. 5 
Leicester (les't^r), mfg. bor.. 

c. s. of Leicestershire, Eng.p. 212 
Leiden or Leyden (li'den), mfg. 
city & comm., S. Holland, Neth. 

comm. pop. 54 
Leigh (le), mfg. town, Lanca¬ 
shire, England.pop. 40 

Leipzig or Leipsic (lip'sik; (Jer. 
pron. lip'tsig), mfg. & cml. city, 
cap. of dist. of same name, Sax¬ 
ony kingdom ..pop. 455 

Leith (leth), mfg. & cml. burgh & 
sp., Edinburgh co., Scot., on 

Firth of Forth .pop. 77 

Leitmeritz (lit'mer-its), town, 
Bohemia, Austria, on Elbe river. 

pop. 13 

Lena (le'na), riv., 2,800 m. long, 
Siberia, Russia in Asia, Baikal 
mts. to Arctic ocean. 

Lens (liing), town, dept. Pas-de- 
CaLabs, France.pop. 24 


Lentini (lan-te'ne), town, Syra¬ 
cuse prov., Sicily, Italy..pop. 17 
Leobschutz (la'op-shuts), mfg. 

town, Silesia prov., Prussia.p. 13 
Leominster (lem'in-ster), mfg. 

town, Worcester co., Mass..p. 12 
Leon (le'on), town, Nicaragua, 

Cen. America .pop. 45 

Leon, mfg. town, Guanajuato 

state, Mexico .pop. 58 

Leon-forte (l&-on-for / tii), town, 
Catania prov., Sicily, Italy.p. 20 
Leskovac (les'ko-vats), town, S. 

E. Servia .pop. 19 

Leven, Loch (le'ven), lake, 
Kinross co., Scotland. 
Levenshulme (le'venz - hulm), 
par. & town, Lancashire, Eng¬ 
land .pop. 11 

Levis (l&-ve' or lev'is), chief 
town, Levis co., Quebec, Canada. 


pop. 8 

Lewes (lu'is), bor., Sussex co., 
England, on Ouse river, .pop. 11 
Lewiston (lu'is-tun), cm . & 

mfg. city, Androscoggin co., Me. 

pop. 24 

Lexington (leks'ing-tun), mfg. 

city, c. s. of Fayette co., Ky..p. 26 
Leyton (la'tun), town, Essex co.. 

England .pop. 99 

Liaoyang (le-ou-yftng'), cml. 
city, Shengking prov., Manchuria, 

China .pop. 80 

Libau (le'bou), town, Kurland 
govt., Russia, on Baltic . .pop. 65 
Liberia (li-be'ri-a), free black 
rep., W. Africa, 32,954 sq. m. : 

cap. Monravia .pop. 2,000 

Libmanan (leb-ma'nan), pueblo, 
Ambos Camarines prov., Luzon, 

Phil, isls.pop. 15 

Libourne (le-boorn'), town & 
port, dept. Gironde, France.p. 19 
Libyan Desert (lib'i an), part 
of Sahara. Africa, W of Egypt. 
Licata (le-kH'ta), sp. in Girgenti 

prov., Sicily, Italy .pop. 23 

Lichtenberg (likt'en-berg), vil., 
Brandenburg, Prus., E. suburb of 

Berlin .comm. pop. 43 

Lieben (le'ben), town, Bohemia. 

Austria, near Prague ....pop. 21 
Liege (le-azh'), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Belgium. 

pop. 160 

Liegnitz (leg'nits), city, cap. of 
dist. of same name, Silesia prov., 
Prus.pop. 55 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her. let: line, tin : vote, pbrch, lot; mo5n, 

cook; rnlite, nut; thin, Men. 































Lie 


1050 


Lorn 


Lierre (le-ar')« mfg. town, Ant¬ 
werp prov., Belgium ....pop. 23 
Lievin (le-a-van'), town, dept. 

Pas-de-Calais, France. .. .pop. IS 
Xigao (le-ga'o), pueblo, Albay 
prov., Luzon, Phil, islands. .p. 15 
Lille, Lisle 1 (161), ft. & mfg. city, 
cap. of dept. Nord, France.p. 211 
Lima (li'ma), city, c. s, of Allen 

co., O.. .pop. 22 

lima (le'ma), cml. & mfg. city, 

' cap. of Peru .pop. 113 

Limbach (lim'bak), mfg. town, 
Saxony kingdom, Germany..p. 12 
Xiuierick (lim'er-ik), mfg. city, 
c. s. of Limerick co., Munster 

prov., Ireland .pop. 38 

Limoges (le-mozh'), mfg. & cml. 
city, cap. of dept. Ilaute-Vienne, 

France ..pop. 84 

Linares (le-na'ras), min. town, 

Jaen prov., Spain.pop. 35 

Lincoln (lin'kun), city, e. s. of 

Logan co'.. Ill. .pop. 9 

Lincoln, town, Providence co., 

Ki I. .pop. 9 

Lincoln, city, cap. of Neb. & c. s. 

of Lancaster co. ... .pop. 40 

Lincoln, mfg. city & bor., c. s. 

of Lincolnshire, Eng.pop. 49 

Linden (lin'den), mfg. town, 
Hanover prov., Prussia. . .pop. 51 
Lingayen (len-gU-yan'), sp. 
pueblo, cap. Pangasin&n prov., 

Luzon, Phil, isls.pop. 19 

Linkoning (lin'che-ping), town, 
cap. of Ostergotland prov., S. 

Sweden . ..... .. ... .pop. 15 

Linz (lints), cml. & mfg. city, 
cap. of Upper Austria, on Dan¬ 
ube river .pop. 59 

Lipa (le'pa), pueblo. Batangas 
, prov., Luzon, Phil, islands, .p. 41 
Lipari Islands (lip'a-re or le'pa- 
re), volcanic group, Mediterra¬ 
nean sea. Messina prov.. Italy. 
Lipetsk (iye'petsk), mfg. town, 
Tambov govt., Russia in Europe. 

‘ pop. 15 

Lipine (le'pe-ne), min. & mfg. 

vil., Silesia, Prussia. .comm. p. 17 
Lippstadt (lip'stat), town, West¬ 
phalia prov.. Prussia.pop. 13 

Lisbon (liz'bun), cml. city, cap. 
of Portugal & of Estremadura 

prov... .pop. 357 

Lisburn (lis'burn), mfg. town, 
Down & Antrim cos., Ireland. 

pop. 11 


Lisieux (le-zye'L mfg. town. 

dept: Calvados, France.. .pop. 16 
Lissa (lis'sa), mfg. town, Posen 

. prow, Prussia .pop. 14 

Litchfield (lich'feld), city, Mont¬ 
gomery co., Ill.pop. 0 

Littleborough (lit't’I - bur - o), 
town, Lancashire, Eng., near 

Rochdale .•..pop. 11 

Litile Falls, city, c. s. of Morri¬ 
son co., Minn.pop. G 

Little Falls, city, Herkimer co., 

N. Y..pop. 1U 

Little Rock, city, cap: of Ark. & 

c. s. of Pulaski co...pop. 38 

Liverpool (liv'er-pool), cml. & 

mfg. city & bor., Lancashire, 

England .pop. G85 

Liversedge (liv'er-sej), mfg. 
town, W. Riding, Yorkshire, Eng¬ 
land v.■. ...pop. 14 

Livny (lyev'ni), town, Orel govt., 

Russia in Europe.pop. 21 

Llanelly (la-neth'li), cml., mfg. 
& sp. town, Carmarthenshire, 

Wales ..pop. 26 

Loanda (lo-au'da), cml. city, cap. 
of Angola, Portuguese col., Af¬ 
rica .pop. 12 

Lobaa (le'bou), town, Saxony 

kingdom, Ger.pop. 10 

Lock Haven, mfg. city, c. s. of 

Clinton co.. Pa.pop. 7 

Lockport City, c. s. of Niagara 

co., N. Y.pop. 17 

Locle (lok’l), watch mfg. town, 
NeuchStel canton, Switzerland. 

pop. 13 

Lodi (lo'di), mfg. city, Milan 

prov., Italy .pop: 28 

Lodz (looj), mfg. town, Petro- 

kov govt., Poland, Russia.p. 315 
Logan (lo'gan), city, c. s. of 

Cache co., Ut.pop. 5 

Logansport (ld'ganz-port), cml. 

city, c. s. of Cass co., Ind. .p. 16 
Lohui (lo-hwe'), town, Kwang- 
tuiig prow, on Hainan isl., China. 

r pop. 80 

Loire (lwiir), largest river in 

France, 543 m. long, Gerbier-de- 
Joncs mt. to Biscay bay. 

Loja (lo'ha), mfg. city, Granada 

prov., Spain .pop. 16 

Lokeren (lo'ker-en), mfg. town, 
E; Flanders prov., Belgium.p. 21 
Lomond, Loch (ld'mund), lake 
Stirling & Dumbarton cos., • Scot¬ 
land. 


late, mar, mftsk, cat, awl: he. her. let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 




































Lom 


1051 


Lomzha (lom'zha), city, cap. of 
Lomzha govt., N. E. Poland, Rus¬ 
sia . 26 

London (lun'dun), cml. & mfg. 
city, cap. of England & of the 
British Empire, on Thames riv.; 

117 sq. m.pop. 4,537 

London (lun'dun), cml. & mfg. 
city, c. s. of Middlesex co., On¬ 
tario prov., Canada.pop. 38 

Londonderry (lun'dun-der-ri), 
cml. & mfg. port on Foyle riv., 
c. s. of co. of same name, Ulster 

prov., Ireland .pop. 40 

Long Branch, town, Monmouth 

co., N. J.pop. 9 

Long Eaton (e'tun), town & 
par., Derbyshire, England, near 

Nottingham .pop. 13 

Long Island, isl. llS 1 /^ m. long, 
greatest width about 23 in., nar¬ 
rowest 12 m., S. E. N. Y., in At¬ 
lantic ocean. 

Long Island Sound, 110 m. 

long, between Conn. & N. shore 
of Long Island. 

Longton (long'tun), min. & mfg. 
bor., Staffordshire, England, p. 36 


Loon (lo-on'), pueblo, E. coast of 

Bohol, Phil, islands.pop. 15 

Loos (los), mfg. town, dept. 

Nord, France .pop. 10 

Lorain (lo-ran'), city, Lorain 

co., O.pop. 16 

Lorca (lor'ka), town, Murcia 
prov., Spain ...pop. 60 


Lorient (lo-re-ang'). ft. sp. town, 
dept. Morbihan, France..pop. 45 
Lorrach (ler'rUk), town, Baden, 
Germany, on Wiese river.pop. 10 
Los Angeles (los an'gel-es or 
los an'jel-es), mfg. & cml. city, 
c. s. of Los Angeles co., S. Cal. 

pop. 102 

Loughborough (luf'bur-o), mfg. 
bor., Leicestershire, England. 

pop. 22 

Louis burg (Ioo'is-burg), sp.. 
Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Can¬ 
ada ; captured from French by 

British in 1758.pop. 2 

Louisiana (loo-e-ze-a'na or 
an'a), agr. state. Southern U. S. 

A., 48,720 sq. m.pop. 1,382 

Louie (lo-la'), ft. town, Algarve, 

Portugal .pop. 14 

Lourdes (loord), town, dept. 
Hautes-Pyrenees, France; place 
of pilgrimage .pop. 9 


Lug 


Louth (louth), bor., Lincolnshire, 

England ...pop. 10 

Louvain (loo-vang'), mfg. city, 

: Brabant prov., Belgium, .pop. 42 
Louviere, La (la loo-vyar'), mfg. 
town, Hainaut prov., Belgium. 

pop. 18 

Louviers (loo-vya'), mfg. town, 

dept. Eure, France.pop. 10 

Lowell (lo'el), mfg. city & c. s. 

of Middlesex co., Mass.. . pop. 95 
Lowestoft (lo'stof or stoft), sp. 

bor., Suffolk co., England..p. 30 
Lub’ao (loo-vii'o), pueblo, Pam- 
panga prov., Luzon, Phil, islands. 

pop. 21 

Lubeck (lu'bek), cml. & mfg. 
city, N. Germany, on Trave riv. ; 
a free city with ter. of 115 sq. 

m.pop. 82 

Lubny (loob'ni), town, Poltava 
govt., Russia ia Europe .pop. 11 
Lucca (look'ka), mfg. city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, cen. 

Italy .pop. 75 

Lucera (loo-cha'ra), town, Fog- 

gia prov., Italy .pop. 18 

Lucerne (loo-sem') { city, cap. of 
canton of same name, cen. Swit¬ 
zerland .pop. 30 

Lucerne, Lake of, cen. Switzer¬ 
land, 24 m. long, *4 m. to 2 m. 
wide. 

Luckenwalde (look-en-viil'de), 
mfg. town, Brandenburg prov., 

Prussia ..pop. 21 

Ludenscheid (lu'den-shit), mfg. 
town, Westphalia prov., Prussia. 

pop. 26 

Ludhiana (lo5-de-a'nu), cml. & 
mfg. town, cap. of dist. of saint 1 
name, Ambala div., Punjab, Brit¬ 
ish India .pop. 47 

Ludington (lud'ing-tun), city, 
c. s. of Mason co., Michigan.p. 7 
Ludwigsburg (lf>ot'vigs-boorg), 
mfg. town, Wiirttemberg, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 19 

Ludwigshafen (loot' vigs - ha- 
fen), cml. & mfg. town, Bavaria. 

Germany .pop. 62 

Lugansk (loo-gansk'). mfg. town. 
Ekaterinoslav govt.. Russia in 

Europe .pop. 16 

Lugo (loo'go), cml. town, Raven¬ 
na prov., Italy.pop. 27 

Lugo, walled city, cap. of Lugo 
prov., Spain .pop. 20 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then , 









































Lun 


1052 


Mad 


Lund (len), town, Malmohus 

prov., Sweden .pop. 17 

Luneville (lu-na-vel'), mfg. & 
cml. town, dept. Meurthe-et- 

Moselle, France.pop. 23 

Lungchan (loong'chou'), treaty 
port, Kwangsi prov., China.p. 20 
Lungtsun (loong'tsoon'), town. 

Shansi prov., China.pop. 00 

Lnrgan (lur'gan), mfg. town, 

Armagh eo., Ireland.pop. 12 

Luton (loo'tun), mfg. town, Bed¬ 
fordshire, England, on Lee river. 

pop. 36 

Lutzen (lu'tsen), town, Saxony 
prov., Prussia; battlefield in 1632 

& 1813 .pop. 4 

Luxemburg (luks'em-burg), 
mfg. & cml. city, cap. of grand 


duchy of same name, E of Bel¬ 
gium .pop. 21 

Luzon (loo-thon', Angl. loo-zon'), 
chief isl. Phil, isls., 44,253 sq. m.; 

cap. Manila.pop. 3,727 

Lyck (lik), town, E. Prussia, 

Germany .pop. 11 

Lynchburg (linch'burg), cml. & 
mfg. city, Campbell co., Va. 

pop. 19 

Lynn (lin), mfg. sp. city, Essex 

co., Mass.pop. 60 

Lyons (le-ong'), mfg. & cml. city, 
capa. of dept. RhOne, France. 

pop. 459 

Lyublin, Pol. Lublin (lyoo'- 
blyen), mfg. city, cap. of govt, of 
same name, Poland, Russia. 

pop. 75 


Maasin (m&'a-sen), pueblo, 

Leyte, Phil, islands.pop. 18 

Maastricht (mas'trikt), cml. & 
mfg. town & comm., cap. of Lim¬ 
burg prov., Netherlands. 

comm. pop. 34 
Macahe (mh-ka-ha'), sp., Rio de 
Janeiro state, Brazil.. .dist. p. 36 
Macao (ma-ka'o or ma-kou'), sp. 

town, Macao isl., China..pop. 6 
Macao Portuguese Colony, 
Macao isl., China, 5 sq. m..p. 70 
Macclesfield (mak'k’lz - feld), 
mfg. bor., Cheshire, England. 

pop. 35 

Macedonia (mas-e-do'ni-a), anc. 
& noted country, N. of Greece, 
now in Turkey in Europe. 
Maceio (ir.a-si-yo'), sp. town, 
cap. of Alagoas state, Brazil. 

pop. 34 

Macerata (ma-cha-ra'ta), city, 
cap. of prov. of same name. 

Marches, Italy .pop. 23 

McKeesport (ma-kez'port). city. 

Allegheny co., Pa.pop. 34 

Mackenzie (ma-ken'zi), river, 
Canada, 1,100 m. long. Great 
Slave lake to Arctic ocean. 
McKinley, Mount (ma-kin'li), 
Alaska, 20,464 ft.; highest mt. in 
North America. 


c. s. 

., Ill...pop. 5 
mfg. & cml. 
city, c. s. of Bibb co., Ga.pop. 23 

Macon (ma-kong'), mfg. town, 
cap. of dept. Saone-et-Loire, 
France .pop. 19 

Madagascar (mad - a - gas' kar), 
isl., Indian ocean, off E. coast of 
Africa ; 227,750 sq. m. ; cap. 

Tananarivo; French colony. 

pop. 2,445 

Madeira (ma-de'ra), riv., Brazil, 
South America ; most important 
tributary of Amazon river; total 
length, including the Mamore, 
about 3.100 m. 

Madeira Islands, group includ¬ 
ing Madeira and 4 other isls., Atl. 
oc., off W. coast of Morocco. 

Madison (mad'i-sun), mfg. city, 
cap. of Wis. & c. s. of Dane co. 

pop. 19 

Madras (ma-dras'). cml. mari¬ 
time city, cap. of Madras pres., 
British India .pop. 509 

Madrid (ma-drid'), city, cap. of 
Spain, on Manzanares riv. 

pop. 512 

Madura (ma-doo'ra). city, cap. 



S. Macomb (ma-koom'), city, 
of MacDonough co 
Macon (ma'kun). 


late, ir.iir, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin : vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 



























Mae 


1053 


Man 


of dist. of same name, S. E. 
Madras pres., British India. 

pop. 106 

Maelstrom (mal'strum), cele¬ 
brated current off N. W. coast 
Norway; sometimes dangerous. 

Magdeburg (miig'de-boorg), 
cml., mfg. & ft. city, cap. of Sax¬ 
ony prow, Prussia.pop. 230 

Magelang (ma-ge-liing'), town, 
cap. of lvadu prow, Java isl. 

pop. 19 

Magellan, Strait of (ma-jel'- 
lan), 200 m. long; separates S. 
Am. from Tierra del Fuego isls. 

Maggiore, Lago (la'go mad-jo'- 
ra), lake, N. Italy & Swit.; 40 
m. long, 2 m. wide. 

Mahanoy City (mil-ha-noi'), 
min. bor., Schuylkill co., Pa. 

pop. 14 

Mahrisch Ostrau (M&'rish os'- 
trou), coal mining towm, Mora¬ 
via, Austria .pop. 30 

Maidstone (mad'stun), cml. bor., 
c. s. of Kent co., England..p. 34 

Maikop (mi'kop), town, Kuban 
ter., N. Caucasia, Russia..p. 34 

Maine (man), state, N E U. S. 
A., 33,040 sq. m.; cap. Augusta. 

pop. 694 

Mainz (mints), or Mayen ce 

(ma-yfins'), or Mentz (ments), 
ft. city, cap. of Rheinhessen 
prow, Hesse state, Germany. 

pop. 84 

Majorca (ma-jSr'ka; It. ma-y0r'- 


ka), Spanish isl., Balearic 
group, Mediterranean sea; cap. 
Palma .pop. 249 


Makarska (raa'kar-ska), sp. 
town, Dalmatia prow, Austria. 

pop. 11 

Makassar (ma-k&s'sar), cml. & 
chief town, Celebes isl., Malay 

arch.pop. 20 

Makassar, Strait of, average 
breadth 155 m., between Borneo 
& Celebes islands. 

Mako (mo'ko), cml. town, cap. 

of Csanad co., Hungary, .pop. 34 
Malacca (ma-lak'ka), city, sp. 
towm, cap. of Malacca, W. coast 

Malay pen., Asia .pop. 15 

Malacca, Strait of (ma-lak'ka), 
35-185 m. wide, bet. Malay pen. & 
Sumatra. 

Malaga (mal'a-ga; 8p. m&-la- 


gii), cml., mfg. & sp. city, cap. 
of Malaga prow, S. Spain. 

pop. 126 

Malang (ma-liing'), dist. & town, 
Java isl., Malay archipelago. 

dist. pop. 80 
Malatia (ma-la-te'a), towm, Mam- 
uret ul Aziz vilayet, Turkey in 

Asia .pop. 30 

Malay Archipelago (ma-la'), 
or Malaysia (mh-la'shi-a), the 
largest of isl. groups, S E of 
Asia, in Pacific & Indian oceans; 
occupied by Malay race. 

Malay Peninsula, the extreme 
south end of mainland of Asia, 
45,000 sq. m. 

Malmo (malm'g), ft. sp. towm, 
cap. of Malmbhus prow, Sweden. 

pop. 61 

Malolo-s (ma-lo'los), pueblo, cap. 
of Bulac&n prow, Luzon, Phil. 

isls.pop. 15 

Malstatt - Burbacb (mal'stat- 
boor'biik), mfg. town, Rhine 

prow, Prussia .pop. 31 

Malta (mawl'ta), isl., 95 sq. m., 
& Brit, colony, Medit. sea, 117 

sq. m.; cap. Valetta-pop. 184 

Malvern (mal'vSrn), town, Wor¬ 
cestershire, Eng .pop. 16 

Malwan (miil-wfin'), ft. towm, 
Ratnagiri dist., Bombay, Brit. 

India .pop. 17 

Mambajao (m&m-ba-hfi'o), pueb¬ 
lo, Misamis prow, Mindanao. 

Phil, isls...pop. 18 

Mammoth Cave, great cavern, 
Edmondson co., Ky. 

Man, Isle of, a British isl. in 
Irish sea, 227 sq. m.; cap. Castle¬ 
town ..pop. 55 

Manacor (ma-na-koF), town, 
Spain, Majorca isl., Mediterra¬ 
nean sea .pop. 20 

Managua (ma-n&'gwa), town, 
cap. of Nicaragua, Cen. America. 

pop. 30 

Manama (ma-nUTna). sp., chief 
town of Bahrein isls., Persian 

gulf .-.nop. 25 

Manaos (ma-nH'oosh). cml. town, 
cap. of Amazonas state, Brazil. 

non. 22 

Manchester (man'ches-tSr), mfg. 

town, Hartford co.. Conn...n. 11 
Manchester, mfg. city, Hills¬ 
boro co., N. H.pop. 57 


late, m^r, mAsk, cat, awl; he. hSr. let; line, tin : vote, pOrch, lot; m55n, 

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Man 


1054 


Mar 


Manchester, mfg. city & bor., 
S. E. Lancashire, England. 

pop. 544 

Manchuria (man-clioo'ri-a). div. 
Chinese empire, E. Asia._ N of 
Korea & Yellow sea, 3(53.TOO _sq. 

m.; cap. Kirin.pop. 8,500 

Mandalay (man'da-lii), town, 
cap. of Upper Burma, Brit. In¬ 
dia ..pop- 182 

Manduria (man-docVre-a), town. 
Lecce prow, Italy .......pop. 13 

Mandvi (mand've), cml. town, 
Cutch, India, N. coast Gulf of 

Cutch .pop. 38 

Manfredonia (man-fra-do'ne-ii), 
cml. ft. sp. town, Foggia, Italy. 

pop. 12 

Mangaldan (man-gal-d&n'), 
pueblo, Pangasinan prow, Luzon, 

Phil, islands .pop. 10 

Mangalore (man-ga-lbr'), sp., 
cap. of S. Kanara dist., Madras 

pres., British India .pop. 41 

Manhattan Island (man-hat'- 
tan), 13V> m. long, N. Y. ; part 
of New York city built on it. 
Manila (ma-nil'a), cml. & mfg.' 
city, Luzon ; cap. of Phil, isls., 
on Manila bay ........pop. 2S0 

Manila Bay, landlocked sea, AY. 

Luzon isl., Phil, islands. 

Manissa (ma/nes-sa). mfg. town. 
Smyrna vilayet, AA r . Asia Minor. 
21 m. N E of Smyrna.. .pop. 30 
Manistee (man-is-te'), cml. & 
mfg. city, c. s. of Manistee co.. 
N. AA\ lower pen., Mich. . .p. 14 
Manitoba (man-i-to-bii'), agr. & 
past prow. Can., 73,950 sq. m.j 

cap. Winnipeg .pop. 255 

Manizales (mii-ne-sa'lAs). cml. 
town, Antioquia dept., Colombia. 

pop. 15 

Mannheim ( man'hinC, cml. & 
mfg. town. can. of dist. of same 
name, N. Baden, S. Germany. 

•" pop. 140 

Mansfield (manz'feld), mfg. bor., 
Nottinghamshire. Eng., in Slier- 

wood forest .pop. 21 

Mans, Le He mang'L cml. & mfg. 
town. cap. of dent. Sartb°. 

France . ...pop. 03 

Mansura (man-soo'ra). cml. . & 
mfg. town. cap. of Dakahlieh 

nrov.. Egvnt ..pop. 35 

Mantua (man'tu-a). mfg. ft. city. 


cap. of prov. of same name, Lom¬ 


bardy, Italy .pop. 29 

Manzauares (man - tha - na'ras), 
mfg. town, Ciudad Beal prov., 

Spain .pop. 10 

Maracaibo (msi-ra-ki'bo), cml. 
city, cap. of Falcon state. A r en- 
ezuela, S. Am.pop. 34 


Maracaibo, Lake, A'enezuela, S. 

Am., 102 m. long, 75 m. broad. 
Maranhao (ma-ran-youn'), cml. 
city, on Maranhao isl., cap. of 
maritime state, N. Brazil.pop. 40 
Marash (mii-rash'), town, Alep¬ 
po vilayet, Turkey in Asia. .p. 52 
Marblehead (mar'b’l-hed), cml. 

& mfg. town, Essex co., Mass. 

pop. 8 

Marchena (mar-clm'na), town, 

Seville prov., Spain.pop. 15 

Marchienne au Pont (mar-she- 
■ en' 6 pong'), town, Ilainaut prov., 

Belgium .pop. 19 

Marcinelle (mar-se-nel'), town. 
Ilainaut prov., Belgium, near 

Charleroi . pop. 15 

Marcy, Mount (miir'si). Adiron- 
! dack mts., highest pgak in N. Y.; 

5,344 ft. high. .... . 

Mardin (mar-den'), ft. town,. 
Diarbekr vilayet, Kurdistan. 

Asiatic Turkey ..pop. 25 

Mare Island, San Pablo bay, 
Cal. ; U. S. A. navy yard. 
Margate fmiir'gat), sp. bor., 

Kent co., England; a watering 

place ; ..pop. 23 

Margelan (miir-ge-lan'), mfg. 

,, town, Fergana govt., Russia in 

Asia .’..pop. 37 

Marienburg (ma-re'en berg), 
mfg. town, AA T . Prussia prov.,; 

Prussia .. . . .pop.' 11 

Marietta (ma-ri-et'ta or ma-ri), 
mfg. city, c. s. of Washington co., 

O. ... . .pop. 13 

Mariinsk (ma-re'insk). town, 
THimsk govt., W. Siberia; gold 

mining . pop. T5 

Marion (mar'i-un or ma'ri-un), 
city. c. s. of Grant co.. Tnd..p. 17 
Marion, city. c. s. of Marion co., 

O. non. 12^ 

Mariupol (mii-re-oo-poD; town,' 
Ekaterinoslav govt., Russis. on 

Sea of Azov .pop. 32 

Markirch (miir'kirk). mfg.' town; 
Alsace-Lorraine tet.. AA” Germany. 

pop. 12; 


late, mar, m&sk, cat. awl: he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot: moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 



































TWar 


1055 


May 


Marlboro (marl'bur-o), city, 

Middlesex eo.. Mass.pop. 14 

Marmora, Sea of (mar'mo-ra), 
sea, 172 m. long, between Eu¬ 
rope & Asia. 

Marquesas Islands (mar-ka'- 
sas), group of 13 Polynesian 
isls., S. Pacific ocean, 402 sq. m.; 

belong to France.pop. 4 

Marquette (miir-ket'), cml. & 
mfg. city, c. s. of Marquette co., 

N. Mich.pop. 10 

Marsala (mar-sii'la), cml. ft. sp. 
city, Trapani prov., Sicily, Italy. 

pop. 58 

Marseilles (mar'salz; Fr. mar- 
sa'y), cml. mfg. sp. city, cap. of 
dept. Bouches-du-Rhone, France. 


pop. 401 

Marshall (miir'shal), city, Sa¬ 
line co., Mo.; pop. 5 

Marshall, city, c. s. of llarrison 

co., Tex.....pop. 8 

Marshalltown, city, c. s. of 

Marshall co., Iowa.pop. 12 

Marshfield, city, Wood co., Wis. 

< _ r 


Martha’s Vineyard, isl., 21 m. 
long, Dukes co.. Mass., in Atlan¬ 
tic ocean. 

Martina Franca (niiir-te'na 
friin'ka), town, Lecce, Italy. 

, pop. 25 

Martinique (mar-ti-nek'), is., 
Fr. W. Indies, 381 sq. m.; cap. 

Fort de France.....pop. 164 

Martinsburg (mitr'tinz.- burg),,' 
town, c. s. of Berkeley co.. Ay, 

Ya.pop. ‘8 

Martins Ferry, mfg. city, Belr 

mont co., O. pop. 8 

Martos (mar'tos), town, Jaen 

prov., Spain .....pop. ,16 

Marugame (mii'roo-gu'ma), city.. 
Shikoku isl., Japan, on N. ; coast. 

pop. 25 

Maryport (mfi'ri-port). cml. 
town. Cumberland co., England, 

# pop. 12 

Maryville (ma'ri-vil), city, c. s. 

of Nodaway co.. Mo.. .pop. 5 

Masaya (ma-sa'ya). towp,, Nica- 
ragua. Central America ..pop. 20 
Mascara (mas-ka-ra'), town*. 

Oran dept., Algeria, Afriea.,p. 21 
Maskat (mas-kat'L city, S. E. 


Mason City (mfi's’n), city, c. s, 

of Cerro Gordo co., la.pop. 7 

Massa (mas'sa), town, cap. of 
Carrara prov., Italy.pop. 13 

Massa Marittima (ma-ret'te- 
ma), town, Grosseto prov., Italy. 

pop. 18 

Massillon (mas'sil-lon), cml. & 
mfg. city, Stark co., Okio..p. 12 
Masulipatam (ma - so<> - li - pa- 
titm'), sp. city, Ivistna dist., Ma¬ 
dras, India.pop. 30 

Matamoros (mat-a-m<Vros), 
town, Tamaulipas state, Mexico, 

on Rio Grande riv.pop. 18. 

Matanzas (ma-tan'zas), sp. city, 
cap. of prov. of same name. 

Cuba ..pop. 36 

Mataro (mii-ta-ro'), mfg. mari¬ 
time city, Barcelona prov., Spain. 

pop. 18 

Matera (ma-ta'ra), town, Poten- 

za prow, Italy ..pop. 17 

Matsumoto (mat'soo-mo'to) „ 
city, cen. Hondo isl., Japan..p. 31, 
Matsuyama (miit'soo - yii'irta), 
city, W. coast Shikoku isl... 

Japan .. .pop, 37 

Matsuye (mat'soo-y4), city, N. 

' coast of S. part of Hondo isl.,, 

Japan .pop! 35 

Matteawan (mat-te-a-won'). mfg. 

,. vil., Dutchess co., N. Y., on Fish- 

' kill creek ...pop. 6 

Matterhorn (mat'ter-hdrn), mt., 
Alps, Switzerland,* Italy; 14,661 
.. ft. high. , ... -v 

Mauch Chunk (mawk chunk'), 
bor., c. s. of Carbon co., Pa..p. 4 .♦. 
Maulmain (mawl-min'), cml. 
town, cap. of Amherst dist., . 
Lower Burma, Asia r - • • • *pop. -51 
Mauritius (maw-rish'i-us). isl., , 
Indian ocean, British colony, ■'■f 
705 sq. m.; cap. Port Louis.. 

... pop. 370. ; 

Mayebashi (mii'ya-ba'she), cml. 
city, cen. Hondo isl., Janan. * 

pon, 34 

Mayen (mi'en), town, Rhine 

iprov., Prussia ..pop. 12- 

Mayenne (mi'en or ma-yen'), 
mfg. town, dept. Mayenne, Fr. 

pop. 10 > • 

Maykop (mi'kop), .town, Kuban 
/ter., N. Caucasia, Ivussia ..p. 34 
Maysville (maz'vil), city, c. s. - 
of, Mason co.. Ivy. ..pop. 6 


Arabia, on Gulf of Oman; cap. 
of Oman ...pop. 60 


late, mar, mask, cat,’ awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon 

cook; mute, nut; thin,4&em 































1056 


Mes 


May 


Maywood, vil., Cook co., Ill., on 

Des Plaines river.pop. 5 

Mazamet ( ma-za-m^'), mfg. town, 

dept. Tarn, France.pop. 14 

Mazarron (ma-thar-ron'), town, 

Murcia prov., Spain.pop. 17 

Mazzara del Vallo (mat-sii'ra 
del vhl'lo), sp. town, Trapani 

prov., Sicily, Italy.pop. 20 

Meadville (med'vil), mfg. city, 
c. s. of Crawford co., Pa., on 

French creek .pop. 10 

Means (mo), mfg. town, dept. 

Seine-et-Marne, France.. pop. 14 
Mecca or Mekka (raek'ka), city, 
cap. of Hejaz, Arabia; holy city 

of Mohammedans .pop. 60 

Mechanicville (me-kan'ik-vil), 
vil., Saratoga co., N. Y....pop. 5 
Mechlin (mek'lin), cml. city, 
Antwerp prov., Belgium, .pop. 56 
Medellin (ma-th&l-yen'), city, 
cap. of Antioquia dept., Colom¬ 
bia ..pop. 45 

Medford (med'ferd), city, Mid¬ 
dlesex co., Mass.pop. 18 

Medicina (m&-de-ch§'na). town, 
Bologna prov., Italy, 15 m. E 

by S of Bologna.pop. 13 

Medinet-el-Faynm (me-de'net- 
el-fi-Som'), cml. & mfg. town, cap. 
of Fayum prov., Egypt . .pop. 31 
Mediterranean Sea (med-i-ter- 
ra'ne-an), inland sea, inclosed by 
Europe, Asia & Africa, 2,330 m. 
long, 1.007,220 sq. m. 

Meerane (mS-r&'ne), mfg. town, 
Saxony kingdom, Germany.p. 24 
Meerut (mg'rut), town, cap. of 
div. of same name, N. W. Provs., 

British India .pop. 119 

Meiderich (mi'dgr-ik), mfg. 

town. Rhine prov., Prussia.p. 34 
Meiningen (mi'ning-en), town, 
cap. of Saxe-Meiningen duchy, 

Germany .pop. 15 

Meissen (mi'sen), mfg. town, 
•Saxony kingdom, Germany..p. 31 
Mekinez (mek'i-nez), city, Fez 
prov., Morocco, Africa ...pop. 30 
Melbourne (merburn), cml. 
town, cap. of Victoria, Australia. 

pop. with suburbs 494 
Melcombe Regis (mel'kum re'- 
jis), town, Dorsetshire, Eng. 

pop. with Weymouth 20 
Melfi (mel'fg), town, Potenza 
prov., Italy .pop. 15 


Melrose (mel'roz), city, Middle¬ 
sex co., Mass. ..pop. 13 

Melun (me-lun'), town, cap. of 
dept. Seine-et-Marne, France. 

pop. 13 

Memel (ma'mel), sp., cml. & mfg. 
town, E. Prussia prov., Prussia. 

pop. 20 

Memmingen (mem'ming - en), 
mfg. town, Bavaria, Germany. 

pop. 11 

Memphis (mem'fis), cml. city & 
port of entry, Shelby co., Tenn. 

pop. 102 

Mendoza (m&n-do'sa), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, Argentine. 

pop. 30 

Menin (me-nang'), mfg. town, 
W. Flanders prov., Belgium.p. 19 
Menominee (me-nom'i-ne), city, 
c. s. of Menominee co., N. W. 

Michigan .pop. 13 

Menominee, city, c. s. of Dunn 

co., Wis.pop. 6 

Menton (mhng-tong'). town, 
dept. Alpes-Maritimes, France, on 

Mediterranean sea .pop. 10 

Ments (ments), city in Germany. 
See Mainz. 

Merida (mer'i-da), city, Badajoz 

prov., Spain .pop. 10 

Merida, cml. city, cap. of Yuca¬ 
tan state, Mexico .pop. 37 

Merida, town, cap. of Los Andes 

state, Venezuela .pop. 15 

Meriden (mer'i-den), city, New 

Haven co., Conn.pop. 24 

Meridian (me-rid'i-an), mfg. 
city, c. s. of Lauderdale co., Miss. 

pop. 14 

Merrill (mer'ril), tp. & city, 
c. s. of Lincoln co., Wis. 

city pop. 9 

Merrimac River (mer'ri-mak), 
N. H. & Mass., 110 m. long, flows 
into Atlantic ocean. 

Merta (mer'ta), town, Jodhpur, 

Rajputana, India.pop. 30 

Merthyr Tydfil (mgr'thSr tid'- 
vil), min. town, Glamorganshire, 

Wales .pop. 69 

Mery (merf), town, S. E. part 
of Transcaspian ter., Russia in 

Asia .pop. 11 

Meshhed (mesh-hed'). city, cap. 

of Khorassan prov., Persia.p. 70 
Mevopotamia (mes-o-po-ta'mi-a), 
anc. country, Asia, between Eu¬ 
phrates & Tigris rivers. 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, h<*r, let; line, tin ; vote, p6rch, lot; m55n, 

cook; mate, nut; thin, the n. 






























Mes 


1057 


Mis 


Messina (mes-se'na), sp. city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, 
Sicily; earthquake with great 

loss of life, 1908.pop. 150 

Messina, Strait of, 2 y 2 to 12 m. 

wide, bet. Sicily & Italy. 

Mestre (mes'tra), towm, Venice 
prov., Italy, 6 m. N W of Ven¬ 
ice ..pop. 12 

Metz (mets), ft. city, cap. of Lor¬ 
raine dist., Alsace-Lorraine ter., 

Ger.pop. 58 

Meudon (me-dong'), mfg. town, 
dept. Seine-et-Oise, France.p. 10 
Mexico (meks'i-ko), city, c. s. of 

Audrain co., Mo.pop. 5 

Mexico, city, cap. of Mexico. 

pop. 330 

Mexico, republic, southern part 
of N. America; 767,259 sq. m. 

pop. 13,750 

Mexico, Gnlf of, on S. E. coast 
of North America, 1,000 m. E. to 
W., 800 m. N. to S. 

Mhow (mou), town, cen. India, 
13 m. S S W of Indore..pop. 32 
Michigan (mish'i-gan), North 
central state, U. S. A.; 58,915 

sq. m.pop. 2,421 

Michigan City, city. Laporte 
co., Ind., on Lake Michigan. 

pop. 15 

Michigan, Lake, bet. Wis. & 
Mich.; 22,450 sq. m. 
Middleburg (mid'del-burg), 
town & comm., Zealand prov., 

Netherlands.comm. pop. 19 

Middleboro (mid'd’l-bur-o), 
towrn. Plymouth co.. Mass.pop. 7 
Middlesbrough (mid'd’lz-bur-o), 
mfg. & cml. bor., N. Riding, York¬ 
shire. England.pop. 91 

Middleton, bor., Lancashire. 

England .pop. 25 

Middletown, city, c. s. of Mid¬ 
dlesex co.. Conn.pop. 10 

Middletown, city, Orange co.. 

N. Y.pop. 15 

Middletown, city, Butler co., 

O.pop. 9 

Middletown, bor., Dauphin co.. 

Pa.pop. 6 

Midnapnr (mid'na-poor). city, 
cap. of Midnapur dist., Bengal. 

India .pop. 31 

Milan (mi'lan or mi-lan'). mfg. 
& cml. city. cap. of Milan prov., 
Lombardy, Italy .pop. 491 


Milazzo (me-lat'so), ft. sp. town. 

Messina prov., Sicily, Italy.p. 16 
Milford (mil'ferd), towm, Wor¬ 
cester co., Mass.pop. 11 

Millan (me-lo'), min. & mfg. 
town, dept. Aveyron, France, on 

Tarn river .pop. 19 

Milloin (mil'lum), par. & town, 
Cumberland co., England ..p. 10 
Millville (mil'vil), city, Cum¬ 
berland co., N. J.pop. 11 

Milton (mil'tun), town, Norfolk 

co.. Mass.pop. 7 

Milton, bor., Northumberland 

co., Pa.pop. 6 

Milwaukee (mil-waw'ke), cml. 
& mfg. city & lake port, the chief 

city of Wis.pop. 285 

Minas Novas (mg'nash no'vash), 
town, Minas Geraes, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 72 
Minden (min'den), mfg. town, 
on Weser riv.; cap. of dist. of 
same name, Westphalia prov., 

Prussia .pop. 24 

Mindoro (men-d5'ro), isl., cen. 

Phil. isls.; 4,108 sq. m..pop. 106 
Mineo (me-n&'o), town, Catania 

prov., Sicily, Italy .pop. 10 

Minervino Marge (me-ner-ve'- 

no moSr'ja), town, Bari prov., 

Italy .pop. 17 

Minieh (me'ne-ye), city, cap. of 

S rov. of same name, Upper 

Igypt .pop. 20 

Minneapolis (min-ne-ap'o-lis), 
city, c. s. of Hennepin co., Minn. 

pop. 203 

Minnesota (min-ne-so'ta), state. 
N. cen. part of IT. S. A.: 83.365 
sq. m.; cap. St. Paul., pop. 1.751 
Minnesota River, 249 m. long; 
Bigstone lake. S. Dak., to Mis¬ 
sissippi river. 

Minorca (ml-nAr'ka). UV. Ba¬ 
learic group, N E of Majorca. 
Mediterranean sea; 335 so. m.; 
eap. Port Mahon ; Spanish..p. 37 
Mirandola (me-rjin'do-lft), vil., 
Modena prov.. N. Italy.. .pon. 14 
Mirgorod (mPr'go-rot), town, 
Poltava govt., Russia in Enrooe. 

pon. 13 

Miskoles fmish'koltsl. town. 

Hunsrarv, c. s. of Borsod on .tv 4$ 
Mississippi fmis-is-sio'p?). riv.. 
U. S. A.. 3.000 m. long: f^om 
near Itasca lake. Minn., to Gulf 
of Mexico. 


late, mlir, mSsk, cat, awl; h§. hSr. let: line, tin ; vftte, pArch, lot; moon, 

cook; mflte. nut; thin, then. 






























Mis 


1058 


Mon 


Mississippi, state, S E U. S. A., 
46,810 sq. m.; cap. Jackson. 

pop. 1.551 

Missolonghi (mis - so - lon'ge). 

cml. town, coast of Greece..p. 10 
Missouri (mis-soo'ri or miz-zoo'- 
ri), riv., U. S. A., about 3,000 m. 
long; Rocky mts. to Mississippi 
river. 

Missouri, state, cen. T\ S. A., j 
69,415 sq. m.; cap. Jefferson 

City ..pop. 3,107 I 

Mistretta (mes-tret'ta), town. 

Messina prov., Sicily, Italy.p. 13 | 
Mitau (me'tou). town. cap. of 
Kurland govt., Russia. . . .pop. 35 i 
Mitchell, Mt„ one of Black hits., I 
Yancey co., N. C.: the highest 
peaks of the Appalachians, 6,711 
feet. 

Mito (me'toL mfg. & cml. city, 
cen. Hondo, Japan. 65 m. N E of 

Tokyo ..pop. 34 

Mittweida (mit'vi-dii). mfg. 
town, Saxony kingdom, Germanv, j 

pop. 16 

Moberly (mo'ber-li), city. Ran¬ 
dolph co.. Mo. ..pop. 8 

Mobile ( mo-bel'), cml. city, c s 
of Mobile co.. on riv. & bay of 

same name, Ala.pop. 38 j 

Mobile Bay, in S. W. Ala., 30 
m. long, 10 to 12 m. wide. 

Mocha. See Mokha. 

Mocker (mok'ker). vil.. IV. Prus¬ 
sia, Germany, near Thorn. 

comm. pop. 11 
Modeua ('mo'da-na), ft. city, 
cap. of prov. of same name. 

Emilia, Italy ..por>. 65 

Modica (mo'de-kiiL town. Syra¬ 
cuse prov.. Sicily. Italy, .pop. 49 
Modling ('med'lingL town. Lower 
Austria, 10 m. S W of Vienna. J 

pop.- 15 

Mogador Irpog-a-dor'), ft. city j 
sp., Morocco. Africa, on Atlantic i 

o^-e^n . pop. 19 i 

Mogilev ('ma-ge-lyof'L city. cap. }. 
of Mogilev govt.,. Russia, on; 

Dneiper river....pop, 43 

Mogilesv, town. Podolia. Russia. 

on Dniester river..pop. 18 j 

Mohaes fmo'hach), town.-Baffin-j 

ya ■<*o., Hungary... . .pop;. 14 

Moharek (mo'a-rek), town, can 
of Bahrein isls. ....... .pop. 22 

Mohawk River (mo'hawk), 175 


m. long; Lewis co., N. Y., to 
Hudson riv. at Cohoes. 

Moji (mo'je), cml. city, Kiusbu 
isl., Japan, on N. coast..pop. 25 
Mokha or Mocha (nid'ka), sp. 

Arabia, on Red sea.pop. 5 

M o k s h a n s k (mak-shansk'), 
town, Penza govt., Russia in Eu¬ 
rope .pop. 13 

Mola di Bari (rno'la de bii're), 
sp. town, Bari prov., Italy.p. 14 
Moldavia (mol-da'vi-a), prov., 


Roum., 14,649 sq. m. ; chief town. 

Jassy .pop. 1,832 

Molfetta (mol-fet'ta), sp town, 
Bari prov., Italy, on Adriatic 

sea ..pop. 40 

Moline (mo-len'), city. Rock 
Island co., Ill...pop. 17 


Moluccas (mo-luk'kaz) or Spice 
Islands, between Celebes & New 
Guinea ; Dutch ; 43,864 sq. m. 

pop. 399 

Mombasa (mom-ba'sal, isl. & sp.- 
town, cap. of British E. Africa. 

pop. 27 

Monadnock (mo-nad'nok), rat., 
Cheshire co., N. H., 3,186 ft. 
high. 

Mondovi (mop-do've), mfg. 

town, Cuneo prov., Italy.. pop. 19 
Monghyr (mon-ger'), city on 
Ganges riv., cap. of dist. of same 
name, Bengal, British India. 

pop. 36 

Monmouth (jnon'muth), city. 

c. s^ of Warren co.. Ill....pop. 7 
Monongahela (mo-non-ga-he'la), 
riv., Lewis co., 'W. Va., to 
Ohio riv. at Pittsburg, Pa. 
Monongahela, qit.v, Washington 

co., Pa. ... .pop. 5 

Monopoli (mo-nop'o-le). sp.. 

town, Bari prov., Italy. . .pop. 23 
Monreale (mon-ra-a'la), town, 
Palermo prov., Sicily, Italy. 

pop. 24 

Mons (mbnsL mfg. town, Ilai- 

, naut prov., Belgium.pop. 27 

Montana (mon-ta'na). state. N 
W U. S. A., 146.080 sq. nr.; cap. 

Helena..pop. 243 

Montargis (mon-tar-zhe'), mfg. 

town. dept. Loiret, France. ,p. 12 
Montauban ( mon-to-bang'), 
toAyn. cap. of dept. Tarn-et-Ga- 

ronne. Franc.e .pop. 31 

Montce an-les-Mines (mon-so'- 


late. mar. mask. cat. awl : he. her. let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook: mute, nut: thin. then. 





























Mon 


1059 


Mou 


la-men'), min. town, dept. Saone- 

et-Loire, Fr.pop. 29 

Mont Cenis. See Cenis, Mont. 
Montclair (mont'clar), town, 
Essex eo., New Jersey... .pop. 14 
Mont - de - Marsan (mong-de- 
mar-sang'), town, cap. of dept. 

Landes, France.pop. 12 

Montefrio (mon-ta-fre'o), town, 
Granada prov., Spain.... pop. 10 
Monteleone di Calabria (mon* 
* ta-la-o'na de ka-la'bre-a), town, 
Catanzaro prov., Italy... .pop. 13 
Montelimar (mon - ta - le-mar'), 
min. & mfg. town, dept. Drome, 

France . pop. 13 

Montenegro (-mVgro), independ¬ 
ent principality, N. \V. part of 

Balkan pen., Europe, 3.2,10 sq. 

m.; cap. Cetinje .pop. 228 

Mentepulciano (-pool-cha'no), 
town, Siena prov., cen. Italy. 

pop. 15 

Monte San Giuliano (san 
jool-ya'no), town, Trapani, Sicily, 

Italy .pop. 29 

Monte Sant Angelo (-sant an'- 
jA-lo), town, Foggia prov.. Italy. 

pop. 22 

Montes Claros (mon'tash klii'- 
roosh), town, Minas Geraes, 

Brazil .dist. pop. 02 

Montevideo (mon - ta - ve- da'o). 

sp. city, cap. of Uruguay..p. 200 
Montgomery (mont - gum'er- i). 
city. c. s. of Montgomery eo., 
Ala.. & cap. of state... .'.pop. 30 
Montilla (mon-tel'ya). town. 

Cordoba prov.. Spain.pop, 14 

Montlticon (mon-lu-song'). mfg. 

town. dept. Allier, France, .p. 35 
M o n t o r o (mon-toTo). town. 

Cordoba prov., Spain.... .'pop, 13 
Montpelier (mont-pe'li-er), city, 
c. s. of Washington co & cap of 

Vermont ..pop. 0 

Montpellier (mong - pa - ly;V). 
city. cap. of dept. Herault 

France. ...^ .pop. 70 

Montreal (mont-re-awl')., city .& 
river port. Opebec prov., chief 

city of Canada.pop. 208 

Monza (mon'za), town. Milan 
prov., Lombardy. Italy.. .pop. 43 
Moosehead Lake (mbos'hed), 
Piscataouis & Somerset cos.. Me. : 
30 m. long. 

Moradabad (mo - rnd - a - bad'), 

city, cap. of dist. of same name. 


Rohilkhand div., N. W. Prov¬ 
inces, British India.pop. 75 

Moravia (mo-rA'vi-a), prov. or 
crown land, N. Austria, 8,580 sq. 

m.; cap. Brunn .pop. 2,435 

Morea (mo-re'a), anc. Pelopon¬ 
nesus (pel-o-pon-ne'sus), S. pen. 
Greece; 100 m. Jong, 100 m. wide, 
8,089 sq. m. 

Morecambe (mor'kam), town, 
Lancashire, England; watering 

place ..... pop. 12 

Morelia (mo-rS/le-a), town, cap. 

of Michoacan state, Mexico.p. 34 
Morioka (moTe-o-ka), city, N. 

Hondo isl., Japan.pop. 33 

Morlaix (rnor-la/), cml. sp. town, 
dept. Finistere, 1 ranee, .pop. 16 
Morley (mor'li), bor., W. Riding, 

Yorkshire, England.pop. 24 

Morocco (mo-rok'ko), sultanate 
or empire, N. W. Africa, 109,951 

sq. m.; cap. Fez.pop. 8,000 

Morocco, city, one of the caps, of 

Morocco, Africa ..pop. 45 

Morristown (mor'ris-toun), 
town, c. s.'Of Morris co., N. J. 

pop. 11 

Morshansk (mar-shansk'). town, 
Tambov govt., Russia in Europe. 

pon. 28 

Moscow (mos'ko), town, cap. of 
Russia, on Moskva riv.\.n. 1.036' 
Moselle (mo-zeL), riv, 320 m. 
long, dept. Vosges. France, to 
Rhine river. 

Mossley (mos'li), bor.. Lanca¬ 
shire, England...non. 13 

Mostaganem (mos-ta-ga-nenj/).. 
sp.t Oran dept.. Algeria, Africa. 

pbp. 18 

Mostar (mds'tar). town, cap. of 

Herzegovina .pop. 17 

Mosul (mo-sobl'). city. cap. of 
vilayet of same name. Mesopota¬ 
mia. Turkev' in Asm .... .nop. 61 
Motkerwell (muth'er-wel). min. 

burgh, Lanark eo.. Scotland..p. 30 
M o t r i 1 (mo-trel'). cml. city, 
Granada prov.. Spain.... non. 17 
Motul (mo-tool'), town. Yucatan. 

Mexico .pop. 18 

Moulins (mbo-la^g'). town. can. 

of dept. Allier. France, .pop. 22 
Mount Carmel (kar'mel). bor.. 

Northumberland co.. Pa., .pop. 13 
Mount Clemens (klem'enz), 
city, >c. s. of Macomb co., Mich. 

pop. 7 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl : lie. her. let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot: moon, 

cook; mute, nut: thin. then. 





























Mou 


1060 


Myt 


mount Desert (de-zert' or dez'- 
ert), isl., coast of Me., 14 m. 
long, 8 m. wide. 

mount Pleasant, bor., West¬ 
moreland co.. Pa.pop. 5 

mount Vernon (ver'nun), city, 
c. s. of Jefferson co.. 111.. ..pop. o 
mount Vernon, city, c. s. of 

Posey co., Iud.pop. 5 

mount Vernon, city, West¬ 
chester co., N. Y.pop. 20 

mount Vernon, city, c. s. of 

Knox co., O.pop. 7 

mount Vernon, home of George 
Washington, on Potomac riv., Va. 
mozambique (Md-zam-bgk'), N. 
prov. of Portuguese E. Africa, 
extending from Zambezi riv. N. 
to Cape Delgado, 261,700 sq. m. 

pop. 1,500 

Muhlhausen (mul - hou' zen), 
mfg. town, Saxony prov., Prus¬ 
sia .pop. 33 

mukden (mookVen), walled cml. 
city, cap. of Shengking prov., 

Manchuria .pop. 180 

mulkausen (mul-hou'zen), cml. 
& mfg. town, Alsace-Lorraine 

ter., Ger.pop. 89 

mulkeixn am Rhein (mul'lilm 
am rin), mfg. & cml. town. 

Rhine prov., Prussia.pop. 45 

mulheixn am Ruhr (roor), mfg. 
& cml. town, I^hine prov., Prus¬ 
sia. on Ruhr riv.pop. 38 

Multan (mool-tffn'), ft. cml. 
city, cap. of dist. of same name, 
Lahore div., Punjab, British In¬ 
dia .pop. 75 

munchen Gladhach (mfin'ken 
glat'bak), mfg. town, Rhine 

prov., Prussia .pop. 58 

Muncie (mun'si), city. c. s. of 

Delaware co., Ind.pop. 21 

munich (miYnik), city. cap. of 
Upper Bavaria dist. & of Bavaria 
kingdom, Germany.pop. 500 


Munkacs (moon'kach). mfg. 

town, Bereg co., Hungary..p. 11 
miinster (mun'ster), mfg. city, 
cap. of dist. of same name & of 
Westphalia prov., Prussia, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 64 

Miinsterberg (mun'ster-beig), 
town, Silesia prov., Prussia.p. 8 
Murcia (mur'shi-a), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, S. E. Spain. 

pop. 108 

Muriahe (moo-re-a-a'), town, 
Minas Geraes, Brazil, dist. pop. 50 
Murom (moo'room), town, to. E. 
part of Vladimir gcfvt., Russia. 

poo. 13 

Murshidabad (moor - shid - ff- 

b&d'), city, cap. of district of 
same name, Bengal, British In¬ 
dia .pop 46 

Muscatine (mus-ka-ten'), mfg. 

city, c. s. of Muscatine co..p. 14 
Mush (moosh), town. Bitlis vila¬ 
yet, Armenia, Turkey in Asia. 

pop. 27 

Muskegon (mus-ke'gun), mfg. 

city. c. s. of Muskegon co., W. 

Mich.pop. 21 

Musselburgh (mus'sel-bur-o), 
sp. burgh, Edinburgh co., Scot¬ 
land .pop. 12 

Mustapha (moos'ta-fa), town, 

Algiers dept., Algeria, Africa. 

, pop. 37 

Muttra (mut'tra), city, cap. of 
dist. of same name. Agra div., 
N. W. Provinces, British India. 

pop. 60 

Muiaffarpur (moo-zuf fur- 
poor), cml. town, cap. of dist. of 
same name, Patna div., Bengal, 

Brit. India .pop. 49 

Myslowitz (mis'lo-vits), town, 

Silesia prov., Prussia. .. .pop. 13 
Mytilene (mit-i-le'ne). anc. Les¬ 
bos, isl. of Turkey, ^Egean sea, 
675 sq, m.pop. 107 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl: he. her, let: line, tin : vote, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 



























Nab 


10C1 


Nau 



Naba (na'ba), or Nafa (na'fa), 
city, chief port of Riu Kiu isls., 

Japan .pop. 35 

Nablus (na-bloos'), town, Pales¬ 
tine, Turkey in Asia.pop. 25 

Nabua (na'voo-a), pueblo, Am- 
bos Camarines prov., Luzon, Phil. 

isls.pop. 18 

Nagano (na'ga-no), city, Naga¬ 
no dist., cen. Hondo isl., Japan. 

pop. 31 

Nagasaki (na'ga-sa'ke), sp. & 
cml. city in Nagasaki dist., N. W. 

Kiushu isl., Japan.pop. 107 

Nagaur (na-gour'), town, Jodh¬ 
pur, Rajputana, India.p. 25 

Nagina (nu-ge'na), town, Bij- 
naur dist., N. W. Provs., British 

India .pop. 22 

Nagpur (nag-poor' or nag'poor), 
cml. & mfg. city, cap. of Nagpur 
div. & of Cen. W. Provs., British 

India .pop. 125 

Nagy Abony (nod'y o'bon-y), 
town, cap. of Pest co., Hungary. 

pop. 12 

Nagy Becskerek (bech'ke-rek), 
town, cap. of Torontal co., Hun¬ 
gary .pop. 22 

Nagy Kanixsa (ko'ne-zho), 
town, Szalad co., Hungary..p. 21 
Nagy Kikinda (ke'ken-do), 
town, Torontal co., Hungary. 

pop. 23 


Nagy Koros (ke'resh). town, 

Pest co., Hungary.pop. 25 

Nagylak (-lok), town, Csanad 

co., Hungary.pop. 13 

Nagy Szeben (se'ben), town, 

Szeben co., Hungary.pop. 21 

Nagy Varad (va'rod), city, cap. 

of Bihar co., Hungary-pop. 50 

Naihati (ni-ha'te), town, Ben¬ 
gal, Brit. India.pop. 30 

Najibabad (na-jeb-H-biid'), town, 
Bijnaur dist., N. W. Provs., Brit. 

India .pop. 19 

Namangan (na-man-g&n'), 

town, Fergana govt., Russia in 

Asia .pop. 62 

Namur (na'mur), ft. mfg. city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, Bel¬ 
gium, Europe ..pop. 32 

Nan (nan), town, Siam, on 
Menam river .pop. 60 


Nancy (nan'si), mfg. city, cap. 
of dept. Meurthe - et - Moselle, 

France ..pop. 103 

Nanking (nan-king') or Nan¬ 
kin, cml. city, cap. of Kiangsu 

prov., China .pop. 150 

Nanterre (niing-tar'), town, 

dept. Seine, France.pop. 14 

Nantes (nants), mfg. & cml. city, 
cap. of dept. Loire-Inferieure, 
France, oil Loire river..pop. 133 
Nanticoke (nan'ti-kok), min. 

bor., Luzerne co., Pa.pop. 12 

Nantucket (nan-tuk'et), isl., 15 
m. long, Atlantic ocean, Nan¬ 
tucket co., Mass. 

Naples (na'p’lz), city, cap. of 
Naples prov., Italy, on Bay of 

Naples .pop. 564 

Nara (na'ra), city, in dist. of 
same name, W. Hondo, Japan. 

pop. 31 

Narbonne (niir-bon'), city, dept. 

Aude, France .pop. 29 

Nardo (nar'do), mfg. town, Lecce 

prov., Italy .pop. 14 

Nariad (nur-e-iid'), town, Kaira 
dist., Bombay, British India. 

pop. 29 

Narragansett Bay (nar-ra-gan'- 
set), ocean inlet, 28 m. long, R. I. 
Narva (nar'va), ft. town. St. 

Petersburg govt., Russia..pop. 11 
Nash.ua (nash'u-a), mfg. city, 
c. s. of Hillsboro co., N. H.p. 24 
Nashville (nash'vil), cml. city, 

cap. of Tenn.pop. 81 

Nasik (nii'sik), city, cap. of dist. 
of same name, Bombay pres.. 

British India .pop. 24 

Naso (nii'so), comm.. Messina 

prov., Sicily, Italy.pop. 12 

Nassau (nas'saw), city, cap. of 
Bahama isls., on New r Providence 

isl.pop. 5 

Natal (na-tiiT), British colony, 

S. E. coast Africa.pop. 930 

Natal, sp. city, cap. of Rio, 
Grande do Norte, Brazil..pop. 40 
Natchez (nach'ez), city, c. s. of 

Adams co.. Miss.pop. 12 

Natick (na'tik), town, Middlesex 

co.. Mass.pop. 9 

Naugatuck (naw'ga-tuk >, town 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 







































Nau 


1062 


New 


& mfg. bor., New Haven eo., 

Conn. ..pop. 11 

Nanmburg (noum'boorg), mtg. 
town, Saxony prov., Prussia. 

pop. 23 

Nawauagar (nu - wii - nu - gur'), 
cml. town, cap. of state of same 

name, India .pop. 49 

Nazareth (naz'a-reth), town, 
Palestine, Turkey in Asia.pop. 7 
Nazilli (na-zil-le'), town, Smyrna 

vilayet, Asia Minor.pop. 22 

Nebraska (ne-bras'ka), agr. 
state, cen. U. S. A., 77,510 sq. 
m.; cap. Lincoln. ... * .pop. 1,069 
Nebraska City, c. s. of Otoe co., 
Neb., on W. bank Missouri 

river .pop. 7 

Neenah (ne'na), city, Winnebago 

co., Wis.pop. 6 

Negauuee (ne-gaw'ne), min. & 
mfg. city, Marquette co., Michi -1 

gan .pop. 7 

Negombo (ne-gom'bo). coast 
town, W. Ceylon, Indian ocean. 

pop. 19 

Negro, Rio (re'o na'gro), riv., 
Argentina, S. Am.. 630 m. long. 
Andes to Atlantic ocean. 

Negro, Rio, riv., Brazil & Uru¬ 
guay, S. Am., 290 m. long, to 
Uruguay riv. 

Negros (na'grog), isl., 4,854 sq. 
m., one of Philippine isls., Malay 

arch.pop. 372 

Neisse (nis'se), mfg. ft. town, 
Silesia, Prussia, on Neisse riv. 

pop. 24 

Nellore (nel-lor'), city, cap. of 
dist, of same name, E. Madras, 

British India .pop. 30 

Nelson (nel's’n), • bor., Lanca¬ 
shire, England .pop. 33 

Netherlands (neth' er - landz), 
also called Holland (hol'land), 
kingdom, W. Europe, 12.741 sq. 
m .' com, cap.. Amsterdam; court 

cap.. The Hague.pop. 5,104 

Nenehatel (ne-sha-tel'), cml. 
town, cap. of mfg. canton of 
same name, N. W. Switzerland. 

pop. 21 

Neuilly-sur-Seine (ne-ye'-sur- 
san'), mfg. town, dept. Seine, 

France ..pop. 37 

Neumunster (noi' mun - ster), 
town, Schleswig-Holstein prov.. 
Prussia .....pop. 27 


Neunkircben (noin' kerk - en), 
mfg. town, Rhine prov., Prussia. 

comm. pop. 28 
Neusatz (noi'zats), town, Hun¬ 
gary, on Danube river. . . .pop. 29 
Neuse (nus), riv. of N. C., 280 
m. long, Person co. to Pamlico 
sound. 

Neuss (nois), mfg. town, Rhine 

prov., Prussia .pop. 28 

Neustadt (noi'stat), mfg. town, 
Silesia prov., Prussia . . . .pop. 20 
Neustadt, mfg. town, Palatinate 

dist., Bavaria .pop. 18 

Neva (ne'va; Russ, nye-va'), riv. 
of Russia, Ladoga lake to Fin¬ 
land gulf. 

Nevada (ne-va'da), state, U. S. 
A., W of Ut., 110,700 sq. m.; 

cap. Carson City....pop. 42 

Nevada, city, c. s. of Vernon co.. 

Mo. . i.pop. 7 

Nevers (ne-var'), city, cap. of 
dist. of Nievre, France.. . pop. _ 28 
New Albany (awl'ba-ni), city, 
c. s. of Floyd co., Ind. . . .pop. 21 
Newark (nu'erk), city, c. s. of 

Essex co., N. J..pop. 246 

Newark, vil., Wayne co., N. Y. 

pop. 5 

Newark, city, c. s. of Licking co., 

O.pop. 18 

Newark upon Trent, bor., Not¬ 
tinghamshire, England . .pop. 15 
New Bedford (bed'ferd), mfg. 
sp. city, c. s. of Bristol co.. 

Mass.pop. 62 

Newbern (niYbSrn), city, c. s. 

of Craven co., N. C. .pop. 9 

Newberry (nu'ber-ri), town, 

Newberry co., S. C.pop. 5 

New Brighton (bri'tun), mfg. 

bor., Beaver co., Pa.pop. 7 

New Britain (brit'n), town & 
mfg. city, Hartford co.. Conn. 

pop. 28 

New Brunswick (brunz'wik), 
city, c. s. of Middlesex co., N. J. 

pop. 20 

New Brunswick, prov., Canada, 
North America, 28,100 sq.. m.; 

cap. Fredericton .pop. 331 

Newburg, city, Orange co., N. Y. 

pop. 25 

Newbury (niYber-i), bor., Berk¬ 
shire, England .pop. 11 

Newburyport (nil' ber - i - port), 
mfg. city, c. s. of Essex co.. 
Mass.pop. 14 


late, .mar, m&sk, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mooo, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 

































New 


1003 


Nik 


Newcastle, city, c. s. of Law¬ 
rence, co., i’a.pop. 28 

Newcastle under Lyme (llm), 
mfg. bor., Staffordshire, England. 

pop. 20 

Newcastle upon Tyne (tin), 
1 ty & bor., c. s. of Northumber¬ 
land co., Eng.. .pop. 215 

New England, states of Maine, 
New Hampshire, Vermont, Mas¬ 
sachusetts, Rhode Island & Con¬ 
necticut, U. S. A. 
Newfoundland (nu'fund-land), 
isl., Brit. N. Am., 42,200 sq. m.; 

cap. St. John’s ..pop. 217 

New Guinea (gin'e), large isl., 
Malay arch., N of Australia. 

311,023 sq. m. ..pop. 700 

New Hampshire (liamp'shir), 
one of the New England states, 
U. S. A., 9,305 sq. m. ; cap. Con¬ 
cord .pop. 412 

New Haven, city, c. s. of New 
Haven co. & the ’chief city of 
Conn.; a sp. on New Haven bay. 

pop. 18 

New Iberia (i-be'ri-a). town, 
c. s. of Iberia par., Louisiana; 

pop. 7 

New Jersey (jSr'zi), state. E 
U. S. A., 7,815 sq. m.; cap. Tren¬ 
ton .pop. 1,884 

New London (lun'dun), city. 

c. s. of New London co. .pop. 18 
Newmarket (nu-mar'ket), town, 
Suffolk & Cambridge cos., Eng¬ 
land .pop. 11 

New Mexico (meks'i-ko), ter.. 
S W U. S. A., 122,580 sq. m.: 

cap. Santa Fe.pop. 195 

New Milford (mil'ferd), town. 

Litchfield co.. Conn.pop. 5 

New Orleans (or'le-anz), cml. 
city. c. s. of Orleans par. ; a port 

on Miss river .nop. 287 

New Philadeluhia (fil-a-del'- 
fi-a), city, c. s. of Tuscarawas 

co., O.. • • pop.. 0 

Newport (mVport), an town, 
watering place, c. s. of Newport 

co.. R. I. . ..pop. 22 

Newport, city, Campbell co.. Ky. 

non: 28 

Newport, bor.. cap. of I«le of 
Wight, Hampshire. England. 

non. 11 

Newoort, bor., Mon mouth shi'\ 
England .pop. G7 


Newport News, city, near mouth 

of James river, Va.pop. 20 

New Rochelle (ro-shel'), city, 
Westchester c-o., N. Y. . . .pop. 15 
Newry (nu'ri), town, Down & 
Armagh cos., Ireland . . . .pop. 13 
New South Wales (walz), 
state, S. E. Australia, 309,175 sq. 
m.; cap. & chief city, Sydney. 

pop. 1,300 

Newton (nii'tun), city, c. s. of 

Harvey co., Kan. .pop. 0 

Newton City, Middlesex co.. 

Mass..pop. 34 

New York (mi york'), one of 
Middle Atl. states, U. S. A., 49,- 

170 sq. m.i . . . .pop. 7,208 

New York, sp. city, cml. center 
of the U. S. & largest city of W. 
Hemisphere, at mouth of Hudson 

river .pop. 3,437 

New Zealand (ze'land), British 
colony, S. Pacific ocean, compris¬ 
ing New Zealand proper, Chat¬ 
ham & Kermadec islands; 104,- 

012 sq. m.pop. 773 

Niagara (ni-ag'a-ra), riv., bet. 
N. Y. & Ontario prov., Canada, 
30 m. long. Lake Erie to Lake 
Ontario; Falls of Niagara 
Niagara Falls, city, Niagara 

co., N. Y.pop. 19 

Nicaragua (ne-ka-ra'gwa or 

nik-a), republic, Central America, 
47,857 sq. m. ; cap. Managua. 

pop. 500 

Nicaragua, Lake, in Cen. Am., 
92 m. long, 34 m. wide. 

Nice (nesj. sp. city. cap. of dept. 
Alpes-Maritimes. France, on 
Mediterranean sea .....pop. 105 
Nictheroy (nek-tS-roi'), city, 
cap. of Rio de Janeiro state, 

Brazil .pop. 20 

Niger (nfjer), riv., W. Africa. 
2,000 m. long. Sudan. N W of 
Sierra Leone to Bight of Benin. 
Nigeria (ni-je'ri-a), British pos¬ 
session N of Gulf of Guinea, on 
both sides of Niarer river. 

poo. 25.000 to 40.000 
Nijar (no-lmr'). town, Almerin 

prov., Spain .pop. 14 

Nijmegen (m'mft-gen), comm. & 
ft. town, Gelderland prov., Neth¬ 
erlands.comm. pop. 43 

Nikolaev (nve-ka-la'yef). ft. 
town * naval station. Kherson 
govt., Russia, on Black sea.p. 92 


late, miir, mask. cat. awl ; he. her; let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot: moon, 

cook: mute, nut: thin, the n. 


































Nik 


1064 


Nov 


Nikolaistad (ni-ko-ll-stad'), sp. 
town, Vasa govt., Finland, Rus¬ 
sia in Europe .pop. 15 

Nikosia (ne-ko-se'a), town, cap. 

of Cyprus isl.pop. 15 

Nile (nil), riv., E. Africa, 3,670 
m. long, Victoria Nyanza lake to 
Mediterranean sea. 

Niles (nilz), city, Trumbull co., 

O.pop. 7 

Nimes or Nismea (nem), town, 
cap. of dept. Gard, France..p. 81 
Nineveh (nin'e-ve), anc. city, 
cap. of Assyria; ruins on E. 
bank of Tigris riv., Turkey in 
Asia. 

Ningpo (ning'po'), city & treaty 
port, Chekiang prov., China. 

pop. 255 

Ninguta (nin-gOO'ta), town, E. 
Manchuria, Asia, 150 m. N W of 

Vladivostok .pop. 60 

Niobrara River (ni-o-bra'ra), 
450 m. long, E. Wyo. to Missouri 
river. 

Nippon (nip'pon), the whole em¬ 
pire of Japan. 

Nivelles (ne-vel'), town, Bra¬ 
bant prov., Belgium.pop. 11 

Nizhne Tagilski (nyezh'nye tii'- 
gel-y-ske), town, Perm govt.. 

Russia in Europe.pop. 40 

Nizhni Novgorod (nyez'nye 
nov'go-rot), town, cap. Nizhego- 
rod govt., Russia in Europe; an¬ 
nual fairs .pop. 95 

Noci (no'che), town, Bari prov., 

Italy .pop. 12 

Nogent-snr-Marne (no-zhang'- 
sur-Marn'), town, dept. Seine, 

France .pop. 11 

Nola (no'la), town, Caserta prov.. 

Italy .pop. 15 

Nome (nom), city, near Cape 

Nome, Alaska .pop. 12 

Nordhausen (nort-hou'zen). mfg. 
town, Saxony prov.. Russia.p. 29 
Norfolk (nor'fawk), city, c. s. 

of Norfolk co., Va.pop 47 

Norristown (nor'ris-toun), bor, 
c. s. of Montgomery co.. Pa.p.22 
Norrkoping (nor'che-ping), mfg. 
town & sp., Ostergotland prov.. 

Sweden .pop. 41 

North Adams (ad'amz), city. 

Berkshire co.. Mass.pop 24 

Northampton (amp'tun). city, 
c. s. of Hampshire co., Mass. 

pop. 19 


Northampton, mfg. bor., c. s. of 
Northamptonshire, England. 

pop. 87 

North Attleboro (at't’l-bur-o), • 
town, Bristol co., Mass....pop. 7 
North Braddoek (brad'duk), 
bor., Allegheny co.. Pa....pop. 7 
Northbridge (nOrth'brij), town, 

Worcester co., Mass.pop. 7 

North Brookfield (brook'feld), 
tow r n, Worcester co., Mass...p. 5 
North Carolina (kar-o-li'na), S. 
Atlantic state, U. S. A., 52,250 
sq. m.; cap. Raleigh.. pop. 1,894 
North Dakota (da-ko'ta), state, 
N W U. S. A., 70,795 sq. m.; 

cap. Bismarck.pop. 319 

Northfield, tow r n, Kent co., Eng¬ 
land, on Thames river...pop. 13 
North Plainfield, bor., Somer¬ 
set co., N. J .pop. 5 

North Tonawanda (ton-a-won'- 
da), city, Niagara co., N. Y. 

pop. 9 

Norwalk (nor'wawk), city, Fair- 

field co.. Conn.pop. 6 

Norwalk, city, c. s. of Huron co., 

O.pop. 7 

Norway (n0r'w T a), country, N. 
W. Europe, 125,648 sq. m. 

pop. 2,231 

Norwich (nOr'wich), one of two 
c. s., New London co., Conn.p. 17 
Norwich, vil., c. s. of Chenango 

co., N. Y.pop. 6 

Norwich (nOr'rich or rij), mfg. 
city. & bor., c. s. of Norfolk co., 

England .pop. 112 

Norwood (nCr'wood), town, 

Norfolk co.. Mass.pop. 5 

Noto (no'to), town, Syracuse 

prov., Sicily, Italy.pop. 23 

Novara (no-vii'ra), city, cap. of 

prov. of same name. Piedmont, 

Italy . .pop. 45 

Nova Scotia (no'va sko'shi-a), 
a prov. of Dominion of Canada, 
20,550 sq. m.; cap. Halifax. 

pop. 460 

Nova Zembla (no'va zem'bla), 
group of two large & many small 
isls., Arctic ocean. Archangel 
govt., Russia. 

Novgorod (nftv'go-rot). cml. city, 
cap. of govt, of same name. 1 Rus¬ 
sia in Europe.nop. 26 

Novi Disrure (no've le'goo-ra), 
town, Alessandria prov., Italy. 

pop. 18 


late, m&r, mSsk, cat, awl ; he. h?r. let: Une. tin ; vote, pSrch, lot; mdOn, 

eook; mute, nut; thin, then. 

































Nov 


1065 


Old 


Novocherkask (no-vo-cher- 
kask'), town, cap. of Don Cos¬ 
sacks ter., Russia.pop. 52 

Novomoskovsk (- mas - kofsk'), 
town, Ekaterinoslav govt., Rus¬ 
sia ...pop. 19 

Novorossiysk (-ra-sesk'), sp. 
town, cap. of Black Sea dist., 
Transcaucasia, Russia .. .pop. 2S 
Novouzeixsk (-oo-zansk'), town, 
Samara govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 13 

Nubia (nu'bi-a), country, N. E. 
Africa, S of Evvot, 280.000 sq. 

m.. ..pop. 1,000 

Nuklia (noo'ka), town, Elizavet- 
pol govt., Transcaucasia, Russia. 

pop. 25 

Nuneaton (nun'e-tun), par. & 
town, Warwickshire, Eng. .p. 25 


Nuremburgh (nu' rein - berg), 

city. Bavaria, Ger.pop. 261 

Nusle (noos'lye), town, Bohemia, 
Austria; suburb of Prague. 

pop. 20 

Nyassa (ne-iis'sa), lake, S. E. 

Africa, about 400 m. long, aver¬ 
age width 25 m. ; outlet into 
Zambezi river. 

Nyezhin (nye'zlien), cml. town, 
Chernigov govt., Russia in Eu¬ 
rope .pop. 32 

Nyiregybaza (nye'rel-v’-ha-zo), 
town, cap. of Szabolcz co., Hun¬ 
gary .pop. 33 

Nyitra (nyet'ro), city, cap of 

co. of same name, N. W. Hun¬ 
gary ..;.pop. 14 


o 


Oakland (ok'land), city, c. s. of 

Alameda co.. Cal.pop. 67 

Oaxaca (wa-ha'ka), city, cap. of 
Oaxaca state, S. Mexico...p. 28 
Obeid ( o-bhd'), town, cap. of 
Kordofan, Sudan, N. E. Africa. 

pop. 16 

Oberammergau (o'ber-am-mer- 
gou'), vil.. Upper Bavaria, Ger¬ 
many ; Passion Play. 

Obidos (o-be'dosh), town, Para 
state, Brazil, on Amazon river. 

pop. 12 

Oconto (o-kon'to), city, c. s. of 

Oconto co., Wis.pop. 6 

Odawara (d-da-wa'ra), town, on 
E. coast Hondo isl., Japan..p. 14 
Odenkirclien (o'den - kerk - en), 
town, Rhine prov., Prussia.p. 15 
Odeondo (o-da-on'do), town, Ni¬ 
geria, 64 m. from Benin..pop. 60 
Odessa (o-des'sa), sp. city, Kher¬ 
son govt., Russia in Europe, on 

Black sea .pop. 405 

Oelwein (ol'win), city, Fayette 

co., Iowa .pop. 5 

Offenbach (of'fen-biik), mfg. 
town, Starkenburg prov., Hesse 

state, Germany .pop. 51 

Offenburg (of'fen-boorg), town, 
Baden, Germany .pop. 14 


Ogden (og'den), city, c. s. of 

Weber co., Utah .pop. 16 

Ogdensburg (og'denz-burg), citv 
St. Lawrence co., N. Y...pop. 13 
Ohio (o-ln'o), riv.. Miss, basin, 
963 m. long, from Pittsburg, Pa., 
to Miss, river. 

Ohio, N. E. cen. state of U. S. 

A., 41,060 sq. m.pop. 4,158 

Ohligs (d'ligs), town, Rhine 

prov., Prussia .pop. 21 

Oil City, city, Venango co., Pa. 

• pop. 13 

Okayama (o-ka-ya'ma), sp. city, 
in dist. of same name, W. Hon¬ 
do isl., Japan .pop. 58 

Okechobee (o-ke-cho'be), lake, 
S. Fla., 40 m. long, 25 m. broad. 
Okhotsk, Sea of (o-kotsk'), in¬ 

let of Pacific ocean, between 
Kamchatka & Eastern Siberia. 
Oklahoma (ok-la-ho'ma), state, 
U. S. A., 70,430 sq. m.; cap. 

Guthrie .pop. 790 

Oklahoma City, city, c. s of 

Oklahoma co., Ok., on North 
Fork of Canadian river, .pop. 10 
Oldbury (old'ber-i). town, Wor¬ 
cestershire, England, near Bir¬ 
mingham . pop. 25 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; 

cook; mute, nut 


line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 
thin, then. 
































Old 


1066 


Ota 


Old Calabar (kal-a-bar'), sp. & 
mission post, Nigeria, W. Africa. 

pop. 40 

Oldenburg (okden-burg), mfg. 
& cml. city, cap. of Oldenburg 

duchy .pop. 27 

Old Forge (forj), min. bor., 
Lackawanna co., Pa. ‘....pop. 6 
Oldtown, city, Penobscot co., 

Maine . ..pop. 6 

Olean (o-le-aik), city, Cattarau¬ 
gus co., N. Y.pop. 9 

Oliveira (o-le-va'e-ra), town, 
Minas Geraes, Brazil..dist. p. 30 
Olmutz (okmuts), ft. mfg. city, 
Moravia prov., Austria.. .pop. 22 
Olsnitz (els'nits), town, Saxony 

kingdom, Germany .pop. 14 

Olympia (o-lim'pi-a), city, c. s. 
of Thurston co. & cap. of Wash¬ 
ington .pop. 4 

Omaha (o'ma-haw), city, c. s. of 
Douglas co., Nebraska. ..pop. 103 
Omsk (Omsk), town, Akmolinsk 
govt., Russia in Asia....pop. 37 
Oneida (o-ni'da), vil., Madison 

co., N. Y.pop. 6 

Oneida Lake, cen. N. Y., 10 m. 

N E of Syracuse, 20 m. long, 6 
m. wide. 

Onomichi (o-no-me'che), mfg. 
city, W. Hondo isl., Japan, on S. 

coast .pop. 22 

Ontario (on-ta'ri-o), lake, be¬ 
tween U. S. & Canada, 190 m. 
long, 55 m. wide. 

Oporto (o-por'too), city. cap. of 
dist. of same name, Minho prov., 

Portugal .pop. 172 

Oppeln (op'peln), mfg. town, 
cap. of dist. of same name, 

Silesia, Prussia.. .pop. 30 

Oran (o-ran'L city, cap. of dept, 
of same name, Algeria, Africa. 

pop. 8S 

Orange (or'enj), town. New 

Haven co.. Conn. .pop. 7 

Orange, city. Essex co.. N. J. 

pop. 24 

Orange River, S. Africa, 1,000 
m. long, rises in Basutoland, flows 
into Atlantic ocean. 

Orange River Colony, formerly 
Orange Free State, S. Africa, S 
of Transvaal Colony. 48,326 sq. 
in.; cap. Bloemfontein. 

Oregon (or'e-gon), Pacific state 
of I 7 . S. A., 96,030 sq. m.; cap. 
Salem .pop. 414 


Orel (ar-yok), city, cap. of Orel 
govt., Russia in Europe, .pop. 70 
Orenburg (a-ren-boorg'), city, 
cap. of Orenburg govt., Russm 

in Asia & Europe.pop. 73 

Orense (o-ren'sa), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Spain. 

pop. 14 

Orihuela (o-re-wa'la), city, Ali¬ 
cante prov., Spain..-.pop. 24 

Orizaba (Ore-sa'va), volcanic 
peak, Veracruz state, Mexico; 
about 18,310 ft. high. 

Orizaba, mfg. town, Veracruz 

state, Mex.pop. 32 

Orleans (or-la-iing'), city, cap. of 
dept. Loiret, France, on Loire 

river .pop. 67 

Orsk (drsk), town. Orenburg 
govt., Russia in Asia, on Ural 

river .pop. 20 

Ortona (or-to'na), town, Child 

prov., Italy .pop. 15 

Oruro (o-roo'ro), city, cap. of 
dept, of same nailie & formerly 
cap. of Bolivia, South America. 

pop. 16 

Orvieto (or-ve-a'to), city, Peru¬ 
gia prov., Italy .pop. 19 

Oschersleben (osh-ers-la'ben), 
town, Saxony prov., Prussia, on 

Bode river .pop. 13 

Osh (Osh), town, Fergana govt., 

Russia in Asia .pop. 36 

Oshkosh (oslkkosh). city, c. s. 

of Winnebago co., Wis. .pop. 28 
Oskaloosa (os-ka-loo'sa), city, 
c. s. of Mahaska co., Iowa. .p. 9 
Osnabriick (os-na-bruk'), mfg. 
town, cap. of dist. of same name. 

Hanover, Prussia .pop. 52 

Ossining (os'sin-ing), vil.. West¬ 
chester co., N. Y., formerly Sing 

Sing: state prison .pop. 8 

Ostend (ost-end'), sp. & watering- 
place, W. Flanders prov., Bel¬ 
gium .._..pop. 40 

Osterode (os-te-ro'de), town, E. 

Prussia prov., Germany, .pop. 13 
Ostuni (os-tdo'ne), town, Lecce 

prov., Italy .pop. 23 

Osuna (o-sdo'na), town, Seville 

prov., Spain .pop. 19 

Oswego (os-we'go), cml. & mfg. 
city. c. s. of Oswego co., cen. 

N. Y.pop. 22 

Otaru (o'ta-roo), city, Yezo isl.. 
Japan, on the W. coast, .pop. 57 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: lie, her, let; line, tin: vote, pCrcli, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 




































Oto 


1067 


Pal 


Oton (o-ton'), pueblo, S. Iloilo 
prov., Panay, Phil, islands, .p. 13 
Otsu (d'tsoo), city, cen. Hondo 
isl., Japan, near Kyoto. . .pop. 34 
Ottajano (ot-ta-ya'no), town, 
12 m. E of Naples, Italy.pop. 13 
Ottawa (ot'ta-wa), city, c. s. of 

Lasalle co., Ill.pop. 11 

Ottawa, city, c. s. of Franklin 

co., Kan. .pop. 7 

Ottawa, city, cap. of Dominion 

of Canada .pop. 60 

Ottawa, riv., Canada, 600 m. 
long to St. Lawrence riv. 


Ottumwa (ot-tum'wa), city, c. s. 
of Wapello co., Iowa....pop. 18 
Oviedo (o-ve-a'tlio), city, cap. 
of prev. of same name, N. W. 

Spain ..pop. 46 

Owego (o-we'go), vil., Tioga co., 

N. Y. ..,..pop. 5 

Owensboro (o'enz-bur-o), city, 
c. s. of Daviess co., Kentucky. 

pop. 13 

Owosso (o-wos'so), city, Shia¬ 
wassee co., Mich.pop. 9 

Oxford (oks'ferd), city & bor., 
c. s. of Oxfordshire, Eng.; seat 
of Oxford University ....pop. 49 



Pachino (pa-ke'no), town, Syra¬ 
cuse prov., Sicily isl., Italy. 

pop. 12 

Pacbuca (pa-choo'ka), town, 
cap. of Hidalgo state, Mexico. 

pop. 33 

Pacific Ocean (pa-sif'ik), ex¬ 
tends from Arctic to Antarctic 
Circle & from W. America to 
Australia, Malay arch. & E. 
Asia; 70,000,000 sq. m. 

Padang (pa-diing'), town, W. 
coast Sumatra isl., Malay arch. 

pop. 40 

Paderborn (pa-der-born'), mfg. 
& cml. town, Westphalia prov., 

Prussia .pop. 24 

Padiham (pad'i-ham), town, 

Lancashire, England.pop. 12 

Padua (pad'u-a), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Yenetia, 

Italy . pop. 82 

Paducah (pa-dii'ka). city, c. s. 
of McCracken co., Ky., on Ohio 

river .pop. 19 

Pagani (pa-ga'ne), town, Salerno 
prov., Campania, Italy . .pop. 15 
Pagopago (pang'o-pang'o), or 
Pangopango, very fine harbor, 
Tutuila, Samoa; belongs to 
U. S. A. 

Painesville (panz'vil), vil., c. s. 

of Lake co., O.pop. 5 

Paipa (pi'pa), town, Boyaca 
dept., Colombia .pop. 13 


Paisley (pfiz'li), burgh, Renfrew 

co., Scotland .pop. 79 

Pakhoi (piik-hoi'), treaty port, 
Ivwangtung prov., China, on Gulf 

of Tonkin .pop. 20 

Paks (poksh), town, Tolna co., 
Hungary, on Danube river..p. 12 
Palanpur (pa-lan-poor'), city, 
cap. of native state of same name, 

Bombay, India .pop. 21 

P a 1 a p y e (pa-lap'ye), town, 
Bechuanaland, S. Africa.pop. 25 
Palembang (pa-lem-bang'), 
town, cap. of Dutch prov., S. 

coast Sumatra isl.pop. 53 

Palencia (pa'lan-the-a), city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, N. 

Spain .pop. 15 

Palermo (pa-ler'mo), sp. city, 
cap. of prov. of same name. 

N. W. Sicily, Italy.pop. 310 

Palestine (pal'es-tin), city,^ c. s. 

of Anderson^ co., Tex.pop. 8 

Palestine, country, S. W. part 
of Syria, Turkey in Asia; length 
about 150 m., 11,600 sq. m. 
Palghat (pal'gawt), town, Mala¬ 
bar dist., Madras pres., British 

India .pop. 40 

Pali (pa'le), cml. town, Jodhpur 
state, Rajputana, India, .pop. 50 
Palmas, Las (las pal'mas), sp. 
city, N. E. Gran Canaria, Caj 
nary islands .pop. 35 


late, mar, mask, cat. awl: lie, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 

































Pal 


1068 


Pas 


Palmer (pa'mer), town, Hamp¬ 
den co., Mass .pop. 8 

Palmi (pal'me), coast town, Reg¬ 
gio di Calabria prov., Italy.p. 13 
Palmira (pal-me'ra), town, 
Cauca dept., Colombia.. .pop. 15 
Palmyra (pal-ml'ra), Scripture 
name, Tadmor or Tamar, ruined 
city, Syrian desert, 130 m. N E 
of Damascus. 

Pamir (pa-mer'), highland, Tur¬ 
kestan, cen. Asia,, 11,000-25,000 
ft. high; called by the natives, 
“Roof of the World.” 

Pamlico Sound (pam'li-co), SO 
m. long, 8-30 m. wide, bet. N. C. 
mainland & coast islands. 
Pampas (pam'pas), wide, tree¬ 
less plains, Argentina. 

Pana (pa'na), city, Christian 


co., Ill.pop. 6 

Panama (pan-a-ma/), sp. city, 
cap. of republic of Panama, S. 
America .pop. 25 


Panama, Isthmus of, connects 
N. & S. America; separates Atl. 
from Pac. ocean ; narrowest part 
about 30 m. wide; crossed by 
Panama Canal. 

Pancsova (pon'clio-vo), town. 

Torontal co., Hungary. . .pop. 17 
Pandan (pan-dan'), pueblo. N. 
W. Antique prov., Panay, Phil. 

isls.pop. 14 

Panipat (pa-ne-put'), town, 
Punjab, British India... .pop. 2S 
Panjim (pan-zheng'), or New 
Goa (go'a), cap. of Portuguese 

India, on W. coast.pop. 24 

Pankow (pan'ko), vil., Bran¬ 
denburg, Prussia, near Berlin. 

comm. pop. 22 
P a n t i n (pang-tang'), town, 

dept. Seine, France.pop. 26 

Paoting (pa-o-ting'), town, cap. 

of Pechili prov., China..pop. 150 
Papa (pa'po), town, Veszprem 

co., Hungary.pop. 14 

Para (pa-rii'), S. anti of Amazon 
riv., 40 m. wide at entrance. 
Para, city, cap. of Para state, 

Brazil .nop. 110 

Paracatu (pa-ra-ka-tob'), town. 

Minas Geraes. Brazil.dist. p. 47 
Paraguay (pa-ra-gwi' or par'a- 
gwa), riv., South America, 1.420 
m. Jong, Matto Grosso state, 
Brazil, to Parana riv. 

Paraguay, republic. South Amer¬ 


ica, bet. Parana & Paraguay 
rivs., 157,000 sq. m.; cap. Asun¬ 
cion .pop. 630 

Parahiba (pii-ra-e'ba). city, cap. 
of Parahiba state, N. E. Brazil, 

S. America.pop. 19 

Paramaribo (par - a - mar'i-bo), 
cap. of Dutch Guiana, S. Am. 

pop. 31 

Parana (pa-ra-na'), riv., South 
America, 2,000 m. long, Minas 
Geraes state, Brazil, to Plata 
river. 

Parana, town, cap. of Entre Rios 

prov., Argentina.pojD. 25 

Pardubitz (par'doo-bits), mfg. 

town, Bohemia, Austria. .pop. 17 
Parenzo (pa-rent'so), town, W. 

coast of Istria, Austria, .pop. 10 
Paris (par'is), city, c. s. of Ed¬ 
gar co., Ill.pop. 6 

Paris, city, c. s. of Bourbon co.. 

Ivy.pop. 5 

Paris, city, c. s. of Lamar co., 

Tex.pop. 9 

Paris, city, riv. port & cap. of 
France, on Seine riv., 107 m. 

from the sea.pop. 2,714 

Parkersburg (par'kerz - burg), 
city, c. s. of Wood co., W. Va. 

pop. 12 

Parma (par'ma), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Emilia, 

Italy .pop. 49 

Parola (pa-ro'lu), town, Ivhan- 
desh div., Bombay pres., British 

India ,. L .pop. 15 

Paros (pa'ros), isl., rEgean sea, 
64 sq. m.; produces finest marble. 

pop. 9 

Parsons (pars'nz), city, Labette 

co., Ivans.pop. 8 

Partanna (par-tiin'na), town, 
Trapani prov., Sicily, Italy.p. 14 
Partick (par'tik), burgh, Lan¬ 
ark co., Scotland, near Glasgow. 

pop. 54 

Partinico (nar-te'ne-ko), mfg. & 
cml. town, Palermo prov., Sicily, 

Italy . pop. 24 

Pasadena (pas-a-de'na), city, 

Los Angeles co.. Gal.pop. 9 

Passaic (pas-sa'ik), city, Passaic 

co., N. J..pop. 28 

Passau (piis'sou or pas'sou), 
town, Bavaria, on Inn & Danube 

rivs.pop. 18 

Passi (nas'se), pueblo, N. Iloilo 
prov., Panay, Phil, islands.p. 14 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; lie, her, let: line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 




























Pas 


10G9 


Per 


Pas to (piis'td), town, dept. 
Cauca, Colombia, South America. 

pop. 13 

Patagonia (pat-a-go'ni-a), for¬ 
mer name of a region at S. end 
of South America, new divided 
bet. Chile & Argentina. 

Patan (pu-tiin'), town, Baroda 
state, Gujarat, Bombay, India. 

pop. 33 

Patan, town, Nepal, India, near 

-Khatmandu .pop. 30 

Paterno (pa-ter'no), city, Sicily, 
Italy, at base of Mt. Etna..p. 23 
Paterson (pat'er-sun), mfg. 
city, c. s. of Passaic co., N. J. 

pop. 105 

Patiala (put-e-a'la), city, cap. 
of native state of same name, 

S. E. Punjab, India.pop. 56 

Patna (pat'na), city, cap. of 
div. of same name, Bengal, Brit. 

India ....pop. 135 

Patras (pa'tras), ft. sp. town, 
cap. of Achaia & Elis in Morea, 

Greece ..pop. 3S 

Patrocinio (pa - tro - se' ne - oo), 
to^vn, Minas Geraes, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 35 
Patti (pat'te), town, Messina 

prov., Sicily, Italy.pop. 11 

Pau (po), town, cap. of dept. 

Basses-Pyrenees, France...p. 34 
Pavia (pa-ve'a), citj 7 , cap. of 
prov. of same name, Lombardy, 

Italy .'.pop. 35 

Pavlograd (pav-lo-grat'), town, 
Ekaterinoslav govt., Russia in 

Europe .pop. 16 

Pawtucket (paw-tuk'et), mfg. 

city, Providence co., R. I..p. 39 
P a y s a n d u (pl-san-doo'), city, 
cap. of dept, of same name, Uru¬ 
guay .pop. 26 

Paz, La (lii paz'), city, cap. of 

Bolivia .pop. 62 

Paz, La, city, cap. of Lower Cali¬ 
fornia, Mexico .pop. 5 

Peabody (pe'bod-i), town. Essex 

co.. Mass.pop. 12 

Pecska (pach'ko), town, Arad 

co., Hungary .pon. 16 

Peekskill (neks'kil), vil., West¬ 
chester co., N. Y. ....... .nop. 10 

Peine (pl'ne), town, Hanover 

prov., Prussia .pop. 15 

Pekin (pe'kin). city, c. s. of 

Tazewell co.. Ill.pop. 8 

Pekin (pe-kin'), city, Pechili 


prov., & cap. of China & of 

Chinese Empire .pop. 1.000 

Pelago (pa/la-go), town, Flor¬ 
ence prov., Tuscany, Italy, .p. 12 
Pelee (pe-la'), volcano, N. Mar¬ 
tinique, Fr. W. Indies, 4,42S ft. 
high; eruption in 1902 destroyed 
30,000 persons. 

Pelotas (pa-lo'tash), sp. town. 

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil..p. 32 
Pemberton (pem'ber-tun), par. 
& town, Lancashire, England. 

pop. 22 

Pembroke (pem'brdk), town, 
c. s. of Renfrew co., Ontario, 

Canada .pop. 5 

Pembroke (pem'brook), sp. bor. 

of Pembrokeshire, Wales.pop. 16 
Pembroke, suburb of Dublin, 

Ireland .pop. 26 

Penne (pen'na), town, Teramo 

prov., Italy .pop. 10 

Pennsylvania (pen-sil-va'ni-a), 
one of Middle Atlantic states, 
U. S. A., 45,215 sq. m.; cap. 

Harrisburg .,.pop. 6,302 

Penn Yan (pen yan'), vil., c. s. 

of Yates co., N. Y.pop. 5 

Penobscot (pe-nob'skot), riv., 
Somerset co., Me., 300 m. long to 
Penobscot bay. 

Pensacola (pen-sa-ko'la), sp. 
city, c. s. of Escambia co., Fla. 

pop. 18 

Penzance (pen-zans'). sp. bor., 
Cornwall co., Eng., 9 m. from 

Land’s End .pop. 13 

Peoria (pe-o'ri-a), city, c. s. of 

co. of same name, cen. Ill..p. 56 

Periguex (pa-re-ge'), city, can. 

of dept. Dordogne, France, .p. 32 
Perm (parm), city, cap. of Perm 
govt., E. Russia in Europe.p. 45 
Pernambuco (per-nam-boo'ko), 
city, cap. of state of same name, 

E. Brazil .pop. 190 

Pernau (per'nou), sp. town, 
Livopia govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 14 

Perpignan (par-pen-yang'), 
town, cap. of dept. Pyrenees-Ori- 

entales. France .pop. 36 

Persia (per'sha or per'zha), 
kingdom, S. W. Asia, about 635.- 
135 sq- m.: cap Teheran.p. 9.000 
Persian Gulf, arm of Arabian 
sea. bet. Arabia & Persia, 420 m. 
by 105-230 m. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, pdrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 

































Per 


1070 


Pin 


Perth (perth), city, cap. of 

Western Australia.pop. 28 

Perth, burgh, c. s. of Perth co., 

Scotland .pop. 33 

Perth Amboy (perth am-boi' or 
am'boi), city, Middlesex co., N. J. 

pop. 18 

Peru (pe-roo'), city, Lasalle co., 

Ill.pop. 7 

Peru, city, c. s. of Miami co., Ind. 

pop. 8 

Peru (pa-rod'), republic, W. 
coast of South America, 083,322 

sq. m.; cap. Lima.pop. 4,560 

Perugia (pa-rod'ja), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, ceu. Italy. 

pop. 61 

Pescia (pa'sha), town, Lucca 
prov., Tuscany, Italy ....pop. 18 
Pescina (pa-she'na), cml. town, 

Aquila prov., Italy .pop. 10 

Peshawar (pa-sha'wur), ft. 
town & cap. of Peshawar dist., 
Punjab, British India. .. .pop. 84 
Peterborough (pe' ter - bur - o), 
city & bor., Northampton & 
Huntingdon cos., England, .p. 31 
Peterhead (pe-ter-hed'), sp. city. 

Aberdeen co., Scotland.. .pop. 12 
Peterhof (pa'ter-hof), town & 
imperial palace, Kronstadt bay, 

Russia in Europe .pop. 10 

Petersburg (pe'terz-burg), cml. 
& mfg. city, Dinwiddie co., Va. 

pop. 22 

Petit-Quevilly, Ire (le pe-te'-ke- 
ve-.ye'), mfg. town, dept. Seine- 

Inferieure, France.pop. 14 

Petrokov (pye-tra-kof'), city, 
cap. of govt, of same name, Rus¬ 
sian Poland.pop. 31 

Petropavlovsk (pye - tro - pav'- 
lofsk), Cossack vil., N. Caucasia, 

Russia .._.pop. S 

Petropolis (pa-tro'po-les), town, 
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; seat of 

German colony .pop. 12 

Petrovsk (pye-trofsk'), town, 
Dagestan govt., Transcaucasia, 
Russia, on Caspian sea . . .". .p. 5 
Petrovsk, town, Saratov govt., 

Russia in Europe .pop. 16 

Petuna (na-to5'na\, town, Man¬ 
churia, on Sungari river, .pop. 30 
Pforzheim (pforts'lnm), mfg. 

town, Baden, Ger.pop. 43 

Philadelphia (fil - a - del' fi - a), 
chief city of Pa., coextensive 
•with co. of same name.pop. 1,294 


Philippeville (fe-lep-vel), sp. 
town, dept. Constantine, Algeria, 

Africa .pop. 21 

Philippine Islands (fil'ip-pin 
or pin), arch, of many isls., S E 
of Asia; 127,853 sq. m.; cap. 
Manila; belong to U. S. A. 

pop. 6,975 

Philippopolis (fil-ip-pop'o-lis), 

city, cap. of dept, of same name 

& of E. Roumelia.pop. 43 

Phillipsburg (fil'ips-burg), 
town, Warren co., N. J.'.pop. 10 
Phoenix (fe'niks), city, Lee co., 

Ala.pop. 4 

Phoenix, city, c. s. of Maricopa 

co. & cap. of Ariz.pop. 6 

Phoenixville, bor., Chester co.. 

Pa.pop. 9 

Phyongyang (p’hyeng'yang'), or 
Pingyang (ping'yang'), town, 
N. W. Korea, on Taidong river. 

pop. 40 

Piacenza (pe-a-chent'sa), ft. city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, Emil¬ 
ia dept., N. Italy.pop. 36 

Piatra (pya'tra), town, Molda¬ 
via, Roumania .pop. 20 

Piazza Armerina (pe-at'sa ar- 
ma-re'na), mfg. & cml. town, 
Caltanissetta prov., Sicily, Italy. 

pop. 24 

Pietermaritzburg (pe-ter-mar'< 
its-burg), town, cap. of Natal, S. 

Africa .pop. 29 

Pietraperzia (pe - a - tra - pert'- 
se-a), town, Caltanissetta prov., 

Sicily, Italy .pop. 17 

Pietrasanta (pe - a-tra - san'ta), 
town, Lucca prov., Italy, .pop. 13 
Pikes Peak (piks), mt. in Rocky 
mts., Col., 14,108 ft. high; 
weather station on it. 

Pilibliit (pe-le-bet'), cml. town, 
cap. of dist. of same name, Ro- 
hilkhand div., N. W. Provinces, 

British India .pop. 34 

Pilsen (pil'sen), mfg. town, Bo¬ 
hemia, Austria .pop. 68 

Pine Bluff, city, c. s. of Jeffer¬ 
son co., Arkansas.pop. 12 

Pinerolo (pe-na-ro'lo), mfg. 

town, Turin prov., Italy, .pop. 18 
Pinguente (pen-gwen'ta), comm., 
Istria, Kustenland. Austria.p. 16 
Pingyang. See Phyongyang. 
Pinsk (pensk), cml. town, Minsk 
govt., Russia in Europe..pop. 28 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


































Piq 


1071 


Pon 


Pi qua (pik'wa), mfg. city, 

Miami co., O.pop. 12 

Piraeus (pi-re'us), town, Greece, 
5 m. S E o£ Athens, & its sp. 

v pop. 42 
Piranga (pe-riing'ga), town, 
Minas Geraes, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 35 
Pirano (pe-rii'no), sp. town, 
Istria, Kustenlancl prov., Austria. 

pop. 13 

Pirmasens (per'inii-sens), mfg. 
town, Palatinate, Bavaria, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 30 

Pirna (per'nii), mfg. town, Sax¬ 
ony kingdom, Germany .. pop. 18 
Pisa (pe'za or pe'sa), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, Tuscany, 

Italy .pop. 01 

Pisek (pe'sek), mfg. town, Bo¬ 
hemia, Austria .pop. 14 

Pistoia (pes-to'ya), city, Flor¬ 
ence prov., Italy.pop. 03 

Pittsburg (pits'burg), city, 

Crawford co., Kans.pop. 10 

Pittsburg, mfg. city, c. s. of 

Allegheny co., Pa.; with Alle¬ 
gheny City, now included.. p. 452 
Pittsfield (pits'felcU. city, c. s. 

of Berkshire co.. Mass....pop. 22 
Pittston (pits'tun), city, Lu- 

■ zerne co.. Pa.pop. 13 

Plainfield (pilin' feld), town, 4 

Windham co., Conn.pop. 5 

Plainfield, city, Union co., N. J. 

pop. 15 

Plata, La (la plii'ta), sp. city, 
cap. of Buenos Aires prov., Ar¬ 
gentina .pop. 70 

Platte (plat), riv.. 315 m. long, 
Neb., from junction of North & 
South Platte to Missouri riv. 
Plattsburg (plats'burg), vil., 
c. s. of Clinton co., N. Y.. .pop. 8 
Platsmouth (plats'moutli), city. 

c. s. of Cass co.. Neb.pop. 5 

Plevna (plev'na), city, cap. of 
dept, of same name, N. Bulgaria. 

pop. 19 

Ploesci (plo-yesht'y), town, Rou- 
mania, 35 m. N of Burkharest. 

pop. 43 

Plotsk (plotsk), city, cap. of 
Plotsk govt., Poland, Russia in 

Europe .pop. 27 

Plymouth (plim'uth), town. 

c. s. of Plymouth co.. Mass.. p. 10 
Plymouth, sp. bor. & naval sta¬ 


tion, Devonshire, England, on 

Plymouth sound .pop. 108 

Podgorze ( pod-goo'zhe), town, 

Galicia, Austria .pop. 18 

Podolsk (pa-dol'y’sk), town, 
Moscow govt., Russia. .. .pop. 11 
Point de Galle (point de gal') 
or Galle, sp., S. W. coast Cey¬ 
lon .pop. 37 

Pointe a Pitre (pwant' ti pe'tr), 
sp., chief town of Guadeloupe, 

Fr. W. Indies.pop. 17 

Poitiers (pwa-tya'), city, cap. of 

dept. Vienne, France.pop. 40 

Pola (po'la), sp. & arsenal, Is¬ 
tria, Iviistenland prov., Austria. 

pop. 45 

Poland (po'land), Pol. Polska 
(pol'y'ska), former kingdom, cen. 
Europe, Baltic sea to Carpathian 
mts.; ab, 282,000 sq. m. 

Polotsk (po'lotsk), town, Vi¬ 
tebsk govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 20 

Polynesia (pol-i-ne'shi-a or sha). 
isls. of cen. Pacific ocean, bet. 30° 
N. & 47° S., a subdivision of 
Oceanica; New Zealand & Ha¬ 
waiian isls. the largest. 

Pomeroy (p° m, e-roi), city, c. s. 

of Meigs co., Ohio.pop. 5 

Pomona (po-mu'na), city,/ I. os 

Angeles co.. Cal.pop. 0 

Pompeii (pom-pa'ye), anc. city. 
Italy, 15 m. S E of Naples; 
buried by volcanic explosion, 
A. I). 79. 

Ponce (pon'sa), city, cap. of 
dept, of same name, S. Porto 

Rico .pop. 28 

Pondicherry (pon - di - slier' ri), 
town, cap. of French India.p. 48 
Ponevyezh (pa-nye-vyezh'). 
town, Kovno govt., Russia in 

Europe .pop. 18 

Ponta Delgada (pon'ta dal-ga'- 
da), town, largest in the Azores, 

on Sao Miguel isl.pop. 18 

Pont-a-Mousson (pont-ii-moos- 
song'), town, dept. Meurthe-et- 

Moselle, France .pop. 13 

Pontassieve ( pon-tas-se-a'va ) . 

town, Florence prov., Italy.p. 13 
Pontefract (pom'fret or pon'te- 
frakt), bor.. West Riding, York- 

shire, Eng.pop. 13 

Ponte Nova (pon'te no'va), 
town, Minas Geraes, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 41 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her, let: line, tin: vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then 































Pon 


1072 


Pot 


Pon.teved.ra (pon - ta - va' dra), 
city, cap. of prov. of same name, 

N. W. Spain .pop. 20 

Pontiac (pon'ti-ak), city, c. s. of 

Oakland co., Micli.pop. 10 

Pontremoli (pon - trem' o - le), 
town, Massa e Carrara prov., 

Italy .pop. 14 

Poole (pool), sp. bor., Dorset¬ 
shire, England .pop. 19 

Poona or Puna (poo'na), city, 
cap. of dist. of same name, Bom¬ 
bay, British India.pop. Ill 

Popocatepetl (po-po-ka-ta'pet‘1 
or ta-pet'l), vol., 30 m. W of 
Puebla, Mexico; 17,883 ft. high. 
Porbandar (por-bun'dur), sp. & 
cml. town, W. Kathiawar pen., 

India .pop. 15 

Port Adelaide (ad'e-lad), sp. 
town, Adelaide co., S. Yustralia. 

pop. 20 

Portage (port'aj), city, c. s. of 

Columbia Co., Wis.pop. 5 

Port Arthur, naval station, 
Shengking prov., Manchuria. 
Port au Prince (port o prins'), 
chief sp. & cap. of Haiti rep.. 

West Indies .pop. 60 

Port Blair (blar), sp., South 
Andaman isl., Bay of Bengal. 

pop. 15 

Fort Chester (ches'ter), vil., 

Westchester co., N. Y.pop. 7 

Port de Paix (de pa'), sp., Haiti 

isls., W. Indies .pop. 10 

Port Elizabeth (e-liz'a-beth), 
sp. town, Cape Colony, S. Africa. 

pop. 23 

Port Glasgow (glas'ko), burgh, 
Renfrew co., Scotland ...pop. 17 
Port Huron (ku'run), city, c. s. 

of St. Clair co., Mich....pop. 19 
Portici (por'te-cke), town, Italy, 

on Naples bay.pop. 15 

Port Jackson (port jak's’n), in¬ 
let, Cumberland co., New South 
Wales, Australia: a fine harbor. 
Port Jervis (jer'vis), vil., Or¬ 


ange co., N. Y.pop. 9 

Portland (port'land), towm, 

Middlesex co., Conn.pop. 4 

Portland, city, c. s. of Jay co., 

Ind.pop. 5 

Portland, sp. city, c. s. of Cum¬ 
berland co., Me.pop. 50 


Portland, city, riv. port & c. s. 
of Multnomah co., Ore..pop. 90 


Portland, sp. town, Dorset co., 
Eng., on Isle of Portland., .p. 15 
Port Louis (port loo'is or loo'i), 
sp., cap. of Mauritius isl., Indian 

ocean.pop. with suburbs 54 

Port Mahon (ma-hon'), ft. sp. 
town, Minorca isl., Mediterra¬ 
nean sea .pop. 18 

Porto Alegre (por'too a-la'gre), 

sp. city, cap. of Rio Grande do 

•Sul state, Brazil.pop. 100 

Port of Spain, town, cap. of 

Trinidad island, British West In¬ 
dies .pop. 55 

Portomaggiore (por'to-mad-jo'- 
ra), town, Ferrara prov., Italy. 

pop. 20 

Porto Novo (no'vo), sp., Arcot 
dist., Madras, Br. Ind.. .pop. 14 
Porto Novo, town, c. s. of Da¬ 
homey, Slave Coast, Upper Guin¬ 
ea .pop. 50 

Porto Rico (por'to re'ko), isl.. 
West Indies, E of Haiti isl., 3,006 

sq. m. ; cap. San Juan; belongs 

to U. S. A..pop. 953 

Port Royal (roi'al), ft. town, 
S. E. coast of Jamaica, West In¬ 
dies .pop. 15 

Port Said (port sii-ed'), city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, 
Lower Egypt, at N. end of Suez 

♦canal .pop. 42 

Portsmouth (ports'muth), sp. 
city, Rockingham co., N. I4..p. 11 
Portsmouth, city, c. s. of Scioto 

co., O.pop. 18 

Portsmouth, sp. city, c. s. of 

Norfolk co., Va.pop. 17 

Portsmouth, sp. bor., Hamp¬ 
shire, Eng., chief naval station 

of England .pop. 189 

Portugal (por'tu-gal), kingdom, 
W. part of Iberian pen., 34.345 
sq. m.; cap. Lisbon. .. .pop. 5,022 
Posen (po'zen), ft. city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Prussia, & 
cap. of anc. Poland... .pop. 117 
Potenza (po-tent'sa), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, Italy. 

pop. 16 

Potomac (po-to'mak), riv., W. 
Va., Md. & Va., 550 m. long, Al¬ 
legheny mts. to Chesapeake bay. 
Potosi (po-to-se'), city, cap. of 
dept, of same name, Bolivia. 

pop. 20 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 































Pot 


1073 


Pur 


Pototan (po-to'tan). pueblo, 
Iloilo prov., Panay, Phil. isls. 

pop. 15 

Potsdam (pots'dam), city, cap. 
of district of same name, Bran¬ 
denburg prov., Prussia. ..pop. 00 
Pottstown (pots' toun), bor., 

Montgomery co., Pa.pop. 14 

Pottsville (pots'vil), min. & 
mfg. bor., c. s. of Schuylkill co.. 

Pa.pop. 10 

Poughkeepsie (po-kip'si), city, 
c. s. of Dutchess co., N. Y..p. 24 
Pouso Alegre (po'zoo a-la'gre), 
town, Minas Geraes, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 37 
Pozoblanco (po - tho - blan'ko), 
pueblo, Pangasinan prov., Luzon, 

Phil, islands .pop. 10 

Pozsony (po'zhon-y), city, cap. 
of co. of same name, formerly 

cap. of Hungary.pop. 00 

Pozzuoli (pot-soo-o'le), town, 
Italy, on Pozzuoli bay. . . .pop. 23 
Prague (prag), city, cap. of 

Bohemia, Austria.pop. 204 

Prahran (pra-ran'), city, Vic¬ 
toria, Australia, suburb of Mel¬ 
bourne .pop. 41 

Prato (pra'to), town, Florence 

prov., Italy .pop. 51 

Prenzlau (prents'lou), town, 
Brandenburg prov., Prussia.p. 20 
Prerau (pi'a'rou), town, Moravia 

prov., Austria .pop. 17 

Preston (pres'tun), bor., Lan¬ 
cashire, England.pop. 113 

Prestwick (prest'wich), town, 

Lancashire, England.pop. 13 

Pretoria (pre-to'ri-a), town, 
cap. of Transvaal Colony, British 

S. Africa .pop. 5 

Pribram (pre'bram), town, Bo¬ 
hemia, Austria .pop. 14 

Priego (pre-a'go), town, Cordoba 

prov., Spain .pop. 16 

Prince Edward Island, prov., 
Dominion of Canada : an isl. in 
St. Lawrence gulf, 2,314 sq. m. ; 
cap. Charlottetown . . . .pop. 103 
Princeton (prins'tun), city, c. s. 

of Gibson co., Ind.pop. 6 

Princeton, bor., Mercer co., N. J. 

pop. 4 

Prishtina (prSsh'ti-nS.), town, 
Kosovo vilayet, Turkey in Eu¬ 
rope .pop. 18 


Prizren (pre'zren), town, Kos¬ 
ovo vilayet, Turkey in Europe. 

pop. GO 

Prome (prom), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Pegu div.. 

Lower Burma ..pop. 30 

Proskurov (pra-skoo-rof'), town, 
Podolia govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 21 

Prossnitz (pros'nits), mfg. town, 
E. cen. Moravia, Austria...p. 24 
Providence, sp. city, c. s. of 
Providence co. & cap. of Rhode 

Island .pop. 176 

Provincetown, town, Barnstable 
co.. Mass.; end of Cape Cod. p. 4 
Provo (pro'vo), city, c. s. of 

Utah co., Utah .pop. 6 

Prussia (prush'a), kingdom, N. 
Germany, 134,597 sq. m.; cap. 

Berlin .pop. 34,468 

Przemysl (pshe'mi-slil-y), town, 
cen. Galicia prov., Austria, .p. 46 
Pskov (pskof), city, cap. of 
govt, of same name, Russia in 

Europe .pop. 30 

Pudsey (pud'zi), bor., W. Rid¬ 
ing, Yorkshire, England, .pop. 15 
Puebla (pwa'bla), city, cap. of 
Puebla state, S. cen. Mexico. 

pop. S9 

Pueblo (pueb'lo), city, c. s. of 

Pueblo co.. Col.pop. 2S 

Puerto Cabello (pwar'to ka- 
bal'yo), sp. town, Carabobo 

state, Venezuela .pop. 11 

Puerto de Santa Maria (da 
san'ta ma-re'a), mfg. & cml. city, 

Cadiz prov., Spain.pop. 20 

Puerto Plata (plii'ta), sp., 
Santo Domingo rep., Haiti isl., 

W. Indies .pop. 18 

Puerto Principe (pren'se-pa), 
city, cap. of prov. of same name, 

E. cen. Cuba .pop. 25 

Puget Sound (pu'jet), inland 
sea, N. W. part state of Wash¬ 
ington. 

Pultusk (pool'toosk), town, in 
Lomzha prov., Poland, Russia in 

Europe .pop. 12 

Punjab (pun-jlib'), prov., form¬ 
ing N. W. part of Brit. India, 
110,897 sq. m.; cap. Lahore. 

pop. 22,449 

Purificacao ( poo-re-fe-ka-soun'), 
town, Bahia state, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 52 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vbte, porch, lot; m5dn, 

codk; mute, nut; thin, then. 

H35 


































Put 


1074 


Ral 


Putignano (poo-ten-ya'no), 
comm., Bari prov., Italy, .pop. 14 
Putivl (poo-tye\T), town, W. 
Kursk govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 13 

Putnam (put'nam), city, Wind¬ 
ham co., Conn.pop. 7 

Puy, Le (le pue r ), mfg. comm., 
cap. of dept. Haute-Loire, France. 

pop. 21 


Pyatigorsk (pya - tye - gorsk'), 
town, Terek ter., N. Caucasia, 

Russia .pop. 17 

Pyrenees (pir'e-nes), mt. chain, 
between Spain & France; highest 
point, Nethou peak, 11,165 ft. 
Pyrgos (pir'gos), town, Laconia 
nome, Morea, Greece.pop. 13 



Quaregnon (ka-ran-yong'), 
comm., Hainaut prov., Belgium. 

pop. 16 

Quebec (kwe-bek'), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Canada. 

pop. 69 

Quedlinburg (kvad-lin-boorg'), 
mfg. town, Saxony prov., Prus¬ 
sia.pop. 23 

Queensland, state, N. E. Aus¬ 
tralia, 668,497 sq. m.; cap. Bris¬ 
bane .pop. 503 

Queenstown, sp. town, Cork co., 
Ireland, S. side Great isl., Cork 

Harbor .pop. 9 

Queluz (ka-loosh'), town, Minas 

Geraes. Brazil .dist. pop. 68 

Queretaro (ka-ra'ta-ro), mfg. 


town, cap. of state of same name, 

Mexico .pop. 35 

Quetta (kwet'ta), town, Brit. 

Baluchistan .pop. 27 

Quezaltenango (ka-sal-ta-nan'- 
go), cml. city, Guatemala. 

dist. pop. 27 
Quilon (kwe-lon'), sp. town, 
Travancore state, Madras pres., 

India .pop. 14 

Quimper (kang-par') mfg. & 
cml. town, cap. of dept. Finistere, 

France .pop. 19 

Quincy (kwin'zi), mfg. city, 
c. s. of Adams co.. Ill....pop. 36 
Quincy, city, Norfolk co., Mass. 

pop. 24 

Quito (ke'to), city, cap. of Pin- 
chincha prov. & of Ecuador.p. 40 


-R- 


Rabat (ra-bat'), ft. sp. & cml. 


town, Morocco, Africa, on W. 

coast .pop. 25 

Racalmuto (rii-kal-moo'to), cml. 
town, Girgenti prov., Sicily. 

Italy .pop. 1(3 

Race, Cape, S. E. point of New¬ 
foundland. 

Racine (ra-sen'), cml. & mfg. 


city, c. s. of Racine co., S. E. 

Wis.pop. 29 

Radautz (ra'douts), town, Buko- 
wina, Austria .pop. 14 


Radeberg (ra-de-berg'), mfg. 


town, Saxony kingdom, Ger¬ 
many.pop. 13 

Radom (ra'dom), city, cap. of 

govt, of same name, Poland, Rus¬ 
sia .pop. 29 

Ragusa (ra-goo'za), town, Syra¬ 


cuse prov., Sicily, Italy..pop. 32 
Rahway (raw'wi), mfg. city, 
Union co., N. J., on Rahway 

river .pop. 8 

Rainier, Mount (ra'ner), peak, 


late, m&r, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, p6rch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 
































Rai 


1075 


Rei 


Cascade range, Wash., 14,526 ft. 
high. 

Raipur (ri'poor), city, cap. of 
dist. of same name, Cen. Provs., 

British India.pop. 24 

Ra jamahendri (ra-ja-mu-hen'- 

dre), town, Godavari dist., Ma¬ 
dras, British India .pop. 28 

Rajkot (raj-hot'), city, cap. of 
Rajkot state, Gujarat, Bombay, 

India .pop. 29 

Raleigh (raw'li), city, cap. of 
N. C. & c. s. of Wake co.. .p. 14 
Rampur (ram'poor), city, cap. 
of native state of same name, N. 

W. P rovinces, India.pop. 7S 

Rampur Beauleak (be-aw'le-a), 
town, Bengal, India, cap. of Iiaj- 

shahi dist.pop. 21 

Ramsbottom. (ramz' bot - turn), 
mfg. town, Lancashire, England. 

pop. 16 

Ramsgate (ramz'gat), bor.. 

Kent co., England.pop. 28 

Rancki (ran-che'). town, Lohar- 
daga dist., Bengal, British In¬ 
dia .pop. 20 

Raudazzo (ran-dht'so), town, 
Catania prov., Sicily, Italy.p. 12 
Rangoon (ran-goon'), city, cap. 
of dist. of same name & cap. of 

Lower Burma .pop. 232 

Rapallo (ra-pal'lo), cml. & so. 

town, Genoa prov., Italy, .pop. 11 
Rapidan (rap-i-dan'), riv., Va., 
Blue Ridge to Rappahannock 
river. 

Rappahannock (rap - pa - han'- 
nuk), riv., Va., 130 m. long, Blue 
Ridge to Chesapeake bay. 
Raritan Bay (rar'i-tan), sea in¬ 
let, New Jersey, S. of Staten 
island. 

Rastatt (ra'stat). mfg. ft. town, 

Baden, Germany .pop. 14 

Rastenburg (riis' ten - boorg), 
mfg. town, E. Prussia prov., Ger¬ 
many .pop. 11 

Ratlienow (ra'te-no), mfg. town, 
Brandenburgh prov., Prussia. 

pop. 21 

Ratibor (ra'te-bdr), mfg. town, 
on Oder riv., Silesia prov., Prus¬ 
sia .pop. 25 

Ratisbon (rat'is-bon), mfg. & 
cml. town, Bavaria, Germany. 

pop. 45 

Raton (ra-ton'), city, c. s. of 
Colfax co., New Mexico. . .pop. 5 


Ravenna (ra-van'na), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, N. E. 

Italy . pop. 64 

Ravensburg (ra' vens - boorg), 

mfg. & cml. town, Wiirttemberg, 

S. Germany . p 0 p. 13 

Rawal Pindi (rii'wal pin'de or 
ra'al), town, cap. of div. of same 
name, Punjab, British India. 

pop. 74 

Rawtenstall (raw' ten - stal), 
mfg. & min. bor., Lancashire, 

England .pop. 31 

Razgrad (raz'grat), city, cap. of 

dept, of same name, Bulgaria. 

pop. 14 

Reading (red'ing), mfg. town, 

Middlesex co., Mass.pop. 5 

Reading, mfg. city, c. s. of Berks 

co., Pa.pop. 79 

Reading, mfg. & cml bor., c. s. 
of Berkshire, England, on Ken- 

nett riv.pop. 72 

Recanati (ri\-ka-na'te), town, 
Macerata prov., Italy... .pop. 16 
Recklinghausen (rek'ling-hou- 
zen), min. town, Westphalia 

prov., Prussia .pop. 34 

Red Bank, town, Monmouth co., 
N. J., on Shrewsbury riv. .pop. 5 
Redditch (red'dich), mfg. vil., 
Worcestershire, England, pop. 13 
Red River, riv., 1,200 m. long, 
S W U. S. A., Llano Estacado, 
Tex., to Miss, riv.. La. 

Red River, Lake Traverse, 
Minn., to Winnipeg lake. 
Redruth (red'ruth), town, Corn¬ 
wall co., England.pop. 10 

Red Sea, inland sea, 1,450 m. 
long, between Arabia & Egypt; 
connects with Arabian sea by 
Bab el Mandeb strait. 

Red Wing, mfg. & cml. city* c. s. 
of Goodhue co., Minn., on Mis¬ 
sissippi river .pop. 8 

Reggio (rad'jo), mfg. sp. city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, Cala¬ 
bria, S. Italy; earthquake, 1908. 

pop. 44 

Regia (ra'gla), dist. & city, Ha- 
bana prov., Cuba, on . Habana 

bav .pop. 11 

Reiehenbach (ri'ken-bak), mfg. 
town, Silesia prov., Prussia. 

pop. 15 

Reiehenbach, mfg. town, Sax¬ 
ony kingdom, Germany... pop. 24 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her, let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, than. 






























Rei 


1076 


Roc 


Reichenberg (ri'ken-berg), mfg. 

town, Bohemia, Austria, .pop. 34 
Reigafe (ri'gat), bor., Surrey 

co., England .pop. 26 

Reinickendorf (rl' nik - ken- 
dorf), town, Brandenburg, Prus¬ 
sia .pop. 15 

Remscheid (rem'shlt), mfg. 

town, Rhine prov., Prussia..p. 58 
Renaix (re-nii'), mfg. & cml. 
town, E. Flanders prov., Bel¬ 
gium.pop. 20 

Rendsburg (rents'boorg), town, 
Schleswig-Holstein. Prus.pop. 15 
Rennes (ren), mfg. & cml. city, 
cap. of dept. Ille - et - Vilaine, 

France .pop. 75 

Rensselaer (ren'se - ler), ^ city, 
c. s. of Rensselaer co., N. Y. .p. 7 
Requena (ra-ka'na), town, Vaj 

lencia prov., Spain.pop. 15 

Reskt (resht), cml. town, Gilan 
prov., Persia, Asia, near Caspian 

sea .nop. 41 

Resina (ra-se'na), town, Naples 
prov., Italy; built over ruins of 

Herculaneum .pop. 20 

Reus (rfi'oos), mfg. town, Tarra¬ 
gona prov., Spain .pop. 29 

Reutlingen (roit'ling-en), mfg. 
city, Wiirttemberg, Germany. 

pop. 21 

Reval (r&'val), cml. ft. sp. town, 
cap. of Esthonia govt., Russia. 

pop. 65 

Revere (re-ver'), town, Suffolk 
co., Mass., on Massachusetts 

bay .pop. 10 

Rewa (ra'wa), city, cap. of 
Rewa state, E. part of cen. India. 

pop. 24 

Rewari (re-wa-re'), mfg. & cml. 

town, S. E. Punjab, India, .p. 28 
Rezende (ra-zan'de), town, Rio 
de Janeiro state, Brazil, .nop.. 16 
Rheims (remz), mfg. & cml. city, 
dept. Marne, France. .. .pop. 108 
Rkeydt (rlt), mfg. town, Rhine 

prov., Prussia .pop. 34 

Rhine (rin), riv., Europe, 810 
m. long, Switzerland to North 
sea. 

Rhinelander (rm'lan-der), city, 
c. s. of Oneida co., Wis. .. .pop. 5 
Rhode Island (rod i'land), a 
New England state, IT, S. A., 
1,250 sq. m.; cap. Providence. 

pop. 429 

Rho-desia (ro-de'zi-a), region, 


British S. Africa, S of Kongo 

Free State. 

Rhone (ron), riv. of France & 
Switzerland, 504 m. long, rises in 
Alps, hows into Mediterranean 
sea. 

Riad (re-ad'), city, Nejd, Ara¬ 
bia .pop. 35 

Richmond (rich'mund), mfg. 

city, c. s. of Wayne co., Ind.p. 18 
Richmond, city, c. s. of Madison 

co., Ivy.pop. 5 

Richmond, mfg. & cml. city, 
port of entry, cap. of Va., c. s. 

of Henrico co.pop. 85 

Richmond, bor., Surrey co., Eng¬ 
land .pop. 32 

Richmond, city, Victoria, Aus¬ 
tralia, suburb of Melbourne.p. 38 
Ri e sa (re'za), town, Dresden 
dist., Saxony kingdom, Ger¬ 


many .pop. 13 

Riesi (re-a'ze), comm., Calta- 

nissetta prov., Sicily ....pop. 15 
Rieti (re-a'te), town, Perugia 

prov., Italy .pop. 18 

Riga (re'ga), mfg. city <& cml. 


port, cap. of Livonia, Russia. 

pop. 283 

Rimini (re'me-ne), sp., Forli 
prov., Italy, on Adriatic sea. 

pop. 43 

Rio Bonito (re'oo oo-ne'too), 
city, Rio de Janeiro state, 

Brazil ..pop. 18 

Rio de Janeiro (re'o da zha-na'- 
ro), cml. sp. city, cap. of Brazil. 

pop. 750 

Rio Grande (gran'da), riv., S. 
W. Colorado to Gulf of Mexico, 
1.700 m. long. 

Rio Grande do Sul (doo sool'), 
sp. town, former cap. of Rio 

Grande do Sul state.pop. 20 

Ripley (rip'li), mfg. & min. 
town, Derbyshire, England..p. 10 
Riposto (re-pos'to), sp. town, 
Catania prov., Sicily, Italy.p. 10 
Risca (ris'ka), par. & town, 
Monmouthshire, England. pop. 10 
Riverside, city, c. s. of co. of 

same name, S. E. Cal.pop. 8 

Roanne (ro-an'), mfg. & cml. 

town, dept. Loire, France, .p. 35 
Roanoke (ro-a-nok'), city, Roa¬ 
noke co., Va. L .pop. 21 

Rochdale (roch'dal), mfg. bor., 

Lancashire, England.pop. 83 

Rochefort (rosh-for'), ft. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; unite, nut; thin, then. 































Roc 


1077 


Rud 


town, dept. Charente-Inferieure, 

France .pop. 36 

Rochelle, La (la ro-sliel'), ft. 
sp. city, Charente-Inferieure, 

France .pop. 32 

Rochester (roch'es-ter), mfg. 
city, c. s. of Olmsted co , Minn. 


pop. I 

Rochester, mfg. city, Strafford 

co., N. II.pop. S 

Rochester, mfg. city, c. s. of 

Monroe co., N. Y.pop. 163 

Rochester, bor., Beaver co.. Pa. 

pop. 5 

Rochester, city & bor., Kent co., 

England .pop. 31 

Rockford, mfg. city, c. s. of 

Winnebago co., Ill.pop. 31 

Rockhampton (rok-liamp'tun). 

city, Queensland, Australia.p. 15 
Rock Kill, city, York co., S. C. 

pop. 5 


Rockinaliani (rok' ing - ham). 

town, Windham co., Yt... .pop. 6 
Rock Island, cml. & mfg. city, 
c. s. of Rock Island co., N. W. 

El.pop. 19 

Rockland, city, c. s. of Knox 

co., Me.pop. 8 

Rockland, mfg. town, Plymouth 

co., Mass.pop. 5 

Rockport, town, Essex co., Mass. 

pop. 5 

Rockville (rok'vil), mfg. city, 

Tolland co., Conn.pop. 7 

Rocky Mountains, the chief 
mt. system of N. Am., extending 
on the W. from Mexico to the 

xVrctic ocean. 

Rodez (ro'dez), mfg. & cml. town, 
cap. of dept. Aveyron, France. 

pop. 16 

Rodosto (ro-dos'to), cml. sp. 
town, Turkey in Europe, on Sea 

or Marmora .pop. 24 

Romans (ro-mang'), mfg. & 
cml. town, dept. Drome, France. 

poo. 17 

Rome (rom), city, c. s. of Flovd 


co., Ga.pop 7 

Rome, mfg. city, Oneida co., 

N. Y.pop. 15 

Rome, city, cap. of Italy, on 
Tiber riv.‘; anc. cap. of Roman 

empire .pop. 464 

Romford (rum'ford). town, Es¬ 
sex co., England .pop. 14 


Romny (rom'ni), mfg. & cml. 


town, Poltava govt., Russia in 

Europe .pop. 15 

Ronda (ron'da). cml. town, Ma¬ 
laga prov., Spain.pop. 18 


Ronsdorf (rons'dorf), mfg. 

town, Rhine prov., Prussia.p. 13 
Roosendaal (ro'zen-diil), vil. & 
comm., N. Brabant, Netherlands. 

comm. pop. 14 
Rosenheim (ro'zen-him), town, 

Bavaria, Germany .pop. 14 

Rossano (ros-sii'no), comm., 

Cosenza prov., Italy.pop. 14 

Rossherg (ros'berg), min. vil., 
Silesia, Prussia.. .comm. pop. 14 
Rosslau (ros'lou), mfg. town, 

Anhalt, Germany .pop. 10 

Rostock (ros'tok), mfg. &~cml. 
sp. city, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 

Ger.pop. 55 

Rotherham (roth'er-am), mfg. 
& cml. bor., West Riding, York¬ 
shire, Eng.pop. 54 

Rothwell (roth'wel), town, W. 

Riding, Yorkshire. England.p. 12 
Rotterdam (rot'ter-dam), mfg. 
& cml. city & comm., S. Holland 
prov., Netherlands..comm. p. 319 
Rotthausen (rot'hou-zen), min. 
vil., Rhine prov., Prussia. 

comm. pop. 17 
Rouhaix (roo-ba/), mfg. & cml. 

town, dept. Nord. France., p. 142 
Rouen (roo-ang'), cml. & mfg. 
city, cap. of dept. Seine-Infe- 
rieure, I 1 ranee, on Seine river. 

pop; 116 

Roulers (roo-la'), mfg. comm., 
W. Flanders prov., Belgium. 

pop. 24 

Roumania (roo-mfi'ni-a), king¬ 
dom, E. Europe, 50.5S7 sq. m.: 

cap. Bukharest .pop. 5,913 

Roumelia (roo-me'li-a), former 
region, Turkey in Europe; E. 
part is now annexed to Bulgaria. 
Rovigno (ro-ven'yo), mfg. sp. 


town, W. coast of Istria. Iviisten- 

land, Austria._.pop. K) 

Rovigo (ro-ve'go), city, cap. of 

prov. of same name, Venetia, 

Italy .pop. 11 

Rowley Regis (rou'li re'jis), 
min. town, Staffordshire, Eng. 

pop. 35 


Rudolf Lake (roo'dolf), lake, 
British E. Africa, 170 m. long, 
10-30 m. wide. 

Rudolstadt (roo'dol-stat), mfg. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; lie. her. let: line, tin : vote, pSrcli, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


































Rue 


1078 


Sai 


town, cap. of Schwarzburg-Ru- 

dolstadt, Germany.pop. .12 

Rueil (rii'a-y), town, dept. Seine- 

et-Oise, France .pop. 11 

Rugby (rug'bi), town, Warwick¬ 
shire, England .pop. 17 

Ruhrort (roor'ort), cml. town, 
Rhine prov., Prussia, on Rhine & 

Ruhr rivers .pop. 12 

Rumburg (room'boorg), mfg. 

town, Bohemia, Austria, .pop. 10 
Runcorn (run'korn), cml. town, 

Cheshire, England .pop. 16 

Rurki (rur'ke), mfg. town, Sa- 
haranpur dist., N. W. Provs., In¬ 
dia .pop. 17 

Ruscbuk or Ruscuk (roos'- 
chook), cml. & mfg. city. cap. of 
dept, of same name, Bulgaria. 

pop. 33 

Rusbden (rusli'den), town & 
par., Northamptonshire, Eng¬ 
land .pop. 12 


Rusliville (rush'vil), mfg. city, 

c. s. of Rush co., Iud.pop. 5 

Russia (rusli'a), empire, E. Eu¬ 
rope & N. Asia, the largest em¬ 
pire in the world, except the Brit¬ 
ish ; 8,660,395 sq. m. ; cap. Saint 

Petersburg.pop. 128,932 

Rute (roo'ta), town, Cordoba 

prov., Spain .pop. 11 

Rutland (rut'land), city, c. s. 

of Rutland co., W. Yt... .pop. 11 
Rybinsk (ri'bensk), town, Yaro¬ 
slav govt., Russia, on Volga 

river .pop. 25 

Ryde (rid), bor., England, N. 

coast Isle of Wight.pop. 11 

Rylsk (ril'y’sk), town, Kursk 
govt., Russia in Europe, .pop. 15 
Rzeszow (zhe'shoof), mfg. town, 
Galicia, Austria, 90 m. E of 

Cracow .pop. 15 

Rzkev (rzlief), town, Tver govt., 
Russia, S W of Tver. . . .pop. 30 



Saalfeld (zal'felt), mfg. town, 
Saxe Meiningen duchy, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 12 

Saarbrucken (zar' bruk - en), 
mfg. town, Rhine prov., Prussia. 

pop. 23 

Saargemund (zar' ge - munt), 

mfg. town, Alsace-Lorraine ter., 

Germany .pop. 15 

Saaz (ziits), cml. town, Bohemia, 
Austria, on Eger river, .pop. 16 
Sabadell (sa-va-dal'), mfg. town, 
Barcelona prov., Spain. ..pop. 20 
Sahara (sa-ba-ra/), city, Minas 
Geraes, Brazil., S. Am.dist. p. 78 
Sable, Cape (sa'b’l), S. point 
cape, Sable isl„ Nova Scotia. 
Sable, Cape, S. point mainland 
of Florida. 

Saco (saw'ko), mfg. city & port 
of entry, York co.. Me., on left 

bank Saco river.pop. 6 

Sacramento (sak - ra - men' to), 
riv., Cal., 400 m. long, near Mt. 
Shasta to Suisun bay. 
Sacramento, mfg. & cml. city, 
c. s. of Sacramento co. & cap. of 
Cal., port of entry.pop. 29 


Safed (sil-fed'), town, Palestine, 

Turkey in Asia.pop. 21 

Saga (sa'ga), city, in dist. of 
same name, N. W. Kiushu, 

Japan .pop. 33 

Sagan (zii'gan), town, Silesia 

prov., Prussia .pop. 13 

Saginaw (sag'i-naw), cml. & 
mfg. city, c. s. of co. of same 

name, Mich.pop. 42 

Saginaw Bay, bay, 60 m. long, 
on Lake Huron, lower pen., Mich. 


Saguenay (sag-e-na'), riv., Que¬ 
bec prov., Canada, flows into St. 
Lawrence river. 

Sahara (sa-ha'ra), region of 
oases & deserts, N. Africa, 3,500,- 
000 sq. m. 

Sahaswan (su-has-w&n'), town, 
Budaun dist., N. W. Provs., Brit¬ 
ish India .pop. 16 

Saigon (sl-gon'), cml. city, cap. 
of. Cochin China pop. 38 

Saint Albans (sant awl'banz), 
bor., Hertfordshire, England. 

pop. 16 

Saint Amand-les-Eaux (sang- 


1 Ate, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





































SaJ 


1079 


Sai 


ta-mang-lA-zo'), mfg. town, dept. 
Nord, France .pop. 14 

Saint Anthony, Falls of, in 

Mississippi river, at Minneapolis, 
Minn. 

Saint-Brieuc (sang-bre-e'), cml. 
& mfg. town, dept. Cotes-du-Nord, 

France .pop. 22 

Saint - diamond (sang - slia- 
mong'), mfg. town, dept. Loire, 

France .pop. 15 

Saint Charles, city, c. s. of St. 

Charles co., Mo.pop. S 

Saint Clair (klar), min. bor., 

Schuylkill co., Pa.pop. 5 

Saint-Claude (sang-klod'), mfg. 

town, dept. Jura, France.pop. 10 
Saint Cloud (sang kloud'), mfg. 
city, c. s. of Stearns co., Minn. 

pop. 9 

Saint-Denis (sang-de-ne'), mfg. 

town, dept. Seine, France..p. 61 
Saint-Die (-dya'), mfg. town, 

dept. Vosges, France.pop. 21 

Saint Elias, Mount (e-li'as), 
mt., Alaska, 18,100 ft. high 
Saintes (sangt), mfg. town, dept. 
Charente-Infdrieure, France. 

pop. 18 

Saint-Etienne (sang-tA-tyen'), 
min. & mfg. town, cap. of dept. 

Loire, France.pop. 147 

Saint-Gall (-gab), mfg. town, 
cap. of canton of same name, N. 

E. Switzerland.pop. 33 

Saint - Germain (sang - zhar- 
mang'), town, dept. Seine-et- 

Oise, France .pop. 17 

Saint Gothard (slnt goth'ard), 
mt. range, Alps, mostly bet. Uri & 
Ticino cantons, Switzerland. 
Saint Helena (sant he-le'na), 
Brit, isl., S. Atlantic ocean; 47 
sq. m.; cap. Jamestown; Napo¬ 
leon’s place of exile.pop. 10 

Saint Helens (sant hel'enz), 
min. & mfg. bor., Lancashire, 

England .pop. 84 

Saint Helier (sAnt hel'yer), 
cml. town, cap. of Jersey isl., 

English channel .pop. 30 

Saint Henri (hen'ri), town. 

Hochelaga co., Quebec, Gan..p. 21 
Saint John (sant jop'), mfg., 
cml. & sp. city. cap. of co. of 
same name, New Brunswick 

nrov.. Can.i?op. 41 

Saint Johnsbury, mfg. vil., c. s. 
Caledonia co., Vt.pop. 6 


Saint Johns River, riv., Fla., 
350 m. long, Brevard co. to At¬ 
lantic ocean. 

Saint Joseph, city, c. s. of Ber¬ 
rien co., Mich.pop. 5 

Saint Joseph, mfg. & cml. city, 
c. s. of Buchanan co.. Mo. .p. 103 
Saint Lawrence (sant law'- 
rens), riv.. North America, 760 
m. long, Lake Ontario to Gulf of 
St. Lawrence. 

Saint Lawrence, Gulf of, At¬ 
lantic ocean gulf, E. Canada. 
Saint-Lo (sang-lo'), mfg. town, 
cap. of dept. Manche, France. 

pop. 12 

Saint Louis (sant loo'is or 
loo'i), cml. & mfg. city, on Mis¬ 
sissippi river, Mo.pop. 575 

Saint Louis, town, on St. Louis 
isl., cap. of French colony of 

Senegal, W. Africa.pop. 20 

Saint Louis, town Reunion isl., 

Indian ocean .pop. 13 

Saint-Malo (sang-ma-lo'), cml. 
ft. sp. town, dent. Ille-et-Vilaine, 

France .pop. 11 

Saint-Mande (mang-dA'), town, 

dept. Seine, France .pop. 16 

Saint Mary, vil., Auglaize co., 

O.pop. 5 

Saint-Maur-les-Fosses (sang- 
mor-lA-fo-sa'), town, dept. Seine, 

France .pop. 23 

Saint - Nazaire (sang-na-zar'), 
sp. mfg. town, dept. Loire-Inferi- 

eure, France .pop. 36 

Saint Nicolas (sang ne-ko-la'), 
cml. & mfg. comm., E. Flanders 

prov., Belgium .pop. 32 

Saint-Omer (sang-to-mar'), ft. 
mfg. town, dept. Pas-de-Calais. 

France .pop. 21 

Saint - Ouen-sur-Seine (sang- 
twang-sur-san'), mfg. & cml. 
town, dent. Seine, France, .p. 35 
Saint Paul (sant pawl'), cml. & 
mfg. city, can. of Minn., a port 

on Mississippi river.pop. 163 

Saint Paul (san pol'), town. 
Reunion isl., Indian ocean..p. 20 
Saint Peterport (pe-ter-port'), 
town, cap. of Guernsey isl., Eng¬ 
lish channel .pop. 17 

Saint Petersburg: (sant pe'terz- 
burg), city, cap. of srovt. of same 
name. Russia in Europe, & of 

Russian empire .pop. 1,439 

Saint Pierre (sang pyar'), cml. 


late, mar, mAsk, cat, awl ; he. her. let: line, tin : v5te, pCrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





































Sai 


1080 


San 


town, Martinique isl., French W. 
Indies; destroyed by volcanic 

eruption, 1002.pop. 26 

Saint Pierre, town, Reunion isl., 
Indian ocean, on S. W. coast. 

pop. 28 

Saint - Quentin (sang - kiing- 
tang'), town, dept. Aisne, France. 

pop. 50 

Saint-Servan (sang-sar-vang'), 
cml. sp. town, dept. Ille-et-Vi- 

laine, France ..pop. 13 

Saint Thomas, mfg. city, c. s. of 
Elgin co., Ontario prov., Canada. 

pop. 11 

Saint Trond (sang trong'), mfg. 
town, Limburg prov., Belgium. 

pop. 15 

Sakai (sa'ka-i), sp. city, S. part 

of Hondo isJ., Japan.pop. 50 

Sakata (sa'ka-ta), sp. city, N. 
Hondo isl., Japan, on the N. W. 

coast .pop. 22 

Salama (sa-la-ma'), town, Gua¬ 
temala, Central America.pop. 11 
Salamanca (siil-a-man'ka), mfg. 
city, cap. of prov. of same name. 

W. Spain .pop. 22 

Salamanca, mfg. tow r n, Guana¬ 
juato state, Mexico .pop. 13 

Sale (sal), par. & town, Cheshire, 

England .pop. 12 

Salem (sa'lem), cml. & mfg. city, 
port of entry; c. s. of Essex 

co., Mass.pop. 36 

Salem, city, Columbiana co., O. 

pop. 8 

Salem, city, cap. of Salem dist., 
Madras pres., British India. 

pop. 71 

Salem, city, c. s. of Salem co., 

N. J.pop. 6 

Salerno (sa-ler'no), city. cap. of 
prov. of sam) name, Campania, 

Italy .pop. 43 

Salford (sawl'ford or sal')., mfg. 

bor., Lancashire, England.p. 221 
Salisbury (sawlz'ber-i), city, 
c. s. of Rowan co., N. C. . .pop. 6 
Salisbury, city & bor., c. s. of 

Wiltshire. England.pop. 17 

Salon (sa-lbng'), town, dept. 

Bouches-du-Rhdne. France, .p. 13 
Salonica (sii-lo-ne'ke), sp. city, 
cap. of vilavet of same name, cen. 

Turkey in Eurone.pop. 105 

Saltillo (sal-tel'yo), town, Coa- 
huila state, Mexico.pop. 23 


Salt Lake City, city, cap. of Ut. 

& of Salt Lake co.pop. 54 

Saluzzo (sa-loot'so), town, Cu- 
neo prov., Italy ........ .pop. 16 


Salvador (s&l-va-ddr'), republic, 
Central America, 13,176 sq. m.: 
cap. San Salvador . .. .pop. 1.007 
Salyany (sal-ya'ni), town, Baku 
govt., Transcaucasia, Russia. 

pop. 12 

Salzburg (zalts'boorg), mfg. city, 
cap. of duchy of same name, Aus¬ 
tria .pop. 33 

Samara (sa-ma'ra), riv., Russia 
in Europe, 340 m. long, flows 
into Volga river. 

Samara, city, cap. of govt, of 
same name, Russia in Europe. 

pop. 92 


Samarang (sa-ma-rang'), city, 
cap. of Dutch residency, Java 

isl.pop. 69 

Samaria (sa-ma'ri-a), anc. king¬ 
dom or prov., Palestine, between 
Jordan river & Mediterranean 
sea; Samaria, its cap., the holy 
city of the Samaritans. 
Samarkand (sam-ar-kant'), city, 
cap. of govt, of same name. Rus¬ 
sian Turkestan .pop. 55 

Sambor (sam'bbr), mfg. town, 
Galicia prov., Austria. .. .pop. 17 
Samoa Islands (sa-mo'a or sa'- 
mo-ii), Polynesian group, S. Pa¬ 
cific ocean, belong to U. S. A. & 
Germany. 

Sana (sii-na'), ft. & cml. city, 
cap. of Yemen, Arabia, Asia. 

pop. 58 

San Andres del Palomar (san 
an-drns' del pa-lo-m&r'), town, 
Barcelona prov., Spain . .pop. 15 
San Antonio (san an-to'ni-5), 
city, c. s. of Bexar co., Texas. 


pop. 53 

San Carlos (san kar'los), pueb¬ 
lo, Pangasinan prov., Luzon, 

Phil, isls.pop. 24 

San Carlos, town, Venezuela, 

South America .pop. 10 

San Cristobal (kres - to' val). 

town. Chiapas state, Mexico.p. 16 
Sancti Spiritus (sank'te spe're- 
toos), city, Santa Clara prov.. 

Cuba .pop. 13 

San Diego (san de-n'go), city, 
c. s. of co. of same name, S. Cal. 

pop. 18 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl: he. her. let: line. tin : vote, pOrch, lot; moon. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 






























San 


1081 


San 


Saudila (sun-de'lu), town, Oudh, 

Brit. India .pop. 17 

Sandusky (san-dus'ki), cml. 
city, port of entry, & c. s. of Erie 

co., O.pop. 20 

San Fernando (fer-nlin'd5), sp. 

city, Cadiz prov., Spain, .pop. 29 
San Francisco (san fran-sis'- 
ko), cml. city & co., W. shore of 
San Francisco bay, Cal.pop. 343 
San Gil (hel), town, Santander 

dept., Colombia,.pop. 14 

San Giovanni in Fiore (jo-va/- 
ne en fe-o'ra), comm., Cosenza 

prov., Italy .pop. 13 

San Giovanni in Persiceto 
(per-se-cha/to), town, Bologna 

prov., Italy.....pop. 16 

San Joaquin (ho-a-ken'), pueb¬ 
lo, S. W. coast of Iloilo prov., 

Panay, Phil, isls.pop. 14 

San Jose (ho-sa')> cml. & mfg. 
city, c. s. of Santa Clara co.. 

Cal.pop. 22 

San Jose, town, cap. of Costa 
Rica, Central America... .pop. 25 
San Jose de Cucuta (da koo'- 
koo-tii), town, Santander dept., 

Colombia .pop. 13 

San Juan (hoo-an'), sp. city & 
dist., Bayamon dept., N. Porto 

Rico .pop. 32 

San Juan, city, cap. of prov. of 
same name, Argentina, S. Am. 

pop. 11 

Sankt Ingbert (zankt eng'bert), 
mfg. town, Palatinate dist., Ba¬ 
varia, Ger.pop. 14 

Sankt Johann (yo'lian), town, 
Rhine prov.. Prussia... .pop. 21 
Sankt Polten (pel'ten), mfg. 

town. Lower Austria.pop. 15 

Saulucar (loo'kar), city & sp., 
Cadiz prov., on Guadalquivir 

river .pop. 23 

San Luis Potosi (loo-es' po-to- 
se'), city, cap. of Potosi state, 

Mexico .pop. 69 

San Marco in Lamis (mar'ko 
en la/mes), comm., Foggia prov., 

Italy . .....pop. 17 

San Marino (ma-re'no), repub¬ 
lic & towrn, near Rimini, Italy. 

pop. 10 

San Miguel (me-gel'L pueblo, 
Bulacfm prov., Luzon, Phil. isls. 

pop. 20 

San Miniato (me-ne-a'to), 
comm., Florence prov., Italy.p. 20 


San Nicolas (ne-ko-liis'), pueblo, 

W. Cebu, Phil, isls.pop. 18 

San Nicolas, cml. town, Buenos 
Aires prov., Argentina. .pop. 15 
San Pablo (siin pa/blo), pueblo. 
Laguna prov., Luzon, Phil, isl¬ 
ands .pop. 20 

San Pier d’ Arena (pe-er' da- 
ra'na), mfg. comm., Genoa prov., 

Italy .pop. 35 

San Remo (ra'mo), town, Porto 
Maurizio prov., N. W. Italy, on 

Mediterranean sea.pop. 21 

San Salvador (sal-va-dor'). 
city, cap. of Salvador, Cen. Am. 

pop. 60 

San Sebastian (sfi-vas-te-an'), 
cml. ft. town, cap. of Guipuzcoa 

prov., Spain .pop. 29 

San Severo (sa-va/ro), comm., 

Foggia prov., Italy .pop. 30 

Sansing (san'sing'), cml. town, 
Kirin prov., Manchuria . . .p. 15 
Santa Ana (san'ta 3/na), city, 

Orange co., Cal.pop. 5 

Santa Ana, town, N. W. part of 
Salvador, Cen. America, .pop. 48 
Santa Barbara (san'ta bar'ba- 
ra), city, c. s. of Santa Barbara 


co.. Cal.pop. 7 

Santa Barbara (biir'ba-ra), 
town, Minas Geraes state, Brazil, 
S. Am. dist. pop. 62 


Santa Barbara, pueblo, Iloilo 
prov., Panay, Phil. isls. . .pop. 13 
Santa Clara (kla'ra), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, W. cen. 

Cuba ...pop. 14 

Santa Cruz (kroos), city, c. s. 
of co. of same name, W. Cal. 

pop. 6 

Santa Cruz (krooth), pueblo, 
cap. of Laguna prov., Luzon, 

Phil, isls...pop. 13 

Santa Cruz de Napo (krooth da 
na'po), pueblo, Mindoro, Phil. 

isls.pop ; 16 

Santa Cruz de Tenerife 
(krooth da ten-e-rif'). cml. & sp. 
city, cap. of Canary isls.. .pop. 33 
Santa Fe (fa/), city, c. s. of 
Santa Fe co., & cap. of N. M. 

pop. 6 

Santa Fe, city, cap. of prov. of 
same name, Argentina. . .pop. 26 
Santa Luzia (loo-ze'a), town, 
Minas Geraes state, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 39 
Santa Maria Capua Veter e 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl : he. her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 




































San 


1082 


Sea 


(ma-re'a ka'poo-a va-tiVril), ft. 
town, Caserta prov., Italy...p. 22 
Santa Maria da Victoria (da 
vek-to're-a), town, Bahia state, 

Brazil...dist. pop. 37 

Santa Rosa (ro'za), city, c. s. 

of k^nonia co., Cal.pop. 7 

Santiago (san-te-ii'go), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name & cap. of 

Chile .pop. 292 

Santiago, town, cap. of Santiago 
del Estero prov., Argentina. p. 10 
Santiago de Compostela (dJ 
kom - pos - ta' la), city, Coruna 

prov., Spain .pop. 24 

Santiago de Cuba (ku'ba), sp. 
city, on S. coast of Cuba; cap. of 

dist. of same name.pop. 43 

Santipur (siin-te-poor'), town, 
Bengal, British India ... .pop. 30 
Santo Domingo (siin-to do-min'- 
go), or Dominican Republic, 
E. part of Haiti isl., W. Indies; 

18,755 sq. m.pop. 417 

Santo Domingo, city, cap. of re¬ 
public of same name, W. Indies. 

pop. 20 

Santos (s&n'toosh), sp. town, 
Sao Paulo state, Brazil, .pop. 10 
Sao Amaro (soung a-ma'roo), 
town, Bahia state, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 79 
Sao Felix (fa-lesli'), town, Ba¬ 
hia, Brazil .pop. 39 

Sao Fidelis (fe-da'lesli), town, 
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil . . .pop. 14 
Sao Francisco (frang-sesh'koo), 
town, Bahia state, Brazil..p. 36 
Sao Joao d’El Rei (zho-oung' 
del ra'e), city, Minas Geraes 

state, Brazil.dist. pop. 49 

Sao Jose or Joze (zlid-za/), 
town, Santa Catharina state, 

Brazil .dist. pop. 33 

Sadne (son), river, France, 300 
rc. long, dept. Vosges to Rhone 
river at Lyon. 

Sao Paulo (soung pou'loo), city, 
cap. of Sao Paulo state, Brazil. 

pop. 220 

Sapporo (sap'po-ro), city, Yezo 
isl., Japan, near Otaru..pop. 37 
Saragossa (sii-ra-gos'sa), city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, N. E. 

Spain .pop. 98 

Sarajevo (sa'ra-ya-vo), city, cap. 
of dist. of same name & of Bos¬ 
nia .pop. 42 


Saransk (sa-ransk'), cml. town, 
Penza govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 14 

Sarapul (sa-ra'pool), mfg. town, 
Vyatka govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 16 

Saratoga Springs (sar-a-to'ga), 
vih, Saratoga co., N. Y..pop. 12 
Saravia (sa-ra've-a), pueblo, N. 
W. Negros, Occidental prov., 

Negros, Phil, isls.pop. 15 

Sardinia (siir-din'i-a), isl., Med¬ 
iterranean sea, 164 m. long, 61 

m. wide .pop. 751 

Sarno (siir'no), mfg. & cml. 

town, Salerno prov., Italy. ,p. 18 
Saronno (sa-ron'no), mfg. town, 

Milan prov., Italy.pop. 10 

Sarzana (sar-dzii'na), town, 

Genoa prov., Italy .pop. 12 

Saskatchewan (sas-kach'e-won), 
riv., Canada, 1,660 m. long. 
Rocky mts. to Lake Winnipeg. 
Sassari (siis'se-re), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Sardinia 

isl., Italy .pop. 38 

Sasseram (sas-ser-am'), town, 
Shahabad dist., Patna div., Ben¬ 
gal, British India.pop. 23 

Satara (sa-ta'ru), city, cap. of 

dist. of same name, Dekkan div., 
Bombay pres., British India. 

pop. 26 

Sault Sainte Marie (soo sant 
rna'ri), city, Chippewa co., Mich. 

pop. 11 

Sault Sainte Marie, town, Al- 
goma dist., Ontario. Can..pop. 7 
Saumur (so-mur'), mfg. town, 
dept. Maine-et-Loire, France. 

pop. 16 

Savannah (sa-van'na), riv., 
450 m. long, S. line of S. C. to 
Atlantic ocean. 

Savannah, city, c. s. of Chatham 
co., Ga., & 2d cotton port of U. S. 


A.pop. 54 

Savigliano (sa-vel-ya'no), town, 

Cuneo prov., Italy .pop. 17 

Savona (sa-vo'na), sp. city, 

Genoa prov., Italy.pop. 38 

Saxony (saks'un-i), kingdom of 
Germany, 5,7S9 sq. m.; cap. 

Dresden .pop. 4,200 

Sayre (sii'er or sar), bor., Brad¬ 
ford co., Pa.pop. 5 

Scafati (ska-fa'te), mfg. town, 

Salerno prov., Italy.pop. 14 

Scandinavia ( skan-di-na'vi-a), 


late, mar, rniisk, cat, awl; lie, her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





























Sea 


10S3 


Sen 


anc. name of the country of the 
Norsemen, in Northern Europe. 
Scarborough (skiir'bro or skiir'- 
bur-o), sp. bor., N. Riding, York¬ 
shire, England .pop. 3S 

Scardona (skjir-do'na), town, 
Dalmatia prov., Austria.pop. 11 
SchafFhausen (shiif - hou'zen), 

city, cap. of canton of same 
name, N. Switzerland. .. .pop. 15 
Schalke (shlil'ke), town, West¬ 
phalia, Prussia, near Essen. 

comm. pop. 26 
Schemnitz (shem'nits), min. 

city, Hont co., Hungary, .pop. 15 
Schenectady (ske - nek'ta - di), 
city, c. s. of co. of same name, E. 

New York .pop. 32 

Schiedam (ske-dam'), mfg. town 
& comm., S. Holland. Noth. 

comm. pop. 27 
Schio (ske'o), mfg. town, Vicenza 

prov., Italy .pop. 13 

Schleswig (shlaz'vig), or Sles- 
wiek (sles'wik), sp. town, cap. 
of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia. 

pop. IS 

Sclimblin (shmeln), town, Saxe- 
Altenburg duchy, Germany.p. 11 
Schneidemiihl (slmi' de - mill), 

town, Posen prov., Prussia.p. 20 
Schdnebeck (she'ne-bek), mfg. 
town, Saxony prov., Prussia. 

pop. 16 

Schonefeld (she'ne-felt), vil., 
Saxony kingdom, Germany. 

comm. pop. 12 
Schoterland (sko'ter-lant), vil. 
& comm., Friesland prov., Neth. 

com. pop. 15 
Schuylkill Hivei* (skobl'kll), 
riv., Pa., 121 m. long, Schuylkill 
co. to Delaware river. 

Schwedt (shvat). town, Bran- 
denburg prov., Prussia, on Oder 

river ....pop. 10 

Schweidnitz (shvit'nits), town, 
Silesia prov., Prussia ...nop. 2S 
Scliweinfui’t (shvln'foort), mfg^ 
town. Bavaria. Germany.pop. 15 
Sehwelm (shvelm). mfg. town. 

Westphalia prov., Prussia., p. 17 
Schwexmingen f shven'ning-en), 
town, Wiirttemberg, Germany. 

. nop. 10 

Schwerin fshva-ren'), city, cap. 
of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 39 


Schwerte (shver'te), mfg. town, 
Westphalia prov., Prussia..p. 12 
Sciacca (shak'ka), sp. town, Gir- 
genti. prov., Sicily, Italy, .pop. 20 
Scicli tshek'le), town, Syracuse 

prov., Sicily, Italy.pop. 16 

Scotland (skot'land), N. div. of 
Great Britain, 29,796 sq. m.; cap. 

Edinburgh .pop. 4,472 

Scranton (skran'tun), city, c. s. 
of Lackawanna co., Pa..pop. 102 
Scutari (skoo'ta-re), town, Tur¬ 
key in Asia, opposite to & suburb 

of Constantinople .pop. 82 

Scutari, city. cap. of vilayet of 
same name, W. Turkey in Eu¬ 
rope, N. Albania.pop. 36 

Seattle (se-at't’l), cml. sp. city, 
c. s. of King co., Wash...pop. 81 
Sebastopol (se-bas'to-pol), or 
Sevastopol (sye - vas -t<5' pol), 
town & sp., Crimea, Taurida 
govt., Russia in Eurone. .pop. 51 
Sebenico (sa-ba'ne-ko), sp. town, 

Dalmatia, Austria.pop. 25 

Secondigliano (sa-kon-del-ya'- 
no), town, Naples prov., Italy. 

pop. 13 

Secunderabad (se - kun - der - ji¬ 
had'), town & mil. station, Hai- 


darabad, S. India .pop. 74 

Sedalia (se-djVli-a), city, c. s. of 

Pettis co.. Mo.pop. 15 

Sedan (se-diing'). mfg. town, 
dent. Ardennes, France; battles 
1S70 .pop. 19 


Segovia (sa-go-'ve-a), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, Snain. 

pop. 14 

Seine fs:ln), riv., France, 480 m. 
long, Tasselot mt, dent. Cote- 
d’Or, to English channel. 

Semina la tin sk (sa - me - pa -,1a- 
tyensk'), town, on Irtysh riv., 

Russia in Asia .pop. 26 

Semlin (zem-len'), town. Croatia 
& Slavonia, Hungary, on Danube 

river .pop, 13 

Sendai (sen'di), city, N. E. Hon¬ 
do isl., Japan .pop. 83 

Seneca Falls (sen'e-ka), vil.. 

Seneca co., N. Y. ; pop. 7 

Seneca Lake, mostly in Yates & 
Seneca cos., N. Y., 35 m. long, 
1-8 m. wide. 

Senegal (sen-e-gawl'). French 
colony, W. Africa, 51,000 sq. m.: 

cap. St. Louis.. .pon. 250 

Senegambia (sen - e - gam'bi - a), 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her. let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 
























Sen 


1084 


Shi 


region. W. Africa, bet. Senegal & 
Gambia rivers; mostly in Fr. 
colony of Senegal. 

Senigallia (sa-ne-gal'le-a), sp. 

town, Ancona prov., Italy..p. 23 
Sens (siings), city, dept. Yonne, 
France, on Yonne riv....pop. 15 
Seoul (se-bol'), or Soul (sa'ool), 
city, cap. of Korea, E. Asia. 

pop. 193 

Seraing (se-rang'), min. & mfg. 
comm., Liege prov., Belgium.p. 38 
Serampur '(ser-um-poor'), town, 
Hugli dist., Bengal, India.pop. 36 
Serena (sa-ra'na), town, cap. of 
Coquimbo prov., Chile... .pop. 17 
Seres (ser'es), town, Saioniki 
vilayet, Turkey in Europe..p. 30 
Sergievski Posad (syer-ge'yef- 
ske pa-sat'), mfg. town, Moscow 

govt., Russia .pop. 31 

Seringapatam (ser - ing - ga - pa- 
tam'), town, Mysore state, S. 

India .pop. 12 

Serpukhov (syer'poo-kof), mfg. 
town, Moscow govt., Russia in 

Europe .pop. 23 

Serro (ser'roo), town, Minas 

Geraes, Brazil.dist. pop. 75 

Servia (ser'vj-a), kingdom S. E. 
Europe, 18,650 sq. m.; cap. Bel¬ 
grade .pop. 2.494 

Sessa (ses'sa), city, Caserta 

prov., Italy .pop. 22 

Sesto Florentine (ses'to fyo- 
ran-te'no), comm., Florence prov., 

Italy .pop. 19 

Sestri Ponente (ses'tre po-nan'- 
ta), coast town, Genoa prov., 

Italy .pop. 17 

Sete Lagoas (sa'te la-go'ash), 
town, Minas Geraes, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 35 
Setif (sft-tef'), town, Constan¬ 
tine dept., Algeria. Africa, .p. 15 
Setubal (sft-too'bal), sp. city, 
Lisbon dist., Portugal ....pop. 22 
Seville ( sev'il or se-vil'), city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, S. 

Spain .pop. 146 

Seychelles (sa-shel'), Brit, isl., 
India ocean. 148)4 so. m....n. 20 
Seyne-sur-Mer fsan-sur-mar'), 
coast town, dept. Yar, France. 

pop. 21 

Sfax CsfaksL sp. town, Tunis, N. 

Africa, on Gabes erilf . . .pon. 43 
Shadrinsk ('sha'drensk). town. 
Perm govt., Russia in Asia.p. 17 


Shahabad (sha-ha-bad'), town, 
Hardoi dist, Oudh, British India. 

pop. 20 

Shahjahanpur (sha - ju - h&n'- 
poor), city, cap. of dist. of^ same 
name, Rohilkhand div., N. W. 
Provinces, British India, .pop. 76 
Shamokin (sha-mo'kin), bor., 
Northumberland co., Pa. .pop. IS 
Shanghai (shang-ha'i), sp. city, 
lviangsu prov., China...pop. 620 
S h a o c h u (sha'o-choo'), city, 
Kwangtung prov., S. E. China. 

pop. 50 

Sharon (shar'un), bor., Mercer 

co., Pa...pop. 9 

Sharpsburg (sharps'burg), bor., 

Allegheny co.. Pa.pop. 7 

Shashi (sha'she), treaty port, 

Ilupe^prov., China.pop. 73 

Shavli (shav'lye), town, Kovno 

govt., Russia in Europe ..pop. 22 
Sheboygan (slie-boi'gan), city, 
c. s. of co. of same name, E. 

Wis.pop. 23 

Sheerness (sher-nes'), sp. town 
& govt, dockyard, Kent co., Eng¬ 
land .pop. is 

Sheffield (shef'feld), mfg. city & 
bor., Yorkshire, England, .p. 409 
Shelby (shel'bi), vil., Richland 

co., O..pop. 5 

Shelbyville, city, c. s. of Shelby 

co., Ind.pop. 7 

Shemakha (she-ma-ka'), mfg. 
town, Baku govt., Transcaucasia. 

Russia in Asia .pop. 20 

Shenandoah (shen - an - do' a), 
riv., Va. & W. Ya., 200 m. long, 
Augusta co., Ya.. to Potomac 
riv., at Harper’s Ferry. 
Shenandoah, bor., Schuylkill co.. 

Pa.pop. 20 

Sherbrooke (sher'brook), city, 
c. s. of Sherbrooke co., S. Que¬ 
bec, Canada .pop. 12 

Sherman (sher'man) city, c. s. 

of Grayson co.. Tex.pop. 10 

Shetland Islands (shet'land), 
arch. N of Scot., constituting the 
co. of Shetland; chief isl.. Main¬ 
land. 

Shibin el Kom fshi-ben' el 
kom), town, Menufieh prov.. 

Lower Egypt .pop. 21 

Shields fsheldz), sp. & ship¬ 
building bor., Durham co., Eng¬ 
land .nop. 101 

Shikarpur (shik-ar-poor'), mfg. 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her, let: line, tin : v5te, pdreh, lot; moon, 

oook; mute, nut: thin, the n. 






























Shi 


1085 


Sla 


town, cap. of (list, of same name, 
N. Sind, Bombay, British India. 

pop. 42 

Shipley (ship'li), town, York¬ 
shire, England .pop. 2G 

Shiraz (slie'raz), mfg. & cml. 
town, cap. of Ears prow, Persia. 

pop. 32 

Sholapur (sho'la-poor), ft. town, 
cap. of dist. of same name, I)ek- 
kan diw, Bombay pres., British 

India .pop. 75 

Shoshong (sho-shong'), town, 
N. E. part of Bechuanaland, S. 

Africa .pop. 30 

Shreveport (shrev'port), city, 
c. s. of Caddo par., La... . pop. 1 g 
S hrewsbury (shroz'ber-i or 
shruz'ber-i), bor., c. s. of Shrop¬ 
shire, England.pop. 28 

Shumla (shoom'la), ft. town, 
cap. of dept, of same name, Bul¬ 
garia ..pop. 23 

Shuri (shob're), city, Okinawa 
isl., Riu Kiu isls., Japan..pop. 25 
Shusa (shoo-sha'), town, Eliza- 
vetpol govt., Transcaucasia, Rus¬ 
sia in Asia .pop. 2G 

Shuster (shoos'ter), town, Khuz- 

istan prov., Persia .pop. 15 

Sialkot (se-al-kot'), city. cap. of 
dist. of same name, Punjab, Brit¬ 
ish India .pop. 55 

Siam (sl-am' or se-am'), country, 
S. E. Asia, about 244,402 sq. m.; 

cap. Bangkok .pop. G,320 

Siberia (si-be'ri-a), country of 
N. Russia in Asia, bet. Ural mts. 
& Pacific ocean, 4.833,490 sq. m.; 
W. cap., Tomsk; E. cap., Irkutsk. 

pop. 5,727 

Sibonga (se-bong'a), pueblo, W. 
coast of Cebu, Phil, islands..p. 23 
Sicily (sis'i-li), largest isl., Med¬ 
iterranean sea, 9,937 sq. m.; cap. 

Palermo .pop. 3,530 

Sidi - bel - Abbes (se'de-bel-iib- 
bas'), town, Oran dept., Algeria, 

Africa .pop. 2G 

Sidney (sid'ni). city, c. s. of 

Shelby co., O.pop. 6 

Siegburg (zeg'boorg), town, 
Rhine prov., Prussia. .. .pop. 14 
Siegen (ze'gen), mfg. town, 
Westphalia prov., Prussia..p. 22 
Siena (se-a'na), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Tuscanv, 
Italy .pop. 28 


Sieradz (she'radz), mfg. town, 

Poland, Russia .pop. 15 

Sierra Leone (si-er'ra le-o'ne), 
British colony, W. Africa, 27,7G0 
sq. m.; cap. Freetown. . .pop. 300 
Sierra Nevada (ne-va'da), mt. 
ranges., E. Cal.: highest peak, 
Mt. Whitney, 14,S98 ft. 
Sikandarabad (se - kun - dur - a- 
biid'), town, N. W. Provinces, 

British India .pop. 15 

Silao (se-lil'o), town, Guana¬ 
juato, Mexico .pop, 15 

Silay ( se-ll'), pueblo, Occidental 
prov., Negros, Phil, islands.p. 15 
Simborsk (sem'bersk), city. cap. 

of Simborsk govt., Russia, .p. 43 
Simferopol (sem-fe-ro'pol), 
town, cap. of Taurida govt., Rus¬ 
sia in Europe .pop. 49 

Simmering (zim'mer-ing), town, 

Low T er Austria .pop. 20 

Sinchu (sen'choo), cml. town, 
N. W. Formosa isl., Japan.p. 50 
Sinder (sin'der), town, N. W. 

part of Bornu, cen. Africa..p. 15 
Singan (se-ngan'), city, cap. of 
Shensi prov., N. China..p. 1,000 
Singapore (sin-ga-por'), city, 
cap. of Singapore isl. & of Straits 

Settlement .pop. 139 

Sinj ( sen'y), comm., Dalamatia 

prov., Austria .pop. 40 

Sioux City (soo), city, c. s. of 

Woodbury co., Ia.pop. 33 

Sioux Falls, city, c. s. of Min¬ 
nehaha co., S. Dakota. .. .pop. 10 
Sirsa (ser'su), town, Ilissar dist., 
Punjab, British India... .pop. 1G 
Sistova (ses-to'vii), ft. cml. port, 

Bulgaria .pop. 13 

Sitapur (se-tii'poor), town, cap. 
of dist. of same name, Oudh. 

British India .pop. 17 

Sitka (sit'ka), sp. city, cap. of 

Alaska ..pop. 1 

Sint (se-dot'), Assiout (iis-se- 
oot'), city, cap. of prow of same 

name, Upper Egypt.pop. 42 

Sivas (se-viis'), city, cap. of vila¬ 
yet of same name, N. E. Asia 

Minor .pop. 43 

Skien (shen), town & port, 
Bratsberg prov., Norway...p. 11 
Skipton (skip'tun), town, W. 

Riding, Yorkshire, England..p u 12 
Skvira (skve'ra), town, Kiev 
govt., Russia in Europe, .pop. 12 
Slavonia (sla-vo'ni-a)\ E. part 


late, mar, mfisk, cat, awl : he, her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 


































I 


Sla 


10SG 


Spe 


of prov. of Croatia & Slavonia, 
Hungary. 

Slavyansk (slav-yansk'), town, 
Kharkov govt., Russia in Eu¬ 
rope . ....pop. 1G 

Sligo (sli'go), sp. city, c. s. of 

Sligo co., Ireland .pop. 11 

Sliven (sle'ven), city, cap. of 
dept, of same name, E. Rom 

melia, Bulgaria .pop. 25 

Slonim (slo'nyem), town, Grodno 
govt., Russia in Europe... pop. 23 
Slough, (slou), town, Bucking¬ 
hamshire, England.pop. 11 

Slutsk (slootsk), town, Minsk 
govt., Russia in Europe..pop. IS 
Smethwick (smetli'ik), bor., 
Staffordshire, England. . .pop. 55 
Smolensk (sma-lyensk'), city, 
cap. of govt, of same name, Rus¬ 
sia in Europe ..pop. 47 

Smyrna (smer'na), sp. city, cap. 
of vilayet of same name, W. Tur¬ 
key in Asia .pop. 201 

Soata (so-a-tii'), town, Boyaca 

dept., Colombia .pop. IS 

Socorro (so-kor'ro), town, San¬ 
tander dept., Colombia, South 

America .pop. 25 

Soest (zost), mfg. town, West¬ 
phalia prov., Prussia . . . .pop. 17 
Soissons (swas-s6ng'), town. 

dept. Aisne, France.pop. 13 

Sokoto (sd'ko-to or sok'), town, 
in N. W. part of Sokoto sultan¬ 
ate, Nigeria, W. Africa, pop. 20 
Solingen (zo'ling-en), town^ 
Rhine prov., Prussia . . . .pop. 45 
Somerville (sum'er-vil), city, 

Middlesex co., Mass.pop. 62 

Somerville, town, c. s. of Somer¬ 
set co., N. J.pop. 5 

Sommerfeld (zom'mer-folt), 
town, Brandenburg prow, Prus¬ 
sia .pop. 12 

Sonneberg (zon'ne-berg), mfg. 
town, Saxe - Meiningen duchy, 

Germany .pop. 13 

Sonson (son-son'), town, Anti- 
oquia dept., Colombia... .pop. 14 
Sonsonate (son-so-na'ta), town, 
Salvador, Central America..p. 17 
Sopron (shop'ron). cm.l. town, 
cap. of Sopron co., W. Hungary. 

pop. 33 

Sora (so'rii), town, Caserta prov., 

Italy .poo. 1G 

Sorau (gp'rou), mfg. town. Bran¬ 
denburg prov., Prussia. . .pop. 16 


Sorocaba (so-ro-kii'ba), town, 
Sao Paulo state, Brazil . .pop. 15 
Sorrento (sor-ren'to), coast 
town, Naples prov., Italy... p. 10 
Sortino (sor-te'no), town, Syra¬ 
cuse prov., Sicily, Italy, .pop. 11 
South Amboy (am'boi), bor¬ 
ough, Middlesex co., N. J.. . . p. G 
Southampton (suth-hamp'tun or 
south-amp'tun), sp. bor., Hamp¬ 
shire, Eng.pop. 105 

South Bend, city, c. s. of St 

Joseph co., Ind.pop. 36 

South Bethlehem (beth'le-hem 
or em), bor., Northampton co. 

Pa.pop. 3 

Southbridge (south'brij), town, 
Worcester co., Mass....pop. 10 
South Brisbane (briz'ban), 
town, Queensland, Australia. 

pop. 25 

South Carolina (kar-o-li'na), 
state, E U. S. A., 30,570 sq. m. ; 

cap. Columbia.pop. 1,340 

South Dakota (da-ko'ta), state, 
N W U. S. A., 77,650 sq. m.; 

cap. Pierre.pop. 402 

South Hadley (had'li). town, 
Hampshire co., Mass.; Mr. Hol¬ 
yoke College .pop. 5 

South Norwalk (nor'wawk), 
city, Fairfield co., Conn...pop. 7 
South Omaha (o'ma-haw), city. 

Douglas co., Nebraska. . . .pop. 26 
South Orange, vil., Essex co.. 

N. J.pop. 5 

Southport (soutli'port), bor., 

Lancashire, England.pop. 48 

South Portland (port'land). 

city, Cumberland co., Me.pop. 6 
Sowerby Bridge (so'er-bi), 
town. West Riding, Yorkshire, 

England . _..pop. 11 

Spain (span), kingdom, S. W. 

Europe, 194,794 sq. m.; cap. 

Madrid .poo. 18,078 

Spalato (spa'la-to), sp. city. 
Dalamatia prov., Austria.pop, 27 
Spandau (spiin'dou), mfg. ft. 
town, Brandenburg prow, Prus¬ 
sia .pop. G5 

Spanish Town (span'ish), town. 

Jamaica isl., W. India . . . .pop. 6 
Spartanburg (spar' tan - burg), 
city, c. s. of Soartanburg co., 

S. C.pop. 11 

Spencer (spen'ser), town, Wor¬ 
cester co., Mass. ..pop. 8 


late, mhr, mask, cat, awl ; he. her, let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


































Spe 


1087 


Str 


Spencerville, vil., Allen co., O. 

pop. 2 

Speyer (spir) or Spires (spirz), 
city, cap. of Rhenish Bavaria, 

Germany .pop. 21 

Spezia (spet'se-ii), ft. sp. town & 
naval arsenal, Genoa prov., Italy. 

pop. 66 

Spoleto (spo-la'to), city, Perugia 

prov., Italy .pop. 25 

Spremberg (spram'berg), town, 
Brandenburg prov., Prussia.p. 11 
Springfield (spring'feld), city, 
c. s. of Sangamon co. & cap. of 

Ill.pop. 34 

Springfield, city, c. s. of Hamp¬ 
den co., Mass.pop. 62 

Springfield, city, c. s. of Greene 

co., Mo.pop. 23 

Spring Valley, city. Bureau co.. 

Ill.pop. 6 

Srinagar (sre-nu-gar'), city, cap. 
of dist. of same name & of Kash¬ 
mir, India .pop. 123 

Srirangam (sre-run'gum), town, 
Tricliinopoli dist,, Madras, Brit. 

India .pop. 22 

Stade (stii'de), mfg. town, cap. 
of dist. of same name, Hanover 

prov., Prussia .pop. 11 

Stafford (staf'ferd), mfg. bor., 
c. s. of Staffordshire, Eng...p. 21 
Stalybridge (sta'li-brij), bor., 

Cheshire, England .pop. 28 

Stamford (stam'ferd), city, 

Fairfield co., Conn.pop. 16 

Stanislau (stan'is-lou), town, 
Galicia prov., Austria. . . .pop. 30 
Stanley Falls (stan'li), seven 
cataracts of the upper Kongo 
river, on the equator. 

Stanley Pool, expansion of 
Kongo riv., just S of lat. 4° S. 
Starodub (sta-ra-doop'), town, 
Chomigov govt., Russia in Eu¬ 
rope . pop. 25 

Stassfurt (stiis'foort), min. 
town, Saxony prov., Prussia. 

pop. 20 

Staunton (stawn'tun), city. c. s. 

of Augusta co., Va.pop. 7 

Stavropol (stav'ro-pol), city, 
cap. of govt, of same name, N. 

Caucasia, Russia .pop. 42 

Steele (stel), town, Rhine prov., 

Prussia .pop. 12 

Steelton (stel'tun), bor.. 
Dauphin co., Pa.pop. 12 


Steglitz (sta'glits), vil., Bran¬ 
denburg prov., Prussia. 

comm. pop. 21 
Stendal (sten'diil), mfg. town, 
Saxony prov., Prussia.... pop. 22 
Sterkrade (sterk'rii-de), mfg. 
vil., Rhine prov., Prussia. 

comm. pop. 15 
Sterling (ster'Iing), city, White- 

side co., Ill.pop. 6 

Sternberg (stern'berg), mfg. 
town, Moravia prov., Austria. 

pop. 15 

Stettin (stet-ten'), sp. & mfg. 
city, cap. of Pomerania prov., 

Prussia .pop. 211 

Steubenville (stu'ben-vil), mfg. 
city, c. s. of Jefferson co., Ohio. 

pop. 14 

Stevens Point (ste'venz), city, 
c. s. of Portage co., Wisconsin. 

pop. 10 

Steyr (sti'er), mfg. town, Upper 
Austria prov., Austria... .pop. 18 
Stillwater (stil'waw-ter), city, 
c. s. of Washington co., Minn. 

pop. 12 

Stirling (ster'Iing), burgh, c. s. 

of Stirling co., Scotland, .pop. 18 
Stockholm (stok'holm), sp. city, 

cap. of Sweden .pop. 301 

Stockport (stok'port), mfg. bor., 
Cheshire & Lancashire, England. 

pop. 79 

Stockton (stok'tun), city, c. s. 
of San Joaquin co.. Cal...pop. 18 
Stockton on Tees (tez), mfg. 
cml. sp. bor., Durham co., Eng., 

on Lees riv.pop. 51 

Stoke upon Trent (stok), mfg. 
bor., Staffordshire, England..p. 30 
Stolp (stolp), mfg. town, Pom¬ 
erania, Prussia .pop. 27 

Stoneham (ston'am), mfg. town, 

Middlesex co., Mass.pop. 6 

Stoughton (sto'tun), mfg. town, 

Norfolk co.. Mass.pop. 5 

Stourbridge (stour'brij), mfg. 
town, Worcestershire, England. 

pop. 16 

Straits Settlements, Malay 
pen., 1,543 sq. m.; cap. Singapore, 

Brit, colony .pop. 572 

Stralsund (stral'zoont), ft. sp. 
town, in dist. of same name. 
Pomerania prov., Prussia . .p. 31 
Strassburg (striis'boorg), mfg. 
cml. ft. city, cap. Of Alsace-Lor¬ 
raine, Ger.pop. 159 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 


































Str 


10S8 


Swi 


Stratford (strat'ferd). city & 
port of entry, c. s. of Perth co., 
Ontario prov., Canada. .. .pop. 10 
Stratford on Avon, bor., War¬ 
wickshire, England ; birthplace of 

Shakespeare ..pop. 8 

Straubing (strou'bing), mfg. 
town, Bavaria, Germany, .pop. 17 
Streator (stre'ter), min. city. 

Lasalle co.. Ill.pop. 14 

Stretford (stret'ford), par. & 
town, Lancashire, England..p. 30 
Striegan (stre'gou), town, 

Silesia prov., Prussia.pop. 13 

Stromboli (strom'bo-le), isl. 
with active vol., Lipari isls., Med¬ 
iterranean sea. 

Stroudsburg (strcudz'burg), 
bor., c. s. of Monroe co., Pa. 

pop. 3 

Stuttgart (stoot'gart), mfg. city, 
cap. of Wurttemberg, Ger.p. 170 
S u a k i n (swa'ken), sp. city. 

Egypt, Africa, on Red sea.p. 12 
Sucliau (soo'chou'), city, N. W. 

Iviangsu prov., China...pop. 500 
Sucre (soo'krA.), city, cap. of 
Chuquisaca dept., Bolivia, .p. 2S 
Sueca (swa'ka), town, Valencia 

prov., Spain .pop. 14 

Suez (soo-ez' or soo'ez), sp. city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, 

Egypt .pop. 11 

Suez, Istbmus of, 72 m. broad, 
joins Africa to Asia; crossed by 
ship canal 100 m. long. 

Suhl (zobl), mfg. town. Saxony 

prov., Russia .por> 13 

Sukkur (suk-kur'), town, Sind, 
Bombay pres., British India. 

pop. 29 

Suleimanieh (soo-la-ma-ne'ya), 
town, Mosul vilayet. Kurdistan, 

Turkey in Asia .pop. 15 

Sulmona (sool-mo'na). town, 

Aquila prov., Italy.pop. IS 

Sulu or Jolo (soo-loo' or sho-lo'), 
archipelago, S. W. Phil. isls.. 
1,01,9 sq. m.; cap. Sulu. . .pop. 23 
Sumao (soo-mou'L treaty port. 

Yunnan prov., China . . . .poo. 15 
Summit (sum'mit), city. Union 

co., N. J.pop. 5 

Sumter (sum'ter), city, c. s. of 

Sumter co., S. C.pop. 6 

Sumy (sbb'me). town, Kharkov 
govt., Russia in Europe. ..pop. 28 
Sunbury (sun'ber-i), bor., c. s. 
of Northumberland co., Pa..p. 10 


Sundbyerne (soon'byer-ne), two 
towns, Sundby East & West, 
Copenhagen amt., Denmark..p. 22 
Sundsvall (soons'val), sp. town, 
Vesternorrland prov., Sweden. 

pop. 15 

Superior, city, c. s. of Douglas 

co., Wis.pop. 31 

Superior, Lake, U. S. A. & Can¬ 
ada, 400 m. long, 002 ft. above 
sea, 32,000 sq. m. 

Surabaya (soo-ra-ba'ya), cap. of 
Dutch residency, N. E. Java, on 

Madura strait .pop. 125 

Surakarta or Soerakarta (soo- 
ra-kar'ta), cap. of Dutch resi¬ 
dency, cen. Java, on Solo riv. 

pop. 105 

Surat (soo-rat'), city, cap. of 
dist. of same name, Bombay, 

Brit. India .pop. 118 

Surbiton (sur'bi-tun), town, 

Surrey co., England .pop. 15 

Suresnes (su-ran'), mfg. town, 

dept. Seine, France.pop. 11 

Susa (soo'sa), sp. town, N. E. 

Tunis, N. Africa.pop. 13 

Susquekauua River (sus-que- 
han'na), riv., Pa., 422 m. long, 
including North Branch, to 
Chesapeake bay. 

Sutton ’(sut't’n), par. & town, 

Surrey co., England.pop. 17 

Sutton in AsbfLeld (ash'feld), 
par. & town, Nottinghamshire, 

England .pop. 15 

Sutton Coldfield, bor., War¬ 
wickshire, England.pop. 14 

Suvalki ( soo-val'ke), city, cap. 
of Suvalki govt., Poland Russia. 

pop. 24 

Svendborg (sven'borg), cml. 
town, cap. of amt. of same name, 

Fyn isl., Denmark.pop. 12 

S w a m p scott (swomp'skot), 

town, Essex co.. Mass.pop. 5 

Swansea (swon'se), sp. bor.. 
Glamorganshire, Wales...pop. 95 
Swatow (swa-tou'), cml. town, 
treaty port, Ivwangtung prov., 

China ..pop. 38 

Sweden (swe'den), country, N. 
Europe, 173,9G7 sq. m.; cap. 

►Stockholm .pop. 5.136 

Swindon (swin'dun), bor., Wilt¬ 
shire, England .pop. 45 

Swinton (swin'tun), mfg. town, 
W. Riding, Yorkshire, England. 

pop. 12 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her. let: line, tin: vSte, pOrch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 






























Swi 


10S9 


Tam 


Switzerland (swit' zer - land), 
city, federal republic, cen. Eu¬ 
rope, 15,90-4 sq. m.; cap. Bern. 

pop. 3,314 

Sydney (sid'ni), sp. town, c. s. 
of Cape Breton co., Nova Scotia, 

Can. .pop. 10 

Syedlets (syed'lyets), city, cap. 
govt, of same name, Poland, Rus¬ 
sia in Europe .pop. 17 

Sylhet (sil-het'), city, cap. of 

dist. of same name, Assam, Brit. 

India .pop. 14 

Syracuse (sir'a-kus), cml. & mfg. 

city, c. s. of Onondaga co., N. Y. 

pop. 108 

Syracuse, city, cap. of prov. of 
same name, anc. cap. of Sicily. 

pop. 32 

Syria ( sir'i-a), div. of Turkey in 
Asia. E of Mediterranean sea, 
109,509 sq. m.pop. 3,318 


Szabadka iso'bod-ko), cml. city, 
Hungary, 27 m. S W of Szegedin. 

pop. 82 

Szarvas (sor'vosli), town, Bikes 

co., Hungary .pop. 24 

Szatmar - Nemeti (sot'mar-mV- 
me-te), cml. town, cap. of Szat- 

mar co., Hungary.pop. 26 

Szegedin (seg'ed-en), mfg. & cml. 
town, cap. of Csongrad co., Hun¬ 
gary .pop. 103 

Szegszard (seg'sard), town, cap. 

of Tolna co., Hungary... .pop. 14 
Szekes Fejervar (sa'kesh fe'yar- 
vlir). mfg. & cml. town, cap. of 
c*. of same name, Hungary. 


pop. 32 

Szentes (sen'tesh), town, Cson¬ 
grad co., Hungary.pop. 31 

Szolnok (sol'nok), town, Hum 
gary, on Tisza riv.pop. 21 


T 


Taal (ta'al), pueblo, Batangas 

prov., Luzon .pop. 33 

Tabaco (ta-vii'ko), pueblo, Albay 
prov., Luzon, Phil, islands..p. 17 
Tabriz (ta-brez'), cml. citv, cap. 
of Azerbaijan prov., N. W. Per¬ 
sia .pop. 180 

Tacoma (ta-ko'ma), city. c. s. 

of Pierce co.. Wash.pop. 38 

Tacubaya (ta-koo-ba'ya), town. 

Federal dist., Mexico.pop. 15 

Tagal (ta-gaT), city, cap. of 
Dutch residency of same name, 

Java .pop. 16 

Taganrog (ta-gan-rok'), cml. sp. 
town, Don Cossacks ter., Russia 

in Europe .pop. 52 

Tahiti (ta'hete), isl., Society 
group, S. Pacific ocean, 600 so. 

m.; cap. Papeiti .pop. 11 

Tainan (ti'niin'). treaty port, 
S. W. coast, Formosa isl., Japan. 

pop. 60 

Taiyuen ('ti'yoo-en'), walled 
city, cap. of Shansi prov., China. 

pop. 50 

Takamatsu (t&'ka-mrt'soo), sp. 
city, N. coast of Shikoku isl.. 
Japan .pop. 34 


Takaoka (ta'ka-5'ka), city, cen. 

Hondo isl., Japan .pop. 31 

Takasaki (ta'ka-sa'kel, mfg. 

city, cen. Hondo isl., Japan.p. 31 
Taka t a (ta'ka-ta), city, cen. 

Hondo isl., Japan .pop. 20 

Talcahuano (tal-ka-wii'no), ft. 
sp. city, Concepcion prov., Chile. 

pop. 15 

Tali (ta'le'), cml. town, Yunnan 

prov., China.pop. 23 

Talisay (ta-le-si'L pueblo, E. 

coast of Cebu, Phil. isls. .pop. 19 
Tamatave (ta-ma-tilv'), city, 
chief port of Madagascar isl., on 

E. coast .pop. 15 

Tanibobong (tam-bo'bong), 
pueblo, Rizal prov., Luzon, Phil. 

islands .pop. 25 

Tambov (tam-bof'), cml. town, 
cap. of Tambov govt., Russia. 

pop. 48 

Tamise ('ta-mez'). mfg. town, E. 

Flanders prov., Belgium, .pop. 13 
Tainmerfors (tarn' mer - fors), 

town, Tavastehus govt., Finland, 

Russia . .pop. 34 

Tampa (tam'pa), city, c. s. of 

Hillsboro co.. Fla.pop. 16 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her. let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 




































Tam 


1090 


Ten 


Tampico (tam-pe'ko), sp. town, 
Mexico, on Gulf of Mexico.p. 12 
Tananarivo (ta - na - na - re'vo), 
cml. town, cap. of Madagascar 

island .pop. 50 

Tananan (ta-na'wan), pueblo, 
Batangas prow, Luzon, Phil. isls. 

pop. 20 

Tananan, pueblo, E. Leyte, Phil. 

isls.pop. 19 

Tanda (tiin'du), town, Faizabad 
dist., Oudh, British India..p. 20 
Tangermiinde (tang-er-mun'de), 
town, Saxony prow, Prussia. 

pop. 12 

Tangier (tan-jer'), sp. town^ 

Morocco, Africa .pop. 25 

Tanta (tiin'ta), town, cap. of 

Garbieh prow, Egypt, Africa. 

pop. 57 

Tarabulus (ta-ra'boo-loos), cml. 
town, Syria, Turkey in Asia. 

pop. 30 

Taranto (ta'ran-to), cml. ft. sp. 

city, Lecce prow, Italy...pop. 01 
Tarascha (t-a-rash'cha). town, 
Kiev govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 15 

Tarbes (tarb), mfg. town, cap. of 
dept. Hautes-Pyrenees, France. 

pop. 26 

Tarentum (ta-ren'tum), bor., 

Allegheny co., Pa.pop. 5 

Tarifa (ta-re'fa), mfg. cml. sp. 

town, Cadiz prow, S. Spain.p. 13 
Tarnopol (tar-no'nol), town, 
Galicia prow, Austria. . . .pop. 30 
Tarnow (tar'noof), mfg. town, 
N. W. Galicia prow, Austria. 

pop. 32 

Tarnowitz (tar'no-vits), town, 
Silesia prow, Prussia . . . .pop. 12 
Tarrasa (tar-rii'sa), mfg. town, 
Barcelona prow, Spain, .pop. 13 
Tarrytown (tar'ri-toun), vil.. 

Westchester co., N. Y....pop. 5 
Tarsus (tiir'sus), town, Adana 

vilayet, Asia Minor.pop. 18 

Tarudant fta-roo-dant'), town, 
Sus prow, Morocco. Africa.p. 30 
Tasco (tas'ko), town, Guerrero 

state. Mexico .pop. 14 

Tashkend or Tashkent (tash- 
kent'). city, cap. of Syr-Darya 
govt.. Russia, & of Russian Tur¬ 
kestan .pop. 156 

Tatary (ta'ta-ri), or Tartary 
(tar'ta-ri), indefinite region, Asia 


& Europe, Sea of Japan to 
Dnieper river. 

Tatsienlu (tli-tsen-loo'), cml. 
city, W. part of Szechuan prow, 

China .pop. 500 

Taubate (tou-ba-ta/), town, Sao 

Paulo state, Brazil.pop. 16 

Taung-ngu (toung'-ngoo'), city, 
cap. of dist. of same name,. 

Lower Burma .pop. 18 

Taunton (tiin'tun or tawn'tun), 
mfg. city, c. s. of Bristol co.. 

Mass.pop. 31 

Taunton, mfg. bor., Somerset co., 

England .pop. 21 

Tavira (ta-ve'ra), cml. town, 
Algarve prow, Portugal ..pop. 12 
Tayug (ta-yoog'), pueblo, Pan- 
gasinan prow, Luzon, Phil. isls. 

pop. 20 

Tchad or Chad (chad), lake of 
varying area, Sudan, cen. Africa. 
Teano (ta-a'no), cml. town, Ca- 

serta prow, Italy .pop. 13 

Teddington (ted'ding-tun), par. 
& town, Middlesex co., Eng.p. 14 
Teheran (te-h’ran'), city, cap. 

of kingdom of Persia ...pop. 250 
Tehri (te-re'), town, Bundel- 

khand, cen. India.pop. 18 

Tehuantepec (ta-wan-ta-pec')> 
Isthmus of, S. Mexico, 130 m. 
wide, bet. Gulf of Mexico & Pa¬ 
cific ocean ;—Gulf of. Pacific 
ocean, Mexican coast:—towh, 
Oaxaca state. Mexico. .. .pop. 9 
Tekax (ta-kiih'), town, Yucatan, 

Mexico .pop. 18 

Tellicheri (tel-li-cher'i), cml. sp. 
town, Malabar dist., Madras, 

British India .pop. 27 

Temax (tfi-miih'), town, Yucatan, 

Mexico .pop. 17 

Temesvar (tem'esh-var), cml. ft. 
city, cap. of Temes co., Hungary. 

pop. 53 

Tempio Fausania (tem'pe-o 
pou-za'ne-a), town, Sassari prow, 

Sardinia isl., Italy .pop. 15 

Temryuk (tyem-ryook'), sp. 
town, Kuban ter., Caucasus, Rus¬ 
sia .pop. 15 

Tenerife (ten-er-if'), largest of 
Canary isls., 780 sq. m.; cap. 
Santa Cruz de Tenerife . .pop. 94 
Tengchau (teng'chou'), town, 
Shantung prow. China..pop. 230 
T e n k a s i (ten-ka'se), town, 
Madras, British India. .. .pop. 13 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he. her. let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; m5on. 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 



























Ten 


1091 


Tol 


Tennessee (ten-nes-se'), state, 
S. E. cen. U. S. A., 42,050 sq. m. ; 

cap. Nashville .pop. 2,021 

Tennessee River, riv., U. S. A., 
039 m. long, flows into Ohio river. 
Tepic (ta-pek'), city, cap. of ter. 

of same name, W. Mexico.. p. 15 
Teplitz (tap'lits), town, Bohe¬ 
mia, Austria. 

pop. with Schonau 24 
Teramo (ta'ra-mo), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, E. cen. Italy. 

pop. 25 

Terlizzi (ter-let'se), town, Bari 

prov., Italy .pop. 23 

Terni (ter'ne), mfg. town, Peru¬ 
gia prov., Italy .pop. 31 

Terre Haute (ter're hot'), cml. 
& mfg. city, c. s.‘ of Vigo co., Ind. 

pop. 37 

Teschen (tesli'en),. mfg. town, 
Silesia prov., Austria. .. .pop. 19 
Texas (teks'as), agr. & past, 
state, S W U. S. A., 265,780 
sq. m. ; cap. Austin.. .pop. 3,049 
Thames (tliarnz), riv., Conn., 
flow’s into Long Island sound. 
Thames (temz), river, Eng., 210 
m. long, to North sea; traverses 
London. 

Thames, river, Ontario prov., 
Canada, 1G0 m. long, to Lake St. 
Clair. 

Thana (ta'na), city, cap. of dist. 
of same name, Bombay, British 

India ..pop. 18 

Therezina (ta-re-ze'na), town, 
cap. of Piauhy state, Brazil.p. 24 
Thermopylae (ther - mop' e - le), 
famous pass, Greece, 9 m. S S E 
of Lamia. 

Thielt (telt), mfg. & cml. town, 
W. Flanders prov., Belgium.p. 11 
Thiers (tyar), mfg. towm, dept. 

Puy-de-Dome, France. ... .pop. 18 
Thomasville (tom'as-vil), town, 
c. s. of Thomas co., Ga. . .pop. 5 
Thompson (tomp'sun), mfg. 

town, Windham co., Conn.pop. 6 
Thorn (torn), cml. & mfg. town, 
W. Prussia prov., Prussia..p. 30 
Thornaby on Tees (thorn'a-bi 
on tez'), bor., N. Riding, York¬ 
shire, England ....pop. 16 

Thornhill (thorn'il or hil),town, 
W. Riding, Yorkshire, England. 

pon. 10 

Tiber (ti'ber), .riv., cen. Italy, 
244 m. long. 


Tiel (tel), cml. towm & comm., 
Gelderland* Netherlands, .pop. It 
Tientsin (te-en'tsen'), cml. city 
& treaty port, Pechili prov., 

China.pop. 950 

Tierra del Fuego (te-er'ra del 
fwa'go), group of isls., S. end 
South America. 

Tiffin (tif'fin), mfg. city, c. s. of 

Seneca co., Ohio .pop. 11 

Tiflis (tye-flyes'), city. cap. of 
Transcaucasia govt., Russia. 

pop. 161 

Tigris (ti'gris), riv., Turkey in 
Asia, 1,150 m. long, flow’s into 
Euphrates river. 

Tilburg (til'burg), mfg. town & 
comm., N. Brabant prov., Neth¬ 
erlands .pop. 41 

Tilsit (til'sit), mfg. & cml. town, 

E. Prussia .pop. 35 

Timbuktu (tim-buk'too), cml. 

town, Sudan, cen. Africa.pop. 13 
Tineo (te-mVo). city, Oviedo 

prov., N. W. Spain.pop. 22 

Tipton (tip'tun), min. & mfg. 
towm, Staffordshire, England. 

pop. 31 

Tiraspol (tye-ras-pol'), town 
Kherson govt., Russia in Eu¬ 
rope .pop. 28 

Tirlemont (ter’l-mong'), cml. & 
mfg. town, Brabant prov., Bel¬ 
gium .pop. 18 

Titicaca, Lake (tit-e-ka'ka), ex¬ 
tends bet. S. Peru & Bolivia, 
3,261 sq. m. 

Tivoli (te'vo-le), tow 7 n, Italy, 
18 m. E N E of Rome.... pop. 13 
Tiziuzu (te-ze-oo-zo5'), town, Al¬ 
giers dept., Algeria .pop. 28 

Tlemcen (tlem-sen'), cml. towm, 
Oran dept., Algeria, Africa.p. 35 
Tobolsk (to-bolsk'), city, cap. of 
govt, of same name, W. Siberia, 

Russia in Asia .pop. 20 

Toda (to'da), city, cen. Hondo 
isl., Japan, near Yokohama.p. 20 
Todi (to'de), comm., Perugia 

prov., Italy .pop. 17 

Todmcrden (tod'mor-den), mfg. 

towm, Lancashire, England.p. 25 
Tokat (td-kat'), mfg. city, Sivas 

vilayet, Asia Minor.pop. 48 

Tokyo or Tokio (to'ke-o), city, 
cap. of Japanese empire, E. coast 

of Hondo isl.pop. 1,819 

Toledo (to-le'do), mfg. cml. city, 


late, mar, mask, cat, awd ; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 

























Tol 


1002 


Tre 


port of entry, c. s. of Lucas co., 

O.pop. 132 

Toledo (to-la'tho), city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, cen. Spain. 

pop. 21 

Tolentino (to-lan-te'no), town, 
Italy, 11 m. from Macerata. 

pop. 13 

Toluca (to-loo'ka). town, cap. of 

Mexico state, Mexico.pop. 23 

Toniba (tong'ba), town, Minas 

Geraes, Brazil.dist. pop. 38 

Tombigbee River (tom-big'be), 
450 m. long, N. E. Miss, to Ala¬ 
bama riv. 

Tomsk (tumsk), cml. city % cap. 
of govt, of same name, W. Si¬ 
beria, Russia in Asia. .. .pop. 52 
Tonawanda (ton-a-wan'da). vil., 

Erie co., N. Y.pop. 7 

Tonk (tonk), city, cap. of native 
state of same name, Rajputana, 

India .pop. 40 

Tonkin or Tonquin (ton-ken'), 
ter.. Indo China, annexed to 
France in 1SS4; 46,023 sq. m.; 

cap. Hanoi .pop. 7,000 

Topeka (to-pe'ka), city, cap. of 
Kansas & of Shawnee co... . p. 34 
Torgau (tor'gou), mfg.. town, 
Saxony prov., Prussia, on Elbe 

river .pop. 12 

Toronto (to-ron'to), mfg. & cml. 
city, cap. of Ontario prov., Can¬ 
ada .pop. 208 

Torquay (tor-ke'), bor., Devon¬ 
shire, Eng.pop. 34 

Torre Annunziata (tor'rfi an- 
noon-tse-a'ta), mfg. town, Naples 

prov., Italy .pop. 28 

Torre del Greco (tor'ra del gra'- 
ko), town, Italy, at ft. of Mt. 

Vesuvius .pop. 33 

Torre Maggiore (tor'ra mad-jo'- 
ra), town, Foggia prov., Italy. 

pop. 11 

Torrington (tor'ring-tun ), mfg. 
town & bor., Litchfield co., Conn. 

town pop. 12 
Tortona (tor-to'na). mfg. town, 
Alessandria prov., Piedmont, 

Italy .pop. 17 

Tortosa (tor-to'za), cml. & mfg. 
town, Tarragona prov., Spain. 

pop. 25 

Torzhok (tar-zhok'), mfg. town, 
Tver govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 15 

Totonicapan (to-to-ne-ka-pan'), 


mfg. town, Guatemala, Central 

America .pop. 8 

Tottenham (tot'ten-am), town, 
Middlesex co., England, .pop. 103 
Tottori (tot'to-re), sp. town, in 

dist. of same name, W. Hondo 

isl., Japan .pop. 28 

Toul (tool), ft. mfg. town, dept. 
Meurthe-et-Moselle, France. 

pop. 12 

Toulon, (too-long'), ft. sp. city, 

dept. Var, France.pop. 102 

Toulouse (too-looz'), cml. & mfg. 
city, cap. of dept. Haute-Garonne, 

France .pop. 150 

Tourcoiug (toor-kwang'), mfg. 

town, dept. Nord, France...p. 70 
Tour nay (toor-na'), cml. & mfg. 
town, Hainaut prov., Belgium. 

pop. 35 

Tours (toor), mfg. & cml. city, 
cap. of dept. Indre - et - Loire, 

France .pop. 65 

Townsville (tounz'vil), - sp. 
town, E. Queensland, Australia. 

pop. 13 

Toyoliashi (to-yo-hfi'she), city, 
cen. Hondo isl., Japan . .pop. 22 
Trafalgar, Cape (traf-al-giir'), 
S. W. coast of Cadiz, Spain. 
Trani (trii'ne), cml. sp. town, 
Bari prov., Italy, on Adriatic 

sea.pop. 32 

Transvaal Colony (trans-val'), 
formerly South African Republic, 
Brit, colony, S. Africa, 119,139 
sq. m.; cap. Pretoria, .pop. 1,043 
Trau (trou), sp. town, Dalma¬ 
tia, Austria .pop. 17 

Trautenau (trou'te-nou), mfg. 

town, Bohemia, Austria, .pop. 15 
Trebitsch (trfi'bich), mfg. town, 

Moravia, Austria .pop. 11 

Trebizond (treb'i-zond), sp. 
city, cap. of vilayet of same 
name, N. E. Asia Minor..pop. 35 
Tredegar (tred'e-gar or tre-de' 
gar), min. & mfg. town, Mon¬ 
mouthshire, England.pop. 19 

Trenton (tren'tun), city, c. s. 

of Grundy co., Mo.pop. 5 

Trenton, mfg. city, cap. of N. J. 

& c. s. of Mercer co.pop. 73 

Treves (trevz), city, cap. of dist. 

of same name, Rhine prov. .p. 43 
Treviglio (tr;\-vel'yo), town, 
Bergamo prov., Lombardy, N. 

Italy ...pop. 15 

Treviso (tra-ve'zo), city, cap. of 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he, her. let: line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 































Tri 


1003 


Tur 


prov. of same name, Venetia, 

Italy .pop. 34 

Trickinopoli (trich-in-op'o-li), 
cml. & mfg. town, cap. of (list, of 
same name, Madras pres., British 

India .pop. 105 

Trieste (tre-es'tu), or Triest 
tre'est), cml. sp. city, cap. of 
Kustenland prov., Austria. 

pop. with suburbs 179 
Trikkal* (trek'ka-la), city, cap. 
of Trikkala nome, Thessaly, 

Greece.pop. 21 

Trinconiali (trin-ko-ma-le'), sp. 

towm, N. E. coast of Ceylon isl¬ 
and .pop. 12 

Trinidad (trin-i-dad'), cml. city, 
c. s. of Las Animas co., Col. 

pop. 5 

Trinidad, city, Santa Clara 

prov., Cuba .pop. 11 

Trinidad, isl., British W. Indies, 
1,754 sq. m.; cap. Port of Spain. 

pop. 253 

Trino (tre'no), town, Novaro 
prov.. Piedmont, Italy ...pop. 12 
Tripoli (trip'o-li), country, N. 
Africa, a vilayet of the Ottoman 
Empire, 350,000 sq. m..pop. 700 
Tripoli, city. cap. of country of 
same name, N. Africa.. .pop. 40 
Trivandrum (tre-van'droom), 
sp. cap. of Travancor state, South 

Madras, Br. India .pop. 2S 

Trondkjem (tron'yem), ft. sp. 

city, can. of Sdndre Trondhjem 

prov., Norway .pop. 38 

Troppau (trop'pou), ft. mfg. 

town, cap. of Silesia duchy, Aus¬ 
tria .pop. 27 

Trowbridge (tro'brij). mfg. 

town, Wiltshire, England..p. 12 
Troy (troi), mfg. & cml. city, 
c. s. of Rensselaer co., N. Y. 

pop. Gl 

Troy, cml. city, c. s. of Miami co., 

O.pop. 6 

Troyes (trwii), mfg. & cml. citv, 
cap. of dept. Aube, France..p. 53 
Truro (tru'ro), cml. sp. city & 
bor., Cornwall co., England.p. 12 
Tsaritsyn (tsa-re'tsin), _ cml. 

town, Saratov govt., Russia in 

Europe .pop. 56. 

Tsarskoe Selo (tsar'sko-ye sye- 
16'), mfg. town, St. Petersburg 

govt., Russia .pop. 16 

Tsinan (tse-niin'). mfg. & cml. 


town, cap. of Shantung prov., 

China .pop. 200 

Tsingchau (tsing'chou'), mfg. 
town, Shantung prov., China. 

pop. 160 

Tsitsikar (tset-se-kiir'), town, 
cap. of Helung Kiang prov., 

Manchuria .pop. 30 

Tsu (tsoo), sp. city, on Owari 
bay, S. E. Hondo isl., Japan. 

pop. 33 

Tsungngan (tsoong'ngiin'), cml. 
town, Fukien prov., China.p. 100 
Tsuruoka (tsoo-roo-o'ka), city, 
N. Hondo isl., Japan. .. .pop. 20 
Tubigon (too-be'gon), pueblo, 
W. coast of Bohol, Phil, islands. 

pop. 16 

Tubingen (tu'bing-en) ,• mfg. 
town, Wurttemberg, Germany. 

pop. 15 

Tucson (tu-son' or tuk'sun), cml. 
city, c. s. of Pima co., Arizona. 

pop. 8 

Tucuman (too-koo-man'), city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, Ar¬ 
gentina .pop. 50 

Tuguegarao (too - ga - ga-ra'5), 
pueblo, cap. of Cagayan prov., 

Luzon, Phil, isls.pop. 17 

Tula (too'la), town, S. W. part 
of Tamaulipas state, Mexico. 

pop. 19 

Tula (tod'la), mfg. town, cap. of 
govt, of same name, cen. Russia 

in Europe.pop. Ill 

Tulcea or Tulcka (tool'cha), 
cml. town, cap. of dist. of same 
name, Dolrogea, Roumania.p. 17 
Tulle (tul), town, cap. of dept. 

Correze, France .pop. 17 

Tunbridge (tun'brij), mfg. town, 
Kent co., England ....'..pop. 13 
Tunbridge "Wells, bor., Kent 
co., England; mineral snrings. 

pop. 33 

Tungkwan (toong'kwan'), ft. 

town, Shensi prov., China.pop. 80 
Tunis < tu'nis), country, N. Af¬ 
rica, 38,456 sq. m. ; French pro¬ 
tectorate .pop. 1,906 

Tunis, cml. & mfg. town, cap. _of 
country of same name. . .pop. 170 
Tunstall (tun'stawl), town, 
Staffordshire, England.. . .nop. 19 
Turin (tu'rin). cml. & mfg. city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, & of 
Piedmont, N. W. Italy..pop. 336 
Turkestan (toor-kes-tan'), 


late, mlir, mask, cat, awl ; he. her. let; line, tin : vote, porch, lot; moon, 

<x>ok ; mute, nut, thin, the n. 




























Tur 


1094 


Ups 


region, cen. Asia, divided bet. 
Russia, China, Bokhara & Af¬ 
ghanistan. 

T u r k e v e (toor'ke-ve), town, 
Hungary, on Berettyo river..p. 13 
Turkey (tur'ki), or Ottoman 
Empire (ot'to-man), in Europe, 
Africa & Asia, 1,579,982 sq. m. ; 
cap. Constantinople, .pop. 40,441 
Turnhout (turn-hout'), mfg. 
town, Antwerp prov., Belgium. 

pop. 21 

Tuscaloosa (tus-ka-loo'sa), city, 
c. s. of Tuscaloosa co., Ala..pop. 5 
Tuscany (tus'ka-ni), former 
dept., Italy, 9,307 sq. m. 
Tuticorin (too-te-kor'in), sp. 
town,. Tinnevelli dist., S. Madras. 

British India.pop. 25 

Tutlingen (toot'ling-en), mfg. 
town, Wiirttemberg, Germany. 

pop. 13 


Tutuila (tod-too-e'la), isl., Sa¬ 
moa, 54 sq. m.; belongs to U. 

S. A.pop. 4 

Tver (tvyar), city, cap. of Tver 
govt., Russia in Europe, .pop. 53 
Tweed (twed), riv., 96 m. long, 
Peebles co., Scotland, to North 
sea. 

Twickenham (twik'cn-am), 
town, Middlesex co., England. 

pop. 21 

Tyler (tl'ler), town, c. s. of 

Smith co., Texas .pop. 8 

Tynemouth (tin'muth or tin), 
bor., Northumberland co., Eng¬ 
land .pop. 52 

Tyrnau (tir'nou). mfg. town, 
Pozsony co., W. Hungary, .p. 12 
Tyumen (tyoo-man'), cml. & 
mfg. town, Tobolsk govt., Russia 
in Asia .pop. 30 


XJ- 


TJbeda (oo'va-tha), cml. town, 

Jaen prov., Spain.pop. 19 

Uccle (u'kl), comm., Brabant 

prov., Belgium.pop. 19 

Uckendorf (uk'ken-dorf), min. 

vil., Westphalia, Prussia. .pop. 22 
Udaipur (oo'dl-poor), city, cap. 
of native state of same name, 

Rajputana, India .pop. 47 

Udong (oo'dong), town, Cambo¬ 
dia, Indo China, Asia....pop. 12 
Ufa (oo'fa), city, cap. of govt, of 

same name, Russia.pop. 50 

Uganda (oo-gan'da), country, 
cen. Africa, 140.000 sq. m.; cap. 
Mengo; Brit, protectorate. 

pop. 4.000 

Uglich (oog'Iyech), town, Yaro¬ 
slav govt., Russia in Europe. 

nop. 13 

Uhrichsville (h'riks-vil), city, 

Tuscarawas co., O.non 5 

U.ji yamada (oo-je-va'ma-da), 
city, cen. Hondo isl., Japan. 

nop. 28 

Ujjain Coo-jin'), city, Gwalior 

state, cen. India .pop. 35 

Ui Pest C oo’y' pesht). town. 
Hungary, N of Budapest.. .p. 42 


Ulm (oolm), ft. mfg. & cml. town, 
Wiirtemberg, Germany. . . pop. 43 
Uman (oo-man'), town, Kiev 
govt., Russia in Europe, .pop. 29 
Umbertide (oom-ber-te'da), 
comm., Perugia prov., Italy.p. 13 
Ungvar (oong'var), cml. town, 
cap. of Ung co., Hungary.pop. 12 
Union, town, Hudson co., N. J. 

nop. 15 

Union, La Cla oo-ne-on'). city, 

Murcia prov., Spain.pop. 21 

Uniontown, bor., c. s. of Fayette 

co.. Pa.pop. 7 

United States of America, 
The, a federal republic in cen. N. 
America, with island possessions 
in the Pacific ocean & Porto Rico 
isl. in the West Indies. 3.538,133 
so. m.. exclusive of islands: cap. 

Washington .pop. 76.303 

Unley (un'li), town, S. Aus¬ 
tralia ; suburb of Adelaide. 

pop. 18 

Unna (oon'na). min. town, West¬ 
phalia prov., Prussia... .pop. 15 
Upsala (up-sa'Ki). city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Sweden. 

pop. 23 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her. let: line, tin : vote, porch. Jot: moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 

























Ura 


1095 


Var 


Ural Mountains (u'ral), Rus¬ 
sia, fr. Arctic ocean to Orenberg. 
Uralsk (oo-ral'y’sk), city, cap. 
of govt, of same name, Khirgiz 
steppe, Russia in Asia....pop. 37 
Urbana (ur-ban'a), city, c. s. of 

Champaign co., Ill.pop. 6 

Urbino (oor-be'no), city, Pesaro 
e Urbino prov., Marches, cen. 

Italy ..pop. G 

Urdaneta (oor-da-na'ta), pueblo, 
Pangasinan prov., Luzon, Phil. 

islands .pop. 17 

Urfa (oor-fa'), ft. town, Aleppo 
vilayet, Syria, Turkey in Asia. 

pop. 55 

Urfakr (oor'fiir), town, Upper 

Austria.pop. 13 

Urga (oor'ga), cml. & sacred 
town,, N. Mongolia, Chinese em¬ 
pire .pop. 30 


Urgenj (oor-genj')» town, Khiva 
khanate, Turkestan, Asia...p. 22 
Urumtsi (oo-rbom'tse), town, 
Sungaria, Chinese empire..p. 15 
Ushak (oo-shak'), mfg. town, 

Turkey in Asia .pop. 15 

Uskup (us-kup'), town, cap. of 
Kosovo vilayet, Turkey..pop. 22 
Usulutan (oo-soo-loo-tan'), town, 
Salvador, Cen. America, .pop. 12 
Utakamand (oo-ta-ka-mund')» 
town, cap. of Nilgiri dist., Ma¬ 
dras pres., Brit. India... .pop. 15 
Utica (u'ti-ka), mfg. city, c. s. 

of Oneida co., N. Y.pop. 56 

Utrera (oo-tra'ra), town, Seville 

prov., Spain.pop. 15 

Utsunoiniya (oot-soo-no-me'ya), 
city, cen. Hondo island, Japan. 

pop. 32 

Uyeda ( oo'ya-da), city, cen. 
Hondo isl., Japan .pop. 24 


V 


Vacs (r^ts), town. Pest co., Hun¬ 
gary .....pop. 15 

Valdepenas (viil - da - pan' yas), 
town, Ciudad Real prov., Spain v 

pop. 15 

Valdes (val-das'), town, Oviedo 


prov., Spain .pop. 22 

Valeggio sul Mincio (vaded'jo 
sool men'cho), town, Verona 
prov., Italy .pop. 66 


Valenca (va-lang'sa), town, Rio 
de Janeiro state, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 34 
Valence (va-langs'), mfg. town, 
cap. of dept, of Drome, France. 

pop. 27 

Valencia (va-len'shi-a), city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, 

Spain .pop. 205 

Valencia, cml. city, cap. of Cara- 
bobo state, Venezuela, South 

America .pop. 38 

Valenciennes (va - liing - syen'), 
mfg. cml. ft. town, dept. Nord, 

France ..pop. 31 

Valetta (va-let'ta), sp. city, cap. 
of Malta isl., Mediterranean sea. 

pop. 62 


Vails (vals), mfg. town, Tarra¬ 
gona prov., Spain.pop. 13 

Valparaiso (val-pa-ri'so), mfg. 
city, c. s. of Porter co., Ind. 

pop. 6 

Valparaiso, city, cap. of prov. 

of same name, Chile... .pop. 136 
Van (van), city, cap. of vilayet 
of same name, Kurdistan, Turkey 

in Asia .pop. 30 

Vancouver (van-koo'ver), Brit¬ 
ish isl. off W. coast of British 
Columbia, Canada, 15,937 sq. m. 

• pop. 37 

Vancouver, city, British Colum¬ 
bia, terminus of Canadian Pa¬ 


cific Ry.pop. 26 

Vannes (van), mfg. & cml. sp. 
town, cap. of dept. Morbihan. 

France . pop. 23 

V a n v e s (vanv), town, dept. 
Seine, France .pop. 11 


Van Wert (van wert'), city, c. s. 

of Van Wert co., O.pop. 6 

Varese (va-ra/s&), town, Como 
prov., Lombardy, N. Italy..p. 18 
Varna (vaFna), cml. ft. sp. town. 


late, mar, misk, cat, awl ; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 



























Vas 


1090 


Vil 


cap. of dept, of same name, Bul¬ 
garia .pop. 33 

Vasilkov (va-sel’y-kOf'), town, 

Kiev govt., Russia .pop. 18 

Vassouras (vas-so'rash), town, 
Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. 

dist. pop. 30 
Vasto (viis'to), town, Chieti 

prov., Italy .pop. 16 

Veendam (van-dam'), comm. & 
vil., Groningen, Netherlands. 

comm. pop. 11 
Vejle (va'y’le), town, cap. of 
Vejle amt., S. E. Jutland, Den¬ 
mark .pop. 15 

Velbert (vel-bert'), mfg. town, 
Dusseldorf dist., Rhine prov., 

Prussia .pop. IT 

Velez (va'las), town, Santander 

dept., Colombia.pop. 15 

Velez Malaga (va'lath rna'la- 
ga), town, Malaga prov., Spain. 

pop. 24 

Velizh (va-lyesli'), cml. town, 
Vitebsk govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 18 

Velletri (vel-la'tre), town, Rome 

prov., Italy .pop. 20 

Vellore (vel-lor'), town, N. Ar- 
cot dist., Madras, Br. India.p. 45 
Venezuela (ven-e-zwe'la), rep., 
N. part S. Am., 396,537 sq. m.; 

cap. Caracas .pop. 2,445 

Venice (ven'is), cml. & mfg. 
city, cap. of Venetia, Italy, on 
islands in Adriatic sea. .pop. 152 
Venlo (ven-lo'), town & comm., 
Limburg prov., Netherlands. 

comm. pop. 14 
Vera Cruz (ver'a krooz), sp. city, 
in state of Vera Cruz, Mexico. 

pop. 24 

Vercelli (ver-chel'le), city, No¬ 
vara prov., Piedmont, Italy.p. 31 
Verdun (ver-dung'), ft. mfg. 

town, dept. Meuse, France, .p. 21 
Vermont (ver-mont'), state, N E 
U. S. A., 9,565 sq. m.; cap. Mont- 

pelier..pop. 344 

Veroli (veFo-le), comm., Rome 

prov., Italy .pop. 13 

Verona (va-ro'na), ft. city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, Venetia. 

Italy ..pop. 74 

Versailles (ver-sii'y), city, cap. 
of dept. Seine-et-Oise, France. 

pop. 55 

Versecz (ver'shets), ft. town. 
Temes co., Hungary.pop. 25 


Verviers (vhr-vya'), mfg. town, 

Liege prom., Belgium.pop. 52 

Vesteras (ves-ter-os'), town, 
cap. of Vestmanland prov., Swe¬ 
den .pop. 12 

Veszprem (ves'pram), city, cap. 
of Veszprem co., W. Hungary. 

pop. 13 

Vi a dan a (ve-a-da'na), town, 

Mantua prov., Italy.pop. 16 

Viareggio (ve-a-red'jo), sp. 

town, Lucca prov., Italy..pop. 17 
Viborg (ve'borg), city. cap. of 
Viborg govt, Finland, Russia. 

pop. 25 

Vicenza (ve-chent'sa), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, Venetia_, 

Italy .pop. 45» 

Vick (vech), town, Barcelona 

prov., Spain.pop. 12 

Vicky (ve-she'), town, dept. Al- 
lier, France; famous mineral 

springs .pop. 14 

Vicksburg (viks'burg), city, 
c. s. of Warren co., Miss...p. 15 
Vicosa (ve-so'za), town, Minas 

Geraes, Brazil.dist. pop. 46 

Victoria (vik'to-ri-a), sp. city, 
cap. of Hongkong colony, China. 

pop. 161 

Victoria, sp. city, cap. of Brit. 

Columbia, Canada .pop. 21 

Victoria Falls, Zambesi river, 
British S. Africa, about 450 ft. 
high. 

Victoria Nyanza (nyan'za), 

lake, E. Africa, a source of Nile 
river. 

Vienna (ve-en'na), Ger. Wien 
(ven), mfg. & cml. city, cap. of 

Austria-Hungary.pop. 1,662 

Viernheim (fern'hlm), market 
town, Starkenburg prov., Hesse, 

Germany .pop. 7 

Vigan (ve'gan), pueblo, cap. of 

Ilocos Sur prov., Luzon, Phil. 

isls.pop. 19 

Vigevano (ve-ja-va'no), mfg. 

town, Pavia prov., Italy, .pop. 24 
Vigo ( ve'go), sp. town, Ponte- 

vedra prov., Spain.pop. 15 

Vilkomir (vel-j-ka-mer'), town, 
Kovno govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 17 

Villa Rica (vel'ya re'ka), town, 

S. cen. Paraguay.pop. 25 

Villarosa (vel'la ro'za), town, 
Sicily, Italy .pop. 12 


late; mar, mask, cat, awl; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; mooa, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 






























Vil 


1097 


Wak 


Villaviciosa (vel'ya-ve-the-o'sa), 
town, Guadalajara, Spain, .p. 20 
Villa Vicosa (vel'la ve-so'za), 
town, Alagoas, Brazil, .dist. p. 36 
Villefranclie (vel - frangsh'), 
town, dept. Aveyron, France. 

pop. 10 

Villefranche, mfg. town, dept. 

Rhone, France .pop. 15 

Villena (vel-ya'na), town, Ali¬ 
cante prov., Spain.pop. 15 

Villeurbanne (vel - ur - ban'), 
mfg. town, dept. Rhone, France. 

pop. 29 

Vilno (vel'no), or W’ilna (na), 
city, cap. of Vilno govt., Russia. 

pop. 160 

Vilvorde (vel-vord'), mfg. town, 
Brabant prow, Belgium. .. .p. 13 
Vincennes (vin-senz'), city, c. s. 

of Knox co., Ind.pop. 10 

Vincennes (vang-sen'), mfg. 

town, dept. Seine, Fr....pop. 31 
Vinnetsa (ven'nye-tsa), town, 
Podolia govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 29 

Viramgam ( ve-rum-gam'), town, 

Gujarat, Bombay.pop. 23 

Virginia (ver-jin'i-a), state, 
U. S. A., 42,450 sq. m.; can. 

Richmond .pop. 1,854 

Viterbo (ve-ter'bo), city, cen. 

Italy, 40 m. N of Rome..pop. 21 
Vitre (ve-tra'), mfg. & cml. 
town, dept. Ule-et-Vilaine, 

France .pon. 11 

Vittoria (vet-to're-a), town, 
Syracuse prov., Sicily, Italy. 

pon. 32 

Vittoria, town, cap. of Alava 

nrov., Spain .pop. 31 

Vittorio (vet-to're-o), mfg. 

town, Treviso prov., Italy..p. 19 
Vizagapatam (ve-za-gti-pu- 
tam'), sp. city, cap. of dist. of 


same name, Madras pres., British 

India .pop. 35 

Vizianagram (ve-ze-u-nu- 

gram'), town, Madras pres., 

British India.pop. 31 

Vizzini (vet-se'ne), town, Cata¬ 
nia prov., Sicily, Italy_pop. 18 

Vladikavkaz (vla-dye-kaf-kas'), 
town, cap. of Terek ter., N. Cau¬ 
casia, Russia.pop. 44 

Vladimir na Klyazmye (vla- 
s dye'mer na klyaz'mye), town, 
cap. of Vladimir govt., Russia. 


pop. 28 

Vladivostok (vla-dye-vas-tok'), 
ft. naval sp. of Russia in Asia, 

on Japan sea .pop. 29 

Voghera (vo-ga'ra), town, Pavia 

prov., Italy .nop. 21 

Voiron (vwa-rong'), mfg. town. 

dept. Is&re, France.pop. 13 

Volga (vol'ga), riv., Russia in 

Europe, 2,300 m. long, Tver govt, 
to Caspian sea; largest river of 
Europe. 

Volsk (vOlsk), town, Saratov 
govt., Russia in Europe.. .pop. 27 
Volterva (vol-ter'va), town, 

Pisa prov., Italy.pon. 14 

Voltri (vol'tre), town, Genoa 

prov., Italy .pop. 15 

Voronezh (va-ro'nyesh), cml. 
city, cap. Voronezh govt., Russia 

in Europe .pop. 84 

Vyatka (vyat'ka), city, cap. of 
Vyatka govt., Russia in Europe. 

pon. 26 

Vyazma (vyaz'ma), town, Smo¬ 
lensk govt., Russia in Europe. 

pop. 17 

Vyerny (vyer'ni). town, cap. of 
Semiryechensk govt., Russian 
Turkestan .nop. 23 

Vyshni Volocbek (vish'nye va- 
la-chdk'), town, N. Tver govt., 
Russia in Europe .pop. 16 



Wabash (waw'bash), riv., 517 
m. long, W. O., Ind. & bet. Ind. 
& III. to Ohio river. 

Wabash, city, c. s. of co. of same 
name, N. E. cen. Ind.pop. 9 


Waco (wa'ko), city, c. s. of Mc¬ 
Lennan co., Texas .pon. 21 

Wadhwan (wad-wan'), town. 

Gujarat, Bombay, India.nop. 25 
Wakamatsu (wii - ka - mat'soo), 


late, miir, mask, cat, awl ; lie, her, let: line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 





























Wak 


1098 


Web 


city, N. cen. part of Hondo isl., 

Japan .pop. 29 

Wakayama (wa-ka-ya'ma), sp. 
city, in dist. of same name, W. 

Hondo isl.. Japan.pop. 64 

Wakefield (wak'feld), town, 

Middlesex co., Mass.pop. 9 

Wakefield, mfg. & cml. city & 
bor., Yorkshire, England.pop. 41 
Wake Island, small isl., N. Pa¬ 
cific ocean, ab. Ion. 166° E., lat. 
20° N.; belongs to U. S. A. 
Waldenburg (vaT den - boorg), 
mfg. town, Silesia prov., Prussia. 

pop. 15 

W aldheim (valt'him), mfg. 
town, Saxony kingdom, Germany. 

pop. 11 

Wallackia (wol-la'ki-a), princi¬ 
pality, S. Europe, 29,916 sq. m.; 
now part of Roumania. .p. 3.822 
Walla Walla (wol'la wol'la), 
city, c. s. of co. of same name, S. 

E. Wash.pop. 10 

Wallingford (wol' ling - rerd), 
bor.. New Haven, Conn. . .pop. 7 
Walsall (wol'sawl), mfg. bor., 
Staffordshire, England.. .pop. 86 
Waltham (wol'tham), mfg. city, 

Middlesex co.. Mass.pop. 23 

Walthamstow (wol'tham-sto), 
par. & town, Essex co., England. 

pop. 95 

Walton le Dale (wol'tun le 
dal), cotton mfg. town, Lanca¬ 
shire, England.pop. 11 

Walton on Thames (wol'tun on 
temz), town, Surrey co., England. 

pop. 10 

W a n d s h e k (vants'bek), mfg. 
town. Schleswig-Holstein prov., 

Prussia.pop. 28 

Wanne (van'ne), vil., West- 
nhalia, Prussia. . .comm. pop. 24 
Ware (war), town, Hampshire 

co., Mass.pop. 8 

Warnsdorf (vams'dorf), mfg. 

town, Bohemia .pop. 21 

Warren (wor'ren), city, c. s. of 

Trumbull co., O.pop. 9 

Warren, bor., c. s. of Warren 

co., Pa.pop. 8 

Warren, town, Bristol co., R, I. 

nop. 5 

Warrensburg (wor'renz-boorg). 

city, Johnson co.. Mo. . . .poo. 5 
Warrington (wor' ring - tun), 

mfg. bor., Lancashire, England. 

pop. 64 


Warsaw (wawr'saw), ft. mfg. & 
cml. city, cap. of Warsaw govt., 

Poland, Russia .pop. 638 

Warwick (wawr'wik), town, 

Kent co., R. I.pop. 21 

Warwick (wor'ik), bor., c. s. of 

Warwickshire, Eng.pop. 12 

Washburn (wosh'burn), city, 
c. s. of Bayfield co., Wis..pop. 7 
Washington (wosh' ing - tun), 

state, U. S. A., 69,180 sq. m.; 

cap. Olympia.pop. 518 

Washington, city, Dist. of Co¬ 
lumbia; cap. of U. S. A...p. 279 
Washington, city, c. s. of Fay¬ 
ette co., O.pop. 6 

Washington, bor., c. s. of Wash¬ 
ington co., Pa.pop. 8 

Washington, Mount, highest 
of White mts., N. H., in Coos 
co.; 6,293 ft. 

Washo (wa'sho), city, W. Hon¬ 
do isl., Japan .: .. .pop. 22 

Wasmes (vam), town, Hainaut 

prov., Belgium .pop. 15 

Waterbury (wa v'ter-ber-i), 
mfg. city, c. s. of New Haven 

co., Conn.pop. 46 

Waterford (waw'ter-ferd), sp. 
city, c. s. of Waterford co., Mun¬ 
ster, Ireland .pop. 27 

Waterloo (waw-ter-loo'), town, 
suburb of Sydney, Australia. 

pop. 10 

W atertown ( waw'ter-toun), 
town, Middlesex co., Mass. .p. 10 
Watertown, city, c. s. of Jeffer¬ 
son co., N. Y.pop. 22 

Watervliet (waw-ter-vlet'), city, 

Albany co., N. Y.pon. 14 

Wattenscheide (vat-ten-shi'de), 
min. & mfg. town, Westphalia 


prov., Prussia .pop. 20 

Wattrelos (va-tr’-lo'). town, 
dept. Nord. France.pop. 26 


Wausau (waw'saw), city, c. s. 

of Marathon co., Wis. . . .pop. 12 
Waverley (wa'ver-li). town, 
suburb of Sydney, Australia. 

pop. 12 

Waycross (wa'kros), town, c. s. 

of Ware co., Ga.pon. 6 

Waynesboro (wanz'bur-o). bor., 

Franklin co.. Pa.pon. 5 

Weatherford ( weth' er - ferd), 

city, c. s. of Parker co., Texas. 

non. 5 

Webb City, city, Jasper co.. Mo. 

pop. 9 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl ; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 
































Web 


1099 


Whi 


Webster (web'ster), town, Wor¬ 
cester co., Mass.pop. 9 

Webster City, city, c. s. of 

Hamilton co., Iowa.pop. 5 

Wednesbury (wenz'ber-i), mfg. 
bor., Staffordshire, England. 

pop. 27 

Wei (wa'e), city, Shantung prov., 

China .pop. 250 

Weiliaiwei (wa-e-hi'wa-e), sp. 

town, N. Shantung, China. 
Weimar (vl'mar), city, cap. of 
Saxe-Weimar grand duchy, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 29 

Weissenfels (vls'sen-fels), min. 
& mfg. town, Saxony prov., Prus¬ 
sia .pop. 2S 

Weitmar (vit'mlir), vil., West¬ 
phalia, Prussia. .. .comm. pop. 15 
Wellesley (welz'le), town, Nor¬ 
folk co., Mass.pop. 5 

Wellingborough (wel'ling- 
bur-o), mfg. & min. town, North¬ 
amptonshire, Eng.pop. 18 

Wellington (welding-tun), city, 
cap. of prov. of same name, 
North isl.. New Zealand, & cap. 

of New Zealand .pop. 44 

Wellston (welz'tun), city, Jack- 

son co., Ohio .pop. 8 

Wellsville (welz'vil), city, Co- 

lumbiafia co., O.pop. 6 

Weis (vels), mfg. & cml. town. 

Upper Austria.pop. 12 

W e n c h a u (wen'chou'), city. 

Chekiang prov., China ...pop. 80 
Wenlock (wen'lok), bor., Shrop¬ 
shire, England .pop. 1G 

Werdau (ver'dou), mfg. town, 
Saxony kingdom, Germany.p. 19 
Werden (ver'den), mfg. town, 
Rhine prov., Prussia ... .pop. 11 
Wermelskirchen (ver'mels- 
kerk-en), town, Rhine prov., 

Prussia .pop. 15 

Wesel (va'zel), anc. ft. & mfg. 
town, Dusseldorf dist., Rhine 

prov., Prussia .pop. 23 

West Bay City, city, Bay co., 

Mich.pop. 13 

Westboro (west'bur-o), town, 

Worcester co., Mass.pop. 5 

West Bromwich (brum'ich or 
ij), min. & mfg. bor., Stafford¬ 
shire, Eng.pop. 65 

Westbrook (west'brook), city, 
Cumberland co., Maine. .. .pop. 7 
West Chester (west' ches-ter), 


bor., c. s. of Chester co., Pa. 

pop. 10 

Westerly (west'er-li), town, 

Washington co., R. I.pop. 8 

W est field (west'feld), town, 

Hampden co., Mass.pop. 12 

West Hartlepool (har't'l-pool), 
bor., Durham co., England.p. G3 
West Haven (lia'v’n), bor.. New 

Haven co., Conn.pop. 5 

West Hoboken (ho'bo-ken), 
town, Hudson co., N. J. . pop. 23 
West Indies (in'dez), isls. in 
Atlantic ocean, bet. Cape Florida 
& Paria gulf, S. Am.; with three 
divisions, Greater Antilles, Lesser 
Antilles & Bahamas. 
Westminster (west'min-ster), 
city & bor., England; part of 

London .pop. 183 

Westmount (west'mount), town, 
Hochelaga co., Quebec, Canada. 

pop. 9 

West New York, town, Hudson 

co., N. J.pop. 5 

Weston Super Mare (west'un 
su'per rna're), town & watering 
place, Somersetshire. England. 

pop. 19 

West Orange (or'enj), town, 

Essex co., N. J.pop. 7 

West Pittston (pits'tun), bor., 

Luzerne co.. Pa.pop. G 

West Virginia (ver-jin'i-a), 
state, E. cen. U. S. A., 24,780 sq. 
m.; cap. Charleston . .. .pop. 959 
Wetteren (vet'ter-en), mfg. 
town, E. Flanders prov., Belgium. 

pop. 15 

W eymouth (wa'muth), mfg. 

town, Norfolk co.. Mass. .pop. 11 
Wheeling (hwel'ing), mfg. cml. 
city & port of entry, c. s. of Ohio 

co., W. Va.pop. 39 

Whickham (hwik'am), town, 
Durham co., England ....pop. 13 
Whitby (hwit'bi), sp. town. 
North Riding, Yorkshire, Eng¬ 
land .....pop. 12 

Whitehaven (hwlt-ha'v’n), mfg. 
cml. sp. town, Cumberland co., 

England .pop. 19 

White Mountains, N N. H.; 
highest peak, Mt. Washington, 


G.293 ft. high. 

White Plains, vil., C. s. of 

Westchester co., N. Y.pop. 8 

Whitman (hwit'man), town, 
Plymouth co., Mass.pop. 6 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl; he, her, let: line, tin ; vote, pbrch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, then. 




































Whi 


1300 


Wlo 


Whitney, Mount (hwit'ne), 
mt.. Sierra Nevada mts.. Cal., 
14,898 ft. high. 

Whittington (hwit' ting - tun). 

town, Derbyshire, England..p. 9 
Whitworth (hwiFwurth), min. 

town, Lancashire, England.p. 10 
Whydah (hwid'a or hwi'da), sp. 
town, Dahomey, Upper Guinea, 

W. Africa ...pop. 20 

Wichita ( wich'i-taw), city, c. s. [ 
of Sedgwick co., Ivans. . .pop. 25 
Widnes (wid'nes), mfg. bor., 

Lancashire, England.pop. 29 

Wiener Neustadt (ve'ner noi'- 
stat), mfg. town. Lower Austria 

prov., Austria .pop 2S 

Wiesbaden (ves-ba'den), city, 
cap. of dist. of same name, Hesse- 
Nassau prov., Prussia... .pop. 86 
Wigan (wig'an), mfg. bor., 

Lancashire. England.pop. 61 

Wight, Isle of (wit), isl., Eng¬ 
lish channel, off S. coast of Eng¬ 
land, 146 sq. m.; cap. Newport. 

pop. 82 

Wilhelmshaven (viT helms - ha¬ 
ven) , ft. sp., Prussia, on Jade 

bay, Oldenburg .pop. 23 

Wilkesbarre (wilks'bar - ri), 
min. & mfg. city, c. s. of Luzerne 

co.. Pa.pop. 52 

Wilkinsburg (wil' kinz - burg). 

bor.. Allegheny co.. Pa...pop. 12 
Willemstad (vil'lem-stat), town, 
cap. of Curacao isl., Dutch West 

Indies .pop. 10 

Willenhail (wil'len-hawl), mfg. 
town, Staffordshire, England. 

pon. 19 

Willesden ( wilz'den or wil'les- 
den), town, Middlesex co., Eng¬ 
land .pop. 115 

Williamsport (wil'yamz-port), 
city, c. s. of Lycoming co., Pa. 

pop. 29 

Williamstown, town, Berkshire 

co.. Mass.pop. 5 

Williamstown, town, & sp., Vic¬ 
toria, Australia .pop. 14 

Wilmington (wil' ming - tun), 
cml. & mfg. city, c. s. of New¬ 
castle co.. Del.pop. 77 

Wilmington, city, c. s. of New 

Hanover co.. N. C.pon. 21 

Wilten (vil'ten), comm., Tirol. 

Austria .non. 12 

W i m b 1 e d o n (wim'b’l-dun). 
town, Surrey co., England..p. 42 


Winchendon (win' chen - dun), 
mfg. town, Worcester co.. Mass. 

pop. 5 

W inchester (win'ches-ter). 

town, Litchfield co., Conn...p. 8 
Winchester, city, c. s. of Clark 

co., Ivy.nop. 6 

Winchester, mfg. town, Middle¬ 
sex co., Mass. .pop. 7 

Winchester, city & bor., c. s. of 

Hampshire, England.pop. 21 

Windham (wind'am), town. 

Windham co.. Conn.pop. 10 

Windsor (win'zer), mfg. town, 

Hartford co., Conn.pop. 4 

Windsor, city, Essex co., Onta¬ 
rio, Canada .pop. 12 

Windsor, New, bor. & town, 

Berkshire, England.pop. 14 

W i n d s o r Castle, Berkshire, 
Eng., chief residence of British 
sovereigns. 

Winnipeg (win'ni-peg), lake, 
275 m. long, Manitoba & Ivee- 
watin dists., Canada. 

Winona (wi-nd'na), city, c. s. of 
Winona co.. S. E. Minn. . pop. 20 
Winsted (win'sted), mfg. bor.. 

Litchfield co.. Conn.pop. 7 

Winston (win'stun), city, c. s. 

of Forsyth co., N. C.pop. 10 

Winterthur (vin-ter-toor'), mfg. 
town, Zurich canton, Switzer¬ 
land .pop. 23 

Winthrop (win'thrup), town. 

Suffolk co.. Mass.pop. 6 

Wisbech ( wis'bech or wiz'), cml. 
& mfg. bor. & riv. port, Cam- 

| bridgeshire, Eng.pop. 10 

Wishaw (wish'aw), burgh, Lan¬ 
ark co., Scotland.pop. 21 

Wismar (ves'mar). mfg. sp. 
town, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, N. 

Ger.pop. 20 

Witkowitz (vit'ko-vits), mfg. & 
coal min. comm., Moravia, Aus¬ 
tria .pop. 19 

Witten (vit'ten). mfg. town. 

Westphalia prov., Prussia, .p. 34 
W ittenberg (vit'ten-berg), 
town, Saxony prov., Prussia. 

nop. 18 

Wittenberge (vit'ten - ber - ge), 
town, Brandenburg prov., Prus¬ 
sia ..pop. 16 

Wloclawek (vldts-ia'vek), town, 
; Warsaw govt., Poland, Russia. 

| pop. 21 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he. her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 











































Wob 


1101 


Yar 


Woburn (wod'burn), city, Mid¬ 
dlesex co., Mass.pop. 14 

Woking (wo'king), town, Sur¬ 
rey co., England.pop. 16 

W olf enbuttol (vol'f en-but-tel), 
mfg. town, Brunswick duchy, 

Ber.pop. IS 

Wolverhampton (wool-ver- 
hamp'tun), mfg. bor., Stafford¬ 
shire, Eng.._.pop. 94 

Wonseradeel (von' ser - a - dal), 
vil. & comm., Friesland, Nether¬ 
lands.comm. pop. 13 

Woodstock (wood'stok), cml. & 
mfg. town, & port of entry, c. s. 
of Oxford co., Ontario prov., 

Canada.pop. 9 

Woonsocket (woon-sok'et), mfg. 

city, Providence co., R. I...p. 28 
Wooster (woos'ter), mfg. city, 

c. s. of Wayne co., O.nop. 6 

Worcester (woos'ter), mfg. city 
& c. s. of Worcester co., Mass. 

pop. 118 

Worcester, mfg. citv & bor., c. s. 

of Worcestershire, England.p. 47 
Worksop (wurk'sup), mfg. town. 

Nottinghamshire, England, .p. 16 
W o rms (vorms), cml. city, 
Ivheinhessen prov., Hesse, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 41 


Worsborough (wurz'bur - o), 
town, W. Riding, Yorkshire, Eng¬ 
land ...pop. jlO 

Worsley (wurz'li), min. town, 

Lancashire, England.pop. 12 

Worthing (wur'thing), mari¬ 

time bor., Sussex co., England. 

pop. 20 

Wrexham (reks'am), mfg. & 

cml. bor., Denbighshire, N. Wales. 

pop. 15 

Wuchang (woo'chang'), cml. 

city, E. llupe prov., China. 

pop. 400-500 
W u c h a u (woS'chou'), treaty 

port, Kwangsi prov., China. 

pop. 100 

Wuhu (woo'hoo'), city, treaty 
port, Nganliui prov., China. 

pon. 92 

Wurzburg (vurts'boorg), ft. 
town, cap. of Lower Franconia 
dist., Bavaria, Germany, .pop. 75 
Wurzen (voorts'en), town, Sax¬ 
ony kingdom, Germany.. .pop. 17 
Wyandotte (wi'an-dot), mfg. 

city, Wayne co., Mich....pop. 5 
Wyoming (wi-o'ming or Wyo¬ 
ming), min. & past, state, U. S. 
A., 97,S90 sq. m.; cap. Cheyenne. 

pop. 93 


-X- 

Xenia (ze'ni-a), mfg. city, c. s. of Greene co., Ohio.pop. 9 


/ 



Yafa or Jaffa (ya'fa), cml. 
town, Palestine, on Mediterra¬ 
nean sea.pop. 16 

Yakoba (ya-k5'ba), cmj. city, 
S. E. part of Sokoto, Nigeria, 

Africa .nop. 50 

Yamagata (ya'ma-ga'ta), city, 
in dist. of same name, N. Hondo 
isl., Japan .pop. 35 


Yangeliau (yang'chou'), mfg. 
town, Kianpsu prov., China. 

non. 360 

Yangtze (yang'tse' or yiing'tse'), 
riv., China, 3,000 m. long, to N.' 
Pacific ocean. 

Yarkand (yar-kand'), cml. city, 
East Turkestan, Asia....pop. 60 

Yarmouth, Great (y&r'muth), 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl ; he, her, let; line, tin; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook ; mute, nut; thin, the n. 





























Yar 


1102 


Zap 


cml. sp. bor., Norfolk co., Eng¬ 
land .pop. 51 

Yaroslavl (ya-ra-sla'v’l), city, 
cap. of govt, of same name, cen. 

Russia .pop. 71 

Yazoo City (yaz'oo), city, c. s. 

of Yazoo co.. Miss.pop. 5 

Yecla (ya'kla), town, Murcia 

prov., Spain ....pop. 18 

Yellowstone National Park, 
Ida., Mont. & (mostly) Wyo., a 
tract of land 3,500 sq. m., set 
apart as a national park. 
Yellowstone River, Mont. & 
Wyo., 000 m. long, Wyo. to Mis¬ 
souri river. 

Yenisei (yen-e-sa'e). riv.,^ Mon¬ 
golia & Siberia, Asia, 2,500 m. 
long, to Arctic ocean. 

Yeovil (yo'vil), bor., Somerset¬ 
shire, England.pop. 10 

Yezd (yezd), mfg. city, cap. of 
prov. of same name, Persia, Asia. 


pop. 55 

Yingtse (ying'tse'), treaty port, 

Manchuria .pop. 40 

Yochan (yo'chou'), treaty port. 
Hunan prov., China.pop. 20 


Yokkaichi (yok'ld-che), city. 

, cen. Hondo isl.. Japan.... pop. 25 
Yokohama (yo-ko-ha'ma). cml. 
city, Hondo isl., Japan..pop. 194 


Yokosuka (yd-ko-soo'ka), city, 
cen. Plondo isl., Japan....pop. 25 
Yonezawa (yo'na-za'wa), city, 

Hondo isl., Japan .pop. 31 

Yonkers (yon'kerz), city, West¬ 
chester co., N. Y.pop. 48 

York (york), city, c. s. of Y^ork 

co., Neb..pop. 5 

York, mfg. city, c. s. of York co.. 

Pa.pop. 34 

York, city & bor., c. s. of York¬ 
shire, England. : . . pop. 78 

Yosemite Valley (yo-sem'i-te), 
E. Cal., G m. long; national park. 
Youngstown (yungz'toun), city, 
c. s. of Mahoning co., Ohio. .p. 45 
Ypres (e'pr’), mfg. town, W. 

Flanders prov., Belgium, .pop. 17 
Y’ensan (y5o-en'san'), Won¬ 
san (wen'san'), or Gensan 
(gen'san'), treaty port, E. coast 

of Korea ..pop. 15 

Yukon (yoo'kon), riv., Alaska & 
Canada, 2.050 m. long, to N. Pa¬ 
cific ocean. 

Yungping (yoong'ping'), town, 
Peehili prov., China. .. .pop. 200 
Yurev (yoor'yef), or Dorpa^fc 
(dor'pat), town, Livonia, Russia. 

pop. 42 

Yuyao (y55-va'o), town. Che¬ 
kiang prov., China.nop. 65 


Z 


Zaandain (zan-dam'). town & 

comm., N. Holland, Neth..p. 21 
Zaborze (za-bo'zhe), comm., Op- 
peln dist., Silesia prov., Prussia. 

pop. 23 

Zacatecas (sa-ka-t&'kas), city, 
cap. of state of same name, Mex¬ 
ico .pop. 40 

Zafaranboli (za-fa-ran-bo'le), 
town, cen. Kastamuni vilayet, N. 

Asia Minor .pop. 25 

Zagazig (za-ga-zeg'), cml. town, 
Charkicli prov., Egypt... .pop. 36 
Zambezi (zam-ba'ze), riv., . E. 
Africa, 1,600 m. long, flows into 
Indian ocean. 

Zamboanga (tham - b5 - an' ga), 
sp., pueblo, cap. of prov. of same 


name, S. W. Mindanao, Phil. 


isls.pop. 21 

Zamora (tha-m5'ra), city, cap. 
of prov. of same name, N. W. 
Spain .pop. 15 


Zanesville (zanz'vil), mfg. city, 
c. s. of Muskingum co., O. .p. 24 
Zante (zan'te), city, cap. of 
Zante isl., Ionian group..pop. 15 
Zanzibar (zan-zi-bitr'), sultan¬ 
ate, E. Africa, British protecto¬ 
rate, including Zanzibar isl. & 
other isls., 1.200 sq. m...pop. 200 
Zanzibar, city, cap. of Zanzibar 

sultanate .pop. 50-60 

Zapotlan (sa-pot-lan'), cml. 
town, Jalisco state. Mexico.p. 18 


late, mar, mask, cat, awl : he. her, let; line, tin : v5te, porch, lot; moon, 

cook : mute, nut: thin, the n. 































Zar 


1103 


Zwo 


Zara (za'ra), sp. city, cap. of 

Dalmatia, Austria.pop. 33 

Zebedani, Ez (ez ze-be-da/ne), 

town, Syria, Asia.pop. 35 

Zeila (za'la), sp. town, British 
Somaliland, E. Africa. .. .non. 15 
Zeitz (tsits), mfg. town, Merse¬ 
burg dist.. Saxony prow, Prussia. 

pop. 27 

Zele (za'le), town, E. Flanders 

orow, Belgium.pop. 13 

Zenjan (zen-jan'), town, N. W. 

Persia, Asia .pop. 15 

Zenta (zen'to), town, Bacs-Bo- 

drog co., Hungary..pop. 26 

Zerbst (tserpst), mfg. town, An¬ 
halt duchy, Germany.pop. 17 

Zgierz (zgyezh), mfg. town, Po¬ 
land, Russia .pon. 15 

Zhitomir (zhi-ta-mer'), or Jito- 
mir, cml. & mfg. town, cap. of 

Volhynia. Russia .pon. 65 

Zile (ze-le'), town, Sivas vilayet, 

Asia Minor .pop. 20 

Zittau (tsit'tou), mfg. town. 

Saxony kingdom, Germany..p. 31 
Zizkov (zhish'kof), town, Bo¬ 
hemia, Austria .pop. 60 


Zlatoust (zla-to-oost'), min. & 
mfg. town, Ufa govt., Russia. 

pop. 21 

Zlochow (zlo'ehoof), town, Gali¬ 
cia prow, Austria.pop. 12 

Znaim (znlrn), mfg. town, Mora¬ 
via prov., Austria.pop. 16 

Zoinbor (zom'bbr), town, c. s. of 
Bacs-Bodrog co., Hungary, .p. 29 
Zopotlanejo (so-pd'tla-na-ho), 
town, Jalisco, Mexico.... pop. 20 
Zuider Zee (zl'der ze'), gulf, 
Netherlands, 85 m. long, formerly 
a lake; united to the North sea 
by inundations. 

Zurich (zSo'rik), city, cap. of 
mfg. canton of same name, N. 

Switzerland .pop. 153 

Zutphen (zut'fen), mfg. town & 
comm., Gelderlands, Netherlands. 

comm. pop. 18 
Zweibrucken (tsvT - bruk' ken), 
mfg. town, Rhenish Bavaria, Ger¬ 
many .pop. 14 

Zwolle (zvol'le), mfg. & cml. 
town & comm., cap. of Overijs 
sel, Neth.comm. pop. 31 


late, mar, m&sk, cat, awl; he, her, let; line, tin ; vote, porch, lot; moon, 

cook; mute, nut; thin, then. 












































1 ; 

* \ 

'■ 

« • 


























■ 






/ 







































o 























LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND 

SOCIAL. 


CORRECT ENGLISH. 

HINTS AND HELPS. 

The ready use of good language is largely the result of practice in writing 
and of an abundance of good reading. In the choice of words, the paramount 
consideration should be exactness. That is, seek to say precisely what the 
thought requires, neither more nor less. This demands, of course, close 
scrutiny of meanings, and independence of current fashions in words. Seek 
to have at command more than one expression for the same thing. Not that 
several forms are in any case to be employed, but it often happens that if the 
writer has not thought broadly and deeply enough to have more than one 
expression for his idea, the one that he has will be meagre. Cultivate the 
habit of observing the derivation and history of words. A word whose etymol¬ 
ogy is known defines itself; the writer feels its force intuitively, and need not 
depend on a dictionary. Enlarge your vocabulary by diligent study of usage 
in the best writers. The true meaning of words is expressed only when they 
are interwoven with other words. No fineness of usage can be acquired from 
the dictionary alone. Do not use technical terms where they are not likely 
to be understood. Beware of fine writing. By fine writing is meant the use of 
pretentious terms for trivial ideas. 


THE USES OF THE ARTICLES. 

A or An, The.—The use of these forms is determined by sound and not by 
spelling. Before a consonant sound “a” is used; before a vowel sound “an” 
is used; “the” is used to point out some particular person or thing. 

Examples.—A bam, an orchard, the house, etc. 


THE USES OF ADJECTIVES. 

An adjective describes or limits the noun or pronoun to which it is joined. 

Adjectives are usually placed before the noun or pronoun they qualify. 

The ascending comparison of adjectives is formed by adding er and est 
or more and most to the positive form, and the descending comparison by 
adding less and least 

The comparative degree is used in comparing two objects; the superlative 
when more than two are compared. 

Some adjectives can not be compared, and no adjective will admit of a 
double comparison. 

This and that are singular, these and those are plural. 

Two negative forms are not permissible. 


THE USES OF THE ADVERB. 

An adverb limits or emphasizes a verb, an adjective or another adverb. 
Adverbs soon, often, early, late, etc., are compared regularly by adding 


H36 



1106 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


er, st, est; those ending in ly are compared by prefixing more and most. The 
following are compared irregularly: 


Positive. 

Comparative. 

Superlative. 

Well 

Better 

Best 

Badly 

Worse 

Worst 

Far 

f Further 

f Furthest 

1 Farther 

\ Farthest 

Little 

Less 

Least 

Much 

More 

Most 


Some adverbs do not admit of a comparison; as dead, square, etc 

Adverbs should be placed as near the word or words they modify as possible. 
Observe the different uses of the word only in the following sentences: “Only 
John dropped his cane;” “John only dropped his cane;” “John dropped his 
cane only;” “John dropped only his cane;” “John dropped his only cane.” 

An adverb should never be placed between to and the infinitive. 

Good, Well. —Good is always an adjective; well may be an adjective, but 
usually it is an adverb; as, “ I slept well, ” “ Father looks well. ” 

Most, Almost. —Do not use most for almost. Say, “ He passes here almost 
every day,” not “most every day.” 

Latest, Last. —Do not say last for latest. Latest has reference to time, 
but last is a contraction of latest, and has not reference to time, but has reference 
to that which comes in a series. 

Here and There. —Never use here and there after the adverbs this and that; 
as “This here boy,” etc., “That there boy,” etc. 

Always, Continually. —Do not confuse these two words. 

Always refers to what we do at all times. We do continually what we do 
without intermission. 

Further, Farther. —Further is comparative and means more, as, “Nothing 
further was said. ” Farther has reference to distance, as, “ He can go farther. ” 

APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS. 

Good usage requires proper prepositions to express one’s meaning well. 

At, In, Into. —Usually in implies inclosure, as presence inside of; into 
implies movement to the inside of. One cannot live in a house until he has 
moved into it At implies nearness to the border or to small places or foreign 
cities. 

Beside, Besides. —Beside means “ at the side of; ” as “ The house beside the 
sea.” Besides means “in addition to;” as, “Besides his farms he has some 
personal property. ” 

Among, Between. —Among should be used when more than two are 
referred to; between when reference is made to two only. 

Wait on, Wait for. —Wait on means attend to; wait for means to tarry, 
to wait. 


CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 

The correlative conjunctions are as follows: 


as.as 

so..as 

neither.nor 

either.or 


THE USES OF PRONOUNS. 

The Possessive of Pronouns.—In forming the possessive the letter s onlv 
is added, to the singular. 

Examples. \ ours, hers, theirs. The possessive of who and which is 
whose. The relatives that and those have no possessive forms. 

Singular and Plural Pronouns.—The pronoun should be in the same 
number as its antecedent. 

The relative who is used to refer to persons; which, to inferior animals and 
things without life; what is used to refer to things, and that to both persons 







LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL 


i: 07 


and things. Euphony, as a rule, determines between the uses of who, which 
and that. 

Either refers to “one of the two;’’ when more than two are referred to, 
“any one” should be used. Neither refers to “no one of the two;” but when 
more than two are referred to, “no one” should be used. Each refers to 
numbers separately; all refers to numbers collectively. 

THE USES OF NOUNS. 

The Possessive Case. —The possessive of nouns in the singular number is 
formed by adding an apostrophe and the letter s. 

Example. —“The girl’s bonnet.” 

Sometimes the possessive is formed by adding the apostrophe only. 
This is done where the added s makes an unpleasant sound. However, this 
is a matter of taste. 

Examples.— “ For goodness’ sake;” “John’s hat;” “Dickens’ Tale of 
Two Cities. ” 

When the plural of a noun in the nominative case ends in s the possessive 
is formed by adding the apostrophe (’) bnly, but if the plural does not end in s 
then the apostrophe (’) and an s are added. 

Example. —“Men’s and boys’ hats are for sale.” 

The possessive of compound nouns is formed by adding the sign of the 
possessive to the end of the compound. 

Example. —“I drove my brother-in-law’s horse.” 

• Singular and Plural Number. —The plural of nouns is usually formed by 
adding s to the singular, but if the sound of s makes an additional syllable then 
es is added to form the plural. 

Examples. —Hand, hands: church, churches. 

Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel form the plural by adding s only 
to the singular, but when the final o is preceded by a consonant the plural is 
formed by adding es to the singular 

Nouns ending in y form their plurals by adding s to the singular, but if 
the final y is preceded by a consonant y is changed to i and es is added to form 
the pural. 

Examples. —Money, moneys; lady, ladies. 

In forming the plural of compound nouns the sign of the plural is added to . 
the descriptive part of the phase. 

Examples. —Aide-de-camp, aides-de-camp. 

THE USES OF VERBS. 

Verbs and Numbers. —Plural verbs require plural subjects; as, we were, 
not we was; you were, not you was; they are, not they is; they were, not they 
was - , they have, not they has; they write, not they writes-, the men are, not is - 
the children were, not was; the boys have, not has; my' sisters write, not 
writes; they are the boys wlio were at school. Jennie and Annie were school¬ 
mates. 

The Uses of the Auxiliary Verbs.—Shall, Will. —Will expresses the will or 

pleasure of its own subject. Shall subordinates the will of its subject to that 
of the speaker. “ We will go, ” means “ we are willing to go. ” “ We shall go, ” 

means “we have decided upon going.” Never say, “Will I do so and so?” 
The literal meaning of such an expression would be, “Am I willing to do,” etc. 
Remember that will always expresses willingness rather than futurity when it 
has a personal significance. 

Should, Would. —Should is the past tense of shall, and would, the past tense 
of will, and the same rules governing the former govern also the latter. “We 
should go to town if we were able.” “His wife would attend if you should 
ask her. ” 

Can, Could; May, Might. —Can and could express ability or possibility, 
while may and might express permission. These words are often confused. 

To Do; to See.— These two verbs give considerable trouble. Their princi¬ 
pal forms are, do, did, done, and see, saw, seen. The second forms, did and 
saw, should never follow is, are, was, were, have, has, or had. The third forms 




1108 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


done and seen, should always follow one of these words expressed or under¬ 
stood; as, I did the work, or I have done the work, or the work is done. I saw 
the picture, or I have seen the picture, or the picture was seen. 

Verbs in General.—The rules given for to do and to see apply alike to all 
verbs. Such expressions as have came, have sang, was drove, have broke, 
have began, have knew, is froze, have gave, knowed, has went, has give, has 
rang, have ran, were took, has stole, throwed, have mistook, etc., are gross 
errors and should be avoided 

Lie and Lay.—Remember that lie means rest and lay means an action 
affecting some object. 

Examples.—“The watch lies on the piano.” “I will lay the watch on the 
piano. ” “ Mother laid your gloves away for you. ” 

Sit and Set.—Sit means to be in position to rest, to repose. Set is an 
active, transitive verb and means “to put,” “to place,” “to plant,” to place 
in a condition, a state, or a posture. 

Examples.—“Come sit in the easy chair.” “Set the table in the dining 
room. ” 

Don’t (Do Not) Doesn’t (Does Not).—These words are often misused. 
When you are in doubt about their use, compare the full forms with the verb; 
as, He don’t know. If the full form be used, the absurdity is quickly seen, 
as, He do not know. The correct form should be, He does not know. 

Had Rather, Had Better, Had Ought.—These are incorrect forms for 
would rather, might better, and ought. 

Bring, Fetch.—Bring implies motion toward the speaker, not away. 
Fetch implies motion, first from the speaker, then toward him. 


Note the following verb forms: 


Present. 

Past. 

Past Participle 

Alight (to dismount) 

Alighted 

Alighted 

Begin 

Began 

Begun 

Bid 

Bade 

Bidden or Bid 

Bid (at auction) 

Bid 

Bid 

Burst 

Burst 

Burst 

Choose 

Chose 

Chosen 

Do 

Did 

Done 

Eat 

Ate 

Eaten 

Light (to ignite) 

Lighted 

Lighted 

Light (to settle down upon) 

Lighted or Lit 

Lighted or Lit 

Lay 

Laid 

Laid 

Lie 

Lay 

Lain 

Rise 

Rose 

Risen 

Raise 

Raised 

Raised 

See 

Saw 

Seen 

Set 

Set 

Set 

Sit 

Sat 

Sat 

Wake 

Woke 

Waked 


ERRORS TO BE AVOIDED. 

Administer.—Blows are dealt. Medicine is administered. 
Afraid.—Say I fear it will rain, not I am afraid. 

Alike.—Do not couple this word with both. 

All over.—Over all the country, not all over the country 
Allow.—Do not say, “He allows he will do it.” 

Alone.—Distinguish this word from only 
Amateur.—Net necessarily a beginner. 

And.—Say try to go, not try and go. 

Angry.—Say angry with a person and at a thing. 

Answer.—Answer questions; reply to assertions 
Anticipate.—Distinguish from expect. 

As.—Say not that I know, instead of not as I know. 

At all.—Superfluous in “any at all.” 

Awful.—A thing cannot be awful prettv. 



LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


1109 


Balance.—Not to be used for rest or remainder 
Beautifully.—Looked beautiful, not beautifully. 
Beg.—Say “I beg leave to acknowledge.” 
Belongs to.—-Do not use for is a member of. 
Between.—Between two; among more than two 
Blacking.—This word is not blackening. 
Brakeman.—Not brakesman. 

Certain.—Distinguish from sure. 

Character.—Distinguish from reputation. 

Deal.—Great deal, not good deal. 

Die with.—Persons die of, not with disease. 
Disremember.—Say forget. 

Don’t.—Say he doesn’t sing, not he don’t sing. 
Either.—Means the one or the other of two. 
Either alternative.—Alternative means choice. 
Equally well.—Do not say equally as well. 

Every.—Followed by a verb in the singular. 
Expect.—Refers to future time. 

Fix.—Incorrectly used for arrange or prepare. 
Folk.—Folk implies plurality as well as folks. 
Gent. : —Never use this contraction of gentleman. 
Good.—“ It looks good. ” Say well. 

Got.—Omit got in ” I have got a dollar.” 

Guess.—Do not use this word for suppose. 

Had have.—Never use together. 

Hardly .—Do not use with don’t and can’t. 
Healthy.—Distinguish from wholesome. 

Hundred.—Use the singular form with numerals. 
Just.—Incorrect in the sense of now. 

Learn.—To receive instruction. See teach. 

Less.—Relates to quantity; fewer to number. 
May.—Distinguish from can. 

Near.—Do not use in the sense of nearly. 

New.—“ A pair of new boots;” not ‘‘a new pair. ” 
Nice.—See definition of this word. 

None.—Contraction of no one, takes singular. 
Otherwise than.—Not otherwise but. 

Party.—Do not use for person. 

Perpetual.—Distinguish from continual. 

Portion.—Often incorrectly used for part. 
Posted.—Do not use instead of informed. 
Prevalent.—Distinguish from prevailing. 
Promise.—Distinguish from assure. 

Propose.—Distinguish from purpose. 

Prudence.—Distinguish from discretion. 
Quantity.—Things measured or weighed. 

Real.—The adverb is really; as, really good. 
Remember.—Distinguish from recollect. 

Seem.—Distinguish from appear. 

Settle.—To settle does not mean to pay. 

So, such.—So long journeys, not such long. 

Some better.—Say somewhat better. 

Splendid.—Splendid things glitter. 

Stop.—We stay at a certain hotel, not stop. 
Streamlet.—Do not use with little. 

Summon.—Summon is a verb, summons a noun 
Teach.—To give instruction. See learn. 

Those kind.—Say that kind. Kind is singular. 
Transpire.—Do not use for to happen. 

Try.—We make an experiment, not try. 

Widow woman.—Woman is here superfluous. 
Without.—Do not use without for unless. 
Year-old.—A two-year-old colt, not a two-years. 



1110 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The ability to write a neat, legible letter, correct in form and in English, 
spelling and punctuation, is one of the most valuable achievements a young 
business man or woman can possess. It is the lack of this ability that causes 
the failure of more stenographers and clerks than any other one thing. Busi¬ 
ness men very seldom complain that their stenographers lack speed but there 
is very bitter complaint that stenographers and clerks are not able to write a 
perfect letter themselves or correct any error made by the employer. 

The following suggestions cover the whole field of ordinary letter writing. 
Every sentence is short and directly to the point and should be studied with 
care, lest some fact be overlooked or forgotten. 

LETTERS. 

The primary idea of a letter is conversation at a distance. If this be 
kept in mind one can scarcely fail to write appropriately, if one can converse 
properly; for a letter may be familiar or reserved, jocular or dignified, accord¬ 
ing to the relations between the writer and the person addressed. Letters of 
friendship should be simple and natural. It is the little things, the incidents 
of every-day life, the home chat, which makes a friendship letter interesting. 
Letters of courtesy include invitations, acceptances, acknowledgments, letters 
of congratulation, of condolence, of introduction, and of recommendation. 
Letters of business include all correspondence relating to business matters. 
Public letters embrace communications to newspapers regarding public affairs. 
Frequently a writer publishes a letter addressed to some prominent person 
criticizing his opinions or actions, or putting to him a number of formal ques¬ 
tions with the purpose of receiving a published reply. This is usually called 
an open letter. 


THE HEADING. 

The parts of a letter are: (i) Heading; ( 2 ) Address; ( 3 ) Salutation; ( 4 ) 
Body; ( 5 ) Complimentary Close; ( 6 ) Signature 

The Heading should give the full address, i. e., your post-office, street or 
box number and the state. The date includes the month, day of the month 
and the year. The form 13 March, 1910 , is becoming quite popular in business 
correspondence. The reason for its use is because it is the natural form of 
expression. We say the 13 th of March, not March the thirteenth. Another 
reason is that the former is less liable to errors. The following forms are bad 
and should not be used even .by the busiest man: 4 - 6 - 191 -, or 3 - 7 -’!-, or 6 / 8 / 1 —. 
Sometimes the day is written before the month. In such a case it would be 
difficult to tell the exact date of either one of the above expressions. The 
contractions 6 th, 7 th, 2 d are never used when the year follows, as April 6 , 191 -, 
not April 6 th, 191 -. Yours of 6 th instant is allowable in the body of a letter. 

The name of the state should not be omitted when writing from a large 
city, as there are many cities of the same name. There .are six Chicagos, 
thirteen Bostons, sixteen Denvers, etc. 

Location.—The heading on letter paper occupies only one line, but on 
note paper two lines. There are occasions, however, when more than one or 
two lines are used, but the rule should be to use as few lines as possible. 
The heading should occupy about two-thirds of the width of the sheet. 

Study the following models: 

Media, Pa., 17 April, 191 -. 

Box 58 , Chicago, Ill., 

April 17 , 191 -. 


1. 

2 . 



LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


1111 


3. Stamers. Adams Co., Pa., r7 April, 191-. 

4 University of Pennsylvania, 

Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 191- 

5 c/o Brown, Robinson Company, 

No. 415 Carroll Street. 

Atlanta, Ga., 17 April, 191- 


THE ADDRESS. 

The address consists of the name, title, and post-office address of your 
correspondent, and usually occupies two lines; sometimes three are required. 
The name and title are written on the first line, below the last line of the heading, 
allowing a margin of one-tenth of the width of the paper at the left The 
address is written upon the next line below the name and title, allowing a 
margin of one-fifth the width of the paper. If a third line is used, the margin 
consists of one-fifteenth of the width of the paper, so that the three lines form 
a perfect slant of about twenty degrees. 

When writing to friends the address may consist of the name only, and 
with very intimate friends it may be omitted in the superscription of the letter, 
but, in either case, the address must be given at the end of the letter. The 
author always gives the address in the superscription, when writing a business 
letter, and at the end when writing a social letter. The address in the letter 
should be as frill and clear as the address upon the envelope. 

Titles. —It is a lack of respect not to add some title to the name of your 
correspondent. Courtesy demands it. Titles may be classed as follows: 
Social titles; scholastic titles and official titles. 

Mister, abbreviated Mr. may be applied to all classes of men, titled or 
untitled. It always precedes the name, and has many applications, as, Mr. 
Smith, Mr. Senator, Mr. Chairman, Mr. President, the Rev. Mr. Rogers, etc. 

Esquire is abbreviated Esq., and is usually affixed to the name. It applies 
to men in the legal profession. Mr. and Esq. are never used together. 

Messieurs, abbreviated Messrs, is always used to supply the plural of Mr. 
and precedes the firm name, as Messrs. Fink & Fink or Messrs. Group & Co. 
The title Messrs, is sometimes omitted when the firm name is very long. 

Mistress abbreviated Mrs. The title precedes the name of a married 
woman, and if her husband is living, the title Mrs. is prefixed to the name of her 
husband, as Mrs. Robert S. Williams. But if her husband is dead, then Mrs. 
is prefixed to her Christian name, as Mrs. Mary Hutchinson. 

Mesdames abbreviated Mmes. This title is used when addressing more 
than one married woman. The title is also used with the name of a firm 
composed of married or unmarried women. 

Master. —Not abbreviated, and is prefixed to the name of a boy. 

Mi ss .—This is not an abbreviation It is used as a prefix to the name of an 
unmarried woman, as Miss Jessie Wood. The plural of Miss is Misses, and is 
used when more than one person is referred to in the same person or class. 

Doctor of Medicine. —Abbreviated Dr. or M. D. The former precedes 
the name, and the latter follows it, but they are never used at the same time. 
The correct forms are as follows: Dr. Edward M. Foose or Edward M. Foose, 

M. D. „ 

Reverend abbreviated Rev. and belongs to the Clergy, as Rev. Upton A. 
Hankey. When Rev. is used with the official or professional titles The is pre¬ 
fixed; as, The Rev. Prof. Snyder, The Rev. Father Donahue. Rev. is never 
used immediately before the surname, as Rev. Cross. When no other title can 
be used, then the Christian name must be used or some other title given, as 
Rev. Wharton A. Kline or Rev. Mr. Kline. 

Professor abbreviated Prof, and is prefixed to the name of any person who 
is regularly elected to a chair in some incorporated educational institution 
conferring degrees under seal. One may be given the honorary tithe when he 
has become noted for some special line of learning. ... 

Scholastic Degrees and Official Titles are always abbreviated when used m 

3,cl dresses 

Titles of High Rank such as President, Governor, etc., are never abbre¬ 
viated. 





1112 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


Two Titles may be used with the same name when one does not include the 
other 


SALUTATION. 

The salutation expresses the respect we pay to our correspondent. It 
should occupy the next line below the address. \\ hen a two line address is 
used, the salutation may begin as in these examples: 

Messrs. Jordan, Williams & Co., 

Cleveland, Ohio. 

Dear Sirs:—I enclose, etc. 

Mr. J. G. Henry, 

Carlisle, Pa. 

Dear Sir:—Your favor of ioth, etc. 

If the address occupies three lines then the salutation should always begin 
as in these examples: 

Messrs. James B. Jerome Company, 

714 N. Broad Street, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Dear Sirs:—In reply to your, etc. 

Mr. William W. Beckner, 

* 429 Market Street, 

San Francisco, Cal. 

Dear-Sir:—Enclosed you will find, etc. 

If only the name is used in the address then the salutation should always 
begin as in this example: 

Mrs. Henry D. Spangler, 

Dear Madam: 

We extend to you, etc. 

If no address is used, then the salutation should begin thus: 

My dear Jessie: 

The salutation should never be abbreviated. In the use of business 
salutations Sir and Madam are the most formal: Dear Sir and Dear Madam 
are less formal and are the most prevalent forms. The more familiar forms are 
My dear Sir and My dear Madam. 

When addressing strangers, use Sir or Madam or Dear Sir or Dear Madam. 
Although the latter implies some degree of acquaintance, yet the present day 
etiquette regards it good to use these salutations when addressing strangers. 
The proper form for a single lady, of whatever age, is Dear Madam in case 
of a stranger, or Dear Miss Smith in case of an acquaintance. 

When addressing an acquaintance use Dear Sir, My dear Sir, Dear Miss 
Magill, Dear Madam. 

When addressing friends, My dear Sir, My dear Gaylord, My dear Friend, 
My dear Miss James, etc. 

When addressing relatives, My dear Brother, My dear Son, etc. 

BODY. 

The body of a letter is a conversation in writing and one’s style should be 
perfectly natural, i. e., he should write as he would talk. The first and indis¬ 
pensable quality of a good style is clearness. Generally it is enough if the writer 
devote his efforts simply to being understood. Plainness and clearness are 
the foundations upon which all other qualities are built. Too exclusive en¬ 
deavor after precision may make the style stiff and angular. It is always 
unwise to impair the thought for the sake of the expression. To the quality 
of clearness must be added the quality of force. In a letter the spirit of the 




LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


1113 


writer should show itself. The strongest thoughts find brief expression. As 
a rule the language which simply suggests the thought is more interesting than 
that which gives it full expression. 

Penmanship and spelling are two features of a conversation in writing 
which must receive our careful attention. A misspelled word or an illegible 
hand are not excusable. Some persons think it is a mark of genius to write so 
no one can read it, but there are other ways of showing one’s genius decidedly 
more commendable. 

The beginning.—When the address consists of two lines and the salutation 
occupies the third marginal space, the body of the letter should begin on the 
same line with the salutation, as: 


Mr. 


Springfield, Mass. 

James M. Group, 

Gettysburg, Pa. 

Dear Sir:—Your favor of the 14 th, etc. 


Jan 16 , 191 -. 


When the address consists of three lines, and the salutation begins at the 
first marginal space, the body should begin on the same line, as: 


Mr. 


Boston, Mass., Jan. 16 , 191 - 

Court F. Wood, 

No. 11 East Capitol St., 

Washington, D. C. 

Dear Sir:—Your favor of recent date, etc. 


Good authorities sometimes drop down on the first line below the saluta¬ 
tion when the address consists of but two lines, but this is never allowable when 
the address consists of more than two lines. 

Paragraphs and Margins.—Great care should be taken in paragraphing a 
letter. Make a new paragraph at every change of subject, or the introduction 
of a new phase of the same subject. 

Paging.—When a letter consists of more than one sheet of single sheet 
paper, the initials and the number should be written in the upper left-hand 
corner of each sheet. 

Figures.—Amounts of merchandise, as 5 bushels of onions, and dates, as, 
March 2 , 191 -, are always written in figures. Generally, if numbers contain 
more than two figures they should be written in figures, but numbers containing 
one or two figures should be spelled out. 

Never abbreviate anything in the body of a letter. 

Never write on both sides of the sheet in business correspondence. 

In business correspondence always refer to previous correspondence by 
date or otherwise. 

Be prompt in answering letters. 

Study.how to assort your mail, i. e., how to know what letters need an¬ 
swers and what letters need the waste basket. 

Many persons begin to write letters without the least conception of what 
they want to say. They rattle off something that is about as meaningless as 
chaff, and will fall far short of having the effect intended. Study your corres¬ 
pondent, his character, his habits, his letter, then outline your thought men¬ 
tally, before attempting to write to him. If business men would make it a 
rule to put a little more thought into their correspondence they would be 
surprised to find the wonderful effect it would have upon their business. 

Letters should be posted in each departing mail. No firm whose business 
has reached any magnitude, can afford to be negligent in the matter of posting 
their mail. Often a few minutes will prevent much vexation and trouble. 


COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE. 

♦ 

The complimentary close consists of the term of courtesy we-use in closing 
our letter, together with the signature. 

The complimentary close should begin on the first line below the body 
of the letter, and at the center of the paper. 

In business, Yours truly, Yours very truly, Yours respectfully or Respect- 



1114 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


fully, Sincerely yours, are some of the most common forms of complimentary 
closing. Never close a letter with “Yours, etc.’’ 

In social correspondence the form of the complimentary close must be 
determined by the relations existing between the parties. 

Complimentary close should not be less formal or more formal than the 
salutation. Your “good-byes” should always have some consistency with 
yotir “how-do-you dos, ” i. e., if you said “ Nly dear friend,” you would not 
close with “Your friend,” That would be a repetition. Nor would you use 
Respectfully, because that would seem too formal, and would be inconsistent. 
The complimentary close must be consistent with the salutation used. 

Never use “I remain” or “We remain,” unless you have had previous cor¬ 
respondence with the person written to. 

THE SIGNATURE. 

The signature should be written under the complimentary close and should 
begin at such a point that a margin of about half an inch will be left at the 
right of the sheet. It should be written plainly, and always in full, i. e., do 
not sign your name “Tom,” “Jack,” “ E. M. B ” or “Your sister.” Such 
letters, if lost, always go the the Dead Letter Office and are destroyed. 

Do not write your name at one time, J. W. Smith, then at another time 
J. William Smith, then John W. Smith, then John William Smith. Have only 
one way of writing your name. 

If you are a woman and do not use your husband’s first name, or if you are 
not married, you should always indicate your relation by using Miss or Mrs. 
either with or without the parenthesis, as (Miss) Gertrude Kram or (Mrs.) 
Elizabeth Bailor. 

When a secretary signs the letters for his proprietor he should always 
sign his initials under the signature. Usually the initials are preceded by the 
prefix per. 


FOLDING. 

A letter-sheet should be folded from the bottom forward, bringing the 
lower edge near the top, so as to make the half length a little shorter than the 
envelope, and then break the fold. Next fold twice the other way, beginning 
at the left edge, folding towards the right. Measure these folds also, so as to fit 



the envelope. A note-sheet should be folded twice, from the bottom forward. 
When the envelope is nearly square, a single fold of the note-sheet is sufficient. 
If you want to make a good letter look slovenly, endeavor, by folding down 
a half inch at each end, to make it fit an envelope an inch too short. 


SUPERSCRIPTION. 

The Envelope Address.—Thirty thousand misdirected letters reach the 
Dead Letter Office at Washington daily. The public need to be educated along 
this line. In addressing an envelope, write first the name, then the post- 














LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


1115 


office, then the State. If additional matter, such as street, or box, or county, 
is necessary, put it at the lower left-hand corner. Even in the case of large 
cities, it is necessary to write the name of the State, for there are in the United 
States, five New Yorks, nine Philadelphias, and twelve Bostons. 

Be particularly careful in writing the abbreviations of States. Thus, 
N. Y. may easily be taken for N. J.; Pa. for Va.; Cal. for Col.; Md. for Ind.; 
Me. for Mo. Mail intended for people who will be in a place only a day or two 
should have “ transient” written in the upper left-hand comer and enclosed 
in brackets. 

Letters to be registered must have the name and address of the sender on 
the envelope. Do not write the name of the county where the postal employees 
always look for the name of the post office. Railway mail clerks have to dis¬ 
tribute many pieces of mail while the train is running from one station to an¬ 
other, and must decide to what place to send a letter in a fraction of a second. 
When the county and post office are close together, the clerk is almost as apt to 
take the name of the count)' for the post office as the right name. The pen¬ 
manship should be distinct and legible, and the address neat and elegant, with¬ 
out ornamentation. Non-delivered letters are returned to the writers who 
have their names and post offices printed on the upper left-hand comer. A 
little more care in the matter of addressing envelopes would save much labor, 
and the government much expense. 

Postage. —Every letter should have one full rate postage prepaid, other¬ 
wise “postage due” is marked upon it, and collected from your correspondent. 
The stamp should always be placed in the upper right-hand comer of the 
envelope, leaving a margin of about one-eighth of an inch at the right side and 
top. Do not put the stamp on any other part of the envelope, as it gives the 
postal clerks a great deal of trouble and considerable loss of time in stopping 
to turn the letter to cancel it. 

Materials. —Use the best stationery you can afford, and see that your 
letter paper and envelope correspond in quality and color. The size of the 
letter sheet ordinarily used in businesses either what is termed note size, about 
5 by 8 inches, or letter size, 8$- by it inches. Use the best of ink and pens. 

Letters Ordering Goods. —Such letters should be clear and to the point. 
They should state how the goods are to be sent, by what railroad, whether by 
express or by freight. The goods should be carefully described, so that no 
mistake will be made in filling the order. If only one or two articles are ordered 
they may be written in the body of the letter in the proper form. But if a 
number of articles are ordered, a separate sheet should be used and headed 

Order No.-giving the date and signed by the person ordering. If money 

is enclosed the amount should be written out in words, sometimes it is written 
in figures and enclosed in parenthesis. The kind of remittance should be 
mentioned and for what applied The remittance should be pinned to the 
letter. 




1116 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


PARTS OF A LETTER. 


Date. 


Complimentary Address. 


Body of the Letter. 


Complimentary closing. 


Signature. 


Name. 

. ^ . \ 

Address. 


This form is commonly used in social correspondence. 


Date. 


Name. 


Address. 


Salutation. 


Body of the Letter. 


Complimentary Ending. 

Signature. 


This form is commonly used in business letters. 




























LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


1117 


FORMS OF LETTERS. 

BUSINESS LETTERS. 

ORDERING GOODS. 

Cooperstown, N. Y., April 14, 191-. 

Messrs. John Wanamaker & Co.; 

New York. 

Gentlemen:—I enclose Post Office Order for $3.40 for which please send me 


the following goods, by American Express:— 

10 yards Hill muslin nets. $1.1 a 

6 pairs ladies’ black hose, size 9^, 25 cts. 1.50 

6 yards white flannelette, 10 cts. .60 

i doz. spools black darning cotton, 30 cts. . 15 

1 paper gold-eyed needles, No. 8, .05 


Verv truly yours, $ 3 - 4 ° 


(Mrs.) Hannah C. Green. 


LETTER FROM A YOUNG MAN STARTING IN BUSINESS. 

Freeport, Ill., Sept. 17, 191-. 

Messrs. Marshall Field & Co., 

Chicago, Ill. 

Dear Sirs:—Having recently started in business for myself, by the pur¬ 
chase of the stock and fixtures of the late Chas. R. Small, with whom I was 
employed for many years, I desire to open an account with your house. 

I enclose herewith statement of my resources, including inventory of my 
present stock. I am pleased to refer you to the First National Bank of this 
city, with whom I have an account, and to Mr. Wm. R. Field, one of our lead¬ 
ing men, with whom I have enjoyed a long and intimate personal acquain¬ 
tance. I find that I need some of your goods immediately, and am enclosing 
an order to cover pressing requirements. If you prefer to make some inquiries 
before opening a credit account, it will be entirely satisfactory to me, if you 
will ship these goods to your own order, sending bill of lading, and draft for 
amount of bill, less 5%, to the First National Bank, where it will be promptly 
paid. 

Expecting your prompt attention to this small order, I am, 

Respectfully yours, 

Thomas S. Nelson, 


REPLY FROM WHOLESALE HOUSE. 

Chicago, Sept. 20, 191—. 

Mr. Thomas S. Nelson, 

Freeport, Ill. 

Dear Sir:—Replying to your favor of the 17th inst., we enclose invoicehere- 
with for goods shipped as per your order, amounting to $746.38, subject to 
5%-io days, or 4 %' 3 ° da Y s - 

We have great pleasure in opening this account with you, and trust our 
business relations may prove pleasant as well as mutually profitable. Your 
statement and references are eminently satisfactory, besides which we have had 
most favorable reports concerning you from our Mr. Young, who we believe has 
done considerable business with you while you were with Mr. Small. 

Wishing you abundant success in your business venture, and soliciting 
your further orders, we are, 

Very truly yours, 

Marshall, Field & Co. 





1118 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


CALLING ATTENTION TO AN ERROR IN A BILL. 

Charlotte, N. C. June 10, 191-. 

Messrs. H. B. Claflin & Co. 

New York. N. Y. 

Dear Sirs:—Upon examining your bill for last shipment of goods, I find 
that you have charged me for four dozen pairs of silk gloves which I never 
ordered nor received. I enclose the bill herewith that the error may be corrected. 

Yours very respectfully, 

John R. Landis. 

REPLY TO PREVIOUS LETTER. 

New York, June 12, 191-. 

Mr. John R. Landis, 

Charlotte, N C. 

Dear Sir.—We greatly regret that you were caused any annoyance by the 
carelessness of a clerk, who, having proved himself incompetent, has left our 
service. We enclose the correct bill to you, and offer apologies for the error. 

Truly yours, 

H. B. Claflin & Co. 

ASKING A FRIEND TO MAKE SOME PURCHASES. 

Fort Wayne, Ind., Jan. 17, 191-. 

Dear Annie:—I am going to trespass on your kindness by asking you to make 
a few purchases for me. Enclosed find ten dollars and a memorandum of the 
things I want. My household duties and the care of the children very closely 
confine me to my home, and are my excuse for troubling you. 

We are in our usual health, and I trust you and your family are well, and 
having a pleasant winter. 

With kind regards to Mr. Evans, and love to you and the children I am, 

Sincerely your friend, 

Mrs. Wm. D. Evans, Mary L. Cather 

1743 Jackson Boulevard, 

Chicago, Ill. 

DEMANDING PAYMENT FOR RENT. 

Lexington, Ky., March 17, 191-. 

Mr. D. P. Ivnowland, 

Dear Sir:—I have waited patiently for your convenience in the matter 
of the payment of rent for the house you occupy. As, however, you have now 
been my tenant for four months without meeting any of the payments, which 
should be made monthly, I feel obliged to remind you of the fact that there is 
now $80.00 due me. 

Trusting that you will give this your immediate attention, I am, 

Yours truly, 

Willard R. Brown. 

APPLICATIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT. 

FROM A YOUNG LADY APPLYING FOR A CLERKSHIP. 

Buffalo, N. Y., March 18, 191-. 
WANTED.—A YOUNG LADY CLERK IN A DRY 
* ’ goods store. Must be accustomed to the business. 

Address with reference B 80 News office. 

Dear Sir:—I wish to apply for a position as per the enclosed advertisement. 
I have been for the past two years in the employ of Miller & Snodgrass, dry- 
goods dealers, 217 Camden Street, until their failure about two weeks ago. 
I beg to refer you, for testimonials, to Mr. Wm. P. Snodgrass, now with the 
firm of Thompson & Hood, 147 Canal St., should you desire to consider my 
application. 

Yours respectfully, 

Louise A. Norcross, 

284 N. Butler St. 



LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


1119 


FROM A BOY APPLYING FOR AN OFFICE POSITION. 

VK/'ANTED—IN GRAIN COMMISSION HOUSE, a 
’ “ smart lad for office work; must be a good penman. 

Address in own handwriting, stating age and salary ex¬ 
pected, W 32, Ledger office. 

4711 Windsor Ave., W. Philadelphia, Pa. 

Nov. 14, 191-. 

Deal' Sir:—Noticing your advertisement in this morning’s "Ledger,” I 
desire to apply for the position. 

I am fifteen years old, and have finished the eighth grade in school. This 
is a sample of my penmanship. I am quick at figures and understand book¬ 
keeping and office work, having assisted my father, Mr. T. Ruggles, in the coal 
business for the past year, when I was not in school. As he has just sold out. 

I am compelled to look for another position. I will refer you to Mr. Jas H. 
Simpson, 4416 Baltimore Ave., who has known me for a long time, also to my 
pastor Rev. Thos. S. Gray, 4952 Catherine St. 

I would be willing to start at a salary of $5.00 a week, but would hope soon 
to be worth more than that. 

Respectfully, 

George M. Ruggles. 

ANSWERING AN ADVERTISEMENT FOR A BOOKKEEPER. 

1512 Naudain St., New Orleans, La., May 1, 191-. 

Mr. Edward Mullen, 

Dear Sir.—In reply to your advertisement in to-day’s "Picayune” for a clerk 
or assistant bookkeeper, I beg to offer my services to your firm. 

I have been in the employ of Mr. Horace Paist, for the past six years, until 
he sold out his business a few weeks ago. I kept the books of his house during 
the past four years. He permits me to refer to him for any information which 
you may require. 

Should my application meet your views, it will be my earnest endeavor 
to faithfully and punctually fulfill the duties required. 

Yours very respectfully, 

Charles E. Kaupp. 

ANSWERING AN ADVERTISEMENT FOR A COOK. 

456 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa., March 17, 191-. 

Mrs. S. F. Perkins: 

Dear Madam - —Seeing an advertisement in this morning’s "Press” for a plain 
and fancy cook, I wish to apply for the situation. 

I have been with my present employer, Mrs. Joseph D. Rhoads, for three 
years, and only leave because she has rented her house for the summer, to 
make a visit among her relatives in New England. 

I shall remain here until Tuesday next, unless I find a place sooner, and 
Mrs. Rhoads will give you any information you may desire regarding me. 

Very respectfully, 

Laura K. Easton. 

APPLICATION FOR A SITUATION AS GARDENER. 

348 W. Seventh St., New York, June 10. 191-. 

Dear Sir:—Understanding that you want a gardener, I beg to offer myself as 
an applicant for the place. I have had constant experience for ten years, 
both in nursery grounds and private gardens, and am thoroughly acquainted 
with the management of a greenhouse and a hothouse. 

The enclosed testimonials, from gentlemen for whom I have worked will, 
I trust, prove satisfactory. My last employer, Mr. James Winter, White 
Plains, N. Y., will inform you concerning my fitness for the position. 

. I am a married man, thirty-seven years of age. If favorable to my 
application, please address as above, and oblige, 

Respectfully, 

' John L. Snowden. 






1120 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


APPLICATION FROM A GOVERNESS. 

( Adv. pasted in.) 

Glenhaven Seminary, Belfast, Me., April 18, 191-. 

Mrs. W. G. Ramsey, 

Holyoke, Mass. 

Dear Madam:—In answer to the above advertisement, I would say that I am 
seeking such a situation as you offer. My present term of teaching w-ill close 
June 15th, at which time I would be ready to enter upon the work of superin¬ 
tending the education of your daughters. 

I have, for several years, taught the higher English studies, besides Ger¬ 
man, Latin and drawing. For testimonials, I beg to refer you to the principal 
of my school—Mr. John Sailor. 

Hoping that I mav hear from you soon, and that we may make an arrange¬ 
ment mutually satisfactory, I remain, 

Very respectfully yours, 

Rebecca M. Patton. 

ASKING THE CHARACTER OF A GOVERNESS. 

1213 Green St.. Holyoke, Mass., April 20, 191-. 

Mr. John Sailor, 

Principal, Glenhaven Seminary. 

My dear Sir:—I will esteem it a great favor if you will inform me concerning 
the ability of Miss Patton to give instruction in the higher English studies, 
German and drawing, she having referred me to you. 

I am desirous of securing the services of a young lady whose moral influence 
will guard my children from danger—one whose amiability of character will 
make her a pleasant companion as well as a teacher. I am much pleased with 
the appearance of Miss Patton, and if your report is favorable, I shall probaby 
engage her at once. 

Yours very respectfully, 

(Mrs.) Mary R. Ramsey. 

1 

LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION. 

RECOMMENDING A SALESMAN. 

Newton, Ga., March 10, 191- 

Mr. George I. Githens, 

Atlanta, Ga. 

Dear Sir—Your favor of the 4th inst., relative to the ability of Mr. Samuel 
Thomas is received. We take great pleasure in testifying to his high character 
and his business ability. He was in our employ for four years, as a salesman, 
during which time his affability and uniform courtesy to customers, coupled with 
his truthful representations in regard to goods, made him a universal favorite. 

Accurate in accounts, a good penman, attentive and energetic, he is a 
most useful man in the office, and the firm securing his services may be con¬ 
gratulated on their good fortune He left us of his own accord to take another 
position at larger salary. 

Very truly yours, 

Odgen & Co. 


LETTERS OF SYMPATHY 

ON THE DEATH OF A HUSBAND. 

Syracuse, N. Y., Oct. 10, 191-. 

Dear Friend:—I know that nothing can make amends for the great loss you 
have sustained. I deeply realize, from having passed through a similar bereave*- 
ment, that mere words wholly fail to cheer the almost broken heart, yet I 
cannot but hope that the heartfelt sympathy of a sincere friend will not be 
deemed intrusion on your grief. 



LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


1121 


It has been well said that “We weep for the loved and lost because we 
know that our tears are in vain. ” I would ease your sorrow, and yet know not 
how. We can only acknowledge that the affliction is God’s will. Over in the 
beautiful land we may not doubt your dear one is free from the pains that he so 
long endured here; and when we gather at the river, is it not a sweet consolation 
to think that he will meet you on the other side? 

Commending you to Him who doeth all things well, I remain, in the ten- 
derest friendship, 

Your sincere friend, 

Pauline Herron. 

Mrs. Emma Martin. 

Erie, Penna. 

• 

REPLY TO PREVIOUS LETTER. 

Erie, Pa., Oct. 20, 191-. 

My dear Friend:—I can scarcely express to you how grateful T am for your 
letter, and the loss of my hushand has so prostrated me that I am hardly able 
to write. 

My friends assure me that time will reconcile me to my great bereavement. 
My trust in our Heavenly Father, and the great consolation that you speak of, 
which comes from the knowledge that we will meet our dear ones in a world 
where partings are no more, will, I believe, enable me to bear my sorrow. 
God bless you for your thought of me in the dark hours, and your sweet words 
of sympathy. 

Your friend, 

Emma Martin. 

ON THE DEATH OF A MOTHER. 

Pottstown, Pa., March 16, 191-. 

Friend Owen:—I have just learned, on my return from a visit in the South, of 
the death of your mother. Having suffered the loss of my own mother when 
a child, I know how to sympathize with you in your affliction. Fortunately 
for you, your mother lived to guide the footsteps of her boy till he had reached 
manhood’s vears. It can be truly said that, in the training of her family, in 
the church and the social circle, she always did her duty nobly. Ripened in 
years, and fully prepared for another state of existence, she passes on now to 
enjoy the reward of a life well spent on earth. 

Truly yours, 

Frank P. Hunter. 

Owen Brown 


ON THE DEATH OF A WIFE. 

Bristol, Pa., Nov. 10, 191-. 

My dear George—I know that this letter will find you filled with grief at the 
loss of your dear wife. You have, indeed, suffered a great affliction. A more 
faithful partner never lived, and few men, I venture to say, ever enjoyed more 
domestic tranquillity than yourself. 

A true wife, and a devoted mother. No higher eulogy can be pronounced 
upon any woman. Truly the great central sun of your household has gone 
down, and I most truly, deeply sympathize with you in your affliction. 

Let us hope, however, that, in the golden summer of another life, children, 
mother and father will gather again in a sweet reunion, where partings are 
unknown. The davs seem dark and gloomy to you now, but sunshine will 
come to vou, through your children and friends, and the future, I trust, has 

much of happiness in store for you. _ ,. . 

1 hope soon to have the opportunity of seeing you and your girls, andm the 

meantime I am, , . 

Sincerely your friend, 

James A. Blair, 

Mr. George A. Lentz, 

Huntington, Ga. 



1122 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


ON THE DEATH OF AN INFANT. 

Germantown, Pa., Nov. iS, 191-. 

My dear Friend:—I realize that this letter will find you buried in the deepest 
sorrow at the loss of your darling little Jean, and that words of mine cannot 
lessen your overwhelming grief; yet I feel that I must write a few words to 
assure you that I am thinking of you and praying for you. 

If there can be a compensating thought, it is that your darling returned to 
God who gave her, pure and unspotted by the world’s temptations. 

The white rose and bud which I send, I trust you will permit to rest upon 
your darling’s pillow. 

With feelings of the deepest sympathy, I remain, dear friend, 

Yours very sincerely, 

Adele Hagar. 

LETTERS OF CONGRATULATIONS. 

CONGRATULATIONS UPON RECEIVING A LEGACY. 

Saluda, S. C.. Jan. 1, 191- 

Friend Harry:—I have learned to-day, through our friend Hugh Wolcott, of 
your good fortune in receiving a very material addition to your worldly pos¬ 
sessions. Good! I congratulate you. I know of no one who more justly 
deserves good fortune, and of no person who will use it more worthily. I take 
a friend’s delight in congratulating you upon your fortune. 

Your friend, 

Paul Lynch. 

CONGRATULATIONS UPON AN APPROACHING MARRIAGE. 

Oswego, N. Y., Dec. 2, 191-. 

Dear Miriam:—I have just learned from our mutual friend Edith Brown of 
your approaching marriage to Charles Thompson. Allow me to congratulate 
you upon being the chosen bride of .such a noble man, to whom you are to 
entrust your life’s happiness. That the mid-day and evening of your married 
life may be as cloudless and beautiful as the morning, is the earnest wish of, 

Your loving friend, 

Helen Lees. 

CONGRATULATIONS UPON A MARRIAGE. 

Greenfield, Ind., April 4, 191-. 

Dear John:—I have just received a little missive, which informs me of two 
happy hearts made one. I wish you much joy. You have my earnest con¬ 
gratulations and good wishes for a long and serenely happy married life. May 
each succeeding year find you happier than the one before. 

God bless you and vours, and surround you ever with His choicest gifts. 

Your friend, 

Charles H. Wilson. 

CONGRATULATIONS UPON TWENTY-FIFTH WEDDING 

ANNIVERSARY. 

Independence, Cal., March 5, 191-. 

My dear Mr Young 1 —I acknowledge the receipt of a kind invitation to be 
present at the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of your marriage. 
Owing to absence from the city on business, I was deprived of the pleasure of 
being with you on that auspicious occasion. 

I congratulate you and your good wife upon passing the milestone indicat¬ 
ing a quarter of a century of blissful wedded life. That you may both live to 
allow your friends to celebrate your golden and diamond weddings,'is the hope of, 

Your sincere friend. 


Robert Suter. 




LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


1123 


CONGRATULATIONS UPON THE BIRTH OF A SON. 

Falcon, Tenn., Jan. 3, 191- 

Uear Wood:—Accept mv warmest congratulations upon the birth of your 
son. May his years be long in the land which the Lord giveth him. May he 
honor his father and his mother, and be the blessing and support of their 
declining years. I anticipate holding the young gentleman on my knee, and 
will be over to see you in a few days. 

With kindest regards to Mrs. Williams, I am, 

Faithfully, your friend, 

Fred Black. 

CONGRATULATIONS UPON PASSING A SUCCESSFUL EXAMINA¬ 
TION. 

Kingston, R. I., Aoril 6, 191-. 

Dear Dorothy:—I was greatly pleased to hear through our friend Helen, that 
you had passed through the prescribed course of study in the Willet public 
school, and had graduated with honors. Knowing how deeply interested 
vour parents and relatives have been in your success, it is particularly gratify¬ 
ing to have you reward them by such rapid progress. Accept mv best wishes 
for your future success. 

Your friend, 

Susan Geller. 


LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION. 

INTRODUCING A MERCHANT TO ANOTHER. 

Joplin, Miss., July 9, 191- 

Friend Jonathan:—The bearer of this, Mr. George Hunt, is a dry-goods mer¬ 
chant in our town, who visits your city for the purpose of making purchases 
for his fall trade. Mr. Hunt is a heavy dealer in his line, pays cash for all he 
buys, and expects the lowest prices and largest discounts. Any favor you can 
tender him by introducing him to your leading wholesale houses, or otherwise, 
will be appreciated by Mr. Hunt, and acknowledged by, 

Your friend, 

Mr. Jonathan Huey. Philip Gilman 

INTRODUCING A LADY TO ANOTHER. 

Burlington, Pa., April 10, 191-. 

Dear Grace:—I take this occasion to introduce to you the bearer of this letter, 
Mrs. John S. Palmer, who is on a visit to her relatives in your city. Mrs. P. 
is my very dear friend, of whom you have often heard me speak. Believing 
that your acquaintance with each other would be mutually agreeable, I 
have urged her to call upon you during her stay. Any attention you may 
bestow upon her, during her visit, will be highly appreciated by, 

Your friend, 

Annie Connor. 

INTRODUCING A CLERK. 

Fort Wayne, Ind., Oct. 13, 191-. 

Friend Sanderson:—This letter will introduce to you my young friend, Otto 
Tames who has been in my employ as a clerk for the past eighteen months, and 
whom I would still retain, had not the depression in our line of business ren¬ 
dered his services, with those of others of my clerks, unnecessary 

Believing that your wide influence would very materially aid him in secur¬ 
ing a good position in the dry-goods trade in your city, I presume upon the 
acquaintance of an old friend, in thus writing you. For reference you can use 
my name. 

Believing that you will not regret any assistance you render the young man, 
I am, Your friend, 

Henry L. Wilkins. 


Mr. S. B. Sanderson. 





1124 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


INTRODUCING A YOUNG MAN TO A MEMBER OF CONGRESS. 

Lebanon, Ky., March 3, 191-. 

Hon. S. B. Dickie, 

Respected Sir.—The bearer, Mr. J. C. Philips, is the son of Mrs. S. C. Philips 
of this town, whose hushand was one of our most respected citizens. This 
young man has just graduated from one of our schools, and at my suggestion 
visits Washington, wishing to see the Capitol, and at the same time learn the 
possibilities of securing a satisfactory position in one of the Departments, 
after passing the necessary Civil Service examination. If you can give him 
any help or advice in this matter, it will be warmly appreciated by his mother 
and myself. I remain, Yours respectfully, 

R. B. Fitzgerald. 

REQUESTING PERMISSION FOR A DAUGHTER TO MAKE 

A VISIT. 

Oberlin, O., May 6, 191-. 

Mv dear Mrs. Fitch:—In compliance with your oft-repeated request, I would 
likeTo send my daughter to spend a few weeks of her vacation in your delight¬ 
ful country home, trusting that her visit may be as pleasant for her and yourself 
as mine was a year ago. She could come next Monday if that would be entirely 
convenient for you. 

Anticipating a visit from you before the close of the present summer, I 
remain, as ever, 

Your devoted friend', 

Ellen Bromley. 


LETTERS OF APOLOGY. 

APOLOGIZING FOR FAILURE TO PAY NOTE. 

Kalamazoo, Mich., July 11, 191—. 

Mr. R. W. Davidson 

Dear Sir:—I very much regret that the failure of P. Dick & Son will prevent 
my payment of your note on the 20th instant, without serious inconvience to 
myself. I shall be able to pay it, however, promptly on the 25th. Should 
the five days’ delay seriously incommode you, please write me at once, and I 
will endeavor to procure the money from another source. 

Yours very truly, 

Roy Johnston. 

EXCUSE TO A TEACHER FOR NON-ATTENDANCE OF CHILD. 

Friday Morning, Sept. 4, 191-. 

Miss McCausland. 

You will please excuse Blanche for non-attendance at school yesterday 
afternoon. She was detained in consequence of a severe headache. 

Very respectfully, 

Josephine Fister. 

APOLOGY FOR BREAKING A BUSINESS ENGAGEMENT. 

Austin, Texas, Oct. 15. 191-. 

Mr. Harold R. Lacey, 

Galveston, Texas. 

Dear Sir:—-I very much regret being compelled to apologize for not meeting 
you at the railroad meeting in Houston last Saturday, as I agreed to do. The 
cause of my detention was the sudden and severe illness of my youngest child, 
whose life for a time we despaired of. Please write me the result of the meet¬ 
ing. . . v 

Hoping that the arrangements we anticipated were perfected, I am, 

Very truly, 


Ross N. Hood. 



LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


1125 


LETTERS OF REQUEST. 

REQUESTING LOAN OF MONEY. 

Pikeville, Ky., Feb. 2, 191-. 

Friend Curtis:—Will you do me the kindness to loan me one hundred dollars 
until Wednesday of next week? Having several large collections to make 
during the next three days, I may be able to return the loan before then. 

Yours truly, 

James Rostrom, 

ANSWER REFUSING THE REQUEST. 

Pikeville, Ky., Feb. 2, 191-. 

Friend Rostrom:—I regret that all the money I have available, I am com¬ 
pelled to use this afternoon; otherwise I would comply with your request 
with pleasure. 

Respectfully, 

John Curtis. 

REQUESTING A LETTER OF INTRODUCTION. 

Dallas, Texas, March 4, 191-." 

Friend Scott:—I start for Boston to-morrow, to make arrangements for our 
excursion. I shall arrange to have the journey extend as far as the Holy Land. 
Be so kind, if you please, as to give me a- letter of introduction to Professor John 
Ross, whom I hope, also, to enlist in the scheme. 

With warmest regards to your family, I remain, 

Very truly yours, 

Frank Lewis. 


GIFT LETTERS. 

ACCOMPANYING BIRTHDAY GIFT. 

Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 10, 191-. 

Friend Otto:—Please accept this little token of love and esteem on this anni¬ 
versary of your birth. With all my heart I wish you many, many returns of 
the day. 

Sincerely your friend, 

William Kyle. 


ANSWER TO PREVIOUS LETTER. 

Bethlehem, Pa , Dec. 11. 191-. 

My Friend William:—Your very valuable and welcome gift came to-day. 1 
appreciate it very highly, and am especially gratified to know that in spite of 
your many cares you have not forgotten the birthday of your old friend. 
During my remaining years I will cherish your gift. Accept my warmest 
thanks, and remember me as, 

Your constant friend, 

Otto Brenz. 

ACCOMPANYING GIFT TO CLERGYMAN. 

The Rev. Isaac Kilmer, 

Pastor of the 8th St. M. E. Church, 

-Dear Sir:—You will gratify us by appropriating to your own use the accom¬ 
panying check. It is presented by your many friends in your congregation as a 
slight token of the very high esteem in which you are held by the people, as a 
Christian gentleman and an eloquent and instructive preacher. 





1126 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


Trusting that its acceptance will afford you as much pleasure as it has 
given us in the presentation, we are, 

Very respectfully, 

Dan Barton, 1 

Frank Pyle, j- Committee. 

S. Marion Lamb, ) 

ACCOMPANYING GIFT TO MANAGER. 

New Brunswick, N. ]., Feb. 2, 191-. 

Mr. Harry H. Kuster, 

Dear Sir:—The undersigned, employees of the Southeastern Dental Supply Co., 
deeply regretting your departure from among us, desire your acceptance of the 
accompanying memorial, in testimony of our affection and respect for you as a 
gentleman and a mechanic, and as a faint expression of our appreciation of your 
kindly efforts to render our connection with this factory not only pleasant and 
agreeable to ourselves, but profitable to the company. 

Deeply regretting that our connection must be severed, we shall gratefully 
remember our association in the past, and hope always to be held in pleasant 
remembrance by you. 

(Signed by the Employees.) 


SOCIAL LETTERS. 

INVITATION TO DINNER. 

Note: — Italic type indicates handwritten portions; Roman type the en¬ 
graved portions. 

Mr. and Mrs. John Stokes Patterson 
request the pleasure of 
Mr. and Mrs. Edward Welsh’s 
company at dinner 
on Wednesday, April 14th, 1 pl¬ 
at six o’clock. 

1917 Green Street, 

Boston, Mass. 

ACCEPTANCE OF DINNER INVITATION. 

Mr. and Mrs. Edward Welsh accept with pleasure the kind invitation of 
Mr. and Mrs. John Stokes Patterson to dinner on Wednesday, April 14th, lpi 
Shawmut Ave. 

April eighth, ipi- 


INFORMAL REGRETS. 

1721 Columbus Ave., 

Boston, Mass. 

Dear Mrs. Patterson :— 

I am exceedingly sorry that I cannot dine with you on Wednesday 
the fourteenth of April, but I promised Mrs. Astor to dine at her house that eve¬ 
ning and go to the theatre afterward 

Yours sincerely, 

James Sullivan 

April sixth, ipi- \ 

INVITATION TO MUSICALE- 

Mrs. Kingdon Gould 
requests the pleasure of 
Mr. Edgar Moulton's 
company 

on Thursday evening, January the tenth 
at nine o’clock 


Music. 


1844 Preston Ave 



LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


1127 


INVITATION FOR EVENING. 

Mr. and Mrs. William Howard Sturgis 
At Home 

on the evening of Friday the fourth of October 
from eight until half after ten o’clock 
218 South Prairie Avenue 
Chicago. 

R. S. V. P. 


REGRETS. 

1914 Olive St., 
Chicago, III. 

Mr. Paul Howard regrets sincerely that he cannot accept the kind invitation 
of Mr and Mrs. William Howard Sturgis for Friday evening October fourth, 
because of an engagement for the same hour to sing at the home of Mrs. George F'eale. 
September 25, 191- 


TEA CARD. 

The Misses Brown, 

Miss Mary Florence Brown 
Wednesday September eighteenth 
from four until half after six. 

“The Willows," 
Charleston, S. C. 


INFORMAL INVITATION. 


18 Barbour St., 
Lexington, Ky. 


Dear Mr. Barton :— 

I have Miss Lucy Weston, from Cincinnati, staying with me this 
week, and am asking a few friends to come to the house Wednesday evening, April 
twelfth, at eight o’clock, to meet her. 

I hope you can join us at that time. 

Yours sincerely, 

Mary S. Evans 


April 6, 191- 


HOME WEDDING. 

Mr. and Mrs. Nagle 
request the pleasure of your company 
at the marriage of their daughter 
Laura 
to 

Mr John Stuart Mills 
On Saturday the 19th of June 

Nineteen hundred and- 

at twelve o’clock 
“Idlewild" 

Cleveland, Ohio. 

R. S. V. P 


ACCEPTANCE. 

Mr. and Mrs. William F. Fogarty accept with pleasure your kind invitation 
for Saturday the 19 th of June at twelve o'clock. 

Oberlin, O. 

June 7, 191- 




1128 


LETTER FORMS, BUSINESS AND SOCIAL. 


CHURCH WEDDING. 

Mr. and Mrs. Richardson Taylor 
request the honour of your presence 
at the marriage of their daughter 
Dorothy 
and 

Mr. Johnson Howard Tunis 
on Tuesday the sixteenth of November 

Nineteen hundred and- 

at twelve o’clock 
Holy Trinity Church 
Richmond, Virginia. 


BREAKFAST CARD, i 

Mr. and Mrs. Richardson Taylor 
request the pleasure of 
Mr. Harry S. Groom’s 
company at breakfast 
on Tuesday tne sixteenth of November 
at half past twelve o’clock. 

1728 Forsyth Ave., 
Richmond, Va. 


WEDUING reception. 

Mr. and Mrs. Noble Beachman 
request the pleasure of your company 
at the wedding reception of their daughter 
Mary Spencer 
and 

Mr. Henry Jackson Walton 
on Saturday the fifteenth of January 

Nineteen hundred and- 

from four until six o’clock 
718 North Brown Street, 

Denver, Colorado. 

R. S. V. P. 

MARRIAGE ANNOUNCEMENT. 

Mr. and Mrs. Lewis T. Plunkett 
announce the marriage of their daughter 
Hannah Florence 
to 

Mr. Stephen Carey 

On Wednesday, the twenty-seventh of September 

Nineteen hundred and- 

Evansville. Indiana 










THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN SESSION. 

The lower branch of Congress is located in the Capitol at Washington. The House is here shown in the act 

of swearing in new members. 



















PARLIAMENTARY 


LAW. 


RULES OF ORDER FOR DELIBERATIVE ASSEMBLIES. 


ORGANIZATION. 

When those who have agreed to meet for the purpose of organization are 
present, some one rises and says / 1 1 move that Mr. or Mrs.-act as chairman. ” 

Some one else rises and savs, “I second the motion.” 

The mover then says, ‘‘All in favor of the motion, say, ave. ” Ayes are 
counted. 

The mover then says, “All opposed say, no. ” The noes are counted. 

If the ayes have a majority, the mover says, Mr. or Mrs —-— will please 
take the chair. 

If the noes have a majority, the mover says, “ I call for the nomination of 
some one else. ” And so he continues to call and to put motions till a majority 
agrees upon some one. 

After agreement, he says, “Mr. or Mrs.- will please take the chair.” 

The person selected will take the chair, say a brief word as to the honor 
conferred, and the object of the assembly, and then conclude with, “ In order 
to further complete the organization, a motion is in order for the election of a 
secretary. 

If only one motion is made and seconded in favor of a candidate (motions, 
except those of minor import, are not ready to be put till seconded) the 
chairman will say, “all in favor of the motion say aye.” He will count the 
ayes. 

Then he will say, “All opposed say, no.” He wfill count the noes. 

If a majority favor the motion, he will say,“Mr. or Mrs.- has been 

elected secretary. He or she wall please take the secretary’s chair. 

Sometimes other persons will wish to move that their favorite be elected 
secretary. It is the business of the chair to entertain all such motions, till 
satisfied that they are at an end. 

When satisfied he will put the first motion. If carried by a majority, the 
other motions fail. If not carried, he takes up the second, and so on till a 
majority choice is indicated. In general, the chairman has a right to insist 
that all shall vote. 

For a temporary assembly, a chairman and secretary, or secretaries, are all 
that is required. But for an organization that is expected to be permanent for 
a season, or for years, and wdiere dues are a feature, other officers are required. 
There should be a vice-chairman or vice-president, a collector, a treasurer, a 
door-keeper, etc., dependent on the character of the organization. All these 
mav be chosen in the manner laid down above for the election of a secretary. 
But it w T ould be best to postpone their election for a little time, till discussion 
has been had of the object and character of the society or association, and until 
all are ready for the work of permanent organization. If the by-laws have been 
passed and prescribe the election of permanent officers by ballot, it would 
be w r ell to elect all such officers in accordance with said by-laws. 

And even if it be desirable to go on with permanent organization before the 
constitution and by-laws have been adopted, it would be best to elect the 
permanent officers, by receiving nominations and using the ballot. But as to 
this see the heading “Permanent Societies.” 

(1129) 







1130 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


When the temporary or popular meeting has been organized, as above, by 
the election of a chairman and secretary, or secretaries (political meetings 
generally announce a long list of vice-presidents and secretaries as honorary 
selections), the chairman should say (a chairman should always rise when he 
makes a proposition or motion) “ What is the further pleasure of this meeting? ” 

Here it is proper for some one to rise and say," Mr. Chairman I move that 
a committee of three (or five—the number is arbitary, but should not be too 
large) be appointed by the chair to draft resolutions expressive of the sense 
of this meeting 

It must be understood that resolutions are the usual means of making 
known the wishes of an assembly, or of effecting a temporary government, 
where such assembly is a public and popular one, as the political meeting, the 
indignation meeting, the meeting in honor of some distinguished person, or of 
condolence over a death, the meeting looking to a permanent organization for 
a special object, etc. 

The resolutions, in such cases, have generally been prepared beforehand 
by those who have consulted together and have called the meeting, and they have 
been entrusted to the keeping of the one who, by previous understanding, 
would make the above motion. 

The chairman should rise, recognize the mover, by mentioning his name, 
hear the motion, see that it is seconded, repeat it to the assembly, and then say, 
"Are you ready for the question?” 

If there is no discussion, he puts the question in the usual way, by saying, 
“All in favor of the motion say aye.” "Contrary, no!” 

If carried, the chairman appoints the committee, naming the mover of the 
motion as the first one on the committee, who thus becomes its chairman. 

The oldest and best parliamentary usage requires that the mover of a motion 
to appoint a committee shall be the first on the committee, and that the first 
appointed on a committee shall be its chairman. 

If the above motion has been lost, the chairman shall announce it as lost, 
and ask, "what is the further pleasure of the meeting?” This will bring up 
another line of procedure. 

It is usual for the above committee to retire for a few moments to read 
over and adopt the resolutions, if they are already prepared, or to prepare 
resolutions, if not previously done. While they are gone, the chairman may 
announce the business of the assembly as suspended till the committee is ready 
to report, but it is better for him, in order to hold the assembly together, to 
say that the interval affords an opportunity for a general expression of view's, 
and to call upon some one, whom he knows to be in sympathy with the object 
of the meeting, to entertain it. But if there is any regular business that can go 
on during the absence of the committee, it should be attended to. 

When the committee is ready to report, its chairman announces the fact 
to the chairman of the assembly, by saying, "Mr. Chairman, your committee 
have agreed upon a series of resolutions and beg leave to report them.” So 
saying, he passes the resolutions to the chairman or secretary. 

The chairman of the assembly asks the secretary to read them, which he 
does. If the handwriting is unfamiliar to the secretary, the chairman should 
relieve him, by calling on the writer of the resolutions to read them, for much 
depends on a good reading of resolutions. 

After the reading, the chairman says, "You have heard the resolutions, 
what is your pleasure respecting them?” or "what action will the assembly take 
upon them?” 

Then some one rises and says, "Mr. Chairman I move the resolutions (or 
the report of the committee) be adopted.” When the motion has been sec¬ 
onded, the chairman says, " Is the meeting (or assembly, or are you) ready 
for the question?” 

Debate would now be in order. And at this point the object of the meet¬ 
ing is best, met by a full expression of views, which the chairman should solicit, 
and give opportunity for. 

When debate has been had upon the resolutions, and has ended, the chair¬ 
man puts the question in the usual way If carried, the resolutions become 
the voice of the assembly, and the committee stands discharged. 

The resolutions may have been modified by amendments, or referred back 
to the committee for change, all of which changes or modifications, if made by 






PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


1131 


amendments in open assembly, must be recognized and stated bv the chairman, 
in the final motion to pass them. 

If the object of the assembly has now been met, some one moves to ad¬ 
journ. The chairman puts the motion in the usual form, and then declares the 
meeting adjourned. 

But a speedier way to handle resolutions in popular assemblies, where 
sue! resolutions have been prepared beforehand, and where their passage is 
expected to accomplish the object of the meeting, is for the one who has them in 
charge to rise and say, “Mr. Chairman, I move the adoption of the following 
resolutions. ” He then reads them, or hands them to the secretary to be read. 

After reading, they are open to debate, as before; also for modification, 
rejection or acceptation. Full discussion of them, and final action upon them, 
generally accomplishes the object of the meeting. 

PERMANENT SOCIETIES. 


When the object is to form a permanent society for business, literary enter¬ 
tainment, scientific pursuit or pleasure—in which rank fall lyceums, social clubs, 
institutes, and all assemblies designed to perpetuate themselves—the pre¬ 
liminary steps are the same as already set forth, viz., a consultation among 
friends of the object in view, being careful that enemies are discarded, a call 
for the work of organization, a meeting at which a chairman and secretary 
shall be elected the first thing, and in the way already set forth. This puts the 
meeting under control. 

The chairman then calls upon some one whom he knows to be most inter¬ 
ested in the movement, or best qualified to set it forth, to state the object of the 
meeting. If the chairman himself is the best qualified, which is mostly the 
verv reason he has been called upon to preside, he states the object of the meeting. 
Others may be given opportunity to state their views, but the chairman should 
control the time and insist on brevity. 

But it is best for the one making the statement to conclude his remarks 
with a resolution, previously prepared and in writing, which resolution should 
be passed to and read by the secretary. 

It may read, “ Resolved, that it is the sense of this meeting that a society 
shall be formed in this (city, town or village) for the purpose of (state the object) 
which shall be known as the (state the name), (but the name can be left to the 
committee on constitution).” 

This resolution should be open to the widest debate, after it has been 
seconded. 

It should then be voted upon and, if carried, some one should rise and say, 
“I move that the chairman appoint a committee of three (five or any other 
number, the smaller the better) to draft a constitution and by-laws for such 
a society as has been agreed upon in the resolution just passed, and that said 
committee report at the next meeting (or at an adjourned meeting, or at a 
meeting called by the chairman or at the present session) of this assembly.” 

This motion is debatable. If it passes, the chair should appoint the com¬ 
mittee, placing the mover first A motion to adjourn will now be in order, 
unless the committee’s report is expected. Such motion should be made with 
a view to accommodating the committee, and should include the time and place 
of next meeting. As such it is debatable. But if it is simply a motion to 
adjourn, or to adjourn at the call of the chairman, debate is not in order. 

The chairman then dismisses the meeting, repeating the words of the motion 


to adjourn. „ , , i ... 

At the next meeting, the officers of the former one are m charge, till 

superseded by permanent ones. 

The chairman calls the meeting to order, and asks the secretary to read 
the minutes. The chairman then says, \ ou have heard the minutes, is 
there any reason why they should not be adopted?” If no one rises to object, 
he should say (without motion) ‘‘The minutes stand approved as read. It 
a correction has been made, he should say,‘‘The minutes stand approved as 
corrected M 

The chairman then says, ‘‘The next business in order is the hearing of the 
report of the committee on constitution and by-l^iws. 





1132 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


The chairman of said committee rises, and on being recognized, reads 
his report (or hands it to the secretary to be read). 

After reading, the chairman of the meeting says, “You have heard the 
report of the committee, what is your pleasure respecting it?’’ 

Some one may rise and say, “I move the adoption of the constitution and 
by-laws as reported by the .committee. ” The chairman may entertain this 
motion, and put it. If it is carried, the constitution and by-law's become the 
organic law of the society. 

But a much more satisfactory way is for some one to move that the con¬ 
stitution and by-laws be adopted seriatim. If this motion is carried, the 
chairman rises, reads the first article, or has the secretary read it, and says, 
“Are there any amendments to this article?” 

If there are amendments, he must entertain motions to that effect. But 
if, after a pause, no amendments are made, he may say, “ There being no amend¬ 
ments, I pass to the reading of the second article.” 

He then reads the second article, and asks the same question. He con 
tinues reading till through. He then says, “You have passed upon the con¬ 
stitution and by-laws, seriatim (or by sections), shall we adopt it (or them) as a 
whole? ” 

This is necessary, because opportunity to amend should never be cut off 
before the adoption of an instrument as a whole. 

If no amendments are offered, at this stage, to the instrument as a whole, 
the chairman may say, “There being no amendments, all who are in favor of 
the adoption of the constitution and by-laws, as read (or as amended, if the 
sections have been amended) and as a whole, will say aye, ” He should count 
the ayes carefully. Then he should say, “All opposed will say no.” He 
should announce the result distinctly. 

The society has now an organic law and guide. Sometimes it is preferable 
to take separate action on the constitution and by-laws; even to have them 
referred to separate committees, and acted upon at different times. But 
whether this be so or not, as soon as the constitution is adopted, it is proper for 
the chairman to request of those present, who desire to become members, to 
come forward, pay their initiation fee, if one is required, and sign the constitu¬ 
tion. A recess should be declared for this purpose. 

If the by-laws have not been passed with the constitution, action on them 
would now be in order, and said action would be the same as that upon the 
constitution. 

After the adoption of both, separately or together, the chairman should 
say, “The next business in order is the election of officers in accordance with 
our constitution. ” 

If the constitution provides that a committee shall be appointed which 
shall nominate officers, a motion should be made for the appointment of such 
committee. The adoption of their report is the election. 

But if the election is left to the society, the chairman should say, “Nomi¬ 
nations for president (or whatever the presiding officer’s title may be) are now 
in order. ” If no more than one nomination be made, the chairman may say, 

“There being only one nomination for president, I declare Mr. -elected;” 

and, unless there is a provision to the contrary, or for formal installation, he 
may vacate his seat and ask the newly elected president to take it. 

The new official then goes on with the election, announcing the respective 
officers to be voted for, calling for nominations, declaring elections where 
only one candidate is nominated, asking for a ballot where two or more candi¬ 
dates are in the field. 

Generally speaking, it is best to begin an election by the appointment of 
tellers, so that they may be ready to act where there are two or more nomina¬ 
tions. Tellers should occupy some central, conspicuous place, and may use 
a hat as a ballot box. The voters should write the name of their favorite on a 
piece of paper, and deposit it in the hat, and the tellers should announce their 
count to the chairman. 

As each officer is elected he, or she, should take the seat appointed to him 
or her, displacing the temporary officers When all are thus elected and seated 
the permanent organization is effected. 

When a society expects to own real estate, it should get a charter, or become 
incorporated according to the laws of its state. 








PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


1133 


CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 

A committee appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws for a per¬ 
manent society, should bear in mind the following: 

(1) A constitution may be very full, thus necessitating few by-laws, or none 
at all. 

(2) By-laws may be very full, thus necessitating a very brief constitution or 
none at all. 

(3) A constitution should be brief. It ought to declare only the fundamen¬ 
tal features of the societv, as— 

(a) The name of the society. 

(b) The object of the society. 

(c) The components, or membership, of the society. 

(d) The officers of the society, the manner of their elections, and their 
duties and terms. 

(e) The times and place of meetings, in brief, leaving details to by-laws. 

(f) How to amend the constitution; and this should be made difficult. 

Nothing but ample notice and a two-third vote should be allowed to 
disturb it. 

(4) The committee should consult the constitution and by-laws of kindred organ¬ 

izations and select what is best fitted for its own. 

(5) By-laws should be full, and should cover all the details of official conduct 
and government. Among the principal questions they should settle 
are:— 

(a) What shall constitute a quorum. 

(b) Time and place of meeting, if not fixed in the constitution. 

(c) Salary of officers, if salaried. 

(d) Duties of member's, their rights, and methods of admission. 

(ej Punishment of members. 

(f) Method of making and putting motions. 

(g) The parliamentary' manual that shall govern deliberations 

(h) Fees or dues of members. 

(i) Manner of amendment. 

Lastly, rules of order, which may run as follows, and which should be 
followed by the presiding officer, unless a motion is carried to reverse them, for 
convenience sake, or unless, in a plain emergency the chairman assumes to 
reverse them. 

(a) Calling of societv to order. 

(b) Calling roll of officers. 

(c) Reading and approving of minutes 

(d) Admission of new members. 

(e) Communications, notices, and bills 

(f) Payment of dues. 

(g) Reports of standing committees. 

(h) Reports of special committees. 

(i) Unfinished business. 

(j) New business. 

(k) Debates, essays, readings, or whatever appertains to the general 
entertainment and good. 

( l ) Transfer and announcement of receipts by financial official. 

(m) Adjournment. 

(6) By-laws should be more easily amendable than a constitution. A ma¬ 
jority vote ought to be sufficient, though a motion to amend ought to lay 
over till next meeting. 

OFFICERS. 

A chairman or president calls the society to order at the proper time, an¬ 
nounces the business according to the order laid down, states and puts all 
questions, preserves quiet, decides all questions of order (subject to appeal). 
In putting questions and speaking, he should stand. M hen a member rises 

and addresses him he should recognize him by saying, “Mr.-or h two 

address him at the same time, he should say, “Mr.-has the floor.’’ He 






1134 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


should not interrupt a speaker when in order, should be non-partisan, affable, 
yet firm, and should exercise his right to address the society, when necessary, 
by first calling some one else to take the chair, unless the question be one of 
order, when he need not leave the chair. 

The secretary should keep an accurate account of the proceedings, in a 
permanent book. Of course this does not mean that he shall report speeches, 
essays, etc., and inconsequential matters. But he should take down every 
motion, or, better still, insist that the mover shall lay it on his table in waiting. 
He should avoid all criticism, and record things done, rather than those said. 
He is the custodian of all papers of the society, not specially entrusted to other 
officers, is the correspondent, and should see that the constitution and by-laws 
are properly engrossed, preserved, and rendered accessible. Sometimes, he is 
the collector of dues, and is otherwise financially interested In all such cases 
he should be prompt and accurate in his reports. In nearly every society 
the secretarv is the most important official. 

The treasurer is the final recipient of the funds of the society. He dis¬ 
penses them, also, but upon orders drawn by other officials, usually the chair¬ 
man and secretary. He should be careful in accounting for what he receives 
and expends, should give and take receipts, or vouchers, should make his 
reports regularly, and should insist upon an audit of his accounts in accordance 
with the laws of the society. 

A vice-president performs the duties of president, when that official is 
absent. 

There may be other officials, dependent on the character of the society, 
but their duties are usually fully specified in the constitution or by-laws. The 
above are the main officials of the ordinary society, and upon them the success 
of most organizations falls. 

COMMITTEES. 

Every organization, transient or permanent, popular or deliberate, should 
understand the value of committee work. When a new subject is broached, it 
ought to be referred to a committee, if it is at all important or intricate. The 
committee should be given plenty of time to consider it and to report. 
The reports of committees which have deliberated in secret, in quiet, and with 
time, are seldom rejected by assemblies; whereas, if the same subject were 
left to popular discussion, there would be no end to debate and no prospect of a 
conclusion. Regular business would be interfered with, tumult would ensue, 
and perhaps disorganization would follow. 

Committees, in ordinary assemblies, sho\ild be small. Three members 
are enough. Said an old parliamentarian, “the best working committee is one 
of three members, two of whom are absent.” 

When a matter is of sufficient importance to be referred to a committee, a 
member should rise and say. “Mr. Chairman I move that the matter be 
referred to a committee of three, to be appointed by the chair,” or “I move 
that a committee of three be appointed by the chair to” (state what the com¬ 
mittee is expected to do). 

It is always best to mention in the motion the number of the committee 
and that the chair shall appoint. This will save the chairman the trouble of 
asking, “Of how many shall the committee consist and by whom shall it be 
appointed? ” 

The first named on a committee is its chairman. He shall call the com¬ 
mittee together and preside at its deliberations. But in his absence, a majority 
of the committee may meet and transact business, a majority of a committee 
being always a quorum. Committee business ought to be transacted just like 
that of the society itself, it being but a miniattire society. 

A committee report may begin, “ The committee to which was referred the 
(state the subject) beg leave to submit the following report” (follow with 
the report). 

The report may conclude with, “ All of which is respectfully submitted,” 
(followed by signatures of committeemen). 

Sometimes two reports are made, one by a majority and one by a minority 
of the committee. The former should begin with “A majority of the com¬ 
mittee to which was referred the (state subject) beg leave to report,” etc. 



PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


1135 


The latter should begin with “ A minority of the committee to which was, ” etc. 
Both reports are entitled to reading, but the minority report is not entitled to 
consideration except upon a motion to substitute it for the majority report. 

When the report of a committee is accepted, the committee stands dis- 
charged without motion. A motion to refer back a report, or to recommit 
to the same committee, revives the committee. 

MOTIONS IN GENERAL. 

A motion is the usual form of bringing business before a society or assem¬ 
bly. 

As a rule motions, if important, involved or lengthy, should be reduced to 
writing. They may be read by the mover and then handed to the chairman 
or secretary, or the secretary may, by request, do the reading. Where the 
motion is simple, it need not be reduced to writing, unless the by-laws require 
it; but in such case time should be given the secretary to make an accurate 
record of it. 

When the motion is verbal, the member rises and says, “Mr. Chairman 
(the chairman recognizes him by name), I move that a committee of three be 
appointed, ” etc., etc., or “ I move that” (stating the motion in brief). 

When the motion is written it takes the form of a resolution, thus:— 

“Resolved, that the thanks of the society be extended,” etc., or, “Re¬ 
solved that a committee of five be appointed/’ etc., etc. 

If the way is clear for the chair to entertain the motion, that is, if there is no 
other business before the society to interfere with it or if the subject of the 
resolution falls under the head of business in hand, the member rises and says 
“ Mr. Chairman (the chair recognizes him by name), I move the adoption of the 
following resolution. ” He reads it and passes it to the chairman. 

Or, having first passed it to the secretary, he says, “Mr. Chairman, I move 
the adoption of the resolution, which the secretary will please read.” 

When the motion has been read and seconded, the chairman rises and 
says:—“It has been moved and seconded that the following resolution (which 
he reads) be adopted;” or, “It has been moved and seconded that the resolu¬ 
tion you just heard read (or which the secretary will now read) be adopted. ” 

It is any member’s right to call for a re-reading of the resolution; and it is 
the business of the chair to see that it is fully understood by the members before 
putting the motion. 

In large assemblies the motion in writing should be signed by the mover. 

The chairman may continue. “The question is on the adoption of the 
resolution just read.” 

A pause is in order to give opportunity for a debate, and full debate is 
desirable upon motions involving new or important business. Such debates 
are usually opened by the mover, who is expected to explain and sustain his 
motion. If there is hesitation about debate, and the chairman thinks the 
matter worthy of discussion, he may urge the importance of discussion. 

It cannot be too often repeated, nor too fully borne in mind, that no 
member of any assembly has a right to the floor and to speak till recognized by 
the chair. A chairman who does not rigidly enforce this rule will find him¬ 
self helpless in the midst of clamor. The chairman does not lose control of a 
speaker whom he has recognized, but may call him to order, when he is out of 
order, as for instance when he is straying from the question or talking vulgarly 
or abusively. So the chairman must protect a speaker against interruption 
from other members; any member has a right to call an offensive speaker 
to order, by rising to a point of order. 

If no one has risen to speak, or when the debate is closed, either by consent 
or by motion, the chairman rises and says:—“Are you ready for the question?” 

If there is nothing to the contrary, the chairman says: “The question is on 
the adoption of the resolution you have heard read (or heard read and debated); 
as many as are in favor of its adoption, say aye” (counts the ayes). “As 
many as are opposed, say no” (counts the noes). 

He then announces the result, saying, “The motion is carried” (or lost); 
or, the “Resolution stands adopted” (or is lost). 

A majority of votes, in ordinary assemblies, is sufficient to carry a motion, 
if the motion be not one of an excepted kind, or if there be no by-law to the 
contrary. 





1136 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


THE ORDINARY MOTIONS CLASSIFIED. 

There is hardly any more interesting and useful study than the subject of 
motions. The object of most societies is to bring about a knowledge of them 
among members, in other words, to get acquainted with parliamentary science. 
A good parliamentarian is a most useful man in any community, and most of our 
greatest parliamentarians have laid the foundation of their future usefulness 
in the country lyceum or village debating school. 

When a member has drafted and presented his resolution it is the property 
of the society. It may not be desirable to adopt it then and there, or in the 
shape presented. The handling of it, therefore, opens the way to a series, 
or class, of motions whose meaning and effect ought to be fully understood, 
not only by the chairman but by the members. 

This class of motions is peculiar in the respect that they are allowable 
while the resolution is under consideration, and have the effect of superseding 
it, though no member can move any of such motions except that which calls 
for the “ Orders of the Day, ” or the “ Regular Order of Business, ’ while another 
member has the floor. (See Motion to Reconsider, further on.) 

But before studying these motions further and settling the destiny of our 
resolution in the society, let us get a good idea of the motions in use in an 
ordinary assembly or society, for these are the motions that are going to seal 
the fate of our resolution in its way through the society. 

This order of precedence, or the rank, and power, of these ordinary 
motions, appears thus:— 

(1) Motion to fix a time to adjourn. 

(2) Motion to adjourn (when unqualified), 
z' (3) Motion for the orders of the day 

(4) Motion to lay on the table. 

(5) Motion for the previous question 

(6) Motion to postpone to a certain time 

(7) Motion to commit. 

(8) Motion to amend. 

(9) Motion to postpone indefinitely. 

The above order ought to be committed to memory. Any of the motions 
contained in the list except No. 8 (the motion to amend) can be made while 
one below it in the list is pending, but none can be made, except a motion to 
amend, while one above it is pending. Thus No. 1, or “a motion to adjourn 
to a fixed time, ” can be made while No. 5 is pending, but No. 5 cannot be made 
while No. 1 is pending. So No. 3 can supersede No. 9, but No. 9 cannot supersede 
No. 3. Any higher motion, except that to amend, can supersede a lower, but 
no lower motion, except that to amend, can supersede a higher. 

As to what motions are debatable and amendable, and what not, and as to 
the more general effect of motions, we shall see further on. 

It may as well be stated here that a “motion to reconsidei’’ is always a 
privileged motion as to the making of it, but cannot be acted upon until the 
business then before the society is disposed of. When called up it takes pre 
cedence of every other motion except one to fix a time to adjourn, and one to 
adjourn, or Nos. 1 and 2 of the above list. 

Now we go back to our resolution as introduced into the society and see 
what motions may constitute its fate, provided it is not desirable to adopt or 
reject it directly. Remembering what has already been said of the class of 
motions which may he brought to bear upon it, and also the rank, power, or 
order of precedence of motions, as shown in the foregoing list, we will start with 
the object the mover has in view. He may have in view 

OBJECT I.—TO MODIFY OR AMEND. 

(a) To Amend, (b) To Commit. 

A motion to amend is the proper one where it is desired to modify the 
resolution before the society. 

A motion to amend may be to add certain words or clauses; to strike out 




PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


1137 


certain words or clauses absolutely, or to strike out and insert others; to 
substitute a different motion on the same subject (the chairman must be care¬ 
ful to see that the subject matter is not changed); or to divide the resolution 
into separate parts, so as to get a vote on each part. 

Friends of a resolution may earnestly desire to amend it in one or all of 
the above ways; but it ought to be borne in mind that enemies of the 
resolution find in amendments,*and especially in motions to divide, a favorite 
means of distracting its friends, and defeating the motion entirely. 

When an amendment is moved the chairman should state it distinctly, 
and should read in connection the clause affected. He should mention the 
words to be struck out, or the words to be inserted, and then should read the 
clause as it would read if amended. The amendment, if seconded, has pre¬ 
cedence of the original motion and is open to debate, but the chairman should 
see that all remarks are confined to the merits of the amendment alone. The 
main question should not be considered in debate except in so far as is necessary 
to explain and ascertain the merits of the amendment. 

In putting the motion to amend, the chairman should ask, “are you ready 
for the question ? ” and should count ayes and noes, and decide, just as if it were 
the main question. 

An amendment of an amendment should be treated in the same way. 
It is a separate, independent question, and takes precedence of the amend¬ 
ment. But the chairman and all members should be on their guard lest it be 
not germane, for the further you get away from the main question the greater 
danger there is of losing sight of the main question. 

Thefe can be no motion to amend an amendment of an amendment. It 
would be too foggy. Motions which are undebatable are, for the most part, 
not amendable. But we shall see more of this hereafter. 

If the original question is novel, confused, or unclarified by amendments, 
it is a wholesome proceeding to move to refer it to a committee for further 
consideration. This, if carried, takes it out of the hands of the society for 
the time, allays excitement and leads to a better form of presentation. Both 
friends and enemies can use such a motion to advantage. Such a motion is 
known as a “motion to commit,” or a “motion of reference.” A “motion 
to commit” can be made while an amendment is pending (since 7 precedes 8 
in the foregoing list). 

A “motion to commit” is debatable, and it opens the merits of the whole 
question, or resolution, to debate. A “motion to commit” is amendable, 
but only as to the number of the committee, how it shall be appointed, where* 
it shall sit, when it shall report, etc. Amendments designed to defeat the main 
object of the motion are not germane, and the chairman should so declare them. 

OBJECT II.—TO DEFER ACTION. 

(a) To Postpone, (b) Lie on the Table. 

It may be that the introduction of the question is premature, and that 
another time for its consideration would be preferable. If so, the proper step 
is to move to “postpone to a certain time. ” The time may be to a later hour 
in the session, or to another order of business, or to the next, or another session. 
If it pass over to a next, or another, session, it should be called up under the 
head of “unfinished business. ” 

This “motion to postpone to another time,” is debatable, but only in a 
limited sense. Debate must be confined strictly to the propriety of postpone¬ 
ment to the time specified. It is amendable, but only in respect to the time, 
and this amendment has the. same limitations as to debate. 

This “motion to postpone to a certain time,” which is No. 6, of the fore¬ 
going list, can be made while Nos. 7, 8, and 9 are pending. 

If it is not desired to postpone the question to a certain time, perhaps it 
may be deemed proper to lay it aside temporarily, till some other business is 
concluded, but in such a way as to not lose sight of it, or lose the privilege of 
taking it up again. The only way to do this is to move that the question “lie 
on the table.” 

This motion is not debatable nor subject to amendment. The chairman 
puts it promptly and announces the result. It is an heroic motion, and is 


H 37 





1138 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


often used by the enemies of a measure to supress it. It lays the matter in 
hand aside till some one moves “ to take it from the table, ” which motion is no; 
debatable and is not privileged. 

OBJECT III.—TO SUPRESS DEBATE. 

(a) The Previous Question, (b) Closing Debate. 

Free debate, however desirable, often becomes a weapon in the hands of a 
minority. It may be used to prolong sessions indefinitely, and to shove off a 
vote on important resolutions. It is therefore necessary to limit it to proper 
bounds. This may be done in two ways: First:—By a call for the “previous 
question,” by any member who chooses to make the call. This call must be 
seconded like a motion. It is not debatable nor subject to amendment. The 
chairman instantly rises and says, “Shall the main question now be put?” If 
this is carried, all debate is cut off instantly, except where the measure has 
been reported by a committee, when the member reporting it is entitled to the 
courtesy of a closing speech, usually brief. 

It must be borne in mind that this motion to “put the main question” 
is exceptional in the respect that it requires or should require, a two-thirds vote 
to sustain it. This relieves it of the odium of an attempt to gag the minority. 

If the “main question” is carried by the requisite majority, the chairman 
immediatey begins to clear off all the motions that are pending, and which 
are below the motion for the “ main, or previous, question, ” on the foregoing list. 
He puts the motion “ to commit, ” if one is pending, which, if carried, sends the 
matter back to the committee. If lost, he puts the motion to amend, if one is 
pending. If carried, he puts the motion on the original resolution as amended; 
or if the amendment has been lost, he puts the motion on the original resolution, 
Thus the object in calling the “previous question” has been accomplished. 

The “previous question” call and motion, applies to an amendment, 
a motion to postpone, a motion to reconsider or an appeal. In all these instances 
it affects only the subject or motion to which it applies, and debate on the main 
question is still open. 

But it may not be desirable to cut off debate entirely, by ordering the 
“previous question.” It may be desirable to limit it only. In such case a 
motion may be made to “limit debate.” This motion may limit the speeches 
to five (or other) minutes; may limit them to two (or other number) on each 
side; may fix an hour or minute for closing the debate. Motions to limit debate 
come up very often in the shape of amendments. Like the “ previous question, ” 
“motions to limit” should have a two-thirds majority, especially in societies 
where debate is an object and harmony desirable. 

OBJECT IV.—TO SUPPRESS THE QUESTION. 

s • 

(a) Objections to Consideration, (b) Indefinite Postponements. 

(c) To Lie on the Table. 

If the resolution is worthless and unfit for consideration, the best way to 
dispose of it is for a member to “object to its consideration.” This need 
not be seconded, and it enables the chairman to say immediately, “ Will the 
assembly or society, consider the question?” If two-thirds decide against it, 
the question is dismissed for the session. But when one feels called upon to 
“object to the consideration” of a measure, he should rise immediately after 
it is introduced, for his objection cannot be entertained when another member 
has the floor, nor after the measure has become the subject of debate. 

If debate has set in, and it appears desirable to suppress the question, the 
proper motion is “to postpone indefinitely.” This motion cannot be made 
when any other motion, except the main question, is pending, as it is the least 
privileged of all motions, as may be seen from its low place on the foregoing list. 
It opens thy main question to debate and is a slow means of accomplishing its 
object. 

Much more effective is the motion that “the question lie on the table.” 
This is not debatable nor amendable. The chairman may put it at once, and 
when carried the matter is disposed of for the session, or. at least, till a majority 
choose to call it up. 



PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


1139 


OBJECT V.—TO RECONSIDER. 

To adopt, reject or suppress a measure is to finally dispose of it for the 
session, unless some one chooses to revive it by a “motion to reconsider.” 
This is the only means of bringing a passed measure before the society. This 
motion can be made only by one who voted with the majority before, and it 
must be made on the day or at the session the former vote was taken. It can 
be made in the midst of debate and when another member has the floor (this 
only for the purpose of getting it on the minutes), but it cannot be considered 
while any other measure is pending. When, however, it is called up for con¬ 
sideration, it takes and keeps precedence of every other question, except a 
motion to adjourn, or to fix a time or for adjournment. If the original question 
was debatable, the “motion to reconsider” is debatable, and debate extends 
to the entire merits of the original question. But if the original question was 
undebatable, the “motion to reconsider” is undebatable. 

If the “motion to reconsider” is carried, the original question is again 
fully before the society 

A motion to reconsider need not be acted upon on the day, or at the 
session, it is made. It may be entered on the minutes, and called up on the 
next day or session, either by the mover or by some one for him. But if a day 
or session, within a month, intervene, the motion dies. Time defeats its object. 

A “motion to adjourn” cannot be reconsidered. But, being a privileged 
motion, it can be renewed, as often as desirable, if it has been previously lost. 

OBJECT VI.—ORDER AND RULES. 

(a) Rules of Order, (b) Special Order, (c) Suspension of Rules, 
(d) The Question of Order, (e) Appeal. 

As has been seen, every society should have an “Order of Business,” 
“Orders of the Day,” which the chairman is expected to adhere to. If debate 
on any question has grown tedious, or precious time is being wasted in dispute, 
or in consideration of a subject of less importance than the regular business, a 
member may arise and call for the “ Regular order of business, or the “Orders 
of the day.” This call need not be seconded, but the chairman may at once 
arise and say, “Will the society proceed with the regular order of business?” 
He may put the question without waiting for a motion, and, if carried, the 
matter under consideration is laid aside, and the chair proceeds with the regu¬ 
lar order of business. If the motion fails, a call for the “regular order of busi¬ 
ness” cannot be renewed till the matter in hand is disposed of. 

When a matter is of sufficient importance to be worthy of special consid¬ 
eration, a motion is in order to make it a “special order.” This takes it out of 
the “regular order of business” and gives it instant consideration. Such a motion 
is debatable and amendable, and since it works a suspension of the rules of 
order, it requires, a two-thirds vote to pass it, though it can be postponed by a 
majority vote. 

Analogous to the above motion is one to suspend the “ Rules of Order, 
or Business. ” 

A motion to “suspend the rules,” should conclude with “in order to con¬ 
sider” (naming the object). Such a motion is not debatable nor amendable, 
and requires a two-thirds vote. If passed, the subject, on whose account the 
rules were suspended, can be taken up and considered. 

When the propriety of suspending the rules is apparent, the chairman may 
say, “Unless there be objection I declare the rules suspended in order to con¬ 
sider,” etc., etc. 

When there is a breach of order, any member may rise to a “point of 
order,” and say, “Mr. Chairman, I rise to a point of order.” This may be 
done, and is mostly done when one is speaking. It is the business of the chair¬ 
man to entertain the point of order, and to direct the speaker to take his seat, 
till the point of order is heard and disposed of. If the chair sustains the “ point 
of order, ” he warns the speaker to avoid a second breach of order, and permits 
him to go on. But if a member objects to his continuing, after he has com- 




1140 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


mitted a breach of decorum, he cannot go on till the society has voted to grant 
him permission. 

Instead of “rising to a point of order, ” a member may simply rise and say, 
“ I call the gentleman to order. ’’ The chair will pass on the question of order 
as before. This step is common where a speaker is using vulgar and disorderly 
language, or making personal attacks. 

The decision of the chair respecting all questions of order, interpretation 
of rules, order of business, etc., etc., are the subject of appeal, and any member 
may enter an appeal to the society or assembly. An appeal is debatable but 
not amendable. It must be seconded like any other motion. After being 
seconded, the chair states his decision and the fact of appeal and says, “Shall 
the decision of the chair stand as the judgment of the society or assembly?’’ 
Before he puts the question, he may give the reasons for his decision. All the 
other members may speak on the question, but debate is limited to one speech 
each. After the vote is taken the chair announces the result, as after other 
motions. 

In some instances “appeals” are not debatable, as where the decision is 
upon priority of business, indecorous conduct, breach of rules of speaking, or 
when the previous question is pending. 

OBJECT VII.—PRIVILEGE AND ADJOURNMENT. 

When a member who has made a motion wishes to withdraw it, he cannot 
do so, if any one objects, except upon a motion carried, to grant him permission. 

When a speaker desires to read a paper out of the usual order, he must get 
permission by motion carried, if any one objects. 

When the rights of the society or any of its members have been interfered 
with, a member may rise to a “question of privilege.” If the chair decides 
it 1o be a question of privilege (an appeal from his decision is allowable), it 
takes precedence of other business, and is, of course, debatable. Debate can 
be cut off by moving the previous question, or it can be postponed, laid on the 
table, or referred to a committee. 

There are two motions to adjourn, one qualified, the other absolute. 

The first may run as follows: ‘ Moved, or resolved, that when this society 
adjourns, t adjourns to meet at (both time and place, if necessary).” Such 
a motion ought to be introduced and passed early in a session. It is subject 
to amendment as to time or place, and is always in order except when a mem¬ 
ber has the floor, being No. i on the forego ng list; but if made when another 
motion is pending, it is not debatable, nor is an amendment to it. 

The simple, or unqualified, “motion to adjourn,” admits of no debate nor 
amendment. It may be introduced at any time, except when a member is 
speaking, and even then, if he will yield for the purpose. The chairman puts 
the motion as soon as moved and seconded and announces the result. If 
carried he says “this society stands adjourned. ” If the adjournment is final, 
he adds the words “sine die.” 

\ 

GENERAL RULES. 

A speaker should address all his remarks to the chairman. 

He should strive, to be brief and pointed. He should confine his remarks 
to the subject under consideration, avoid personalities, and reflections upon an 
opponent’s motives. Every society or assembly ought to provide in its by-laws 
for the length of time and the number of times its members may be permitted 
to speak on a question, except with the consent of a majority. 

If the assembly be very large, provision should be made for a “committee 
of the whole, ” in which speech is without limit. 

When a motion has been made the chairman should repeat it, in deliberate 
clear tone. 

In general, the chairman should insist tha-t a motion be seconded. But if 
it be evident that many are in favor of it, or if it be a mere routine motion, he 
may put it without its being seconded. 

Motions calling for the regular order of business, or raising questions of 
order, or interposing objections to the consideration of a question do not need 
to be seconded. 



PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


1141 


A common form of putting a question is, “ It is moved and seconded that 
(state the motion).” 

If a resolution, it is proper to say, 4 The question is on the adoption of the 
resolution just read.” 

In cases of appeal from his decision, the chair should give his reasons for the 
decision, and should take care that the decision is fully understood. 

In matters of amendment, all words struck out, or inserted, should be 
plainly read and understood, and the motion as amended should be repeated 
before being put. 

The manner of voting is generally provided for in the by-laws. But if not, 
the chairman may say:— 

44 As many as are in favor of the motion will say, aye; those opposed, no. ” 

Or he may say:— 44 All who favor the motion will hold up their right hands; 
those opposed will give the same sign.” 

When the vote is close, or great confusion exists, the chairman may say, 
‘‘All who favor the motion will stand up to be counted; those opposed will 
rise to be counted. ” 

When two members rise to speak at the same time, the chairman must 
decide who is entitled to the floor. In making this decision, preference must be 
given to the member who made the motion or brought the matter before the 
society, to a committeeman who made the report, to a member who has not 
previously spoken, to the one who is opposed to the last speaker, rather than 
to the one who favors him. 

A speaker cannot be interrupted by calls or motions, except a motion to 
reconsider, a call to order, an objection to consideration, call for regular order 
of business, or question of privilege. 

A mover of a motion can recall it or modify it before it has been stated by 
the chairman, but not afterwards, except with the consent of the society. 

When a mover modifies his motion, the seconder can withdraw his second. 

Routine motions need not be seconded. A chairman may even dispatch 
routine work without a motion, thus:— 44 You have heard the minutes read; 
if no objections are offered, they will stand approved (pause'*. There being no 
objections, I declare the minutes approved as read. 

Leading motions, amendments and committee instructions should be in 
writing. 

Members should be willing to serve in office and on committees. Hold¬ 
ing other office or serving on two or more other committees is a good excuse for 
declination of new service. 

Acceptance of a committee’s report does not discharge the committee, 
where it has contracted debts. A committee should see that its debts are paid. 

In case of a tie vote the chairman has the casting vote 

DICTIONARY OF ALL THE MOTIONS. 

While the ordinary motions already discussed may embrace all that the 
every-day parliamentarian will find necessary in conducting the smaller assembly 
or carrying on the usual lyceum or society, they by no means exhaust the list 
of motions which find a place in parliamentary science. 

It is now our purpose to present an alphabetical list of the motions as 
found in the 44 Rules of Order” governing deliberative assemblies, and as ap¬ 
proved and used in Congress, Legislatures and other important organizations. 

This alphabetical arrangement will enable the reader to turn to the motion 
he wishes to study. He will find it treated as a word in a dictionary, the explana¬ 
tion of its quality and effect being, as it were, its definition. 

Adjourn.—A motion to adjourn is in order except when a speaker has the 
floor, unless he yields for the purpose; requ-'res a second; requires only a major¬ 
ity vote; cannot be reconsidered, but can be renewed; cannot be amended; 
. does not open main question to debate; is not debatable. 

Adjourn to a fixed time.—A motion to adjourn to a fixed time is in order, 
except when a speaker has the floor; requires to be seconded; requires only a 
majority vote; can be reconsidered; can be amended, as to time and place; 
does not open the main question to debate; debatable as a rule, but not debatable 
if made when another question is pending. 




1142 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


Amend.—A motion to amend is not in order when a speaker has the floor; 
must be seconded; requires only a majority vote; can be reconsidered; can 
be amended; does not open main question to debate; is debatable 

Amend an amendment.—A motion to amend an amendment is not in 
order when a speaker has the floor; must be seconded; requires only a majority 
vote; can be reconsidered; cannot be amended; does not open main question to 
debate; is debatable. 

Amend the rules.—A motion to amend the rules is not in order when a 
speaker has the floor; must be seconded; requires a two-third vote; can be 
reconsidered; can be amended; does not open the main question to debate; 
is debatable. 

Appeal, as to decorum, etc.—An appeal from the decision of the chair on 
questions of decorum is in order when another has the floor; requires to be 
seconded; requires only a majority vote; can be reconsidered; cannot be 
amended; undebatable, as a rule, but permission may be given to debate, and 
then no member is allowed to speak more than once; a tie vote sustains the chair. 

Appeal, all other kinds.—Appeals (except as before) are in order when 
another has the floor; must be seconded; require only a majority vote; can 
be reconsidered; cannot be amended : do not open the main question to debate; 
are debatable. 

Call to order.—A call to order can be made while another has the floor; 
does not require a second; requires only a majority vote; can be reconsidered, 
cannot be amended; does not open the main question to debate; is undebatable. 

Close debate.—A motion to close debate is not in order when another has 
the floor; it must be seconded; requires a two-third vote; can be recon¬ 
sidered; can be amended; does not open the main question to debate; is unde¬ 
ba table. 

Commit.—A motion to commit, or refer, to a committee, is not in order 
when another has the floor; must be seconded; requires only a majority vote; 
can be reconsidered; can be amended; opens the main question to debate; is 
debatable. 

Extend.—A motion to extend the limits of debate is not in order when a 
speaker has the floor; requires to be seconded; requires only a majority vote; 
can be reconsidered; can be amended; does not open the main question to 
debate; is undeba table. 

Fix the time to which to aijourn.—See Adjourn, fix the time to. That 

definition holds here. 

Leave to continue speaking.—This motion bears directly on “Appeal 
relating to indecorum,” which is undebatable, except with leave. See that 
motion. It is not in order when another has the floor; requires to be seconded; 
requires only a majority vote; can be reconsidered; cannot be amended; does 
not open the main question to debate; is undebatable. 

Lie on the table.—A motion that a resolution lie on the table, or to lay a 
resolution on the table, cannot be made while another has the floor; must"be 
seconded; requires only a majority vote; cannot be reconsidered if carried, 
but can lie reconsidered if lost - cannot be amended; does not open considera¬ 
tion of the main question; is undebatable. 

Limit to debate.—A motion to limit debate is not n order when another is 
speaking; must be seconded; requires a two-third vote; can be reconsidered; 
can be amended; does not open the main question to debate; is undebatable. 

Objections to consideration.—A motion to object to the consideration of a 
question, usually to the further consideration of a question, is in order when 
another has the floor; does not require to be seconded; requires a two-third 
vote',; can be reconsidered ; cannot be amended does not open the main ques¬ 
tion to debate; is undebatable. This motion to object to consideration can 
only be made when the question is first introduced for debate 

Orders of the day.—A call or motion for the orders of the day, or regular order 
of business, can be made when another has the floor; it does not require to be 
seconded; it requires only a majority vote; can be reconsidered; cannot be 
amended; does not open the main question to debate; is undebatable. 

Postpone to a certain time.—A motion to postpone to a certain, or fixed 
time, cannot be made when another has the floor; must be seconded; requires 




PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 


1143 


only a majority vote; can be reconsidered; can be amended; does not open 
the main question to debate; allows of only limited debate on the question of 
postponement only. 

Postpone indefinitely. —A motion to postpone indefinitely cannot be made 
when another has the floor; must be seconded; requires only a majority vote; 
can be reconsidered; cannot be amended; opens the main question to debate; 
is debatable. 

Previous question. —A call or motion for the previous question cannot be 
made while another has the floor; must be seconded; requires a two-third vote; 
can be reconsidered; cannot be amended; does not open the main question to 
debate; is undebatable; if adopted, it cuts off debate, and brings the assembly 
to face the pending motions, as the motion to commit, the motion to amend, 
etc., which must be cleared away so as to get at the main question, which is, 
under the previous question, undebatable. 

Privilege. —All questions, or motions, of privilege are undebatable; do not 
open the main question; are amendable; can be reconsidered; require only 
a majority vote; must be seconded; are not in order when another has the 
floor. 

Reading papers. —Courtesy largely controls the introduction and reading 
of papers, but where motion is required, it cannot be introduced when another 
has the floor; must be seconded; requires only a majority vote; can be recon¬ 
sidered; cannot be amended; does not open the main question to debate; is 
undebatable. 

Reconsider. —A motion to reconsider has two phases. 

It may be a motion to reconsider a debatable question, or a motion to 
reconsider an undebatable question. If a motion to reconsider an undebatable 
question, it can be moved when another has the floor, but only for the purpose 
of entering it on the minutes; such motion cannot be allowed to further inter¬ 
rupt business; must be made on the day, or at the session on which the original 
vote was taken; must be moved by one who voted on the prevailing side, 
consideration must be had not later than the next day or session; must be 
seconded; requires only a majority vote; cannot be reconsidered; cannot be 
amended, opens main question to debate; is debatable. 

But if a motion to reconsider a debatable question, then all of the above 
holds gooch except that the motion becomes debatable, and its discussion does 
not open the main question to debate. 

Refer. —See *‘ Commit. ’’ 

Rise. —This is the motion to adjourn a sitting of a committee It is 
precisely like the motion to adjourn, which see. 

Shall the question be discussed? —Identical in effect with “Objection to 
Consideration,” which see. 

Special order. —A motion to make a question or matter the subject of 
‘‘special order,” cannot be moved when another has the floor; must be sec¬ 
onded; requires a two-third vote; can be reconsidered; can be amended; 
does not open the main question to debate; is debatable. 

Substitute. —Same as to “Amend.” 

Suspend the rules. —A motion to suspend the rules is not in order when 
a member is speaking; must be seconded; requires a two-third vote; cannot 
be reconsidered; cannot be amended; does not open the main question to 
debate; is undebatable. 

Take from the table. —A motion to take from the table a subject which lies 
there, cannot be made when another has the floor; must be seconded, requires 
only a majority vote; cannot be reconsidered if the vote is in the affirmative, 
but may be reconsidered if the vote is in the negative; cannot be amended; 
does not open the main question to debate; is undebatable. 

Take up question out of proper order. —A motion to this effect is the same 
as one to “suspend the rules,” except that it may be reconsidered. See 
“Suspend the Rules.” 

Withdrawal. —A motion to withdraw a motion cannot be made when 
another is speaking, or has the floor; must be seconded; requires only a major¬ 
ity vote; can be reconsidered; cannot be amended; does not open the main 
question to debate; is undebatable. 





1144 


/ 


PARLIAMENTARY LAW 


Be it understood, in closing, that every society or association has a right 
to make its own “ Rules of Order” or parliamentary code; but since this would 
render its constitution and by-laws very prolix and confused, it is customary 
to sanction, in them, the use of some recognized authority on parliamentary 
affairs. 

What is here presented embraces the gist of all parliamentary codes that 
have found sanction in the highest deliberative bodies. It will be found 
adequate to the wants of the popular assembly, as well as to the needs of the 
tens of thousands of permanent societies which dot our land. 
















































* 






















































































THEODORE ROOSEVELT AS A PUBLIC SPEAKER. 

The present-day orator convinces his audiences by forceful pre¬ 
sentation of facts and practical argument, rather than by 
high flown rhetoric and literary allusions. 







WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO 

SAY IT. 


SUGGESTIVE FORMS FOR SPEECHES ON VARIOUS 

OCCASIONS. 


REMARKS OF PRESIDENT UPON TAKING CHAIR 

I thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen, for the honor you have conferred upon 
me in selecting me to preside over the deliberations of your society during 
the coming year I value the compliment especially as coming from a society, 
the members of which are so intelligent and well-informed. I esteem the honor, 
also, because you have bestowed it upon me of your own free will, entirely 
unsolicited upon my part, and I prize it because I hope in my humble way, 
in this position, to aid you in the accomplishment of that object for which we 
labor in common. 

I cannot forsee what the future will be. That is always uncertain; but 
I hope that our work together will be both pleasant and productive of good 
results. 

I enter upon my duties with a full realization of the fact that my success 
will depend largely upon your support and co-operation. Hoping for that, I 
assume the position and trust that 1 may discharge its duties, partially at least, 
to your satisfaction. 

INTRODUCING SPEAKER OF THE EVENING. 

You all know the purpose for which we have gathered here this evening— 
To organize a Village Improvement Association. The need of such an organi¬ 
zation is very apparent to all of us. We want better streets, better lights, a 
more modern school, improved transportation facilities. In fact, our needs 
are legion. The experience of other communities situated similarly to ours 
has demonstrated that we can obtain these things by intelligent co-operation. 
For the purpose of discussing these matters, and deciding upon the best means 
of attaining these much desired objects, we must have a formal organization 
of some sort. In order that we may better understand how such an organiza¬ 
tion may be formed and be made beneficial to our community, we have invited 
Mr. John D. Rose of Daytona, who has had wide experience in such matters, 
and is now secretary of a similar association, to be present and give us the 
benefit of his experience and advice. We are very much indebted to Mr. Rose 
for his cordial acceptance of our invitation, and I have great pleasure in now 
presenting him to you. 

TEACHER’S REMARKS AT OPENING OF SCHOOL. 

Boys and Girls:—I have been chosen as your instructor during the 
coming term of school, and my hope is that all our intercourse together may 
be both pleasant and profitable. There is just one rule that it will be very 
important for t.c both to observe, and that is, “the golden rule’’—the doing 
unto others as v e would have others do unto us. I expect you to do to me as 
you would be done by were you a teacher and I the pupil, and I will try to do 
the same by you. 

I doubt not you all hope to grow to be educated men and women, having 
such a training as will fit you to take any place in life that you may attain to. 
I hope you have an ambition to acquire knowledge and having that, I expect 
to assist you all I can in getting it. 


(1145) 




1146 


WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


Now, to accomplish what we have undertaken, it will be necessary for you 
to do some things. Among these will be coming to school regularly; punctually 
at the opening of each session; abstaining from talking during school-hours, 
andjan earnest resolve that you will be perfect in your lessons. 

Biit I will lay down no rules now. I hope and expect that few rules will 
be needed. We will now begin the exercises of the school. 

ADDRESS OF WELCOME. 

Senator Wolfe: —These gentlemen and myself represent the'citizens 
of Puebla and we have been instructed by them to give you a hearty welcome 
to our city. 

Although this may possibly be your first visit here, we do not look upon 
you as a stranger, for your fame has preceded you, and in our homes your 
name is well known in connection with your honorable record as a statesman, 
and the important measures which have distinguished you in our national 
councils. Moreover, you have often spoken brave words in our behalf as a 
commercial and manufacturing city—words for which we heartily thank you, 
and we gladly welcome you here to-day. 

We do not propose, in welcoming you, to weary you with a lengthy address, 
but we hope to make your sojourn with us a source of pleasure and recreation. 
For this purpose, arrangements have been perfected for escorting you to such 
places as we deem will interest vou, and to provide such other entertainment 
as hospitality may suggest for your comfort and convenience. 

We have provided suitable apartments for you at the-Hotel, and 

shall be pleased to regard you as our guest while you remain in this city. 

Should it be consistent with your wishes and other arrangements, we 
trust you will allow us to announce a public reception to-morrow evening, at 
your hotel, in order that your numerous friends may be enabled to express their 
welcome to you in person. 

NOMINATING A CANDIDATE FOR OFFICE. 

Mr. Chairman: —I present the name of Warren L. Branson, as a candidate 
for the office of Mayor. I believe him to be, under present conditions, the 
strongest man that can be selected. Whatever may be the personal choice of 
individuals, it is necessary, upon this occasion, to choose as a candidate an 
individual whose personal popularity, with all classes, will carry the largest vote. 

There are many important issues before the people at the present time. 
There are principles involved in which we are all deeply interested. We can¬ 
not afford to lose the coming election. A defeat at this time would be a disaster 
to the party. Hence the need of selecting a man who will unite all factions, and, 
while he can be sure of election, will, when in the place, fill the office with honor 
to himself and credit to the city. I nominate, as our candidate for Mayor, 
Warren L. Branson. 

• 

PRESENTING A GIFT TO TEACHER. 

Miss Spicer: —I have been asked by the members of this class to present 
to you, in their name, this little book of poetry. 

In presenting this testimonial, I assure you in behalf of your pupils that, 
as a patient teacher, a wise counselor and a most excellent instructor, you will ever 
be remembered by your scholars with feelings of the highest regard "and esteem. 

We look back over the period during which we have received instruction 
from you with sincere pleasure. We recollect your efforts in our behalf with 
grateful remembrance, and we learned of your intended resignation as a teacher, 
with sincere regret. 

In the turning of the pages of this volume you will, we hope, be reminded 
of those who presented it. In that remembrance of us please do not recollect 
the dullness we have often shown, and the disobedience, we fear, we have 
sometimes manifested. But please remember that we shall endeavor to profit 
by the instruction you have given, and when we are far separated from each 
other, it may please you to know that we consider that we are better as well as 
wiser from the instruction we have received from you. 




WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


1147 


RESPONSE TO ABOVE. 

My Dear Pupils:—I receive and accept your beautiful gift with much 
pleasure; first, because the volume, itself, is one which I shall highly prize, 
and, second, because it comes to me as a token of your appreciation of my 
efforts since I have had the pleasure of being with you. 

I assure you I will turn its pages in happy recollection of the pleasant 
faces I have met in this room during my school duties. I will always remember 
your many evidences of love and regard for me, and your efforts to make my 
work as light and agreeable as possible. 

I thank you, for this beautiful testimonial, and also for the assurance you 
give me, that, as I read its pages, I may be reminded that you not only hold 
me in kindly remembrance, but are resolved to profit by the teaching that has 
been given here. 

My earnest hope is that your future life may realize all that your school¬ 
days now seem to promise. Knowing you as I do, I expect you, in noble man¬ 
hood and womanhood, to honor this school by your future lives of usefulness, 
prosperity and happiness. 

PRESENTING GIFT TO CLERGYMAN. 

Dr. Hobbs: —For more than four years past, we, as members of your 
church and congregation, have profited by your ministrations, and within that 
period you have greatly endeared yourself to us by your amiable character, 
your earnest devotion to duty, and the hearty interest you have manifested in 
our welfare as a people. 

In the pulpit you have faithfully presented the precepts of our religion, 
have warned us against the evils that continually beset us, and have earnestly 
pleaded with us to seek our truest happiness in the paths of rectitude, and peace. 

In our homes you have been our sincere and sympathizing counselor and 
friend. In our hours of pain and sorrow you have spoken gentle and soothing 
words to our troubled hearts; our children have profited by your instruction; 
you have united our sons and daughters in holy wedlock; your benediction has 
rested upon us in our domestic and business affairs, and in all things you have 
proven yourself our competent and loving pastor. 

With a deep sense of your many benefactions, those assembled here have 
requested me, in their name, to present to you this beautiful watch as a token 
of our mutual and increasing admiration and esteem for yourself, and of our 
gratitude for your labors in our behalf. We ask you, sir to accept it as freely 
as we offer it; for it is fitting that you who are daily and hourly preparing us 
for the joys of Eternity, should bear about you this monitor of passing Time, 
ever making, as we sincerely hope, hours, days and many years of happiness for 
you and your family. 

RESPONSE TO ABOVE. 

My Dear Brethren and Sisters: —I am greatly moved at this new 
manifestation of your affection and esteem. Since I first came among you, 
an entire stranger, four years ago, you have become very near and dear to 
me. You have so freely bestowed on me your confidence and generosity 
that I feel as though I had always known and loved you as your pastor. Your 
sympathy and encouragement have always been freely given, and as gratefully 
appreciated. 

In accepting this exquisite watch, my heart glows with renewed joy in 
your service, for it assures me that your friendship is not for an hour or a day, 
but for all time; and it shall be my earnest endeavor to continue to merit in 
future, the esteem which you have admirably expressed. I thank you from 
the bottom of my heart for your magnificent gift and the kind words accompany¬ 
ing it. I trust our ties as pastor and people may unite us closer and closer in the 
bonds of Christian love through time and eternity. 

PRESENTING TESTIMONIAL TO A RAILROAD OFFICIAL. 

Mr. Mansfield: —We have learned with great regret of your intention to 
resign your office as General Manager at the close of the present month, and 
wish to' express, in some degree, the esteem with which we regard you, and our 
admiration for your character. 





1148 


WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


During the many years in which you have so ably controlled the machinery 
of this great corporation, each one of us, has had reason to remember your 
many acts of forbearance and words of kindness; for many times, when we 
have unintentionally neglected a duty or made a mistake, we have always • 
received friendly consideration at your hands. You have given us gentle 
counsel and encouragement; and in this way you have made us your sincere 
friends, and taught us faithfulness in our respective departments. For all this 
we now gratefully thank you. 

But we would not confine our gratitude to mere words. We have pur¬ 
chased this chronometer watch, which we ask you to accept as our parting 
gift. As a railway officer, you know the value of correct time, and the necessity 
of always being “on time, ’’ and we deemed it, therefore, an appropriate present. 
Whenever you look upon its face, will you not think of it as a memento of our 
long and pleasant relations? Our good wishes will go with you wherever you 
may go. 

PRESENTING TESTIMONIAL TO A RETIRING PUBLIC OFFICER. 

Mr. Wagner: —A few more days and the term of your office will expire. 
We had hoped until after the recent election, that you might have held it 
still longer; but the people have determined otherwise, and we must bow submis¬ 
sively to the will of the majority. 

You step down from public to private life without the loss of one worthy 
qualification that you possessed when you entered upon your official duties. 
Nor has the tongue of slander, in all the lapse of time since then, been able to 
stain a single attribute of your character. Malice has been unable to smirch 
you by its persistent opposition, and your course has been in every way satisfac¬ 
tory to your constituents. 

We have been proud of you in your high position, and we are none the 
less proud of you now. In fact, we are so proud of you that at the first oppor¬ 
tunity we propose to elect you to a higher office than that which you now 
relinquish. 

Looking about for some suitable testimonial to present to you, as a token 
of our admiration and good wishes, we remembered your public spirit, benevo¬ 
lence and love of country, and decided, sir, to ask your acceptance of this 
engrossed and framed copy of Washington’s Farewell Address. Its money- 
value is small; but with it we give you our unfeigned appreciation of your 
labors in our behalf and that of our common country. 

RESPONSE TO ABOVE. 

Gentlemen: —I thank you not less for your hearty words of encourage¬ 
ment and esteem than for this beautiful memento of the patriotism and wisdom 
of the Father of his Country. 

In all my experience of public life, it has been my endeavor to avoid sec¬ 
tional prejudice and to labor for the best interests of our entire State. Yet, 
in all those hours of solititude concerning public affairs, my heart has warmly 
turned to my constituents for encouragement and approbation, and I have not 
failed to receive at your hands the most gratifying assurance that I was pur¬ 
suing a satisfactory course in whatever I undertook in your behalf. 

You say you are proud of me. I believe you. but you are not prouder of 
me than I am of my constituents, and it has been a pleasure to serve you to the 
best of my ability. I know not to what fields of public duty I may be called 
in the future, but I now step down with a feeling of relief, and the assurance that 
my labors have not been in yain. 

Again I thank you for your kind appreciation and for this enduring testi¬ 
monial of your esteem. 

SPEECH AT A CHRISTMAS FESTIVAL. 

Friends and Scholars of the Sunday-School: —We assemble here 
to-night to make our holiday still more pleasant by the exercises of this 
occasion, and as I look into the expectant faces of these boys and girls, that I 
see before me, we ask what does this evergreen, hung -with a profusion of 
articles to be distributed among the pupils of this school, mean? 




WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


1149 


It means that good parents and kind friends have made it possible for 
you to attend this Sabbath-school in the past year. It means that you have 
been blessed with a most able and efficient pastor, who presides over the min¬ 
istration of this church. It means that your school has been managed by a 
superintendent who is solicitous for your welfare. It means that faithful 
teachers have labored throughout the year for your welfare; and together, 
with pastor, superintendent, teachers and friends, all hold you in kindly 
remembrance to-night. 

And now, my young friends, what do you propose to give back in exchange 
for all this kindness bestowed upon you in the last twelve months? These 
gifts cannot all be upon one side, and you do not wish them to be. You do 
not desire to be under obligation. You hope to pay for all this kindness; and 
I will tell you how you may, to the entire satisfaction of your parents, your 
pastor, your superintendent and your teachers. And that will be by striving 
during the coming year to follow the teaching of that one whose birth we 
celebrate in this Christmas festivity. 

As Christ taught forgiveness to all, so you must carry no hatreds, no 
animosities into the coming year. As Christ taught love to all, so you must 
exercise the kindliest of feelings to every one. You should emulate the Divine 
Master in seeking to do good to every one with whom you come in contact; 
and particularly by bringing into this Sabbath-school, in the next year, every 
boy and girl whom you know may be benefited by its influence. As Christ 
taught charity to all, so you must lend a helping hand to those who need 
assistance; and as Jesus said, Honor thy father and mother, so may you be 
so obedient to parents, so watchful of their needs, as to make them glad that 
you are their children. 

As your teachers and superintendent have labored in your behalf in the 
past year, so must you be very careful to remember their admonitions and 
practice their teaching. Doing that, your parents and your teachers will feel 
abundantly repaid for all they have done for you. 

President Garfield said that he never stood in the presence of a boy without 
a feeling of veneration at the thought of what that boy might achieve in after¬ 
life. 


As I stand in your presence to-night and look into the faces of these happy 
boys and girls—life all before you, with its privileges and opportunites—I can 
well understand the sentiment that moved him, as he studied the life of a child 
and thought of its future possibilities. 

How soon this little girl—the very youngest—will develop through girl¬ 
hood to maidenhood. How very soon she will pass out from home—out into 
the great world, with confiding step and heart, leaning on the arm of a trusted 
companion, to assume the duties of wifehood, motherhood and womanhood. 

And these boys—how soon they will take the helm to do our work. How 
the great world of travel, adventure, agriculture, invention, manufacture, 
teaching, legislation, and finance will absorb them. 

And who of this audience will be the good, the true, the noble, and the 
successful in the coming time? May you so heed the teaching of this Sabbath- 
school that you will all be of that number. 

May the year about to open in your Sabbath-school be one of real profit. 
May you each bring one new pupil to this school in the coming year, to enjoy 
theseblessings with you. May we all meet here again next Christmas-time. 

And now I wish you, in behalf of parents, friends and teachers, a most 
delightful, happy New-Year. 


AT OLD SETTLERS’ REUNION. 

Fellow Citizens—Old Neighbors and Pioneers in Crawford 
County: —Forty years ago, in company with Thomas Green, who died last 
year, I hunted for ducks on this very block of ground, worth to-day a large 
fortune of itself. At that time there "were only seventeen white persons in the 
town, and a tribe of Winnebago Indians encamped at that time about three 
miles west of our village. 

There were two frame-houses in the place. The rest were made of logs, 
containing usually about three rooms. In a careful review of my own life and 
recollection of those who were here in those early days, I doubt if there has 





1150 


WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT, 


ever been a period in all our experience when we had a greater amount of 
happiness than fell to our lot in those pioneer days. 

Everybody had work—plenty of it. Nobody feared being discharged on 
Saturday night because of over-production. Good health generally prevailed, 
the result of exercise, fresh air, hard work and sound sleep. There were no 
cliques in society, no aristocracy, no snobbery, no bankruptcies, no envy, and 
no distress.because certain men were getting very rich while others were very 
poor. 

There were no heart-burnings because one neighbor had a better furnished 
house than the others, and the women—they were women in those days— 
had no worry because they had nothing to wear. 

Old Deacon Williams told me, on one occasion, when we were talking of 
the old times, that himself and family came from a handsomely furnished 
house in Springfield, Mass., to his log cabin, up near the big woods, and in all 
his experience he never saw such genuine hospitality, nor such a genial and 
happy time as his neighbors all had on their plain fare and the few opportunities 
around them. We lived right down to the barest necessaries in those days, and 
in doing that we learned that our real wants, in order to make us happy, are 
very few. 

Forty winters, since some of us came here, have spread their white covering, 
and as many beautiful springs have brought the birds and flowers to us, return¬ 
ing every season to a vastly larger population than we had the year before. 
But I cannot tell you how, step by step, we have grown. I will leave that for 
others, who will give you the history of these forty years more in detail. Suffice 
it to say, the early settlers in this locality have been most fortunate in the peace 
and happiness which surrounded them in their pioneer days, in the wealth which 
has been showered upon them, and in the privileges which they enjoy to-day. 

AT AN IMPROVEMENT MEETING. 

Mr. President —While it is unquestionably true that the manufacturing 
of articles that may be sold abroad is a most prolific source of revenue and ulti¬ 
mate wealth to a town, it is equally important that a healthy atmosphere be 
about us, and that our homes, by their charming surroundings, be such as will 
cultivate those graces of nature which enable a people to make the right use of 
wealth when it is acquired. I have therefore this to suggest as a means of 
beautifying this city: That the inhabitants upon any street, for the space of 
one block, form an improvement society for that block, to do the following: 

First—To take away all front fences from before dwellings. 

Second—To set out a sufficiency of ornamental trees to suitably shade the 
streets. 

Third—To secure a smooth stone or cement sidewalk, at least five feet 
in width. 

Fourth—To grade the front lot from the house to the roadway, and cover 
the same with sod. 

Fifth—To have the street swept as often as may be necessary to keep it 
clean, and the lawns all mown and kept in excellent order. 

.Sixth—To have all alleys and foul places carefully cleaned, and put into a 
condition such as will make the atmosphere in the immediate vicinity perfectly 
healthy. 

The taking down of fences, setting trees, and putting grounds in order, 
will not be very expensive in the first place, and the keeping of them in fine 
condition afterwards can be done with comparatively small expense, the labor 
being performed by men who need this employment. 

When these improvements which I have indicated are carried into effect 
generally, throughout the town, ours will be one of the healthiest and one of 
the most beautiful cities in the world. 

TO THE PUPILS OF A PUBLIC SCHOOL. 

My Dear Young Friends: —I have been listening with much pleasure 
to your recitations to-day, and with no less delight to the encouraging words 
of your teachers whenever you hesitated in your answers. For I remember 
when I was a boy, like some of you, I was always very sorry to have the teacher 
speak harshly to me, if I could not, at first thought, answer his question correctly. 




WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


1151 


Boys and girls, you are very much like men and women in your likes and 
dislikes, and you feel, quite as keenly as I should, any harsh or unjust word or 
action on the part of your instructor. In old times, years before you were born,. 
we had no such noble schools as you have. We had but few books, and I think, 
now, they could not have been as attractive and interesting to study as those 
I see lying upon your desks. We used to deem them very dull; and then, too, 
our teachers were not so wise and skillful in imparting instruction as yours are 
in the public schools to-day. They were often young men attending college, 
and teaching to earn money to pay for their education; sometimes they were 
cross to us and at others they were very unjust in punishing us for not learn¬ 
ing faster than we did. Our school-houses were also very inconvenient places, 
and often really uncomfortable for teachers and pupils. 

But now all this has been changed and the school-houses and books and 
teachers are all of a better class, so that learning is made pleasant and is much 
more easily gained. In my school days, if a boy could read, write and cipher 
through the “rule of three," it was quite as much as he had reason to expect 
from the district school. Perhaps he could not spell half the words in the 
spelling-book aright, nor write a ten-line letter without making fifty mistakes, 
nor cipher a sum in compound addition correctly. But now you may easily 
master all these things and many more and better ones, and if you pay proper 
attention to the lessons you receive, you can go into the high-school, and there 
gain a sensible, practical education that will either fit you for the business of 
life, or prepare you to take a higher course in college. 

You young people should recollect, that in a few years you will be on the 
stage of action, doing the work of men and women. Will you be successful? 
That will depend upon what you know. And what you know then will largely 
depend upon what you learn in this school. The years are going by very quickly 
and you will be obliged to put your knowledge to the test very soon. 

I say this because some young people do not know the value of school. 
They look upon the school-yard and the school-room as one vast play-ground, 
and they never wake up to a sense of what they have lost until it is too late. 

Have a mark, young people; aim for it, and you will rise vastly higher than 
you will if you have no purpose in life. Your teachers are here to assist you. 
They are not here to punish. They do not want to spend their time in govern¬ 
ing you. They desire to aid in the securing of that education which shall fit 
you to do your work nobly in life. 

It is pleasant to see the opportunities you possess. It is very satisfactory 
to see the drill, the system, and methods pursued in your studies and recitations; 
and I doubt not it will be equally satisfactory to see your success in after-years, 
the result of your attending this school. 

RESPONSE TO THE TOAST, “THE LADIES.” 

Ladies and Gentlemen: —With all my heart I respond to this toast. 
1 assure you it inspires me like one of Miss Braddon’s delightful love-stories. 
The ladies! Yes, I admire them greatly in the aggregate; I honor them in the 
abstract, and some of them I absolutely love! 

“ Why should I fear to own to all 
That beauty does my heart enthrall?” 

Gentlemen, in proposing this toast you honor your manhood and every 
daughter of Eve; in responding to it I can only echo the sentiment of Sir W alter 
Scott: 

“O woman, in our hours of ease, 

Uncertain, coy, and hard to please, 

And variable as the shade 

By the light quivering aspen made; 

When pain and anguish wring the brow, 

A ministering angel thou!" 

And speaking of angels, what a delightful combination some genius has 
made in writing “mother, home and heaven!" 

My mother! Sacredly to her honored gray hairs I answer to this toast. 





1152 


WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


My sister, my earliest playmate, beloved guide and helper in my infantile 
pilgrimage. 

My sweetheart! What words can paint her beauty and her goodness? 
I wish her happiness, sleeping or waking! 

My friend! Truest of the true, faithful among the many that are untrue; 
always bright, tractable, hopeful and wise—I respond for her! 

My cousin! poor child, she was older than I, but we loved each other in 
our childhood, and when she married unfortunately, and died of a broken 
heart, she left me only the memory of her beautiful character to cherish forever. 

My wife—that is to be! 

“She’s all my fancy painted her; 

She’s lovely—she’s divine!” 

But the rest of that verse does not apply in my case, for she has surely 
promised to be mine! I hope for her good health and happiness! 

Did I hear somebody whispering near me “How about mother-in-law?” 
Gentlemen, excuse me if I stand up squarely before you, and defend that much- 
maligned relative. Fortunately I know whom she will be, and I tell you that 
should my wife and I, in the far future, marry our daughter (that is to be) 
to some heartless, dissipated fellow, I hope that he may find his mother-in-law 
a terror to his soul, and I’ll back her up in it, you may believe. I tell you 
sons-in-law determine the mother-in-law question every time! Show me a 
man who respects himself and his wife as he ought, and proves himself an 
honorable gentleman on all occasions, and his mother-in-law will love him 
better, if possible, than his wife ever did. 

RESPONSE TO THE TOAST, “OUR HOST AND HOSTESS.” 

Ladies and Gentlemen: —I think you will all agree with me when I refer 
to this occasion as one of those bright oases in ordinary life which release us 
from business cares and afford us opportunity to unbend and mingle in cheer¬ 
ful recreation with our esteemed friends. I am sure that we all need a stimulus 
of this sort after a season of drudgery at the desk or counter, in order to clear 
away the dust and cobwebs from our brains, to revive our social natures, and 
to develop our finer sentiments and feelings of humanity. When I look around 
this generous board and see so many friendly faces, my heart warms, and there 
comes bubbling up the desire that these happy reunions might occur more 
frequently. But while I rejoice with you that the hour has been a triumph of 
social enjoyment, we should not be forgetful of those to whose thoughtful care 
and hospitality we are indebted for it. Certainly we can, each one of us, appre¬ 
ciate the bounty and good taste that have provided this delightful banquet, and 
I, therefore, have no hesitation in asking you to pledge to them our warmest 
regards while I propose the healths of our excellent host and hostess. 

THE HOST’S REPLY. 

Friends: —It would ill become me to sit still with that hearty sentiment 
ringing in our ears and nestling in our hearts, and, in my own name and that of 
my wife, I rise to thank you, sincerely and earnestly for your very kind expres¬ 
sions of esteem and friendship for us. True gratitude does not require to be 
clothed in many words. Language is frequently inadequate, in such cases, to 
convey more than a mere and remote idea of the feelings that are prompted by 
such very gratifying and generous sentiments as you have so unanimously 
uttered. In all sincerity and earnestness, as your friends, we hope for your 
individual prosperity in all the relations of life and business, trusting that in the 
early future we may have the pleasure of again meeting you, under as agreeable 
circumstances, to renew our mutual and harmonious enjoyment. 

VALEDICTORY ADDRESS.. 

Mr. President and Fellow-Students: —It has developed upon me, 
as the senior member of the class of 191 -. to give expression to a few thoughts 
appropriate to this occasion I do so with a keen appreciation of the relations 
we have so long sustained with each other, the faculty of this college, and the 



WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


1153 


world of affairs into which we are about to enter, and with which we are hence¬ 
forth to mingle, not knowing what is before us, but hoping in the ardor of 
young manhood for the best 

Fellow students, we have been companions for four years—four years, 
to some of us, of diligent application to our studies; four years of light andshade 
to all of us; four years of social fellowship and pleasant recreation; four years 
of mental and physical improvement. We have sympathized with each other 
in trouble and sorrows; have lightened each other’s hearts in times of sadness, 
and have enjoyed college-life in each other’s society, I will venture to say, as 
well as any other class that ever graduated from these classic halls. We go 
hence with our diplomas, which the world looks upon as the keys that are to 
unlock the doors of science, art, literature, theology, physic and merchandise 
for us, and open the avenues of wealth and honor to us. We go hence, as we are, 
to the battle of life. What success we shall have, what victories we may win, 
the future alone can tell. 

But we go forth with strong hope and abiding faith that all will be well 
with us if we perform our duty faithfully in whatever calling or sphere fate 
may assign us. 

Where will fate or fortune place us in the great sea of the future? I see in 
imagination this class all scattered, many the heads of families, engaged in the 
peaceful pursuits of agriculture and trade; others on the rough sea of political 
life, some of whom will doubtless reap honor in State and National affairs, 
bestowing benefit upon their fellow-men, while they hold high and responsible 
positions in official life. 

But as we go forth, each to fulfill his destiny, let us forget all our boyish 
prejudices, if any we have, against each other, and through our lives be helpful 
friends to each other as opportunities may offer. For myself, and I think 
I speak for all. these college friendships are too sacred to be lightly broken or 
forgotten, and in our farewells and final pressure of our hands together, let us 
renew the bonds which our fellowship in our Alma Mater has woven. 

Members of the Faculty—we go hence with the profoundest esteem for the 
wisdom, forbearance and uniform justice and kindness that you have ever 
manifested toward us within these walls. We have been often hasty, heedless 
of your feelings and our own best interests, and have at times caused you great 
annoyance by our boyish follies; but in all these things you have proven 
yourselves our true friends and mentors and in our hearts we have cherished 
no malevolence, no hatred toward you. In whatever we have given you offense 
we ask your forgiveness, and carry away with us a heartfelt gratitude for all 
the many favors we have received at your hands. 

Fellow students of the Freshmen, Sophomore and Junior classes, I take a 
restrospective view, as I look into your youthful faces, and I see this graduating 
class as it was four years ago, a handful of inexperienced, puzzled freshmen, 
the sport of the sopho'mores, and unheeded or plagued by the seniors. What we 
felt and endured then, half-discouraged by our outward circumstances and our 
inward fears, you now feel and endure; but look up, boys, look up! The fresh¬ 
men will soon be sophomores, and the sophomores juniors; and the troubles 
of the present will fade away in the future like a morning dream. On your part 
you have youth, good intellects and capable teachers, and if you fail—and I 
do not believe you will—you will have only your want of attention to study 
to blame for it. The four years’ course is not the bugbear that you fear it is, 
and its difficulties will dissolve before the energy and application that you (I 
am sure) are now determined to exercise. We leave you here to so maintain the 
honor of this institution that you may depart from it with its blessing. 

The hour of parting draw's nigh. In spite of hope and faith in the future, 
there is a tinge of sadness in the present, which I, for one, do not fear to cherish 
and confess, for it testifies to the genuineness of our human sympathy and heart¬ 
felt friendship. 

HOME RULE FOR IRELAND. 

(Speech of Henry Ward Beecher at the i02d anniversary dinner of the 
Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, New York City, March 17, 1886.) 

Mr. President and Genti.emen: —There is a great deal more in this 
struggle in Ireland than lies on the face of it. She is small in territory, but 

73 




1154 


WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


large in men and brains, and Ireland to-day happens to be the object of universal 
attention. She stands more nearly at the front than other European nations. 
The human race is not forever to be trodden down. Universal intelligence is 
drawing near. The nations are closer together. Nothing can any longer be 
done in a comer. The whole human family are under the influence of its most 
enlightened part. The whole of society is lifted when any part of it is aroused. 
All over the world men have heard God’s trumpet. The mass of men at the 
bottom are coming up; they are going to make room for themselves. All the 
nations in Europe are feeling the throes which come from the rising of the under 
classes of men. A democratic representative race is working in ail the nations 
of Europe. I do not blame the Nihilist. Oppression will drive men mad. 
But we know how to make States that will stand, and not merely stand still, 
but that will radiate, vitalize and illuminate the world. Liberty is catching; 
the nations of Europe have caught it, and we are bound to take an interest in 
the fruit of our hands. 

Imperial Great Britain ought to give Home Rule to Ireland. God forbid 
that I should say aught irreterential of Great Britain. Her spirit has given 
more liberty to us than she has retained herself. There can never be a transfer 
of American institutions to Great Britain, unless there is a corresponding 
change in the make-up of Great Britain itself. I believe that Ireland will 
attain a step in advance, but it will be only preparatory to another step. Great 
Britain is not to be exempted from the change that is to overtake all nations; 
monarchy and democracy cannot exist together With Parnell and Gladstone, 
I believe that Ireland will attain an improved condition, but it does not become 
Irishmen to tread under foot those, who like themselves, come here to make a 
living. Chinamen are of God also. From the East, I believe, is to come a 
civilization that will yet make the nations of Europe tremble. Ireland is not 
the only aspirant for liberty. May the day come quickly when Great Britain 
will discover that Irishmen are her stanchest friends, and when Irishmen will 
learn that Englishmen are their brothers. 

OUR WIVES. 

(Speech of Henry Watterson of Kentucky on the anniversary of General 
W. T. Sherman’s birthday at Washington, D. C., Februray 8, 1883). 

Gentlemen: —When one undertakes to respond to such a sentiment 
as you do me the honor to assign me, he knows in advance that he is put, as 
it were, upon his good behavior, I recognize the justice of this and. accepted 
the responsibility with the charge; though I may say that if General Sherman's 
wife resembles mine—and I very much suspect she does—he has a sympathy 
for me at the present moment. Once upon a festal occasion, a little late, quite 
after the hour when Cinderella was bidden by her godmother to go to bed, 

I happened to extol the graces and virtues of the newly wedded wife of a friend 
of mine, and finally, as a knockdown argument, I compared her to my own 
wife “In this case,’’ said he, dryly, “you’ll catch it when you get home.” 
It is a peculiarity they all have; not a ray of humor where the husband is con¬ 
cerned; to the best of them and to the last he must be and must continue to be 
—a hero! 

Now, I do not wish you to believe, nor to think that I myself believe that 
all women make heroes of their husbands. Women are logical in nothing. 
They naturally hate mathematics. So, they would have their husbands be 
heroes only to the rest of the world There is a charming picture by John Leech, 
the English satirist, which depicts Jones, who never looked askance at a woman 
in his life, sitting demurely at the table, stuck with his nose on his plate, and 
Mrs. Jones opposite, redundant, to a degree, observing with gratified severity, 
“Now, Mr. Jones, don’t let me see you ogling those Smith girls again!” She’, 
too, was like the rest—the good ones, I mean—seeing the world through her 
husband; no happiness but his comfort, no vanity but his glory; sacrificing 
herself to his wants, and where he proves inadequate putting her imagination 
out to service and bringing home a basket of flowers to deck his brow. Of our 
sweethearts the humorist hath it:— 

" Where are the Marys and Anns and Elizas, 

Lovely and loving of yore? 

Look in the columns of old ‘Advertisers/ 

Married and dead by the score.” 




WHAT TO SPEAK AND HOW TO SAY IT. 


1155 


But “Our Wives.” We don’t have far to look to find them; sometimes, 

I am told, you army gentlemen have been known to find them turning unex¬ 
pectedly up along the' ranges of the Rocky Mountains, and making their 
presence felt even as far as the halls of the Montezumas; yet how should we get 
on without them? Rob mankind of his wife and time could never become a 
grandfather. Strange as you may think it, our wives are, in a sense, responsible 
for our children; and I ask you seriously how could the world get on if it had no 
children? It might get on for a while, I do admit; but I challenge the boldest 
among you to say how long it could get on without “our wives.” It would 
not only give out of children; in a little—a very little—while it would have no 
mother-in-law, nor sister-in-law, nor brother-in-law, nor any or those acquired 
relatives whom it has learned to love, and who have contributed so largely to 
its stock of harmless pleasure. 

But as this is not exactly a tariff discussion, though a duty, I drop statistics; 
let me ask you what would become of the revenues of man if it were not for 
“our wives?” We should have no milliners but for “our wives.” But for 
“our wives” those makers of happiness and furbelows, those fabricators of 
smiles and frills, those gentle beings who bias and scallop and do their sacking 
at both ends of the bill, and sometimes in the middle, would be compelled to 
shut up shop, retire from business, and return to the good old city of Mantau, 
whence they came The world would grow too rich; albeit, on this promise I 
do not propose to construct an argument in favor of more wives. One wife 
is enough, two is too many, and more than two are an abomination everywhere, 
except in Utah and the halls of our national legislature. 

I beg you to forgive me. I do not speak in banter. It has been said that a 
good woman, fitly mated, grows doubly good; but how often have we seen a 
bad man mated to a good woman turned into a good man? Why, I myself, 
was not wholly good till I married my wife; and, if the eminent soldier and 
gentleman in whose honor we are here—and may he be among us many and 
many another anniversary, yet always sixty-three—if l)e should tell the story 
of his life, I am sure he would say that its darkest hours were cherished, its 
brighest illuminated by the fair lady of a noble race, who stepped from the 
highest social eminence to place her hand in that of an obscure young subaltern 
of the line. The world had not become acquainted with him, but with the 
prophetic instinct of a true woman she discovered, as she has since developed, 
the mine. So it is with all “our wives.” Whatever there is good in us they 
bring it out ; wherefor may they be forever honored in the myriad of hearts they 
come to lighten and to bless. 




BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS 


WHAT MONEY IS. 

Money is defined as “that which passes freely from hand to hand through¬ 
out the community in final discharge of debts and full payment for commodities, 
being accepted equally without reference to the character or credit of the person 
who offers it and without the intention of the person who receives it to consume 
it or enjoy it or apply it to any other use than in turn to tender it to others in 
discharge of debts or payment for commodities. ” Currency is the name given 
to the legal medium of exchange in every country. 

Various articles have passed current as money in various communities at 
different times, but the standard of monetary value of the civilized nations of 
the world is a fixed amount of gold or of silver, which, taken together, is called 
bullion. 

In the United States the dollar is the unit of value, and is equal to 23.22 
grains of pure gold. Therefore, when we say that an article is worth so many 
dollars we mean it is worth so many times as much as 23.22 grains of pure gold. 

The gold coins of the United States actually contain the gold in the propor¬ 
tion of 900 parts gold and 100 parts alloy, and are the only form of money 
actually worth its face value as a commodity; therefore gold is the only money 
that will be accepted in a foreign country at par. The gold coins of the United 
States are the 20-dollar piece or double eagle, the io-dollar piece or eagle, the 
5-dollar piece or half eagle, the 3-dollar piece, the 2^-dollar piece or quarter 
eagle, and the gold dollar, which has not been coined since 1890. 

The silver dollar weighs 412^ grains, of which 371J grains is pure silver and 
41.25 grains alloy. This amount of pure silver was at one time equal in value 
with 23.22 grains of pure gold. Of late years it has been much cheaper, and • 
its relative value to gold is determined by commercial conditions. 

The half dollar, quarter dollar and dime, as well as the 5-cent nickel and the 
copper cent, contain still smaller proportions of silver, and are intended only 
for circulation in this country as representatives of the fractional parts of a 
dollar. They are legal tender for debts not exceeding five dollars in amount. 

The standard of value are the gold coins, which stand upon their own 
merits as actually worth what they represent on their face, All other coins 
only represent their face value, being accepted throughout the land because they 
are by law exchangeable for the amounts for which they stand. 

PAPER MONEY. 

There is another medium of exchange not having any value in itself, but 
representing the credit of the government. It is, in fact, a form of “promise 
to pay,’’ and for that reason it is often called “fiat money” or “paper money. ” 
Paper money is largely in use in this country, and is represented by four different 
kinds. The first and second are called respectively Gold Certificates and Silver 
Certificates. These are issued by the treasury, and represent on their face 
the number of gold or silver dollars held in the treasury of the United States 
payable on demand to bearer. These certificates are popular on account of 
their convenience, and are always worth par. The third kind is the treasury 
note or greenback, which is a promise to pay the bearer on demand (therefore 
a demand note) without interest. There are now in circulation $300,000,000 of 
treasury notes. This was called into existence during the Civil War, and for 
a time was not worth par in gold. Now it is worth par, as the credit of the 
government insures their payment. 

(1156) 




WALL STREET, NEW YORK. 

In this narrow street is the financial heart of the country. Many 
millions of dollars change hands here every day and some of 
the greatest banking institutions in the world are 
located in the few blocks shown here. Old 
Trinity Church is seen in the distance. 

























































BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


1157 


The fourth class is the National Bank note, issued by banks holding a 
charter from the United States, and whose circulation is secured by United 
States bonds deposited with the Treasurer of the United States. The pay¬ 
ment of these notes is guaranteed by the United States government. 

Gold certificates are issued in denominations of $20 and upwards. 

The silver certificates in $1, $2, $5 and upwards to $10,000. 

The treasury notes in $1, $2, etc., to $10,000. 

The national bank notes are issued in denominations of $5 and upwards. 

Foreign countries have their own currencies which we generally see only 
in our foreign banking houses. 

BANKS AND BANKING. 

Banks, both national and private, offer another means of exchange. Any 
one having money deposited in a bank to his credit may give to a third party 
an order on the bank for any number of dollars and cents not exceeding the 
full amount of his credit. These orders on the banks are called Bank Checks. 
They differ from paper money, as their acceptance depends upon the credit 
of the one who draws (or signs") the check. It is usually made payable “to the 
order of” some one. The party presenting the check must be known in some 
way to the bank authorities. 

The use of checks adds to the circulating medium, and is a benefit to the 
community at large. It leaves actual money for minor transactions. They 
are in far more extensive use than any other form of money order. Checks 
often pass from hand to hand as money before they reach the bank, and then 
are seldom cashed—usually deposited. Over a hundred million dollars of 
checks daily in New York alone are not cashed at the paying teller's window, 
but pass in “exchanges” through the Clearing House, which is an association of 
the banks of a large city for the purpose of conveniently and quickly trans¬ 
ferring checks they hold for collection. This saves an immense amount of 
time and labor, which would otherwise be spent in handling and counting the 
money, and also lessens the chances for mistakes. 

UTILITY OF BANK ACCOUNTS. 

Some advantages of keeping an account at bank are: 

(1) The safe keeping of the money, and protection from loss by burglary. 

(2) It is an easy way of collecting. If the business man were obliged to send his 
messengers to various parts of the city or neighboring towns to collect the 
cash for the various checks, drafts and money orders he received, a great deal 
of his time would be taken. When he deposits the checks and drafts the bank 
does the collecting for him. The bank also collects for him such drafts as he 
may draw upon his debtors in distant places, charging only a small fee for 
the service, and sometimes without charge. 

(3) It offers facilities for making payments and for saving of time in hand¬ 
ling and counting out large amounts in bills and coin, and lessens the risk of 
loss by mistakes. 

The merchant who keeps an account at a bank, establishes an acquain¬ 
tance with the institution, and is able to borrow money by borrowing upon his 
notes when needed. The lending of money by discounting notes, etc., is a 
prominent part of the business of a bank, yet there are times when the bank 
will discount only for its own depositors with whose character and responsibility 
it is well acquainted. 

HOW TO OPEN AN ACCOUNT AT BANK. 

A bank will not open an account with any one who may desire it. The 
(depositor is expected to obtain an introduction to the officers of the bank by 
some one who is well known to them, and to satisfy them that he is a person 
of proper character and responsibility. In the interview with the cashier he 
will be asked questions which may be answered in confidence, to satisfy the 
cashier of his business habits. The depositor writes his name (just as he will 
sign his checks) and gives it to the bank, so that the bank may guard against 
forgery. The depositor then makes his first deposit, and the receiving teller 
gives him a pass book, with the amount entered therein. 




1158 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


Whenever a deposit is made the depositor fills out a deposit slip, furnished 
by the bank, to be retained by the receiving teller and by him given to the book¬ 
keeper. 

CHECKS. 

A Check is a written demand, which is addressed to a bank by a person who 
has money deposited therein for the payment of a part or the whole of his 
money to a third party. 

Most business men number their checks in the order they are issued. 
The number is found in one of the corners which is not occupied by the value 
of the check written in figures. 

HOW TO DRAW A CHECK. 

Checks are principally of two kinds: Negotiable and Non-negotiable, 

A Negotiable Check is one that may be transferred from one person to 
another, and a Non-negotiable Check is one that cannot be so transferred. 

In drawing a negotiable check the order may be in one of the following 
forms; Pay to Bearer; Pay to the order of So-and-so; Pay to So-and-so or 
order. The first makes the money payable to any one that may present the 
check. The second or third makes the money payable to any person* to whom 
the payee may order it paid. 

When the word Bearer is used, the check is negotiable as it stands; but 
when the word order is used, the payee can neither collect the money himself 
nor transfer the check to another without writing his name upon the back. 
This is called indorsing the check. When the payee writes his name only, 
he is said to indorse the check in blank.' By this indorsement he makes the 
money payable to bearer and the check is still negotiable. When the payee 
wishes the money paid to a particular person only, he writes on the back 
Pay to So-and-so, and signs his name beneath. With such an indorsement the 
check is no longer negotiable. But when the payee wishes to transfer the 
check to another, so that it can be transferred to still another, he writes on the 
back Pay to the order of So-and-so, or, Pay to So-and-so or order, and signs 
his own name beneath this. The check is now also negotiable. This may be 
repeated by the second person and so on, by indorsing it under the other indorse¬ 
ments. The Holder is the person who is in legal possession of a check. 

HOW TO INDORSE CHECKS. 

For indorsement, first turn the check so as to bring the left end to the top, 
and then turn it face downwards and write the indorsement near the top 
Each sucessive indorsement should be written under its predecessor. 

Checks are usually bound in books. At the left of each check so bound, 
and on the same piece of paper is a ruled form for a complete description of the 
check. Between the check and this ruled form there is a line of perforations 
by means of which the check can be torn off for use. The paper that remains 
behind is called the stub. 

Before depositing the checks they must first be indorsed by the person 
who is receiving credit for the money. The customary form of indorsement 
is to write or stamp across the back of the check and about one inch from the 
top: 

For Deposit to Credit of 
Herbert Smith 
or 

For Deposit Only 
In Hanover National Bank 
For Credit of 
Herbert Smith 

The left end of the face of the check is the top of the back. Any person 
named for the purpose may sign an indorsement for deposit. Checks thus 
indorsed can only be deposited, and should they be lost on the way to the bank 
the finder cannot use them, because as stated'the checks are to be deposited, 
and the bank is not authorized to pay them to any one. 



BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


1159 


If the holder receives a check in which his name is incorrectly written, he 
must first indorse the name as it is written and under that write his own name 
correctly. \\ hen the deposit slip has been made out, it is well to keep a copy 
upon the stub of the check book. The checks, money, deposit slip and pass 
book are then taken to the receiving teller, who examines the deposit slip 
to see that it is correct, and enters the amount in the pass book. This entry 
is his receipt for the amount deposited. 

It is of the highest importance that the depositor keep his check book 
correctly and punctually written up. It is his guide to his bank account and 
he should be able to tell at once exactly how much money he has in bank at any 
given time. 

WHEN TO BALANCE PASS BOOKS. 

At short intervals, the pass book should be left at the bank for settlement. 
The bookkeeper will enter, on the page opposite the deposits, the amounts of the 
checks that have been paid by the bank, and bring down the balance to deposi¬ 
tor’s credit in the bank at that time. When the pass book is returned compare 
the stubs in the check book and bank book at the date of settlement. If the 
bank book and check book do not agree, check off the deposits entered in the 
bank book with those in the check book; if the difference is not found, try 
the additions and substractions in the check book. The bank book many show 
a larger balance than the check book on a certain date. This may show that 
some check or checks given out by you, and subtracted in the check book, 
have not yet been presented at bank for payment. To find the bank’s balance 
add the amount of the check or checks to the check book balance. If this prove 
correct let the check book balance remain as it is, for that is really the amount 
there is in bank to be checked against. 

CHECKS ARE GOOD RECEIPTS. 

It is evident that money is placed in a bank for safe-keeping, and that the 
bank becomes responsible for it. Therefore no part of it will be paid out with¬ 
out a check or written order of the depositor. When these checks are returned 
to the depositor and nis pass book balanced, the bank is released from respon¬ 
sibility to that amount. 

It is evident also that a check given in payment for goods or for any obliga¬ 
tion becomes'a receipt to the one who drew it; for the person in whose favor 
it was drawn by writing his name on the back of the check acknowledges the 
receipt of the money. Some persons state on the face of the check “in pay¬ 
ment for;” but this is not good form, nor does it stand in law for more than 
the plain check. The checks cancelled at the bank stand as the bank’s receipts 
or vouchers for depositor’s money when returned to him or to his order. 

If the drawer fails to take ordinary precautions to protect his checks from 
being “raised” or changed, the loss falls upon him should the bank pay the 
check for wrong amount. 

Write your signature without flourishes and as nearly as possible like the 
specimen left at the bank when you opened your account. It is always desirable 
to write your first name rather than initial. 

CERTIFIED CHECKS. 

In many transactions, involving the transfer of a large amount of valuable 
property for cash, an ordinary check is not satisfactory to the person who is 
parting with his property, for he is not sure that his check will be honored when 
presented, however good the standing of the drawer may be. Therefore the 
check may be presented to the paying teller or cashier of the bank on which 
the check has been drawn, who, after finding that the amount is still to drawer’s 
credit, writes or stamps across its face the words, “Good when properly in¬ 
dorsed,” or “certified,” and signs his name. The amount of the check is at 
once charged to drawer’s account, and is the same as cash withdrawn. The 
certification of checks is largely practiced in large business centers, as in Wall 
Street, New York, where the daily sales of stocks and bonds run up into the 
millions, and failures caused by fluctuation in prices often come with startling 
rapidity. A check which may be good to-day, to-morrow may be worthless. 




11 GO 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


When a check has been lost, in the mails or otherwise, stolen, or given in 
mistake, the payment of the same may be stopped by the drawer at any time 
before it is presented at bank. Parties holding such a check honestly, and for 
value given, may have recourse to law for collection of same. 

DRAFTS AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 

A draft, or bill of exchange, is, in fact, a letter written by one person to 
another living in a different place, requesting him to pay a sum of money to 
the order of the drawer or to a third person. Commercial usage recognizes 
particular forms for writing these drafts. 

There are two kinds of bills of exchange, Domestic and Foreign. 

Domestic Bills of Exchange are payable in the same country in which they 
are drawn, and are commonly called Drafts. 

Foreign Bills of Exchange are payable in another country from that in 
which they are drawn, and are called Foreign Drafts. 

The person who signs a bill of exchange (or draft) is called the Drawer or 
Maker; the one to whom it is addressed, the Drawee; the one to whom it is 
made payable, the Payee; and the person who is in legal possession of it, the 
Holder. , 

Bills of exchange, like notes and checks, are either negotiable or non- 
negotiable, according as they are payable to the order of a person or simply to 
the person himself. The former are the more common. 

A Sight Draft is one payable at sight; that is, on presentation. 

A Time Draft is one made payable a certain specified length of time after 
sight or after date. 

Foreign bills of exchange are usually made in sets of three, which are alike 
in all respects except their designations of first, second, and third. The three 
bills are usually sent by different mails, and whichever arrives first is used. 
The others are then worthless. These bills differ from ordinary drafts, by the 
insertion in each, of the condition that it is to be paid if the other two of the set 
are unpaid. 

Drafts are sent through banks, and not through the mails, and are used to 
avoid the risk, inconvenience, and expense of sending actual money from one 
place to another. The principal object for which it is used is to collect money 
due from the drawee to the drawer. For instance, if Jones, of Chicago, owes 
Smith, of Philadelphia, $750, Smith may draw on Jones for that amount. He 
will deposit the draft properly drawn with his own bank in Philadelphia, which 
will forward it to the bank with which Jones does business in Chicago, and which 
is called its correspondent. The draft when received in Chicago is presented to 
Jones at his place of business, who pays it by check or cash, or stamps or writes 
across its face- 

Accepted 
June 12, 191- 
Payable at 
First National Bank. 

JOHN JONES. 

Or, he may write write across the face simply “ Accepted” and his name. The 
draft will then be paid at Jones’ office when it falls due. 

The draft in the former case becomes a check on Jones’ account at the 
First National Bank when it is charged against his account. The bank in 
Chicago then credits and advises the bank in Philadelphia, which in turn credits 
Smith. 

By courtesy Smith, when making the draft upon Jones, advises him at 
once of the fact, that he may be prepared to pay it. 

If not paid, the draft is protested—that is, a formal statement of the fact 
of presentation is mqde by a notary and served upon drawer and all who have 
indorsed their names to the draft. 

But if the drawer does not wish to incur the expense of protest fees, or to 
injure the credit of the debtor, there may be pinned to the draft a piece of paper 
with the words “No protest” upon it. This is to notify the bank presenting 
the draft that the drawer does not wish it protested if not paid. It is important 
that this slip of paper be detached before the draft is presented, or else the draft 
would lose its “force.” 



BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


1161 


A check is practically a sight draft upon a bank; but there is a marked 
difference between a “check” and a “draft.” For example: The form and 
wording are different; a check is drawn upon a bank or banker with whom 
funds have been deposited; a draft is drawn upon an individual or business 
house. 

Checks are used for paying money to creditors; drafts are used as a means 
of collecting moneys due. to the one drawing. 

Checks, when properly drawn and presented, must be paid by the bank 
if it has funds belonging to the drawer 

The party drawn upon is under no obligation to honor a draft, if for any 
reason he choses not to do so. 


DUE BILLS. 

A Due Bill is a formal written acknowledgment that a certain amount is due. 

It should in capitalization, punctuation, and arrangement of parts, follow 
the same rules as are followed for business letters. 

Due bills are often given in settling accounts, when it is not convenient 
to make immediate payment. 

Unlike promissory notes, due bills cannot properly be made payable to 
order. They are therefore non-negotiable. 

The amount represented by a due bill should be expressed twice, as in a 
receipt, check, or note—once in writing, and once in figures. 

PROMISSORY NOTES. 

A promissory note is a written promise to pay a specified sum of money 
at a designated time, both of which are stated in the body of the note. 

The holder is the person who is in lawful possession of a note, whether he is 
the original payee or has received the note by indorsement. 

Promissory notes are divided, in common usage, into three principal kinds: 
Individual Notes, Joint Notes, Joint-and-several Notes. Any of these notes 
may be either negotiable or non-negotiable. 

An Individual Note is one signed by a single person. 

A Joint Note is one signed by two or more persons who are together 
responsible for its payment, share and share alike. 

A Joint-and-several Note is one signed by two or more persons, all of whom 
together, or any one of whom separately, may be held for the whole amount. 
The words, “We jointly and severally promise,” which are found in this note, are 
equivalent to “We together and separately promise.” Accordingly, when such 
a note matures, if all the signers are able to pay, they contribute share and share 
alike; while if one or more cannot pay, the whole amount is paid by the remain¬ 
ing one or more. 

A note is made negotiable, that is salable, by making it payable to a per¬ 
son, or his order, or to his assigns, or to bearer, or to the cashier of a bank or 
incorporated company. A note so drawn may be negotiated, or used in pay¬ 
ment to another person by the holder; but he must indorse his name on the 
back of the note. Should the drawer of the note fail to pay iT the holder looks 
to the person or persons who indorsed it for payment. 

A note made payable at a bank and held there for payment until the usual 
hour for closing, need not be presented to the drawer in person to bind the 
indorser. It may be protested as in the case of drafts, immediately upon the 
close of bank-hours. Payment must be immediately demanded of the indorser 
if he resides in the same'place; if he is a non-resid’ent he must be notified at 
once by letter. 

DISCOUNTING NOTE AT BANK. 

When notes are offered at bank they are passed upon by its officers or 
directors, or both, to satisfy themselves that the maker and indorsers are good 
for payment. If accepted the bank charges interest or discount at an agreed 
upon rate reckoned upon the face of the note for the time for which the note is 
to run from the day it is discounted. For instance a note for $500 drawn and 
dated April 1,191-, payable in 3 months, would be due and payable July 1st 




1162 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


or 4 th. If offered at bank for discount on May i, 191- the bank would reckon 
the interest from May 1st to July 1st. It is to be noted that the bank takes 
its interest in advance and pays to holder of note the proceeds which is the face 
value less the bank interest or discount. Io compute the value of a note which 
reads “with interest, ” you add to the face value the interest which will be due 
at the maturity of note. Upon this value the bank reckons its discount. 

INDORSEMENTS, A SUMMARY. 

Indorsements are entries written on the back of any paper, whether checks, 
notes or drafts. They show either a transfer of title, a giving of security, or a 
receipt for a payment applying on the contract indorsed. 

When a paper is written payable to the order of John Smith, and he wishes 
to tranfer his title to Henry Jones, he writes on the back of the paper an order 
for its payment to Jones. 

For the convenience of bank-tellers and others who have large numbers of 
such indorsed papers to handle daily, it is well to write the indorsement across 
the left end of the paper. 

On negotiable papers that are likely to have several indorsements, care 
should be taken to write the indorsements as close together as is convenient. 
If the back of the paper should be covered with indorsements, other indorse¬ 
ments can be written on blank paper attached to the original. We give here, 
plainly marked, the various forms of indorsements: 



No. 1 is the more common and safest form. It transfers the ownership 
from Smith to Jones, and makes Smith responsible to Jones in case the maker 
or payer of the paper fails to pay it. 

No. 2 transfers ownership, but relieves Smith from any responsibility 
if the paper is not paid when due. Only under special circumstances is this 
used. 

No. 3 transfers the ownership to any party who may hold the paper, 
making it in effe'ct payable to the bearer. Such paper should not fall in hands 
of strangers. 

No..4 transfers the ownership as in No. 3, except that it relieves Smith from 
further responsibility. 

No. 5 is a receipt for money paid to apply on the promise indorsed. Such 
indorsements need no signature as it might have the effect of a receipt in full. 

No. 6 does not transfer the ownership of the paper, but merely gives author¬ 
ity to collect the paper as Smith’s agent and to place the amount collected to 
his account. 

No. 7 relieves bank of responsibility of serving notice and protest. 

RECEIPTS. 

A Receipt is a written acknowledgment, signed ,by the receiver and deliv¬ 
ered to the giver, showing that certain property (money or goods, or both) has 
been received. 













BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


1103 


BUSINESS FORMS. 

THE CHECK STUB AND CHECK SHOWING HOW RECORD 

'IS KEPT IN CHECK BOOK. 


No. 974 

• 


No. 974 Wilmington.Del., Feb, 15 , 101 - 

Feb. 15, igj- 



First National Bank of Wilmington 

To P. S. James 



Pay to the order of Peter S. James $94f&i 

Rent for Feb., 191- 



Ninety-four Dollars 


94 

25 

William G. Pollock 


A CASHIER’S CHECK. 


THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK 

of Jeannette 

. Jeannette , Pa., .. 

Pay to the order of . 7afnes^R : .Sewell . f 

Five Hundred Ten and - Dollars, 


TO 


NATIONAL CITY BANK, 

new York City. 

No. 793, 



J. C. Fenn, 


Cashier. 


TIME NOTE. 


No. 11 4. Amt. $i3oo 
Do Alfred Sidney 
For On ac. 


Payable Merchants' N. Bank 

Time .. 

Due . 


Nyack,N. Y., Mch. ij, igi-. 

Three months after date , for value 
received, I promise to pay to the order of 
Alfred Sidney at the Merchants’ National 
Bank, Thirteen Hundred j 6 ° 6 Dollars. 

Wm. B. White. 

No. 114 . 


A Promissory Note and stub, showing record of note. This record may 
also be kept in separate book for notes payable and receivable. 


• DRAFT ON TIME. 

$469 "ftV Mobile, Ala., March 1, 191—. 

Thirty days after date, pay to the order of Sylvester Cutler, Four Hundred 
Sixtv-nine Dollars, and charge to the account of 

John G. Cannon. 

To J. B. Smith & Co., 

Philadelphia, Pa. 







































1164 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


SIGHT DRAFT. 

$257105 Savannah, Ga., March 29, iqi-. 

At sight, pay to the order of Booker Washington, Two Hundred Fifty-seven 
Dollars, value received, and charge to our account. 

George P. Richards & Co. 

To Theodore P. Thomas & Co., 

New York City. 


FOREIGN EXCHANGE. 

Exchange for £800. 

New York, Sept. 3, 191-. 

Ten days after sight of this First of Exchange (second and third unpaid), 
pay to the order of E. N. Towne, Eight Hundred Pounds sterling, value received, 
and charge to account of 

James H. Moody & Co. 

To Drexel, Morgan & Co., 

London, England. 

NOTES ON DEMAND. 

$300. New York, February 14, 191-. 

On demand, I promise to pay Samuel Huestis, or Order, Three Hundred 
Dollars, value received. James Smith. 


$205.50. Cleveland, July 4, 191-. 

For value received, I promise to pay Charles Greene, or Bearer, Two Hun¬ 
dred and Five Dollars and Fifty Cents, on demand, with interest. 

Charles P. Huestis. 

A JOINT NOTE. 

$350.75. New York, June 5, 191-. 

Six months after date, we severally and jointly promise to pay George 
Snyder, or Order, Three Hundred and Fifty Dollars and Seventy-five Cents, 
value received. 

James Bruce, 
Philip Cozens. 

BANK NOTE. 


$800. Reno, Nev., July 10, 191—. 

Sixty days from date, I promise to pay S. G. & B. Jones, or Order, at the 
Chemical Bank, Eight Hundred Dollars, value received. 

N. C. Goldsmith. 

NOTE NOT NEGOTIABLE. 


$700. New York, December 8, 191- 

Ten days after date, I promise to pay to Matthew Smith, Seven Hundred 
Dollars, value received. * James Othello Bricks. 


NOTE NEGOTIABLE BY INDORSEMENT. 

$310. Houston, June 7, 191-. 

Twenty days after date, I promise to pay to the order of John Dee, Three 
Hundred and Ten Dollars, value received. Richard Third. 


NOTE NEGOTIABLE WITHOUT INDORSEMENT. 

$1000. New Orleans, September 6, 191-. 

Two months after date, I promise to pay to Joseph Suds, or Bearer, One 
Thousand Dollars, value received. Martin T. Smith. 


JOINT NEGOTIABLE NOTE PAYABLE AT A BANK. 

$moo. New York, December 20, 191-. 

Four months after date, we promise to pay Henry Jones, or Order, Eleven 
Hundred Dollars, at the Mechanics’ Bank, New York. 

Messrs. Doe, Roe & Co 



BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


1165 


NEGOTIABLE NOTE PAYABLE IN MERCHANDISE. 

$300. Minneapolis, October 11, 191-. 

Thirty days after date, for value received, I promise to pay to Edward 
Somers, or Order, Three Hundred Dollars in merchantable corn, at the current 
price. Alexander Glendening. 

FORM OF JUDGMENT NOTE’. 

S900. 

For value received, I promise to pay to Henry Richards, or Order, the sum 
of Nine Hundred Dollars, ninety days after date; and I hereby nominate, 
constitute and appoint the said Henry Richards, or any attomey-at-law of this 
State, my true and lawful attorney irrevocable, for me, and in my name, to 
appear in any court of record of this State, at any time after the above Promis¬ 
sory Note becomes due, and to waive all process and service thereof, and to 
confess judgment in favor of the holder hereof for the sum that may be due and 
owing hereon, with interest and costs, and waiving all errors, etc. 

In Witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal at the City of 
Cincinnati, State of Ohio, this 10th day of May, one thousand nine hundred and 


E. D. Abbott, [seal.] 

Sealed and delivered in the presence of 
E. Lyon, John Sutherland. 

Note. —The principal difference between a Sealed Note and one without a 
Seal is that the former must be first paid in the settlement of a decedent’s 
estate, and is not barred by the Statute of Limitations. 

RECEIPT ON ACCOUNT. 

New York, April 27, 191—. 

Received from Zachary Taylor, Seventy-five Dollars on account. 

Luke F. Cozans. 

RECEIPT IN FULL. 

New York, May 11, 191-. 

Received from Messrs. Sutherland & Abbott, One Hundred and Four t 5 t 3 o 
D ollars, in full of account to date. 

$104x5%. William J. Bunce. 

A receipt like the first acknowledges the partial payment of a debt, and 
one like the second of all claims excepting negotiable notes. 

DUE BILL. 

$25. Akron, O., February 6, 191-. 

Due John Smith, Twenty-five Dollars on demand, value received. 

John Jones. 

$55x35. Chicago, Ill., May 12, 191-. 

Due Charles F. Thomas, for work done, Fifty-five x°<% Dollars, payable on 
demand, in merchandise, at my store. William C. Edwards. 

• V 

ORDER FOR MONEY. 

New York, June 4, 191-. 

Mr. George W. Strong: 

Please pay Daniel Fanshaw, or Order, Seventy-five Dollars, 
and place the same to the debt of Robert H. Elton. 

Remarks. —An Order may be written payable to B. C. or Order, or to B. C. 
or Bearer. If written in the former manner, B. C. can dispose of it, provided 
he writes his name upon the back. If payable to B. C. or Bearer, it will be 
good to the holder. 

FORM OF A COMMON BILL. 

Mr. George Wright, To Stephen Driver, Dr. 

March 12, 191-, To 20 Bushels of Apples, at 25 cts. ... $5 00 

Rec’d Pay’t, George Wright. 




1166 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


BILL OF SALE. 

In consideration of Two Hundred Seventy-four Dollars, receipt of which 
is hereby acknowledged, I, S. D. Haag, of County of Erie, and State of 
Pennsylvania, do hereby sell and convey unto Peter Cline, of County of Erie, 
and State of Pennsylvania, the following descibed personal property: 

Dark Bay Horse, “Nepos, ” 17* hands high, 1600 lbs. weight, with star 
on forehead and white on right hind foot: 

And I do hereby’ covenant and agree to warrant and defend the above 
described personal property against the lawful claims of all persons. 

Signed this 5th day of May, A. D. 191-. S. D. Haag. 

THE LAW OF NOTES AND CHECKS. 

Negotiable instruments, the common forms of which are promissory notes, 
checks, or other bills of exchange, while having the same general requisites as 
other contracts, have certain distinct features. The purpose of the law is to 
facilitate as much as possible their free passing from hand to hand like currency. 
The assignment of an ordinary contract leaves the assignee in no different posi¬ 
tion for enforcing his rights than that of his assignor, but one who takes a 
negotiable instrument from a prior holder, without knowledge of any defenses 
to it, before its maturity, and gives value for it, holds it free of any defenses 
which might have been set up against his predecessors, except those defects that 
were inherent in the instrument itself. 

To be negotiable an instrument must be in writing and signed by the maker 
(of a note) or drawer (of a bill or check). 

It must contain an unconditional promise or order to pay a sum certain in 
money. Must be payable on demand, or at a fixed future time. Must be pay¬ 
able to order or to bearer. In a bill of exchange (check) the party directed to 
pay must be reasonably certain. Every negotiable instrument is presumed to 
have been issued for a valuable consideration, and want of consideration in the 
creation of the instrument is not a defense against a bona-fide holder. 

An instrument is negotiated, that is completely transferred, so as to vest 
title in the purchaser, if payable to bearer, or indorsed simply with the name 
of the last holder, by mere delivery, if payable to order by the indorsement of 
the party to whom it is payable and delivery. One who transfers an instru¬ 
ment by indorsement warrants to every subsequent holder that the instrument 
is genuine, that he has title to it, and that if not paid by the party primarily 
liable at maturity, he will pay it upon receiving due notice of non-payment. 

To hold an indorser liable the holder upon its non-payment at maturity 
must give prompt notice of such non-payment to the indorser and that the 
holder looks to the indorser for payment. Such notice should be sent within 
twenty-four hours. 

When an indorser is thus compelled to pay he may hold prior parties through 
whom he received the instrument liable to him by sending them prompt notice 
of non-payment upon receiving such notice from the holder. 

One who transfers a negotiable instrument by delivery, without indorsing 
it, simply warrants that the instrument is genuine, that he has title to it, and 
knows of no defence to it, but does not agree to pay it if unpaid at maturity. 

The maker of a note is liable to pay it if unpaid at maturity without any 
notice from the holder or indorser. 

Notice to one of several partners is sufficient notice to all. 

When a check is certified by a bank the bank becomes primarily liable to 
pay it without notice of its non-payment, and when the holder of a check thus 
obtains its certification by the bank, the drawer of the check and previous 
indorsers are released from liability, and the holder looks to the bank for 
payment. 

A bona-fide holder of a negotiable instrument, that is, a party who takes 
an instrument regular on its face, before its maturity, pays value for it and has 
no knowledge of any defenses to it. is entitled to hold the party primarilv 
liable responsible for its payment, despite any defenses he may have against 
the party to whom he gave it, except such as rendered the instrument void m its 
inception. Thus, if the maker of a note received no value for it, or ,vas induced 
to issue it through fraud or imposition, they do not defeat the right of a bona- 
fide holder to compel its payment from him. 



BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS 


1167 


INTEREST LAWS AND STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS. 


I NTEREST. _I_ STATUTE OF 


States. 

Legal 
Rate. 

Limit 

Under 

Contract. 

Penalty for 

Usury. 

Accounts. 

(Years.) 

Notes. 

(Years.) 

Judgments 

Court of 

F-ecord. 

Alabama. 

8 

8 

/ 

g 


A** 

20 

Alaska. 

8 

IO 

3 

Or 

Arizona. 

6 

dd 




Arkansas. 

6 

6 S 

3 

4 

5 

California. 

7 


£ 

d 

3 

4 * 

A 

5 

10 

Colorado. 

8 


d 

+ 

4 

A 

5 

Connecticut. 

6 

T C 

A 

O 

6-17 

A 

20 

Delaware. 

6 

6 

a 


0 

District of Columbia. 

6 

« 

cc 

f 

ff 

3 


10 

Florida. 

8 

7 

3 

3 

Sr 

fir 

12 

Georgia. 

8 

3 

20-7 

Idaho. 

7 

J 

O 

4 


7 

Illinois. 

c 


f 

4 

5 

0 

Indiana. 

0 

6 

/ 

8 

5 

A 


20W 

Iowa. 

6 

8 

f 

l 

i 



20 

Kansas. 


5 


20 

Kentucky.. 

6 

6 

3 

5 

0 

15 

Louisiana. 

C 

8 

f 

d 



Maine. 

D 

6 

3 

A 

5 

10 

Maryland. 

6 

6 

7 


. 3r 

6-20 


Massachusetts. 

6 

c 

d 

3 

A 


Michigan. 

c 

7 

f 

h 

A 

6r 

A 


Minnesota. 

6 


A 


Mississippi. 

6 

T O 

/ 

O 


6 


Missouri. 

6 

8 

c 

3 


7 

Montana. 

8 

d 


8 


Nebraska. 

7 


f 

d 



Nevada. 

7 

c 

4 

5 

60 

60 

New Hampshire. 

6 

6 

O 

5 

New Jersey. 

6 

6 

f 

l 

6 

A 


New Mexico. 

6 



A 


New York. 

6 

6 

h 

4 

6 

6r<? 


North Carolina. 

6 

6 

ff 

ft 

2 



North Dakota. 

7 

T 2 

3 

A 

6 r 

A 


Ohio. 

6 

8 

A 



Oklahoma. 

6 


1 0 


Oregon. 

6 

I O 

3 

6 

5 

5 


Pennsylvania.. 

*6 

O 

i 

ft 

6 


Rhode Island. 

6 

z 

zz 

6 

6 


South Carolina. 

7 

8 

ff 

f 

1 

6 

6 


South Dakota. 

7 


6 

6 


Tennessee. 

6 

6 

6 

6 


Texas. 

6 


1 




Utah. 

8 

T 2 

f 

1 


6 

8 

8 

Vermont. 

6 

6 

6 


Virginia. 

6 

6 

f 

m 

iff 

1 


Washington. 

West Virginia. 



6 

6 

12 

6 

* 3 

3 

e 

6 

10 

6 

6 

Wisconsin. 

6 

I O 

j 

6 

20 

Wyoming. 


. .. 

8 

12 

8 

5 

2-5 


Key to Above Table. 

*Other than bank drafts and checks. b “Sight,” no; other paper, yes. c No 
Limit, cc In doubt whether limit \5 or 10%. d No penalty, dd 12% by contract. 
/ Forfeiture of all interest. //Forfeiture of all interest. Twice amount of interest paid 
may be recovered by debtor. ///Treble amount recoverable, g Forfeiture of principal 
and interest. gg Interest in excess of 12% forfeited, h Forfeiture of contract. 
j Forfeiture of excessive interest, k Forfeiture of 10 per cent, of principal. I For¬ 
feiture of double the usury, m Forfeiture of double amount of interest and cost. 
o Certain conditions, p By confession $500.. q If note, $1,000; accounts, $500. 
r Longer if under seal. 5 Under certain conditions, v On witnessed notes 14 years. 
w Foreign judgments 5 years, x Foreign judgments 10 years, z 30% except on sums 
not exceeding $50 for a period not exceeding 3 months, 5% a month. zz Forfeiture of 
Contract, fine not exceeding $500 or imprisonment not exceeding six months. **Ac¬ 
counts stated 6 years. fFine not more than $1,000 or imprisonment not more than six 
months or both. 



















































































1168 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


BUSINESS LAWS IN DAILY USE. 

The following compilation of business law contains the essence of a large 
amount of legal verbiage' 

Ignorance of tne law excuses no one. 

The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 

A contract made with a lunatic is void. 

It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 

Signatures made with a lead-pencil are good in law. 

If a note is lost or stolen, it does not release the maker; he must pay it if the 
consideration for which it was given and the amount can be proven. 

Notes bear interest only when so stated. 

Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. 

Each individual in a partnership is responsible for the whole amount of the 
debts of the firm, except in cases of special partnership. 

An agreement without consideration is void. 

A note made on Sunday is void. 

Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. 

A note by a minor is void. 

A contract made with a minor is void. 

A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in a state of intoxication, can¬ 
not be collected. 

A receipt for money is not always conclusive. 

The acts of one partner bind all the rest. 

The maker of an “accommodation” bill or note (one for which he has 
received no consideration, having lent his name or credit for the accommoda¬ 
tion of the holder) is not bound to the person accommodated, but is bound 
to all other parties precisely as if there was a good consideration. 

Checks or drafts must be presented for payment without unreasonable 
delay. 

If the drawee of a check or draft has changed his residence, the holder 
must use due or reasonable diligence to find him. 

If one who holds a check, as payee or otherwise, transfers it to another, he 
has a right to insist that the check be presented that day, or, at farthest, on the 
day following. 

A note indorsed in blank (the name of the indorser only written) is trans¬ 
ferable by delivery, the same as if made payable to bearer. 

If the time of payment of a note is not inserted, it is held payable on 
demand. 

An indorsee has a right of action against all whose names were on the bill 
when he received it. 

If the letter containing a protest of* non-payment be put into the post- 
office, any miscarriage does not affect the party giving notice. 

If two or more persons as partners are jointly liable on a note or bill, due 
notice to one of them is sufficient. 

If a note or bill is transferred as security, or even as payment of a pre¬ 
existing debt, the debt revives if the bill or note be dishonored. 

Claims which do not rest upon a seal or judgment must be sued in most 
States within six years from the time when they arise. 

Part payment of a debt which has passed the time of statutory limitation 
revives the whole debt, and the claim holds good for another period of six 
years from the date of such partial payment. 

If, when a debt is due, the debtor is out of the State, the “six years” do 
not begin to run until he returns. If he afterward leave the State, the time 
forward counts the same as if he remained in the State. 

An oral agreement must be proved by evidence. A written agreement 
proves itself. The law prefers written to oral evidence, because of its precision. 

“Value received” is usually written in a note, and should be, but is not 
necessary. If not written, it is presumed by the law or may be supplied by 
proof. 

No consideration is sufficient in law if it be illegal in its nature. 

Checks or drafts should be presented during business hours, but in this 
country, except in the case of banks, the time extends through the day and 
evening. 





BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


1169 


The time of payment of a note must not depend upon a contingency. 
The promise must be absolute. 

A bill may be written upon any paper or substitute for it, either with ink 
or pencil. 

The payee should be distinctly named in the note, unless it is payable to 
bearer. 

Notice of protest may be sent either to the place of business or of residence 
of the party notified. 

The loss of a bill or note is not sufficient excuse for not giving notice of 
protest. 

An indorsement may be written on the face or back. 

LAWS OF CONTRACTS. 

A contract is an agreement of two or more parties, by which reciprocal 
rights and obligations are created. One party acquires a right, enforceable at 
law, to some act or forbearance from the other, who is under a corresponding 
obligation to thus act or forbear. 

Generally speaking, all contracts which are made between two competent 
parties, for a proper consideration, without fraud and for a lawful purpose, 
are enforceable at law. 

To the creation of a valid contract there must be: 

i. Precise agreement. The offer of one party must be met by an accep¬ 
tance by the other, according to the terms offered. 

2 There must be a consideration. Something of value must either be 
received by one party or given up by the other. 

3. The parties must have capacity to contract. The contracts of insane 
persons are not binding upon them. Married women are now generally permitted 
to contract as though single, and bind their separate property. The contracts 
of an infant (minor) are generally not binding upon him, unless ratified after 
attaining his majority. The contracts of an infant for “necessaries” may be 
enforced against him to the extent of the reasonable value of the goods furnished. 
It is incumbent upon one seeking thus to hold an infant to show that the goods 
furnished were in fact necessary to the infant, and that he was not already 
supplied by his parents or guardians. 

4. The party’s consent must not be the result of fraud or imposition, or it 
may be avoided by the party imposed upon. 

5. The purpose of the parties must be lawful. Agreements to defraud 
others, to violate statutes, 1 or whose aim is against public policy, such as to 
create monopolies, or for the corrupt procurement of legislative or official action, 
are void, and cannot be enforced by any party thereto. 

Contracts in general are equally valid, whether made orally or in writing, with 
the exception of certain classes of contracts, which in most of the States are 
required to be attested by a note or memorandum in writing by the party or 
his agent sought to be held liable. Some of the provisions, which are adopted 
from the old English Statute of Frauds, vary in some of the States, but the follow¬ 
ing contracts very generally are required to be thus attested by some writing: 

Contracts by their terms not to be performed within a year from the 
making thereof. 

A promise to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another person. 

Contracts made in consideration of marriage, except mutual promises to 
marry. 

Promise of an executor, or administrator, to pay debts of deceased out of 
his own property. 

Contracts for the creation of any interest of estate in land, with the excep¬ 
tion of leases for a short term, generally one year. 

Contracts for the sale of goods above a certain value, unless a portion of 
the price is paid or part of the goods delivered. The required value of the 
goods sold varies in different States from $30 to $200. In a number of the 
States no such provision exists. 

In many of the States declarations or conveyances of trust estates. 

In many States representations as to the character, credit, or responsibility 
of another person- 


1' :<s 




1170 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


Partial performance of the contract is generally held to dispense with the 

necessity for a writing. 

If the damages liable to result from the breaking of a contract are uncertain, 

the parties may agree upon a sum to which either may be entitled as compensa¬ 
tion for a breach, which will be upheld by the courts, but if the sum so fixed is 
not designed as a fair compensation to the party injured, but as a penalty to be 
inflicted, it will be disregarded. 

A party is generally excused for the failure to perform what he has agreed 

only by the act of God or the public enemy, Except in cases involving a 
personal element in the work to be performed, such as the rendition of services, 
when the death or sickness of the party contracting to perform them is a valid 
excuse, or contracts for the performance of work upon a specified object, when 
its destruction without the fault of the party sought to be held liable is a suffi¬ 
cient excuse. 

Written instruments are to be construed and interpreted by law according 
to the simple, customary and natural meaning of the words used. No evidence 
can be introduced to contradict or vary a written contract but it may be 
received in order to explain it, when such explanation is necessary. 

POINTS OF CRIMINAL LAW. 

Law should be, and is intended to constitute, a rule of right governing the 
actions of man in his dealings with his fellow-beings. 

You cannot lawfully condone an offense by receiving back stolen property. 

The exemption of females from arrest applies only in civil not in criminal 
matters. 

Every man is bound to obey the call of a sheriff for assistance in making an 
arrest. 

The rule “Every man’s house is his castle” does not hold good when a 
man is accused of crime. 

Embezzlement can be charged only against a clerk or a servant, or the 
officer or agent of a corporation. 

Bigamy cannot be proven in law if one party to a marriage has been absent 
and not heard from for five years. 

Grand larceny is when the value of property stolen exceeds $25.00—when 
less than that, the offense is petit larceny. 

Arson to be in the first degree must have been committed at night, and 
the buildings fired must have been inhabited. 

Drunkenness is not a legal excuse for crime, but delirium tremens is con¬ 
sidered by the law as a species of insanity. 

In a case of assault it is only necessary to prove an “offer or attempt at 
assault.” Battery presumes physical violence. 

Mayhem, although popularly supposed to refer to injury to the face, lip, 
tongue, eye, or ear, applies to any injury done a limb. 

A felony is a crime punishable by imprisonment in a State prison; an 
“infamous” crime is one punishable with death or State prison. 

A police officer is not authorized to make an arrest without a warrant 
unless he has personal knowledge of the offense for which the arrest is made. 

An accident is not a crime, unless criminal carelessness can be proven. 
A man shooting at a burglar and killing a member of his family is not a mur¬ 
derer. 

Burglary in the first degree can be committed only in the night time. 
Twlight, if dark enough to prevent distinguishing a man’s face, is the same as 
“night” in law. 

Murder to be in the first degree must be wilful, premeditated, and malicious, 
or committed while the murderer is engaged in a felonious act. The killing 
of a man in a duel is murder, and it is a misdemeanor to accept or give a chal¬ 
lenge. 

False swearing is perjury in law only when wilfully done, and when the 
oath has been legally administered. Such qualifying expressions as “to the 
best of my belief,” “as I am informed,” may save an averment from being 

E erjured. The law is that the false statement sworn to must be absolute, 
ubomation of perjury—that is, inducing another to swear falsely, is a felony 
The penalties which follow the violation of any of the points of criminal 



BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


1171 


law vary slightly in various places, but all include fines or imprisonment, or 
both. The penalties are intended to be sufficiently severe to deter those evilly 
disposed from disturbing the peace and happiness of the community. 

PARTNERSHIPS. 

Partnerships may be either general or special. In general partnerships 
money invested ceases to be individual property. Each member is made 
personally liable for the whole amount of debts incurred by the company. 
The company is liable for all contracts or obligations made by individual 
members. 

Special partners are not liable beyond the amount contributed. 

A person may become a partner by allowing people generally to presume 
that he is one, as, by having his name on the sign or parcel or in the bills used 
in the business. 

A share or specific interest in the profits or loss of a business, afe remunera¬ 
tion for labor may involve one in the liability of a partner. 

In case of bankruptcy, the joint estate is first applied to the payment of 
partnership debts, the surplus only going to the creditors of the individual 
estate. 

A dissolution of partnership may take place under express stipulations in 
the articles of agreement, by mutual consent, by the death or insanity of one 
of the firm, by award of arbitrators, or by court of equity in cases of misconduct 
of some member of the firm. 

A partner signing his individual name to negotiable paper, which is for the 
use of the partnership firm, binds all the partners thereby. Negotiable paper 
of the firm, even though given on private account by one of the partners, will 
hold all the partners of the firm, when it passes into the hands of the holders, 
who are ignorant of the fact attending its creation. 

Partnership effects may be bought and sold by a partner; he may make 
contracts; may receive money; indorse, draw and accept bills and notes, and, 
while this may be for his own private account, if it apparently be for the use of 
the firm, his partners will be bound by his action, provided the parties dealing 
with him were ignorant of the transaction being on his private account; and 
thus representation or misrepresentation of a partner, having relation to busi¬ 
ness of the firm, will bind the members in the partnership. 

In case of death, the surviving partner must account to the representative? 
of the deceased. 

AGENTS AND ATTORNEYS. 

An agent or an attorney is one authorized by a person to act for him and 
in his stead, in the transaction of business for the person appointing said agent 
or attorney. 

In regard to the subject of an agency, the general rule is, that whatever 
a man may do in his own right he may also transact through another. Tilings 
of a personal nature, implying personal confidence on the part of the person 
possessing them, cannot be delegated. 

Infants, married women, lunatics, idiots, aliens, belligerents, and persons 
incapable of making legal contracts, cannot act as principals in the appoint¬ 
ment of agents. Infants and married women may, however, become principals 
in certain cases. 

The act of the agent always binds his principal. Agents who exceed their 
authority, become themselves personally responsible to their principals. 

One should not consent to act as an agent or attorney in complicated mat¬ 
ters, except where the powers of this office be explicitly defined in writing. 

Agency may be terminated in two ways: (r) by the act of the principal 
or agent; (2) by operation of law. In the latter case, the termination of the 
agency is effected by lapse of time, by completion of the subject-matter of 
the agency, by the extinction of the subject-matter, or by the insanity, bank¬ 
ruptcy or death of either party. 

LANDLORD AND TENANT. 

Leases for one year or less need no written agreement, Leases for more 
than a year must be in writing; if for life, signed, sealed, and witnessed in the 
same manner as any other important document. 




1172 


BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


Leases for over three years must be recorded. No particular form is 
necessary. 

If no agreement in writing for more than a year can be produced, the tenant 
holds the property from year to year at the will of the landlord If there is no 
agreement as to time, the tenant as a rule holds from year to year. 

A tenancy at will may be. terminated by giving the tenant one month’s 
notice in writing, requiring him to remove from the premises occupied. 

A tenant is not responsible for taxes, unless it be so stated in the lease. 

The tenant may underlet as much of the property as he desires, unless it is 
expressly forbidden in the lease. Tenants at will cannot underlet. 

A married woman cannot lease her property under the common law, but 
this prohibition is removed by statute in most of the States. A husband cannot 
make a lease which will bind his wife’s property after his death. 

A lease made by a minor is not binding after the minor has attained his 
majority. It binds the lessee, however, unless the minor should release him. 
Should the minor receive rent after attaining his majority, the lease will be 
therefore ratified. A lease given by a guardian w r ill not extend beyond the 
majority of the ward. 

A new lease renders void a former lease. 

In case there are no writings, the tenancy begins from the day possession 
is taken; where there are writings and the time of commencement is not stated, 
the tenancy will be held to commence from the date of said writings. 

Leases cn mortgaged property, whereon the mortgage was given prior 
to the lease, terminate when the mortgage is foreclosed. 

Where a tenant assigns his lease, even with the landlord’s consent, he will 
remain liable for the rent unless his lease is surrendered or cancelled. 

A building erected by tenants on foundations sunk into the ground, becomes 
a part of the realty, and belong to the landlord. Improvements to the build¬ 
ing rented, that are nailed or screwed to the building become the property of 
the landlord. But trade fixtures belong to the tenant, it being presumed when 
the building is rented for trade purposes that it is permissible to put in the 
fixtures or make necessary attachments of same to the building. 

LAWS GOVERNING LIENS. 

In all the States and Canada it is the object of the law to protect the 
mechanic and laboring man and also the merchant. Hence there are laws in 
the several States for this purpose. While the general trend is the same, the 
laws vary in details. It is not difficult to procure a copy of the laws, which 
every builder and householder should do. Any contractor, sub-contractor or 
laborer who performs any work, or furnishes any materials, in pursuance of, 
or in conformity with, any agreement or'contract with the owner, lessee, agent 
or one in possession of the property, toward the erection, altering, improving 
or repairing of any building, shall have a lien for the value of such labor or 
materials on the building or land on which it stands to the extent of the right, 
title and interest of the owner, lessee or person in possession at the time of the 
claimant’s filing his notice with the clerk of the county court. Such lien is 
called a mechanic’s lien. 

The notice should be filed within thirty days after completion of the work 
or the furnishing of the materials, and should state the residence of the claimant, 
the amount claimed, from whom due, when due, and to whom due, the name 
of the person against whom claimed, the name of the owner, lessee or person in 
possession of the premises, with a brief description of the latter. 

Liens cease in one year after the filing of the notice, unless an action is 
begun, or the lien is continued by an order of court. 

The following classes of persons are generally entitled to lien: (i) Bailees, 
who may perform labor and services, on the thing bailed, at the request of the 
bailor. (2) Inn-keepers, upon the baggage of guests they have accommodated. 
( 3 ) Common carriers, upon goods carried, for the amount of their freight and 
disbursements. (4) Vendors, on the goods sold for payment of the price where 
no credit has been expressly promised or implied. (5) Agents, upon goods of 
their principals, for advancements for the benefit of the latter. (6) All per¬ 
sons are entitled to the right of lien who are compelled by law to receive property 
and bestow labor or expense on the same. 




BUSINESS FORMS AND LAWS. 


1173 


The right of lien may be waived: (i) By express contract. (2) By neglect. 
(3) By new agreement. (4) By allowing change of possession. (5) By surren¬ 
dering possession. 

The manner of the enforcement of a lien, whether it be an inn-keeper’s, 
agent’s, carrier’s, factor’s, etc., depends wholly upon the nature and character 
of the lien. 

Perishable property on which a lien is held may be sold, and the lien attaches 
to the proceeds. • 

Liens take precedence according to priority, and interest on a judgment 
on a prior lien must also be satisfied before a subsequent lien may be realized 

upon. 


WILLS. 

A Will or Testament is a final disposition of a person’s property to take 
effect after his death. A codicil is an addition or alteration in such disposition. 
All persons are competent to make a will except idiots, persons of unsound 
mind, and infants. In many States a will of an unmarried woman is deemed 
revoked by her subsequent marriage. A nuncupative or unwritten will is one 
made orally by a soldier in active service, or by a mariner while at sea. 

In most of the States a will must be in writing, signed by the testator, 
or by some person in his presence, and by his direction, and attested by wit¬ 
nesses, who must subscribe their names thereto in the presence of the testator. 
The form of wording a will is immaterial as long as its intent is clear. 

Age at which persons may make wills is in most of the States 2 1 years. 
Males and females are competent to make wills at 18 years in the following 
States: California, Connecticut, Hawaiian Islands, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, 
North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah; and in the following States 
only females at 18 years: Colorado, District of Columbia, Illinois, Maryland, 
Missouri, Washington, Wisconsin. 

In the following States persons of 18 years may dispose of personal property 
only: Alabama, Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon, Rhode Island, Virginia, West 
Virginia; in Georgia any one over 14 years and in Louisiana any one over 16 
years is competent to make a will. In Colorado persons of 17 years, and in 
New York males of 18 and females of 16 years may dispose of personalty. 

Witnesses. —Most of the States require two witnesses, except in Connec¬ 
ticut (3), Maine (3), Massachusetts (3), New Hampshire (3), South Carolina (3), 
Vermont (3). • 



TIME AND DATING. 


DIVISIONS OF TIME. 

The interval between two consecutive transits of a fixed star over any 
meridian or the interval during which the earth makes one absolute revolution 
on its axis is called a Sidereal Day, and is invariable, while the interval between 
two consecutive transits of the Sun over any meridian is called an Apparent 
Solar Day, and its length varies from day to day by reason of the variable 
motion of the earth in its orbit, and the inclination of this orbit to the equator 
on which time is measured. 

A Mean Solar Day is the average or mean of all the apparent solar days 
in a year. Mean Solar Time is that shown by a well-regulated clock or watch, 
while Apparent Solar Time is that shown by a well-constructed sun-dial; the 
difference between the two at any time is the Equation of Time, and may 
amount to 16 minutes and 21 seconds. The Astronomical Day begins at noon 
and the Civil Day at the preceding midnight. The Sidereal and Mean Solar 
Days are both invariable, but one day of the latter is equal to 1 day, 3 minutes, 
and 56.555 seconds of the former. 

The interval during which the earth makes one absolute revolution round 
the Sun is called a Sidereal Year, and consists of 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 
and 9.6 seconds, which is invariable. 

The Tropical Year is the interval between two consecutive returns of the 
Sun to the Vernal Equinox. If this were a fixed point, the Sidereal and Tropi¬ 
cal Years would be identical; but in consequence of the disturbing influence 
of the Moon and planets on the spheroidal figure of the earth, the Equinox has 
a slow, retrograde mean motion of 50".26 annually, so that the Sun returns to 
the Equinox sooner every year than he otherwise would by 20 minutes 23.6 
seconds; the Tropical Year, therefore, consists of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 
and 46 seconds. The Tropical Year is not of uniform length; it is now slowly 
decreasing at the rate of .595 second per century, but this variation will not 
always continue. 

Julius Cassar, in B. C. 45, was the first to reform the calendar by ordering 
that every year whose date number is exactly divisible by 4 contain 366 days, 
and all other years 365 days. The intercalary day was introduced by counting 
the sixth day before the Kalends of March twice; hence the name bissextile,from 
bis, twice, and sex, six. He also changed the beginning of the year, from 1st 
of March to the 1st of January, and also changed the name of the fifth month 
(Quintillis) to July, after himself. The average length of the Julian year is 
therefore 365^ days, which, however, is too long by 11 minutes and 14 seconds, 
an--’this would accumulate in 400 years, to about three days. The Julian 
Calendar continued in use until A. D. 1582, when the date of the beginning of the 
seasons occurred 10 days later than in B. C. 45, when this mode of reckoning 
time was introduced. 

The Gregorian Calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, with the 
view of keeping the Equinox to the same day of the month. It consists of 365 
days, but every year exactly divisible by 4 and the centurial years which are 
exactly divisible by 400 contain 366 days; and if in addition to this arbitrary 
arrangement the centurial years exactly divisible by 4,000 contain 366 days, 
the error in the Gregorian system will amount to only one day in about 20 
centuries. If, however, 31 leap years were intercalated in 128 years, instead of 
32 as at present, the calendar would be practically exact and the error would 
not amount to more than a day in 100,000 years. The length of the mean 
Gregorian Year may therefore be set down at 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 
12 seconds. The Gregorian Calendar was introduced into England and her 
colonies in 1752, at which time the Equinox had retrograded 11 days since the 
Council of Nice in A. D. 325, when the festival of Easter was established and 
the Equinox occurred on March 21; hence September 3, 1752, was called 
September 14, and at the same time the commencement of the legal year was 
changed from March 25 to January 1, so that the year 1751 lost the months of 

(1174) 



TIME AND DATING. 


1175 


January and February and the first 24 days of March. The difference between 
the Julian and Gregorian Calendars is now 13 days. Russia and the Greek 
Church still employ the Julian Calendar for civil and ecclesiastical purposes. 


DIFFERENCE IN TIME BETWEEN PRINCIPAL CITIES. 


When It Is 12 o’Clock Noon 
According to 


Places. 


IT IS AT 

Aden.Arabia 

Amsterdam.Holland 

Athens.Greece 

Berlin.Germany 

Bombay.India 

Bremen. Germany 

Central Time (£>). United States 

Constantinople.Turkey 

Copenhagen.Denmark 

Dublin.. . .Ireland 

Eastern Time (a) United States 

Hamburg.Germany 

Havre.France 

Hong Kong.China 

Honolulu.Hawaii 

Liverpool.England 

London.England 

Madrid.Spain 

Manila.Philippine Islands 

Melbourne ..Australia 

Mountain Time(c)United States 
Pacific Time (d )..United States 

Paris.France 

Rome.Italy 

Stockholm.Sweden 

St. Petersburg.Russia 

Vienna .•.Austria 

Y okohama.Japan 


Eastern 

Central 

Mountain 

Pacific 

(0) 

Qb ) 

(c) 

( d) 

Standard Time in the United States 

8.00 P.M. 

9.00 P.M. 

1000 P.M. 

11.00 P.M. 

5.20 P.M. 

6.20 P.M. 

7.20 P.M. 

8.20 P.M. 

6.35 P.M. 

7.35 P.M. 

8.35 P.M. 

9.35 P.M. 

5.54 P.M. 

6.54 P.M. 

7.54 P-M. 

8.54 P.M. 

9.51 P.M. 

io.5i P.M. 

xx.51 P.M. 

12.51 A.M. 

5.33 P.M. 

6.33 P.M. 

7.33 P.M. 

8.33 P.M. 

11.00 A.M. 


1.00 P.M. 

2.00 P.M. 

6.56 P.M. 

7.56 P.M. 

8.56 P.M. 

9.56 P.M. 

5.50 P.M. 

6.50 P.M. 

7.50 P.M. 

8.50 P.M. 

4-34 P.M. 

5.35 P.M. 

6.35 P.M. 

7.35 P M. 


1.00 P.M. 

2.00 P.M. 

3.00 P.M. 

5.10 P.M. 

6.40 P.M. 

7.40 P.M. 

8.40 P.M. 

5.00 P.M. 

6.00 P.M. 

7.00 P.M. 

8.00 P.M. 

12.37 A.M*. 

1.37 A.M.* 

2.37 A.M.* 

3.37 A.M.* 

6.29 A.M. 

7.20 A.M. 

8.29 A.M. 

9.29 A.M. 

4.48 P.M. 

5.48 P.M. 

6.48 P.M. 

7.48 P.M. 

5.00 P.M. 

6.00 P.M. 

7.00 P.M. 

8.00 P.M. 

4.45 P.M. 

5.45 P.M. 

6.45 P-M. 

7.45 P.M. 

1.04 A.M.* 

2.04 A.M.* 

3.04 A.M.* 

4.04 A.M.* 

2.40 A.M.* 

3.40 A.M* 

4.40 A.M.* 

5.40 A.M.* 


11 00 A.M. 


1.00 P.M. 

9.00 A.M. 

10.00 A.M. 

11.00 A.M. 


5.09 P.M. 

6.09 P.M. 

7.09 P.M. 

8.09 P.M. 

5.50 P.M. 

6.50 P.M. 

7.50 P.M. 

8.50 P.M. 

6.12 P.M. 

7.12 P.M. 

8.12 P.M. 

9.12 P.M. 

7.01 P.M. 

8.01 P.M. 

9.01 P.M. 

10.01 P.M. 

6.06 P.M. 

7.06 P.M. 

8.06 P.M. 

9.06 P.M. 

2.19 A.M.* 

3.19 A.M.* 

4.19 A.M.* 

5.19 A.M.* 


♦At places marked * the time noted is in the morning of the following day. 

(a) “Eastern” includes New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, 
Richmond Norfolk, Charleston, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Montreal, Quebec, Ottawa,Toronto. 


etc 

( b) “Central” includes Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis. St. Paul, Milwaukee, 

Kansas City, Omaha, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, New Orleans, 
Memphis, Savannah, Pensacola, Winnipeg, etc. . 

( c ) “Mountain” includes Denver Leadville, Colorado Springs, Helena, Regina 

(N W T) etc 

(d) “Pacific" includes San Francisco, Portland (Oregon), Victoria, Vancouver, 
Tacoma, Seattle, etc. 
















































1176 


TIME AND DATING. 


STANDARD TIME. 

Primarily, for the convenience of the railroads, a standard of time was 
established by mutual agreement in 1883, by which trains are run and local 
time regulated. According to this system, the United States, extending from 
65° to 125 0 west longitude, is divided into four time sections, each of 15 0 of 
longitude, exactly equivalent to one hour, commencing with the 75th meridian. 
The first (eastern) section includes all territory between the Atlantic Coast and 
an irregular line drawn from Detroit to Charleston, S. C., the latter being its 
most southern point. The second (central) section includes all the territory 
between the last-named line and an irregular line from Bismarck, N. D., to 
the mouth of the Rio Grande. The third (mountain) section includes all 
territory between the last-named line and nearly the western borders of Idaho, 
Utah, and Arizona. The fourth (Pacific) section covers the rest of the country 
to the Pacific Coast. Standard time is uniform inside each of these sections, 
and the time of each section differs from that next to it by exactly one hour. 
Thus at 12 noon in New York City (eastern time), the time at Chicago (central 
time) is 11 o’clock A. M.; at Denver (mountain time), 10 o’clock A. M., and 
at San Francisco (Pacific time), 9 o’clock A. M. Standard time is 16 minutes 
slower at Boston than true local time, 4 minutes slower at New York, 8 minutes 
faster at Washington, 19 minutes faster at Charleston, 28 minutes slower at 
Detroit, 18 minutes faster at Kansas City, 10 minutes slower at Chicago, 1 
minute faster at St. Louis, 28 minutes faster at Salt Lake City, and xo minutes 
faster at San Francisco. 


TABLE OF DAYS BETWEEN TWO DATES. 


A Table of the Number of Days between any two Days within Two Years. 


Day 

Mo. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

1 

1 

32 

60 

9 i 

121 

152 

182 

213 

244 

274 

305 

335 

2 

2 

33 

61 

92 

122 

153 

183 

214 

245 

275 

306 

336 

3 

3 

34 

62 

93 

123 

154 

184 

215 

246 

276 

307 

337 

4 

4 

35 

63 

94 

124 

155 

185 

216 

247 

277 

308 

33 8 

5 

5 

36 

64 

95 

125 

156 

186 

217 

248 

278 

309 

339 

6 

6 

37 

65 

96 

126 

157 

187 

218 

249 

279 

310 

340 

7 

7 

38 

66 

97 

127 

158 

188 

219 

250 

280 

311 

341 

8 

8 

39 

67 

98 

128 

159 

189 

220 

251 

281 

312* 

342 

9 

9 

40 

68 

99 

129 

160 

190 

221 

252 

282 

313 

343 

10 

10 

4 i 

69 

100 

130 

161 

191 

222 

253 

283 

314 

344 

11 

11 

42 

70 

IOI 

131 

162 

192 

223 

254 

284 

315 

345 

12 

12 

43 

7 i 

102 

132 

163 

193 

224 

255 

285 

316 

346 

13 

13 

44 

72 

103 

133 

164 

194 

225 

256 

286 

317 

347 

14 

14 

45 

73 

104 

134 

165 

195 

226 

257 

287 

318 

348 

15 

IS 

46 

74 

105 

135 

166 

196 

227 

258 

288 

319 

349 

16 

16 

47 

75 

106 

136 

167 

197 

228 

259 

289 

320 

350 

17 

17 

48 

76 

107 

137 

168 

198 

229 

260 

290 

321 

351 

18 

18 

49 

77 

108 

138 

169 

199 

230 

261 

291 

322 

3 5 2 

19 

19 

50 

78 

109 

139 

170 

200 

231 

262 

292 

323 

353 

20 

20 

51 

79 

110 

140 

171 

201 

232 

263 

293 

324 

354 

21 

21 

52 

80 

hi 

141 

172 

202 

2 33 

264 

294 

325 

355 

22 

22 

53 

81 

112 

142 

173 

203 

234 

265 

295 

326 

356 

23 

23 

54 

82 

113 

143 

174 

204 

23 5 

266 

296 

327 

357 

24 

24 

55 

83 

114 

144 

175 

205 

236 

267 

297 

328 

358 

25 

25 

56 

84 

115 

145 

176 

206 

23 7 

268 

298 

329 

359 

26 

26 

57 

85 

116 

146 

177 

207 

238 

269 

299 

33 o 

360 

27 

27 

58 

86 

117 

147 

178 

208 

23 9 

270 

300 

33 i 

361 

28 

28 

59 

87 

118 

148 

179 

209 

240 

271 

301 

332 

362 

29 

29 

• • 

88 

119 

149 

180 

210 

241 

272 

302 

333 

363 

30 

3 ° 

• • 

89 

120 

150 

181 

211 

242 

273 

3°3 

334 

364 

31 

31 

* * 

90 

• * * 

151 

• * • 

212 

243 

• ' • 

304 


365 
































TIME AND DATING 


1177 


TABLE OF DAYS BETWEEN TWO DATES.—Continued. 


Day 

Mo. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

1 

366 

397 

425 

456 

486 

517 

547 

578 

609 

639 

670 

700 

2 

367 

398 

426 

457 

487 

518 

548 

579 

610 

640 

671 

701 

3 

368 

399 

. 427 

458 

488 

5 i 9 

549 

580 

611 

641 

672 

702 

4 

369 

400 

428 

459 

489 

520 

55 ° 

581 

612 

642 

673 

703 

5 

370 

401 

429 

460 

490 

521 

551 

582 

613 

643 

674 

704 

6 

37 i 

402 

43 ° 

461 

491 

522 

552 

583 

614 

644 

675 

705 

7 

372 

403 

43 i 

462 

492 

523 

553 

584 

615 

645 

676 

706 

8 

3 73 

404 

432 

463 

493 

524 

554 

585 

616 

646 

677 

707 

9 

374 

405 

433 

464 

494 

525 

555 

586 

617 

647 

678 

708 

10 

375 

406 

434 

465 

495 

526 

556 

587 

618 

648 

679 

709 

11 

376 

407 

43 5 

466 

496 

527 

557 

588 

619 

649 

680 

710 

12 

377 

408 

43 6 

467 

497 

528 

558 

589 

620 

650 

681 

711 

13 

378 

409 

43 7 

468 

498 

529 

559 

590 

621 

651 

682 

712 

14 

379 

410 

43 8 

469 

499 

530 

560 

59 i 

622 

652 

683 

713 

IS 

380 

411 

43 9 

470 

500 

53 i 

561 

592 

623 

653 

684 

714 

16 

381 

412 

440 

471 

501 

532 

562 

593 

624 

654 

685 

7 i 5 

17 

382 

4 i 3 

441 

472 

502 

533 

563 

594 

625 

655 

686 

716 

18 

383 

414 

442 

473 

503 

534 

564 

595 

626 

656 

687 

717 

IQ 

384 

4 i 5 

443 

474 

504 

53 5 

565 

596 

627 

657 

688 

718 

20 

385 

416 

444 

475 

505 

536 

566 

597 

628 

658 

689 

719 

21 

386 

4 i 7 

445 

476 

506 

53 7 

567 

598 

629 

659 

690 

720 

22 

387 

418 

446 

477 

507 

53 8 

568 

599 

630 

660 

691 

721 

23 

388 

419 

447 

478 

508 

539 

569 

600 

631 

661 

692 

722 

24 

389 

420 

448 

479 

509 

54 ° 

570 

601 

632 

662 

693 

723 

25 

390 

421 

449 

480 

5io 

541 

571 

602 

633 

663 

694 

724 

26 

39 i 

422 

450 

481 

5 ii 

542 

572 

603 

634 

664 

695 

725 

27 

392 

423 

451 

482 

512 

543 

5 73 

604 

635 

665 

696 

726 

28 

393 

424 

452 

483 

513 

544 

574 

605 

636 

666 

697 

727 

29 

394 

• • • 

453 

484 

514 

545 

575 

606 

637 

667 

698 

728 

30 

395 

• • • 

454 

485 

515 

546 

576 

607 

638 

668 

699 

729 

3 i 

396 


455 


5 i 6 

. . . 

577 

608 


669 

.. . 

73 ® 


The above table applies to ordinary years only. For leap year, one day 
must be added to each number of days after February 28. 

Example. —To find the number of days between June 3, 1900, and Feb¬ 
ruary 16, 1901: The figures opposite the third day in the first June column are 
154; those opposite the sixteenth day in the second February column are 412. 
Subtract the first from the second product—i. e., 154 from 412, and the result 
is 258, the number of days between the two dates. 


THE ANCIENT AND MODERN YEAR. 

The Athenians began the year in June, the Macedonians in September, the 
Romans first in March and afterward in January, the Persians on August n, 
the ancient Mexicans on February 23, the Mohammedans in July. The 
Chinese year, which begins early in February, is similar to the Mohammedan in 
having 12 months of 29 and 30 days alternately; but in every nineteen years 
there are seven years which have 13 months. This is not quite correct, and the 
Chinese have therefore formed a cycle of 60 years, in which period 22 intercalary 
months occur. 
































1178 


TIME AND DATING 


PERPETUAL CALENDAR.—i. 

For ascertaining any Day of the Week for any given Time within Two Hundred 
Years from the introduction of the New Style, 1753 , to I95 2 inclusive. 


I 753 g 

I 7 54 d 

I78ig 

1782c! 

i8ooe 

1801a 

i828q 

1829a 

i8s6q 

1857a 

i884q 

1885a 

19°og 
. 190id 

X928h 

I 929 d 

I 755 C 

I 756 p 

1783c 

1784P 

1802b 

1803c 

1830b 
183 1 c 

1858b 

1859c 

1886b 

1887c 

i902e 

1903a 

i 93 oe 

193 ia 

I 757 C 

i 758 f 

1785c 

1786f 

i8o4h 

1803d 

183 2h 

1833d 

i86oh 

i86id 

i888h 

i889d 

1904k 

I 905 f 

193 2k 
I933f 

1 759 g 
i76oq 

i 787 g 

1788q 

i8o6e 

1807a 

1834c 

1835a 

1862c 

1863a 

18906 

1891a 

i9o6g 

I 907 d 

i 934 g 
193 5 d 

1761a 

1762b 

1789a 

1790b 

1808k 

1809!' 

1836k 
183 7f 

1864k 

i865f 

1892k 

i 8 o 3 f 

1908I 

1909b 

193 61 
i93 7 b 

1763c 

1764b 

1791c 

I 792 h 

i8iog 

181 id 

i83 8g 
i83 9d 

i866g 

i867d 

i 894 g 

i 895 d 

19 IOC 

191 if 

1938c 

I939f 

1763d 

1766e 

1793 d 

I 794 e 

1812I 

1813b 

1840I 

1841b 

1868I 

1869b 

1896I 

1897b 

1912m 

1913c 

1940m 

i94ie 

1767a 

1768k 

1795 a 
x 796k 

1814c 

i8i5f 

1842c 

i 843 f 

1870c 

i87if 

1898c 

i 899 f 

1914a 

1915b 

1942a 

I943h 

1 ?6gf 

i 77 °g 

I 797 f 

I 798 g 

1816m 

i8i7e 

1844m 

1843c 

1872m 

1873c 


i9i6n 
1917g 

I944n 

I945g 

i 77 id 

1772I 

i 799 d 

181 8a 
1819b 

1846a 

18 47b 

1874a 

1875b 


i9i8d 

1919c 

i946d 

I 947 e 

i 773 b 

1774c 


i82on 

l82Ig 

18480 

i 849 g 

18760 

i 877 g 


1920P 
192 IC 

I 948 p 

I949C 

i 775 f 

1776m 


l822d 

1823c 

i85od 
185 ie 

i878d 

1879c 


I 9 2 2f 
J 9 2 3 g 

I95°f 

I 95 ig 

i 777 e 

1778a 


1824P 

1825c 

i8s2p 

1853c 

x88op 

1881c 


1924Q 

1925a 

I 952 q 

x 779 b 

T78on 


i826f 

i»27g 

i 8 s 4 f 

i 8 S 3 g 

i88 2 f 

i883g 


1926b 

1927c 



Note. —The letters in the list of “Years from 1753 to 1952” refer to the table 
head d with the Months, the figures in which refer to the same figures at the head of the 
table of Days. For example—To know on what day July 4, 19x0, will fall look for 
1910 in the table of Years The letter “c” attached. Look for the same letter in the 
table of Months and in a parallel line under July is the figure 5, which directs to column 
5 in the table of Days below, in which it will be seen that July 4 falls on Monday. 


























































































































TIME AND DATING 


1179 


• 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

1 

Sept. 

Oct. 

> 

0 

£ 

Dec. 

a 

4 

7 

7 

3 

5 

I 

3 

6 

2 

4 

7 

2 

b 

5 

I 

i 

4 

6 

2 

4 

7 

3 

S 

i 3 

c 

6 

2 

2 

S 

7 

3 

5 

i 

4 

6 

2 4 

d 

2 

5 

5 

i 

3 

6 

I 

4 

7 

2 

S 7 

e 

3 

6 

6 

2 

4 

7 

2 

5 

i 

3 

6 i 

f 

7 

3 

3 

6 

I 

4 

6 

2 

5 

7 

3 

s 


I 

4 

4 

7 

2 

5 

7 

3 

6 

I 

4 

6 

h 

7 

3 

4 

7 

2 

5 

7 

3 

6 

I 

4 6 

k 

5 

I 

2 

5 

7 

3 

5 

I 

4 

6 

2 

4 

1 

3 

6 

7 

3 

S 

I 

3 

6 

2 

4 

7 

2 

m 

I 

4 

5 

I 

3 

6 

I 

4 

7 

2 

S 

7 

n 

6 

2 

3 

6 

I 

4 

6 

2 

S 

7 

3 

5 

P 

4 

7 

I 

4 

6 

2 

4 

7 

3 

5 

I 

3 

q 

2 

5 

6 

2 

4 

7 

2 

5 

X 

3 

6 

I 


TABLE OF DAYS. 


I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Mond. 

i 

Tuesd. 

I 

Wed. 

I 

Thursd. 

1 

Frid. 

1 

Satd. 

1 

Sund. 

I 

Tuesd. 

2 

Wed. 

2 

Thursd. 

2 

Frid. 

2 

Satd. 

2 

Sund. 

2 

Mond. 

2 

Wed. 

3 

Thursd. 

3 

Frid. 

3 

Satd. 

3 

Sund. 

3 

Mond. 

3 

Tuesd. 

3 

Thursd. 

4 

Frid. 

4 

Satd. 

4 

Sund. 

4 

Mond. 

4 

Tuesd. 

4 

Wed. 

4 

Frid. 

3 

Satd. 

5 

Sund. 

5 

Mond. 

5 

Tuesd. 

P 

Wed. 

5 

Thursd. 

5 

Satd. 

6 Sund. 

6 

Mond. 

6 

Tuesd. 

6 

Wed. 

6 

Thursd. 

6 

Frid. 

6 

Sund. 

7 

Mond. 

7 

Tuesd. 

7 

Wed. 

7 

Thursd. 

7 

Frid. 

7 

Satd. 

7 

Mond. 

8 Tuesd. 

8 

Wed. 

8 

Thursd. 

8 

Frid. 

8 

Satd. 

8 

Sund. 

8 

Tuesd. 

9 

Wed. 

9 

Thursd. 

9 

Frid. 

9 

Satd. 

9 

Sund. 

9 

Mond. 

9 

Wed. 

IO 

Thursd. 

10 

Frid. 

10 

Satd. 

IO 

Sund. 

10 

Mond. 

10 

Tuesd. 

10 

Thursd. 

11 

Frid. 

11 

Satd. 

11 

Sund. 

I I 

Mond. 

I I 

Tuesd. 

I I 

Wed. 

11 

Frid. 

I 2 

Satd. 

12 

Sund. 

12 

Mond. 

1 2 

Tuesd. 

I 2 

Wed. 

1 2 

Thursd. 

12 

Satd. 

13 

Sund. 

13 

Mond. 

13 

Tuesd. 

13 

Wed. 

13 

Thursd. 

13 

Frid. 

13 

Sund. 

14 

Mond. 

14 

Tuesd. 

14 

Wed. 

14 

Thursd. 

14 

Frid. 

14 

Satd. 

14 

Mond. 

15 

Tuesd. 

15 

Wed. 

15 

Thursd. 

IS 

Frid. 

15 

Satd. 

15 

Sund. 

15 

Tuesd. 

16 

Wed. 

16 

Thursd. 

16 

Frid. 

l 6 

Satd. 

16 

Sund. 

16 

Mond. 

16 

Wed. 

i 7 

Thursd. 

17 

Frid. 

17 

Satd. 

17 

Sund. 

17 

Mond. 

17 

Tuesd. 

17 

Thursd. 

18 

Frid. 

18 

Satd. 

18 

Sund. 

18 

Mond. 

18 

Tuesd. 

18 

Wed.. 

18 

Frid. 

I 9 

Satd. 

19 

Sund. 

19 

Mond. 

19 

Tuesd. 

19 

Wed 

19 

Thursd. 

19 

Satd. 

20 

Sund. 

20 

Mond. 

20 

Tuesd. 

20 

Wed. 

20 

Thursd. 

20 

Frid 

20 

Sund. 

21 

Mond. 

21 

Tuesd. 

21 

Wed. 

21 

Thursd. 

21 

Frid. 

21 

Satd. 

21 

Mond. 

22 

Tuesd. 

22 

Wed. 

22 

Thursd. 

22 

Frid. 

22 

Satd 

22 

Sund. 

22 

Tuesd. 

2 3 

Wed. 

23 

Thursd. 

23 

Frid. 

23 

Satd. 

23 

Sund. 

23 

Mond. 

23 

Wed 

24 

Thursd. 

24 

Frid. 

24 

Satd. 

24 

Sund. 

24 

Mond. 

24 

Tuesd. 

24 

Thursd. 

2 S 

Frid. 

25 

Satd. 

25 

Sund. 

25 

Mond. 

25 

Tuesd. 

25 

Wed. 

25 

Frid. 

26 

Satd. 

26 

Sund. 

26 

Mond. 

26 

Tuesd. 

26 

Wed. 

26 

Thursd. 

26 

Satd. 

27 

Sund. 

27 

Mond. 

27 

Tuesd. 

27 

Wed. 

27 

Thursd. 

27 

Frid. 

27 

Sund. 

28 

Mond. 

28 

Tuesd. 

28 

Wed. 

28 Thursd. 

28 

Frid. 

28 

Satd. 

28 

Mond. 

2Q 

Tuesd. 

29 

Wed. 

29 

Thursd. 

29 

'Frid. 

29 

Satd. 

29 

Sund. 

29 

Tuesd. 

30 

Wed. 

3 ° 

Thursd. 

30 

Frid. 

3 ° 

Satd. 

30 

Sund. 

30 

Mond. 

3 ° 

Wed. 

31 

Thursd. 

31 

Frid. 

31 

Satd. 

3 i 

Sund. 

31 

Mond. 

3 i 

Tuesd. 

31 


1 










































































































































































































































































1180 


TIME AND DATING. 


PERPETUAL CALENDAR—2. 

I 

For Ascertaining the Day of the Week for any given Time from the Beginning 

of the Christian Era to the Year 2200. 


Rule.— To the day of the month, add factors for month, century and 
year, and divide the total by 7. 


If there is no remainder 
“ 1 is the remainder 


the day is Sunday. 

Monday. 

Tuesday. 

Wednesday. 

Thursday. 

“ Friday. 

“ Saturday. 


Should the total be 
less than 7, it is to be 
taken as a remainder. 


EXAMPLE 


Week-day of Washington’s Birthday, February 22, 1910. 

factors for 

« 

----i 

Day. Month. Century Year. 

22 + 5 +5 +5 = 37 

37 divided by 7 leaves 2 remainder, therefore the day will be Tuesday. 


Months. 

For leap years figures in heavier type to be taken. 


Years. 

Leap years in heavier type. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

2 

5 

5 

1 

3 

6 

1 

4 

O 

2 

5 

0 

1 

4 



Centuries (Cardinal Numbers). 

The year 00 of centuries in heavier type was, or 
will be, a leap year. 


Old Style, 
ended Sept. 2, . 
1752—a 
Wednesday. 


2 

1 

0 

6 

5 

4 

3 

9 

8 

7 

13 

12 

11 

10 

16 

15 

14 




17 

New Style, 
began Sept. 14, . 
1752—a 
Thursday. 


18 


17 


20 

iQ 


22 


21 

25 


24 

23 


26 



28 

27 


Factors. j 

and every succeeding fourth century. 

0 

X 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 


00 

1 

2 

3 


4 

5 

6 

7 


8 

9 

IO 

11 


12 

13 

14 

15 


16 

17 

18 

19 


20 

21 

22 

23 


24 

25 

26 

27 


28 

29 

3 ° 

31 


32 

33 

34 

35 


36 

37 

38 

39 


40 

4 i 

42 

43 


44 

45 

46 

47 


48 

49 

50 

51 


52 

53 

54 

55 


56 

57 

58 

59 


60 

61 

62 

63 


64 

65 

66 

67 


68 

69 

70 

7 i 


72 

73 

74 

75 


76 

77 

78 

79 


80 

81 

82 

83 


84 

85 

86 

87 


88 

89 

90 

9 i 


92 

93 

94 

95 


96 

97 

98 

99 



0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 



















































































































WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 


METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

The Metric System has been adopted by Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Peru, 
etc., and except Russia and Great Britain, where it is permissive, by all 
European nations. Various names of the preceding systems are, however, 
frequently used: In Germany, £ kilogram =i pound; in Switzerland, 3-10 
of a metre = 1 foot, etc. If the first letters of the prefixes deka, hecto, kilo, 
myria, from the Greek, and deci, centi, mill, from the Latin, are used in 
preference to our plain English, 10, 100, etc., it is best to employ capital 
letters for the multiples and small letters for the subdivisions, to avoid 
ambiguities in abbreviations: 1 dekametre or 10 metres = 1 dm.; i deci¬ 
metre or 1-10 of a metre = 1 dm. 

The Metre, unit of length, is nearly the ten-millionth part of a quad¬ 
rant of a meridian, or the distance between Equator and Pole. The 
International Standard Metre is, practically, nothing else but a length 
defined by the distance between two lines bn a platinum-iridium bar at 
o° Centigrade, deposited at the International Bureau of Weights and Meas¬ 
ures, Paris, France. 

The Litre, unit of capacity, is derived from the weight of one kilogram 
pure water at greatest density, a cube whose edge is one-tenth of a metre 
and, therefore, the one-thousandth part of a metric ton. 

The Gram, unit of weight, is a cube of pure water at greatest density, 
whose edge is one-hundredth of a metre, and, therefore, the one-thousandth 
part of a kilogram, and the one-millionth part of a metric ton. 


The Metric System was legalized in the United States on July 28, 1866. 
when Congress enacted as follows: 

“The tables in the schedule hereto annexed shall be recognized in the 
construction of contracts, and in all legal proceedings, as establishing, in 
terms of the weights and measures now in use in the United States, the 
equivalents of the weights and measures expressed therein in terms of the 
metric system, and the tables may lawfully be used for computing, determin¬ 
ing, and expressing in customary weights and measures the weights and 
measures of the metric system. 

The following are the tables annexed to the above: 


MEASURES OF LENGTH. 


Metric Denominations and Values. 

Equivalents in Denominations in Use. 

Mvriametre... . 

Kilometre. 

Hectometre.... 

Dekametre. 

Metre. 

Decimetre. 

Centimetre. 

Millimetre. 


6.2137 miles. 

0.62137 mile, or 3,280 feet 10 inches. 

328 feet 1 inch. 

393.7 inches. 

39.37 inches. 

3.937 inches. 

0.393 inch. 

0.039 inch. 


MEASURES OF SURFACE. 


Metric Denominations and Values. 

Equivalents in Denominations in Use. 

Hectare. 

Are. 

Centare. 

.10,000 square metres. 

2.471 acres. 

119.6 square yards. 

i,55o square inches. 


(1181) 



























1182 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 


MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 


Metric Denominations and Values. 

Equivalents in Denominations in Use. 

Names. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
Litres. 

Cubic Measure. 

Dry Measure. 

Liquid or Wine 
Measure. 

Kilolitre or stere. 

Hectolitre. 

Dekalitre. 

Litre. 

Decilitre. 

Centilitre. 

Millilitre. 

i ,000 
100 

10 

1 

r-io 

I-IOO 

X-IOOO 

1 cubic metre. 

1 -10 of a cubic metre 
10 cubic decimetres. 

1 cubic decimetre. . 

1-10 cubic decimetre 
ro cubic centimetres 

1 cubic centimetre.. 

1.308 cubic yards... 

2 bushels. 3.35 pecks 

9.08 quarts. 

0.908 quart . 

6.1022 cubic inches 
0.6102 cubic inch.. 
0.061 cubic inch... 

264.17 gallons. 
26.417 gallons. 
2 . 6417 gallons. 
1.0567 quarts. 
0.845 gill. 

0.338 fluidoz. 
0.27 fluid dm. 


WEIGHTS. 


Metric Denominations and Values. 

Equivalents in De¬ 
nominations in Use. 

Names. 

Number of 
Grams. 

Weight of What Quantity of 
Water at Maximum Density. 

Avoirdupois Weight. 

Miller or tonneau. .. 
Quintal. 

1,000,000 

100,000 

10,000 

1,000 

100 

10 

r 

I-IO 

I-IOO 

I-IOOO 

1 cubic metre. 

t hectolitre. 

2204.6 pounds. 

220.46 pounds. 
22.046 pounds. 

2.2046 pounds. 
3.5274 ounces. 
0-3527 ounce. 

15 -432 grains. 

1.5432 grains. 

0.1543 grain. 
0.0154 grain. 

Myriagram. 

10 litres. 

Kilogram or kilo.... 

Hectogram. 

Dekagram. 

Gram. 

Decigram. 

Centigram. 

Milligram. 

1 litre. 

1 decilitre. 

10 cubic centimetres. 

1 cubic centimetre. 

1-10 of a cubic centimetre. . . 

10 cubic millimetres. 

1 cubic millimetre. 


TABLES FOR THE CONVERSION OF METRIC WEIGHTS AND 
MEASURES INTO UNITED STATES EQUIVALENTS 
AND THE REVERSE. 

Deduced from the legal equivalents. 


LINEAR MEASURE. 


Metres = 

Metres = 

Metres = 

Kilo- 

Inches = 

Feet = 

Y ards = 

Miles — 

Inches 

Feet. 

Yards. 

metres = 
Miles. 

Centi¬ 

metres. 

Metres. 

Metres. 

Kilo¬ 

metres 

1 = 39-37 

1= 3.281 

x = 1.094 

1 =0.621 

1 = 2.54 

1 =0.305 

1 =0.914 

1 = 1.609 

2= 78.74 

2= 6.562 

2 = 2.187 

2 = 1.243 

2= 508 

2 =0.610 

2 = 1.829 

2 = 3.219 

3 = 1 1 8.1 1 

3= 9843 

3 = 3-281 

3 = 1.864 

3= 762 

3 = 0.914 

3 = 2.743 

3 = 4-828 

4= 1 57.48 

4 = 13123 

4 = 4.374 

4 = 2.485 

4= 10.16 

4 = 1.219 

4 = 3.658 

4 = 6.437 

5 = 196.85 

5 = 16.404 

5 = 5-468 

5 = 3-107 

5 = 12.70 

5 = 1524 

5 — 4.572 

5 = 8.047 

6 = 236.22 

6 = 19.685 

6 = 6.562 

6 = 3.728 

6 = 1524 

6 = 1.829 

6 = 5.486 

6= 9.656 

7 = 275-59 

7 = 2 2.966 

7 = 7-655 

7 = 4-350 

7 = 17-78 

7 = 2.134 

7 = 6.401 

7 = i 1.265 

8=314.96 

8 = 26.247 

8= 8.749 

8=4.971 

8= 20.3 2 

8= 2.438 

8= 7-315 

8=12.875 

9 = 354-33 

9 = 29.527 

9 = 9-842 

9 = 5-592 

9 = 22.86 

9 = 2.743 

9 = 8.230 

9 = 14-484 










































































WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 


1183 


TABLES FOR THE CONVERSION OF METRIC WEIGHTS 
AND MEASURES.—Continued. 


Square Measure. 

Cubic Measure. 

. 

Square Measure. 

Square 

Centimes 

il 

Square 

Inches. 

Square 

Metres 

II 

Square 

Feet. 

Square 

Metres 

II 

Square 

Yards. 

Cubic 
Metres 
^ II _ 
Cubic 
Feet 

Cubic 

Feet 

II 

Cubic 

Metres. 

Square 

Inches 

II 

Square 

Centimet 

2 

3 

4 
6 
7 
9 
0 

2 

3 

Square 

Feet 

II 

Square 

Metres. 

Square 

Yards. 

II 

Square 

Metres. 

1 =0.155 

2 = 0.310 

3 = 0.465 

4 = 0.620 
5 = 0.775 

6 = 0.930 

7 = 1-085 
8=i. 240 
0 = 1-395 

1=10.764 

2 = 21.528 

3 = 32.292 

4 = 43.055 

5 = 53.819 

6 = 64.583 

7 = 75-347 

8 = 86.111 

9 = 96.874 

i = 1.196 
2= 2.392 
3 = 3.588 
4= 4-784 
5= 5.980 
6 = 7.176 
7= 8.372 
8= 9.568 
9=10.764 

1 = 35 • 3 i 4 

2 = 70. 629 

3 = 105.943 
4=141.258 

5 = 176. 572 

6 = 211.887 

7 = 247.201 

8 = 282.516 

9 = 317 - 830 

1 =0.028 

2 =0.057 

3 = 0.085 

4 = 0.113 

5 =0.142 

6 = 0.170 
7=0.198 

8 = 0.227 

9 = 0.255 

1= 6.45 

2 = 12.90 

3 = 19.35 

4 = 25.80 

5 = 32.25 

6 = 38.70 
7 = 45-16 

8 = 51-61 

9 = 58.06 

1=0.092 

2 = 0.186 

3 = 0.279 

4 = 0.371 

5 = 0.465 

6 = 0.557 

7 = 0.650 

8 = 0.743 

9 = 0.836 

i=o. 836 

2 = 1 672 

3 = 2.508 

4 = 3 - 344 

5 = 4 .x 8 i 

6 = 5.017 

7 = 5.853 

8 = 6.689 

9 = 7.525 

Liquid Measure. 

Dry Measure. 

Liquid Measure. 

Centilitr’s 

II 

Fluid 

Ounces 

Litres 

II 

Quarts. 

Litres 

II 

Gallons. 

Hectolit’s 

II 

Bushels. 

Bushels 

II 

Hectoli’s. 

Fluid 

Ounces 

II 

Centilitres. 

Quarts 

II 

Litres. 

Gallons. 

1 

Litres. 

% 

1 =0.338 

2 = 0.676 

3 = 1-014 

4 = 1 • 352 

5 = 1.691 

6 = 2.028 

7 = 2.367 

8 = 2.705 

9 = 3.043 

1 = 1.057 

2 = 2.113 

3 = 3-170 

4 = 4.227 

5 = 5.283 

6 = 6.340 

7 = 7-397 

8 = 8.453 

9 = 9.510 

1=0.264 
2=0.528 

3 =0.793 

4 = 1 -057 

5 = i .321 

6 = 1.585 

7 = 1.849 

8 = 2.113 

9 = 2.378 

1= 2.838 

2= 5-675 
3= 8.513 

4 = 11.351 

5 = 14.189 

6 = 17.026 

7 = 19.864 

8 = 22.702 

9 = 25.540 

1 =0.352 

2 =0.705 

3 = 1.057 

4 = 1.410 

5 = 1.762 

6 = 2.114 

7 = 2.467 

8 = 2.819 

9 = 3.172 

1= 2.957 

2= 5 - 9 M 
3= 8.872 

4 = 11.829 

5 = 14.786 

6 = 17.744 

7 = 20.701 

8 = 23.659 

9 = 26.616 

1=0.946 

2 = 1.893 

3 = 2.839 

4 = 3-785 

5 = 4-732 

6 = 5.678 

7 = 6.625 

8 = 7-571 

9 = 8.517 

1= 3-785 

2= 7 . 57 i 

3 = n .356 

4 = 15 • 142 

5 = 18.927 

6 = 22.713 

7 = 26.498 

8 = 30.283 

9 = 34.069 


WEIGHT (Avoirdupois). 


Centi¬ 

grams. 

II 

Grains. 

Kilograms 

« 

Ounces 

Av'd'ps. 

Kilo¬ 

grams 

II 

Pounds 

Av’d’ps. 

Metric 

Tons 

T 11 
Long 

Tons. 

• 

\ 

Grain 

II 

Centi¬ 

grams 

Ounces 

Av’d’ps 

II 

Grams. 

Pounds 

Av’d’ps 

11 

Kilo¬ 

grams. 

Long 

Tons 

1 

Metric 

Tons. 

1=0. 154 

1= 35-274 

1 = 2.204 

x=o. 984 

1= 6.479 

1= 28.349 

1 =0.453 

1 = 1.016 

2=0. 308 

2= 70.548 

2= 4409 

2 = 1.968 

2 = 12.959 

2= 56.699 

2 = 0.907 

2 = 2.032 

3=o. 463 

3 = 105.822 

3= 6.613 

3 = 2.952 

3 = 19.439 

3= 85.048 

3 = 1.360 

3 = 3.048 

4=0.617 

4 = 141.096 

4= 8.818 

4 «= 3 • 936 

4 = 25.919 

4 = 113.398 

4 = 1.814 

4 = 4.064. 

5=0. 771 

5 = 176.370 

5 = ir 023 

5 = 4.921 

5 = 32.399 

5 = 141.747 

5 = 2.267 

5 = 5.080 

6 = 0.925 

6 = 211.644 

6 = 13.227 

6 = 5.905 

6 = 38.879 

6 = 170.097 

6 = 2.721 

6 = 6.096 

7 = 1.080 

,7 = 246.918 

7 = 15432 

7 = 6.889 

7 = 45-359 

7 = 198.446 

7 = 3-175 

7 = 7-112 

8 = 1. 234 

8 = 282.192 

8 = 17-636 

8 = 7.873 

8 = 51 - 8.39 

8 = 226.796 

8 = 3.628 

8 = 8.128 

9=1. 388 

9 = 3 i 7 -466 

9 = 19.841 

9 = 8.857 

9 = 58.319 

9 = 255.145 

9 = 4.082 

9 = 9.144 


♦ 












































































1184 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


THE METRIC SYSTEM SIMPLIFIED. 

The following tables of the metric system of weights and measures hare 
been simplified as much as possible by omitting such denominations as are 
not in practical, every day use in the countries where the system is used 
exclusively. 

TABLES OF THE SYSTEM. 

Length.—The denominations in practical use are millimetres (mm.), 
centimetres (cm.), metres (m.), and kilometres (km.). 

io mm. = i cm.; 100 cm. = i m.; 1,000 m. = i km. Note. —A deci¬ 

metre is io cm. 

Weight.—The denominations in use are grams (g.), kilos* (kg.), and 
tons (metric tons). 

i .000 g. = 1 kg.; 1,000 kg. = 1 metric ton. 

Capacity.—The denominations in use are cubic centimetres (c.c.) and 
litres (1.). 

1,000 c.c. = 1 1 . Note. —A hectolitre is 100 1 . (seldom used). 

Relation of capacity and weight to length: A cubic decimetre is a litre, 
and a litre of water weighs a kilo. 

♦Contraction for kilogram. 

APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS. 

A metre is about a yard; a kilo is about 2 pounds; a litre is about a 
quart; a centimetre is about $ inch; a metric ton is about same as a ton; 
a kilometre is about $ mile; a cubic centimetre is about a thimbleful; a 
nickel weighs about 5 grams. 


PRECISE EQUIVALENTS. 


1 acre. 

m 

.405 hectar. 

1 mile. 

= 1.609 kilometres. 

1 bushel. 

= 

35.24 litres. 

1 millimetre.... 

= .039 inch. 

1 centimetre.. . . 

= 

. 394 inch. 

1 oz. avoirdupois 

= 28.3s grams. 

1 cu. centimetre 

= 

.061 cubic inch. 

1 ounce (Troy).. 

= 31.10 grams. 

1 cubic foot. .. . 

= 

.028 cubic metre. 

1 peck. 

= 8.809 litres. 

1 cubic inch. .. . 

= 

16.39 cu. centimet'sf 

1 pint.. 

= .473 litre. 

1 cubic metre.. . 

= 

35.31 cubic feet. 

1 pound. 

= .454 kilo. 

1 cubic metre. . . 

= 

1.308 cubic yards. 

1 quart (dry) . . . 

= 1.101 litres. 

1 cubic yard.. . . 

= 

.764 cubic metre. 

1 quart (liquid). 

= .946 litre. 

1 foot. 

= 

30.48 centimetres. 

1 sq. centimetre. 

= .155 sq. inch. 

1 gallon. 

= 

3.785 litres. 

1 sq. foot. 

= .093 sq. metre. 

1 grain. 

= 

.065 gram. 

1sq.inch. 

= 6.452 sq. centimet 

1 gram . 

=* 

15.43 grains. 

1 sq. metre . 

= 1.196 sq. yards. 

1 hectar. 

= 

2.471 acres. 

1 sq. metre. 

= 10.76 sq. feet. 

1 inch. 

= 

25.40 millimetres. 

1 sq. yard. 

= . 836 sq. metre. 

1 kilo . 

= 

2.205 pounds. 

1 ton (2,000 lbs.) 

= .907 metric ton. 

1 kilometre. 

= 

.621 mile. 

1 ton (2,240 lbs.) 

= 1.017 metric ton. 

1 litre . 

= 

. 908 quart (dry). 

1 ton (metric)... 

= 1 . 102 ton (2,000lbs 

1 litre . 

= 

1.057 quarts (liquid). 

1 ton (metric).. . 

= .984 ton (2,240lbs 

1 metre. 

= 

3.281 feet. 

1 yard. 

= . 9i4*metre. 


tCentimetres. 


MINIMUM WEIGHTS OF PRODUCE. 

The following are minimum weights of certain articles of produce 
according to the laws of the United States. 


Per Bushel. 


Wheat . 


Corn, in the ear. . . 

• • 70 

i « 

Com, shelled. 

. . 56 

i 4 

Rye. 

. . 56 

4 4 

Buckwheat. 

. . 48 

4 1 

Barley . 

. . 48 

* 4 

Oats . 


i < 

Peas . 


« 4 

White Beans . 


44 

Castor Beans . 

. . 46 

4 4 


Per Bushel. 


White Potatoes. 

_*60 

Sweet Potatoes.. 

. 55 

Onions. 


Turnips. 


Dried Peaches. . 

• • • • 33 

Dried Apples. . . 


Clover Seed. ... 


Flax Seed. 

. .. . 56 

Millet Seed. 



Per Bushel. 
Hungarian Grass Seed 50 lbs. 

Timothy Seed.45 “ 

Blue Grass Seed.44 “ 

Hemp Seed.44 “ 

Salt (see note below). 

Corn Meal.48 “ 

Ground Peas.24 


Malt.34 “ 

Bran.;. . 20 “ 


Salt. —Weight per bushel as adopted by different States ranges from 
50 to 80 pounds. Coarse salt in Pennsylvania is reckoned at 80 pounds, and 
in Illinois at 50 pounds per bushel. Fine salt in Pennsylvania is reckoned 
at 62 pounds, in Kentucky and Illinois at 55 pounds per bushel. 
























































WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


1185 


MEASURES AND WEIGHTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 

The measures of length and the weights are nearly, practically, the same 
as those in use in the United States. The English ton is 2,240 lbs. avoirdu¬ 
pois, the same as the long ton, or snipping ton of the United States. The 
English hundredweight is 11 2 lbs. avoirdupois, the same as the long hundred¬ 
weight of the United States. The metre has been legalized at 39.37079 
inches, but the length of 39.370432 inches, as adopted by France, Germany, 
Belgium, and Russia, is frequently used. 

The Imperial gallon, the basis of the system of capacity, involves an 
error of about 1 part in 1,836: 10 lbs. of water = 277.123 cubic inches. 

The English statute mile is 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet. The following are 
measures of capacity: 


WEIGHTS. 


Names. 

Pounds of 
Water. 

Cubic Inches. 

Litres. 

United States 
Equivalents. 

4 gills = x pint.... 

1 • 25 

34-66 

0.56793 

1. 20032 liquid pints. 

2 pints = 1 quart.. . 

2.5 


69.32 

1 -13586 

1.20032 " quarts. 

2 quarts = 1 pottle... 

5 


138.64 

2.27173 

2.40064 

2 pottles = 1 gallon. . 

10 


277.27 

4-54346 

1.20032 “ gallons. 

2 gallons = 1 peck . . . 

20 

<D 

554•55 

9.08692 

1.03152 dry pecks. 

4 pecks = 1 bushel.. 

80 

■ ^2 

22x8.19 

36.34766 

1.03152 “ bushels. 

4 bushels = 1 coomb.. 

32 0 

Q.“ 

8872.77 

i45- 39062 

4.12606 “ 

2 coombs = 1 quarter. 

640 

s 

17745-54 

290.7813 

8.2521 


A cubic foot of pure gold weighs 1,210 pounds; pure silver, 655 pounds; cast iron, 
450 pounds; copper, 550 pounds; lead, 710 pounds; pure platinum, 1,220 pounds; 
tin, 456 pounds; aluminum, 163 pounds. 

Stone—A measure of weight (avoirdupois) usually equal to half of the quarter of 
28 pounds, or one-eighth hundredth weight of 112 pounds (termed the horseman’s 
weight); for butcher’s meat, one-fourteenth of a hundred pounds. 


DOMESTIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Apothecaries’ Weight: 20 grains = 1 scruple; 3 scruples = x dram; 8 
drams = r ounce; 12 ounces = 1 pound. 

Avoirdupois Weight (short ton): 27 11-32 grains = x dram; 16 drams = 1 
ounce; 16 ounces = 1 pound; 25 pounds = 1 quarter; 4 quarters = 1 cwt.; 
20 cwt. = 1 ton. 

Avoirdupois Weight (long ton): 27 11-32 grains = x dram; 16 drams = 1 
ounce; 16 ounces = 1 pound; 112 pounds = 1 cwt.; 20 cwt. = 1 ton. 

Troy Weight: 24 grains = 1 pennyweight; 20 pennyweights = 1 ounce; 12 
ounces = 1 pound. 

Circular Measure: 60 seconds = 1 minute; 60 minutes =1 degree; 30 
degrees = 1 sign; 12 signs = 1 circle or circumference. 

Cubic Measure: 1,728 cubic inches => 1 cubic foot; 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic 
yard. 

Dry Measure: 2 pints = r quart; 8 quarts = 1 peck; 4 pecks = 1 bushel. 

Liquid Measure: 4 gills = 1 pint; 2 pints = 1 quart; 4 quarts = 1 gallon; 
31* gallons = 1 barrel; 2 barrels = 1 hogshead. 

Long Measure: 12 inches = 1 foot; 3 feet = 1 yard; 5A- yards = 1 rod or pole - 
40 rods = i furlong; 8 furlongs = 1 statute mile (1,760 yards or 5,280 feet)’ 
3 miles = 1 league. 

Mariner’s Measure: 6 feet = 1 fathom; 120 fathoms = 1 cable length; 
7£ cable lengths = 1 mile; 5,280 feet = 1 Statute mile; 6,085 feet = 1 nautical mile. 

. Paper Measure: 24 sheets = 1 quire; 20 quires = 1 ream (480 sheets); 2 
reams = 1 bundle; 5 bundles = 1 bale. 

Square Measure: 114 square inches = 1 square foot; 9 square feet = 1 square 
yard: 301 square yards = 1 square rod or perch;. 40 square rods = 1 rood; 4 
roods = 1 acre; 640" acres = 1 square mile; 36 square miles (6 miles square) = 

1 township. . ’ 

Time Measure: 60 seconds = 1 minute; 60 minutes = 1 hour; 24 hours = 
1 day; 7 days = 1 week; 365 days = 1 year; 366 days = 1 leap year. 

75 
















1186 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 


MEDICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 

R (Lat. Recipe), take; aa, of each; lb, pound; 5 , ounce. 3 , drachm; 3 , scruple; 
UP, minim, or drop; O or o, pint; f J, fluid ounce; f.3, fluid dram; as, ^ss, half an ounce; 
Ji, one ounce; Jiss, one ounce and a half; 3 ij, two ounces; gr., grain; Q. S., as much 
as sufficient; Ft Mist., let a mixture be made; Ft. Haust., let a draught be made; Ad., 
add to; Ad lib., at pleasure; Aq., water; M., mix.; Mac., macerate; Pulv., powder; Pil., 
pill; Solv., dissolve; St., let it stand; Sum., to be taken; D., dose; Dil., dilute; Filt., fil¬ 
ter; Lot., a wash; Garg., a gargle; Hor. Decub., at bed time; Inject., injection; Gtt., 
drops; ss., one-half; Ess., essence. 


TEXAS LAND MEASURE. 

(Also used in Mexico, New Mexico, Arizona and California.) 


26,000,000 sq. varas (sq. of 5,099 varas) = 1 league and 1 labor = 4,605.5 acres. 

x,ooo,ooo sq. varas (sq. of 1,000 varas) = 1 labor. = 177.136 acres. 

25,000,000 sq. varas (sq. of 5,000 varas) = 1 league. =4,428.4 acres. 

12,500,000 sq. varas (sq. of 3,535 • 5 varas) = £ league. =2,214.2 acres. 

8,333,333 sq varas (sq. of 2,886.7 varas) = i league. =1,476.13 acres. 

6,250,000 sq. varas (sq. of 2,500 varas) = £ league. =1,107.1 acres. 

7,225,600 sq. varas (sq. of 2,688 varas). =1,280 acres. 

3,612,800 sq. varas (sq. of 1,900.8 varas) = 1 section. = 640 acres. 

1,806,400 sq. varas (sq. of 1,344 varas) =£ section. = 320 acres. 

903,200 sq. varas (sq. of 950.44 varas) = i section. = 160 acres. 

451,600 sq. varas (sq. of 672 varas) =£ section. = 80 acres. 

225,800 sq. varas (sq. of 475 varas) = 1-16 section. = 40 acres. 

5,645.376 sq. varas (sq. of 75.137 varas) = 4,840 square yards.. = 1 acre. 


To find the number of acres in any number of square varas, multiply the 
latter by 177 (or to be more exact, by 177^), and cut off six decimals. 

1 vara =33$ inches. 1,900.8 varas = 1 mile. 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 


1 pulgada (12 linea) 

1 pie. 

1 vara. 

1 gantah. 

1 caban.. 


= .927 inch. 

= 11.125 inches. 
= 33-375 inches. 
= .8796 gallon. 

= 21.991 gallons. 


1 libra (16 onzo).. . 

1 arroba. 

1 catty (16 tael)... 
1 pecul (100 catty) 


= x. 0144 lb. av. 
= 25.360 lb. av. 
= 1.394 lb. av. 

= 139.482 lb. av. 


KNOTS AND MILES. 

The Statute Mile is 5,280 feet. 

The British Admiralty Knot or Nautical Mile is 6,080 feet. 

The Statute Knot is 6,082.66 feet, and is generally considered the standard. 
The number of feet in a statute knot is arrived at thus: The circumference of the 
earth is divided into 360 degrees, each degree containing 60 knots or (360x60), 

21,600 knots to the circumference. 21,600 divided into 131,385,456—the 
number of feet in the earth’s circumference—gives 6,082.66 feet—the length of 
a standard mile. 


1 knot.= 1.151 miles. 

2 knots.= 2.303 miles. 

3 knots.= 3.454 miles. 

4 knots.= 4.606 miles. 

5 knots.= 5.757 miles 

10 knots.= 11.515 miles. 


20 knots.= 23.030 miles. 

25 knots.= 28.787 miles. 

6 feet.= 1 fathom. 

600 feet.= 1 cable. 

10 cables.= 1 knot. 


ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, 

AMERICAN EQUIVALENTS. 

Weights. 

The Roman libra or pound = 10 oz. iSpwt. 13 5-7 gr., Troy. 

The Attica mina or pound = 11 oz. 7 pwt. 16 2-7 gr., Troy. 

The Attica talent (60 minae) = 56 lbs. 11 oz. o pwt. 17 1-7 gr., Troy. 





































WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


1187 


GREEK AND ROMAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.—Continued. 


Dry Measure. 

The Roman modus = i pk. 2-9 pint. 

The Attic choenix = nearly i 4 pints. 

The Attic medimnus = 4 pk. 6 i-xo pints. 

Liquid Measure. 

The cotyle = a little over $ pint. 

The cvathus = a little over pints. 

The chus = a little over 6$ pints. 

Long Measure. 

The Roman foot = n 3-5 inches. 

The Roman cubit = 1 ft. 5$ inches. 

The Roman pace = 4 ft. 10 inches. 

The Roman furlong = 6o4 ft, 10 inches. 
The Roman mile = 4.835 feet. 


The Grecian cubit = 1 ft. 6£ inches. 

The Grecian furlong = 504 ft. 4 1-5 inches. 
The Grecian mile = 4,030 feet. 

Money. 

The quadrans = i 1-10 mills. 

The as = i 3-10 mills. 

The sestertius = 3.58 4 - cents. 

The sestertium (1,000 sestertii) =$35.80. 
The denarius = 14.35 4 -cents. 

The Attic obolus = 2.39 4 - cents. 

The drachma = 14.35 + cents.* 

The mina (100 drachma?) = $14.35 4-. 

The talent (60 mina?) = $86r.oo. 

The Greek stater = aureus (same as the 
Romant) =$3.58,79. 

The stater = daricus = $7.16,66. 


♦The modem drachma equals 19.3 cents. fDid not remain, at all periods, at this 
value, but this is the value indicated by Tacitus. 


BIBLICAL WEIGHTS REDUCED TO TROY WEIGHT. 



Lbs. 

Oz. 

Pwt. 

Gr. 

The Gerah one-twentieth of a shekel... 

O 

O 


I 2 

The Bekah half a shekel 

O 

O 

cr 

The Shekel. 

0 

O 

j 

IO 

0 

The Maneh, 60 shekels. 

2 

O 

0 

O 

The Talent, 50 manehs, or 3,000 Shekels. 

125 

O 

0 

0 


ELECTRICAL UNITS. 


Name. 

Sym¬ 

bol. 

Unit of 

How Obtained. 

CGS* 

Equivalent 

Ohm . 

R 

Resistance. 

The electrical resistance of 
a column of mercury 106 cen¬ 
timetres long and of 1 square 
millimetre section. 

IO 9 

1 true ohm = 1.0112 
British Association 
ohms. 

Ampere... . 

C 

Current . .. 

Is that current of electric¬ 
ity that decomposes .0000- 
9324 gramme of water per 
second. \ 

IO 1 

Deposits 1 . 1 1 8 
milligrams of silver 
per second. 

Vok. 

E 

Electro¬ 
motive 
force. .. 

One ampere of current 
passing through a substance 
having 1 ohm of resistance = 

1 volt. 

IO 8 

.926 of a stand¬ 
ard Daniel Cell. 

Coulomb.. . 

Q 

Quantity . . 

A current of 1 ampere dur¬ 
ing 1 second of time. 

IO 1 

Deposits x . 1 1 8 
milligrams of silver. 

Farad. 

K 

Capacity . . 

The capacity that a cur¬ 
rent of 1 nmpere for 1 second 
( = 1 coulomb) charges it to 
potential of 1 volt. 

IO 9 

2.5 knots of D. 0 . 
S. cable. 

Microfarad. 

11 


1 millionth of farad. 

IO 15 

.0013405 (or y|g) 
of a horse power. 

Watt. 

Pw 

Power. 

Power of 1 ampere current 
passing through resistance of 
1 ohm. 

IO 7 

Jou . 

W.j. 

Work. 

Is the work done by 
1 watt of electrical power in 
1 second. 

IO 7 

.238 unit of heat 
(Therm.). 


*C. G. S. = Electro-magnetic units. Consult technical workson electricity. 













































1188 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


THE ENGLISH MILE 


COMPARED WITH OTHER EUROPEAN MEASURES. 



English 

Mile. 

English 

Gecg. Mile 

French 

Kilom. 

German 

Geog. Mile. 

Russian 

Verst. 

Austrian 

Mile. 

Dutch 

Ure. 

Norweg. 

Mile. 

Swedish 

Mile. 

Danish 

Mile. 

Swiss 

Sttmde. 

Eng. Stat. Mile 

1.000 

0.867 

1.609 

0.217 

1.508 

0.212 

0.289 

0.142 

0.151 

0.213 

0.335 

Eng. Geo. Mile 

1.150 

1.000 

1-855 

0.250 

1.738 

0.245 

0.333 

0.164 

0.169 

0.246 

0.386 

Fr. Kilometer. 

0.621 

0.540 

1.000 

0.135 

0.937 

0.132 

0.180 

0.088 

0.094 

0.133 

0.20S 

Ger. Geo. Mile . 

4.610 

4.000 

7.420 

I . OOO 

6-953 

0.978 

1 -333 

0.657 

0.694 

0.985 

1 • 543 

Russian Verst. 

0.663 

0.575 

1.067 

0.144 

I.OOO 

0.141 

0.192 

O . OQ4 

0.100 

0.142 

0.222 

Austrian Mile . 

4.714 

4.089 

7.586 

1.022 

7.1 I 2 

1.000 

1-363 

0.672 

0.710 

1.006 

X • 5/8 

Dutch Ure. 

3-458 

3.000 

5.565 

0.750 

5.215 

0.734 

1.000 

0.493 

0.520 

0.738 

I • 157 

Norwegian Mile 

7.021 

6.091 

I I .2QQ 

1.523 

IO.589 

1.489 

2.035 

1.000 

1.057 

1.499 

2 • 350 

Swedish Mile.. 

6.644 

5.764 

10.692 

1.441 

IO.OI9 

1.409 

1.921 

0.948 

1.000 

1419 

2.224 

Danish Mile... 

4.682 

4.062 

7.536 

1.016 

7.078 

0.994 

1 • 354 

0.667 

0.705 

I . OOO 

I • 567 

Swiss Stunde.. 

2.987 

2.592 

4.808 

0.648 

4.505 

0.634 

0.864 

0.425 

0.449 

0.638 

I . OOO 


ROMAN AND ARABIC NUMERALS. 


I. 


XI. 


XXX. 

3 ° 

CCCC. 


II. 


XII. 


XL. 

40 

D. 

. . 500 

Ill. 

. 3 

XIII. 

.... 13 

L. 

5 ° 

DC. 


IV. 

. 4 

XIV. 

.... 14 

LX. 

60 

DCC. 


V. 

. 5 

XV. 

.... 15 

LXX. 

7 ° 

DCCC. 


VI. 

. 6 

XVI. 


LXXXorXXC 

80 

CM. 


VII. 

. 7 

XVII. 

... 17 

XC. 

90 

M. 


VIII. 

. 8 

XVIII.... 

... 18 

C. 

100 

MM. 


IX. 

. 9 

XIX. 

.... 19 

CC. 

200 

MCMIX. . 

..1900 

X. 


XX. 


CCC. 

3 °° 




SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF VARIOUS MATERIALS.* * 


Liquids. 


Water.ioo 

Sea-water.103 

Dead Sea .124 

Alcohol. 84 

Turpentine .99 

Wine.100 

Urine.101 

Cider.102 

Beer.102 

Woman’s milk. .102 

Cow’s milk.103 

Goat’s milk.104 

Porter .104 


Timber. 


Cork . 24 

Poplar. 38 

Fir. 5 5 

Cedar. 61 

Pear. 66 

Walnut.. . 67 

Cherry. 72 

Maple. 7 5 

Ash. 84 

Beech. 85 

Mahogany.106 

Oak.117 

Ebony.133 


Sundries. 


Indigo. 77 

Ice . 92 

Gunpowder. ... 93 

Butter . 94 

Clay.120 

Coal.130 

Opium .134 

Honey .145 

Ivory.183 

Sulphur.203 

Marble .270 

Chalk.279 

Glass.289 


Metals and Stones. 


Granite. 278 

Diamond. 353 

Cast iron. 721 

Tin. .. 729 

Bar iron. 779 

Steel. 783 

Brass . S40 

Copper. 895 

Silver .1.047 

Lead. 1.135 

Mecury. 1.357 

Gold. 1.926 

Platina. 2.150 


The weight of a cubic foot of distilled water at a temperature of 6o° F. is 1,000 
ounces avoirdupois, very nearly , therefore the weight (in ounces, avoirdupois) of a 
cubic foot of any of the substances in the above table is found by multiplying the 
specific gravities by 10, thus:—one cubic foot of oak weighs 1,170 ounces; one cubic 
foot of marble 2,700 ounces, and so on. 


*Compared with water. 







































































































































WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


1189 


FREEZING, FUSING AND BOILING POINTS. 


Substances. 


Bromine freezes at. 

Olive oil freezes at. . .. 
Quicksilver freezes at.. 

Water freezes at. 

Bismuth metal fuses at 

Copper fuses at. 

Gold fuses at. 

Iron fuses at. 

Lead fuses at.. 

Potassium fuses at. 

Silver fuses at. 

Sodium fuses at.. 

Sulphur fuses at. 

Tin fuses at. 

Zinc fuses at. 

Alcohol boils at... 

Bromine boils at. 

Ether boils at. 

Iodine boils at. 

Water boils at. 


Reaumur. 

Centigrade. 

Fahrenheit. 

—17.6° 

— 22° 

— 7 . 6 ° 

8 

10 

50 

— 3 i • 5 

— 39-4 

—39 

0 

O 

32 

21X 

264 

507 

963 

1,204 

2,200 

1,105 

1,380 

2,518 

1,230 

1,538 

2,800 

260 

325 

617 

So. 

62.5 

144.5 

800 

1,000 

1,832 

76.5 

95-6 

204 

92 

US 

239 

182 

228 

' 442 

3296 

412 

773 • 

63 

74-4 

167 

50 

63 

145 

28.4 

35-5 

96 

140 

175 

347 

80 

100 

2x2 


We quote from the best authorities where there are differences of opinion 


AVERAGE HEIGHT AND WEIGHT OF MEN AND WOMEN. 

HEIGHT AND WEIGHT OF MEN. 


Height. 

Age. 

15-24 

Lbs. 

Age. 

25-29 

Lbs. 

Age. 

30-34 

Lbs. 

Age. 

35-39 

Lbs. 

Age. 

40-44 

Lbs. 

Age. 

45-49 

Lbs. 

Age. 

50-54 

Lbs. 

Age. 

55-59 

Lbs. 

Age. 

60-64 

Lbs. 

Age. 

65-69 

Lbs. 

5 feet. 

120 

125 

128 

131 

133 

i 34 

134 

i 34 

131 


5 feet 1 inch. 

122 

126 

129 

131 

134 

136 

136 

136 

134 

• • . 

5 feet 2 inches. 

124 

128 

131 

133 

136 

138 

138 

138 

137 

• • . 

5 feet 3 inches. 

127 

131 

134 

136 

139 

141 

141 

141 

140 

140 

5 feet 4 inches. 

131 

i 35 

138 

140 

143 

144 

i 45 

i 45 

144 

143 

5 feet 5 inches. 

134 

138 

141 

143 

146 

147 

149 

149 

148 

147 

5 feet 6 inches. 

138 

142 

i 45 

147 

150 

151 

153 

153 

153 

151 

5 feet 7 inches. 

142 

147 

150 

152 

i 55 

156 

158 

158 

158 

156 

5 feet 8 inches. 

146 

151 

i 54 

157 

160 

161 

163 

163 

163 

162 

5 feet 9 inches. 

150 

i 55 

159 

162 

165 

166 

167 

168 

168 

168 

5 feet 10 inches. 

154 

159 

164 

167 

170 

171 

172 

i 73 

174 

174 

5 feet 11 inches. 

159 

164 

169 

173 

i 75 

177 

177 

178 

180 

180 

6 feet. 

165 

170 

175 

179 

180 

183 

182 

183 

185 

185 

6 feet 1 inch. 

170 

i 77 

181 

185 

186 

189 

188 

189 

189 

189 

6 feet 2 inches. 

176 

184 

188 

192 

194 

196 

194 

194 

192 

192 

6 feet 3 inches. 

181 

190 

i 95 

200 

203 

204 

201 

198 

• * * 

• • • 


HEIGHT AND WEIGHT OF WOMEN. 

The following table gives the relative height and weight of women, all 
ages. The weight of ordinary clothipg, however, is included._ 


Height. 

Average 

_ 

Mini¬ 

mum. 

Maxi¬ 

mum. 


Height. 

Average 

Mini¬ 

mum. 

Maxi¬ 

mum. 

5 feet. 

115 

98 

132 


5 feet 7 inches. 

i 45 

123 

167 

5 feet 1 inch.. . 

120 

102 

138 


5 feet 8 inches. 

148 

126 

170 

5 feet 2 inches. 

125 

106 

144 


5 feet 9 inches. 

155 

131 

179 

5 feet 3 inches. 

130 

hi 

150 


5 feet 10 inches 

160 

136 

184 

5 feet 4 inches. 

135 

115 

155 


5 feet 11 inches 

165 

138 

190 

5 feet 5 inches. 

140 

H 9 

161 


6 feet. 

170 

141 

196 

5 feet 6 inches. 

143 

121 

165 



• 






































































































1190 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


WATER MEASURES. 

WEIGHT OF WATER. 


i cubic inch. .036x7 pound. 

12 cubic inches. .434 pound. 

1 cubic foot (salt). 64.3 pounds. 

1 cubic foot (fresh) 62.5 pounds. 

1 cubic foot. 7.48052 U. S. gals 

1.8 cubic feet. 1x2.0 pounds. 

35.84 cubic feet.2240.0 pounds. 

1 cylindrical inch.. .02842 pound 

12 cylindrical inches .341 pound. 

1 cylindrical foot.. 49.10 pounds. 


1 cylindrical foot.. 6.0 U. S gals. 

2 . 282 cylindrical feet. . 112.0 pounds. 
45.64 cylindrical feet... 2240.o pounds. 

1 imperial gallon. . 10.o pounds, 

ix. 2 imperial gallons.. 112.0 pounds. 
224 imperial gallons. .2240 . o pounds. 

1 U. S. gallon. 8.36 pounds. 

13.44 U. S. gallons. .. . 112.0 pounds. 
268.8 U. S. gallons. ... 2240.0 pounds. 


Note.—T he center of pressure of a body of water is at two-thirds the depth from 
the surface. 


THEORETICAL VELOCITY OF WATER IN FEET PER SECOND. 


Head, 

Feet. 

Velocity, 
Feet per 
Second. 

10 

25-4 

12 

27.8 

is 

31 • 1 

18 

34-0 

20 

35-9 

22 

37-6 


Head, 

Feet. 

Velocity, 1 
Feet per 
Second. 

25 

40.1 

30 

43-9 

35 

47-4 

40 

50.7 

45 

53-8 

50 

56.7 


Head, 

Feet. 

Velocity, 
Feet per 
Second. 


55 

59-5 


60 

62.1 


65 

64.7 


70 

67.1 


75 

69-5 


80 

71.8 



Head, 

Feet. 

Velocity, 
Feet per 
Second. 

85 

74.0 

90 

76.1 

95 

78.2 

loo 

80.3 

125 

89.7 

150 

98.3 


PRESSURE OF WATER PER SQUARE INCH AT DIFFERENT 

ELEVATIONS. 


Height 

in 

Feet. 

Pressure 

6 

2.60 

8 

3-40 

10 

4-33 

15 

6.49 

20 

8.66 

25 

10.82 

30 

12.99 


Height 

in 

Feet. 

Pressure 

35 

1516 

40 

17.32 

45 

19.49 

50 

21.65 

60 

25-99 

70 

30.32 

80 

34-65 


Height 

in 

Feet. 

Pressure 

90 

38.98 

IOO 

43 - 3 i 

I IO 

47 ■ 64 

120 

51.98 

130 

56.31 

140 

60.64 

150 

64.97 


Height 

in 

Feet. 

Pressure 

160 

69.31 

1 70 

7364 

1 80 

77-97 

I 90 

82.30 

200 

86.63 

215 

93 -14 

230 

99 63 


TEMPERATURE OF STEAM. 

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 14.7 DEGREES IN FAHRENHEIT SCALE 


Press. 

Per 

Sq. 

Inch. 

Degrees of 
Temperature 

Press. 
Per Sq. 
Inch. 

Degrees of 
Temperature 

Press. 
Per Sq. 
Inch. 

Degrees of 
Temperature 

Press. 
Per Sq. 
Inch. 

Degrees of 
Temperature 

1 

216.3 

9 

237-7 

24 

265.6 

60 

307.4 

2 

219.4 

10 

240 . O 

26 

268.6 

70 

316.0 

3 

222.4 

1 2 

244.3 

28 

271.5 

80 

323-9 

4 

225.2 

14 

248.3 

30 

274-3 

90 

33 1 • 1 

5 

227.9 

16 

252.1 

32 

277.0 

I OO 

33 7-8 

6 

230- 5 

x 8 

255.7 

34 

279.6 

IX 0 

344-0 

7 

233 ■ 0 

20 

259.2 

40 

286.0 

120 

3 50.0 

8 

23 5 • 4 

22 

262.5 

50 

207.8 

1 25 

3 5 2.8 


Steam flows into atmfosphere at the rate of 600 feet per second. 













































































WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


1191 


TENSILE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 


WEIGHT OR POWER REQUIRED TO TEAR APART ONE 
SQUARE INCH OF MATERIAL. 

Tensile Strength is the resistance of the fibers or particles of a body to 
separation. It is therefore proportional to their number, or to the area of its 
transverse section. The fibers of wood are strongest near the center of the trunk 
or limb of a tree. 


Materials. 


Lbs. 

Avoir. 


Materials. 


Lbs. 

Avoir. 


Brass. 42,000 

Brass, yellow. 18,000 

Bronze, greatest. 56,788 

Bronze, least. 17,698 

Copper, bolt. 36,800 

Copper, cast, American. 24,250 

Copper, rolled. .. . 36,000 

Copper, wire. 61,200 

Copper, wrought. 34,000 

Gold, cast.'. 20,000 

Iron, cast, Low Moor, No. 2. 14,076 

Iron, Cast, American.j 30’,000 

Iron, wrought, best Swedish bar. . 72,000 

■ Iron, bolts. 52,250 

Iron, hammered .... 53,913 

Iron, mean of America. 31,829 

Iron, mean of England. 53,900 

Iron, plates, boiler, American.../ 4 s . 000 

I 62,000 

Iron, rivets, American. 53 . 3 °° 

Iron, rivets, English. 65,000 

Iron, wire, American. 73,600 

Iron, wrought, wire.103,000 

Lead, cast. 1,800 

Lead, milled. 3,320 

Lead, wire. 2,580 

Platinum, wire. 53 ,°°° 

Silver, cast. 40,000 

Steel, American Tool Company.. . 179,980 

Steel, blistered, soft.j ^33^000 

Steel, cast, maximum.142,000 

Steel, cast, mean. 88,657 

Steel, plates, crosswise. 93 . 7 °° 

Steel, plates, lengthwise. 96,3°° 

Steel, puddled, extreme.173,817 

Steel, razor...r.150,000 

Tin, Banca. 2,122 

Tin, cast, block. 5 .°°° 

Tin 10, Antimony 1. 11,000 

Zinc. 3 , 5 °° 


Zinc sheet. 16,000 

Brick, fire. 65 

Brick, inferior. xoo 

Brick, well burned. 750 

Cement, bluestone.. 77 

Cement, hydraulic. 234 

Cement, Portland, 6 mo. 414 

Chalk. n 8 

Glass, crown. 2,346 

Gutta-percha. 3,5°° 

Ivory. 16,000 

Leather belts. 33° 

Limestone.{ 

Marble, Italian. 5,200 

Marble, white. 9,000 

Plaster of Paris. 72 

Rope, hemp, tarred. 15,°°° 

Rope, manila. 9,000 

Rope, wire. 37,000 

Slate. 12,000 

Ash. 14,000 

Beech. n, 5 °° 

Cedar. 11,400 

Chestnut, sweet. 10,500 

Cypress. 6,000 

Deal, Christiana. 12,400 

Elm. 13.4°° 

Fir, strongest. 12,000 

Locust..y. 20,500 

Mahogany. 21,000 

Maple. . 10,500 

Oak, American, white. x 1, 5 °° 

Pear... 9,800 

Pine, American, white. 11,800 

Pine, pitch. 12,000 

Poplar.. . . .. 7,000 

Spruce, white. 10,290 

Sycamore. 13,°°° 

Teak. 14,000 

Walnut. 7,8oo 

Willow. 13,°°° 


FOREIGN CURRENCY. 

English Money: 4 farthings = 1 penny (d ); 12 pence *= 1 shilling (5); ao 
shillings = 1 pound (£). 21 shillings = 1 guinea; 5 shillings = 1 crown. 

French Money: 10 centimes = 1 decime; 10 decimes - 1 franc. 

German Money: 100 pfennig = 1 mark. 

Russian Money: 100 copecks = 1 nible. 

Austro-Hungarian Money: 100 kreutzer-i florin. 

For United States equivalents, see table of “Value of Foreign Coins in 
U. S. Money ” 























































































1192 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 


VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS IN UNITED STATES MONEY. 

(Proclaimed by the Secretary of the Treasury January x, 1910.*) 


Country. 

Argent. R.. 

Austria-H.. 

Belgium... 
Bolivia... . 
Brazil. 


British P.. 

(ex't N’f’d) 

Cent. Am.: 

Costa Rica. Gold 


"d 
C'C 
a! 

-*-* G3 


Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 


Honduras 

Nicaragua 

Salvador. 


Sil\ 


China. 


Colombia.. 

Denmark.. 
Ecuador.. . 

Egypt. 


Finland. . . 
France. . . . 
Germany. . 
Gt. Britain. 
Greece 

Haiti. 

India (Br.) 

Italy. 

Japan. 

Liberia.. . . 
Mexico.. . . 

Neth’lands 

Newf’dland 
Norway.. . 
Panama.. . 

Persia .... 

Peru. 

Philip’e Is. 
Portugal... 


Silver 


Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 


Gold 

Gold 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Silver 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold. 


Monetary Unit 

Value in 

U.S.Gold 

Dollar. 

Peso 


$0,965 

Crown. 

.203 

Franc. 

.193 

Boliviano. 

• 389 

Milreis. 

.546 

Dollar. 

1.000 

Colon. 

.465 

Dollar. 

r ) 

1.000 

[ j- Peso. 

r J 

• 375 

Peso 


.365 


f Canton 

.613 

• TaeP 

Haikwan 
. Shanghai 
Hongk’g. 

.626 


.562 


.404 

Dol.\ 

British. . 

.404 \ 


t Mexican 

.407 

Dollar. 

1.000 

Crown. 

.268 

Sucre. 

.487 

( Pound (100) 

4-943 

( piasters) J 

Mark 


•193 

Franc. 

•193 

Mark 


.238 

Pound sterling. 

4.866* ( 

Drachma. 

•193 ( 

Gourde. 

.965 ( 

Pound sterli'gf 

4.866* ( 

Lira. 


•193 ( 

Yen. 


.498 ( 

Dollar.. 

1.000 

PesoJ. 

.498 ( 

Florin. 

.402 ( 

Dollar. 

1.014 ( 

Crown. 

.268 ( 

Balboa. 

1.000 ( 

Kran 


.069 ( 

Libra 


4.866* ( 

Peso 


• 500 S 

Milreis. 

1.080 ( 


Coins. 


Gold: argentine ($4,824) and * argentine. 

Silver, peso and divisions. 

Gold: 10 and 20 crowns. Silver: 1 and 5 
crowns. 

Gold: 10 and 20 francs. Silver: 5 francs. 
Gold: * Silver: boliviano and divisions. 
Gold: 5, 10, and 20 milreis. Silver, *, 1 
and 2 milreis. 


Gold: 2, 5, 10, and 20 colons ($9,307). 
Silver: 5, 10, 25, and 50 centimos. 


Silver: peso and divisions. 

I 

Gold: escudo ($1,825), doubloon ($3,650), 
and condor ($7,300). Silver: peso and 
divisions. 


Silver: peso, 
d: 10 and 20 crowns, 
d: 10 sucres ($4.8665). 
and divisions. 


Silver: sucre 


piasters. Silver: 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 
piasters. 

I: 20 marks ($3,859), 10 marks ($1.93). 
i: 5 10, 20, 50 and 100 frs. Silver: 5 frs. 
i: 5,10, and 20 marks. 


d: 5. 10, 20, 50, and 
Silver: 5 drachmas, 
d: 1, 2, 5, and 10 gourdes, 
gourde and divisions, 
d: sovereign (pound sterling), 
rupee and divisions. 
d:_ 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 lire, 
lire. 

d: 5, 10, and 20 yen. Silver: 10, 20, and 
So sen. 


100 drachmas. 

Silver: 
Silver: 
Silver: 5 


i: 5 and 10 pesos. Silver: 
peso) and divisions, 
i: 10 florins. Silver: 2$, 1 
divisions. 


dollar? (or 
florin and 


l: 10 and 20 crowns. 

l: 1. 2*, 5, 10, and 20 balboas. Silver: 

peso and divisions. 

1 *,i, and 2 tomans ($3,409). Silver 
«. *, 1, 2, and 5 krans. 

* and 1 libra. Silver: sol and div’ng. 
?r peso to, 20, and 50 centavos. 

1: 1, 2, 5, and 10 milreis. 


























































WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 


1193 


VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS.—Continued. 


Country. 

Stand¬ 

ard. 

Monetary Unit. 

Value in 

U.S.Gold 

Dollar. 

Coins. 

Russia. .. . 

Gold. 

Ruble. 

• 515 

Gold: 5, 7$., 10, and 15 rubles. Silver: 5,10, 
15, 20, 25, 50, and coo copeks. 

Spain. 

Straits Set- 

Gold. 

Peseta. 

• 193 

Gold: 25 pesetas. Silver: 5 pesetas. 

* 

tlemcnts 

Gold. 

Pound sterling!! 

4.866$ 

Gold: sovereign (pound sterling). Silver: 
dollar and divisions. 

Sweden.. .. 

Gold. 

Crown. 

.268 

Gold: 10 and 20 crowns. 

Switz’land. 

Gold. 

Franc . 

• 193 

Gold: 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 francs. Silver: 5 
francs. 

Turkey. . . . 

Gold. 

Piaster. 

.044 

Gold: 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 piasters. 
Gold: peso. Silver: peso and divisions. 

Uruguay. . 

Gold. 

Peso. 

1.034 

Venezuela.. 

Gold. 

Bolivar. 

'193 

Gold: 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 bolivars. Silver: 
5 bolivars. 


Note —The coins of silver-standard countries are valued by their pure silver 
contents, at the average market price of silver for the three months preceding the 
date ofi this circular. , 

*Gold standard adopted December 31, 1908; 12$ Bolivianos equal the pound 
sterling or Peruvian pound ($4,866$). 

tThe sovereign is the standard coin of India, but the rupee ($0.3244$) is the 
current coin, valued at 15 to the sovereign. 

JSeventy-five centigrams fine gold. 

§Value in Mexico $0,498. 

*[}The current coin of the Straits Settlements is the silver dollar issued on 
Government account and which has been given a tentative value of $0.567758$. 


TABLE SHOWING THE VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS AND PAPER 
NOTES IN AMERICAN MONEY BASED UPON THE VALUES 
EXPRESSED IN THE ABOVE TABLE. 


Number. 

British £ 
Sterling. 

German 

Mark. 

French 

Franc, 

Italian 

Lira. 

Chinese 

Tael 

(Haik- 

wan). 

Dutch 

Florin. 

Jap. Yen, 
Mex. 
Peso. 

Russian 

Gold 

Ruble. 

Aus¬ 

trian 

Crown. 

1 

$4.86,6$ 

$0.23,8 

So. 19,3 

$0.62,5 

$0.40,2 

$0.49,8 

So .51,5 

$0.20,3 

2 

9 - 73.3 

0.47,6 

0.38,6 

1.25,0 

0.80,4 

0.99,6 

1.03 

0.40,6 

3 

14 - 59 , 9 $ 

0.71,4 

o. 57,9 

x .87,5 

1.20,6 

1 - 49,4 

1 • 54,5 

0.60,9 

4 

19.46,6 

0.95,2 

0. 77,2 

2.50,0 

1.60,8 

1- 99.2 

2.06 

0.81,2 

5 

24 - 33 , 2 * 

1.19 

0.96,5 

3 - 12,5 

2.01 

2.49,0 

2 . 57,5 

i-oi ,5 

6 

29.19,9 

1-42,8 

1 -15,8 

3 - 75,0 

2.41,2 

2.98,8 

3-09 

I.21,8 

7 

34 -° 6 , 5 $ 

1.66,6 

i - 35,1 

4 - 37,5 

2.81,4 

3 - 48,6 

3•60,5 

1 - 42,1 

8 

38.93,2 

x.90,4 

i • 54,4 

S-oo.o 

3-21,6 

3 - 98,4 

4-12 

1.62,4 

9 

43 • 79 , 8 $ 

2.14,2 

1 - 73,7 

5.62,5 

3.61,8 

4.48,2 

4-63,5 

1.827 

10 

48.66,5 

2.38 

1-93 

6.25,0 

4.02 

4.98,0 

5 - 15 

2.03 

20 

97 -33 

4.76 

3.86 

12.50,0 

8.04 

9.96,0 

10.30 

4.06 

30 

145 • 99,5 

7 ■ 14 

5-79 

18.75,0 

12.06 

14.94,0 

15-45 

6.09 

40 

194.66 

9.52 

7.72 

25.00,0 

16.08 

19.92,0 

20.60 

8.12 

50 

243 - 32,5 

11.90 

9 • 65 

31-25,0 

20.10 

24.90,0 

25-75 

10.15 

100 

486.65 

23 • 80 

19.30 

62.50,0 

40.20 

49.80,0 

5 i • 50 

20.30 












































CALCULATING RULES AND TABLES. 


WEATHER WISDOM. 

Sunset Colors. —A gray, lowering sunset, or one where the sky is green or 
yellowish-green, indicates rain. A red sunrise, with clouds lowering later in the 
morning, also indicates rain. 

Halo (Sun Dogs). —By halo we mean the large circles, or parts of circles, 
about the sun or moon. A halo occurring after fine weather indicates a storm. 

Corona. —By this term we mean the small colored circles frequently seen 
around the sun or moon. A corona growing smaller indicates rain; growing 
larger, fair weather. 

Rainbows. —A morning rainbow is regarded as a sign of rain; an evening 
rainbow of fair weather. 

Sky Color. —A deep-blue color of the sky, even when seen through clouds, 
indicates fair weather; a growing whiteness, an approaching storm. 

Fogs. —Fog^ indicate settled weather. A morning fog usually breaks 
away before noon. 

Visibility. —Unusual clearness of the atmosphere, unusual brightness or 
twinkling of the stars, indicate rain. 

Frost. —The first frost and last frost are usually preceded by a temperature 
very much above the mean. 

RULES FOR FORETELLING THE WEATHER—ADAPTED FOR 
USE WITH ANEROID BAROMETERS. 

A Rising Barometer. 

A rapid rise indicates unsettled weather. 

A gradual rise indicates settled weather. 

A rise with dry air and cold increasing in summer indicates wind from the 
northward; and if rain has fallen, better weather may be expected. 

A rise with moist air and a low temperature indicates wind and rain from 
the northward. 

A rise with southerly winds indicates fine weather. 

A Steady Barometer 

With dry air and seasonable temperature indicates a continuance of very 
fine weather. 

A Falling Barometer. 

A rapid fall indicates stormy weather. 

A rapid fall with westerly wind indicates stormy weather from the north¬ 
ward. 

A fall with a northerly wind indicates storm, with rain and hail in summer, 
and snow in winter. 

A fall with increased moisture in the air, and heat increasing, indicates 
wind and rain from the southward. 

A fall with dry air and cold increasing in winter indicates snow. 

A fall after very calm and warm weather indicates rain with squally 
weather. 

The barometer rises for northerly winds, including from northwest by 
north to the eastward for dry or less wet weather, for less wind, or for more 
than one of these changes, except on a few occasions, when rain, hail, or snow 
comes from the northward with strong wind. 

The barometer falls for southerly wind, including from southeast by south 
to the westward, for wet weather, for stronger wind or for more than one of 
these changes, except on a few occasions, when moderate wind, with rain or 
snow, comes from tne northward. 


( 11 . 94 ) 



CALCULATING RULES AND TABLES 


1195 


THERMOMETERS. 


Comparative Scales. 


Reau- 

Centi- 

Fahr- 

Water Boils at 
Sea Level. 

Reau- 

Centi- 

Fahr- 


mur, 

8o°. 

grade, 

IOO°. 

enheit, 

2 I 2°. 

mur, 

8o°. 

grade, 

IOO°. 

enheit, 

2 I 2°. 

> 

76 

95 

203 


16 

20 

68 


72 

90 

194 


12.4 

153 

60 

Temperate. 

68 

85 

185 


10.2 

12.8 

55 


63.1 

78.9 

174 


8 

10 

50 


60 

75 

167 

Alcohol Boils. 

5-8 

7-2 

45 


56 

70 

158 


4 

5 

41 


52 

65 

149 


1.3 

1-7 

35 


48 

60 

140 


0 

0 

32 

Water Freezes. 

44 

55 

13 1 


— 09 

— 1.1 

30 


42.2 

52.8 

127 

Tallow Melts. 

— 4 

— 5 

23 


40 

50 

12 2 


— 5-3 

— 6.7 

20 


36 

45 

113 


— 8 

—10 

14 


33-8 

42.2 

108 


— 9 8 

—12.2 

10 


32 

40 

104 


—12 

— 15 

5 


293 

36.7 

98 

Blood Heat. 

—14.2 

—17.8 

O 

Zero, Fahr. 

28 

35 

95 


-16 

—20 

— 4 


25.8 

32.2 

90 


—20 

—25 

— 13 


24 

3,0 

86 


—24 

— 30 

—22 


21.3 

26.7 

80 


- 28 

— 3 5 

— 31 


20 

25 

77 


—32 

— 40 

— 40 



TABLE OF WAGES BY THE MONTH OF 26 WORKING DAYS. 


Continued to $150 per Month. 


2* 

$55 

$60 

$65 

$70 

$75 

Days 

$80 

$85 

$90 

$95 

$100 

$125 

$150 

02 

53 

58 

63 

67 

72 

i 

77 

82 

87 

9i 

96 

120 

144 

05 

106 

115 

125 

135 

144 


154 

163 

173 

183 

192 

240 

288 

07 

159 

173 

188 

202 

216 

3 

23 1 

245 

260 

274 

288 

361 

433 

10 

2 12 

231 

250 

269 

288 

1 

308 

327 

346 

365 

385 

481 

577 

19 

423 

462 

500 

538 

577 

2 

615 

654 

692 

731 

769 

962 

1154 

29 

635 

692 

750 

808 

865 

3 

923 

981 

1038 

1096 

ii54 

1442 

1731 

39 

846 

923 

1000 

1077 

1154 

4 

1231 

1308 

1385 

1462 

1538 

1923 

2308 

48 

1058 

1154 

1250 

1346 

1442 

5 

1538 

1635 

1731 

1827 

1923 

2404 

2885 

58 

1269 

1385 

1500 

1615 

1731 

6 

1846 

1962 

2077 

2192 

2308 

2885 

3462 

67 

1481 

1615 

1750 

1885 

2019 

7 

2154 

2288 

2423 

2558 

2692 

3365 

4038 

77 

1692 

1846 

2000 

2154 

2308 

8 

2462 

2615 

2769 

2923 

3077 

3846 

4615 

87 

1904 

2077 

2250 

2423 

2596 

9 

2769 

2942 

3115 

3288 

3462 

4327 

5192 

96 

2115 

2308 

2500 

2692 

2885 

10 

3077 

3269 

346 i 

3654 

3846 

4808 

5769 

106 

2327 

2538 

2750 

2962 

3173 

11 

33 85 

3596 

3808 

4019 

4231 

5288 

6346 

115 

2538 

2769 

3 000 

3231 

3462 

12 

3692 

3923 

4154 

4385 

4615 

5769 

6923 

125 

2750 

3 000 

3250 

3500 

3750 

13 

4000 

4250 

4500 

4750 

5000 

6250 

7500 

135 

2962 

3231 

3500 

3769 

4038 

14 

4308 

4577 

4846 

5ii5 

5385 

6731 

8077 

144 

3173 

3462 

3750 

4038 

4327 

15 

4615 

4904 

5192 

548 i 

5769 

7212 

8654 

154 

3385 

3692 

4000 

4308 

4615 

16 

4923 

523 1 

5 53 8 

5846 

6154 

7692 

9231 

164 

3596 

3923 

4250 

4577 

4904 

17 

5231 

5 5 58 

5885 

6212 

6538 

8173 

9808 

173 

3808 

4154 

4500 

4846 

5192 

18 

5538 

5885 

6231 

6577 

6923 

8654 

10385 

183 

4019 

4385 

4750 

5115 

5481 

IQ 

5846 

6212 

6577 

6942 

7308 

9i35 

10962 

192 

4231 

4615 

5000 

5385 

5769 

20 

6154 

6538 

6923 

7308 

7692 

9615 

11538 

202 

4442 

4846 

5250 

5654 

6058 

21 

6462 

6865 

7269 

7673 

8077 

10096 

1211 5 

212 

4654 

5077 

5500 

5923 

6346 

22 

6769 

7192 

7615 

8038 

8462 

i°577J 

1 2692 

22 1 

4865 

5308 

5750 

6192 

6635 

23 

7077 

7519 

7961 

8404 

8846 

11058 

13269 

231 

5077 

5538 

6000 

6462 

6923 

24 

7385 

7846 

8308 

8769 

9231 

11538 

13846 

240 

5288 

5769 

6250 

6731 

7212 

25 

7692 

8173 

8654 

9135 

9615 

12019 

14423 


At the rate of $80 per month of 26 working days, the wages for 12 days, 
are $36.92 













































































1196 


CALCULATING RULES AND TABLES 


TABLE OF WAGES BY THE MONTH OF 30 WORKING DAYS. 


Continued to $150 per Month. 


2* 

$55 

$60 

$65 

$70 

$75 

Days 

$80 

$85 

$90 

$95 

$100 

| $125 

| $150 

02 

46 

50 

54 

S8 

63 

X 

4 

67 

71 

75 

>2 

83 

104 

j 

125 

04 

92 

IOO 

108 

117 

125 

\ 

i 33 

142 

150 

158 

167 

208 

250 

06 


150 

163 

175 

188 

3 

4 

200 

213 

225 

238 

250 

313 

375 

08 

183 

200 

217 

233 

250 

1 

267 

283 

300 

3 i 7 

333 

417 

500 

17 

367 

400 

433 

467 

500 

2 

533 

567 

600 

633 

667 

833 

IOOO 

25 

55 o 

600 

650 

700 

750 

3 

800 

850 

900 

950 

IOOO 

1250 

1500 

33 

733 

800 

867 

933 

1000 

4 

1067 

ii 33 

1200 

1267 

1333 

1667 

2000 

42 

917 

IOOO 

1083 

1167 

1250 

5 

1333 

1417 

1500 

1583 

1667 

2083 

2500 

50 

I IOO 

1200 

1300 

1400 

1500 

6 

1600 

1700 

1800 

1900 

2000 

2500 

3000 

5 « 

1283 

1400 

1517 

1633 

1750 

7 

1867 

1983 

2100 

2217 

2333 

2917 

3500 

67 

1467 

1600 

1733 

1867 

2000 

8 

2133 

2267 

2400 

2533 

2667 

3333 

4000 

75 

1650 

1800 

1950 

2100 

2250 

9 

2400 

2550 

2700 

2850 

3000 

3750 

4500 

83 

1833 

2000 

2167 

2 333 

2500 

10 

2667 

2833 

3000 

3167 

3333 

4167 

5000 

92 

2017 

2200 

2383 

2567 

2750 

11 

2933 

3117 

3300 

3483 

3667 

4583 

5500 

IOO 

2 200 

2400 

2600 

2800 

3000 

12 

3 2 00 

3400 

3600 

3800 

4000 

5000 

6000 

108 

2383 

2600 

2817 

3033 

3250 

13 

3467 

3683 

3 900 

4117 

4333 

5417 

6500 

117 

2567 

2800 

3033 

3267 

3500 

14 

3733 

3967 

4200 

4433 

4667 

5833 

7000 

125 

2750 

3000 

3250 

3 500 

3750 

15 

4000 

4250 

4500 

4750 

5000 

6250 

7500 

133 

2933 

3200 

3467 

3733 

4000 

16 

4267 

4533 

4800 

5067 

5333 

6667 

8000 

142 

3117 

3400 

3683 

3967 

4250 

17 

4533 - 

4817 

5100 

5383 

5667 

7083 

8500 

150 

3300 

3600 

3900 

4200 

4500 

18 

4800 

5100 

5400 

5700 

6000 

7500 

9000 

158 

3483 

3800 

4117 

4433 

4750 

19 

5067 

5383 

5700 

6017 

6333 

,7917 

9500 

167 

3667 

4000 

4333 

4667 

5000 

20 

5333 

5667 

6000 

6333 

6667 

8333 

10000 

175 

3850 

4200 

4550 

4900 

5250 

21 

5600 

5950 

6300 

6650 

7000 

8750 

10500 

183 

4033 

4400 

4767 

5133 

5500 

22 

5867 

6233 

6600 

6967 

7333 

9167 

I x 000 

192 

4217 

4600 

4983 

5367 

5750 

23 

6133 

6517 

6900 

7283 

7667 

9583 

11500 

200 

4400 

4800 

5200 

5600 

60O0 

24 

6400 

6800 

7200 

7600 

8000 

10000 

I 2000 

208 

4583 

5000 

5417 

58 33 

6250 

25 

6667 

7083 

7500 

7917 

8333 

10417 

12500 

217 

4767 

5200 

5633 

6067 

6500 

26 

6933 

7367 

7800 

8233 

8667 

10833 

13000 

225 

4950 

5400 

5-850 

6300 

6750 

27 

7200 

7650 

8100 

8550 

9000 

11250 

13500 

233 

5133 

5600 

6067 

6533 

7000 

28 

74^7 

7933 

8400 

8867 1 

9333 

x 1667 

14000 

242 

5317 

5800 

6283 

6767 

7250 

29 

7733 

8217 

8700 

9183 I 

9667 

12083 

14500 


A man’s wages for 27 days @ $ 57 i ($55 +$2^) month, are $51.75 (49.50 +2.25). 

TEN HOUR DAY WAGES TABLE.—60 Hours per Week. 


$5 

$ 5 * 

$6 

$ 6 } 

$7 

$7* 

$8 

Per Week 

$* 

$9 

$10 

$io£ 

$11 

$12 

$13 

$J 3 i 


.83 

.92 

1.00 

1.08 

1.17 

1.25 

1 -33 

Per Day 

.08 

1.50 

1.67 

1-75 

183 

2.00 

2.17 

2.25 

2.33 

04 

os 

05 

05 

06 

06 

07 

5 = * 


00 

08 

08 

09 

09 

IO 

I I 

11 

I 2 

08 

°9 

10 

11 

I 2 

13 

13 

3 1 

<< 

OI 

15 

17 

18 

18 

20 

22 

23 

23 

17 

18 

20 

22 

23 

25 

27 

2 

i 

02 

30 

33 

35 

37 

40 

43 

45 

47 

21 

2 l 

25 

27 

29 

31 

33 

2* 

02 

38 

42 

44 

46 

50 

54 

56 

58 

25 

28 

30 

33 

35 

38 

40 

3 


03 

45 

50 

53 

55 

60 

65 

68 

70 

33 

37 

40 

43 

47 

50 

53 

4 


03 

60 

67 

70 

73 

80 

87 

90 

93 

42 

46 

50 

54 

58 

63 

67 

5 

i 

04 

75 

83 

88 

92 

IOO 

108 

113 

117 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

6 


05 

90 

IOO 

105 

110 

120 

130 

135 

140 

58 

64 

70 

76 

82 

88 

93 

7 


06 

105 

117 

123 

128 

140 

152 

158 

163 

63 

69 

75 

81 

88 

94 

IOO 

7* 

3 

06 

113 

125 

131 

138 

ISO 

163 

169 

175 

67 

73 

80 

87 

93 

IOO 

107 

8 


07 

120 

133 

140 

147 

l6o 

173 

180 

187 

75 

83 

90 

98 

105 

113 

120 

9 


08 

135 

• 150 

158 

165 

l8o 

195 

203 

2 10 

83 

92 

IOO 

108 

X17 

125 

133 

10 

1 

08 

150 

167 

175 

183I 

2 00 

217 

225! 

233 

125 

138 

150 

163 

175 

188 

200 


1* 

13 

225 

250 

263 

275 

300 

325 

338 

350 

167 

183 

200 

217 

233 

250 

267 

20 

2 

17 

300 

333 

350 

367 

400 

433 

450 

467 

208 

229 

250 

271 

292 

313 

333 

25 

2^ 

21 

375 

417 

438 

458 

500 

542 

563 

583 

250 

275 

300 

325 

350 

375 

400 

30 

3 

25 

450 

500 

525 

550 

600 

650 

675 

700 

292 

321 

350 

379 

408 

438 

467 

35 

3 * 

29 

525 

583 

613 

642 

700 

758 

788 

817 

333 

367 

400 

433 

467 

500 

533 

40 

4 

33 

600 

667 

70a 

733 

800 

867 

900 

933 

375 

413 

450 

488 

525 

563 

600 

45 

4 * 

38 

675 

7 50 

788 

825 

900 

975 

1013 

1050 

417 

458 

500 

542 

583 

625 

667 

50 

5 

42 

750 

833 

875 

917 

IOOO 

1083 

1125 

1167 

425 

468 

510 

553 

595 

638 

680 

5i 


43 

765 

850 

89? 

93 5 

1020 

1105 

1148 

1190 

433 

477 

520 

563 

607 

650 

693 

52 


43 

780 

867 

910 

953 

1040 

1127 

1170 

1213 

442 

486 

530 

574 

618 

663 

707 

53 


44 

795 

883 

928 

972 

1060 

1148 

1193 

1237 

450 

495 

540 

585 

630 

675 

720 

54 

5 * 

45 

810 

900 

945 

990 

1080 

1170 

1215 

1260 

458 

504 

55 ° 

596 

642 

688 

733 

55 

46 

825 

917 

963 

1008 

1100 

1192 

1238 

1283 

467 

513 

560 

607 

653 

700 

747 

56 


47 

840 

933 

980 

1027 

1120 

1213 

1260 

1307 

475 

5 23 

570 

618 

665 

7 i 3 

760 

57 


48 

855 

950 

998 

1045 

1140 

1235 

1283 

1330 

483 

53 2 

580 

628 

677 

725 

773 

58 


48 

870 

967 

1015 

1063 

Il6o 

1257 

130s 

13 53 

492 

541 

590 

639 

688 

738 

787 

59 


49 

885 

983 

1033 

1082 

Il8o 

1278 

13 28 

1 177 

500 

5 50 

600 

650 

700 

750 

800 

60 

6 

50 

900 

$10 

1050 

1100 

I 200 

1300 

1350 

1400 









































































































CALCULATING RULES AND TABLES 


1197 


TEN HOUR DAY WAGES TABLE.—Continued. 


$15 

2.50 

$16 

2.67 

$16* 

2.75 

$17 

2.83 

$18 

3-00 

$19^ 

3-25 

PerWeekl 

Per Day 

$20 

3-33 

$21 

3-50 

$22 

3-67 

$22^; 
3-75 

$24 

4.00 

$25 

4.17 

$27 

4.50 

$30 

5.00 

13 

13 

14 

14 

15 

l6 

w * 

CT 

QJ 

17 

18 

18 

19 

20 

21 

23 

25 

25 

27 

28 

28 

30 

33 

Zf , 1 


33 

35 

37 

38 

40 

42 

45 

50 

50 

53 

55 

57 

60 

65 

2, 


67 

70 

73 

75 

80 

83 

90 

IOO 

63 

67 

69 

7 i 

75 

81 

2* 

1 

4 

83 

88 

92 

94 

IOO 

104 

113 

125 

75 

80 

83 

85 

90 

98 

3 


100 

105 

110 

113 

120 

125 

13s 

150 

100 

107 

110 

11 3 

120 

130 

4 


133 

140 

147 

ISO 

160 

167 

180 

200 

125 

133 

138 

142 

150 

163 

5 


167 

175 

183 

188 

200 

208 

225 

250 

150 

160 

165 

170 

180 

195 

6 


200 

210 

220 

225 

240 

250 

270 

300 

175 

187 

193 

198 

210 

228 

7 


233 

245 

257 

263 

280 

292 

315 

350 

188 

200 

206 

213 

225 

244 

7 * 

a 

4 

250 

263 

275 

281 

300 

313 

338 

375 

200 

213 

220 

227 

240 

260 

8 


267 

280 

293 

300 

320 

333 

360 

400 

225 

240 1 

248 

255 

270 

293 

9 


300 

315 

330 

338 

360 

375 

405 

450 

250 

267 

275 

283 

300 

325 

10 

1 

333 

350 

367 

375 

400 

417 

450 

500 

375 

400 

4 i 3 

425 

450 

488 

15 

1* 

500 

525 

550 

563 

600 

625 

675 

750 

500 

533 

5 50 

567 

600 

650 

20 

2 

667 

700 

733 

750 

800 

833 

900 

1000 

625 

667 

688 

708 

750 

813 

25 

2^ 

833 

875 

917 

93 8 

1000 

1042 

1125 

1250 

75 ° 

800 

825 

850 

QOO 

975 

30 

3 

IOOO 

1050 

I IOO 

1125 

1200 

1250 

1350 

1500 

875 

933 

963 

992 

1050 

1138 

35 

3 i 

1167 

1225 

1283 

1313 

1400 

1458 

1575 

1750 

1000 

1067 

I IOO 

11 33 

1200 

1300 

40 

4 

1333 

1400 

1467 

1500 

1600 

1667 

1800 

2000 

1125 

1200 

1238 

1275 

1350 

1463 

45 

4} 

1500 

1575 

1650 

1688 

1800 

1875 

2025 

2250 

1250 

1333 

1375 

I 4 J 7 

1500 

1625 

50 

5 

1667 

1750 

1833 

1875 

2000 

2083 

2250 

2500 

1275 

1360 

1403 

1445 

1530 

1658 

5 i 


1700 

1785 

1870 

1913 

2040 

2125 

2295 

2550 

1300 

1387 

1430 

1473 

1560 

1690 

52 


1733 

1820 

1907 

1950 

2080 

2167 

2340 

2600 

1325 

1413 

1458 

1502 

1590 

1723 

53 


1767 

1855 

1943 

1988 

2120 

2208 

2385 

2650 

1350 

1440 

1485 

1530 

1620 

1755 

54 


1800 

1890 

1980 

2025 

2160 

2250 

2430 

2700 

13 7 5 

1467 

1513 

1558 

1650 

1788 

55 


1833 

1925 

2017 

2063 

2200 

2292 

2475 

2750 

1400 

1493 

1540 

1587 

1680 

1 820 

59 


1867 

i960 

2053 

2100 

2240 

2333 

2520 

2800 

1425 

1520 

1568 

1615 

1710 

1853 

57 


1900 

1995 

2090 

2138 

2280 

2375 

2565 

2850 

1450 

1547 

1595 

1643 

1740 

1885 

58 


i °33 

2030 

2127 

2175 

2320 

2417 

2610 

2900 

1475 

, 1573 

1623 

1672 

1770 

1918 

59 


1967 

2065 

2163 

2213 

2360 

2458 

2655 

2950 

1500 

; 1600 

1650 

1700 

1800 

1950 

60 6 

2000 

2100 

2200 

2250 

2400 

2500 

2700 

3000 


At $20 per week ($3.33 per day), the wages for 55 hours (5* days) come to $18.33. 


$5 

^83 

05 

09 

19 

21 

28 I 

37 

42 

46 

56 

63 

65 

74 

83 

93 

167 

185 

250 ] 

278 

333 

370 

407 ' 

417 

426 

43 5 

444 

454 

463 

472 

481 

491 1 

500 


NINE HOUR DAY WAGES TABLE.—54 Ho urs per Week. 


$ 5 i 

$6 

$6* 

$7 

$ 7 + 

$8 

Per Week 

i$* 

$9 

$10 

$ioW 

$11 

$12 

$13 

$ 13 } 

$14 

.92 

1.01 

1.08 

1.17 

1.25 

i -33 

Per Day 

.08 

1.50 

1.67 

1-75 

1-83 

2.00 

2.17 

2.25 

2.33 

05 

06 

06 

06 

07 

07 

¥ i 

9 
a* 

OO 

08 

09 

10 

IO 

11 

12 

13 

13 

IO 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

3 1 


01 

17 

19 

19 

20 

22 

24 

25 

26 

20 

22 

24 

26I 

28 

3 ° 

2 


02 

33 

37 

39 

41 

. 44 

48 

50 

53 

23 

25 

27 

29 

31 

33 

2* 

1 

4 

02 

38 

42 

44 

46 

50 

54 

56 

58 

31 

33 

36 

39 

42 

44 

3 


03 

50 

56 

58 

61 

67 

72 

75 

78 

41 

44 

48 

52 

56 

59 

4 


04 

67 

74 

78 

8l 

89 

96 

IOO 

104 

46 

50 

54 

58 

63 

67 

4 * 

i 

04 

75 

83 

88 

92 

IOO 

108 

113 

117 

51 

56 

60 

65 

69 1 

74 

5 


05 

83 

93 

97 

102 

III 

120 

125 

130 

6l 

67 

72 

78 

83 

89 

6 


06 

IOO 

hi 

117 

122 

133 

144 

150 

156 

69 

75 

81 

88 

04 

IOO 

6 } 

a 

4 

06 

113 

125 

131 

138 

150 

163 

169 

175 

71 

78 

84 

91 

97 

IOA 

7 


06 

117 

130 

136 

143 

156 

169 

175 

181 

81 

89 

96 

104 

hi 

119 

8 


07 

133 

148 

156 

163 

178 

193 

200 

207 

92 

IOO 

108 

117 

125 

133 

9 

1 

08 

150 

167 J 

175 

183 

200 

217 

225 

233 

102 

III 

120 

130 

139 

148 

10 


09 

167 

185 

194 

204 

222 

241 

250 

259 

183 

2 00 

217 

233 

250 

267 

18 

2 

17 

300 

333 

350 

367 

400 

433 

45 ° 

467 

204 

222 

241 

259 

278 

296 

20 


19 

333 

370 

389 

407 

444 

481 

500 

519 

275 

300 

325 

350 

375 

400 

27 

3 

25 

450 

500 

525 

550 

600 

650 

675 

700 

306 

333 

361 

389 

4 i 7 

444 

30 


28 

500 

556 

583 

611 

667 

722 

750 

778 

367 

400 

433 

467 

500 

533 

3 t> 

4 

33 

600 

667 

700 

733 

800 

867 

900 

933 

407 

444 

481 

5 i 9 

556 

593 

40 


37. 

667 

74 i 

778 

815 

889 

963 

IOOO 

1037 

448 

489 

530 

570 

611 

652 

44 


41 

733 

815 

856 

896 

978 

1059 

1100 

1141 

458 

500 

542 

583 

625 

667 

45 

5 

42 

750 

833 

875 

917 

1000 

1083 

1125 

1167 

469 

511 

554 

596 

639 

681 

4 <> 


43 

767 

852 

894 

937 

1022 

1107 

1150 

ii 93 

170 

5 22 

566 

609 

653 

696 

47 


44 

783 

870 

914 

957 

1044 

1131 

1175 

1291 

4.80 

C ^ * 

578 

622 

667 

7 ii 

48 


44 

800 

889 

933 

978 

1067 

1156 

12 00 

1244 

400 

a a 

544 

590 

63 5 

681 

726 

49 


45 

817 

907 

953 

998 

1089 

1180 

1225 

1270 

509 

556 

602 

648 

694 

74 i 

50 


46 

833 

926 

972 

1019 

mi 

1204 

1250 

1296 

CIO 

567 

614 

661 

708 

756 

51 


47 

850 

944 

992 

1039 

ii 33 

1228 

1275 

1322 

CIO 

578 

626 

674 

722 

770 

52 


48 

867 

963 

1011 

1059 

1156 

1252 

1300 

1348 

C 4.0 

589 

63 8 

687 

736 

785 

53 


49 

883 

981 

1031 

1080 

1178 

1276 

1325 

1374 

550 

600 

650 

700 

750 

800 

54 

6 

50 

900 

$10 

1050 

1100 

1200 

1300 

1350 

1400 
















































































































1198 


CALCULATING RULES AND TABLES 


NINE HOUR DAY WAGES TABLE.— Continued. 


$15 

2.50 

$l6 

2.67 

$i6£ 

2-75 

$17 

2.83 

$18 

3 - 0 ° 

$19$ 

3-25 

Per Week 
Per Day 

$20 

3-33 

$21 

3-50 

$22 

3-67 

$22* 

3-75 

$24 

4.00 

$25 

4-17 

$27 

4 - 5 ° 

$30 

5.00 

14 

15 

15 

16 

17 

18 

g b 

<=> 

a> 

19 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

2 5 

28 

28 

3 ° 

31 

31 

33 

36 

za i 


37 

39 

4 1 

42 

44 

46 

50 

56 

56 

59 

61 

63 

67 

72 

2 


74 

78 

81 

83 

89 

93 

100 

hi 

63 

67 

69 

7 i 

75 

81 

•y I 
2 4 

1 

4 

83 

88 

92 

94 

100 

104 

1 X 3 

125 

83 

89 

92 

94 

100 

108 

3 


hi 

117 

122 

125 

133 

139 

150 

167 

III 

119 

122 

126 

133 

144 

4 


148 

156 

163 

167 

178 

185 

200 

222 

125 

133 

138 

147 

150 

163 

4 * 

* 

167 

175 

183 

188 

200 

208 

225 

250 

139 

148 

153 

157 

167 

181 

5 


185 

194 

204 

208 

222 

23 1 

250 

278 

167 

178 

183 

189 

200 

217 

b 


222 

233 

244 

250 

267 

278 

300 

333 

188 

200 

206 

2x3 

225 

244 

6 3 

3 

4 

250 

263 

275 

281 

300 

313 

338 

375 

194 

207 

214 

220 

233 

253 

7 


259 

272 

285 

292 

3x1 

324 

350 

389 

222 

237 

244 

252 

267 

289 

8 


296 

311 

326 

333 

356 

370 

400 

444 

25O, 

267 

275 

283 

300 

325 

9 

I 

333 

350 

367 

375 

400 

417 

450 

500 

278 

296 

306 

315 

33 ° 

361 

10 


370 

389 

407 

417 

444 

463 

500 

556 

500 

533 

550 

567 

600 

650 

18 

2 

667 

700 

733 

750 

800 

833 

900 

IOOO 

556 

593 

611 

630 

667 

722 

20 


741 

778 

815 

833 

889 

926 

IOOO 

IIII 

750 

800 

825 

850 

900 

975 

27 

3 

IOOO 

1050 

1100 

1125 

1200 

1250 

1350 

1500 

833 

889 

917 

944 

IOOO 

1083 

30 


IIII 

1167 

1222 

1250 

1333 

1389 

1500 

1667 

IOOO 

1067 

1100 

1133 

12 00 

1300 

36 

4 

1333 

1400 

1467 

1500 

1600 

1667 

1800 

2000 

IIII 

1185 

1222 

1259 

1333 

1444 

40 


1481 

1556 

1630 

1667 

1778 

1852 

2000 

2222 

1222 

1304 

1344 

1385 

1467 

1589 

44 


1630 

1711 

1793 

1833 

19156 

2037 

2200 

2444 

1250 

1333 

1375 

1417 

1500 

1625 

45 

5 

1667 

1750 

1833 

1875 

2000 

2083 

2250 

2500 

I278 

1363 

1406 

1448 

1533 

1661 

46 


1704 

1789 

1874 

1917 

2044 

2130 

2300 

2556 

1306 

1393 

1436 

1480 

1567 

1697 

47 


1741 

1828 

1915 

1958 

2089 

2176 

2350 

26ll 

1333 

1422 

1467 

1511 

1600 

1733 

48 


1778 

1867 

1956 

2000 

2133 

2222 

2400 

2667 

1361 

1452 

1497 

1543 

1633 

1769 

49 


1815 

1906 

1996 

2042 

2178 

2269 

2450 

2722 

1389 

1481 

1528, 

1574 

1667 

1806 

50 


1852 

1944 

2037 

2083 

2222 

2315 

2500 

2778 

1417 

1511 

1558 

1606 

1700 

1842 

51 


1889 

1983 

2078 

2125 

2267 

2361 

2550 

2833 

1444 

1541 

1589 

1637 

17 33 

1878 

52 


1926 

2022 

21 ig 

2167 

23 IX 

2407 

2600 

2889 

1472 

1570 

1619 

1669 

1767 

1914 

53 


1963 

2061 

2159 

2208 

2356 

2454 

2650 

2944 

1500 

1600 

1650 

1700 

1800 

1950 

54 

6 

2000 

2100 

2200 

2 2 50 

2400 

2500 

2700 

3000 


Rate per week and day, in top lines; time-hours, also days, in middle column. 


EIGHT HOUR DAY WAGES TABLE.—48 Hours per Week. 


$5 

$5* 

$6 

6* 

$7 

7* 

$8 

PerWeek !$*■ 

$9 

$10 

10} 1 $n 

$12 

$13 

$13* 

$ 14 

.83 

.92 

1.00 1.08 

1.17 

1-25 

x -33 

Per Day 

.08 

1-50 

1.67 

i -75 | 1-83 

2.00 

2.17 

2.25 

2-33 

05 

06 

06 

07 

07 

08 

08 

5* 

O 

tu 

OI 

09 

10 

11 j 11 

13 

14 

14 

15 

10 

11 

13 

14 

15 

l6 

17 

S; 1 

w 

OI 

19 

21 

22 23 

25 

27 

28 

29 

21 

23 

25 

27 

.29 

31 

33 

"2 

X . 

4 

02 

38 

42 

44 46 

50 

54 

56 

58 

3i 

34 

38 

41 

44 

47 

50 

3 


03 

56 

63 

66 69 

75 

81 

84 

88 

42 

46 

50 

54 

58 

63 

67 

4 

b 

04 

75 

83 

88 92 

IOO 

108 

1X3 

117 

52 

57 

63 

68 

73 

78 

83 

5 


05 

94 

IO4 

109 ns 

125 

135 

141 

146 

63 

69 

75 

81 

88 

94 

IOO 

6 

1 

4 

06 

H3 

125 

131 138 

150 

163 

169 

x 75 

73 

80 

88 

95 

102 

109 

117 

7 


07 

131 

146 

153 160 

1 75 

I 90 

197 

204 

83 

'92 

IOO 

108 

117 

125 

133 

8 

I 

08 

150 

167 

175 183 

2 00 

217 

225 

2 33 

94 

103 

113 

122 

131 

141 

150 

9 


09 

169 

188 

197 206 

225 

244 

253 

263 

104 

115 

125 

135 

146 

156 

167 

10 

ii 

10 

188 

208 

219 229 

250 

271 

281 

292 

X25 

138 

150 

163 

175 

188 

200 

12 

i£ 

13 

225 

250 

263 275 

300 

325 

33 8 

350 

167 

183 

200 

217 

233 

250 

267 

16 

2 

17 

300 

333 

350 1 367 

400 

433 

450 

467 

208 

229 

250 

271 

292 

313 

333 

20 

2* 

2 I 

375 

417 

438 458 

500 

542 

563 

583 

250 

275 

300 

325 

350 

375 

400 

24 

3 , 

25 

450 

500 

525 550 

600 

650 

675 

700 

292 

32 X 

350 

379 

408 

438 

467 

28 

3 t 

29 

525 

583 

613 ] 642 

700 

758 

788 

817 

313 

341 

375 

406 

438 

469 

500 

30 

3 J 

31 

563 

625 

656 688 

750 

813 

844 

875 

333 

367 

400 

433 

467 

500 

533 

32 

4 

33 

600 

667 

700 733 

800 

867 

900 

933 

354 

390 

425 

460 

496 

53 i 

567 

34 

44 

35 

638 

708 

744 | 779 

850 

92 I 

956 

992 

375 

413 

450 

488 

525 

563 

600 

36 

4 ^ 

38 

675 

750 

788 j 825 

900 

975 

1013 

1050 

396 

43 5 

475 

515 

554 

594 

633 

38 

4 i 

40 

713 

792 

831 871 

950 

1029 

1069 

1108 

406 

447 

488 

528 

569 

609 

650 

39 


41 

73 i 

813 

853 894 

975 

1056 

1097 

1138 

417 

458 

500 

542 

583 

625 

667 

40 

5 

42 

750 

833 

875 917 

IOOO 

1083 

1125 

1167 

427 

470 

513 

5 55 

598 

641 

683 

4 i 


43 

769 

8.54 

897 940 

1025 

I I IO 

1 X 53 

1196 

438 

481 

525 

569 

613 

656 

700 

42 

5 4 

44 

788 

875 

919 963 

10,50 

x 138 

1181 

1225 

448 

403 

53 8 

582 

627 

672 

717 

43 


45 

806 

896 

940 985 

1075 

1165 

1200 

1254 

4 58 

504 

5 50 

596 

642 

688 

733 

44 

Sb 

46 

825 

917 

063 1008 

1100 

1192 

1238 

1283 

469 

5 X 6 

563 

609 

656 

703 

750 

45 


47 

844 

938 

984 1031 

1125 

1219 

1266 

13x3 

479 

527 

57 5 

623 

671 

7 i 9 

767 

46 

5 f 

48 

863 

958 

1006 1054 

1150 

1 246 

1294 

1342 

490 

539 

588 

636 

685 

734 

783 

47 


49 

881 

979 

1028 i 107 7 

ii 75 

1273 

1322 

i 37 i 

500 

3 so 

600 

650 

700 

7 50 

800 

48 

6 

50 

900 

$10 

1050 IIOO 

1200 

1300 

1350 

1400 































































































CALCULATING RULES AND TABLES 


1199 


EIGHT HOUR DAY WAGES TABLE.— Continued. 


$15 

2.50 

$16 

2.67 

$16* 

2.75 

$17 

2.83 

$18 

3.00 

$igi p erWeek $20 
3.25 Per Day 3.33 

$21 

3 - 5 ° 

$22 

3-67 

$224 
3-75 

$24 

4.00 

$25 

4- 1 7 

$27 

4-50 

$30 

5-00 

16 

17 

, 17 

18 

19 

20 

?*> S’ 

21 

22 

23 

23 

25 

26 

28 

3 i 

31 

33 

34 

35 

38 

41 

—« A OO 

42 

44 

46 

47 

50 

52 

56 

63 

63 

67 

69 

71 

75 

8l 

“2 t 

83 

88 

92 J 

94 

IOO 

104 

113 

125 

94 

100 

103 

106 

113 

122 

3 , 

125 

131 

13 8 

141 

150 

156 

169 

188 

125 

133 

138 

142 

150 

163 

4 * 

167 

175 

183 

188 

200 

208 

225 

250 

156 

197 

172 

177 

188 

203 

5 ! 

208 

219 

229 

234 

250 

260 

281 

313 

188 

200 

206 

213 

225 

244 

6 £ 

250 

263 

275 

281 

300 

3 i 3 

338 

375 

2IQ 

233 

241 

248 

263 

284 

71 

292 

306 

321 

328 

350 

365 

394 

43 8 

250 

267 

275 

283 

300 

325 

8 x 

333 

350 

367 

375 

400 

417 

450 

500 

28l 

300 

309 

319 

338 

366 

9 

375 

3 94 

413 

422 

450 

469 

506 

563 

313 

333 

344 

354 

375 

406 

10 it 

417 

438 

458 

469 

500 

52 i 

563 

625 

375 

400 

413 

425 

450 

488 

12 i 4 

500 

525 

550 

563 

600 

625 

675 

750 

500 

533 

550 

567 

600 

650 

16 2 

667 

700 

733 

750 

800 

833 

900 

1000 

625 

667 

688 

708 

750 

813 

20 2 £ 

833 

875 

917 

938 

1000 

1042 

1125 

1250 

750 

800 

825 

850 

900 

975 

24 3 

1000 

1050 

X IOO 

1125 

I 200 

1250 

1350 

1500 

875 

933 

963 

992 

1050 

1138 

28 3 * 

1167 

1225 

1283 

1313 

1400 

1458 

1575 

U 750 

938 

1000 

1031 

1063 

1125 

I 2 IQ 

30 3 ! 

1250 

1313 

1375 

1406 

1500 

1563 

1688 

1875 

1000 

1067 

I IOO 

1133 

1 200 

1300 

32 4 , 

1333 

1400 

1467 

1500 

1600 

1667 

1800 

2000 

1063 

1133 

1169 

1 204 

1275 

1381 

34 4 ( 

1417 

1488 

1558 

1594 

1700 

1771 

1913 

2125 

1125 

I 200 

1238 

1275 

1350 

1463 

36 4* 

1500 

1575 

1650 

1688 

1800 

1875 

2025 

2250 

1188 

1267 

1306 

1346 

1425 

1544 

38 j 4 l 

1583 

1663 

1742 

1781 

1900 

1979 

2138 

2375 

1219 

1300 

1341 

1381 

1463 

1584 

39 

1625 

1706 

1788 

1828 

1950 

2031 

219452438 

1250 

1333 

1375 

1417 

1500 

1625 

40 5 

1667 

i 75 o‘ 

1833 

1875 

2000 

2083 

2250 2500 

1281 

1367 

1409 

1452 

1538 

1666 

4I I ,• 

1708 

1794 

1879 

1922 

2050 

213S 

230612563 

1313 

1400 

1444 

1488 

1575 

1706 

42 5 1 

1750 

1838 

1925 

1969 

2100 

2188 

2363 

2625 

1344 

1433 

1478 

1523 

1613 

1747 

43 

1792 

1881 

1971 

2016 

2150 

2240 

2419 

2688 

1375 

1467 

1513 

X 558 

1650 

1788 

44 5 * 

1833 

1925 

2017 

2063 

2200 

2292 

2475 

2750 

1406 

1500 

1547 

1594 

1688 

1828 

45 

187S 

1969 

2063 

2 IOQ 

2250 

2344 

2531 

2813 

1438 

1533 

1581 

1629 

1725 

1869 

46 5 J 

1917 

2013 

2108 

2156 

2300 

2396 

2588 

2875 

1469 

1567 

1616 

1665 

1763 

1909 

47 

1938 

2056 

2154 

2203 

2350 

2448 

2644 

2938 

1500 

1600 

1650 

1 700 

1800 

1950 

48 6 

2000 

2X00 

2200 

2250 

2400 

2500 

270013000 

1 


At $9 per week ($1.50 per day), the wages for 46 hours (5! days) amount 
to $8.63. 


TABLE SHOWING COST OF CORD-WOOD—FROM $2 TO 

$5 PER CORD. 


$2 

$ 2}^ 

$ 2 % 

$2% 

$3 


Cu. Ft. 

83}4 

$ 3 % 

84 

8 4 /4 

84)4 

$5 

16 

18 

20 

21 

23 

25 

10 

27 

29 

3 i 

33 

35 

39 

3 1 

35 

39 

43 

47 

51 

20 

55 

59 

63 

66 

70 

78 

47 

53 

59 

64 

70 

76 

30 

82 

88 

94 

IOO 

105 

117 

63 

7 ° 

78 

86 

94 

102 

40 

109 

117 

125 

133 

141 

156 

78 

88 

98 

107 

117 

127 

50 

137 

146 

156 

166 

176 

195 

94 

105 

117 

I 2Q 

Mi 

152 

60 

164 

176 

188 

199 

2X1 

234 

109 

123 

13 7 

150 

164 

178 

70 

191 

205 

2X9 

232 

246 

273 

125 

141 

156 

172 

188 

203 

80 

219 

234 

250 

266 

281 

313 

141 

158 

176 

i 93 

211 

229 

90 

246 

264 

281 

299 

316 

352 

156 

176 

195 

215 

234 

254 

IOO 

273 

293 

313 

332 

352 

391 

172 

i 93 

215 

236 

258 

279 

no 

301 

322 

344 

365 

387 

430 

188 

211 

234 

258 

281 

305 

120 

328 

352 

375 

398 

422 

469 

203 

229 

254 

279 

305 

330 

130 

355 

381 

406 

43 2 

457 

508 

219 

246 

273 

301 

•328 

355 

140 

383 

4x0 

438 

465 

492 

547 

23 4 

264 

293 

322 

352 

381 

150 

410 

439 

469 

498 

527 

586 

250 

281 

313 

344 

375 

406 

l6o 

438 

469 

500 

53 i 

563 

625 

266 

299 

332 

365 

3 98 

432 

170 

465 

498 

53 i 

564 

598 

664 

281 

316 

352 

387 

422 

457 

180 

492 

527 

563 

598 

633 

703 

297 

334 

371 

408 

445 

482 

IQO 

520 

557 

594 

631 

668 

742 

313 

352 

391 

43 ° 

469 

508 

200 

547 

586 

625 

664 

703 

781 


A 12 foot (3 length) load, 46 inches high (mid-col.); and 36 in. wide (top), contains 
1x8 cu ft • and at the rate of $3? per cord, 130 cu. ft. cost 3.81, and 8 cu. ft. 23 cents 
(1-10 of cost of 80 cu. ft.), which =(3.81+ .23) $4.04 for load or pile. A cord = 128 

cu. ft. (4x4x8). 







































































1200 


CALCULATING RULES AND TABLES 


TABLE SHOWING THE CONTENTS OF CORD-WOOD—CUBIC 

FEET. 


Load 8 feet long. 


Load X2 feet long. 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

48 

Height. 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

48 

53 

57 

60 

63 

67 

80 

30 

80 

8s 

90 

95 

IOO 

I 20 

57 

60 

64 

68 

7 i 

85 

32 

85 

91 

96 

IOI 

107 

I 28 

60 

64 

68 

72 

76 

91 

34 

91 

96 

102 

108 

113 

136 

64 

68 

72 

76 

80 

96 

36 

96 

102 

108 

114 

I 20 

144 

68 

72 

76 

80 

84 

IOI 

38 

IOI 

108 

114 

120 

127 

152 

7 i 

76 

80 

84 

89 

107 

40 

107 

113 

120 

127 

133 

l6o 

75 

79 

84 

89 

93 

112 

42 

112 

119 

126 

133 

140 

l68 

78 

83 

88 

93 

98 

117 

44 

117 

125 

132 

139 

147 

I 76 

82 

87 

92 

97 

102 

123 

46 

123 

130 

138 

I46 

153 

184 

85 

9 i 

96 

IOI 

107 

128 

48 

128 

136 

144 

152 

l 6 o 

192 

89 

94 

100 

106 

hi 

133 

50 

133 

142 

150 

158 

167 

200 

92 

98 

104 

I IO 

116 

139 

52 

i 39 

i 47 

156 

165 

173 

208 

100 

106 

112 

118 

124 

149 

56 

149 

159 

168 

177 

IS? 

224 

107 

113 

I 20 

127 

133 

160 

60 

160 

170 

180 

190 

200 

24O 


TABLE SHOWING THE CAPACITY—IN GALLONS—OF CISTERNS, 
TANKS, WELLS, STAND-PIPES, BOILERS; ALSO OF 
RAILROAD, IRRIGATING AND BREWERS’ TANKS. 


3 

3 * 

4 

4 * 

5 

5 * 

Oepth 

6 

6* 

7 

7 b 

8 

8* 

9 

212 

288 

376 

476 

588 

711 

4 

846 

993 

1152 

1322 

1504 

1698 

1904 

238 

324 

423 

53 5 

661 

800 

4 * 

952 

1117 

1295 

1487 

1692 

1910 

2142 

264 

360 

470 

595 

734 

889 

5 

1058 

1241 

1439 

1652 

1880 

2122 

2379 

291 

396 

5 i 7 

654 

808 

977 

5 * 

1163 

1365 

1583 

1818 

2068 

2335 

2617 

3*7 

43 2 

564 

714 

881 

1066 

6 

1269 

1489 

1727 

1983 

2256 

2547 

2855 

344 

468 

611 

773 

955 

1155 

6* 

1375 

1613 

1871 

2148 

2444 

2759 

3093 

370 

504 

658 

833 

1028 

1244 

7 

1481 

1738 

2015 

2313 

263 2 

2971 

333 i 

397 

540 

705 

892 

1102 

13 33 

7 b 

1586 

1862 

2159 

2479 

2820 

3184 

3569 

423 

576 

752 

952 

1175 

1422 

8 

1692 

1986 

2303 

2644 

3008 

3396 

3807 

449 

612 

799 

IOI 1 

1248 

1511 

8* 

1798 

2110 

2447 

2809 

3196 

3608 

4045 

476 

648 

846 

1071 

1322 

1600 

9 

1904 

2234 

2591 

2974 

33 84 

3820 

4283 

529 

720 

940 

1190 

1469 

1777 

10 

2115 

2482 

2879 

3305 

3760 

4245 

4759 

582 

792 

1034 

1309 

1616 

1955 

11 

2327 

2730 

3167 

3635 

4136 

4669 

5235 

63 5 

864 

1128 

1428 

1763 

2133 

12 

2538 

2979 

3455 

3966 

4512 

5094 

57 ii 

687 

936 

1222 

1547 

1909 

2310 

13 

2750 

3227 

3742 

4296 

4888 

5518 

6187 

740 

1008 

1316 

1666 

2056 

2488 

14 

2961 

3475 

4030 

4627 

5264 

5943 

6662 

793 

1080 

1410 

1785 

2203 

2666 

15 

3173 

3723 

4318 

4957 

5640 

6367 

7138 

846 

1152 

1504 

1904 

2350 

2844 

16 

3384 

3972 

4606 

5288 

6016 

6792 

7614 

899 

1224 

1598 

2023 

2497 

3021 

17 

3596 

4220 

4894 

5618 

6392 

7216 

8090 

952 

1295 

1692 

2142 

2644 

3199 

18 

3807 

4468 

5182 

5949 

6768 

7641 

8566 

1005 

1367 

1786 

2260 

2791 

3377 

19 

4019 

4716 

547 ° 

6279 

7144 

8065 

9042 

ios8 

1439 

1880 

2379 

2938 

3554 

20 

4230 

4965 

5758 

6610 

7520 

8490 1 

95 i 8 

85 

99 

113 

127 

141 

156 

Brick 

170 

184 

198 

212 

226 

241 

254 


Diam. at top, depth, in mid-col. A cistern n ft. deep mean diam. 7 ft. 
will hold 3167 gallons; 0^3167-7-31*) 100* barrels. 

To wall up 1 ft., diam. 7 ft., requires 198 Brick (bottom line), 2 X4 X8, 
laid flat; or * as many, laid on edge. Doubling the diam., quadruples capacity 
—same depth. r 7 































































CALCULATING RULES AND TABLES 


1201 


CAPACITY—IN GALLONS—CISTERNS, TANKS, ETC.—Continued. 


IO 

II 

12 

13 

14 

Depth 

16 

18 

20 

25 

30 

40 

5875 

7109 

8460 

9929 

II 5 I 5 

10 

15040 

19036 

23501 

36720 

52877 

94030 

6463 

7820 

9306 

10922 

12667 

11 

16545 

20939 

25851 

40392 

58164 

103403 

7050 

8531 

IOI52 

11915 

13818 

12 

18049 

22843 

28201 

44064 

63452 

112804 

7638 

924s 

IO998 

12908 

14970 

13 

19553 

24746 

30551 

47736 

68740 

122204 

8225 

9953 

I I 844 

13901 

16122 

14 

2x057 

26650 

32901 

51408 

74027 

131604 

8813 

10663 

12690 

14894 

17273 

15 

22561 

28553 

35251 

55080 

79315 

141004 

9400 

H 374 

13536 

15887 

18425 

16 

24065 

30457 

37601 

58752 

84603 

150405 

9988 

12085 

14382 

16879 

19576 

17 

25569 

32361 

39951 

62424 

89890 

159805 

10575 

12796 

15228 

17872 

20728 

18 

27073 

34264 

423OI 

66096 

95178 

169205 

11163 

13507 

16075 

18865 

21879 

19 

28577 

36168 

44651 

69768 

100466 

178606 

1x750 

14218 

16921 

19858 

23031 

20 

30081 

38071 

47001 

73440 

105753 

188006 

12338 

14929 

17767 

20851 

24182 

21 

31585 

39975 

493 5 2 

7 711 2 

111041 

197406 

12925 

15640 

18613 

21844 

25334 

22 

33089 

41878 

51702 

80784 

116329 

206807 

13513 

16351 

19459 

22837 

26485 

23 

34593 

43782 

54052 

84456 

121616 

216207 

14100 

17062 

20305 

23830 

27637 

24 

36097 

45685 

56402 

88128 

126904 

225607 

14688 

17772 

2XI5I 

24823 

28788 

25 

376 oi 

47589 

58752 

91800 

13 2 192 

235007 

15276 

18483 

21997 

25816 

29940 

26 

39105 

49493 

61102 

95472 

137479 

244408 

16451 

19905 

23689 

27801 

32243 

28 

42113 

53300 

65802 

102816 

148055 

263 208 

17626 

21327 

25381 

29787 

34546 

30 

45i2i 

57107 

70502 

110160 

158630 

282009 

18801 

22749 

27073 

31773 

36849 

32 

48130 

60914 

75202 

117504 

169205 

300810 

21151 

25592 

30457 

3 5 745 

41455 

36 

54146 

68528 

84603 

13 2 192 

190356 

338411 

23501 

28436 

33841 

39716 

46061 

40 

60162 

76142 

94003 

146880 

211507 

376012 

283 

3 il 

339 

368 

396 

Brick 

452 

509 

595 

707 

848 

1131 


COMPOUND INTEREST TABLE. 


Showing the amount of one dollar at compound interest (annually) for from 
one year to twenty years, at the several rates per cent. 


2 

0> 

* 

per ct. 

I 

per ct. 

2 

per ct. 

3 

per ct. 

4 

per ct. 

5 

per ct. 

6 

per ct. 

7 

per ct. 

8 

per ct. 

I 

1.00500 

1.01000 

1.020000 

I .03000 

I .040000 

1.050000 

1.060000 

1.070000 

1.080000 

2 

1.01003 

1.02010 

1.040400 

1.06090 

1.081600 

1.102500 

1.123600 

1.144900 

1.166400 

3 

1.01508 

1.03 030 

1.061208 

1.09273 

1.124864 

x.157625 

1.191016 

1.225043 

1.259712 

4 

1.02015 

1.04060 

1.082432 

1.12551 

1.169859 

1.215506 

1.262477 

1.310796 

1.360489 

5 

1.0262 5 

1.05101 

1.104081 

1.15927 

1.216653 

1.276282 

1.338226 

1.402552 

1.469328 

6 

1.03 138 

1.06152 

1.126162 

1.19405 

1.265319 

1.340096 

1.418519 

1.500730 

1.586874 

7 

x.03654 

1.07214 

1.148686 

1.22987 

1.315932 

1.407100 

1.503630 

1.605781 

1.713824 

8 

1.04172 

1.08286 

1.171659 

1.26677 

1.368569 

1.477455 

1.593848 

1.718186 

1.850930 

9 

1.05217 

1.09369 

1.195093 

1.30477 

1.423312 

1.551328 

1.689479 

1.838459 

1.999005 

10 

1.05743 

1.10462 

1.218994 

1.34392 

1.480244 

1.628895 

1.790848 

1.967151 

2.158925 

11 

1.06271 

1.11567 

1.243374 

1.38423 

1.539454 

1.710339 

1.898299 

2.104852 

2.331639 

12 

1.06803 

1.12683 

1.268242 

1.42576 

1.60103 2 

1.795856 

2.012196 

2.252192 

2.518170 

13 

1-07337 

1.13800 

1.293607 

1.46853 

1.665074 

1.885649 

2.132928 

2.409845 

2.719624 

14 

1.07873 

1.14947 

1.3 19479 

1.51259 

1.731676 

1.979932 

2.260904 

2.578534 

2.937194 

15 

1.08413 

1.16007 

1.345868 

1.55797 

1.800944 

2.078928 

2.396558 

2.759032 

3.172169 

16 

1.089 5 5 

1.17258 

1.3 72786 

1.60471 

1.872981 

2.182875 

2.540352 

2.952164 

3-425943 

17 

1.00500 

1.18430 

1.400241 

1.65285 

1.947900 

2.292018 

2.692773 

3-158815 

3.700018 

18 

1.1004 7 

1.19615 

1.428246 

1.70243 

2.025818 

2.406619 

2.854339 

3-379932 

3.996020 

10 

1.10597 

i.20811 

1.513895 

1. 7535 i 

2.106849 

2.526950 

3.025600 

3.616528 

4 . 3 i 57 oi 

20 

1.11150 

1.22019 

1 .544173 

1.80611 

2.191123 

2.653298 

3-207135 

3.869685 

4.660957 


♦For rules see following page. 


H 39 



























































35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

5 ° 

5 i 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

6 o 

6i 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

7 i 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

Qi 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

00 

Ru 

ne 

pet 


CALCULATING RULES AND TABLES 


SIMPLE INTEREST TABLE. 


.00103 


.00111 
.00114 
.00117 
.00119 
.00122 
.00125 


.00049 
.00050 
.00051 
.00053 
.00054 
.00056 
.00057 
.00058 
.00060 
.00061 
.00063 
.00064 
.00065 
.00067!;OOI33 
.00068 jooi36 
.00069 
.00071 
.00072 
.00074 
.00075 
.00076 
.00078 
.00079 
.00081 
.00082 
.00083 
.00085 
.00086 
.00088 
.00089 
.00090 
.00092 
.00093 
.00094 
.00096 
.00097 
.00099 
.00100 
.00101 
.00103 
.00104 
.00106 
.00107 
.00108 
.00110 
.00111 
.00112 
.00114 
.00115 
.00117 
.00118 
.00119 
.00121 
.00122 
.00124 
.00125 
.00126 
.00128 
.00129 
.00131 
.0013 2 
.00133 
.00135 
.00x36 
.00138 
.00139 


.00147 
.00150 
■00x53 
.00156 
.00158 
.00161 
.00164 
.00167 


.00181 

.00183 


.00192 


.00203 


.00211 
.00214 
.00217 
.00219 
.00222 
.00225 
.00228 
.00231 
.00233 
.0023 6 
.00239 
.00242 
.00244 
.00247 
.00250 
.00253 
.00256 
.00258 
.00261 
.00264 
.00267 
.00269 
.00272 


2 

per ct. 

3 

per ct. 

4 

per ct. 

! 5 

per ct. 

( 6 

per ct. 

7 8 

per ct. per ct. 

10 

per ct. 

.00194 

.00292 

.00389 

j .00486 

.00583 

.00680 

.00777 

.00972 

.00200 

.00300 

.00400 

.00500 

.00600 

.00700 

.00800 

.0100' 

.00206 

.00308 

.0041I 

.00513 

.00616 

.00719 

.00822 

.0102 7 

.00211 

.00316 

.00422 

1 .00527 

.00633 

.00738 

.00844 

.01055 

.00217 

.00325 

•00433 

.00541 

.00650 

.00758 .00866 

.01083 

.00222 

•00333 

.00444 

.00555 

.00666 

.00777 

.OO888 

.01111 

.00228 

.00342 

.60456 

.00569 

.00683 

.00797 

.00911 

.01138 

.00233 

.00350 

.00467 

.00583 

.00700 

.00816 

•00933 

.01166 

.0023 9 

.00358 

.00478 

.00597 

.00716 

.00836 

.00955 

.01194 

.00244 

.00367 

.00489 

.00611 

.00733 

.00855 

.00977 

.01222 

.00250 

.00375 

.00500 

.00625 

.00750 

.00875 

.OIOOO 

.0x250 

.00256 

.00383 

.00511 

.00638 

.00766 

.00894 

.01022 

.01277 

.00261 

.00352 

.00522 

.00652 

•00783 

.00913 

.01044 

.01305 

.00267 

.00400 

.00533 

.00666 

.00800 

.009331.01066 

.01333 

.00272 

.00408 

.00544 

.00680 

.00816 

.00952 

1.01088 

.01361 

.00278 

.00417 

.00556 

.00694 

.00833 

.00972 

.Oil II 

.01388 

.00283 

.00425 

.00567 

.00708 

.00850 

.00991 

.01133 

.01416 

.00289 

.00433 

00578 

.00722 

.00866 

.01011 

.01155 

.01444 

.00294 

.00442 

.00589 

.00736 

.00883 

.01030 

.01177 

.01472 

.00300 

.00450 

.00600 

.00750 

.00900 

.01050 

.01200 

.01500 

.00306 

.00458 

.00611 

.00763 

■.00916 

.01069 

.01222 

.01527 

.003II 

.00467 

.00622 

.00777 

.00033 

.01088 

.01244 

.01555 

.00317 

.00475 

.00633 

.007QI 

.00950 

.01108 

.01266 

01583 

.003 22 

.00483 

.00644 

.00805 

.00966 

.01127 

.01288 

.01611 

.00328 

.00492 

.00656 

.00819 

.00983 

.01147 

.01311 

.01638 

.00333 

.00500 

.00667 

.00833 

.01000 

.01166 

•01333 

.01666 

•00339 

.00508 

.00678 

.00847 

.01016 

.01186 

.01355 

.01694 

.00344 

.00517 

.00689 

.00861 

.01033 

.01205 

.01377 

.01722 

.00350 

.00525 

.00700 

.00875 

.01050 

.01225 

.01400 

.01750 

.00356 

.00533 

.00711 

.00888 

.01066 

.01244 

.01422 

.01777 

.00361 

.00542 

.00722 

.00902 

.01083 

.01263 

.01444 

.01805 

.00367 

•00550 

•00733 

.00916 

.01100 

.01283 

.OI466 

.01833 

.00372 

.00558 

.00744 

.00930 

.01116 

.01302 

.OI488 

.01861 

.00378 

.00567 

.00756 

.00944 

.01133 

.01322 

.01511 

.01888 

.00383 

.00575 

.00767 

.00958 

.01150 

.01341 

.01533 

.019x6 

.00389 

.00583 

.00778 

.0097 2 

.01166 

.01361 

•01555 

.01944 

| .00394 

.00592 

.00789 

.OO986 

.01183 

.01380 

•01577 

.01972 

.00400 

.00600 

.00800 

•OIOOO 

.OI 200 

.01400 

.0l600 

.02000 

1.00406 

.00608 

.00811 

.01013 

.01216 

.01419 

.01622 

.02027 

.00411 

.00617 

.00822 

.01027 

.01233 

.01438 

.01644 

.02055 

.00417 

.00625 

.00833 

.OIO4I 

.01250 

.01458 

.01666 

.02083 

.00422 

•00633 

.00844 

.01055 

.01266 

.01477 

.01688 

.02111 

.00428 

.00642 

.00856 

.OI069 

.01283 

.01497 

.01711 

.03138 

! -00433 

.00650 

.00867 

.OI083 

.01300 

.01516 

•01733 

.02166 

! .00439 

.00658 

.00878 

.OIO97 

.01316 

.01536 

• 0 X 755 

.02194 

| .00444 

.00667 

.00889 

.Oil X I 

• 0 X 333 

. 0 X 555 

•01777 

.02222 

.00450 

.00675 

.00900 

.01125 

.01350 

.01557 

.01800 

.02250 

j .00456 

joo683 

.00911 

.01138 

.01366 

• 01594 

.01822 

.02277 

.00461 

.00692 

.00922 

.01152 

.01383 

.01613 

.01844 

.02305 

.00467 

.00700 

.00933 

.ox 166 

.01400 

•01633 

.Ol866 

.02333 

.00472 

.00708 

.00944 

.01180 

.01416 

.01652 

.Ol888 

.02361 

.00478 

.00717 

.00956 

.01194 

•01433 

.01672 

.01911 

.02388 

.00483 

.00725 

.00967 

.01208 

.01450 

.01691 

•01933 

.02416 

.00489 

.00733 

.00978 

.01222 

.01466 

.01711 

.01955 

.02444 

.00494 

.00742 

.00989 

.01236 

.01483 

.01730 

.01977 

.02472 

.00500 

.00750 

.01000 

.01250 

.0x500 

.01750 

.02000 

.02500 

.00506 

.00758 

.01011 

.OI263 

.01516 

.01769 

.02022 

.02527 

.00511 

.00767 

.0X022 

•01277 

•01533 

.01788 

.02044 

.02555 

.00517 

.0077s 

•01033 

.01291 

• 01550 

.01808 

.02066 

.02583 

.00522 

.00783 

.OIO44 

.01305 

.01566 

.01827 

.02088 

.02611 

.00528 

.00792 

.OIO56 

.01319 

.01583 

.01847 

.02X11 

.02638 

•00533 

.00800 

.OIO67 

■ 0 X 333 

.01600 

.01866 

.02133 

.02666 

.00539 

.00808 

.OIO78 

•01347 

.01616 

.01886 

•02155 

.02694 

.00544 

.00817 

.01089 

.OI361 

.01633 

.01905 

.02X77 

.02722 

.00550 

.00825 

.OIIOO 

.01375 

.01650 

.01925 

.02200 

.02750 

.00556 

•00833 

.Oil II 

.01388 

.01666 

.01944 

.02222 

.02777 


- * » — MW v w* V J rn X ilOX) XXL X ilHtl CiJW 

iis table, and multiply same by the certain amount on which 

? amount when interest is compounded semi-annually: 

table preceding, one-half the rate and twice the number of years. 

























































CALCULATING RULES AND TABLES 


1203 


TABLE SHOWING THE COST OF COTTON—IN BALES. 


Weighing from 400 to 600 lb.—From 8^ to 12 cts. per lb. 


8 * 

8 f 

8 i 

8 * 

gc. 

9i 

Weigh 

9l 

9s 

9* 

9$ 

9 1 

9 l 

iof 

10} 

009 

009 

009 

009 

009 

009 

1 

009 

009 

010 

0X0 

0X0 

OIO 

OIO 

OIO 

017 

017 

0x8 

018 

018 

018 

2 

019 

019 

01 g 

019 

020 

020 

020 

021 

026 

026 

026 

027 

027 

027 

3 

028 

028 

029 

029 

029 

030 

03 0 

03 X 

034 

03 5 

035 

036 

036 

037 

4 

037 

038 

038 

039 

°3 9 

040 

041 

041 

043 

043 

044 

044 

045 

046 

5 

046 

047 

048 

048 

O49 

049 

051 

051 

051 

052 

053 

053 

054 

°55 

6 

056 

056 

057 

058 

059 

059 

061 

062 

060 

060 

061 

062 

063 

064 

7 

065 

066 

067 

067 

068 

069 

071 

072 

068 

069 

070 

071 

072 

073 

8 

074 

075 

076 

077 

078 

079 

o8l 

082 

077 

078 

079 

080 

081 

082 

9 

083 

084 

086 

087 

088 

089 

091 

092 

3400 

3450 

3500 

3550 

3600 

3650 

400 

3700 

3750 

3800 

3850 

3900 

3950 

4050 

4100 

3485 

3536 

3588 

3639 

3690 

374i 

410 

3 793 

3844 

3895 

3946 

3998 

4049 

41 S i 

4203 

3570 

3623 

3675 

3728 

3780 

3833 

420 

3885 

3 93 8 

3990 

4043 

4095 

4148 

4253 

4305 

3655 

3709 

3763 

3816 

3S70 

3924 

430 

3978 

4031 

4085 

4139 

4193 

4246 

4354 

4408 

3740 

3795 

3850 

3905 

3960 

4°iS 

440 

4070 

4125 

4x80 

4235 

4290 

4345 

4455 

4510 

3825 

3881 

3938 

3994 

4050 

4106 

450 

4163 

4219 

4275 

4331 

43 88 

4444 

4556 

4613 

3910 

3968 

4025 

4083 

4140 

4198 

460 

4255 

4313 

4370 

4428 

4485 

4543 

4658 

4715 

3905 

4054 

4113 

4171 

4230 

4289 

470 

4348 

‘4406 

4465 

4524 

4583 

4641 

4759 

4818 

4080 

4140 

4200 

4260 

4320 

4380 

480 

4440 

4500 

4560 

4620 

4 680 

4740 

4860 

4920 

4165 

4226 

4288 

4349 

4410 

447i 

490 

4533 

4504 

4655 

4716 

4778 

4839 

4961 

5023 

4250 

4313 

4375 

4438 

45oo 

4563 

500 

4625 

4688 

4750 

4813 

4875 

493 8 

5063 

5125 

4335 

4399 

4463 

4526 

4590 

4654 

5io 

4718 

478 i 

4845 

4909 

4973 

5036 

5164 

5228 

4420 

4485 

4550 

4615 

4680 

4745 

520 

4810 

4875 

4940 

5005 

5070 

5135 

5265 

5330 

4505 

4571 

4638 

4704 

4770 

4836 

530 

4903 

4969 

5035 

5101 

5168 

5234 

5366 

5433 

4590 

4658 

4725 

4793 

4860 

4928 

540 

4995 

5063 

5130 

5198 

5265 

5333 

5468 

5 53 5 

4675 

4744 

4813 

4881 

4950 

5019 

550 

5088 

5156 

5225 

5294 

5363 

543 1 

5569 

5638 

4760 

4830 

4900 

4970 

5040 

5x10 

560 

5180 

5250 

5320 

5390 

5460, 

5530 

5670 

5740 

4845 

4916 

4988 

5059 

5130 

5201 

570 

5273 

5344 

5415 

5486 

5558 

5629 

5771 

5843 

493 0 

5003 

5075 

5148 

5220 

5203 

580 

5365 

5488 

5510 

5583 

5655 

5728 

5873 

5945 

5015 

5089 

5163 

5236 

53io 

5384 

590 

5458 

5531 

5605 

5679 

5753 

5826 

5974 

6048 

5100 

5175 

5250; 

5325 

5400 

5475 

600 

5550 

5625 

5700 

5775 

5850 

5925 

6075 

6150 


iof 

iof 

iof 

ioi 

iof 

I IC. 

Weight 


iii 

III 

I i 4 

nf 

iii 

I2C. 

T 5 

OIO 

011 

Oil 

01 1 

on 

OI I 

1 

Oil 

OI I 

OX I 

0X2 

012 

012 

012 

OO 

021 

021 

02 I 

022 

022 

022 

2 

022 

023 

023 

O23 

023 

024 

O24 

OO 

031 

032 

03 2 

03 2 

033 

033 

3 

033 

034 

034 

03 5 

03 5 

035 

036 

OO 

042 

042 

043 

043 

044 

044 

4 

045 

045 

046 

046 

047 

047 

048 

OO 

052 

053 

053 

054 

054 

055 

5 

056 

056 

057 

058 

058 

059 

060 

OO 

062 

063 

064 

065 

065 

066 

6 

067 

068 

068 

of 9 

070 

071 

072 

OO 

073 

074 

074 

075 

076“ 

077 

7 

078 

079 

080 

081 

081 

082 

084 

OO 

083 

084 

085 

086 

087 

088 

8 

089 

090 

091 

092 

093 

094 

096 

OI 

093I 

095 

096 

097 

098 

099 

9 

IOO 

IOI 

102 

104 

105 

106 

108 

OI 

4150 

4200 

4250 

43 00 

4350 

4400 

400 

4450 

4500 

45 50 

4600 

4650 

4700 

4800 

25 

4254 

4305 

4356 

4408 

4459 

4510 

410 

4561 

4613 

4664 

4715 

4766 

4818 

4920 

26 

4358 

4410 

4463 

4515 

4568 

4620 

420 

4673 

4725 

4778 

4830 

4883 

493 5 

5040 

26 

4461 

4515 

4569 

4623 

4676 

4730 

430 

4784 

4838 

498l 

4945 

4999 

5053 

5160 

27 

4565 

4620 

4675 

4730 

4785 

4840 

440 

4895 

4950 

5005 

5060 

5ii5 

5170 

5280 

28 

4669 

4725 

4781 

4838 

^894 

4950 

450 

5006 

5063 

5119 

5175 

523 1 

5288 

5400 

28 

4773 

4830 

4888 I 4945 

5003 

5060 

460 

5118 

5175 

5233 

5290 

5348 

5405 

5520 

29 

4876 

493 5 

4994 

5053 

5111 

5170 

470 

5229 

5288 

5346 

5405 

5464 

5523 

5640 

29 

4980 

5040 

5100 

5160 

5220 

5280 

480 

5340 

5400 

5460 

5520 

558 o 

5640 

5760 

30 

5084 

5145 

3206 

5 268 

5320 

5390 

490 

5451 

5513 

55 74 

563 5 

5906 

5 7 58 

5880 

31 

5188 

5250 

53 13 

53 75 

5438 

5500 

500 

5563 

5625 

5688 

5750 

5813 

5875 

60OO 

31 

529t 

5355 

54i9 

5483 

5546 

5610 

510 

5674 

5738 

5801 

5865 

5929 

5993 

6120 

32 

5395 

5460 

5525 

5 590 

5655 

5720 

520 

5785 

5850 

5915 

5980 

6045 

6110 

6240 

33 

5499 

5565 

563 1 

5698 

5764 

5830 

530 

5806 

5963 

6029 

6095 

6161 

6228 

6360 

33 

5603 

5670 

5 738 

5805 

5873 

5940 

540 

6008 

6075 

6143 

6210 

6278 

6345 

6480 

34 

5706 

5775 

5844 

5913 

5981 

6050 

550 

6119 

6188 

6256 

6325 

6394 

6463 

6600 

34 

5810 

5880 

5050 

6020 

6000 

6160 

560 

6230 

6300 

6370 

6440 

6sio 

6580 

6720 

35 

5914 

5085 

6056 

6128 

6100 

6270 

570 

6341 

6413 

6484 

6555 

6626 

6698 

6840 

36 

6018 

6000 

6163 

6235 

6308 

6380 

5«o 

6453 

6525 

6598 

6670 

6743 

6815 

6960 

36 

6121 

6195 

6269 

6343 

6416 

6490 

590 

6564 

6638 

6711 

6785 

6859 

6933 

7080 

37 

6225 

6300 

63 7 5 

64^0 

632=; 

6600 

600 

6675 

6750 

6825 

6000 

6075 

7050 

7 2 or 

38 


At 10 and 5-160. 480 lb cost $49-5°- Add cost @ 1-16 (30c.) to cost @ 
iojc. ($49.20). Remember, f and 1-16 equals 3-16; I and 1-16=5-16; f & 
1-16=7-16, \ & 1-16 =9-16, &c. 





































































































ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. 


HELP IN CASE OF ACCIDENTS. 

Drowning.—i. Loosen clothing, if any. 2. Empty lungs of water by 
laying body on its stomach, and lifting it by the middle so that the head hangs 
down. Jerk the body a few times. 3. Pull tongue forward, using handker¬ 
chief, or pin with string, if necessary. 4* Imitate motion of respiration by 
alternately compressing and expanding the lower ribs, about twenty times a 
minute. Alternately raising and lowering the arms from the sides up above 
the head will stimulate the action of the lungs. Let it be done gently but 
persistently. 5. Apply warmth and friction to extremities. 6. By holding 
tongue forward, closing the nostrils, and pressing the “Adam’s apple’’ back 
(so as to close entrance to stomach), direct inflation may be tried. Take a deep 
breath and breathe it forcibly into the mouth of patient, compress the chest to 
expel the air, and repeat the operation. 7. Don’t give up ! People have been 
saved after hours of patient, vigorous effort. 8. When breathing begins, get 
patient into a warm bed, give warm drinks, or spirits in teaspoonfuls, fresh air, 
and quiet. 

Burns and Scalds. —Cover with cooking soda, and lay wet cloths over it. 
Whites of eggs and olive oil. Olive oil or linseed oil, plain, or mixed with chalk 
or whiting. Sweet or olive oil and limewater. 

Lightning. —Dash cold water over a person struck. 

Sunstroke.—Loosen clothing. Get patient into shade and apply ice-cold 
water to head. Keep head in elevated position. 

Mad Dog or Snake Bite. —Tie cord tight above wound. Suck the wound 
and cauterize with caustic or white-hot iron at once, or cut out adjoining parts 
with a sharp knife. Give stimulants, as whiskey, brandy, etc. 

Stings of Venomous Insects, etc. —Apply weak ammonia, oil, salt water, or 
iodine. 

Fainting. —Place flat on back; allow fresh air, and sprinkle with water. 
Plaice head lower than rest of body. 

Tests of Death. —Hold mirror to mouth. If living, moisture will gather. 
Push pin into flesh. If dead the hole will remain, if alive it will close up. 
Place fingers in front of a strong light. If alive, they will appear red; if dead, 
black or dark. If a person is dead decomposition is almost sure to set in after 
72 hours have elapsed. If it does not, then there is room for investigation by 
the physician. Do not permit burial of dead until some certain indication of 
death is apparent. 

Cinders in the Eye. —Roll soft paper up like a lamplighter, and wet the 
tip to remove, or use a medicine dropper to draw out. Rub the other eye. 

Fire in One’s Clothing. — Don't run —especially not downstairs or* out-of- 
doors. Roll on carpet or wrap in woolen rug or blanket. Keep the head 
down, so as not to inhale flame. 

Fire from Kerosene. — Don't use water, it will spread the flames. Dirt, 
sand, or flour is the best extinguisher, or smother with woolen rug, table-cloth, 
or carpet. 

Suffocation from Inhaling Illuminating Gas. —Get into the fresh air as 
soon as possible and lie down. Keep warm. Take ammonia—twenty drops 
to a tumbler of water, at frequent intervals; also, two to four drops tincture of 
nux vomica every hour or two for five or six hours. 

ANTIDOTES FOR POISONS. 

First. —Send for a physician. 

Second. — Induce vomiting, by tickling throat with feather or finger. 
Drink hot water or strong mustard and water. Swallow sweet oil or whites 
of eggs.. 

Acids are antidotes for alkalies, and vice versa. 

( 1204 ) 




ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. 


1205 


RULES IN CASE OF FIRE. 

Crawl on the floor. The clearest air is the lowest in the room. Cover head 
with woolen wrap, wet if possible. Cut holes for the eyes. Don’t get excited. 

Familiarize yourself with the location of hall windows and natural escapes. 
Learn the location of exits to roofs of adjoining buildings. Learn the position 
of all stairways, particularly the top landing and scuttle to the roof. Should 
you hear cry of “ fire, ” and columns of smoke fill the rooms, above all keep cool. 
Keep the doors of rooms shut. Open windows from the top. Wet a towel, 
stuff it in the mouth, breathe through it instead of nose, so as not to inhale 
smoke. Stand at windows and get benefit of outside air. If room fills with 
smoke keep close to floor and crawl along by the wall to the window. 

Do not jump unless the blaze behind is scorching you. Do not even then 
if the firemen with scaling ladders are coming up the building or are near. 
Never go to the roof, unless as a last resort and you know there is escape from it 
to adjoining buildings. In big buildings fire always goes to the top. Do not 
jump through flame within a building without first covering the head with a 
blanket or heavy clothing and gauging the distance. Don’t get excited; try to 
recall the means of exit, and if any firemen are in sight don't jump. 

If the doors of each apartment, especially in the lower part of the house, 
were closed every night before the occupants retired there would not be such a 
rapid spread of flames. 



NOTABLE STATISTICS OF THE 

WORLD. 


STATISTICS OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE EARTH. 


Countries. 

Population. 

Sq. Miles. 

Capitals. 

Austro-Hungarian Empire.. . . 

46 , 973-359 

261,053 

Vienna. 

Japan (with Formosa). 

49 . 732 , 95 :! 

147,655 

Tokio. 

China. 

433 . 553 .o 3 o 

4,277,170 

Peking. 

British Empire*. 

394.246.882 

ir, 343 , 7 o 6 

London. 

Russian Empire. 

152,009,300 

8,647,657 

St. Petersburg 

United States'!. 

88,500,000 

3,616,484 

Washington. 

United States and Islands]:.. . 

97,000,000 

3,756,884 

Washington. 

Philippines. 

7,635,426 

122,000 

Manila. 

Porto Rico. 

953.243 

3 ,606 

San Juan. 

Hawaii. 

Tutuila, Samoa . 

Guam. 

154,001 

5,800 

8,661 

6,449 

54 

200 

Honolulu. 

France and Colonies. 

92,531,325 

4,296,130 

Paris. 

France. 

38,961,945 

• 207,054 

Paris. 

Algeria. 

4 , 739,556 

184,474 

Algiers. 

Senegal, etc. 

4,523,000 

806,000 

St. Louis. 

Tunis.. 

1,900,000 

51,000 

Tunis. 

Cayenne. 

32,908 

30,500 

Cayenne. 

Cambodia... 

Cochin-China. 

1,500,000 

2,968.529 

37,400 

22,000 

Saigon. 

Tonquin. 

7,000,000 

46,400 

Hanoi. 

New Caledonia. 

Tahiti. 

Sahara. 

51,514 

10,300 

2,550,000 

7.650 

600 

1,544,000 

Noumea. 

Madagascar.. 

2,505,000 

227,000 

Antananarivo. 

German Empire, in Europe.. . 

63,886,000 

208,830 

134*603 

Berlin. 

Prussia. 

37,293,324 

Berlin. 

Bavaria. 

6,524,372 

29.282 

Munich. 

Saxony. 

4,508,601 

5.787 

Dresden. 

Wurtemburg. 

2,302,179 

7.528 

Stuttgart. 

Baden. 

2,010,728 

5,821 

Karlsruhe. 

Alsace-Lorraine. 

1,814,564 

5,600 

Strasburg. 

Hesse. 

1,209,175 

2,965 

Darmstadt. 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 

Hamburg. 

625,045 

874,878 

5,135 

158 

Schwerin. 

Brunswick. 

485,958 

1,424 

Brunswick. 

Oldenburg. 

438,856 

2,479 

Oldenburg 

Saxe-Weimar. 

388,095 

1,388 

W eimar. 

Anhalt. 

3 28,029 

906 

Dressau. 

Saxe-Meiningen. 

286,916 

953 

Meiningen. 

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 

Bremen. 

242,432 

263,440 

755 

99 

511 

Gotha. 

Saxe-Altenburg. 

206,508 

Altenburg. 

Lippe. 

M 5,577 

469 

Detmold. 

Reuss (younger line). 

144,584 

319 

Gera. 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 

103,451 

1,131 

New Strelitz. 

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.. . 

96,835 

363 

Rudolstadt. 

Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen. 
Lubeck. 

85,152 

105,857 

333 

115 

Sonderhausen. 

Waldeck. 

59,127 

433 

Arolsen. 

Reuss (elder line). 

70,603 

122 

Greiz. 

Schaumburg-Lippe. 

German Africa. 

44,992 

12 , 210,000 

131 

931.460 

Buckeburg. 


♦These estimates of the population and area of the British Empire include the 
recently acquired possessions in Africa. {Estimated for 1910 by the U. S. Comptroller of 
the Currency. {Estimated for January i, 1010. The pooulation and area of the Latin- 
American nations are those reported by the Bureau of American Republics for 1907-8 

(1206) 





































































NOTABLE STATISTICS OF THE WORLD. 


1207 


STATISTICS OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE EARTH.—Continued. 


Countries. 

Population. 

Sq. Miles. 

Capitals 

Netherlands. 

5,590,701 

1,129,889 

1.878,473 

28,746,488 

410,190 

200,000 

12,648 

212,737 

7 i, 47 o 

50,554 

43,864 

151.789 

161,612 
46,060 

1,622,080 
65.350 
693,6x0 
398,000 
37,200 
400,000 
110,550 
150,000 
88,500 
100,000 

Amsterdam. 

Borneo. 

Celebes. 


Java. 

Batavia. 

Moluccas. 

Amboyna. 

New Guinea. 

Sumatra. 

3,168,312 
70,007 
41,049,920 
6,130,200 
17,683,500 

I ,000,000 


Surinam. 

Paramaribo. 

Turkish Empire. 

Constantinople. 

EiirnppAn Turkcv. 

Asiatic Turkev. 


Tripoli. 

Tripoli. 

Bulgaria. 

3,744,300 

9,821,100 

32,475,253 

3,500,000 

450,000 

400,000 

18,891,574 

273.709 

127,172 

17,371,069 

13,607,259 

10,519,000 

30,000,000 

7,653,000 

5,423.132 

8,248,527 

910,425 

5,294.885 

2,240,032 

5,000,000 

Sofia. 

Ecrvnt.. 

Cairo. 

Ttaly . 

Rome. 

Abyssinia. 

Eritrea. 


Snmal Coast. 


Spain. 

194,783 

253.580 

1,957 

3,218,130 

767,005 

80,000 

Madrid. 

Spnrii<;H Africa. . .. 

Spanish Islands. 


Rrazil. 

Rio Janeiro. 

City of Mexico. 

Mexico. 

ICnroa . 

Seoul. 

Congo State. 

900,000 



682,000 

Teheran. 

Portugal. 

35,490 

793 . 98 o 

8,972 

172,876 

Lisbon. 



Portuguese Asia. 



Stockholm. 


124,129 

Christiania. 

Morocco. 

219,000 

Fez. 

Relcinm. 

7,074,910 

11,3 73 

Brussels. 

Siam .. 

7,000,000 

220,000 

Bangkok. 


6,210,428 

5,912,520 

4,500,000 

4,000,000 

5,000,000 

1,135,840 

50,720 

Buenos Ayres. 


Bucharest. 


438,436 

Bogota. 


215,400 

Cabul. 

Chile . 

291,544 

Santiago. 


2,971,844 

697,640 

Lima. 


3 . 315.443 

2,267,935 

15,976 

Berne. 


709,000 

La Paz. 


2,433.806 

25,014 

Athens. 


2,585,660 

15,388 

Copenhagen. 


78,470 

39,756 

Reykjavik. 


11.893 

46,740 

Godthaab. 

"Wect Tndips. 

30.527 

2.323,527 

2,493 ,770 

138 



593,943 

Caracas. 


18,630 

Belgrade. 

Monrovia. 

T.ihcria . 

2,060,000 

3 5,ooo 


4,000,000 

2,048,980 

54,000 

Khatmandu. 

Cuba . 

44,164 

Havana. 


1,500,000 

82,000 

48,290 

Muscat. 


1,842,134 

New Guatemala 


1,500,000 

429,000 

Quito. 


1,400,000 

10,204 

Port au Prince. 


1,006,848 

7,225 

San Salvador. 


i,iii ,758 

800,000 

72,210 

Montevideo. 


22,3 20 

Khiva. 


635.571 

196,349 

Asuncion. 


500.x 14 

46,250 

Tegucigalpa. 


428,191 

40,200 

Managua. 


610,000 

18,045 

San Domingo. 


341,590 

18,400 

San Jose. 


361,000 

32,380 

Panama. 

Montenegro. 

228,000 

3.630 

Cettinje. 






















































































1208 


NOTABLE STATISTICS OF THE WORLD 


LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD. 

Population According to the Latest Official Censuses. 


Cities. 


London*.. 

New York. 

Paris. 

Tokio, Japan. 

Berlin. 

Chicago. 

St. Petersburg. 

Vienna. 

Canton. 

Peking. 

Moscow. 

Philadelphia. 

Constantinople. 

Osaka. 

Calcutta!. 

Buenos Ayres. 

Shanghai. 

Rio de Janeiro. 

Hamburg. 

Bombay. 

Warsaw. 

Glasgow. 

Buda-Pesth. 

Liverpool. 

Cairo, Egypt. 

Brussels!. 

Manchester, England. . 

Bangkok. 

Boston. 

St. Louis. 

Naples. 

Amsterdam. 

Madrid.. 

Munich. 

Barcelona. 

Birmingham, England. 

Dresden. 

Madras. 

Baltimore. 

Leipzig. 

Melbourne!. 

Milan. 

Marseilles. 

Sydney!. 

Copenhagen!. 

Breslau. 

Rome. 

Lyons. 

Odessa. 

Haidarabad!. 

Leeds. 

Cologne. 

Sheffield. 

Cleveland. 

Kioto. 

Buffalo. 

Rotterdam. 

Lisbon.. 

Lodz. 

Belfast. 

Kobe, Japan.. 

Mexico City.. 

San Francisco.. 

Bristol, England.. 


Cen¬ 

sus 

Year 

Popula¬ 

tion. 

• 

Cities. 

Cen¬ 

sus 

Year 

Popula¬ 

tion. 

• 

1901 

4 . 536,541 

Stockholm. 

1907 

337 , 46 o 

1905 

4,014,304 

Turin. 

1901 

335.656 

1901 

2,714,068 

F rankfort-on-Main. 

1905 

334,978 

1908 

2,085,160 

Santiago, Chile. 

1904 

334,538 

1906 

2,040,148 

Alexandria, Egypt. 

1907 

332,246 

1900 

1,698,575 

Sao Paulo, Brazil. 

1902 

332,000 

1905 

1,678,000 

Y okohama. 

1903 

326,035 

1901 

1 . 674.957 

Cincinnati. 

1900 

325,902 

est. 

1,600,000 

Pittsburgh. 

1900 

321,616 

est. 

1,600,000 

Kiev. 

1897 

319,000 

1907 

1 . 359.254 

Edinburgh. 

1901 

316,479 

1900 

1,293,697 

Palermo. 

1901 

309,694 

est. 

1,125,000 

Montevideo. 

1904 

298,127 

1908 

1.117,151 

Havana. 

1907 

297.159 

1901 

1,026,987 

Nuremberg. 

1905 

294,426 

1905 

1,000,250 

Antwerp. 

1905 

291,949 

est. 

1,000,000 

Dublin. 

1901 

290,638 

1906 

811,265 

Nagoya. 

1903 

288,639 

1906 

802,793 

New Orleans. 

1900 

287,104 

1901 

776,006 

Detroit. 

1900 

285,704 

1901 

756,426 

Milwaukee. 

1900 

285,315 

1901 

735,906 

Hong Kong. 

1901 

283,905 

1901 

732,322 

Newark. 

1905 

283.,289 

1901 

702,247 

Teheran. 

est. 

280,000 

1907 

654,476 

Bradford. 

1901 

279,809 

1905 

612,401 

Washington. 

1900 

278,718 

1901 

606,751 

Bucharest. 

1900 

276,178 

est. 

600,000 

Montreal. 

1901 

267,730 

1905 

595,083 

Lucknow. 

1901 

264,049 

1900 

575.238 

Bordeaux. 

1901 

257,638 

1901 

563,541 

Riga. 

1897 

256,197 

1905 

557 , 6 i 4 

Dusseldorf. 

1905 

253.274 

1900 

539,835 

Hanover, Germany. 

1905 

250,024 

1905 

538,983 

Tunis. 

est. 

250,000 

1900 

533,090 

Stuttgart. 

1905 

249,286 

1901 

522,182 

Newcastle. 

1901 

247,025 

1905 

516,996 

Chemnitz. 

1905 

244,927 

1901 

509,346 

The Hague. 

1905 

242,054 

1900 

508,957 

Magdeburg. 

1905 

240,633 

1905 

503,672 

Hull. 

1901 

240,618 

1901 

496,079 

Nottingham. 

1901 

239,753 

1901 

491,460 

Charlottenburg, Prussia 

1905 

239,559 

1901 

491,161 

Rangoon. 

1901 

234,881 

1901 

481,830 

Genoa. 

1901 

234,710 

1901 

476,806 

Jersey City. 

1905 

232,699 

1905 

470,904 

Essen, Germany. 

1905 

231,360 

1901 

462,783 

Bahia. 

1900 

230,000 

1901 

459,099 

Christiania. 

1900 

227,626 

1900 

449.673 

Damascus. 

est. 

225,000 

1901 

448,466 

Stettin. 

1905 

224,119 

1901 

428,953 

Konigsberg. 

1905 

223,770 

1905 

428,722 

Salford. 

1901 

220,956 

1901 

409,070 

Manila. 

1904 

219,928 

1900 

381,768 

Bremen. 

1905 

214,861 

1903 

380,568 

Valencia. 

1900 

213,530 

1905 

376,618 

Leicester. 

1901 

211,574 

1905 

370,390 

Lille. 

1901 

210,696 

1900 

356,009 

Benares. 

1901 

209,331 

1897 

35 i, 57 o 

Delhi. 

1901 

208,575 

1901 

349 ,i 8 o 

Toronto. 

1901 

208,040 

1908 

345,952 

Florence. 

1901 

205,589 

1900 

344.721 

Louisville. 

1900 

204,731 

1900 

342,782 

Lahore. 

1901 

202,964 

1901 

339,142 

Minneapolis. 

1900 

202,718 


* Population of Greater London (metropolitan and city police districts) estimated 
7.537.196. JWith suburbs. 





















































































































































NOTABLE STATISTICS OF THE WORLD 


1209 


LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD— Continued. 


Cities. 

Cen¬ 

sus 

Year. 

Popula¬ 

tion. 

Prague. 

IQOI 

201,589 

Smyrna. 

est.' 

201,000 

Tabriz. 

est. 

200.000 

Providence. 

100 5 

198,635 

Cawnpore. 

1901 

197,170 

Seoul, Korea. 

1902 

106,646 

Portsmouth, England.. . 

190X 

189,160 

Agra. 

1901 

188,022 

Zurich. 

1908 

186,999 

Ahmadabad. 

1901 

185,889 

Mandelay. 

1901 

183,816 

Rochester. 

1905 

181,672 

Trieste. 

1901 

i 78,559 

Dortmund. 

1905 

175.577 

Kharkov. 

1897 

173,989 

Allahabad. 

1901 

172,032 

Nagasaki. 

1908 

169,941 

Halle-on-Salle. 

1905 

169,916 

Indianapolis. 

1900 

169,164 

Altona, Germany. 

1905 

168,320 

Bolton. 

100 X 

168,205 

Oporto. 

1900 

167,955 

Strasburg. 

1905 

167,678 

Cardiff. 

1901 

164,420 

Kiel, Germany. 

1905 

163,772' 

Kansas City, Mo. 

1900 

163 ,752 

Manheim. 

1905 

163,693 

Adelaidef. 

1901 

163,430 

St. Paul. 

1900 

163,065 

Elberfeld. 

1905 

162,853 

Vilna. 

1897 

162,633 

Ghent. 

1905 

162,482 

Amrisar. 

1901 

162,429 

Dundee. 

1901 

160,871 

Goteborg. 

1907 

160,523 

Taipur. 

1901 

160,167 

Lemberg. 

1901 

159.877 

Dantzig. 

i 9 °S 

159,648 

Bangalore. 

IQOI 

159,046 

Johannesburg. 

1904 

158,580 

Colombo, Ceylon. 

1901 

158,228 

Howrah. 

IQOI 

157,594 

Barmen. 

1905 

156,080 

Poona .. 

1901 

153,320 

Bologna. 

IQOI 

152,009 

Venice. 

1901 

151,840 

Toulouse. 

1901 

149,841 

Messina. 

1901 

149,778 

Catania. 

1901 

149,295 

Seville. 

1900 

148,315 

Sperabaya,Java. 

1900 

146,944 

Sunderland. 

1901 

146,565 

St. Etienne. 

1901 

146,559 

Bagdad. 

est. 

145,000 

Aachen. 

1905 

144,095 

Valparaiso. 

1904 

143.769 

Aberdeen. 

1901 

143,722 

Kazan. 

1900 

143,707 

Roubaix. 

1901 

142,365 

Fez, Morocco. 

est. 

140,000 

Algiersf. 

1901 

138,709 


Cities. 

Cen¬ 

sus 

Year 

Popula¬ 

tion. 

Gratz. 

1901 

138,080 

Oldham, England. 

1901 

138,238 

Saratvo. 

1897 

137,147 

Posen. 

1905 

136,808 

Brunswick, Germany. . . 

1905 

136,397 

Y ekaterinoslav. 

1897 

135,532 

Patna. 

1901 

134.785 

Croydon, England. 

1901 

133,885 

Denver. 

IQO© 

133,859 

Nantes. 

1901 

132,990 

Toledo, Ohio. 

1900 

131,822 

Bareilly.. . . . 

1901 

13 1,208 

Lima. 

1903 

130,233 

Havre. 

IQOI 

130,196 

Malaga. 

IQOO 

130,109 

Allegheny. 

IQOO 

129,896 

Bosle. 

1908 

129,470 

Blackburn. 

1901 

129,216 

Worcester, Mass. 

1905 

128,135 

Napur. 

1901 

127,734 

Aleppo. 

est. 

127,150 

Kishinev. 

1897 

125,787 

Columbus. 

1900 

125,560 

Brighton, England. 

IQOI 

123,478 

Srinagar. 

1901 

122,618 

Liege. 

1905 

122,207 

Rosario, Argentina. 

1903 

122,156 

Astrakhan. 

1897 

121,580 

Heroshima. 

1903 

121,196 

Kassel, Germany. 

1905 

120,267 

Bogota. 

1886 

120,000 

Pernambuco. 

1900 

120.000 

Rostov-on-Don. 

1897 

119,889 

Surat. 

1901 

119,306 

Beirut. 

est. 

118,800 

Geneva. 

1908 

118,256 

Meerut. 

1901 

118,129 

(Syracuse. 

1905 

117,498 

Rouen. 

IQOI 

116,316 

Karachi. 

1901 

116,163 

Batavia. 

1900 

115,887 

Derby. 

1901 

114,848 

Utrecht. 

1905 

114,321 

Preston. 

1901 

112,982 

Norwich, England. 

1901 

111,728 

Helsingfors. 

1904 

111,654 

Murcia, Spain. 

1900 

hi ,539 

Paterson, N. J . 

1905 

m ,529 

Athens. 

1896 

111,486 

Birkenhead. 

1901 

110,915 

Krefeld. 

1905 

no ,344 

Gateshead. 

1901 

109,887 

Tula. 

1897 

109,352 

Brunn. 

1901 

109,346 

Reims. 

1901 

108,385 

New Haven. 

1900 

108,027 

Plymouth, England. 

1901 

107,509 

Madura. 

1901 

105,984 

Fall River, Mass. 

1905 

105,762 

Nice, France. 

1901 

105,109 


t With suburbs. 

Note. —The population of Chinese cities other than Canton, Peking, and Shanghai 
is omitted because reports respecting them are utterly untrustworthy. There are forty 
or more Chinese cities whose inhabitants are numbered by rumor at from 200,000 to 
x ,000,000 each, but no official censuses have ever been taken; and setting aside consider¬ 
ation of the Oriental tendency to exaggeration, there is reason to believe that the esti¬ 
mates of population in many instances covered districts of country bearing the same 
name as the cities, instead of definite municipalities. 































































































































































1210 


NOTABLE STATISTICS OF THE WORLD 


POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES AT EACH CENSUS. 


From 1790 to 1900.* 


States and Territories. 

1820. 

1830. 

1840. 

1850. 

i860. 

Alabama. 

127,901 

309,527 

590,756 

771,623 

964,201 

Alaska. 

Arizona. 






Arkansas. 

14,25s 

30,388 

97,574 

209,897 

97,597 

435,450 

379,994 

34,277 

460,147 

4,837 

112,216 

75 ,o 8 o 

140,424 

1,057,286 

California. 

Colorado. 




Connecticut. 

275,148 

297,675 

309,978 

390,792 

Dakota. 

Delaware. 

72,749 

32,039 

76,748 

39,834 

34,730 

516,823 

78,085 

43,712 

54.477 

691,392 

9 D 532 

51.687 

87,445 

906,185 

District of Columbia. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

340,985 

Hawaii. 

Idaho.. 






Illinois. 

55,162 

147,178 

157.445 

343,031 

476,183 

685,866 

851.470 

988,416 

i, 7 n, 95 i 

1,350,428 

Indiana. 

Indian Territory. 

Iowa. 



43,112 

192,214 

982,405 

517,762 

583,169 

583.034 

994,514 

397.654 

6,077 

606,526 

682,044 

674.913 

107,206 

1,155,684 

708,002 

628,279 

687,049 

1,231,066 

749 ,H 3 

172,023 

791,305 

1,182,012 

Kansas. 



Kentucky. 

564,135 

152,923 

298,269 

407,350 

523,159 

8,765 

687,917 

215,739 

399'.455 

447,040 

610,408 

31,639 

779,828 

352,411 

501,793 

470,019 

737,699 

212,267 

Louisiana.. 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

75,448 

66,557 

136,621 

140,455 

375.651 

383,702 

Missouri. 

Montana. 

Nebraska. 





28,841 

6,857 

326,073 

672,035 

93,516 

3,880,735 

992,622 

Nevada. 





New Hampshire. 

244,022 

277,426 

269,328 

320,823 

284,574 

373,306 

317,976 

489,555 

6i,547 

3 , 097,394 
869,039 

New Jersey. 

New Mexico. 

New York. 

i, 372 ,iii 

638,829 

1,918,608 

737.987 

2,428,921 

753,419 

North Carolina. 

North Dakota. 

Ohio. 

581,295 

93 7,903 

1,519,467 

1,980,329 

2 . 339,511 

Oklahoma. 

Oregon.. 


1,348,233 

97,199 

581,185 

1,724,033 
108,830 
594,398 

13.294 

2,311,786 

147.545 

668,507 

52,465 

2,906,215 

174,620 

703,708 

Pennsylvania. 

1,047,507 

83,015 

502,741 

Rhode Island. 

South Carolina. 

South Dakota. 

Tennessee. 

422,771 

681,904 

829,210 

1,002,717 

212,592 

11,380 

314,120 

1,421,661 

1,109,801 

604,215 

40,273 

315.098 

1,596,318 

11,594 

775,88i 

Texas. 

Utah. 




Vermont. 

235,966 

1,065,116 

280,652 

1,211,405 

291,948 

1 . 239,797 

Virginia. 

Washington. 

West Virginia. 




305,391 

Wisconsin. 



30,945 

W yoming. 



Total. 






9.633,822 

12,866,020 

17,069,453 

23,191,876 

31,443,321 



* See page 1212. 




















































































































































NOTABLE STATISTICS OF THE WORLD 


1211 


POPULATION 

OF THE 

UNITED 

STATES. 

—Contim 

States and Territories. 

1870. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

Alabama. 

Alaska. 

Arizona. 

996,992 

9,658 

1,262,595 

* 

40,440 

1 

1,513,017 

* 

59,620 

1,828,697 
63.592 
122,931 

Arkansas. 

484,471 

802,525 

1,128,179 

1,311,564 

California.. 

Colorado.'.. 

560,247 

864,694 

1,208,130 

1,485,053 

39,864 

194,327 

419,108 

539,700 

Connecticut. 

Dakota. 

537,454 

14,181 

125,015 

622,700 

135,177 

146,608 

746,258 

908,420 

Delaware. 

168,493 

184,735 

District of Columbia. 

131,700 

177,624 

230,392 

278,718 

Florida. 

187,748 

269,493 

391,422 

528,542 

Georgia. 

Hawaii. 

1,184,109 

1,542,180 

1,837,353 

2,216,331 

154,001 

161,772 

Idaho.;. 

14,099 

3 2,610 

84,385 

Illinois. 

2,539,891 

3,077,871 

3,826,351 

4,821,550 

Indiana. 

Indian Territory. 

1,680,637 

1,978,301 

2,192,404 

* 

2,516,462 

392,060 

2,231,853 

Iowa. 

1,104,020 

1,624,615 

1,911,896 

Kansas. 

364.399 

996,096 

1,427,096 

1,470,495 

Kentucky. 

1,321 ,ou 

1,648,690 • 

1,858,635 

2,147,174 

Louisiana. 

726,915 

939,946 

1,118,587 

661,086 

1,381,625 

Maine. 

626,915 

648,936 

694,466 

Maryland. 

780,894 

934,943 

1,042,390 

1,188,044 

Massachusetts. 

1,457,351 

1,783,085 

2,238,943 

2,805,346 

Michigan. 

1,184,059 

1,636,937 

2,093,889 

2,420,982 

Minnesota. 

439,706 

780,773 

1,301,826 

1,751,394 

Mississippi. 

827,922 

1,131,597 

1,289,600 

1,551,270 

Missouri. 

1,721,295 

2,168,380 

2,679,184 

3,106,665 

Montana. 

20,595 

39,159 

132,159 

243,329 

• Nebraska. 

122,993 

452,402 

1,058,910 

1,066,300 

Nevada. 

42,491 

62,266 

45,761 

42,335 

New Hampshire. 

318,300 

346,991 

376,530 

411,588 

New Jersey. 

906,096 

1,131,116 

1,444,933 

1,883,669 

New Mexico. 

91,874 

119,565 

153,593 

195,310 

New York. 

4,382,759 

5,082,871 

5,997,853 

7,268,894 

North Carolina. 

North Dakota. 

1,071,361 

1,399,750 

1,617,947 

182,719 

3,672,316 

61,834 

313,767 

1,893,810 

319,146 

4,157,545 

398,331 

413,536 

Ohio. 

Oklahoma. 

2,665,2^0 

3,198,062 

Oregon. .. 

90,923 

174,768 

Pennsylvania. 

3.521,951 

4,282,891 

5,258,014 

6,302,115 

428,556 

Rhode Island. 

217,353 

276,531 

345,506 

South Carolina. 

South Dakota. 

705,606 

995,577 

1,151,149 

3 28,808 
1,767,518 

1,340,316 

401,570 

2,020,616 

Tennessee. 

1,258,520 

818,579 

1,542,359 

Texas... 

1,591,749 

2,235,523 

3,048,710 

Utah. 

86,786 

143,963 

207,905 

276,749 

Vermont. 

330,551 

332,286 

332,422 

343,641 

Virginia. 

1,225,163 

1,512,565 

1,655,980 

1,854,184 

Washington. 

23,955 

75,116 

349,390 

518,103 

West Virginia. 

442,014 

618,457 

762,704 

958,800 

Wisconsin. 

1,054,670 

1,315,497 

1,686,880 

2,069,042 

Wyoming. 

9,118 

20,789 

60,705 

92,531 

Total. 

38,558,371 

50,155,783 

62,622,250 

176,303,387 


1910. 


Population Continental United States (including Alaska), 76,140,386 (1900): 
Philippines (1903), 7,635,426; Porto Rico, 953,243, Hawaii, 154,001; Guam, 8,661; 
American Samoa, 5,800. Total population, 85,271,093. Population 1910, estimating 
Continental United States, about 97,000,000. 

*The inhabitants of Alaska and the Indian Territory are not included in the enume¬ 
ration of 1890. The population of Alaska in 1890 was 30,329; of the Indian Ter¬ 
ritory, 179,321. Total population of the United States in i8qo, 62,831,900. The 
inhabitants of Alaska were not included in the enumeration of 1880. The population 
was 33,426. Total population of the United States in 1880, 50,189,209. 

flncludes 91,219 persons in the military and naval service of the United States. 





















































































































































1212 


NOTABLE STATISTICS OF THE WORLD. 


Population Prior to 1790 (according to Bancroft)— 1688, 200,000; 1714, 434,600; 
1727, 580,000; 1750, 1,260,000: 1754. 1,425.000; 1760, 1,695,000; 1770, 2,312,000; 
1780, 2,945,000 (2,383,000 white, 562,000 colored). 

Population; Census of 1790. —Connecticut, 237,946;- Delaware, 59,096; Georgia, 
82,548; Kentucky, 73,677 ; Maine, to6,540; Maryland, 319,728 ; Massachusetts, 378,787 ; 
New Hampshire, 141,885; New jersey, 184,139; New York, 340,120; North Carolina, 
393,75i; Pennsylvania, 434,373; Rhode' Island, 68,825; South Carolina, 249,073; 
Tennessee, 35,691 ; Vermont, 85,425 ; Virginia, 747,610. Total United States, 3,929,214. 

Population; Census of 1800. —Connecticut, 251,002; Delaware, 64,273; District 
of Columbia, 14,093: Georgia, 162,686: Indiana, 5,641; Kentucky, 220,955; Maine, 
ti5i,7i9: Maryland, 341,548; Massachusetts, 422,845; Mississippi, 8,650; New 
Hampshire, 183,858; New jersey, 211,149; New York, 580,051; North Carolina, 
478,103; Ohio, 45,365; Pennsylvania, 602,365; Rhode Island, 69,122; South 
Carolina, 345,591; Tennessee, 105,602; Vermont, 154,465; Virginia, 880,200. 
Total United States, 5,308,483. 

Population; Census of 1810. —Connecticut, 261,942; Delaware, 72,674; District of 
Columbia, 24,023; Georgia, 252,433; Illinois, 12,282; Indiana, 24,520; Kentucky, 
406,511; Louisiana, 76,556; Maine, 1228,705; Maryland, 380,546: Massachusetts, 
472,040; Michigan, 4,762; Mississippi, 40,352, Missouri, 20,845: New Hampshire, 
214,460; New Jersey, 245,562; New York, 959,049; North Carolina, 555,500: Ohio, 
230,760; Pennsylvania, 810,091; Rhode Island, 76,031; South Carolina, 415,115; Ten¬ 
nessee, 261,727; Vermont, 217,895; Virginia, 074,600. Total United States, 7,239,881. 
•fMaine a part of Massachusetts until admitted in 1820. 


THE PRINCIPAL LANGUAGES OF THE HUMAN RACE. 

There are said to be 3,424 spoken languages or dialects in the world. 
These are distributed as follows: 

America.1,624 Asia.937 Europe.. 

The English language is spoken by more than 
The German “ 


The Russian 
The French 
The Spanish 
The Italian 
The Portuguese" 


. .. 587 Africa.276 

150,000,000 of people. 
120,000,000 


90,000,000 

60,000,000 

55,000,000 

40,000,000 

30,000,000 


The English language contains approximately 600,000 words. Of this 
total nearly one-half consists of scientific terminology seldom met outside of 
text-books and of archaic, obsolescent or obsolete terms. 

An examination of 100,000 words of the language shows them to comprise: 

60,000 words of Teutonic origin. 

30,000 words of Greek or Latin origin. 

10,000 words derived from other (miscellaneous) 
foreign sources. 

As regards the number of words in the principal other languages no esti¬ 
mate of any practical value has been made in recent years, but existing dic¬ 
tionaries show the following facts: 

The vocabulary of the largest dictionaries of the English Language aggre¬ 
gates approximately 425,000 words. 

The German word-book contains not more than 
personal names. 

Grimm’s Dictionary of the German Language 
150,000 words. 

Littre’s Dictionary of the French Language 
210,000 words. 

Dahl’s Dictionary of the Russian Language 
140,000 words. 

Carlos de Ochoa’s Dictionary of the Spanish Language contains approxi¬ 
mately 120,000 words. 

Petrocchi’s Dictionary of the Italian Language contains approximately 
140,000 words. 


300,000 words including 
contains approximately 
contains approximately 
contains approximately 












FACTS WORTH KNOWING 


STATE FLOWERS. 

The following are “State Flowers,’’ as adopted in most instances by the 
vote of the public school scholars of the respective States: 

Alabama.. Golden Rod 

Alaska .Forget-me-not 

Arkansas .Apple Blossom 

California .California Poppy 

Colorado .Columbine 

Connecticut.Mountain Laurel 

Delaware.Peach Blossom 

Florida .Orange Blossoms 

Idaho . Syringa 

Illinois .* Violet 

Indiana . Com 

Iowa . Rose 

Kansas . Sunflower 

Kentucky .Trumpet Flower 

Louisiana . Magnolia 

Maine.Pine Cone and Tassel 

Maryland.Golden Rod 


Michigan .Apple Blossom 

Minnesota . Moccasin 

Mississippi . Magnolia 

Missouri . Golden Rod 

Montana .Bitter Root 

Nebraska.*Golden Rod 

New York. Rose 

North Dakota.Wild Rose 

Ohio .Scarlet Carnation 

Oklahoma . Mistletoe 

Oregon .Oregon Grape 

Rhode Island. Violet 

South Dakota.Anemone Patens 

Texas.Blue Bonnet 

Vermont.Red Clover 

Washington.Rhododendron 

West Virginia. Rhododendron 

* Adopted by State Legislature, not by public school scholars. 

In other States the scholars or State Legislatures have not yet taken 
action. 


EUROPEAN FLOWER CUSTOMS. 

In England the primrose is worn on the birthday of Lord Beaconsfield. 
On the anniversary of Parnell’s death his followers wear a sprig of ivy. The 
Jacobites wear white roses on June io. In France the Orleanists wear white 
daisies and the Bonapartists the violet. 


January 
February 
March . 
April . .. 
May 

June ... 


First ... 
Second 
Third . . 
Fourth . 
Fifth . . 
Sixth 
Seventh 
Eighth .. , 
Ninth . 
Tenth .. 
Eleventh 


BIRTHSTONES. 


. .. Garnet 
Amethyst 
Bloodstone 
. Sapphire 
Emerald 
.... Agate 


J ul Y. 

August . . 
September 
October . 
November 
December 


. . . Ruby 
Sardonyx 
Chrysolite 
. . . Opal 
.. . Topaz 
Turquoise 


WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 


. Cotton 

. Paper 

. Leather 

Fruit and Flowers 

. Wooden 

. Sugar 

. Woolen 

... .India Rubber 

. Willow 

.Tin 

. Steel 


Twelfth. 

Thirteenth . . 
Fourteenth . 
Fifteenth . . 
Twentieth . 
Twenty-fifth 
Thirtieth . . 
Fortieth 
Fiftieth 
Seventy-fifth 


(1213) 


Silk and Fine Linen 

.Lace 

. Ivory 

. Crystal 

. China 

. Silver 

. Pearl 

. Ruby 

. Golden 

. Diamond 









































































1214 


FACTS WORTH KNOWING 


NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FOODS. 

Average Quantity of Nutritive Matter in 1,000 Parts of Varieties of Animal 

and Vegetable Food. 


Cucumber. 


Gooseberries. 


Chicken. 


Melons. 


Peaches. 


Plums. 


Turnips. 


Codfish. 


Mutton. 


Milk. 


Sole. 


Tamarinds. 

.340 

Cabbage. 


Pork. 


Almonds. 

.650 

Carrots. 

. 98 

Cherries. 


Oats. 

.742 

White of egg. 


Veal. 


Rye. 

. 792 

Beet-root. 


Beef. 


Rice. 

. 880 

Pears. 


Potatoes. 


Barley. 


Apples. 

. 170 

Apricots. 


Wheat. 


Haddock. 


Grapes. 





DIGESTIBILITY OF FOODS. 


Apples, sweet . 


H. 

M. 

30 

H. 

Game (most kinds)...Roasted . 4 

M 

15 

Asparagus . 

. . Boiled . 


3 ° 

Liver (calves)... . 


30 

Beans. 

. . Boiled . 


30 

Lamb. 


30 

Beef, lean. 



00 

Milk. 


15 

Beef, fresh, salted . 

. . Boiled. 


45 

Milk. 


00 

Beef, old, salted ... 


. .6 

OO 

Mutton . 


OO 

Beets . 

. . Boiled . 


45 

Nuts . 


OO 

Bread, fresh . 



30 

Oysters . 


55 

Cabbage . 



3 ° 

Oysters . 


30 

Celery . 



30 

Onions . 


30 

Chicken . 



OO 

Pork, fat . 


15 

Chicken . 


• -4 

00 

Pork, salt . 


15 

Cheese, old .. 



3 ° 

Potatoes . 


3 ° 

Duck . 



OO 

Rice . 


OO 

Eggs, fresh . 



00 

Sausage . 


30 

Eggs, fresh . 



OO 

Tripe.. 


OO 

Eggs, fresh. 


• • 4 

OO 

T rout. 


30 

Pish, not fat. 



30 

Turkey. 


30 

Fish, not fat. 



OO 

Veal. 


OO 


BELL TIME ON SHIPBOARD. 


Time—A. M. 


Time—A. M. 


Time—A. M. 


1 Bell.. 

.12.30 

1 Bell. 


1 Bell. 


2 Bells. 

. I . OO 

2 Bells. 


2 Bells. 


3 Bells. 

. 1.30 

3 Bells. 


3 Bells. 


4 Bells. 

. 2.00 

4 Bells. 

6.00 

4 Bells. 


5 Bells. 

. 2.30 

5 Bells. 


5 Bells. 


6 Bells. 

. 3 - 0 ° 

6 Bells. 


6 Bells. 


7 Bells. 

. 3-30 

7 Bells. 


7 Bells. 


8 Bells. 


8 Bells. 


8 Bells... 

.Noon 

Time—P. M. 


Time—P. M. 


Time—P. M. 


1 Bell. 

.12.30 

1 Bell. 


1 Bell. 


2 Bells. 

. 1.00 

2 Bells. 


2 Bells . 


3 Bells. 

. 1.30 

3 Bells. 

• 5 - 3 ° 

3 Bells. 

. 9.30 

4 Bells. 

. 2.00 

4 Bells. 


4 Bells. 


5 Bells. 

. 2.30 

1 Bell. 


5 Bells. 

10.30 

6 Bells. 

. 3 00 

2 Bells. 


6 Bells. 


7 Bells. 

• 3 - 3 ° 

3 Bells. 


7 Bells. 

.11.10 

8 Bells. 

. 4.00 

4 Bells. 


8 Bells. Midnight. 





































































































































































FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 


1215 


On shipboard, for purpose of discipline and to divide the watch fairly, the 
crew is mustered in two divisions; the Starboard (right side, looking toward 
the head) and the Port (left). The day commences at noon, and is thus 
divided: Afternoon Watch, noon to 4 P. M.; First Dog Watch, 4 P. M. to 
6 P. M.; Second Dog Watch, 6 P. M. to 8 P. M.; First Watch, 8 P. M. to Mid¬ 
night; Middle Watch, midnight to 4 A. M.; Morning Watch, 4 A. M. to 8 A. M.; 
Forenoon Watch, 8 A. M. to noon. This makes seven Watches, which enables 
the crew to keep them alternately, as the Watch which comes on duty at noon 
one day has the afternoon next day, and the men who have only four hours’ 
rest one night’have eight hours the next. This is the reason for having Dog 
W 7 atches, which are made by dividing the hours between 4 P. M. and 8 P. M. 
into two Watches. Time is kept by means of “Bells” although sometimes 
there is but one Bell on the ship. 

CEREMONY OF THE NATIONAL FLAG. 

The official flag of the United States bears forty-six white stars in a blue 
field, arranged in six rows—the first, third, fourth and sixth rows having eight 
stars each, and the other two rows seven stars each. The garrison flag of the 
Army is made of bunting, thirty-six feet fly and twenty feet hoist; thirteen 
stripes, and in the upper quarter, next the staff, is the field or “union” of stars, 
equal to the number of States, on blue field, over one-third length of the flag, 
extending to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. The storm 
flag is twenty feet by ten feet, and the recruiting flag nine feet nine inches by 
four feet four inches. The “ American Jack ” is the “ union ” or blue field of the 
flag. The Revenue Marine Service flag, authorized by act of Congress, March 
2, 1799, was originally prescribed to “consist of sixteen perpendicular stripes, 
alternate red and white, the union of the ensign bearing the arms of the United 
States in dark blue on a white field.” The sixteen stripes represented the 
number of States which had been admitted to the Union at that time, and no 
change has been made since. Prior to 1871 it bore an eagle in the union of the 
pennant, which was then substituted by thirteen blue stars in a white field, but 
the eagle and stars are still retained in the flag. June 14, the anniversary of 
the adoption of the flag, is celebrated as Flag Day in a large part of the Union. 

In Order to Show Proper Respect for the Flag the Following Ceremony Should 

be Observed: 

It should not be hoisted before sunrise nor allowed to remain up after 
sunset. 

At “retreat,” sunset, civilian spectators should stand at “attention” and 
uncover during the playing of the “ Star Spangled Banner. ” Military spectators 
are required by regulation to stand at “attention” and give the military salute. 

When the National colors are passing on parade, or in review, the spec¬ 
tator should, if walking, halt, and if sitting, arise and stand at attention and 
uncover. 

When the flag is flown at half staff as a sign of mourning it should be 
hoisted to full staff at the conclusion of the funeral. 

In placing the flag at hralf staff, it Should first be hoisted to the top of the 
staff and then lowered to position, ajnd preliminary to lowering from half staff, 
it should be first raised to the top. 

On Memorial Day, May 30, the flag should Ay at half staff from sunrise to 
noon and full staff from noon to sunset.— Sons of the Revolution in the State 
of New York. 




IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HISTORY 


MEMORABLE DATES OF HISTORY. 


B C 0 

1183 Fall of Troy. 

1082 Era of the Great Pyramid. 

878 Carthage founded. 

776 Olympic Era begun. 

753 Foundation of Rome. 

588 Jerusalem taken by Nebuchad¬ 
nezzar. 

536 Restoration of the Jews under 
Cyrus. 

509 Expulsion of Tarquins from 
Rome. 

480 Xerxes defeated Greeks at Ther¬ 
mopylae. 

55 Caesar conquered Britain. 

4 Birth of Jesus Christ. 

A.D. 

29 The Crucifixion. 

70 Jerusalem was destroyed by 
Titus. 

313 Constantine converted to Chris¬ 
tianity. 

410 The Romans abandoned Britain 

827 Egbert, first king of all England, 
October 14. 

1066 Battle of Hastings, Norman 
Conquest. 

1096 The Crusades began. 

1172 Ireland was conquered by Henry 

1215 King John granted Magna 
Charta, June 15. 

1265 First Representative Parliament 
in England. 

1415 Battle of Agincourt, Oct. 25. 

1431 Joan of Arc was burnt, May 30. 

1453 Constantinople taken by the 
Turks. 

1455 The Wars of the Roses began. 

1462 The Bible was first printed at 
Mentz. 

1471 Caxton set up his printing press. 

i486 The feuds of York and Lan¬ 
caster ended. 

1492 Columbus discovered America, 
October 12. 

1517 The Reformation began in Ger¬ 
many. 

1519 Cortez began the Conquest of 
Mexico. 

1535 The first English Bible printed. 

1539 Monasteries were closed in Eng- 
Jand. 

2558 Accession of Queen Elizabeth, 
November 17. 


A.D. 

1565 Revolt of the Netherlands began. 
1565 St. Augustine, Florida, settled. 
1572 The St. Bartholomew Massacre, 
August 24. 

1588 The Spanish Armada defeated, 

J^y. . 

1600 East India Company first char¬ 
tered. 

1603 Union of England and Scotland. 
1605 The Gunpowder Plot in Eng¬ 
land. 

1607 Jamestown, Va., was settled. 
1609 Hudson River first explored. 
1616 Shakespeare died, April 23. 

1618 Thirty Years’ War in Germany 
began. 

1620 Pilgrims by the Mayflower 
landed. 

1623 Manhattan Island settled. 

1634 Maryland settled by Roman 
Catholics. 

1636 Rhode Island settled by Roger 
Williams. 

1640 Cromwell’s Long Parliament as¬ 
sembled. 

1649 Qharles I. was beheaded, Jan.30. 
1653 Oliver Cromwell became Lord 
Protector. 

1660 Restoration of the Stuarts. 

1664 New York conquered from the 
Dutch. 

1664 The great plague of London. 

1666 The great fire of London began 
September 2. 

1679 Habeas Corpus Act passed in 
England. 

1682 Pennsylvania settled by William 
Penn. 

1685 Revocation of the Edict of 
Nantes, October 22. 

1688 James II. abdicated, Dec. 11. 
1690 Battle of the Boyne, July 1. 

1690 First newspaper in America; at 
Boston. * 

1704 Gibraltar was taken by the Eng¬ 
lish. 

1713 Peace of Utrecht, April 11. 

1714 Accession of House of Hanover, 

August. 1 

1715 First Jacobite Rebellion in 

Great Britain. 

1720 South Sea Bubble. 

| 1745 Battle of Fontenoy, April 30. 


(1216) 






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IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HISTORY. 


1217 


A.D. 

1745 Second Jacobite Rebellion in 
Great Britain. 

1756 Black Hole Suffocation in Cal¬ 

cutta. 

1757 Clive won Battle of Plassey in 

India. 

1759 Canada was taken from the 
French. 

1765 Stamp Act enacted. 

1773 Steam engine perfected by Watt 
1773 Tea destroyed in Boston Har¬ 
bor, December 16. 

1775 Battle of Lexington, April 19. 

1775 Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. 

1776 Declaration of Independence, 

July 4- 

1777 Burgoyne’s surrender, Oct. 17. 
1779 Captain Cook was killed, Feb. 14. 
1781 Cornwallis’ surrender at York- 

town, October 19. 

1788 First settlement in Australia, 

•January 26. 

1789 The French Revolution began 

July 14. 

1789 Washington first inaugurated 
President. 

1793 Cotton-gin invented by Whitney 
1793 Louis XVI of France executed, 
January 21. 

1796 Vaccination discovered by Jen- 
ner. 

1798 The Irish Rebellion. 

1799 Battle of Seringapatam; death 

of Tippoo. 

1799 Bonaparte declared First Consul, 
November 10. 

1801 Union of Great Britain and Ire¬ 
land, January 1. 

1803 Louisiana purchased from the 

Fren ch. 

1804 Bonaparte became Emperor of 

France. 

1805 Battle of Trafalgar, death of 

Nelson. 

1807 Fulton’s first steamboat voyage. 
1812 Second war with Great Britain. 

1812 The French expedition to Mos¬ 

cow. 

1813 Perry’s victory on Lake Erie, 

September 10. 

1814 The printing machine invented. 

1814 Scott’s “ Waverly” published. 

1815 Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. 
1815 Battle of Waterloo, June 18. 

1819 First steamship crossed the At¬ 

lantic. 

1820 Missouri Compromise adopted. 
1823 Monroe Doctrine declared, De¬ 
cember 2. 

1828 First passenger railroad in U. S. 
1830 Revolution in France, Orleanist 
succession. 


A.D. 

1832 South Carolina Nullification Or- 
• dinance. 

1835 Morse invented the telegraph. 
1835 Seminole War in Florida began. 
1837 Accession of Queen Victoria, 
June 20. 

1845 Texas annexed. 

1846 Sewing machine completed by 

Howe. 

1846 The Irish Potato Famine. 

1846 British Com laws repealed, 
June 26. 

1846 War with Mexico began. 

1848 French Revolution, Republic 
succeeded. 

1848 Gold discovered in California, 
September. 

1851 Gold discovered in Australia, 
February 12. 

1851 First International Exhibition, 

London. 

1852 Louis Napoleon became Em¬ 

peror. 

1853 Crimean War began. 

1854 Japan opened by Commodore 

Perry. 

1857 The Great Mutiny in India. 

1857 The Dred Scott decision. 

1857 First Atlantic cable message, 
August 4. 

1859 John Brown’s raid into Virginia. 

1860 South Carolina seceded, Dec. 20. 

1861 Emancipation of the Russian 

serfs. 

1863 Lincoln’s Emancipation Procla¬ 
mation, January 1. 

1863 Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3. 
1865 Lee surrendered at Appomattox 
April 9. 

1865 President Lincoln assassinated, 

April 14. 

1866 Battle of Sadowa. Prussia beat 

Austria. 

1867 Emperor Maximilian of Mexico 

executed. 

1867 The Dominion of Canada estab¬ 
lished. 

1870 Franco-German War began, 
July 19. 

1870 Capitulation of French at Sedan, 
September 1. 

1870 Rome became the capital of 

Italy. 

1871 The German Empire re-estab¬ 

lished. 

1871 The Irish Church was dises¬ 
tablished. 

1871 The great fire in Chicago, Oc¬ 

tober 8-11. 

1872 The great fire in Boston, Nov. 9. 
1876 Prof. Bell perfected the tele¬ 
phone. 


77 








1218 


IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HISTORY. 


A.D. 

1876 Centennial Exposition at Phila¬ 
delphia. 

1881 President Garfield shot, July 2* 
1889 Brazil became a Republic. 

1889 Johnstown, Pa., flood, May 31. 

1893 World’s Fair at Chicago. 

1894 Chinese-Japanese War began. 

1895 Cuban Revolution began, Feb¬ 

ruary 20. 

1897 The Turkish-Greelc War. 

1898 The Spanish-American War. 

1899 Universal Peace Conference. 

1899 The South African War began. 

1900 Boxer Insurrection in China. 

1900 The Galveston tornado, Sept. 8. 
190X Death of Queen Victoria. 

1901 Assassination of President Mc¬ 

Kinley. 


A.D. 

1902 Martinique destroyed by vol¬ 

canic eruption. 

1903 Republic of Panama established 

1904 The Great Fire in Baltimore, 

February 7. 

1904 The Russo-Japanese War began. 
1906 San Francisco earthquake and 
conflagration. 

1908 Emperor and Dowager Empress 
of China died. Pi Yu as¬ 
cended throne. 

1908 American Battleship fleet nearly 
circumnavigated the Globe. 

1908 Great Earthquake in Southern 

Italy. 

1909 The North Pole discovered by 

Peary. 


Dates 

Jan. 

1. 

Jan. 

8. 

Jan. 

i7- 

Jan. 

19. 

Jan. 

2 7- 

Feb. 

12. 

Feb. 

IS- 

Feb. 

22. 

March 

March 

5- 

i5- 

March 

18. 

March 

19. 

April 

6 . 

April 

9- 

April 

12. 

April 

April 

12. 

13 - 

April 
Ap. 18- 

14 . 

-19. 

April 

19. 

April 

19. 


GREAT ANNIVERSARIES. 


of Historical Events Occasionally or Generally Observed. 


Emancipation Proclama¬ 
tion by Lincoln, 1863. 
Battle of New Orleans, 
1815. 

Franklin . born, 1706. 
Robert E. Lee born, 1807. 
German Emperor bom, 

1859. 

Abraham Lincoln bom, 
1809. 

Battle-ship Maine blown 
up, 1898. 

George Washington bom, 
1732 - 

Boston Massacre, 1770. 
Andrew Jackson bom, 
1767. 

Grover Cleveland bom, 
i 8 37 - 

"William J. Bryan bom, 

1860. 

The North Pole reached 
by Commander Robert 
E. Peary, 1909. 

Lee surrendered at Appo¬ 
mattox, 1865. 

Fort Sumter, fired on, 

1861. 

Henry Clay bom, 1777 
Thomas Tefferson bom 
r 743- 

Lincoln assassinated, 1865. 
Earthquake and great con¬ 
flagration at San Fran¬ 
cisco, 1906. 

Primrose Day in England; 
Lord Beaconsfield died, 
1881. 

Battles of Lexington and 
Concord, 1775. 


April 

April 

April 

May 

May 

May 

May 

May 

May 

June 

June 

June 

June 

June 

July 

July 

July 


23. Shakespeare bom, 1564. 

27. Gen. U. S. Grant bom, 

1822. 

30. Washington was inaugu¬ 
rated first President, 
1789. 

1. Dewey destroyed the 
Spanish fleet at Manila, 
1898 

13. First English settlement 
in America, at James¬ 
town, 1607. 

13. Society of The Cincinnati 

organized by officers of 
Revolutionary Army, 

1783- 

18. The Czar of Russia bom, 
1868. 

20. Mecklenburg, N. C., Decla¬ 
ration of Independence, 
1775- 

24. Queen Victoria bom, 1819. 

14. Flag Day in the United 

States. 

15. King John granted Magna 

Charta at Runnymede, 
1215. 

17. Battle of Bunker Hill, 

17 75- 

18. Battle of "Waterloo, 1815. 

28. Battle of Fort Moultrie, 

Charleston, S. C., 1776. 
1. Dominion Day in Canada. 
1-3. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., 
1863., 

3. Cervera’s fleet was de¬ 
stroyed off Santiago, 
1898. 








IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HISTORY. 


1219 


July 4. Declaration of Indepen¬ 

dence, 1776. 

July 12. Orangemen’s Day. 

July 14. The Bastile was destroyed, 

1789. 

July 16. Santiago surrendered, 1898 

July 21. Battle of Bull Run, 1861. 

Aug. 7. Gen. Nathanael Greene 

bom, 1742. 

Aug. 13. Manila surrendered to 
Americans, 1898. 

Aug. 16. Battle of Bennington, Vt., 

1777- 

Sept. 1. Capitulation of Sedan, 
1870. 

Sept. 6. President McKinley shot 
at Buffalo, 1901. 

Sept. 10. Battle of Lake Erie, Per¬ 
ry’s victory, 1813. 

Sept. 11. Battle of Lake Champlain, 
McDonough’s victory, 
1814. 

Sept. 13. Battle of Chapultepec, 
1847- 

Sept. 14. City of Mexico taken by 
U. S. troops, 1847. 

Sept. 15. William H. Taft bom, 1857 

Sept. 17. Battle of Antietam, 1862. 

Sep. 19-20.Battle of Chickamauga, 
1863. 


Sept. 20. Italians occupied Rome, 
1870. 

Oct. 8-11.Great fire of Chicago, 1871. 

Oct. 12. Columbus discovered 
America, 1492. 

Oct. 17. Burgoyne surrendered at 
Saratoga, 1777. 

Oct. 19. Cornwallis surrendered at 
Yorktown, 1781. 

Oct. 27. Theodore Roosevelt bom, 
1858. 

Nov. 5. Guy Fawkes Day in Eng¬ 
land. The Gunpowder 
Plot discovered, 1604. 

Nov. 9. King Edward VII bom, 
1841. 

Nov. 9. Great fire of Boston, 1872. 

Nov. 10. Martin Luther bom, 1483. 

Nov. 25. British evacuated New 
York, 1783. 

Dec. 2. Battle of Austerlitz, 1805. 

Dec. 14. Washington died, 1799. 

Dec. 16. Boston “Tea Party, ” 1773. 

Dec. 16. The great fire in New York, 
1835- 

Dec. 22. Mayflower pilgrims landed 
at Plymouth Rock, 1620 

Dec 25-26.Battle of Trenton, N. J., 
1776. 


BATTLE DATES OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 

« 


French and Indian Wars. 


1754— May 28.. . . Great Meadows, Pa. 

1755— July 9.Braddock’s Field. 

1755— Sept. 8. .. .Lake George.. 

1756— Aug. 11.... Oswego, N. Y. 
1756—Sept. 8.... Kittanning, Pa. 


1757— July 6.Ft.William Henry. 

1758— July 6.Ticonderoga. 

1758—Aug. 27.Fort Frontenac. 

1 758—Nov 25.Fort Du Quesne. 


1775—April 19. .Lexington 

cord. 

1775—May 10.. .Ticonderoga. 

1775— June 17.. .Bunker Hill. 

17 75—Dec. 31... Quebec. 

1776— June 28...Fort Moultrie. 

1776—Aug. 27...Long Island. 

1776—Oct. 28... White Plains. 

i 77 6—Nov. 16... Ft Washington.N.Y. 

1776— Dec. 26. ..Trenton. 

1777— Jan. 3. .. . Princeton. 

1777—Aug. 6... .Oriskany. 

I777 —Aug. 16. . .Bennington. 

I777 —Sept. 11. .Brandywine. 

I777 —Sept. 19. .Bemis Heights. 

1777 —Oct. 4... .Germantown. 

I?77 —Oct. 7_Saratoga. 

1 7 7 7—Oct. 17... Burgoyne’s sur¬ 

render. 


Monmouth. 
Wyoming massa¬ 
cre. 

1778—Aug. 29.Rhode Island. 

1778— Dec. 29.Savannah. 

1 779— July 15.Stony Point, N. Y. 

1 779— Oct. 8.Savannah. 

1780— May. 12. .. .Charleston cap¬ 

tured. 

1780—May 29.Waxhaw. 

1780—June 23.Springfield, N. J. 

1780—Aug. 16.Camden, S. C. 

1780— Oct. 7.King’s Mountain. 

1781— Jan. 17.Cowpens. 

1781—March 15. . .Guilford Court 

House. 

1781—Sept. 8 ... .Eutaw Springs 
1781—Oct. 17.Yorktown. 


Revolutionary War. 


and Con- 


1778—June 28 
1778—July 3 

























1220 


IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HISTORY. 


War 

1812—Aug. 16.Detroit (surrend¬ 

ered). 

1812— Oct. 13.Queenstown. 

1813— April 27. ... York (Toronto). 

1813—May 9.Fort Meigs. 

1813—May 27.Fort George. 

1813—Oct. 5.The Thames. 

1813—Nov. 11.Chrystler’s Field. 

GREAT BATTLES < 


1812. 

'1814—July 5.Chippewa. 

1814—July 25.Lundy’s Lane. 

1814—Aug. 15.Fort Erie. 

1814—Aug. 24.Bladensburg, Md. 

1814—Sept. 11. . . . Plattsburg, N. Y. 
1814—Sept. 13. . . .Ft. McHenry, Md. 

1814— Oct. 19.Lyon’s Creek. 

1815— Jan. 8.New Orleans. 

' THE CIVIL WAR. 


As to loss in the Union Armies, the greatest battles in the war were: 


Date. 

\ 

Battle. 

Killed. 

Wounded. 

* 

Missing. 

Aggregate 


Gettysburg. 

3.070 

2,725 

14,497 

5,434 

2,258 

3,383 

753 

5,919 

4,774 

23.001 

18,396 

May 8-18, 1864. 

Spottsylvania. 

13,413 


Wilderness. 

2,246 

2,108 

12,037 

9,549 

9,762 

9,749 

17,666 

12,410 

17,287 

16,179 


Antietamf . 


Chancellorsville. 

1,606 

1,656 

September 19-20, 1863.. . . 

Chickamauga. 

June 1-4, 1864. 

Cold Harbor . 

1,844 

9,077 

1,816 

12,737 

December 11-14. 1862. . . . 

Fredericksburg . 

1,284 

9,600 

1,769 

12,653 

August 28-30, 1862. 

April 6-7, 1862. 

ManassasJ . 

1,747 

8,452 

4,263 

14,462 

Shiloh . 

1.754 

8,408 

2,855 

13,047 

December 31, 1862. 

Stone River§ . 

1,730 

7,802 

3.717 

13,249 

June 15-19. 1864. 

Petersburg (assault) . 

1,688 

8,513 

1,185 

11,386 


*Wounded in these and the following returns includes mortally wounded. 

tNot including South Mountain or Crampton’s Gap. 

^Including Chantilly, Rappahannock, Bristol Station, and Bull Run Bridge. 

§Including Knob Gap and losses on January 1 and 2, 1863. 

The Union losses at Bull Run (first Manassas) July 21, 1861, were: Killed, 470; 
wounded, 1,071; captured and missing, 1,793; aggregate, 3,334. 

The Confederate losses in particular engagements were as follows; Bull Run (first 
Manassas), July 21, 1861, killed, 387; wounded, 1,582; captured and missing, 13; 
aggregate, 1,982. Fort Donelson Tenn., February 14-16, 1862, killed, 466: wounded, 
1534; captured and missing, 13,829; aggregate, 15,829. Shiloh, Tenn., April 6-7, 
1862, killed, 1,723; wounded, 8,012; captured and missing, 959; aggregate, 10,694. 
Seven Days’ Battle, Virginia, June 25-July 1, 1862, killed, 3,478; wounded, 16,261; 
captured and missing, 875 ; aggregate, 20,614. Second Manassas, August 21 -September 
2, 1862, killed, 1,481; wounded and missing 7,627 ; captured and missing, 89 : aggregate, 
9,197. Antietam campaign, September 12-20, 1862, killed, 1,886; wounded, 9,348; 
captured and missing, 1,367; aggregate, 12,601. Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, 
killed, 596; wounded, 4,068; captured and missing, 651; aggregate, 5,315. Stone 
River,Tenn., December3i, 1862; killed, 1,294; wounded, 7,945; captured and missing, 
1,027; aggregate, 10,266. Chancellorsville, May 1-4, 1863, killed, 1,665: wounded, 
9,081; captured and missing, 2,018; aggregate, 12,764. Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, 
killed, 2,592; wounded, 12,706; captured and missing, 5,150; aggregate, 20,448. 
Chickamauga, September 19-20, 1863, killed, 2,268; wounded, 13,613; captured and 
missing, 1,090; aggregate, 16,971. 

' Gettysburg was the greatest battle of the war. Antietam the bloodiest. The 
largest army was assembled by the Confederates at the Seven Days’ Fight; by the 
Unionists at the Wilderness. 


The number of causualties in the volunteer and regular armies of the United States 
during the war of 1861-1865, according to a statement prepared by the Adjutant- 
General’s office, was as follows; Killed, in battle 67,058; died of wounds, 43,012 ; died 
of disease, 199,720; other causes such as accidents, murder, Confederate prisons, etc., 
40,154. Total died, 349,944, total deserted, 199,105. Number of soldiers in the Con¬ 
federate service who died of wounds or disease (partial statement), 133,821; deserted 
(partial statement), 104,428. Number of United States troops captured during the 
war, 212,608: Confederate troops captured, 476,169. Number of United States troops 
paroled on the field, 16,431; Confederate troops, paroled on the field, 248,599. Number 
of United States troops who died while prisoners, 30,156; Confederate troops who died 
while prisoners, 30,152. 





















































IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HISTORY. 


1221 


WARS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


The figures give the numbers of United States troops engaged. 






Militia 


Wars. 

From— 

To— 

Regulars. 

and 

Vol’teers. 

Total.* 

War of the Revolution. 
Northwestern Indian 

April 19, 1775 

April 11, 1783 

130,711 

164,080 

309,781 

Wars. 

Sept. 19, 1790 
July 9, 1798 
June 10, 1801 
July 27, 1813 

Aug. 3, 1795 
Sept. 30, i860 
June 4, 1805 
Aug. 9, 1814 



8,983 

+ 4.593 

+ 3,330 

13.781 

War with France. 



War with Tripoli. 



Creek Indian War. 

600 

13,181 

War of 1812 with Great 

Britain. 

June 18, 1812 
Nov. 20, 1817 

Feb. 17, 1815 
Oct. 21, 181S 

85,000 

1,000 

471,622 

6,911 

576,622 

7 , 9 ii 

Seminole. 

Black Hawk Indian 

War. 

April 2i, 1831 

Sept. 30, 1832 

1.339 

5,126 

6,465 

Cherokee disturbance 

or removal. 

1836 

1837 


9.494 

9.494 

Creek Indian War or 


disturbance. 

May 5, 1836 
Dec. 23, 1835 

Sept. 30, 1837 
Aug. 14, 1843 

93 5 

11,169 

12,843 

29,953 

13,418 

41,122 

Florida Indian War. . . 
Aroostook disturbance. 

1836 

April 24, 1846 

1839 

July 4, 1848 


1.500 

73,776 

1,500 

112,230 

War with Mexico. 

30,954 

Apache, Navajo, and 

Utah War. 

1849 

1856 

1861 

1855 

1858 

1865 

Aug. 12, 1898 
1900 

1,500 

1,061 

3.687 

2,501 

3.687 

2,772,408 

§ 274.717 

60,000 

Seminole Indian War.. 

Civil Warj. 


Spanish-American War 
Philippine Insurrection 

April 21, 1898 
1899 








♦Including all branches of the service. 

tNaval forces engaged. JThe number of troops on the Confederate side was about 
750,000. §Troops actually engaged, about 60,000. 


LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE VARIOUS STATES. 

January 1. New Year’s Day: In all States (including District of Columbia, 
Arizona, and New Mexico), except Kansas and Massachusetts. (In Maine a 
bank holiday only legally.) 

J ianuary 8. Anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans: In Louisiana, 
[anuary 19. Lee’s Birthday: In Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South 
ina, Virginia, Alabama, and Arkansas. 

February. Mardi-Gras: In the parish of Orleans, Louisiana. 

February 12. Georgia Day: In Georgia. 

February 12. Lincoln’s Birthday: In California, Colorado, Connecticut, 
Delaware, Florida Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Mon¬ 
tana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North ‘Dakota, Pennsylvania, South 
Dakota. Utah, Washington, West Virginia and Wyoming. 

February 22. Washington’s Birthday: In all the States, District of Co¬ 
lumbia, Arizona and New Mexico. 

March 2. Anniversary of Texan Independence: In Texas. 

March 4. Inauguration Day: In District of Columbia in years when a Presi¬ 
dent of the United States is inaugurated. 

Good Friday (Friday before Easter Sunday): In Alabama, Connecticut, 
Delaware, Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania 
and Tennessee. 

April 12. Halifax Independence Resolutions: In North Carolina. 

April 13. Thomas Jefferson’s Birthday: In Alabama. 

April 19. Patriot’s Day: In Maine and Massachusetts. 

April 21. Anniversary of the Battle of San Jacinto: In Texas. 

April 26. Confederate Memorial Day: In Alabama, Florida, Georgia and 
Mississippi. 













































1222 


IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HISTORY. 


May io. Confederate Memorial Day: In North Carolina and South Caro¬ 
lina. 

May (second Friday). Confederate Day: In Tennessee. 

May 20. Anniversary of the Signing of the Mecklenburg Declaration of 
Independence: In North Carolina. 

May (last Friday) Pioneer Day: In Montana, observed in public schools. 

May 30. Memorial Day: In all the States and Territories (and District 
of Columbia), except Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas. 

June 3. Jefferson Davis’ Birthday: In Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mis¬ 
sissippi, Tennessee Texas and South Carolina. In Louisiana known as “ Con¬ 
federate Memorial Day.” In Virginia, in public schools 

July 4. Independence Day: In all the States, District of Columbia and 
Territories. 

July 10. Admission Day: In Wyoming. 

July 24. Pioneers’ Day: In Utah. 

July (fourth Saturday). Primary Election Day: In Texas. 

August. Primary Election Days: In Missouri. 

August 1. Colorado Day: In Colorado. 

August 16. Bennington Battle Day: In Vermont. 

September (first Monday in September). Labor Day: In all the States 
and Territories and District of Columbia. In Louisiana, observed in Orleans 
Parish. In Wyoming by proclamation of the Governor. 

September (first Tuesday). Primary Election Day: In Wisconsin. In 
Michigan in even years. 

September 9. Admission Day: In California. 

September 12. “Old Defenders’ Day”: In Baltimore, Md. 

October 12. Columbus Day: In California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, 
Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New -York, and 
Pennsylvania. 

October 31. Admission Day: In Nevada. 

November 1. All Saints’ Day: In Louisiana. 

November —. General Election Day: In Arizona, California, Colorado, 
Delav/are, Florida, Idaho, (Illinois in Chicago, Springfield and East St. Louis 
only,) Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minne¬ 
sota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, 
New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio (from 5.30 a.m. to 9 a.m. only), 
Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, 
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin and 
Wyoming, in the years when elections are held therein. 

November —. Thanksgiving Day (usually the fourth Thursday in Novem¬ 
ber) : Is observed in all the States, and in the District of Columbia, Arizona, and 
New Mexico, though in some States it is not a statutory holiday. ' 

December 25. Christmas Day: In all the States (except Kansas), District 
of Columbia and Territories. 

Sundays and Fast Days are legal holidays in all the States which designate 
them as such. 

There are no statutory hojidays in Mississippi, but by common consent the 
Fourth of July, Thanksgiving, and Christmas are observed. In New Mexico, 
Washington’s Birthday, Memorial Day, Labor Day, Flag Day (June 14) and 
Arbor Day are holidays when so designated by the Governor. In South Caro¬ 
lina, Thursday of Fair Week is a legal holiday. 

Arbor Day is a legal holiday in Arizona, Florida, Maryland, New Mexico, 
Wisconsin, and W} r oming, the day being set by the Governor; in Texas, Febru¬ 
ary 22; Nebraska, April 22; Utah, April 15; Rhode Island, second Friday in 
May; Montana, second Tuesday in May; Georgia, first Friday in December; 
Colorado and Maine (school holidays only), third Friday in April; in Oklahoma, 
the Friday following the second Monday in March; in Arkansas, first Saturday 
in March. 

Every Saturday after 12 o’clock noon is a legal holiday in California in 
public offices, Illinois (in cities of 200,000 or more inhabitants), Maryland, 
Michigan, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, 
the District of Columbia (for banking purposes), and in New Orleans, La., and 
Charleston, S. C., In Louisiana in all cities exceeding 15,000 inhabitants; in 




IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HISTORY. 


1223 


Missouri in cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants; in Tennessee, for State and 
county officers, and in Colorado during June, July, and August; in India a, 
first Saturday in June to last Saturday in October, inclusive, for all public 
offices in counties having a county-seat of 100,000 population or more. 

There is no national holiday, not even the Fourth of July, Congress has at 
various times appointed special holidays. In the second session of the Fifty- 
third Congress it passed an act making Labor Day a public holiday in the Dis¬ 
trict of Columbia, and it has recognized the existence of certain days as holidays 
for commercial purposes, but, with the exception named, there is no general 
statute on the subject. The proclamation of the President designating a day 
of Thanksgiving only makes it a legal holiday in the District of Columbia and 
the Territories. 




POSTAL AND TARIFF RATES. 


DOMESTIC. 

ist Class.—Letters, sealed packages and all matter closed against inspec¬ 
tion, 2 cents each ounce or fraction thereof. 

Postal Cards, i cent each. 

2nd Class.—Newspapers and Periodicals that have been entered as second- 
class matter, i cent per pound or fraction thereof. 

Newspapers and Periodicals not mailed by publishers, i cent for four ounces 
or fraction thereof. 

3rd Class.—Circulars, Books and matter wholly in print, engravings, litho¬ 
graphs, wood-cuts, photographs, (checks, deeds, insurance policies), in blank, 
etc., proof with manuscript accompanying same, mimeograph reproductions, 
etc.; seeds, bulbs and plants; visiting and business cards, 1 cent for each two 
ounces or fraction thereof. 

4th Class.—Merchandise and matter not included in any of above classes, 
which is not in its form or nature liable to destroy or damage the contents of 
the mail-bag, or harm persons engaged in the mail service, 1 cent for each ounce 
or fraction thereof. 

Mexico, Canada, and Islands of Cuba, Tutuila, Puerto Rico, Philippines, 
Hawaii, Guam, Panama, The Canal Zone, and Shanghai, have the same rates as 
for domestic matter noted above. 

Registration. Letters or packages can be registered by adding stamps to 
the amount of 10 cents to the regular rate. 

Reforwarding. Letters will be forwarded from one post office to another 
upon the written request of the person addressed, without additional charge; 
but unclaimed packages cannot be returned to the sender until stamps are 
furnished to pay the return postage. 

Special delivery stamps, at 10 cents each, used in addition to regular rates, 
insures delivery immediately on arrival at office of destination. These stamps 
can be used for no other purpose. Or, by putting on xo cents in ordinary 
stamps additional to the regular postage and writing under them “Special 
Delivery’’ the same result is attained. 

Unmailable Matter.—Harmful, poisonous, explosive, offensive, obscene, 
defamatory, fraudulent material or communications are not mailable. 

FOREIGN POSTAGE. 

Letters. 

England, Ireland,* Scotland, Wales, Newfoundland, for each ounce or 
fraction, 2 cents. 

Germany, quickest delivery, per ounce or fraction, 5 cents; each additional 
ounce, 3 cents; ordinary delivery, per ounce or fraction, 2 cents. 

Other foreign countries (except Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, 
Hawaii, Philippine Islands, Panama, Shanghai), for one ounce or fraction, 

5 cents; each additional ounce, 3 cents. 

Postal Cards, Etc. » 

Single postal cards, each, 2 cents; double postal cards, each, 4 cents; news¬ 
papers and other printed matter, per 2 ounces, 1 cent. 

Commercial Papers. 

Packets not in excess of 10 ounces, 5 cents; packets in excess of 10 ounces, 
for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof, x cent 


(1224) 



POSTAL AND TARIFF RATES. 


1225 


Samples of Merchandise. 

Packets not in excess of 4 ounces, 2 cents; packets in excess of 4 ounces, 
for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof, 1 cent; registration fee on letters or other 
articles, 10 cents. 

Packages of samples must not exceed 12 oz. in weight, 12 inches in length, 
8 inches in breadth and 4 inches in depth (if a roll, 12 inches in length and 6 
inches in diameter). 

Ordinary letters for any foreign country (except Canada and Mexico) must 
be forwarded, whether any postage is prepaid on them or not. All other 
mailable matter must be prepaid at least partially. 

Parcels Post. 

Packages (not over 4 pounds 6 ounces weight, 3 feet 6 inches length, or 
6 feet combined length and girth), per pound, 12 cents. 


DOMESTIC MONEY ORDERS. 

Domestic money orders are issued by money order post offices for 
amount up to $100.00 at the following rates: 

For sums not exceeding $ 


any 


Over $ 


2.50 

5.00 

10.00 

20.00 

30.00 

40.00 

50.00 

60.00 

75.00 


2.50. 


3 cents 


5-oo. 5 

“ 10.00...• 8 

“ 20.00.10 

“ 30.00.12 

“ 40.00.15 

4 50.00.18 

“ 60.00.20 

75 -°°.25 

44 100.00./.30 

For every additional hundred or fraction thereof, another order must be 
obtained. 


TARIFF RATES OF 1909 AND 1897 COMPARED. 

A TABLE OF LEADING ARTICLES IMPORTED, GIVING RATES 
AT ENTRY BY THE NEW TARIFF ACT OF 1909, COM¬ 
PARED WITH THE DINGLEY TARIFF ACT OF 1897. 

(The following table covers only the articles of principal importance im¬ 
ported into the United States. The Tariff Act of 1909 contains 480 paragraphs 
each relating to an article or a group of articles.) 

(ad \al.—ad valorem; n.s.p.f.—not specially provided for; n.e.— not enumerated.) 


Articles. 


SCHEDULE A-CHEMICALS, OILS AND PAINTS. 

Alcoholic compounds, n.s.p.f.. 

Alkalies, alkaloids, distilled oils, essential oils and 

all combinations of the foregoing. 

Ammonia, carbonate of.. 

Drugs. 

Glue, value not above 10c. per lb. 

Oil, castor, gals. 

Oil, cod liver, gals. 

Oil, olive, in bottles, etc., gals. 

Oil, whale, gals.... 

Opium, crude and not adulterated, containing 9 

per cent, and over of morphine, lbs. 

Phosphorus, lbs. 

Perfumery, cosmetics, containing alcohol. 


Rates of Duty Under 


Dingley Law 
of 1897. 

New Law of 1909 

60c. lb. and 45 p. 

60c. lb. and 25 p. 

c. ad val. 

c. ad val. 

25 p. c. ad val. 

25 p. c. ad vai. 

iic. lb. 

i^c. lb. 

lie. lb. and 10 p. 

iic. lb. and 10 p. 

c. ad val. 

c. ad va.l 

2$C. lb. 

2^C. lb. 

3 5 C. gal. 

3 5 c. gal. 

15c. gal. 

15c. gal. 

50c. gal. 

50c. gal. 

8c. gal. 

8c. gal. 

$1 lb. 

$1.50 lb. 

18c. lb. 

18c. lb. 

60c. lb. and 45 p. 

60c. lb. and 50 p. 

c. ad val. 

c. ad val. 









































1226 


POSTAL AND TARIFF RATES. 


TARIFF RATES—Continued. 


Articles. 


Rates of Duty Under 


Dingle y Law 
of 1897. 


New Law of 1909 


Perfumery,cosmetics, not containing alcohol. 

Soap, Castile... 

Soap, perfumed toilet.1. 

Soda, bicarbonate of... 


50 p. c. ad val. 
iic. lb. 

50 p. c. ad val. 
3c. lb. 


SCHEDULE B-EARTHS, EARTHENWARE AND 

GLASSWARE. 

Cement, Roman, Portland, in barrels and sacks, lbs.. 

Earthenware, porcelain, decorated... .. 

Earthenware, common. 

Glassware, plain and cut, decorated. 

Glassware, plain and cut, undecorated. 

Marble, in block..... 

Marble, manufactures of, except for jewelry. 

Sponges.. .. 

Sulphur, refined.. 

Sumac, ground. 


8c. 100 lbs. 

60 p. c. ad val. 
25 p. c. ad val. 
60 p. c. ad val. 
55 p. c. ad val. 
65c. cubic foot. 
50 p. c. ad val. 
20 p. c. ad val. 
$8 ton. 

3-xoc. lb. 


50 p. c. ad val. 
iic. lb. 

50 p. c. ad val. 
5 -8 c. lb. 


8c. 100 lbs. 

60 p. c. ad val. 
25 p. c. ad val. 
60 p. c. ad val. 
55 p. c. ad val. 
65c. cubic foot. 
50 p. c. ad val. 
20 p. c. ad val. 
$4 ton. 

3-1 oc.lb. 


SCHEDULE C-METALS AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

Iron ore, tons.. 

Iron in pigs, wrought and cast, tons. 

Iron, bar. 

Automobiles and finished parts not including tires.... 

Cast iron pipe, lbs. 

Nails, horseshoe... 

Copper plates, lbs. 

Pens, metallic, except gold pens. 

Table and kitchen utensils, metal. 

Tin plates... 

Pins, not jewelry. 

Iron, manufactures of. 


40c. ton 
$4 ton. 

6 - ioc. lb. 

45 p. c. ad val. 
4 i-ioc. lb. 

2ic. lb. 

2 *c.lb. 

12c. gross. 

40 p. c. ad val. 
iic. lb. 

35 p. c. ad val. 
45 p. c. ad val. 


15c. ton. 

$1 ton. 

6-ioc. lb. 

45 p. c. ad val. 
ic. lb. 
iic.lb. 

2ic. lb. 

12C. gross. 

40 p. c. ad val. 
1 2-ioc. lb. 

3 5 p. c. ad val. 
45 p. c. ad val. 


SCHEDULE D-WOOD AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

Timber... 

Lumber, boards, planks, not planed. 

Lumber, finished on four sides. 

Staves. 

Shingles. 

Wood, manufactures of, n.s.p.f. 

SCHEDULE E-SUGAR, MOLASSES AND MANUFAC¬ 

TURES OF. 

Sugar (not above No. 16 Dutch standard) beet. 

Sugar (same) cane. 

Molasses, not above 40 degrees. 

Maple sugar. 

Glucose, or grape sugar. 

Sugar candy, valued at more than 15 cents per lb. . 
SCHEDULE F-TOBACCO AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

Tobacco, unmanufactured, lbs.. 

Snuff, lbs... 

Cigars and cigarettes... 

SCHEDULE G-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND 

PROVISIONS. 

Cattle, one year old or over, valued over $14 per 

head. 

Horses, mules, valued at $150 or less. 

Horses, mules, valued at over $150. 

Barley, bushel. 

Barley malt, bushel. 

Oats, bushel. 

Rice, cleaned, bushel. 

Rye, bushel. 

Butter and cheese, and substitutes for. 


ic. cubic foot. 

$1 per 1,000 feet 
$4 per 1,000 feet. 
10 p. c. ad val. 
30c. per 1,000. 

35 p. c. ad val. 


95c. lb. to 1.68, 
5c. lb. 

95c.lb. to 1.75, 
5c. lb. 

20 p. c. ad val. f 
4c. lb. 
iic. lb. 

50 p. c. ad val. 


$1.85 lb. to $2.50 
lb. 

55 C.lb. 

$4.50 lb. and 25 
p. c. ad val. 


27i p. c. ad val. 
$30 head. 

25 p. c. ad val. 
30c. bushel. 

45c. bushel. 

15c. bushel. 

2c. lb. 
ioc. bushel. 

6c. lb. 


ic. cubic foot. 
50c.per 1,000 feet 
$2.75 per 1,000ft. 
10 p. c. ad val. 
50c. per 1,000. 

35 p. c. ad val. 


95c. lb. to Si.68, 
5c. lb. 

95c. lb. to Si.75. 
5c. lb. 

20 p. c. ad val. 
4c. lb. 
iic. lb. 

50c. ad val. 


$1.85 lb. to $2.50 
lb. 

55c. lb. 

S4.50 lb. and 25 
p. c. ad val. 


27i p. c. ad val. 
S30 head. 

25 p. c. ad val. 
30c. bushel. 
45c. bushel. 
15c. bushel. 

2 C. lb. 

ioc. bushel. 

6c. lb. 




































































POSTAL AND TARIFF RATES. 


1227 


TARIFF RATES.—Continued. 


Rates of Duty Under 


Articles. 


Eggs, n.s.p.f., doz.. 

Hay. 

Honey... 

Hops. 

Potatoes. 

Seeds, castor, flaxseed. 

Fish, mackerel, halibut, salmon, fresh. 

Fish, smoked, salted. 

Fruits, apples, peaches. 

Fruits, preserved. 

Fruits, oranges, grapefruit. 

Fruits, lemons. 

Fruits, pineapples in bulk. 

Salt, in sacks and barrels. 

Salt, in bulk. .. y . 

SCHEDULE H-SPIRITS AND WINES. 

Alcohol, proof, gallons.... 

Brandy, gin, whiskey, cordials, proof, gallons. 

Wines, champagne quarts. 

Wines, still, in casks. 

Wines, still, in bottles, quarts. 

Malt liquors, in bottles, jugs, gallons.. 

Mineral waters, in bottles, quarts. 

SCHEDULE I—COTTON MANUFACTURES. 
Cotton thread, according to numbers, uncolored.. . 
Cotton thread, colored, bleached, according to num¬ 
bers. 

Cotton cloth, square yards... 

Cotton handkerchiefs. 

Cotton clothing, ready made. 

Cotton hosiery, pairs. 


Cotton shirts, drawers, dozen 


Cotton, plushes, sq. yard 


Dingley Law 
of 1897. 


5c. dozen. 

$4 ton. 

20c. gallon. 

12c. lb. 

25c. bushel. 

25c. bushel. 

ic. lb. 

n.e. 

25c. bushel. 

2 C. lb. 

ic. lb. 

ic. lb. 

87 per 1,000. 

12c. 100 lbs. 

8c. 100 lbs. 

$2.25 gal. 

$2.25 gal. 

$8 per doz. 

40c. gallon. 

$1.60 per doz. 

40c. gallon. 

30c. doz. 

3c. lb. to 35c. lb. 

6c. lb. to 81c. lb. 

ic. sq. yard to 8c. 
sq. yard. 

4Jc. sq. yard and 
10 p. c. ad val. 

50 p. c. ad val. 

50c. doz. to $2 
doz. and 15 p. 
c. ad val. 

60c. doz. and 15 
p. c. ad val. to 
$2.25 doz. and 
35 p. c. ad val. 

qc. sq. yard and 
25 p. c. ad val. 
to 12C. sq. yard 
and 25 p. c. ad 
val. 


New Law of 1909 


5c. dozen. 

$4 ton. 

20c. gallon. 

16c. lb. 

25c. bushel. 

25c. bushel. 

ic. lb. 

Ic. lb. 

25c. bushel. 

2 C. lb. 

ic. lb. 

iic. lb. 

$8 per 1,000. 

iic. 100 lbs. 

7c. 100 lbs. 

$2.60 gal. 

$2.60 gal. 

$9.60 per doz. 

45c. gallon. 

$1.85 per doz. 

45c. gallon' 

30c. doz. 

2ic. lb.to 28c. lb. 

6c. lb. to 67c. lb. 

ic. sq. yard to 8c. 
sq. yard. 

4lc. sq. yard and 
10 p. c. ad val. 

50. p. c. ad val. 

70c doz. to $2 
doz. and 15 p. 
c. ad val. 

60c. doz. and 15 
p. c. ad val. to 
$2.25 doz. and 
35 p. c. ad val. 

9c. sq. yard and 
25 p. c. ad val. 
to 12c. sq. yard 
and 25 p. c. ad 
val. 


SCHEDULE J-FLAX, HEMP AND JUTE AND MAN¬ 

UFACTURES OF. 

Flax, yarns, fine... 

Flax, straw. 

Mattings for floors. 

Lace manufactures. 


35c. p. ad val. 
$5 ton. 

3c. sq. yard. 

60 p. c. ad val. 


35 p. c. ad val. 
$5 ton. 

3ic. sq. yard. 
60 p. c. ad val. 


SCHEDULE K-WOOL AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

Wool, class 1.. 

Wool, class 2. 

Wool, class 3. 

Blankets.... 


Dress goods, women’s and children’s. 


ioc. lb. to 33c. lb. 

1ic.lb.to 12c.lb. 

3c.lb.to 7c. lb. 

22c. lb. and 30 p. 
c. ad val. to 44 
c. lb. and 55 p. 
c. ad val. 

7c. sq. yard and 
50 p. c. ad val. 
to iic. sq. yard 
and 55 p. c. ad 
val. 

44c. lb. and 60 p. 
c. ad val'. 

90c. per sq. yard 
40 p. c. ad val. 


ioc. lb. to 33c. lb. 
iic. lb.to 12C. lb. 
3c. lb. to 7c. lb. 
22c. lb. and 30 p. 
c. ad val. to 44 
c. lb. and 55 p. 
c. ad val. 

7c. sq. yard and 
50 p. c. ad val. 
to 1 ic. sq. yard 
and 55 p. c. ad 
val. 

44c. lb. and 60 p. 

c. ad val. 
ioc. sq. foot and 
40 p. c. ad val. 


Clothing, ready made. 

Carpets, woven whole for rooms, and rugs 




























































1228 


POSTAL AND TARIFF RATES. 


TARIFF RATES.—Continued. 



Rates of Duty Under 

Articles. 

Dingley Law 
of 1897. 

New Law of 1909. 

SCHEDULE L—SILK AND SILK GOODS. 

Silk, spun in skeins* . 

3 5 p. c. ad val. 

35 p. c. ad val. 

Silk, wearing apparel. 

60 p. c. ad val. 

60 p. c. ad val. 
45c. lb. to 60c. lb. 

I-I 2 C. lb. 

Silk, yarns. 

45c. lb. to 60c. lb. 

I-I 2 C.lb. 

SCHEDULE M-PULP, PAPER AND BOOKS. 

Wood pulp, ground. 

Wood pulp, chemical. 

i-6c. lb. 

i-6c. lb. 

Printing paper. 

l 3-ioc. lb. to 8-ioc 

3-ioc.lb.to 8-ioc 

Books, pamphlets... 

b. 

25 p. c.ad val. 

lb. 

25 p. c. ad val. 

Paper, manufacturers of, n.s.p.f. 

35 p. c. ad val. 

20 p. c. ad val. 

3 5 p. c. ad val. 

40 p. c. ad val. 

35 p. c. ad val. 

15 p. c. ad val. 

35 p. c. ad val. 

40 p. c. ad val. 
7^-c. lb. 

SCHEDULE N-SUNDRIES. 

Agricultural implements. 

Beads . 

Brushes . 

Bristles . 

7+c. lb. 

Coal, bituminous . 

67c. ton. 

20 p. c. ad val. 

3 5 P. c. ad val. 

15 p. c. ad val. to 
50 p. c. ad val. 
20 p. c. ad val. 
n.e. 

45c. ton. 

20 p. c. ad val. 

35 p. c. ad val. 

20 p. c. ad val. to 
60 p. c. ad val. 
20 p. c. ad val. 

50 p. c. ad val. 

20 p. c. ad val. 

Coke . 

Toys . 

Feathers . 

Furs, dressed . 

Furs, wearing apparel . 

Hair, human. 

20 p. c. ad val. 

15 p. c. ad val. 

20 p. c. ad val. 

Hides of cattlef . 

Free. 

Leather, manufactures of... 

15 p. c. ad val. 

15 p. c. ad val. 
$1.25 doz. to 
$5.80 doz. 

35 p. c. ad val. 

45 p. c. ad val. 

15 p. c. ad val. 

50 p. c. ad val. 

Boots and shoes. 

25 p. c. ad val. 
$1.75 doz. to 
$5.80 doz. 

35 p. c. ad val. 

45 p. c. ad val. 

20 p. c. ad val. 

Gloves. 

Gutta percha. 

Musical instruments. 

Paintings and statuary. 

Umbrellas. . . .'.. 

50 p. c. ad val. 



♦In the entire Silk Schedule the classification was so changed in the new law as to 
make tabulated comparison with the classifications under the Dingley Law impracticable. 
In general increases were made. 

+See note following Free List. 

THE FREE LIST. 

The following is a list of the principal articles imported, which are put on 
the Free List by the Tariff of 1909. There are 236 articles in the’list: 

Aconite, agates, unmanufactured; albumen, n.s.p.f.; amber and ambergris, 
ammonia, sulphate of; arsenic, analine salts, animals for breeding, exhibition 
or racing purposes; articles of growth or manufacture of the U. S. returned; 
barks, quinine; beeswax; birds, land and water fowl; bismuth; books, maps, 
music, engravings, bound or unbound, and charts, printed more than twenty 
years at the date of importation, and publications issued for subscribers or 
exchanges by scientific and literary associations or academies, or publications 
for gratuitous private circulation, and public documents of foreign govern¬ 
ments; books and pamphlets in raised print, used exclusively by the blind; 
books, maps, music, specially imported, not more than two copies in any one 
invoice, for the use of any society or institution solely for religious, philosophical, 
educational, scientific or literary purposes; books, libraries, furniture and 
similar household effects of persons or families from foreign countries, used 
abroad by them not less than one year; bristles, crude; bullion, gold and silver; 
camphor, crude; chalk, crude; coal, anthracite; coal tar, crude; cocoa, coffee; 
coins, copper ore; cotton and cotton waste. Diamonds and other precious stones, 
rough or uncut, and not advanced in condition or value from their natural state 
by cleaving, splitting, cutting, or other process, including glaziers’ and en¬ 
gravers’ diamonds not set. Drugs, crude, n.s.p.f.; fans, common palm leaf, not 









































POSTAL AND TARIFF RATES. 


1229 


ornamented; fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice, caught in fresh waters by 
citizens of the United States, and all other fish, the products of American 
fisheries; furs, undressed; glass, enamel, white, for watch and clock dials; 
guano, manures; hides (see note); ice; India rubber, crude; indigo; iodine, crude; 
iridium; ivory tusks; kyanite or cyanite; leeches; life boats and life-saving 
apparatus; lithographic stones, not engraved; manuscripts; medals of gold, 
silver, or copper, and other metallic articles accepted as honorary distinctions; 
meerschaum, unmanufactured; minerals, crude, n.s.p.f.; models of inventions; 
needles, hand, sewing and darning; newspapers and periodicals; nuts, Brazil 
nuts, cream nuts, cocoanuts in the shell and broken cocoanut meat or copra, not 
prepared; nux vomica; oakum; oil cake; oils, almond, amber, crude and rectified 
ambergris; anise or anise seed, aniline, only for manure, bergamot, caraway, 
cassia, cinnamon, chamomile, citronella or lemon grass, civet, cocoanut (not 
refined and deodorized), cottonseed, croton, fennel, ichthyol, jasmine, juniper, 
lavender; lemon, limes, mace; naroli or orange flower; liquid and solid primal 
flower essences not compounded; nut oil or oil of nuts, olive oil prepared solely 
for mechanical or industrial purposes by denaturing or process rendering it 
unfit for any edible use, attar of roses, palm-, rosemary, thyme, red or white 
valerian; and also spermaceti, whale and other fish oils of American fisheries, 
and all fish and other products of such fisheries; petroleum, crude or refined, 
including kerosene, benzine, gasoline, naphtha, and similar oils produced from 
petroleum. 

Ores of gold, silver and nickel; paper stock, crude, of every description; 
paraffin, parchment and vellum. Personal effects, not merchandise, of citizens 
of the United States dying in foreign countries. Philosophical and scientific 
apparatus, specially imported for religious, philosophical, educational, scientific, 
or literary purposes. Phosphates, crude; platinum, unmanufactured; potash, 
crude. Professional books, implements, instruments, and tools of trade, 
occupation, or employment, in the actual possession at the time of arrival, of 
persons emigrating to the United States. Quinia, sulphate of and salts of 
cinchona bark; radium; statuary and casts for art and educational purposes 
only; sausages, bologna. Seeds, anise, canary, caraway, cauliflower, cotton, 
cummin, fennel, hemp, hoarhound, mangelwurzel, mustard, rape, sugar beet, 
sorghum or sugar cane for seed; bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible and n.s.p.f. 
Shrimps and other shellfish; silk, raw; silk cocoons and silkworm eggs; skeletons 
and other preparations for anatomy; spices, when unground; ginger root, 
unground and not preserved or candied; stamps, foreign postage; stone and 
sand, n.s.p.f.; sulphur, lac or precipitated; sulphuric acid; tapioca, cassava; 
tar and pitch or wood; tea; teeth, natural. Tin ore, and tin in bars, blocks, 
pigs or grain or granulated. Provided, all but tin ore shall pay 4c. lb. when mines 
of United States produce 1,500 tons of cassiterite and tin per year. Tobacco 
stems; turpentine, spirits of; turtles; vaccine virus; wax, vegetable or mineral; 
wearing apparel, articles of personal adornment, toilet articles, and similar 
personal effects of persons arriving in the United States not exceeding $100 in 
value. Wood, logs and round unmanufactured timber including pulp woods, 
n.s.p.f.; woods, in the log, rough or hewn only; works of art, and science, 
brought by professional artists or scientists arriving from abroad, temporarily 
for exhibition or imported in good faith for exhibition and not intended for sale; 
works of art productions of American artists residing temporarily abroad or 
other works of art imported expressly for public institutions; works of art, 
which are proved to the satisfaction of the Secretary of the Treasury to have 
been in existence more than twenty years prior to the date of their importa¬ 
tion; other works of art (except rugs and carpets), which shall have been pro¬ 
duced more than one hundred years prior to the date of importation. 

Note. —After the Tariff Law of 1909 was passed, but before it was signed 
by the President, the following concurrent resolution regarding hides was 
adopted: 

Hides of cattle, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled, shall be 
admitted free of duty; provided, that on and after October 1, 1909, gram, buff, or 
split leather shall pay a duty of 7* per cent..ad valorem; that all boots and 
shoes made wholly or in chief value from cattle hides and cattle skins of what¬ 
ever weight, of cattle of the bovine species, including calf skins, shall pay a 
of 10 per cent, ad valorem; that harness, saddles, and saddlery, in sets 
or in parts, finished or unfinished, composed wholly or in chief value of leather, 
shall pay a duty of 20 per cent, ad valorem. 





HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


The United States of America is a Republic. The authority and powers 
of the government are limited and defined by the Constitution, a written docu¬ 
ment adopted by a Constitutional Convention in 1787 and ratified by the 
thirteen original states December 7, 1787, to May 27, 1790. The Constitution 
went into effect March 4, 1789 in the eleven states which had previously rati¬ 
fied it. The government of the United States is what is known as a Federal 
Government. The underlying principle is that each state of the union possesses 
the sovereignty in all matters which affect itself alone, while in all matters 
which relate to two or more of-the states, or which have to do with foreign 
nations, the sovereign power is in the Federal Government. 

The National Government has three distinct branches—Executive, Legis¬ 
lative, and Judicial. 

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH. 

The executive power of the government is vested in the President of the 
United States of America. In case of the removal of the President from office, 
or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of 
his office, they devolve on the Vice-President. The President conducts the 
affairs of the nation through Executive Departments, which were not estab¬ 
lished by the Constitution, but have been created, and their duties defined by 
acts of Congress. The Heads of Departments form the “official family” of 
the President, called the Cabinet. They are appointed by the President with 
the consent of the Senate and can be removed at his discretion. Members of 
the Cabinet receive a salary of $12,000 a year, except the Secretary of State, 
whose salary is $8,000 a year. 

THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Qualifications.—The President must be a natural born citizen of the 
United States, at least thirty-five years of age, and for at least fourteen years 
a resident of the United States. 

Compensation.—The President receives a salary of $75,000 a year, the 
White House is provided as his official residence, and his traveling expenses, 
not to exceed $25,000 a year, are paid by the government. 

Time and Manner of Election.—The people of the United States do not 
vote directly for the President and Vice-President. On the first Tuesday 
after the first Monday in November of each year divisible by four, electors are 
chosen in each state. The number of electors in each state is equal to the 
whole number of Senators and Representatives to which that state is entitled 
in the Congress. The electors thus chosen form the “Electoral College.” In 
every state except Michigan the electors are voted for on a general ticket. In 
Michigan one elector is chosen in each, congressional district and two from the 
state at large. The electors meet at their respective state capitals on the 
second Monday in January following their election, and cast their votes for 
President and Vice-President of the United States. Three certificates of the 
result are prepared and signed by all the electors. One of these is mailed and 
one sent by special messenger to the President of the Senate, the third is 
deposited with the federal district judge. On the second Wednesday in 
February, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, the 
certificates are opened by the President of the Senate, and the votes counted. 
The persons receiving a majority of the whole number of votes cast for Presi¬ 
dent and Vice-President are declared elected. If no person has a majority of 
all the votes cast, the House of Representatives elects the President from 
among the three persons having the highest number of votes and the Senate 

( 1220 ) 





HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


1231 


elects the Vice-President from the two persons having the highest number of 
votes. i 

Term of Office. —The President holds office for four years. He is eligible 
for re-election, but custom has decreed that no person shall fill the office for 
more than two successive terms. The President is inaugurated on March 4th, 
the oath of office being administered by the Chief Justice of the United States 
at the Capitol. 

Powers and Duties. 

(a) Military Powers. 

The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the 
United States, and of the militia of the several states when called into service 
of tne United States. 

He is responsible for the conduct of military operations, and has the war 
power of opening hostilities and instituting blockades. He may also declare 
martial law and by so doing suspend the writ of habeas corpus. 

(b) Civil Powers. 

1. The Veto Power. —The President cannot originate legislation, but 
every bill which has passed both Houses of Congress is submitted to him. 
If he approves, it becomes a law. If he vetoes, it is returned to Congress, and 
may still become a law if passed by a two-thirds vote in each house. 

2. The Appointing Power. —The President appoints, with the consent of 
the Senate, ambassadors, ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, 
and all officers of the United States not otherwise provided for. 

3. The Pardoning Power. —The President has the power to grant reprieves, 
commutation of sentence, and pardons for offenses against the United States, 
except in cases of impeachment. 

4. The Power to Conduct Foreign Affairs and Make Treaties. —Negotia¬ 
tions with foreign countries are carried on by the Department of State under 
the direction of the President. When a treaty is made, however, it must be 
ratified by the Senate with the consent of two-thirds of the members present. 

5. The Power to Administer Internal Affairs.— The President is required to 
see that the laws of the United States are faithfully executed and has the 
power to enforce these laws. 

6. The Power to Convene Congress.— The President may convene Congress 
in extraordinary session, to consider treaties, declare war, preserve the credit 
of the country, or provide funds for the conduct of the government. 

7. Annual and Special Messages.— The President is required to, “from 
time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and 
recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary 
and expedient.” It is the custom for the President to send an annual message 
at the opening of each Congress, reviewing the foreign and domestic affairs of 
the United States. He also submits special messages at any time when he 
considers it necessary to do so, with or without recommendations as to appro¬ 
priate legislation. 

8. Reception of Foreign Representatives.— It is the duty of the President 
to “receive ambassadors and other public ministers.” Where two govern¬ 
ments exist in the same country, the President determines which shall be 
recognized. 

THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

S ualifications. —They are the same as for the office of President. 

ompensation. —The Vice-President receives a salary of $12,000 a year. 
Time and Manner of Election. —The method of election of the Vice-Presi¬ 
dent is substantially the same as that of the President. The slight differences 
have already been noted. 

Powers and Duties. —The Vice-President is the presiding officer of the 
Senate. He is not a member of that body, however, and does not have the 
right to vote except in case of a tie. 

Succession to the Presidency. —In case of the death, resignation or 
inability of the President, the Vice-President immediately succeeds to that 
office. In case of the death or disability of the Vice-President also, the Secre¬ 
tary of State (if he is qualified to be elected President), and after him the 



1232 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney General, Postmaster 
General, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of Interior, Secretary of Agriculture 
and Secretary of Commerce and Labor, in this order, will hold the office of Presi¬ 
dent until the disability ceases or another President is chosen. 


DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 

Duties of Secretary of State. —The Secretary of State is charged, under the 
direction of the President, with the duties appertaining to correspondence with 
the public ministers and the consuls of the United States, and with the repre¬ 
sentatives of foreign powers accredited to the United States; and to negotia¬ 
tions of whatever character relating to the foreign affairs of the United Sta'tes. 
He is the medium of correspondence between the President and the chief 
executives of the several states of the United States; he has the custody of the 
Great Seal of the United States, and countersigns and affixes such seal to all 
executive proclamations, to various commissions, and to warrants for the 
extradition of fugitives from justice. He is regarded as the first in rank 
among the members of the Cabinet. He is the custodian of the treaties made 
with foreign states, and of the laws of the United Sta.tes. He grants and 
issues passports, and exequaturs to foreign consuls in the United States are 
issued through his office. He publishes the laws and resolutions of Congress, 
amendments to the Constitution, and proclamations declaring the admission of 
new states into the Union. Salary $8,000. 


Officers of the Department. 


Salary. 

Assistant Secretary.$5,000 

Second Assistant Secretary.. . . 4,500 

Third Assistant Secretary. 4,500 

Chief Clerk. 3,000 

Solicitor. 4.500 

Two Assistant Solicitors. 

Chief Diplomatic Bureau. 2,250 


Salary. 

Chief Consular Bureau.$2,250 

Chief Indexes and Archives.... 2,100 
Chief Bureau Accounts. 2,300 


Chief Bureau Rolls and Library 2,100 
Chief Bureau Appointments .. . 2,100 
Chief Bureau Trade Relations.. 2,100 
Chief Bureau of Citizenship... . 2,100 


Diplomatic and Consular Service. 

Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. 


Country. Salary. 

Austria-Hungary.$17,500 

Brazil. 17,500 

France. 17,500 

Germany.'. 17,500 

Great Britain.. 17,500 


Country. 
Italy... . 
Japan.... 
Mexico... 
Russia.. . 
Turkey. . 


Salary. 

$17,500 

I 7 > 5 °° 

17,500 

17,500 

17,500 


Envoys Extraordinary and 


Argentine Republic.$12,000 

Belgium. 12,000 

Bolivia. 10,000 

Chile. 12,000 

China.... 12,000 

Colombia. 10,000 

Costa Rica. 10,000 

Cuba. 12,000 

Denmark.; 10,000 

Ecuador. 10,000 

Greece. 10,000 

Guatemala. 10,000 

Hayti. 10,000 

Honduras. 10,000 

Morocco. 10,000 

Ministers Resident 
Dominican Republic.$10,000 


Ministers Plenipotentiary. 


Netherlands.$ 12,000 

Nicaragua. 10,000 

Norway. 10.000 

Panama. 10,000 

Paraguay. 10,000 

Persia. 10 000 

Peru. 10,000 

Portugal.. 10,000 

Roumania... 10,000 

Salvador. io!ooo 

Siam. 10,000 

Spain. 12,000 

Sweden. 10,000 

Switzerland. 10,000 

Venezuela. io|ooo 

jd Consuls-General. 

Liberia. $5,000 























































Work was begun on this beautiful home of the Federal Government in 1792 and has been continued at 
intervals ever since under different architects. Only the determination of successive Presi¬ 
dents to preserve the grandeur and simplicity of the original design has saved the 
symmetry of the building. The sessions of the United States Senate 
and House of Representatives are held here. 
































HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


1233 


There are about 1,100 consular representatives of the United'States of the 
several grades abroad. Consul-generals receive salaries of $3,000 to $12,000. 
Consuls, $2,000 to $8,000. Vice-consuls, deputy-consuls, consular assistants, 
and consular agents may receive salaries or fees. 


DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. 

Duties of Secretary of the Treasury. —The Secretary of the Treasury is 
charged by law with the management of the national finances. He prepares 
plans for the improvement of the revenue and for the support of the public 
credit; superintends the collection of the revenue, and directs the forms of 
keeping and rendering public accounts and of making returns; grants warrants 
for all moneys drawn from the treasury in pursuance of appropriations made 
by law, and for the payment of moneys into the treasury; and annually 
submits to Congress estimates of the probable revenues and disbursements of 
the government. He also controls the construction of public buildings; the 
coinage and printing of money; the administration of the life-saving, revenue- 
cutter, and the public health and marine-hospital branches of the public 
service, and furnishes generally such information as may be required by either 
branch of Congress on all matters pertaining to the foregoing. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the 

Salary, 


Two Assistant Secretaries.$5,000 

Assistant Secretary.4,500 

Chief Clerk. 3,000 

Chief Appointment Division. . . 3,000 
Chief Bookkeeping Division... . 3,500 
Chief Public Moneys Division. . 3,000 

Chief Customs Division. 3,000 

Chief Loans and Currency Divi¬ 
sion . 3,000 

Chief Stationery and Printing 

Division. 2,500 

Chief Mails and Files Division.. 2,500 

Chief Revenue-Cutter Service. . - 

Director of Mint. 4>5°° 

Government Actuary. 1,800 

Supervising Surgeon-General... 4,000 
Chief Bureau Engraving and 

Printing._. 5,000 

Supervising Architect. 5,000 

Comptroller of Treasury....... 5,500 

General Superintendent Life- 

Saving Service. 4>5°° 

Auditor for Treasury. 4,000 


Department. 

Salary, 

Auditor for War Department. .$4,000 


Auditor for Interior Depart¬ 
ment. 4,000 

Auditor for Navy Depart¬ 
ment. 4,000 

Auditor for State Depart¬ 
ment, etc. 4,000 

Auditor for Post Office De¬ 
ment . 4,000 

Treasurer of United States. 8,000 

Assistant Treasurer. 3,600 

Register Treasury. 4,000 

Deputy Register. 2,250 

Comptroller of Currency. 5,000 

Commissioner of Internal Rev¬ 
enue. 6,000 

Deputy Commissioner of In¬ 
ternal Revenue. 4,000 

Deputy Commissioner of In¬ 
ternal Revenue. 3,600 

Solicitor Internal Revenue. 4.500 

Solicitor of Treasury. 4,500 

Chief Secret Service. 4,000 


DEPARTMENT OF WAR. 

Duties of Secretary of War. —The Secretary of War is head of the War 
Department, and performs such duties as are required of him by law or may be 
enjoined upon him by the President concerning the military service. 

He is charged by law with the supervision of all estimates of appropriations 
for the expenses of the department, including the military establishments; of 
all purchases of army supplies; of all expenditures for the support, transporta¬ 
tion, and maintenance of the army, and of such expenditures of a civil nature 
as may be placed by Congress under his direction. 

He also has supervision of the United States Military Academy at West 
Point and of military education in the army, of the Board of Ordnance and 
Fortification, of the various battlefield commissions, and of the publication of 
the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion. 

He has charge of all matters relating to national defense and seacoast 
fortifications, army ordnance, river and harbor improvements, the prevention 


H40 


































1234 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


of obstruction to navigation, and the establishment of harbor lines; and all 
plans and locations of bridges authorized by Congress to be constructed over 
the navigable waters of the United States require his approval. He also has 
charge of the establishment or abandonment of military posts, and of all matters 
relating to leases, revocable licenses, and all other privileges upon lands under 
the control of the War Department. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the Department. 


Salary. 

Assistant Secretary.$5,000 

Assistant and Chief Clerk. 4,000 

Chief of Staff. 8,000 

Adjutant-General. 8,000 

Inspector-General. 6,000 

Judge-Advocate-General. 6,000 

Chief Clerk and Solicitor. 2.250 

Quartermaster-General. 6,000 

Commissary-General. 6,000 


Salary. 

Surgeon-General.$6,000 

Paymaster-General. 6,000 

Chief of Engineers. 6,000 

Chief of Ordnance. 6,000 

Chief wSignal Officer. 6,000 

Chief Bureau Insular Affairs..'. 6,000 
Officer Charge of Public Build¬ 
ings. 4,000 

Landscape Gardener. 2,400 


Army Pay Table. 


Grade. 

pay of officers in active service. —Yearly pay. 

First 5 
years’ 
service. 

After 5 
years’ 
service. 

After iq 
years’ 
service. 

After 15 
years’ 
service. 

After 20 
years' 
service. 

Lieutenant-General. 

$ 11,000 
8,000 
6,000 
4,000 
3.5oo 
3,000 
2,400 
2,000 
1,700 

10 p. c. 

20 p. c. 

30 p. c. 

40 p. c. 

Major-General. 





Brigadier-General. 





Colonel (b) . 

Lieutenant-Colonel (b).. . . 

Major ( b ). 

Captain. 

First Lieutenant. 

Second Lieutenant. 

$4,400 

3.850 

3.300 

2,640 

2,200 

1,870 

$4,800 

4,200 

3.600 

2,880 

2,400 

2,040 

$5,000 

4.500 

3.900 

3.120 

2,600 

2,210 

$5,000 

4.500 

4,000 

3.360 

2,800 

2,380 


Grade. 

pay of retired officers. —Yearly pay. 

First 5 
years’ 
service. 

After 5 
years’ 
service. 

After 10 
years’ 
service. 

After 15 
years’ 
service. 

After 20 
years’ 
service. 

Lieutenant-General. 

$8,250 

6,000 

4.500 
3.000 
2,625 
2,250 

1,800 

1.500 

1,275 





Major-General. 





Brigadier-General. 





Colonel ( b ). 

Lieutenant-Colonel ( b ). . . . 

Major (6). 

Captain. 

First Lieutenant. 

Second Lieutenant. 

$3,300.00 

2.887.50 
2,475.00 
1,980.00 

1,650,00 

1.402.50 

$3,600 

3,150 

2,700 

2,160 

1,800 

1.530 

$ 3 , 75 o.oo 

3 . 375-00 

2,924.40 

2,340.00 

1,950.00 

1 , 657-44 

$3,750 

3,3 7 5 
3.000 
2,520 
2,100 

1 785 


Chaplains have the rank and pay of major, captain and first lieutenant, 
respectively. 

(a) Service increase of pay of officers below rank of brigadier-general 
cannot exceed 40 per cent, in all. 

( b ) The maximum pay of a colonel is $5,000 of a lieutenant-colonel $4.coo 
and of a major $4,000. 

The pay of non-commissioned officers is from $21 to $99 per month, and of 
privates from $15 to $25 per month. 

Service outside the United States, except in Porto Rico and Hawaii, 
10 per cent, additional for officers and 20 per cent, for enlisted men. 




























































































HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


1235 


DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

Duties of Attorney-General. —The Attorney-General is the head of the 
Department of Justice and the chief law officer of the government. He repre¬ 
sents the United States in matters involving legal questions; he gives his 
advice and opinion, when they are required by the President or by the heads 
of the other Executive Departments, on questions of law arising in the adminis¬ 
tration. of their respective departments; he appears in the Supreme Court of 
the United States in cases of especial gravity and importance; he exercises a 
general superintendence and direction over United States attorneys and 
marshals in all judicial districts in the states and territories; and he provides 
special counsel for the United States whenever required by any department of 
the government. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the Department. 


Salary. 


Solicitor-General..$7,500 

Assistant to Attorney-General.. 7,000 
Seven Assistant Attorneys-Gen- 

eral . 5.000 

Solicitor State Department... . 4,500 


Salary. 

Solicitor Department of Com¬ 


merce and Labor.$5,000 

Solicitor of the Treasury. 5,000 

Chief Clerk. 3,000 

Attorney for Pardons. 2 >75° 


POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 

Duties of Postmaster-General. —The Postmaster-General has the direction 
and management of the Post-Office Department. He appoints all officers and 
employees of the department, except the four Assistant Postmasters-General 
and the purchasing agent, who are appointed by the President, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate; appoints all postmasters whose com¬ 
pensation does not exceed $1,000; makes postal treaties with foreign govern¬ 
ments, by and with the advice and consent of the President; awards and 
executes contracts, and directs the management of the domestic and foreign 
mail service. Salary 1 $12,000. 


Officers of the Department. 


Salary. 

Chief Clerk.$3,000 

Four Assistant Postmasters- 

General. 5,000 

Assistant Attorney-General. . .. 5,000 

Purchasing Agent. 4,000 

Superintendent Division of 

Foreign Mails. 3,000 


Salary. 

Superintendent Division of 

Money-Orders.$3,500 

General Superintendent Divi¬ 
sion of Railway Mail Service 4,000 
Superintendent Division of 

Dead Letters. 2,750 

Chief Inspector. 4,000 


DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY. 

Duties of Secretary of the Navy. —The Secretary of the Navy performs 
such duties as the President of the United States, who is Commander-in-Chief, 
may assign him, and has the general superintendence of construction, manning, 
armament,equipment, and employment of vessels of war. Salary $12,000. 



















1236 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


Officers of the 


Salary. 

Assistant Secretary.$4,500 

Chief Clerk. 3 >°°° 

Chief Yards and Docks. 6,000 

Chief Ordnance. 8,000 

Chief Supplies and Accounts.. . 6,000 

Chief Medicine. 6,000 

Chief Equipment. 6,000 

Chief Construction. 6,000 

Chief Navigation. 8,000 

Engineer-in-Chief. 6,000 

Judge-Advocate-General. 5,000 


Department. 

Salary. 

President Naval Examining 

Board.. 

President Naval Retiring 


Board.$8,000 

Chief Intelligence Office. 5,000 

Superintendent Naval Ob¬ 
servatory. 5,000 

Director Nautical Almanac.... 2,700 
Hydrographer. 5,000 


Commandant Marine Corps... . 8,000 


United States Navy Pay Table. 


Rank. 


Admiral. 

Rear-Admirals, first 9.. 
Rear-Admirals, second 

nine. 

Brigad’r-General,Com¬ 
mandant M a r i n ej 

Captains.| 

Commanders. 

Lieutenant-C o m m a n- 

ders. 

Lieutenants. . 

Lieutenants (Junior 

Grade. 

Ensigns.. 

Chief Boatswains, Ch’f 
Gunners, Chief Car¬ 
penters, Chief Sail- 

makers. 

Midshipmen (at Naval 
Academy. 


At Sea. 

On Shore 
Duty. 

Rank. 

At Sea. 

On Shore 
Duty. 

$14,850 

$13,500 

Midshipmen (aft e r 

$1,400 

1,500 

$1,400 

1,125 

8,800 

6,600 

8,000 

6,000 

graduation). 

Mates. 

Medical and Pay Direc¬ 
tors and Inspectors 
having the same rank 

6,600 

4,400 

6,000 

4,000 

at sea. 

Fleet-Surgeons and 

4,400 

4,000 

3.850 

3.500 

Fleet-Paymasters... 
Surgeons and Pay- 

4.400 

4,000 

3.300 

3.000 

masters. 

3.300 

3,000 

2,640 

2,400 

Chaplains. .•. 

( 2,200 

< to 

2,000 

to 

k 2,200 
1,870 

2,000 


( 4,400 

4,000 

1,700 

Professors and Civil 
Engineers. 

1 

Naval Constructors. .. 

f 2,640 
*< to 

( 4.400 

( 2,640 

-j to 

(. 4,400 

2,400 

to 

4,000 

2,400 

1,870 

600 

1,700 

600 

to 

4,000 


Warrant officers (boatswains, gunners, carpenters, sailmalcers, pharmacists, 
warrant machinists and pay clerks) are paid from $1,125 to $2,250 a year. 

Commandants’ clerks receive from $1,000 to $1,800 a year. 

Petty officers (masters-at-arms, boatswains’ mates, gunners’ mates, gun 
captains, quartermasters, machinists, hospital stewards, yeomen, bandmasters, 
first musicians, coxswains, electricians, boiler-makers, coppersmiths, black¬ 
smiths, plumbers and fitters, sailmakers’ mates, carpenters’ mates, oilers, 

f winters, painters, water tenders, and hospital apprentices (first class) receive 
rom $396 to $924 a year. 

The pay of first-class seamen per month is $26; seamen gunners, $28; 
firemen, first class, $38; musicians, first class, $34. 

The pay of second-class seamen per month is: Ordinary seamen, $21; 
firemen, second class, $33; shipwrights, $27; musicians, second class, $33. 

The pay of third-class seamen per month is: Landsmen, for training, $17; 
coal passers, $24; apprentices, third class, $10. 


DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR. 

Duties of Secretary of the Interior.—The Secretary of the Interior is 

charged with the supervision of public business relating to patents for inven¬ 
tions; pensions and bounty lands; the public lands and surveys; the Indians; 
education; the Geological Survey and Reclamation Service; the Hot Springs 
Reservation, Arkansas; Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and the Yo- 



























































( 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


1237 


Semite, Sequoia, and General Grant parks, California, and other national parks; 
distribution of appropriations for agricultural and mechanical colleges in the 
states and territories; and supervision of certain hospitals and eleemosynary 
institutions in the District of Columbia. He also exercises certain powers and 
duties in relation to the territories of the United States. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the Department. 


Salary. 

First Assistant Secretary.$5,000 

Assistant Secretary. 4,500 

Chief Clerk. 3,000 

Assistant Attorney-General.. . . 5,000 
Commissioner of Land Office.. . 5,000 

Assistant Commissioner. 3,5oo 

Commissioner of Pensions. 5,000 


Salary. 

Commissioner of Education... .$5,000 
Commissioner of Indian 

Affairs. 5,000 

Commissioner of Patents. 5,000 

Director of Geological Survey... 6,000 

Director of Reclamation Ser¬ 
vice. 7,500 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Duties of Secretary of Agriculture. —The Secretary exercises personal 
supervision of public business relating to the agricultural industry. He appoints 
all the officers and employees of the department with the exception of the 
Assistant Secretary and the Chief of the Weather Bureau, who are appointed 
by the President, and directs the management of all the bureaus, divisions, 
offices, and the Forest Service, embraced in the department. He exercises 
advisory supervision over agricultural experiment stations, which receive aid 
from the National Treasury; has control of the quarantine stations for im¬ 
ported cattle, of interstate quarantine rendered necessarv by sheep and cattle 
diseases, and of the inspection of cattle-carrying vessels; and directs the 
inspection of domestic and imported food products under the meat inspection 
and pure-food and drugs laws. He is charged with the duty of issuing rules 
and regulations for the protection, maintenance, and care of the National 
Forest Reserves. He also is charged with carrying into effect the laws pro¬ 
hibiting the transportation by interstate commerce of game killed in violation 
of local laws and excluding from importation certain noxious animals, and has 
authority to control the importation of other animals. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the Department. 


Salary. 

Assistant Secretary.$5,000 

Chief Clerk. 3,000 

Solicitor. 4,500 

Chief Weather Bureau. 6,000 

Chief Bureau of Animal In¬ 
dustry. 5,000 

Director Experiment Stations.. 4,500 
Chief Division Publications.. . . 3,000 

Chief Division Accounts. 3> 2 5° 

Chief Bureau Soils. 3>5°° 


Salary. 

Chief Forest Service.$5,000 

Statistician. 3,500 

Entomologist. 4,000 

Chemist. 5,000 

Chief Bureau Biological Sur¬ 
vey.. 3,000 

Director Public Roads. 3,000 

Statistical Scientist. 3,000 


Chief Bureau of Plant Industry 5,000 


DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. 

Duties of Secretary of Commerce and Labor. —The Secretary of Commerce 
and Labor is charged with the work of promoting the commerce of the United 
States, and its mining, manufacturing, shipping, fishery, transportation, and 
labor interests. His duties also comprise the investigation of the organization 
and management of corporations (excepting railroads) engaged in interstate 
commerce; the gathering and publication of information regarding labor 


























1238 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


interests and labor controversies in this and other countries; the administration 
of the Light-House Service, and the aid and protection to shipping thereby; 
the taking of the census, and the collection and publication of statistical 
information connected therewith; the making of coast and geodetic surveys; 
the collecting of statistics relating to foreign and domestic commerce; the 
inspection of steamboats, and the enforcement of laws relating thereto for the 
protection of life and property; the supervision of the fisheries as administered 
bv the Federal Government; the supervision and control of the Alaskan fur- 
seal, salmon, and other fisheries; the jurisdiction over merchant vessels, their 
registry, licensing, measurement, entry, clearance, transfers, movement of 
their cargoes and passengers, and laws relating thereto, and to seamen of the 
United States; the supervision of the immigration of aliens, and the enforce¬ 
ment of the laws relating thereto, and to the exclusion of Chinese; the custody, 
construction, maintenance, and application of standards of weights and measure¬ 
ments; and the gathering and supplying of information regarding industries 
and markets for the fostering of manufacturing. He has power to call upon 
other departments for statistical data obtained by them. 

For the proper accomplishment of any or all of the aforesaid work, it is by 
law provided that all duties performed, and all the powers and authority 
possessed or exercised, at the date of the creation of said department, by the 
head of any executive department in and over any bureau, office, officer, 
board, branch, or division of the public service transferred to said department, 
or any business arising therefrom or pertaining thereto, or in relation to the 
duties and authority, conferred by law upon such bureau, office, officer, board, 
branch, or division of the public service, whether of appellate or advisory 
character or otherwise, are vested in and exercised by the Secretary of Com¬ 
merce and Labor. 

It is his further duty to make such special investigations and furnish such 
information to the President or Congress as may be required by them on the 
foregoing subject-matters and to make annual reports to Congress upon the 
work of said department. Salary $12,000. 


Officers of the 

Salary, 


Assistant Secretary.$5,000 

Chief Clerk. 3,000 

Commissioner of Corporations . 5,000 
Commissioner of Manufactures. 4,000 

Commissioner of Labor. 5,000 

Chairman of Light House 

Board. 8,000 

Director of Census. 7,000 

Superintendent Coast and Geo¬ 
detic Survey. 6,000 

Chief Bureau Statistics. 4,000 


Department. 

Salary, 


Supervising Inspector-General 

Steamboat Service.$4,000 

Commissioner of Fisheries. 6,000 

Commissioner of Navigation. . . 4,000 
Commissioner-General of Im¬ 
migration. 5,000 

Director of Bureau of Stan¬ 
dards. 5,000 

Chief of Division of Naturaliza¬ 
tion._.. 3»5oo 

Chief of Division of Informa- 


INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION. 

The Interstate Commerce Commission is composed of seven members, 
each receiving a salary of $10,000 per annum. The regulating statutes apply 
to all common carriers engaged in the transportation of oil or other commodity, 
except water and except natural or artificial gas, by means of pipe Ikies, or 
partly by pipe line and partly by rail, or partly by pipe line and partly by water, 
and to common carriers engaged in the transportation of passengers or property 
wholly by railroad (or partly by railroad and partly by water when both are 
used under a common control, management, or arrangement for a continuous 
carriage or shipment). The statutes apply generally to interstate traffic, 
including import and domestic traffic, and also that which is carried wholly 
within any territory of the United States. Only traffic transported wholly 
within a single state is excepted. 

















HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


1239 


The Commission has jurisdiction on complaint and after full hearing to 
determine and prescribe reasonable rates, regulations, and practices, and order 
reparation to injured shippers; to require any carriers to cease and desist from 
unjust discrimination or undue or unreasonable preference, and to institute 
and carry on proceedings for enforcement of the law. The Commission may 
also inquire into the management of the business of all common carriers sub¬ 
ject to the provisions of the regulating statutes, and it may prescribe the 
accounts, records, and memoranda which shall be kept by the carriers, and 
from time to time inspect the same. The carriers must file annual reports 
with the Commission, and such other reports as may from time to time be 
required. Carriers failing to file and publish all rates and charges, as required 
by law, are prohibited from engaging in interstate transportation, and penal¬ 
ties are provided in the statute for failure on the part of carriers or of shippers 
to observe the rates specified in the published tariffs. 


CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. 

The purpose of the civil-service act, as declared in its title, is “to regulate 
and improve the civil service of the United States.” It provides for the ap¬ 
pointment of three Commissioners (one at a salary of $4,500, two at $4,000), 
not more than two of whom shall be adherents of the same political party, and 
makes it the duty of the Commission to aid the President, as he may request, 
in preparing suitable rules for carrying the act into effect. The act requires 
that the rules shall provide, among other things, for open competitive exami¬ 
nations for testing the fitness of applications for the classified service the 
making of appointments from among those passing with highest grades, an 
apportionment of appointments in the department at Washington among the 
states and territories, a period of probation before absolute appointment and 
the prohibition of the use of official authority to coerce the political action of 
any person or body. The act also provides for investigations touching the 
enforcement of the rules, and forbids, under penalty of fine or imprisonment, 
or both, the solicitation by any person in the service of the United States of 
contributions to be used for political purposes from persons in such service, or 
the collection of such contributions by any person in a government building. 

Classified Service. —There are about 352,000 positions in the executive civil 
service, of which 206,637 are classified subject either to competitive examination 
under the civil-service rules or to a merit system governing appointments at navy- 
yards. In the latter class are about 18,000 mechanics and skilled workmen. 
The total expenditure for salaries in the executive civil service is about $200,000,- 
000. Persons merely employed as laborers or workmen and persons nominated 
for confirmation by the Senate are exempted from the requirements of classifica¬ 
tion. Within these limits certain classes of positions are excepted from exam¬ 
ination, afnong them being employees at post-offices not having free delivery, ex¬ 
clusive of postmasters of the fourth class in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl¬ 
vania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan who were made subject 
to examination under an executive order approved November 30, 1908, Indians 
in the Indian service, attorneys, pension examining surgeons, field deputy 
marshals, and a few employees whose duties are of an important confidential 
or fiduciary nature. 


OTHER IMPORTANT GOVERNMENT OFFICERS. 


Salary. 

Chief Examiner of Civil Service $3,000 


Secretary Civil Service. 2,500 

Public Printer. 5 > 5 °° 

Librarian of Congress. 6,000 

Assistant Librarian. 4,000 

0 


Salary. 

Director Bureau of American 

Republics.. $5,000 

Secretary Smithsonian Insti¬ 
tute. 3.000 













1240 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH. 

All legislative powers of the National Government are vested in the Con¬ 
gress of t ie United States, which consists of a Senate and a House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. Senators and Representatives each receive a salary of $7,500 a 
year. The Speaker of the House of Representatives receives $12,000 a year. 
They also receive a mileage fee of 20 cents per mile going to and returning 
from each regular session, and an allowance for newspaper, stationery, clerk 
hire and other necessary expenditures. 

Sessions. — A Congress begins on the 4th day of March in every odd-num¬ 
bered year and continues until the second succeeding 4th day of March. Such 
“Congress shall assemble at least once in every year.” This meeting is called 
a session, and the regular date for its commencement is the first Monday in 
December. A Congress has thus two sessions. The first, called the “ Long 
Session, ” commencing on the first Monday in December in an odd-numbered 
year continues until the next succeeding spring or summer. The second, or 
“Short Session,” commencing on the first Monday in December in an even- 
numbered year, continues until the next 4th day of March. 


SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The Senate is composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the 
legislature thereof, for six years. 

Qualifications. —A Senator must have attained to the age of thirty years 
and have been nine years a citizen of the United States. He must be an 
inhabitant of the state for which he is chosen, and cannot hold any civil office 
under the United States during his term of office, nor serve as a Presidential 
Elector. 

Election.—The election takes place on the second Tuesday after the 
organization of the legislature chosen next before the expiration of the pre¬ 
ceding senatorial term, in each house of the legislature the members present, 
by a viva voce vote, name a person or persons for Senator, and the name of 
the person receiving the greatest number of votes is entered upon the journal 
of that house. At noon on the next day the members of both houses meet in 
a joint session, at which, the journals of the two bodies are read, and if the 
same person received a majority of the votes in both houses he is declared 
elected Senator. However, if no person receives such majorities, the members 
in joint session proceed by a viva voce vote to choose a Senator, a majority of all 
the members being necessary for an election. If such a majority is not secured 
at the first session, the two houses meet jointly at noon on each succeeding 
legislative day and take at least one ballot for Senator until one is elected or 
the legislature adjourns. . If a vacancy in the representation of any state in 
the Senate occurs by reason of death or otherwise, such vacancy is filled by 
the legislature in the same manner as a Senator is regularly elected. But if 
such vacancy should occur during a recess of the legislature, or if the legislature 
should adjourn without electing a Senator, the Governor of such state may 
fill the vacancy by a temporary appointment until a Senator is elected at the 
next session of the legislature. A person so elected or appointed receives from 
the Governor of the state a certificate of his election or appointment under the 
seal of the state and directed to the President of the Senate of the United States. 


HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

The House of Representatives is composed of 391 members chosen every 
second year (the even-numbered years) by the people of the several States. * 






1241 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


Representatives Under Each Apportionment. 


States. 

Constitutional 

apportionment. 

First census, 

X 700. 

Second census, 

1800 

Third census, 

M 1810. 

Fourth census, 
c»> 1820. 

Fifth census, 

M C/1 l8lO. 

t/T 

P 

w 

G 

<L> ^ 

3 0 S 

00 

+j 

X 

CO 

7 

1 

2 

tn 

P 

in 

C 

0 

0 c 

r- >' 

■5 OC 

c M 

> 

4) 

CO 

7 

2 

2 

uT 

P 

1/3 

c 

0 0 

3 VO 

^00 

X 

bo 

W 

6 

3 

3 

tn 

P 

m 

C 

0 d 

t- 

oc 

_C 

8 

4 

4 

1 

4 

1 

2 

9 

W 

3 

w 

G 

0 0 

00 
JG m 

G 

H 

8 

5 

6 
1 

4 

1 

2 

10 

I 

20 

13 

11 

7 

11 
6 

4 
6 

12 

11 

5 
7 

M 

1 

3 

1 

2 

7 

34 

9 

1 

21 

I 

G 

<D 

u 0 

O 

JG 00 

G 

<D if} 

> P 
0) w 

w 

9 

6 

7 

1 2 

4 

1 

2 

11 

1 

22 

13 

II 

8 

11 
6 
4 
6 

13 

12 

7 

7 
1 5 

1 

6 

1 

2 

8 
34 

9 

1 

21 

tn 

P 

C/3 

C 

4/ • 
0 0 
0 

■5 0 

U-4 M 

■s 

9 

7 

8 

3 

5 

1 

3 

11 

1 

25 

13 

11 

8 

11 

7 

4 

6 

14 

12 

9 

8 
16 

1 

6 

1 

2 

10 

37 

10 

2 

21 

c 

Alabama. 


Arkansas. 




California. 






Colorado. 







Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

Florida. 

5 

i 

7 

i 

7 

1 

7 

2 

6 

1 

6 

1 

4 

I 

I 

8 

4 

1 

I 

8 

4 

1 

1 

7 

Georgia. 

Idaho. 

3 

2 

4 

6 

7 

9 

Illinois. 




1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

7 

7 

10 

2 

9 
11 

2 

14 

11 
6 

1 

9 

5 

5 

5 
10 

6 

2 

5 

9 

19 

13 

9 

3 

10 
6 

5 

6 

11 

9 

3 

6 

13 

Indiana. 




Iowa. 




Kansas. 







Kentucky. 


2 

6 

10 

1 

7 

9 

13 

12 

? 

9 

13 

13 

3 

8 

8 

12 

1 

2 

2 

10 

4 

7 

6 

10 

3 

4 

5 

10 

11 

4 

2 

5 
7 

Louisiana. 


Maine. 




Maryland. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

6 

8 

8 

14 

9 

17 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 




I 

1 

1 

Missouri. 




Montana. 





Nebraska. 









1 

1 

3 

5 

31 

7 

1 

1 

3 

7 

33 

8* 

Nevada. 









New Hampshire. 

New Jersey. 

New York. 

North Carolina.1 

North Dakota. 

3 

4 

6 

5 

4 

5 

IO 

IO 

5 

6 
17 

12 

6 

6 

27 

13 

6 

6 

34 

13 

5 

6 
40 
13 

4 

5 
34 

9 

3 

5 

33 

8 

Ohio. 



1 

6 

14 

19 

21 

21 

19 

20 

Oklahoma. 



Oregon. 








I 

I 

I 

T 



Pennsylvania. 

8 

13 

18 

23 

26 

28 

24 

25 

24 

27 

28 

30 

3 2 

Rhodfe Island. 

I 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

South Carolina. 

5 

6 

8 

9 

9 

9 

7 

6 

4 

5 

7 

7 

7 

South Dakota. 











2 

2 


Tennessee. 


I 

■2 

6 

0 

13 

I I 

T O 

8 

4. 

I O 

T O 

IO 

T * ! 


Texas. 



O 



2 

2 

6 

11 


Utah. 











I 


Vermont. 


2 

A 

6 

c 

c 

A 

•5 

7 

7 

2 



Virginia. 

IO 

19 

22 

23 

22 

J 

21 

15 

13 

11 

O 

9 

10 

10 

10 

Washington. 











I 

2 


West Virginia. 










7 

4 

4. 

c 

Wisconsin. 







2 

7 

6 

8 

0 

1 0 

0 

T T 

Wyoming. 











I 

I 

I 

Total. 

65 

106 

142 

186 

213 

242 

33 2 

237 

243 

293 

332 

357 

39 i 


Qualifications.— A Representative must have attained to the age of 
twenty-five years and have been seven years a citizen of the United States. 
He must be an inhabitant of the state from which he is chosen and cannot hold 
any civil office under the United States during his term of office nor serve as a 
Presidential Elector. By custom he is a resident of the district from which 
he is chosen. 

Election.—The number of Representatives to which each state is entitled 
is determined by Congress after each decennial census. Congress has fixed the 
time of their election as the “ Tuesday next after the first Monday in November” 






















































































































































1242 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


in every even-numbered year. In states entitled to more than one Repre¬ 
sentative, they are elected by “districts composed of contiguous territory and 
containing as nearly as possible an equal number of inhabitants,” which dis¬ 
tricts are determined and the boundaries fixed by the legislatures of the States. 
When, in a reapportionment, a state’s representation is increased, the addi¬ 
tional Representatives are chosen by vote of the whole state, until the state is 
redistricted. They are called Representatives or Congressmen-at-Large. 


POWERS OF CONGRESS. 

Civil. —To Raise revenue. 

Direct taxation. 

Per capita. 

Land. 

Personal property. 

Indirect taxation. 

Duties on imports, specific and ad valorem. 

Excises. 

To borrow money. 

To regulate commerce. 

Foreign and domestic. 

Make shipping regulations. 

Improve harbors. 

Build lighthouses. 

Install life-saving stations. 

License pilots. 

Establish quarantines, etc. 

Domestic. 

Between states. 

With Indians. 

To maintain business stability. 

Coinage, 

Minting. 

Regulation of coin values, foreign and domestic. 
Weights and measures. 

Bankruptcy laws 
To regulate postal service. 

Foreign. 

Carriage of mails 
Postage. 

Domestic, 

Post-offices 

Post-roads. 

Postage. 

To encourage science and useful arts. 

Patents, 

Caveat. 

Letters patent. 

Copyrights 
To define crimes. 

Exterritorial 

Piracy. 

Felonies on the high seas. 

Crimes against the law of nations. 

Territorial, 

Counterfeiting. 

Money. 

Securities 

To regulate citizenship. 

By defining citizenship. 

By naturalization. 

To govern territory (obtained from states). 

For forts, magazines arsenals, dock-yards and other build- 
' ings. 












HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


1243 


Military. —To declare war. 

To grant letters of marque and reprisal. 

To make rules as to captures (on land; at sea). 

To raise and support armies. 

To build and maintain a navy. 

And make rules for governing them. 

To organize and call out militia. 

To execute Federal laws. 

To suppress insurrections. 

To repel invasions. 

THE JUDICIAL BRANCH. 

The judicial power of the United States is vested in a Supreme Court, nine 
Circuit Courts, nine Circuit Courts of Appeal,- eighty-six District Courts, and 
a Court of Claims. Judges of the United States courts are appointed by the 
President with the consent of the Senate and serve during good behavior. 

THE SUPREME COURT. 

This court is composed of a Chief Justice, salary $13,000, and eight Asso¬ 
ciate Justices, salary $12,500 each. The court sits at Washington, and holds 
one session annually, commencing on the second Monday in October 

THE CIRCUIT COURTS. 

The United States is divided into nine judicial circuits. To each circuit 
the Supreme Court allots one of its justices, who must attend at least one 
term of such court in every two years. For each circuit there are also ap¬ 
pointed two or more circuit judges, salary $7,000 each. The Circuit Court 
sits twice a year in each district within the circuit. 

THE CIRCUIT COURTS OF APPEAL. 

They are nine in number and were created for the purpose of relieving 
the Supreme Court of certain classes of appeals. A Circuit Court of Appeals 
consists of three judges, two of whom form a quorum. It is held by the justice 
of the Supreme Court allotted to that circuit and two circuit judges, but a 
district judge is also competent to act. No judge, however, can hear a case 
in the Circuit Court of Appeal at the trial of which he presided in the District 
or Circuit Court. 


DISTRICT COURTS. 

Congress has set apart each state as a judicial district, except in case of 
the more populous states, which are divided into two or more districts. There 
are eighty-six judicial districts in the states and territories. There are one or 
more resident judges in each district and the court is held by a district judge, 
salary $6,000. 


THE COURT OF CLAIMS. 

This Court consists of a Chief Justice, salary $6,500, and four Associate 
Judges, salary $6,000 each. 

JURISDICTION OF UNITED STATES COURT. 

Supreme Court. —(A Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices). 

Original jurisdiction. 

In cases affecting, 

Ambassadors, consuls. 

Other public ministers. 

When a state is a party. 

Appellate Jurisdiction. 

Directly from Circuit and District Courts. 

In cases involving, 

Jurisdiction of the court, 





1244 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


Supreme Court. —Continued. 

Appellate jurisdiction in cases involving 

Interpretation of Federal Constitution or a 
treaty. 

Application of Federal Constitution to a 
Federal law. 

State constitution. 

State law. 

Conviction of capital crime 

From Circuit Courts of Appeal and the Court of Claims. 

In all cases in which the decisions are not final. 

Inferior Courts of Original Jurisdiction. 

District Courts. (District Judge.) 

Exclusive jurisdiction. 

Admiralty and maritime cases. 

Cases for penalties and forfeitures. 
Bankruptcy proceedings. 

Circuit Courts. (Justice of Supreme Court, Circuit Judge and 
District Judge, or any two of them.) 

Concurrent jurisdiction. 

Crimes, not punished by death. 

Civil actions for or against United States or 
an officer. 

Infringement of personal rights. 

Bankruptcy (certain proceedings). 

Exclusive jurisdiction. 

Crimes, punished by death. 

Cases under the revenue, patent and copy¬ 
right laws. 

Civil actions, not for or against United States 
or an officer. 

Court of Claims. (A Chief justice and four Associate Justices.) 
Claims. 

Founded on a law of Congress: 

Regulation of any executive department. 
Contract with the government. 

Referred by either House of Congress: 

Of disbursing officers to be relieved from dis¬ 
ability. 

Of Appellate Jurisdiction. 

Circuit Courts of Appeal. (Justice of Supreme Court, two 
Circuit Judges and a District Judge, or any two of them.) 
Judgments are final in all cases: 

Involving United States or state citizenship. 
Arising under 

Patents. 

Revenue laws. 

Crimes not punished by death. 

Admiralty cases. 

Civil suits less than $5,000 

STATE GOVERNMENT. 

The governments of the several states differ from one another, yet strongly 
resemble one other. Each state 

1. Has a popular government. 

2. Has a written Constitution. 

3. Has the three great departments of government—executive, legislative 

and judicial. 

4 Supports a system of public schools. 

5. Provides for a system of local self-government. 

6. Makes most of the laws that regulate the citizen in his daily pursuits. 


I 






HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


1245 


THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

At the head of this department is the Governor, elected by the people, for 
a term of one to four years. It' is his duty to see that the laws are executed. 
He may call to his assistance judges and sheriffs and, in case of need, the militia 
of the state. When public business is conducted with another state, the 
Governor acts in the name of the state. He sends a message to the legislature 
at the opening of its session, informing it of the conditions throughout the 
state, and in time of pressing need may call the legislature in extra session. 

In many states the Governor has the power to pardon criminals, or com¬ 
mute their punishment. 

Many officers are appointed by the Governor. In some states he appoints 
the judges of the state courts. 

Most of the states elect a Lieutenant-Governor to serve when the Governor 
is unable to be at his post. He acts as the President of the State Senate. 

The Secretary of State, sometimes elected, sometimes appointed by the 
Governor, is the highest clerk of the executive department. 

The State Comptroller or Auditor manages the financial business of the 
state government. 

The State Treasurer is the custodian of the funds of the state, which he 
disburses only on orders from the officers designated by law. 

The Attorney-General is the law officer of the state. 

The Superintendent of Public Instruction is the head of the school system 
of the state. 

In addition to these officers, which are found in almost every state there 
are in many states other executive officers and boards whose duties are very 
important, such as 

The Insurance Commissioner. 

The Board of Railroad Commissioners. 

The Inspector of Factories. 

The Liquor License Commissioners. 

The Board of Charities. 

The Board of Health. 

The Tax Commissioner. 

The Board of Pardons. 

The Superintendent of Banks. 

The Board of Medical Examiners. 

The Commissioner of Agriculture. 

The Board of Public Works. 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

The Legislature of a state is always divided into two branches—A Senate 
and a House of Representatives. In some states the lower house is called the 
Assembly, in others the House of Delegates, in New Jersey the General Assem¬ 
bly. In many of the states the whole Legislature is called the General 
Assembly. 

Both the Senate and the lower house are representative bodies. The 
counties or towns and cities are represented in the lower house according to 
population, determined by a census taken every five or ten years. The state 
is divided into senatorial districts from each of which a senator is elected. 
The minimum age for senators is generally higher than for representatives, 
and their term is usually longer. 

The State Legislature may not pass any law contrary to the Constitution 
of the state nor of the United States. It grants charters for the government 
of cities, boroughs, and villages; and for the organization of railroad companies, 
banks, colleges, and many other public and private institutions. 

It makes laws governing the public schools. 

It defines the boundaries of counties and towns. 

It makes laws concerning property, real and personal. 

It makes laws concerning the social relations, marriages, divorces, etc. 

It makes laws regulating the manner of holding elections and the qualih- 

cationsof voters. . 

It regulates railroads, and other public utilities operating within the state. 

It regulates manufacturing, trading, mining, agriculture, hunting, 

fishing, etc. 




1246 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

The lowest court is conducted by a justice of the peace or magistrate, who 
acts in the name of the state. He renders decisions only in small and unim¬ 
portant cases. 

The next court is called the Circuit Court, the District Court, the Superior 
Court, the Supreme Court or the Court of Common Pleas. 

It sits in the court house at the county seat. The same judge may serve 
in several counties. The judges are generally elected, but in some states 
appointed by the Governor. Appeals from the lower court are taken to the 
Supreme Court, or Court of Appeals, the highest court of the state. It usually 
meets at the capital of the state. In some states there is an intermediate 
court between the lower and higher, which hears appeals in certain classes of 
cases. 


The Thirteen Original States. 


States. 

Ratified the Con¬ 
stitution 


States. 

Ratified the Con 
stitution. 

Delaware. 

Pennsylvania. 

New Jersey. 

Georgia. 

Connecticut. 

Massachusetts. 

Marvland. 

1787, Dec. 7. 
1787, Dec. 12. 

1787, Dec. 18. 

1788, Jan. 2. 

1788, Jan. 9. 

1788, Feb. 6. 

1788, April 28. 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

South Carolina. 

New Hampshire . . . 

Virginia. 

New York. 

North Carolina. 

Rhode Island. 

1788, May 23. 
1788, June 21. 
1788, June 25. 

1788, July 26. 

1789, Nov. 21. 

1790, May 29. 


States. 


1 [Vermont.. 

2 | Kentucky. 

3 'Tennessee. 

4 Ohio. 

5 Louisiana. 

6 ! Indiana.. . 

7 i Mississippi 

8 [Illinois.... 

9 I Alabama., 
i o ! Maine.... 

11 | Missouri. . 

12 (Arkansas.. 

13 (Michigan.. 

14 (Florida. . . 

15 Texas. 

16 Iowa. 

17 jWisconsin. 


States Admitted to the Union. 


Admitted.* 


States. 

1791, March 4. 

18 

California. 

1792, June 1. 

10 

Minnesota. 

1796, June 1. 

20 

Oregon. 

1803, Feb. 19. 

21 

Kansas. 

1812, April 30. 

22 

West Virginia. 

1816, Dec. 11. 

2 3 

Nevada. 

1817, Dec. 10. 

24 

Nebraska. 

1S18, Dec. 3. 

25 

Colorado. 

1819, Dec. 14. 

26 

North Dakota. 

1820, March 15. 

27 

South Dakota. 

1821, Aug. 10. 
1836, June 15. 

28 

Montana. 

29 

Washington. 

1837, Jan. 26. 

3 ° 

Idaho. 

1845, March 3. 

31 

Wyoming. 

1845, Dec. 29. 

32 

Utah. 

1846, Dec. 28. 
1848, May 29. 

33 

Oklahoma. 


Admitted.* 


1850, Sept. 9. 

1858, May 11. 

1859, Feb. 14. 
1861, Jan. 29. 

1863, June 19. 

1864, Oct. 31. 
1867, March 1 
1876, Aug. 1. 
1889, Nov. 2. 
1889, Nov. 2. 
1889, Nov. 8. 

1889, Nov. 11. 

1890, July 3. 
1890, July 11. 
1896, Jan. 4. 
1907, Nov. 16. 


*Date when admission took effect is given from U. S. Census reports. In many 
instances the act of the admission by Congress was passed on a previous date. 


The Territories. 



Territories. 

Organized. 


Territories. 

Organized. 

I 

New Mexico. 

Sept 9, 1850. 

Feb. 24, 1863. 
July 16, 1790— 
Mar. 3, 1791. 

A 

District of Alaska... 
Haw'aii. 

July 27, 1868. 
June 14, 1900. 

2 

Arizona. 

5 

3 

District of Columbia 




New Possessions.—A government for Porto Rico was established by the Fifty- 
sixth Congress. The Philippines are under a provisional civil government, Guam and 
Tutuila under Governors, and the Isthmian Canal Zone under a Commission, all 
appointed by the President. 



































































































HOW WE ARE GOVERNED 


1247 


STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 


States 

and 

Territories. 

Governors. 

Legislatures. 

Salaries of 
Members, 
Annual or Per 
Diem, while 
in Session. 

T’rmsof 

Memb’s, 

Years. 

Salaries. 

L’gth T’rm, 
Years. 

Ann. 

or 

Bien. 

Limit 

of 

Session. 

Sena¬ 

tors. 

Repre- 

sent’es. 

Alabama. 

$5,000 

4 

Quad. 

50 days. 

$4 per diem.. . . 

4 

4 

Alaska. 

5,000 

4 






Arizona. 

3,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days 

$4 per diem.. . . 

2 

2 

Arkansas. 

4,000 

2 

Bien. 

60 days.. 

$6 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

California. 

10,000 

4 

Bien. 

None. 

$1,000 term.. . . 

4 

2 

Colorado. 

5,000 

2 

Bien. 

90 days. 

$7 per diem. 

4 

’ 2 

Connecticut. 

4,000 

2 

Rien 

N" onp 

$300 arm 


2 

Delaware. 

4,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Florida. 

5,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$6 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Georgia. 

5,000 

2 

Ann. 

50 days. 

$4 per diem.. . . 

2 

2 

Hawaii. 

e; ,000 

4 

T 3 ipn 

90 Hays 

$400 ann . 



Idaho. 

5,000 

2 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

2 

2 

Illinois. 

I 2 ,000 

4 

Rien 

N one 

$1 000 ann^ 



Indiana. 

8,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$6 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Iowa. 

5,000 

2 

Bien. 

None. 

$550 session.. . . 

4 

2 

Kansas. 

5,000 

2 

Bien. 

50 days. 

$3 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Kentucky. 

6,500 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Louisiana:. 

5,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

4 

4 

Maine. 

3,000 

2 

Bien. 

None 

$300 ann ... 

2 


Maryland. 

4.500 

4 

Bien. 

90 days. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Massachusetts. 

8,000 

1 

Ann 

N one 

871:0 ann. 

I 


Michigan. 

5,000 

2 

Ripn 

N one 

$800 ann . 

0 


Minnesota. 

7,000 

2 

Ripn 

90 days 

$1,000 ann. 

A 


Mississippi. 

4.500 

4 

Bien. 

None. 

$400 session.. . . 

4 

4 

Missouri. 

5,000 

4 

Bien. 

70 days. 

$5 per diem. 

4 

2 

Montana. 

5.000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days 

$12 per diem.. . 

4 

2 

Nebraska. 

2,500 

2 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

2 

2 

Nevada. 

4,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$10 per diem.. . 

4 

2 

New Hampshire .... 

3,000 

2 

Bien. 

None. 

$200 ann. 

2 

2 

New Jersey. 

10,000 


Ann 

N one. 

$500 ann. 



New Mexico. 

3.000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$4 per diem.. . . 

2 

2 

New York. 

10,000 

' 2 

Ann. 

None. 

$1,500 ann. 

2 

I 

North Carolina. 

4,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$4 per diem.. . . 

2 

2 

North Dakota. 

3 ,000 

2 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Ohio. 

10,000 

2 

Bien. 

None. 

$1,000 ann. 

2 

2 

Oklahoma. ... 

4.500 

3 

Bien. 

60 days 

$6 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Oregon. 

5.000 

4 

Bien. 

40 days. 

$3 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Pennsylvania. 

10,000 

4 

Bien. 

None. 

$1,500 session. . 

4 

2 

Porto Rico. 

8,000 

4 

Ann. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Rhode Island. 

3 ,000 

1 

Ann. 

None. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

I 

X 

Smith Carolina. 

? .000 

2 

Ann 

None. 

$200 ann. 

4 

2 

South Dakota. 

3,000 

2 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

2 

2 

Tennessee. 

7.500 

2 

Bien. 

75 days. 

$4 per diem.. . . 

2 

2 

Texas. 

4,000 

2 

Bien. 

None. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

U tah. 

4,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$4 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Vermont. 

2,500 

2 

Bien. 

None. 

$4 per diem.. . . 

2 

2 

Virginia. 

5.000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$500 session.. . . 

4 

2 

Washington. 

6,000 

4 

Bien. 

60 days. 

$5 per diem.. . . 

2 

2 

West Virginia. 

5,000 

4 

Bien. 

45 days. 

$4 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 

Wisennsin. 

5,000 

2 

then. 

None.. 

$500 ann. 

4 

2 

Wyoming. 

2,500 

4 

Bien. 

40 days. 

$8 per diem.. . . 

4 

2 


I 


GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The municipal government pf the District of Columbia is vested by act of 
Congress approved June n, 1878, in three Commissioners, two of whom are 
appointed by the President from citizens of the District having had three 
years’ residence therein immediately preceding that appointment, and con¬ 
firmed by the Senate. The other Commissioner is detailed by the President 
of the United States from the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army, 







































































































1248 


HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


and must have lineal rank senior to captain, or be a captain who has served at 
least fifteen years in the Corps of Engineers of the Army. The Commissioners 
appoint the subordinate official service of said government, except the Board 
of Education, which is appointed by the Supreme Court of the District of 
Columbia. 

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 

THE COUNTY. 

Every state and territory is divided into counties (in Louisiana called 
parishes). In the Southern States and in many of the western states the 
county—outside of towns and cities—assumes most of the functions of local 
government. Each county has a county seat where the public business is 
transacted. Most of this business is done by a Board of County Commissioners 
or Supervisors, called in some states the county court; in others the levy 
court, because it levies the taxes. There are no County Commissioners in 
Rhode Island. 

As a rule the County Commissioners 

Fix the rate of taxation for the county. 

Appropriate money for the payment of the salaries of county officers 
and to meet the other expenses of county government. 

Make contracts for building and repairing roads and bridges. 

Appoint subordinate county officials. 

Represent the county in the courts when it is sued for damages. 

At every county seat one or more judges sit for the trial of cases. These 
judges are generally state officers, but they receive the assistance of several 
county officers. 

The Sheriff carries out the orders of the judge. He has the custody of 
prisoners, executes the death penalty, sells property, and preserves peace 
and order. When necessary he may call to his aid deputies or helpers. 

The Prosecuting Attorney, called also the State’s Attorney, the District 
Attorney, the County Attorney, or the Solicitor, appears in the county court 
and presents the case against a criminal. 

The Coroner takes charge of the body of a person found dead or who dies 
mysteriously, and inquires into the cause of death. If foul play is suspected, 
he impanels a jury and holds an “inquest.” In some states in case of a va¬ 
cancy by death, resignation or inability to act .of the sheriff he assumes the 
duties of that office. 

The Clerk of the County Court or Prothonotary keeps the records of the 
county court. In some states he keeps a record of deeds and mortgages, 
issues marriage certificates and records births and deaths. 

Above officers are found in almost every state; in many states there are also 

The County Treasurer. 

The County Auditor. 

The County Assessors. 

The County Tax Collectors. 

The Register or Recorder of Deeds. 

The Superintendent of Schools. 

The Probate or Orphans’ Court. —In Georgia the judge of this court is 

called “Ordinary;” in New York and New Jersey “Surrogate.” 

THE TOWNSHIP. 

In the Middle Atlantic and Middle Western States, township government 
is organized. It usually supports public schools, cares for public roads, and helps 
the poor. In many states it levies and collects taxes for these purposes. The 
township officers vary greatly in different states. The more usual ones are 

The Supervisor or Trustee, who cares for roads and bridges. 

The School Directors, who control the public schools. 

The Township Clerk. 

The Assessors. 

The Tax Collector. 

The Auditors. 

The Constable, who assists the justice of the peace and is the peace officer 
of the township. 

The Overseers of the Poor. 




HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 


1249 


THE TOWN. 

The town is characteristic of New England. Its most important 
feature is the town meeting, of all citizens, usually held once a year in the 
town hall. At this meeting the rate of taxation 'is fixed, money is appro¬ 
priated, by-laws are passed and officers are elected. The principal officers are 

The Selectmen who carry into effect the measures adopted at the town 
meeting. 

The Town Clerk, who keeps the records. 

The Assessors. 

The Tax Collector. 

The Town Treasurer. 

The Overseers of the Poor. 

The Constable. 

The Surveyor of Highways, who keeps roads and bridges in repair. 

The Fence Viewers, who settle disputes over boundaries. 

The Field Driver or Pound Keeper, who takes charge of stray animals. 

THE VILLAGE OR BOROUGH. 

In thickly settled communities, a village is organized under a charter 
from the state. It usually has a President or Mayor or Chief Burgess and a body 
of Trustees, Commissioners, Councilmen or Burgesses, who pass local laws or 
ordinances, levy taxes, and provide for police and fire protection, street pav¬ 
ing, sewerage, etc.; and School Directors, who provide for the needs of the 
schools. It may also have a Clerk, a Treasurer, Assessors, a Tax Collector, a 
Constable, and a Street Commissioner. 

THE CITY. 

When the village or borough grows to a large size, it becomes a city. 
It is still organized under a charter from the state, but with broader 
functions and greater powers. The city always has two departments—execu¬ 
tive and legislative—the judicial department being a part of the state govern¬ 
ment. 

The Mayor is the executive officer of the city. His powers and functions 
vary greatly. He is nearly always elected by the people, but in a few cases 
chosen by City Council. His term of office varies from one to four years. 
His chief duty is to carry out the ordinances of Council. In most cities he can 
veto an ordinance, but it can be passed over his veto by a two-thirds or three- 
fourths vote. 

The business of a city is usually carried on by departments such as: 

The Department of Police, with police commissioners. 

The Department of Highways, with a street commissioner and engineer 
or surveyor. 

The Department of Public Safety, with fire and health commissioners; 
building, boiler and plumbing inspectors. 

The Department of Charities, with overseers of the poor. 

The Department of Education, with school commissioners. 

The Department of Parks, with park commissioners. 

The Department of Finance, with an auditor or comptroller. 

The Department of Law, with a city solicitor or corporation counsel. 

The City Council is the legislative department of the city. In large cities 
it often has two branches, whose members are called Aldermen and Councilmen. 
These members are usually elected by wards. They meet in the City Hall and 
make laws, called ordinances, for the government of the city. Their powers 
and limitations are defined by the city charter and the laws passed by the 

state legislature. ... 

The Commission Plan. —In many cities in Texas, Iowa, Kansas and 
Massachusetts the “Commission” plan of city government has been adopted. 
The commission consists of a Mayor and a small body of Councilmen or Aider- 
men, each the head of a department, and all elected by the whole body of 
voters without regard to wards or precincts and usually without regard to 
party. The commission both makes the laws and executes them. The Mayor 
is chairman of the Commission but does not have the veto power. 

79 





OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS 


THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

In Congress July 4, 1776. • 

The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America. 
When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to 
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to 
assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which 
the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitles them, a decent respect to the 
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, 
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that 
among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure 
these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers 
from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government 
becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to 
abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such 
principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most 
likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate 
that Governments long established should not be changed for light and tran¬ 
sient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are 
more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by 
abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of 
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design 
to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to 
throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. 
Such,has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the 
necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. 
The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries 
and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute 
Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid 
world. 

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be 
obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts 
of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in 
the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the. sole purpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with 
manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be 
elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have 
returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the 
meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions 
within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that 
purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass 
others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new 
Appropriations of Lands. 


(1250) 



SIGNING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

From the famous painting by Trumbull. Each figure is taken from an authentic portrait. The Declaration of 
Independence was proclaimed to the world July 4, 1776. The original manuscript is preserved 

at Washington. 















OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


1251 


He has obstructed the‘Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent 
to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. 

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of 
Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the 
Consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the 
Civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts 
of pretended Legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us. 

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders 
which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: 

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: 

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: 

For depriving us in many cases of the benefits of Trial by jury: 

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: 

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, 
establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries 
so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
same absolute rule into these Colonies: 

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and 
altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: 

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection 
and waging War against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with 
circumstances of Cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous 
ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-Citizens taken captive on the high Seas to 
bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends 
and Brethren, or to fail themselves by their Hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and 
conditions. 

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the 
most humble terms. Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by 
repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus Marked by every act 
which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We 
have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend 
an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the cir¬ 
cumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to 
their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties 
of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably 
interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to 
the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must therefore, acquiesce in 
the necessity which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the 
rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, 
in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by authority of 
the good People of these Colonies, solemnly Publish and Declare, That these 
United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; 
that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all 




1252 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought 
to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they 
have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish 
Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States 
may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance 
on the protection of Divine Providence, We mutually pledge to each other our 
Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor. 


SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 


Name. 


Adams, John. 

Adams, Samuel. 

Bartlett, Josiah. 

Braxton, Carter. 

Carroll, Charles. 

Chase, Samuel. 

Clark, Abraham. 

Clyrner, George. 

Ellery, William. 

Floyd, William. 

Franklin, Benjamin... 

Gerry, Elbridge. 

Gwinnett, Button. 

Hancock, John. 

Hall, Lyman. 

Harrison, Benj. 

Hart. John. 

Hewes, Joseph. 

Heyward, Jr., Thos. . . 

Hooper, Wm. 

Hopkins, Steph. 

Hopkinson, Francis.. . 
Huntington, Samuel.. 

i efferson, Thomas. 

,ee, Richard Henry... 
Lee, Francis Lightfoot. 

Lewis, Francis. 

Livingston, Philip. 

Lynch, Jr., Thos. 

M’Kean, Thos. 

Middleton, Arthur. . . . 

Morris, Lewis. 

Morris, Robert. 

Morton, John. 

Nelson, Jr., Thos. 

Paca, William. 

Paine, Robert Treat.... 

Penn,John. 

Read, George. 

Rodney, Caesar. 

Ross, George. 

Rush, Benjamin. 

Rutledge, Edward. . .. 

Sherman, Roger. 

Smith, James. 

Stockton, Richard.... 

Stone, Thos. 

Taylor, George. 

Thornton, Matthew.. . 

Walton, George. 

Whipple, William. 

Williams, William. 

Wilson, James. 

Witherspoon, John... . 

Wolcott, Oliver. 

Wythe, George. 


Colony. 

Occupation. 

Mass.. . 

Lawyer. 

Mass.. . 

Merchant... . 

N. H.... 

Physician... . 

Va. 

Planter. 

Md. 

Lawyer. 

Md. 

Lawyer. 

N. J.... 

Lawyer. 

Penn.. 

Merchant... . 

R. I... . 

Lawyer. 

N. Y... 

Farmer. 

Penn.... 

Printer. 

Mass.. . 

Merchant... . 

Ga. 

Merchant... . 

Mass.. . 

Merchant... . 

Ga. 

Physician... . 

Va. 

Farmer. 

N. J.... 

Farmer. 

N. C.... 

Lawyer. 

S. C... . 

Lawyer. 

N. C.... 

Lawyer. 

R. I. .. 

Farmer. 

N. J.... 

Lawyer. 

Conn.... 

Lawyer. 

Va. 

Lawyer. 

Va. 

Soldier. 

Va. 

Farmer. 

N. Y... 

Merchant... . 

N. Y... 

Merchant... . 

S. C... . 

Lawyer. 

Del. 

Lawyer . 

S. C... . 

Lawyer . 

N. Y.... 

Farmer . 

Penn.... 

Merchant.. . . 

Penn.... 

Surveyor . 

Va . 

Statesman.. . 

Md. . . . 

Lawyer . 

Mass.. . 

Lawyer. 

N. C.... 

Lawyer . 

Del . 

Lawyer. 

Del . 

General . 

Penn.. . 

Lawyer . 

Penn.... 

Physician.. . . 

|S. C... . 

Lawyer . 

Conn.... 

Shoemaker . . 

Penn.... 

Lawyer . 

N. J.... 

Lawyer . 

Md. . . . 

Lawyer . 

Penn... 

Physician... . 

N. H.... 

Physician... . 

Ga . 

Lawyer . 

Conn.... 

Sailor . 

Conn..... 

Statesman.. . 

Penn.... 

Lawyer. 

N. J.... 

Minister . 

Conn.... 

Physician... . 

Va . 

Lawyer . 


Born. 

Birthplace. 

Died. 

Age. 

1735 

Braintree, Mass. 

1826 

92 

1722 

Boston, Mass. 

1803 

81 

1729 

Amesbury, Mass. 

1795 

67 

1736 

Newington, Va. 

1797 

62 

173 7 

Annapolis, Md. 

1832 

96 

1741 

Somerset Co., Md. 

1811 

71 

1726 

Elizabethtown, N. J.. .. 

1794 

69 

1739 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

1813 

75 

1727 

Newport, R. I. 

1820 

93 

1734 

Setauket, N. Y. ...... . 

1821 

87 

1706 

Boston, Mass. 

1790 

85 

1744 

Marblehead, Mass. 

1814 

71 

1732 

England. 

1777 

45 

173 7 

Braintree, Mass. 

1793 

57 

1731 

Connecticut. 

1784 

53 

1740 

Berkeley, Va. 

1791 

5 1 

1715 

Hopewell, N. 1. 

1780 

65 

173c 

Kingston, N. J. 

1779 

49 

1746 

St. Luke’s, S. C. 

1809 

63 

1742 

Boston, Mass. 

1790 

49 

1707 

Scituate, Mass. 

1783 

79 

173 7 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

1791 

54 

1732 

Windham, Conn. 

1796 

64 

1743 

Shadwell, Va. 

1826 

83 

1732 

Stratford, Va. 

1794 

63 

1734 

Stratford, Va. 

1797 

63 

1713 

Llandaff, Wales. 

1803 

91 

1716 

Albany, N. Y. 

1778I 

63 

1749 

Prince George’s Co., S. C. 

1779 

3 ° 

1734 

New London, Pa. 

1817 

84 

1743 

Middleton PI., S. C. 

1788 

44 

1726 

Morrisania, N. Y. 

1798 

72 

1734 

Lancashire, Eng. 

1806 

73 

1724 

Ridley, Pa. 

1777 

53 

1738 

York, Va. 

1789 

5 i 

1740 

Wye Hall, Md. 

1799 

59 

1731 

Boston, Mass. 

1814 

84 

1741 

Caroline Co., Va. 

1788 

48 

1734 

Cecil Co, Md. 

1798 

64 

1730 

Dover, Del. 

178 3 

53 

1730 

Newcastle, Del. 

1779 

49 

1745 

Berberry, Pa. 

1813 

68 

1749 

Charleston, S. C. 

1800 

5 i 

1721 

Newton, Mass. 

1793 

73 

1710 

Ireland. 

1806 

96 

1730 

Princeton, N. T. 

1781 

5 i 

1742 

Pointoin Manor, Md... . 

1787 

45 

1716 

Ireland. 

1781 

65 

1714 

Ireland. 

1803 

89 

1740 

Frederick Co., Va. 

1804 

64 

1730 

Kittery, Me. 

1785 

55 

1731 

Lebanon, Conn. 

18x1 

81 

1742 

St. Andrews, Scotland.. 

1798 

56 

1722 

Yester, Scotland. 

1794 

73 

1726 

Windsor, Conn. 

1797 

72 

1726 

Elizabeth Co., Va. 

1806 

80 




































































































































































OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


1253 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Preamble. —We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect Lnion, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the 
common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for 
the United States of America. 


ARTICLE I. 

Legislative Powers. — Section i. All legislative powers herein granted 
shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a 
Senate and House of Representatives. 

House of Representatives. — Section II. i. The House of Representa¬ 
tives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of 
the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications 
requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

Qualifications of Representatives. —2. No person shall be a Representative 
who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven 
years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an 
inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

Apportionment of Representatives. —3. Representatives and direct taxes 
shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within 
this Union according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined 
by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to 
service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after 
the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse¬ 
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The num¬ 
ber of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each 
State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall 
be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 3; Massa¬ 
chusetts, 8; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 1; Connecticut, 5; 
New York, 6; New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania, 8; Delaware, 1; Maryland, 6; 
Virginia, 10; North Carolina, 5; South Carolina, 5, and Georgia, 3.* 

Vacancies, How Filled. —4. When vacancies happen in the representation 
from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to 
fill such vacancies. 

Officers, How Appointed. —5. The House of Representatives shall choose 
their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Senate. — Section III. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be com¬ 
posed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for 
six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. 

Classification of Senators. —2. Immediately after they shall be assembled 
in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be 
into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated 
at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the 
fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that 
one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resigna¬ 
tion, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Execu¬ 
tive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the 
Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

Qualifications of Senators. —3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not 
have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State 
for which he shall be chosen. 

President of the Senate.— 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall 
be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally 
divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the 
office of President of the United States. 


* See Article XIV, Amendments. 






1254 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


Senate a Court for Trial of Impeachments. —6. The Senate shall have the 
sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall 
be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, 
the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the 
concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Judgment in Case of Conviction. —7. Judgment in cases of impeachment 
shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to 
hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; 
but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

Elections of Senators and Representatives. — Section IV. 1. The times, 
places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall 
be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may 
at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to places of 
choosing Senators. 

Meeting of Congress. —2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless 
they shall by law appoint a different day. 

Organization of Congress. — Section V. 1. Each House shall be the 
judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a 
majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller num¬ 
ber may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attend¬ 
ance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each 
House may provide. , 

Rule of Proceedings. —2. Each House may determine the rules of its 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the con¬ 
currence of two-thirds expel a member. 

Journals of each House. —3. Each House shall keep a journal of its pro¬ 
ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may 
in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of 
either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, 
be entered on the journal. 

Adjournment of Congress. —4. Neither House, during the session of Con¬ 
gress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, 
nor to any other place than that in -which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Pay and Privileges of Members. — Section VI. 1. The Senators and Rep¬ 
resentatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by 
law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, 
except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest 
during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going 
to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

Other Offices Prohibited. —2. No Senator or Representative shall, during 
the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the 
authority of the L T nited States which shall have been created, or the emolu¬ 
ments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person 
holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House 
during his continuance in office. 

Revenue Bills. — Section VII. x. All bills for raising revenue shall 
originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or 
concur with amendments, as on other bills. 

How Bills Become Laws. —2. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented 
to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, 
he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have 
originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed 
to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall 
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
House,, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two- 
thirds of that.House it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of 
both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays and the names of the per¬ 
sons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each 
House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within 



OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


1255 


ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by 
their adjournment prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law. 

Approval and Veto Powers of the President. —3. Every order, resolution, or 
vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may 
be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the 
President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect shall be 
approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds 
of the Senate and the House of Representatives, according to the rules and 
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Powers Vested in Congress.— Section VIII. 1. The Congress shall have 
power: 

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts 
and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; 
but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes. 

4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix 
the standard of weights and measures. 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States. 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads. 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for 
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive rights to their respective 
writings and discoveries. 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the-Supreme Court. 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, 
and offences against the law of nations. 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water. 

12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that 
use shall be for a longer term than two years. 

, 13. To provide and maintain a navy. 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces. 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United 
States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, 
and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed 
by Congress. 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such 
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States 
and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of Government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent 
of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of 
forts, magazines, arsenals, dry-docks, and other needful buildings. 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into 

execution the foregoing- powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitu¬ 
tion in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer 
thereof. . ... 

Immigrants, how Admitted. — Section IX. 1. The migration or importa¬ 
tion of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to 
admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand 
eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importa¬ 
tion, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

Habeas Corpus. — 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be 
suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may 
require it. 




1256 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


Attainder.— 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

Direct Taxes.—4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in 
proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

Regulations Regarding Customs Duties.— 5. No tax or duty shall be laid 
on articles exported from any State. 

6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue 
to the ports of one State over those of another, nor shall vessels bound to or 
from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

Moneys, how Drawn. —7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but 
in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and 
account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published 
from time to time. 

Titles of Nobility Prohibited. —8. No title of nobility shall be granted by 
the United States. And no person holding any office of profit or trust under 
them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolu¬ 
ment, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
st^tc 

Powers of States Defined. — Section X. 1. No State shall enter into any 
treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin 
money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in 
payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing 
the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2. No State, shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or 
duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for 
executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, 
laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of 
the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control 
of the Congress. 

3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, 
keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com¬ 
pact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless 
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Executive Power, in Whom Vested. — Section I. 1. The Executive power 
shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold 
his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, 
chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 

Electors. —2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature 
thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no 
Senator or Representative or person holding an office of trust or profit under 
the United States shall be appointed an elector. 

Proceedings of Electors.—Proceedings of the House of Representatives.— 
3. The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for two 
persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with 
themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the 
number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, 
sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the 
President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of 
the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes 
shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall 
be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed, and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an 
equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately 
choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, 
then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose 
the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by 
States, the representation from each State having one vote. A quorum, for 
this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, 
and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, 
after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes 
of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or 





OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


1257 


more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the 
Vice-President.* 

Time of Choosing Electors.—4. The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which 
day shall be the same throughout the United States. 

Qualifications of the President. —5. No person except a natural-born 
citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this 
Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person 
be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five 
years and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

Provision in Case of "His Disability. —6. In case of the removal of the Presi¬ 
dent from office; or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the 
powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-Presi¬ 
dent and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, 
resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring 
what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, 
until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected. 

Salary of the President. —7. The President shall, at stated times, receive 
for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished 
during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive 
within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of 
them. 

Oath of the President. —8. Before he enter on the execution of his office 
he shall take the following oath or affirmation: 

“ I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of 
President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.” 

Duties of the President. — Section II. 1. The President shall be Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia 
of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States; 
he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the 
executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respec¬ 
tive offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences 
against the United States except in cases of impeachment. 

May Make Treaties, Appoint Ambassadors, Judges, etc. —2. He shall have 
power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, 
provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and 
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, 
other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other 
officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro¬ 
vided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law 
vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the Presi¬ 
dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

May fill Vacancies. —3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacan¬ 
cies that may happen during the recess of the Senate by granting commissions, 
which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

May make Recommendations to and Convene Congress. — Section III. He 
shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the 
Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge 
necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both 
Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with 
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he 
shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; 
he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all 
the officers of the United States. 

How Officers May be Removed. — Section IV. The President, Vice-Presi¬ 
dent, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on 
impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and 
misdemeanors. 


* This clause is superseded by Article XII, Amendments. 




1258 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


ARTICLE III. p 

Judicial Power, How Vested. — Section I. The judicial power of the 
United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts 
as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both 
of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, 
and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall 
not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

To What Cases it Extends.^— Section II. r. The judicial power shall ex¬ 
tend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of 
the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their 
authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and 
consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies 
to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or 
more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of 
different States; between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants 
of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
States, citizens or subjects. 

Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. —2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, 
other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, 
the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases 
before-mentioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as 
to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Con¬ 
gress shall make. 

Rules Respecting Trials. —3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of 
impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where 
the said crimes shall have been committed; but w r hen not committed within 
any State the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law 
have directed. 

Treason Defined.— Section III. 1. Treason against the United States 
shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, 
giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless 
on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
open court. 

How Punished. —2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punish¬ 
ment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or 
forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. . 

Rights of States and Records. — Section I. Full faith and credit shall be 
given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every 
other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in 
which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Privileges of Citizens. — Section II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be 
entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

Executive Requisitions. —2. A person charged in any State with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, 
shall, on demand of the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be 
delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

Laws Regulating Service or Labor. —3. No person held to service or labor 
in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence 
of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but 
shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may 
be due. 

New States, How Formed and Admitted. — Section III. 1. New States 

may be admitted by the Congress into this Union, but no new State shall be 
formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be 
formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, -without the 
consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

Power of Congress over Public Lands.—2. The Congress shall have power 
to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory 
or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Con¬ 
stitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, 
or of any particular State. 




OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


1259 


Republican Government Guaranteed. — Section IV. The United States 
shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, 
and shall protect each of them against invasion; and, on application of the 
Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), 
against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

Constitution, How Amended. —The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both 
Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, 
or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, 
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall 
be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified 
by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in 
three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro¬ 
posed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior 
to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect 
the first and fourth clauses in the Ninth Section of the First Article; and that 
no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

Validity of Debts Recognized. — i. All debts contracted and engagements 
entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against 
the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

Supreme Law of the Land Defined. —2. This Constitution and the laws of 
the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be 
the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every State shall be bound there¬ 
by, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary not¬ 
withstanding. 

Oath: of Whom Required and for What. —(3. The Senators and Repre¬ 
sentatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, 
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States, and of the 
several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitu¬ 
tion ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office 
or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

Ratification of the Constitution. —The ratification of the Conventions of 
nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between 
the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven 
hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of 
America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our 
names Go: WASHINGTON, 

Presidt. and Deputy from Virginia. 

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

Articles in addition to, and Amendment of, the Constitution of the United States 

of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the 

several states, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the original Constitution. 

ARTICLE I. 

Religion and Free Speech. —Congress shall make no law respecting an 
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging 
the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to 
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 

Right to Bear Arms.— A well-regulated militia being necessary to the 
securitv of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not 

be infringed- 



1260 


OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


ARTICLE III 

Soldiers in Time of Peace.—No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered 
in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a 
manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Right of Search.—The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall 
not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported 
by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, 
and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

Capital Crimes and Arrest Therefor.—No person shall be held to answer for 

a capital or other infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a 
-grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, 
when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be 
subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall 
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be de¬ 
prived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private 
property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

Right to Speedy Trial.—In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State 
and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall 
have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to 
have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the 
assistance of counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII. 

Trial by Jury.—In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no 
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive Bail.—Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

Enumeration of Rights.—The enumeration in the Constitution of certain 
rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

Reserved Rights of States.—The powers not delegated to the United States 
by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the 
States respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XI. 

Judicial Power.—The judicial power of the United States shall not be con¬ 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
one of the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects 
of any foreign State. 

ARTICLE XII. 

Electors in Presidential Elections.—The electors shall meet in their re¬ 
spective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of 
whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves: 
they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct 
ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct 




OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


1261 


lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- 
* resi d en t, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, 
directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in 
the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, 
and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number 
ot votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then 
from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of 
those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme¬ 
diately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes 
shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 
choice. And if*the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of 
March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the 
case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person 
having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-Presi¬ 
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, 
and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list 
the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall 
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the 
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally 
ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of 
the United States. 


ARTICLE XIII. 

Slavery Prohibited.— i. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except 
as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis¬ 
lation. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

Protection for all Citizens. — r. All persons bom or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States 
and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; 
nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due 
process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro¬ 
tection of the laws. 

Apportionment of Representatives. —2. Representatives shall be appor¬ 
tioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting 
the w'hole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But 
■when the right to vote at any election for the choice ot electors for President and 
Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the execu¬ 
tive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is 
denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being of twenty-one years of 
age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for 
participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein 
shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall 
bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 

Rebellion Against the United States. —3. No person shall be a Senator or 
Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or 
hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any 
State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as 
an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as 
an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of 
the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by 
a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 

The Public Debt. —4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and 




1262 


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bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall net be 
questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay 
any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the 
United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all 
such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 
the provisions of this article. 


ARTICLE XV. 

Right of Suffrage. — 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on 
account of race, color or previous condition of servitude. 

2. The Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of this article 
by appropriate legislation. 

RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 

The Constitution was ratified by the thirteen orginal States in the fol¬ 
lowing order: 

Delaware, December 7, 1787, unanimously. 

Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787, vote 46 to 23. 

New Jersey, December 18, 1787, unanimously. 

Georgia, January 2, 1788, unanimously. 

Connecticut, January 9, 1788, vote 128 to 40. 

Massachusetts, February 6, 1788, vote 187 to 168. 

Maryland, April 28, 1788, vote 63 to 12. 

South Carolina, May 23, 1788, vote 149 to 73. 

New Hampshire, June 21, 1788, vote 57 to 46. 

Virginia, June 25, 1788, vote 89 to 79. 

New York, July 26, 1788, vote 30 to 28. 

North Carolina, November 21, 1789, vote 193 to 75. 

Rhode Island, May 29, 1790, vote 34 to 32. 

RATIFICATION OF THE AMENDMENTS. 

I to X inclusive were declared in force December 15, 1791. 

XI was declared in force January 8, 1798. 

XII regulating elections, was ratified by all the States except Connecticut, 
Delaware, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, which rejected it. It was 
declared in force September 28, 1804. 

XIII. The emancipation amendment was ratified by 31 of the 36 States; 
rejected by Delaware and Kentucky, not acted on by Texas; conditionally 
ratified by Alabama and Mississippi. Proclaimed December 18, 1865. 

XIV. Reconstruction amendment was ratified by 23 Northern States; rejected 
by Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and 10 Southern States, and not acted 
on by California. The 10 Southern States subsequently ratified under 
pressure. Proclaimed July 28, 1868. 

XV. Negro citizenship amendment was not acted on by Tennessee, rejected 
by California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, and Oregon; ratified 
by the remaining 30 States. New York rescinded its ratification January 5, 

1870. Proclaimed March 30, 1870. 

WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 

Extracts from His Address Counselling the Maintenance of the Union.— Con¬ 
finement of the General Government to its Constitutional Limitations, 
and Avoidance of Relations with Foreign Political Affairs. 

To the People of the United States on His Approaching Retire¬ 
ment from the Presidency. 

Here, perhaps, I ought to stop; but a solicitude for your welfare, which 
cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger natural to that 
solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present, to offer to your solemn 
contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent review, some sentiments, 



OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


1263 


which are the result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and 
which appear to me all-important to the permanency of your felicity as a 
people. These will be afforded to you with the more freedom, as you can only 
see in them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly 
have no personal motive to bias his counsel; nor can I forget, as an encourage¬ 
ment to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and not 
dissimilar occasion. 

Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts, no 
recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the attachment. 

Preservation of the Union. 

The unity of government, which constitutes you one people, is also now 
dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real 
independence—the support of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad, of 
your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize, 
But as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from different quarters, 
much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the 
conviction of this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against 
which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly 
and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed—it is of infinite 
moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national 
union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a 
cordial, habitual and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to 
think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity; 
watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever 
may suggest even a suspicion that it can, in any event, be abandoned; and 
indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any 
portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now 
link together the various parts. 

For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens 
by birth or choice of a common country, that country has a right to concentrate 
your affections. The name of America, which belongs to you in your national 
capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appella¬ 
tion derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of differences, you 
have the same religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have, 
in a common cause, fought and triumphed together; the independence and 
liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels and joint efforts, of common 
dangers, sufferings, and successes. 

Encroachments by the Government. 

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free country, 
should inspire caution in those intrusted with its administration, to confine 
themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the 
exercise of the powers of one department, to encroach upon another. The 
spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments 
in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. 
A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it which pre¬ 
dominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this 
position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, 
by dividing and distributing it into different depositories, and constituting each 
the guardian of the public weal, against invasions by the others, has been 
evinced by experiments, ancient and modern; some of them in our own country 
and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute 
them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the 
constitutional powers be, in any particular, wrong, let it be corrected by an 
amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no 
change or usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument of 
good', it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. 
The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in permanent evil, and partial 
or transient benefit, which the use can, at any time yield. 

Observe good faith and justice toward all nations; cultivate peace, and 
harmony with all; religion and moralitv enjoin this conduct; and can it be 
that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, en- 



1264 


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lightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the 
magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted 
justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course of times and things, 
the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which 
might be lost by a steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not 
connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? The experiment, 
at least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. 
Alas! is it rendered impossible by its vices? 

Entanglements with Foreign Powers. 

Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, 
fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to constantly awake; since 
history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful 
foes of republican government. But that jealousy to be useful, must be im¬ 
partial; else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, 
instead of a defence against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, and 
excessive dislike for another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger only 
on one side, and serve to veil, and even second, the arts of influence on the other. 
Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become 
suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and con¬ 
fidence of the people, to surrender their interests. 

The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations, is, in extend¬ 
ing our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as 
possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled 
with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. 

Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very 
remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the 
causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it 
must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties, in the ordinary 
vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her 
friendships or enmities. 

Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a 
different course. If we remain one people under an efficient government, the 
period is not far off when we may defy material injury from external annoyance; 
when we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any 
time resolve upon, to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, 
under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard 
the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, 
guided by justice, shall counsel. 

Parting Counsels. 

In offering to you, my countrymen these counsels of an old and affectionate 
friend, I dare not hope that they will make the strong and lasting impression 
I could wish; that they will control the usual current of the passions, or prevent 
our nation from running the course which hitherto has marked the destiny of 
nations; but if I may even flatter myself that they may be productive of some 
partial benefit; some occasional good; that they may now and then recur to 
moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign 
intrigues, to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism; this hope 
will be full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have 
been dictated. 

United States, September 17, 1796. GEORGE WASHINGTON. 

LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG SPEECH. 

Address at the Dedication of Gettysburg Cemetery, November 19, 1863. 

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this conti¬ 
nent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that 
all men are created equal. 

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or 
any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a 
great battlefield of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final 







OUR GREAT STATE PAPERS. 


1265 


resting-place of those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It 
is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. 

But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot 
hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have 
consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note 
nor long remember what we say here but it can never forget what they did here. 
It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work that 
they have thus far. so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated 
to the great task remaining before us; that from these honored dead we take 
increased devotion to the cause for which they here gave the last full measure 
of devotion; that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in 
vain; that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that 
government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish 
from the earth. 


THE MONROE DOCTRINE. 

“ The Monroe doctrine” was enunciated in the following words in President 
Monroe’s message to Congress December 2, 1823: 

“ In the discussions to which this interest has given rise, and in the arrange¬ 
ments by which they may terminate, the occasion has been deemed proper for 
asserting, as a principle in which rights and interests of the United States are 
involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition 
which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as 
subjects for future colonization by any European power. . . . We owe it, 

therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United 
States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on 
their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous 
to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any 
European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the 
governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose 
independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowl¬ 
edged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them 
or controlling in any other manner their destiny by any European power in any 
other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the 
United States.” 

Secretary of State Olney, in his despatch of July 20, 1895, on the Venezuelan 
Boundary Dispute, said: 

“ It (the Monroe doctrine) does not establish any general protectorate by 
the United States over other American States. It does not relieve any Ameri¬ 
can State from its obligations as fixed by international law, nor prevent any 
European power directly interested from enforcing such obligations or from 
inflicting merited punishment for the breach of them. ” 

President Roosevelt in a speech in 1902 upon the results of the Spanish- 
American war, said: 

“ The Monroe doctrine is simply a statement of our very firm belief that 
the nations now existing on this continent must be left to work out their own 
destinies among themselves, and that this continent is no longer to be regarded 
as the colonizing ground of any European power. The one power on the conti¬ 
nent that can make the power effective is, of course, ourselves; for in the world 
as it is, a nation which advances a given doctrine, likely to interfere in any way 
with other nations, must possess the power to back it up, if it wishes the doctrine 

to be respected. ” 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 


SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF OUR PRESIDENTS. 

George Washington, born February 22, 1732 (of English paternal ances¬ 
try. Father, Augustine Washington, a planter, m. Mary Ball), near Bridges 
Creek, Westmoreland County, Va. He did not go to college, but was a sur¬ 
veyor in early life, and in 1759 married Martha (Dandridge) Custis, who was 
born in 1732 and died in 1802. No children were bom to them. He became a 
great soldier, and led the Continental forces to victory in the Revolutionary 
War. Washington was a planter, living at Mount Vernon, Va., when first 
elected President. He was inaugurated in 1789, and his terms of office aggre¬ 
gated 7 years 10 months and 4 days. In politics he was a Federalist and in 
religion an Episcopalian. Washington died at Mount Vernon December 14, 
1799, pneumonia, in his sixty-seventh year, and was buried at the same place. 

John Adams, bom October 30, 1735 (of English paternal ancestry. Father, 
John Adams, a farmer, m. Susanna Boylston), at Quincy, Norfolk County, Mass. 
He was graduated at Harvard in 1755 and was a school teacher for a short time 
after. In 1764 he married Abigail Smith, who was born in 1744 and died in 
1818. They had five children, three sons and two daughters. Several years 
after leaving college he studied law. He filled many important positions in the 
Government service and was elected Vice-President of the United States in 1789. 
He was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1797, in his sixty-first 
year, and served one term (four years). In politics he was a Federalist and in 
religion a Congregationalist. He died at Quincy July 4, 1826, of general 
debility, in his ninetieth year, and was buried there. 

Thomas Jefferson, born April 13, 1743 (of Welsh paternal ancestry. 
Father, Peter Jefferson, a planter, m. Jane Randolph), at Shadwell, Albemarle 
County, Va., Lie was a student at the College of William and Mary, grad¬ 
uating in 1762. In 1772 he married Martha (Wayles) Skelton, who was bom 
in 1748 and died in 1782. Six children were born to them, one son and five 
daughters. Jefferson took up the study of law and became a great statesmen, 
being Vice-President of the United States from 1797 to 1801. He was inaugu¬ 
rated as President of the United States, in 1801, in his fifty-seventh year, and 
filled the office for two terms (eight years). In politics he was a Republican 
(although the Democratic party of to-day claims lineal descent from President 
Jefferson) and a Liberal in his religious views, Randall, his biographer, declaring 
that he was a believer in Christianity, although not a sectarian. He died at 
Monticello, Va., July 4, 1826, in his sixty-third year, and was buried at the 
same place. 

James Madison, bom March 16, 1751 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, James Madison, a planter, m. Nelly Conway), at Port Conway, King 
George County, Va. He was graduated at Princeton in 1771. In 1794 he 
married Dolly (Payne) Todd, who was bom in 1772 and died in 1849. No 
children were born to them. Madison was a lawyer and a great statesman 
before his election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated in 1809, in his fifty- 
seventh year, and served two terms (eight years). In politics he was a Repub¬ 
lican, and in religion an Episcopalian. He died at Montpelier, Va., of general 
debility, June 28, 1836, in his eighty-fifth year, and was buried at the same place. 

James Monroe, bom April 28, 1738 (of Scotch paternal ancestry. Father, 
Spence Monroe, a planter, m. Eliza Jones), at Head of Monroe’s Creek, West¬ 
moreland County, Va. He was a student at the College of William and Mary, 
graduating in 1776. In 1786 he married Eliza Kortwright, who was born in 

(1266) 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


1267 


1768 and died in 1830. Two daughters were bom to them. He became a 
soldier, a lawyer and a great statesman, being the author of “The Monroe 
Doctrine.” He was inaugurated in 1817, in his fifty-eighth year, and served 
two terms (eight years). In politics he was a Republican and in religion an 
Episcopalian. He died at New York City, of general debility, July 4, 1831, in 
his seventy-third year, and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Va. 

John Quincy Adams, bom July n, 1767 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, John Adams, Lawyer and President of the United States 1797-1801, m. 
Abigail Smith), at Quincy, Norfolk County, Mass. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1787, and in the same year married Louisa Catherine Johnson, who 
was born in 1775 and died in 1852. They had four children, three sons and one 
daughter. Adams had filled many public offices before his election to the 
Presidency and was a great statesman. He was inaugurated in 182s, in his 
fifty-seventh year, and served one term (four years). He claimed to be a 
Republican, but his doctrines were decidedly Federalistic, and political parties 
were disorganized at the time of his election. In religion he was a Congrega¬ 
tionalism He died at Washington, D. C., of paralysis, February 23, 1*48, in 
his eightieth year, and was buried at Qunicy, Mass. 

Andrew Jackson, bom March 15, 1767 (of Scotch-Irish paternal ancestry. 
Father, Andrew Jackson, a farmer, m. Elizabeth Hutchinson), near Cureton’s 
Pond, Union County, N. C. Jackson called himself a South Carolinian, but 
documentary evidence has been published to show that he was bom in North 
Carolina. He did not go to college. In 1791 he married Rachel Donelson 
Robards, who was bom in 1767, and died in 1828. No children were born to 
them. Jackson was a lawyer and statesman when elected President, and was 
inaugurated in 1829 at the age of sixty-one. He served two terms Jeight 
years). He was shot at in the Capitol at Washington, January 29, 1835, by a 
house painter named Richard Lawrence, escaping because the pistol of the 
assassin missed fire. In politics he was a Democrat and in religion a Presby¬ 
terian. He died at Hermitage, Tenn., June 8, 1845, of consumption, in his 
seventy-eighth year, and was buried there. 

Martin Van Buren, bom December 5, 1782 (of Dutch paternal ancestry. 
Father, Abraham Van Buren, a farmer, m. Maria Hoes), at Kinderhook, Co¬ 
lumbia County, N. Y. In 1807 he married Hannah Hoes, who was bom in 1783 
and died in 1819. Four sons were born to them. He was a great statesman 
before his election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated in 1837, at the age 
of fifty-four years, and served one term (four years). In politics he was a 
Democrat, and he belonged to the Reformed Dutch Church. He died at 
Lindenwold, N. Y., of asthmatic catarrh, July 24, 1862, in his seventy-ninth 
year, and was buried at Kinderhook, N. Y. 

William Henry Harrison, bom February 9, 1773 (of English paternal 
ancestry. Father, Benjamin Harrison, statesman, m. Elizabeth Bassett), at 
Berkeley, Charles City County, Va. He was graduated at Hampden-Sydney 
College in 1790, and in 1795 married Anna Symes, who was bom in 1775 and 
died in 1864. They had ten children, six sons and four daughters. In his early 
life Harrison was a great soldier, and subsequently a statesman, but at the time 
of his election to the Presidency he was living quietly as a farmer at North Bend, 
O. In politics he was a Whig and in religion an Episcopalian. • He was inaugu¬ 
rated in 1841, in his sixty-eighth year, but died at Washington one month after, 
April 4, 1841, having been ill but a few days of bilious pleurisy. He was buried 
at North Bend, 0 . 

John Tyler, bom March 29, 1790 (of English paternal ancestry. Father, 
John Tyler, jurist, m. Mary Armistead), at Greenway, Charles City County, 
Va. He was a graduate of the College of William and Mary in the year 1807. 
In 1813 he married Letitia Christian, who was born in 1790 and died in 1842, 
by whom he had seven children, three sons and four daughters. He was a 
great lawyer and statesman, and being Vice-President of the United States at 
the time of the death of President Harrison he stepped into the Presidential 
vacancy, at the age of fifty-one. He was inaugurated in 1841 and his term 
of office aggregated 3 years"and 11 months. • He was married a second time in 




1268 


POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


1844 to Julia Gardiner, who was born in 1820 and died in 1889, by whom lie 
had five sons and two daughters. In politics he was a Democrat and in religion 
an Episcopalian. He died of a bilious attack at Richmond, Va., January 17, 
1862, in his seventy-first year, and was buried at Hollywood Cemetery, Rich¬ 
mond, Va. 

James Knox Polk, bora November 2, 1795 (of Scotch-Irish paternal 
ancestry. Father, Samuel Polk, farmer, m. Jane Knox), near Pineville, Mecklen¬ 
burg, County, N. C. He was a graduate of the University of North Carolina 
in 1818. In 1824 he married Sarah Childress, who was born in 180.3 an d died 
in 1891. No children were born to them. He was a lawyer and already a 
prominent figure in public life when elected to the Presidency, at which time 
he was living at Nashville, Tenn. He was inaugurated in 1845 in his forty- 
ninth year and served on term (four years). In politics he was a Democrat 
and in religion a Presbyterian. He died at Nashville, Tenn., June 15, 1849, of 
chronic diarrhea, in his fifty-third year, and was buried at Polk Place, Nash¬ 
ville, Tenn. 

Zachary Taylor, bora November 24, 1784 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, Richard Taylor, a planter, m. Sarah Strother), near Orange C. H., 
Orange County, Va. He did not go to college, but was a great soldier, and 
became a general in the army. In 1810 he married Margaret Smith who was 
bom in 1788 and died in 1852. They had six children, one son and five daugh¬ 
ters. He lived at Baton Rouge, La., when elected to the Presidency. He was 
inaugurated in 1849, in his sixty-fourth year, but was only 1 year 4 months and 
5 days in office, dying at Washington of a bilious fever on July 9, 1850. He 
was buried at Springfield, five miles from Louisville, Ky. In politics he was 
a Whig, and in religion an Episcopalian. 

• 

Millard Fillmore, born January 7, 1800 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, Nathaniel Fillmore, a farmer, m. Phebe Millard), at Summerhill, Cayuga 
County, N. Y. He did not go to college, but was a tailor in early life, and in 
1826 married Abigail Powers, who was born in 1798 and died ini853. They 
had two children, one son and one daughter. He was elected Vice-President 
of the United States in 1848, and on the death in office of President Taylor 
became President. He was inaugurated in 1850, in his fiftieth year, and was 
2 years 7 months and 26 days in office. In 1858, after the death of his wife, 
Fillmore married again, his second wife being Caroline (Carmichael) McIntosh, 
who was bom in 1813 and died in 1881. No children were bom to them. In 
politics he was a Whig and in religion a Unitarian. He died at Buffalo, N. Y., 
March 9, 1874, in his seventy-fourth year, of general debility, and was buried 
there in Forest Lawn Cemetery. 

Franklin Pierce, bom November 23, 1804 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, Benjamin Pierce, a farmer, m. Anna Kendrick), near Hillsborough, Hills¬ 
borough County, N. H. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1824, and in 
1834 married Jane Means Appleton, who was bom in 1806 and died in 1863. 
Three sons were bom to them. He was a lawyer living at Concord, N. H., at 
the time of his election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated in 1853, in his 
forty-eighth year, and served one term (four years). In politics he was a 
Democrat and in religion an Episcopalian. Pie died at Concord, N. H., of 
inflammation of the stomach, October 8, 1869, in his sixty-fourth year, and 
was buried in Minot Lot, Old Cemetery, Concord, N. H. 

James Buchanan, bom April 23, 1791 (of Scotch-Irish paternal ancestry. 
Father, James Buchanan, a merchant, m. Elizabeth Speer), at Cove Gap, 
Franklin County, Pa. He was graduated at Dickinson College in 1809. He 
was a lawyer, and very prominent in public life before his election to the 
Presidency, having filled several high offices. He lived at “Wheatland,” near 
Lancaster, Pa., at the time of his election. He was inaugurated in 1857, in 
his sixty-fifth year, and served one term (four years). In politics he was a 
Democrat, and in religion a Presbyterian. He died at “Wheatland,” of rheu¬ 
matic gout, June 1, 1868, and was buried in Woodward Hill Cemetery, Lan¬ 
caster, Pa. He never married. 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


12 G 9 


Abraham Lincoln, bom February 12, 1809 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, Thomas Lincoln, a farmer, m. Nancy Hanks), near Hodgenville, Hardin 
County, Ky. He did not go to college and in early life was a farm hand. In 
1842 he married Mary Todd, who was bom in 1818 and died in 1882. Four sons 
were born to them. Lincoln was a successful lawyer living at Springfield, Ill., 
at the time of his election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated in 1861, in 
his fifty-second year, and was in office 4 years x month and 11 days, being 
assassinated at Ford’s Theatre, Washington, D. C., April 14, 1865 (at the begin¬ 
ning of his second term), by a pistol shot fired by John Wilkes Booth. It was 
during his administration that the great Civil War took place. In politics he 
was a Republican and in religion a Presbyterian. lie was buried in Oak Ridge 
Cemetery, Springfield, Ill. 

Andrew Johnson, bom December 29, 1808 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, Jacob Johnson, sexton and constable, m. Mary McDonough), at Raleigh, 
Wake County, N. C. He did not attend college, and in early life was a tailor. 
In 1827 he married Eliza McCardle, who was bom in 1810 and died in 1876. 
They had five children, three sons and two daughters. Johnson was a states¬ 
man having filled several high offices before his election to the Vice-Presidency 
of the United States in 1865 at the age of fifty-six. On the assassination of 
President Lincoln in 1865 he became President, which office he filled for 3 years 
10 months and 19 days. In politics he was a Republican, and in religion a 
Methodist. He died at Carter’s Depot, Tenn., July 31, 1875, in his sixty-sixth 
year, of paralysis, and was buried at Greenville, Tenn. 

Ulysses Simpson Grant, bom April 27, 1822 (of Scotch paternal ancestry. 
Father, Jesse Root Grant, a tanner, m. Harriet Simpson), at Point Pleasant, 
Cleimont County, O. He was graduated from West Point Military Academy 
in 1843 and became a great soldier. In 1848 he married Julia Dent, who was 
bom in 1826 and died in 1902. Four children were bom to them, three sons 
and one daughter. Grant was a great general at the time of his election to the 
Presidency, in 1869, at the age of forty-six, which office he filled for two terms 
(eight years). In politics he was a Republican and in religion a Methodist. 
He died at Mount McGregor, N. Y., of cancer, on July 23, 1885, in his sixty- 
third year, and was buried in Riverside Park, New York City, N. Y. 

Rutherford Birchard Hayes, bom October 4, 1822 (of Scotch paternal 
ancestry. Father, Rutherford Hayes, a merchant, m. Sophia Birchard), at 
Delaware, Delaware County, O. He was graduated at Kenyon College in 1842. 
In 1852 he married Lucy Ware Webb, who was bom in 1831 and died in 1889. 
They had eight children, seven sons and one daughter. Hayes was a lawyer 
living in Fremont, O., at the time of his election to the Presidency. He was 
inaugurated in 1877, in his fifty-fourth year, and served one term (four years). 
In politics he was a Republican and in religion a Methodist. He died at 
Fremont, O., January 17, 1893, of paralysis of the heart, in his seventieth year, 
and was buried at Fremont, O. 

James Abram Garfield, bom November 19, 1831 (of English paternal 
ancestry. Father, Abram Garfield, a farmer, m. Eliza Ballou) in Orange 
Township, Cuyahoga County, O. He was graduated at Williams College in 
1856, and in 1858 married Lucretia Rudolph, who was born in 1832. They 
had five children, four sons and one daughter. He was at first a school teacher 
and afterward studied law; and he held many high public offices before his 
election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated in 1881, in his forty-ninth 
year, and filled the office for only six-and- one-half months, being shot in the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Depot,Washington, D. C., July 2, 1881, by Charles Jules 
Guiteau, and dying from the'wounds at Elberon, Long Branch, N. J., Septem¬ 
ber 19, 1881. In politics he was a Republican, and in religion a member of the 
Church of the Disciples. He was buried at Cleveland, Ohio. 

Chester Alan Arthur, bom October 5, 1830 (of Scotch-Irish paternal 
ancestry. Father, William Arthur, a clergyman, m. Malvina Stone), at Fair- 
field, Franklin County, Vt. He was graduated at Union College in 1848. In 
1859 he married Ellen Lewis Herndon, who was bom in 1837 and died in 1880. 
They had two children, one son and one daughter. For a while after gradu- 




1270 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UfllTED STATES. 


ating Arthur taught school, at the same time taking up the study of law. He 
was elected Vice-President of the United States in 1880, and, after the death of 
President Garfield by an assassin’s hand, became President of the United 
States. He took the oath of office in 1881, in his fiftieth year, and served 3 
years and si months. In politics he was a Republican and in religion an 
Episcopalian. He died at New York City of Bright’s Disease, on November 17, 
1886, in his fifty-sixth year, and was buried in Rural Cemetery, Albany, N. Y. 

Grover Cleveland, born March 18, 1837 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, Richard Falley Cleveland, a clergyman, m. Anna Neal), at Caldwell, 
Essex County, N. J. He did not go to college, but taught school for a short 
time, and afterward began the study of law in a lawyer’s office in Buffalo, N. Y. 
He held several public offices in New York State before his election to the 
Presidency in 1884 at the age of forty-seven. He was inaugurated for the 
first time in 1885, and was in office for the full term of four years. He was 
married in 1886 (while in office) to Frances Folsom, who was bom in 1864, and 
they had four children, one son and three daughters. In 1892 he was again 
re-elected to the Presidency, and held the office for another term of four years. 
In politics he was a Democrat and in religion a Presbyterian. He died at 
Princeton, N. J., June 24, 1908, of general debility, in his seventy-first year, 
and was buried at Princeton, N. J. 

Beniamin Harrison, bom August 20, 1833 (of English paternal ancestry. 
Father, John Scott Harrison, a farmer, m. Elizabeth F. Irwin) at North Bend. 
Hamilton County, O. He was graduated at Miami University in 1853, and in 
the same year married Caroline Lavinia Scott, who was bom in 1832 and died 
in 1892. Two children were bom to them, one son and one daughter. He was 
a lawyer and held many public offices before his election to the Presidency. 
He was inaugurated in 1889 in his fifty-fifth year, and served one term (four 
years). In politics he was a Republican and in religion a Presbyterian. He 
married a second time in 1896, his wife being Mary Scott, who was bom in 1858. 
One daughter was bom to them. He died at Indianapolis, Ind., on March 13, 
1901, of pneumonia, in his sixty-seventh year, and was buried in Crown Hill 
Cemetery, Indianapolis, Indiana. 

William McKinley, bom January 29, 1843 (of Scotch-Irish paternal 
ancestry. Father, William McKinley, iron manufacturer, m. Nancy C. Allison), 
at Niles, Trumbull County, O. In his early years he was a soldier, and later 
took up the study of law. In 1871 he married Ida Saxton, who was bom in 
1844 and died in 1907. Two daughters were bom to them. McKinley held 
several public offices before his election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated 
in 1897 at the age of fifty-three years and served the full term of four years. 
He was again re-elected in 1900, but only filled the office 6 months and 4 days, 
being shot at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, N. Y., on September 6, 
1901, by Louis Czolgosz, dying from his wounds September 14, 1901. In poli¬ 
tics he was a Republican and in religion a Methodist. He was buried at 
Canton, Ohio. 

Theodore Roosevelt, bom October 27, 1858 (of Dutch paternal ancestry. 
Father, Theodore Roosevelt, a merchant, m. Martha Bullock), at New York 
City, N. Y. He was graduated at Harvard in 1880. In 1883 he married Alice 
Lee, who died in 1884. One daughter was bom to them. In 1886 he again, 
married, his second wife being Edith Kermit Carow. They had five children, 
four sons and one daughter. Roosevelt was a great public official and soldier, 
and in 1900 was elected Vice-President of the United States. The assassination 
of President McKinley made him the supreme official of the United States. 
He took the oath of office in 1901, at the age of foFtv-two, and occupied the 
President’s chair for 7 years 5 months and 18 days. In politics he was a 
Republican and he professed the Reformed Dutch religion. 

William Howard Taft, bom September 15, 1857 (of English paternal 
ancestry. Father, Alphonso Taft, a lawyer, m. Louise M.Torrey), at Cincinnati, 
Ohio. He graduated from Yale in 1878, and later studied law at the University 
of Cincinnati. In 1886 he married Helen Herron. Three children were born 
to them, two sons and one daughter. He filled several important positions 
in the Government before his election to the Presidency. He was inaugurated 
in 1909, at the age of fifty-one. In politics he was a Republican, and in religion 
a Unitarian. 



POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 


1271 


VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



XT 

Name. 

Birthplace. 

Year. 

Resi¬ 

dence. 

Politics 

Died. 

Age 

at 

Death 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1 1 

1 2 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

John Adams. 

Thomas Jefferson 

Aaron Burr. 

George Clinton. . . 
Elbridge Gerry. ... 
D. D. Tompkins - .... 
John C. Calhoun . . 
M. Van Buren.... 

R. M. Johnson. 

John Tyler. 

George M. Dallas.. 
Millard Fillmore. . 
William M. King. . 
J. C. Breckinridge 
Hannibal Hamlin. 
Andrew Johnson.. 
Schuyler Colfax.... 
Henry Wilson.. . . 
W. A. Wheeler. . . 

C. A. Arthur. 

T. A. Hendricks. . 
Levi P. Morton.. . 
A. E. Stevenson.. 

G. A. Hobart. 

Theo. Roosewelt. . 
C. W. Fairbanks.. 
J. S. Sherman.. . . 

Quincy, Mass. 

Shadwell, Va. 

Newark, N. J. 

Ulster Co., N. Y_ 

Marblehead, Mass.. . 

Scarsdale, N. Y. 

Abbeville, S. C. 

Kinderhook, N. Y.... 

Louisville, Ky. 

Greenway, Va. 

Philadelphia, Pa. . . . 
Summerhill, N. Y.. . 
Sampson Co., N. C... 

Lexington, Ky. 

Paris, Me. 

Raleigh, N. C. 

N. York City, N. Y. 
Farmington, N. H... 

Malone, N. Y. 

Fairfield, Vt. 

Muskingum, Co., O. 

Shoreham, Vt. 

Christian Co., Ky. . . 
Long Branch, N. J... 
New York City, N. Y 
Unionville Center, O. 
Utica, N. Y. 

1735 

1743 
1756 
1739 

1744 
1774 
1782 
1782 
1780 
1790 
1792 
1800 
1786 
1821 
1809 
1808 

1823 
1812 
1819 
1830 
1819 

1824 

1835 

1844 

1858 

1852 

*1853 

Mass. . . . 

Va. 

N. Y_ 

NY_ 

Mass. . . . 

N. Y_ 

S. C. 

N. Y. 

Ky. 

Va. 

Pa. 

N. Y_ 

Ala. 

Ky. 

Me. 

Tenn.. . . 

Ind. 

Mass. . . . 

N. Y_ 

N. Y. 

Ind. 

N. Y. 

Ill. 

N. J . 

N. Y. 

Ind. 

N. Y. 

Fed... . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 
Dem. . 
Dem.. . 
Dem.. . 
Dem.. . 
Whig. . 
Dem.. . 
Dem.. . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 
Rep,.. . 
Dem.. . 
Rep... 
Dem.. . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 
Rep... . 

1826 

1826 

1836 

1812 

1814 

1825 

1850 

1862 

1850 

1862 

1864 

1874 

1853 

1875 

1891 

1875 

1885 
187S 
1887 

1886 
1885 

1899 

90 

83 

80 

73 

70 

5 i 

68 

79 

70 

72 

72 

74 

67 

54 

81 

66 

62 

63 

68 

56 

66 

55 

:: 


QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING IN EACH STATE. 


In Colorado, Idaho, Utah and Wyoming women have the right of suffrage; in all 
other States the right to vote at general elections is restricted to males 21 years of age. 
Women are entitled to vote at school elections in several States. 


States. 

Requirements as to 
Citizenship. 

Alabama*. 

Citizen of U. S. or 
alien who has de¬ 
clared intention, j 

Arizona T* 

Citizen of U. S. by 
nativity or natural¬ 
ization ab h 

Arkansas*. 

Citizen of U. S. or 
alien who has de¬ 
clared intention. 

Calif’rnia*. 

Citizen by nativity, 
naturalization (90 
days prior to elec¬ 
tion), or treaty of 
Queretaro. 

Colorado*.. 

Citizen, native or 
naturalized, male 
or female, who is 
duly registered. 

Conn.*. . . . 

Citizen of U. S. who 
can read English 
language. 

Delaware* 

Citizen of the U. S.+. 


Previous Residence Required. 

In 

In 

In 

In Prc- 

State. 

County. 

Town. 

cinct. 

2 yrs.... 

1 yr,... 

3 mo.. . 

3 mo... 

1 yr... . 

30 dys. 


30 dys. 

1 yr... . 

6 mo... 

30 dys. 

30 dys. 

1 yr... . 

90 dys. 

t 

30 dys. 

1 yr... . 

90 dys . 


10 dys. 

t vr 


6 mo.. . 


j 

1 yr... . 

3 mo.. . 

I 

30 dys. 


Persons Excluded 
from Suffrage. 


Convicted of treason 
or other felonies, 
idiots, or insane. 

Idiot, insane, felon, 
under guardianshipf 

Idiots, insane, con¬ 
victed of felony, 
failure to pay poll- 
tax, U. S. soldiers, 
or mariners. 

Native of China, 
idiots, insane, em¬ 
bezzlers of public 
moneys, convicted 
of infamous crime.f 

While confined in 
public prison, under 
guardianship, non 
compos mentis, in¬ 
sane. 

Convicted of heinous 
crime, unless par¬ 
doned. 

Insane, paupers or 
persons convicted of 
felony unpardoned. 



























































































1272 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 


* 

QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING— Continued. 



Requirements as to 
Citizenship. 

Previous Residence Required. 

Persons Excluded 
from Suffrage. 

States. 

In 

| State. 

In 

County. 

In 

Town. 

In Pre¬ 
cinct. 

Dis. of Col.. 

Florida*.. . 

Georgia i. . 

See fqot note on 
page 1275 

Citizen of the U. S... 

Citizen of the U. S. 
who has paid all 
his taxes since 1877 

1 yr... . 

1 yr... . 

6 mo... 

6 mo... 


1 

Idiots, duellists, con¬ 
victed of felony or 
any infamous crime. 

Convicted of felony, 
bribery, or larceny, 
unless pardoned, 
idiots, and insane. 

Idaho*.. .. 

Citizen of the U. S. 
male or female. 

6 mo... 

30 dys. 

30 dys. 

10 dys. 

Idiots, insane, con¬ 
victed of felony, 
bigamists, polyga¬ 
mists, under guard¬ 
ianship. n 

Illinois*. . . 

Citizen of the U. S .b 

r yr... . 

90 dys. 

30 dys. 

30 dys. 

Convicted of felony 
or bribery in elec¬ 
tions, unless restored 
to citizenship- h 

Indiana*... 

Iowa*. 

Citizen or alien who 
has declared inten¬ 
tion and resided ' 1 
year in U. S. 

Citizen of the U. S.o 

6 mo... 

• 

6 mo... 

60 dys. 

60 dys. 

30 dys. 

U. S. soldiers, sailors, 
and marines, and 
persons convicted of 
infamous crime. 1 
Idiots, insane, con¬ 
victed of infamous 
crime,U.S.soldiers, h 

Kansas*.. . 

Citizen of U. S. or 
alien who has de¬ 
clared intention. 0 

6 mo... 

« 

30 dys. 

3° dys. 

10 dys. 

Convicted of treason 
or felony, insane, 
under guardianship^ 

Kent'ky*... 

Citizen of the U. S .b 

1 yr... . 

6 mo... 

60 dys. 

60 dys. 

Convicted of treason, 
felony, or bribery in 
an election, idiots, 
and insane, h rn 

Louisia'a*. 

Citizen of U . S. 

2 yrs... 

1 yr.... 


6 mo.... 

Idiots, insane, felons, 

Those able to read and write, or 

who own $300 worth of property 

under indictment, 

assessed in th ir name, or whose father or grandfather 
vote on Jan. 1 , 1867 . 

was entited. to 

of prison or charit¬ 
able institution ex¬ 
cept soldiers’ home. 

Maine*. . . . 

Citizen of the U. S... 

3 mo... 

3 mo... 

3 mo... 

3 mo.. 

Paupers and Indians 
not taxed, under 
guardianship.t 

Maryla’d*.. 

Citizen of the U. S... 

1 yr... . 

6 mo... 

6 mo... 

1 day.. 

Felons not pardoned 
lunatics, non compos 
mentis, bribery. 

Mass.*. 

Citizen who can read 
and write, b 

1 yr... . 

6 mo... 

6 mo... 

6 mo... 

Paupers and persons 
under guardianship. 

Michigan*. 

Citizen of the U. S. 
or alien who de¬ 
clared intention 2 
years and 6 months 
prior to Nov. 8 
1894. b 

6 mo... 

20 dys. 

20 dys. 

20 dys. 

Indians with tribal 
relations. 

Minnesota* 

Citizen of U. S. who 
has been such for 5 
months preceding 
election, b 

6 mo... 

30 dys. 

30 dys. 

30 dys. 

Convicted of treason 
or felony, unpar¬ 
doned, under guar¬ 
dianship, insane, In¬ 
dians lacking cus¬ 
toms of civilization. 

Miss.*. 

Citizen of the U. S. 
who can read or 
understand Consti- 
stitution of State. 

2 yrs... 

1 yr... . 

1 yr... . 

1 yr c... 

Insane, idiots, In¬ 
dians not taxed, 
felons, persons who 
have not paid taxes, 
bigamists. 

Missouri*... 

Citizen of U. S. or 
alien who has de- 
dared intention 
not less than 1 yr., 
or more than 5 be¬ 
fore election. 

1 vr. 

60 dys. 

60 dys. 

20 dys. 

Persons in poor- 
houses or asylums 
at public expense, 
those in prison, or 
convicted of infam¬ 
ous crimes, k 






























































POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 


127-1 


QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING— Continued. 


Previous Residence Required. 


States. 

Citizenship. 

In 

State. 

In 

County 

Montana*. 

Citizen of the U. S.b 

1 yr... . 

30 dys. 

\ 

Nebraska* 

Citizen of U. S. or 
alien who has de¬ 
clared intention 30 
days before elec¬ 
tion. b » 

6 mo... 

40 dys. 

Nevada*.... 

Citizen of the U.S... 

6 mo. 

30 dys.. 

N. Hamp.* 

Citizen of the U. S.b. 

6 mo. . 

6 mo... 

N. Jersey* 

Citizen of the U. S... 

1 yr... . 

5 mo... 

- 

N. Mex. T.. 

Citizen of the U.S... 

6 mo... 

3 mo... 

N. York*... 

Citizen who shall 
have been a citi¬ 
zen for ninety days 
prior to election. 

1 yr. s . 

4 mo... 


In 

Town. 


In Pre¬ 
cinct. 


30 dys. 


30 dys.. 30 dys 


10 dys. 


Persons Excluded 
from Suffage. 


30 dys.!30 dys. 


Woman otherwise qualified but for sex may vote at village elections 
or town meetings to raise money by tax or assessment if she owns prop¬ 
erty in village or town. Elector of town not entitled to vote on propo¬ 
sition for raising of money or incurring town liability unless he or his 
wife own property in town assessed on the last assessment roll. 


N. Car... . 


N. D *. 


Ohio*. 


Okla.*. 


Oregon*. .. 


Penn.*. 


Rhode I.*.. 
S. Car. 


S. Dak.*.. 


Citizen of the U. S.. 


Citizen of the U. S. 
and civilized In¬ 
dian. + b 


2 yrs. 


1 yr. 


Citizen of the U .S.b |r yr.... 


Citizen of U. S. bt--• ryr.... 

Citizen of U. S. or|6mo... 
alien who has de-j 
dared intention I 
more than r year 
prior to election b 

Citizen of U. S. at 1 yr. 
least xmonth,and if 
2 2 years old or more 
must have paid taxi 
within two years. 

Citizen of the U. S... 2 yrs... 

Citizen of the U. S..e 2 yr. p. 


Citizen of the U. S. 16 mo.g. 
or alien who has de 
dared intention,In¬ 
dian who has sev¬ 
ered tribal relation 

b 


6 mo. 


6 mo. 


30 dys. 


6 mo... 
None u. 


1 yr... . 


30 dys 


20 dys. 


None... 
None... 


6 mo.. 
4 mo.. 


10 dys. 


4 mo... 
90 dys. 

20 dys. 

30 dys. 
None... 

2 mo... 


4 mo. 


10 dys. 


Felons not pardoned, 
idiots, insane, In¬ 
dians. + g 

Convicted of treason 
or felony unless re¬ 
stored to civil rights, 
persons non compos 
mentis, h 

Idiots, insane, unpar¬ 
doned convicts, In¬ 
dians, Chinese. 

.Paupers, r 

Idiots, paupers, in¬ 
sane, convicted of 
certain crime, un¬ 
less pardoned or 
restored by law. h 

Convicted of felony, 
unless pardoned, U 
S. soldier, sailor, or 
camp follower, In¬ 
dians. 

Offendersagainst elec¬ 
tive franchise rights, 
guilty of bribery, 
betting on elections, 
and persons convict¬ 
ed of a felony and not 
restored to citizen¬ 
ship by the Execu¬ 
tive. Convicts i n 
House of Refuge or 
Reformatory not dis¬ 
qualified. 

Convicted of felony or 
infamous crime, 
idiots, lunatics, v 

Under guardianship,. 
non compos mentis, 
or convicted of fel¬ 
ony and treason, 
unless restored to 
civil rights. 

Idiots, insane, felons, 
persons in U.S. mili¬ 
tary and naval ser¬ 
vice on duty in Ohio. 

Felons, idiots, insane, 
paupers. 

Idiots, insane, con¬ 
victed of felony, 
Chinese. 


Convicted of perjury 
and fraud as elec¬ 
tion officers, or brib¬ 
ery of voters. 

Paupers, lunatics, q 
Felons, bribery .unless 
pardoned, insane, 
paupers. 

Under guardianship, 
insane, convicted of 
treason or felony, 
unless pardoned, U. 
S. soldiers, seamen, 
1 and marines. 





























































1274 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING— Continued. 


States. 

Requirements as to 
Citizenship. 

Previous Residence Required. 

Persons Excluded 
from Suffrage. 

In 

State. 

In 

County. 

In 

Town. 

In Pre¬ 
cinct. 


Citizen of the U S 

1 yr... . 

6 mo... 



Convicted of bribery 


who has paid poll- 




or other infamous 


tax of preceding 





offence. 


year. 






Texas*.. . . 

Citizen of the U. S. 

1 yr./. . 

6 mo... 

6 mo... 

X 

Idiots, lunatics, pau- 


or alien who has 





pers, felons unless 


declared intention 





pardoned or re- 


six months prior to 





stored U. S,. soldiers. 


election. 





marines, and sea- 







men. 


Citizen of the U. S 

1 yr... . 

4 mo... 


60 dys. 

Idiots, insane, con- 


male or female, 90 




victed of treason or 


days prior to elec- 





crime against elec- 


tion. 





tive franchise, un- 




- 



less pardoned, h 

Vermont*. 

Citizen of the U. S... 

1 yr... . 

3 mo... 

3 mo... 

3 mo... 

Those who have not 







obtained the appro- 







bation of the local 







board of civil author- 







ity. 

Virginia*. . 

See note p 1275. 

2 yrs... 

1 yr.... 

1 yr... . 

30 dys. 

Idiots, lunatics, pau- 







pers. f h 

Wash’n*... 

Citizen of the U. S. 

1 yr... . 

90 dvs. 

30 dys. 

30 dys. 

Idiots, lunatics, con- 


and all residents of 





victed of infamous 


Territory prior to 





crimes, Indians not 


Statehood, b 




. 

taxed. 

West Va.* 

Citizen of the State.. 

1 yr.... 

60 dvs. 

6 mo... 

X 

Paupers, idiots, luna- 







tics, convicted of 







treason, felony, or 







bribery at elections. 

Wis.*. 

Citizen of U. S. or 

1 vr.... 

10 dys. 

10 dys. 

10 dys. 

Under guardianship, 


alien who has de- 





insane, convicted of 


dared intention 





treason or felony, w 


and civilized In- 





betting on elections, 


dians. t b 





duellists. 

Wvom.*.. . 

Citizen of the U. S., 

1 yr... . 

60 dvs. 

10 dys. 

10 dys. 

Idiots, insane, felons, 


male or female.. 





unable to read State 







Constitution in the 







English language. 


^Australian Ballot law or a modification of it in force. fOr a person unable to read 
the Constitution in English and to write his name. ^Indian must have severed tribal 
relations. §One year’s residence in the United States prior to election required, a Or 
citizens of Mexico who desire to become citizens under treaties of 1848 and 1854. 

£> Women can vote in school elections, c Clergymen are qualified after six months’ 
residence in precinct, d Also public embezzlers, persons guilty of bribery, or dis¬ 
honorably discharged soldiers from U. S. service, unless reinstated. « Who has paid 
six months before election any poll-tax then due, and can read and write any section of 
the State Constitution, or can show that he owns and has paid all taxes due the pre¬ 
vious year on property in the State assessed at $300 or more. / Or convicted of 
bribery, embezzlement of public funds, treason, forgery, perjury, felony, and petty 
larcency, duellists and abettors, unless pardoned by Legislature. g Also soldiers, 
sailors, and marines in U. S. service, h No soldier, seamen, or marine deemed a 
resident because stationed in the State. i The Australian system sometimes pre- - 
vails in municipal primaries in Georgia, but the same is made applicable by rule of 
party ordering primary and not by the law. j Poll-taxes must be paid to date, by Feb. 

1 , preceding election, k Also soldiers (except those living in soldiers’ homes), sailors 
and marines in U. S. Service. / During term fixed by court, m Widows and spinsters 
owning property or having ward of school age may vote in school elections, n Also 
inmates of houses of ill fame! o Women can vote in school and city elections. Min¬ 
isters in charge of an organized church and teachers of public schools are entitled to 
vote after six months’residence in the State. q Or persons non compos mentis, sen¬ 
tence to State Prison for one year or more takes away right to vote until restored by 
General Assembly under guardianship, r Also persons excused from paying taxes at 
their own request, and those unable to read the State Constitution in English, or write. 

5 Inhabitance not residence, t Thirty days- in election district, u Must be resident of 
county to vote for county officers, v All persons unable to read and write, and whose 








































POLITICAL HISruKx ur THE UNITED STATES. 


1275 


REQUIREMENTS REGARDING REGISTRATION OF VOTERS. 

(Continuation of “Qualifications for Voting,” on Preceding Pages.) 

The registration of voters is required in the States of Alabama, California, 
Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Maine, 
Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi (four months 
before election), Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, 
Oregon, Pennsylvania (in cities), South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, 
Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, 
and the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico. 

In Ohio it is required in cities of 11,800 to 100,000 population in presidential 
years; annually in cities of 100,000 or over. 

In Illinois registration of voters is required by law, and in Cook County, 
where Chicago is located, persons not registered are not entitled to vote; but 
outside of Cook County generally they can vote if not registered by swearing 
in their votes, and producing one witness, a householder and registered voter of 
the voting district, as to their qualifications as electors severally. 

In Iowa in cities having 3,500 inhabitants. In Nebraska in cities of over 
7,000 inhabitants. 

In Kentucky in all cities of the first, second, third and fourth classes, in 
Kansas in cities of the first and second classes, in North Dakota in cities and 
villages of 800 inhabitants and over, in Ohio in cities of the first and second 
classes. 

In Missouri it is required in cities of 25,000 inhabitants and over. 

In Oklahoma it is required in all cities of the first class. 

In Rhode Island non-taxpayers are required to register yearly before 
June 30. 

The registration of voters is not required in Arkansas, Indiana, New 
Hampshire or Texas. 


NATURALIZATION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The conditions under and the manner in which an alien may be admitted 
to become a citizen of the United States are prescribed by Sections 2, 165-74 of 
the Revised Statutes of the United States, as amended by Chapter 3593 of the 
Acts of the First Session of the 59th Congress and Chapter 2534 of the Acts of 
the Second Session of the 59th Congress. 

Declaration of Intentions. 

The alien must declare upon oath before a circuit or district court of the 
United States or a district or supreme court of the Territories, or a court of 
record of any of the States having common law jurisdiction and a seal and clerk, 
of which he is a resident, two years at least prior to his admission that it is bona 
fide his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce 
forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince or State, and particu¬ 
larly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen or subject. 

Petition on Application for Admission. 

At the time of his application for admission, which must not be less than 
two years nor more than seven years after such declaration of intention, he 
shall make and file a petition in writing, signed by himself (and duly verified 
by the affidavits of two credible witnesses who are citizens of the United States, 


ancestor was not entitled to vote prior to Jan. x, 1867. w Unless restored to civil rights. 
x Actual residence in the precinct or district required. ... 

In Virginia.—Voting qualifications. All persons who six months before the election 
have paid their State poll-taxes for the three preceding years. Also any person who 
served in time of war in tlie army or navy of the United States, of the (confederate 

States or cf any State of the United States or of-the Confederate States. 

Residents of the District of Columbia never had the right to vote therein for national 
officers or on other matters of national concern, after the Territory embraced in it was 
ceded to the United States and became the seat of the general government. 




1276 


POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


and who shall state that they have personally known him to be a resident of the 
United States at least five yeais continuously, and of the State or district at 
least one year previously), in one of the courts above specified, that it is his 
intention to become a citizen and reside permanently in the United States, that 
he is not a disbeliever in organized government or a believer in polygamy, and 
that he absolutely and forever renounces all allegiance and fidelity to any 
foreign country of which he may at any time of filing his petition be a citizen 
or subject 

Conditions for Citizenship. 

He shall, before his final admission to citizenship, declare on oath in open 
court that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he 
absolutely and entirely renounces all foreign allegiance. If it shall appear to 
the satisfaction of the court that immediately preceding the date of his applica¬ 
tion he has resided continuously within the United States five years at least, 
and within the State or Territory where such court is held one year at least, 
and that during that time he has behaved as a man of good moral character, 
attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States and well 
disposed to the good order and happiness of the same, he may be admitted to 
citizenship. If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order of nobility 
he must make an express renunciation of the same. No person who believes in 
or is affiliated with any organization teaching opposition to organized govern¬ 
ment or who advocates or teaches the duty of unlawfully assaulting or killing 
any officer of any organized government because of his official character, shall 
be naturalized. No alien shall be naturalized who cannot speak the English 
language. An alien soldier of the United States Army of good character may 
be admitted to citizenship on one year’s previous residence. Any alien in the 
United States navy or marine corps, who has served five consecutive years in 
the United States navy or one enlistment in the United States marine corps, 
and honorably discharged, shall be admitted to citizenship upon his petition, 
without any previous declaration of his intention to become a citizen. Any 
American woman that marries a foreigner shall take the nationality of her 
husband. At the termination of the marital relation she may resume her 
American citizenship, if abroad by registering as an American citizen within 
one year with a consul of the United States, or by returning to reside in the 
United States, or, if residing in the United States at the termination of the 
marital relation, by continuing to reside therein. 

Minors. 

An alien minor may take out his first papers on attaining the age of 
eighteen years, but he can only become a citizen after having his first papers at 
least two years, and having resided within the United States five years, and 
after having attained the age of twenty-one years. 

The children of persons who have been duly naturalized being under age 
of twenty-one years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if 
dwelling in the United States be considered as citizens thereof, 

The children of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United 
States are, though bom out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, 
considered as citizens thereof. Provided. That such naturalization or 
resumption takes place during the minority of such child: And provided 
further, That the citizenship of such minor child shall begin at the time such 
minor child begins to reside permanently in the United States. All children 
born outside the limits of the United States who are citizens thereof and who 
continue to reside outside the United States shall, in order to receive the pro¬ 
tection of this Government, be required upon reaching the age of eighteen years 
to record at an American consulate their intention to become residents and 
remain citizens of the United States, and shall be further required to take the 
oath of allegiance to the United States upon attaining their majority 

Chinese. 

The naturalization of Chinamen is expressly prohibited by Sec 14, Chap. 
126, Laws of 1882. 





POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE umitiu STATES. 


1277 


Protection Abroad to Naturalized Citizens. 

Section 2000 of the Revised Statutes of the United States declares that 
“all naturalized citizens of the United States while in foreign countries are 
entitled to and shall receive from this Government the same protection of 
persons and property which is accorded to native-born citizens. But when a 
naturalized citizen shall have resided for two years in the foreign State from 
which he came, it shall be presumed that he has ceased to be an American 
citizen, and his place of general abode shall be deemed his place of residence 
during the said years. ” It is provided that such a presumption may be over¬ 
come on the presentation of satisfactory evidence before a diplomatic or consular 
officer of the United States. No American citizen shall be allowed to ex¬ 
patriate himself while this country is at war. Any American citizen shall be 
deemed to have expatriated himself when he has been naturalized in any 
foreign State in conformity with its laws, or when he has taken an oath of 
allegiance to any foreign State. 


THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE. 

The right to vote comes from the State, and is a State gift. Naturaliza¬ 
tion is a Federal right and is a gift of the Union, not of any one State. In 
nearly one-half of the Union aliens (who have declared intentions) vote and 
have the right to vote equally with naturalized or native-born citizens. In the 
other half only actual citizens may vote. (See Table of Qualifications for 
Voting in each State, on another page.) The Federal naturalization laws apply 
to the whole Union alike, and provide that no alien may be naturalized until 
after five years' residence Even after five years’ residence and due naturaliza¬ 
tion he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege 
upon him, and he may vote in several States six months after landing, if he has 
declared his intention, under United States law, to become a citizen. 


INHABITANTS OF THE NEW INSULAR POSSESSIONS. 

The inhabitants of Hawaii were declared to be citizens of the United States 
under the act of 1900 creating Hawaii a Territory. Under the United States 
Supreme Court decision in the insular cases, in May, 1901, the inhabitants of 
the Philippines and Porto Rico are entitled to full protection under the Con¬ 
stitution, but not to the privileges of United States citizenship until Congress 
so decrees, by admitting the countries as States or organizing them as Terri¬ 
tories. 


PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS FROM 1789 TO 1908. 

Total Popular Vote and Electoral Vote for Candidates for President and 

Vice-President at each Election. 

N ote .—The people vote for electors, and those chosen in each State meet 
therein and vote for the candidates for President and Vice-President. 
The record of any popular-votes for electors prior to 1824 is so scanty that an 
attempt to give them would be useless. In most of the States, for more than a 
quarter century following the establishment of the Government, the State 
Legislatures “ appointed ” the Presidential electors, and the people therefore 
voted only indirectly for them, their choice being expressed by their votes for 
members of the Legislature. In this tabulation only the aggregate electoral 
votes for candidates for President and Vice-President in the first nine 
quadrennial elections appear 




1278 


POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


ELECTORAL VOTES. 

1789. Previous to 1804, each elector voted for two candidates for Presi¬ 
dent. The one who received the largest number of votes was declared 1 resi¬ 
dent, and the one who received the next largest number of votes was declared 
Vice-President. The electoral votes for the first President of the United 
States were: George Washington, 69; John Adams, of Massacuhsetts, 34 , J ol W 
Jay, of New York, 9; R. H. Harrison, of Maryland, 6; John Rutledge, of South 
Carolina, 6; John Hancock, of Massachusetts, 4; George Clinton, of New York, 

3; Samuel Huntingdon, of Connecticut, 2; John Milton, of Georgia, 2, James 
Armstrong, of Georgia; Benjamin Lincoln, of Massachusetts, and Ldward 
Telfair, of Georgia, 1 vote each. Vacancies (votes not cast), 4. George Wash¬ 
ington was chosen President and John Adams Vice-President. 

1792. George Washington, Federalist, received 132 votes; John Adams, 
Federalist, 77; George Clinton, of New York, Republican, 50; Thomas 
Jefferson, of Virginia, Republican, 4; Aaron Burr, of New \ ork, Republican, 

1 vote. Vacancies, 3. George Washington was chosen President and John 
Adams Vice-President. 

1796. John Adams, Federalist, 71; Thomas Jefferson, Republican, 68; 
Thomas Pinckney, of South Carolina, Federalist 59; Aaron Burr, of New York, 
Republican, 30; Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, Republican, 15', Oliver^ 
Ellsworth, of Connecticut, Independent, 11; George Clinton, of New York, 
Republican, 7; John Jay, of New York, Federalist, 5; James Iredell, of North 
Carolina, Federalist, 3; George Washington, of Virginia; John Henry, of Mary¬ 
land, and S. Johnson, of North Carolina, all Federalists, 2 votes each; Charles 
Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carolina, Federalist, 1 vote. John Adams was 
chosen President apd Thomas Jefferson Vice-President. 

1800. Thomas Jefferson, Republican, 73; Aaron Burr, Republican, 73; 
John Adams, Federalist, 65; Charles C. Pinckney, Federalist, 64; John Jay, 
Federalist, 1 vote. There being a tie vote for Jefferson and Burr, the choice 
devolved upon the House of Representatives. Jefferson received the votes of 
ten States, which, being the largest vote cast for a candidate, elected him 
President. Burr received the votes of four States, which, being the next 
largest vote, elected him Vice-President. There were 2 blank votes. 

1804. The Constitution of the United States having been amended, the 
electors at this election voted for a President and a Vice-President, instead of 
for two candidates for President. The result was as follows: For President, 
Thomas Jefferson Republican, 162; Charles C. Pinckney, Federalist, 14. ^For 
Vice-President, George Clinton, Republican, 162; Rufus King, of New York, 
Federalist, 14. Jefferson was chosen President and Clinton Vice-President. 

1808. For President, James Madison, of Virginia, Republican, 122; 
Charles C. Pinckney, of South Carolina, Federalist, 47; George Clinton, of 
New York, Republican, 6. For Vice-President, George Clinton, Republican, 

113; Rufus King, of New York, Federalist, 47; John Langdon, of New Hamp¬ 
shire, 9'; James Madison, 3; James Monroe, 3. Vacancy, 1. Madison was 
chosen President and Clinton Vice-President. 

1812. For President, James Madison, Republican, 128; DeWitt Clinton, 
of New York, Federalist, 89. For Vice-President, Elbridge Gerry of Massa¬ 
chusetts, 131; Jared Ingersoll, of Pennsylvania Federalist, 86. Vacancy, 1. 
Madison was chosen President and Gerry Vice-President. 

1816. For President, James Monroe, of Virginia, Republican, 183; Rufus 
King, of New York, Federalist, 34. For Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, 
of New York, Republican, 183; John Eager Howard, of Maryland, Federalist 
22; James Ross, of Pennsylvania, 5; John Marshall, of Virginia, 4; Robert G. 
Harper, of Maryland, 3. Vacancies, 4. Monroe was chosen President and 
Tompkins Vice-President. 

1820. For President, James Monroe, of Virginia, Republican, 231; John 
Q. Adams, of Massachusetts, Republican, 1. For Vice-President, Daniel D 
Tompkins, Republican, 218; Richard Stockton, of New Jersey, 8; Daniel 
Rodney, of Delaware, 4; Robert G. Harper, of Maryland, and Richard Rush, 
of Pennsylvania, 1 vote each. Vacancies, 3. James Monroe was chosen Presi¬ 
dent and Daniel D. Tompkins Vice-President. 





POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 


1279 


ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTES. 


Elec¬ 

tion 

Year. 

Candidates for 
President. 

States. 

Polit¬ 

ical 

Party. 

Popular 

Vote. 

Elect¬ 

oral 

Vote. 

Candidates for 
Vice President, 

1824 

Andrew Jackson. 

John Q. Adams*. 

Henry Clay. 

Wm. H. Crawford. 

Tenn.. 
Mass.. 
Ky.... 
Ga.... 

Rep.. .. 
Rep.. .. 
Rep.. .. 
Rep.. .. 

155.872 

105,321 

46,587 

44,282 

99 

84 

37 

4 i 

John C. Calhoun* 
Nathan Sanford 
Nathaniel Macon 
Andrew Jackson 

M. Van Buren 

Henry Clay 

1828 

Andrew Jackson*. 

John Q. Adams. 

Tenn.. 
Mass.. 

Dem. . . 
Nat. R. 

647,231 

509,097 

178 

83 

John C. Calhoun* 
Richard Rush. 
William Smith 

1832 

Andrew Jackson*. 

Henry Clay. 

John Flovd. 

William Wirt . 

Tenn.. 
Ky.... 
Ga.. . . 
Md.... 

Dem. ... 
Nat. R. 
Ind .'.. . 
Anti-M 

687,502 

530,189 

} 33,io8 

219 

49 
11 

7 

M. Van Buren* 

John Sergeant 

Henry Lee 

Amos Ellmaker 

Wm. Wilkins 

1836 

Martin Van Buren*.. . . 

W. H. Harrison. 

Hugh L. White. 

Daniel Webster. 

Willie P. Mangum. 

N. Y... 

0. 

Tenn.. 
Mass.. 
N. C... 

Dem. . . 
Whig... 
Whig... 
Whig... 
Whig... 

^ 761,549 

■ 736,656 

170 

73 
26 
14 
11 

R. M. Johnson* 
Francis Granger 

John Tyler 

William Smith 

1840 

W. H. Harrison*. 

Martin Van Buren. 

James G. Birney. 

0. 

N. Y... 
N. Y... 

Whig... 
Dem. . . 
Lib.... 

1,275.017 

1,128,702 

7,059 

234 

60 

John Tyler* 

R. M. Johnson 

L. W. Tazewell* 
James K. Polk 
Thomas Earle 

1844 

James K. Polk*. 

Henry Clav. 

James G. Birney. 

Tenn.. 

Ky. 

N. Y. 

Dem. . . 
Whig... 
Lib.... 

1 , 337,243 

1,299,068 

62,300 

170 

105 

George M. Dallas* 

T. Frelinghuysen 
Thomas Morris 

1848 

Zacharv Tavlor*. 

Lewis Cass. 

Martin Van Buren. 

La. 

Mich.. 
N. Y... 

Whig... 
Dem. . . 
F. Soil. 

1,360,101 

1,220,544 

291.263 

163 

127 

Millard Fillmore* 
William O. Butler 
Charles F. Adams 

1852 

Franklin Pierce*. 

Winfield Scott. 

John P. Hale. 

Daniel Webster . 

N. H.. 
N. J.... 
N. H.. 
Mass.. 

Dem. . . 
Whig... 
F. D. ... 
Whig... 

1,601,474 

1.380,576 

156,149 

1,670 

254 

42 

William R. King* 
William A. Graham 
George W. Julian 

1856 

James Buchanan*. 

John C. Fremont. 

Millard Fillmore. 

Pa. 

Cal.... 
N. Y... 

Dem. . . 
Rep,. . . 
Amer.... 

1,838,169 

1,341,264 

874,538 

174 

114 

8 

J. C. Breckinridge* 
William L. Dayton 

A. J. Donelson. 

i860 

Abraham Lincoln*. 

Stephen A. Douglas... . 

J. C. Breckinridge. 

John Bell. 

Ill. . .. 
Ill. . . . 
Ky... 
Tenn.. 

Rep.. . . 
Dem. . . 
Dem. . . 
Union... 

1,866,352 

1 , 375,157 

845,763 

589,581 

180 

12 

72 

33 

Hannibal Hamlin* 

H. V. Johnson. 

Joseph Lane. 

Edward Everett. 

1864 

Abraham Lincoln*. 

George B. McClellan. . . 

Ill_' 

N. J.... 

Rep.. . . 
Dem. . . 

2,216,067 

1,808,725 

212 

2 I 

Andrew Johnson*. 
George H. Pendleton 

1868 

Ulvsses S. Grant*. 

Horatio Seymour. 

Ill. . . . 
N. Y... 

Rep.. . . 
Dem. . . 

3,015,071 

2,709,615 

214 

80 

Schuyler Colfax* 

F. P. Blair, Jr 

1872 

Ulysses S. Grant*. 

Horace Greeley. 

Charles O’Conor. 

James Black. 

Thomas A. Hendricks.. 

B. Gratz Brown. 

Charles J. Jenkins. 

David Davis. 

Ill.... 
N. Y... 
N. Y... 

Pa. 

Ind.. . 
Mo... . 
Ga.... 
Ill.... 

Rep.. . . 
D.& L. 
Dem. .. 
Temp. . 
Dem. . . 
Dem.. . 
Dem. . . 
Ind. .. . 

3 . 597,070 
2,834,079 
29,408 
5.6o8 

• •• • ••• • t 

% 

286 

42 

18 

2 

1 

Henry Wilson* 

B. Gratz Brown 

John Q. Adams 

John Russell. 

George W. Julian 

A. H. Colquitt 

John M. Palmer 

T. E. Bramlette 

W. S. Groesbeck 

Willis B. Machen 

N. P. Banks 


*The candidates starred in this table were elected. 



































































































































































1280 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 


ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTES—Continued. 


Elec¬ 

tion 

Year. 


1876 


Candidates for 
President. 


1880 


Samuel J. Tilden. 

Rutneriord B. Hayes*. 

Peter Cooper. 

Green Clay Smith. 

James B. Walker. 


1884 


1888 


1892 


James A. Garfield*. 

W. S. Hancock. 

James B. Weaver... 

Neal Dow. 

John W. Phelps.. . . 


Grover Cleveland.. . . 
Benjamin Harrison*. 

Clinton B. Fisk. 

Alson J. Streeter.. . . 

R. PL Cowdry. 

James L. Curtis. 


Grover Cleveland*. 
Benjamin Harrison. 
James B. Weaver... 
John Bidwell....... 

Simon Wing. 


1896 William McKinley*... 
William J. Bryan... . 
William J. Bryan.. . . 
, Joshua Levering... ;. 

John M. Palmer. 

Charles H. Matchett. 
Charles E. Bentley_ 


1900 


1904 


J008 


William McKinley*. 
William J. Bryan.. . 
John G. Woolley. . . 
Wharton Barker.... 
Eugene V. Debs.. . . 

Jos. F. Malloney. 

J. F. R. Leonard. . . 
Seth H. Ellis. 


Theodore Roosevelt*. 

Alton B. Parker. 

Eugene V. Debs. 

Silas C. Swallow.. . . . 
Thomas E. Watson.. 
Charles H. Corrigan.. 


William H. Taft*.. 
William J. Bryan.. 
Eugene V. Debs.. . 
Eugene W. Chafin. 
Thos. E. Watson. . 
August Gillhaus.... 
Thos. L. Hisgen... 


States. 


Grover Cleveland*. 

James G. Blaine. 

John P. St. John. 

Benjamin F. Butler.. . . 
P. l3. Wigginton. 


N. Y. 

O. . . . 
N. Y. 
Ky'... 
ill. . . 


Polit¬ 

ical 

Party. 


Dem. . . 
Rep.. . . 
Gre’nb.. 
Pro. . . 
Amer.. 


O.. . . 
Pa.... 
Iowa. 
Me... 
Vt, . . 


N. Y. 
Me.. . 
Kan.. 
Mass. 
Cal.. . 


Rep.. . 
Dem. . 
Gre’nb 
Pro... 
Amer....) 


N. Y. 
ind.. 
N. J.. 
Ill. . . 
111 . . . 
N. Y. 


N. Y. 
ind. . 
Iowa. 
Cal.... 
Mass. 


O.. . . 
Neb.. 
Neb.. 
Md.... 
ill. . . 
N. Y. 
Neb.. 


O.. .. 
Neb.. 
Ill.. . 
Pa.... 
Ind. . 
Mass, 
la... . 
O.. . . 


N. Y. 
N. Y. 
Ind. . 
Pa.... 
Ga.. . 
N. Y. 


O.. .. 
Neb.. 
Ind. . 
Wise. 
Ga.. . 
N. Y. 
Mass. 


Dem. . . 
Rep.. . . 
Pro. . . . 
Gre’nb.. 
Amer.... 


Dem. . 
Rep.. . 
Pro. . . 
(J. L... 
G’d L. 
Amer.. 


Dem. . 
Rep.. . 
Peop... 
Pro.... 
Soc. L. 


Rep.. . . 
Dem. ) 
Peop. j 
Pro. . . . 
N. Dem 
Soc. L . 
Nat.... . 


Rep.. . . 
Dem. P 
Pro. . . . 
M. P. . . 
Soc. D.. 
Soc. L... 
U. C. . . 
U. R.... 


Rep.. . 
Dem. . 
Soc... 
Pro. . . 
Peop... 
Soc. L. 


Rep.. . 
Dem... 
Soc... . 
Pro.... 
Peop... 
Soc. L. 
Ind... 


Popular 

Vote. 


4,284,885 

4,033.950 

81,740 

9,522 

2,636 


4,449,053 

4,442,035 

307,306 

10,305 

707 


4,911,017 

4,848,334 

151,809 

133,825 


5,538,233 

5,440,216 

249,907 

148,105 

2,808 

i, 59 i 


5,556,918 
5,176,108 
1,041,028 

264,133 

21,164 


7,104,779 

6,502,925 

13 2,007 
133,148 

36,274 

13,909 


7,207,92 3 
6,358,133 

208,9x4 
50,3 73 

87,814 

39,739 

1,059 

5W98 


7,623,486 

5 , 077 , 9 H 

402,283 

258,536 

117,183 

31,249 


7,6 78-, 908 
6,409,104 

420,793 

253,840 

29,100 

13,825 

82,872 


Elect-j 

oral 

Vote. 


Candidates for 
Vice-President. 


i 84;T. A. Hendricks 
185 William A. Wheeler* 
.. . Samuel F. Cary 
Gideon T. Stewart 
D. Kirkpatrick 


214 

155 


Chester A. Arthur* 
William H. English 
B. J. Chambers 
IT. A. Thompson 
S. C. Pomeroy. 


219 

182 


168 
233 


T. A. Hendricks* 
John A. Logan 
William Daniel 
A. M. West 


277 

iJ 5 

22 


271 

176 


292 

i 55 


336 

140 


321 

162 


Allen G. Thurman 
LevPP. Morton* 
John A. Brooks 
C. E. Cunningham 
W. H. T. Wakefield 
James B. Greer 


Adlai E. Stevenson* 
Whitelaw Reid. 
James G. P'ield. 
James B. Cranfill 
Charles H. Matchett 


Garret A. Hobart* 
Arthur Sewall 
Thomas E. Watson 
Hale Johnson 
Simon B. Buckner 
Matthew Maguire 
James H. Southgate 


Theodore Roosevelt* 
Adlai E. Stevenson 
Henry B. Metcalf 
Ignatius Donnelly 
Job Harriman 
Valentine Remmel 
John G. Woolley 
Samuel T. Nicholson 


Char les W. F airbank s* 
Henry G. Davis 
Benjamin Hanford 
George W. Carroll 
Thomas H. Tibbies 
William W. Cox 


James S. Sherman* 
John W. Kern 
Benjamin Hanford 
Aaron S. Watkins 
Samuel Williams 
Donald L. Munro 
John Temple Graves 









































































































































































. 

NOV 12 1910 



























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































One copy del 


to Cat. Div 




i: 


Mim 


iU^i, 






;ns*l ! i«ii«i- 




































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































